16: MUTATION

Objective Questions 1. Colchicine is a type of mutagen that

A. enhance replication of DNA

B. failure of spindle fiber to form C. spitting of chromosomes into fragments D. change the sequence of base in DNA

2. Figure 1 below shows a type of gene mutation that cause changes from the

normal gene sequence. TACCTTGTCCAT Normal gene sequence TACCTTGGTCCAT mutated gene sequence

Figure 1

What kind of mutation has occur?

A. Base substitution B. Base insertion C. Base deletion D. Base inversion

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3. Which of the following statements about sickle cell anaemia are true?

I.

It is caused by a single base substitution. of haemoglobin.

II. It is caused by a base substitution on the sixth triplet code for polypeptide

III. Nucleotide with thymine is substituted by nucleotide with adenine base. IV. Glycine amino acid is substituted by valine.

A. I, II and III
B. I, II and IV

C. II, III and IV D. I, II, III and IV

4. The diagram below shows two types of chromosomal mutation that cause

changes in the gene sequences. A B C D E F G H I A B E D C F G H II A B E F G H Figure 2

What are the processes that cause chromosomal mutation I and II above to take place? I Inversion Inversion Deletion Translocation II Deletion Duplication Inversion Deletion

A. B. C. D.

5. Robertsonian translocation occurs when I. II. III. short arm of two non homologous chromosomes break at the extreme ends long arms of two non homologous chromosomes fuse at the centromere long arms of a chromosome are lost

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A. B. C. D.

I and II I, II and III I and III II and III

6. Which syndrome is represented by the following variation of aneuploidy? (47, +21) A. B. C. D. Klinefelters syndrome Klinefelters syndrome Downs syndrome Downs syndrome (47, XXY) Turners syndrome Downs syndrome Klinefelters syndrome Turners syndrome (45,X) Downs syndrome Turners syndrome Turners syndrome Klinefelters syndrome

7. Non-disjunction has occurred during meiosis I of spermatogenesis involving X and Y chromosomes. Which of the following are the possible genotypes of the zygote if normal ovum fertilize the sperm? A. B. C. D. XXY and YO XYY and XO XXY and XO XXX and XXY

8. Polyploidy is
A. a condition where somatic an organism have

more than two sets of

chromosomes B. a defect that is not fatal in human C. a condition which usually disadvantageous to plants D. a condition where more than one sperm fertilize an ovum

9. Hybridisation of plant M (2n = 16) with plant N (2n = 20) produces a sterile plant P. Total non-disjunction in plan P produces plant Q. What is the number of chromosomes in plant P and Q? A. B. P 18 36 Q 36 36

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C. D.

36 72

72 72

10. A plant resulting from the combination of chromosome sets from different

species is said to be
A. B. C. D.

Allopolyploid Autohybridoid Polyploid Autopolyploid

Structured Questions 1. Figure 3 below shows a karyotype of an individual.

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Figure 3

a.

Base on the Figure 3, state if the individual is male or female. Explain your

answer.

___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

b.

What is the name of the disease shown by the karyotype? Explain how it occurs.

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ (3 mark)

c.

Draw a genetic diagram to show how non-disjunction leads to this particular

genetic disorder.

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(3 marks)

d.

State TWO typical characteristic of this genetic disorder.

___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

2.

The diagram below shows how modern bread wheat has evolved.

Wild diploid wheat 2n = 14

Triticum monococcum 2n =14

Sterile hybrid A

Fertile Emmer wheat 2n = 28

diploid wheat grass 2n = 14

sterile hybrid B

modern wheat (Triticum aestivum) 2n = 42

a) Explain the meaning of the terms : i. Polyploidy

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
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ii.

Autopolyploidy

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

iii.

Allopolyploidy

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

(3 marks)

b) Give the chromosome number of : i. ii. hybrid A : _____________________ hybrid B : _____________________ (2 marks)

c) Explain fully why hybrids A and B are sterile whereas Triticum aestivum and Emmer are fertile. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

(5 marks)

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Essay Questions

1.

(a) Define base substitution. Base substitution can cause missense and nonsense mutation. Define base substitution and differentiate between missense and nonsense mutation. Give one example of disease caused by this type of mutation.

(4 marks)

(b)

Define chromosomal aberration. Describe the FOUR types of chromosomal aberration.

(10 marks)

(c)

Explain the two types of polyploidy. (6 marks)

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