Starting materials

formation enthalpy of starting materials

unknown enthalpy change

reaction

Products
formation enthalpy of products

formation Elements

formation

Example 1 Calculate the enthalpy change for the reduction of Fe 2O3 by Cu to form Fe and CuO

formation (Fe2O3) = - 824.2 kJ mol-1 formation (CuO) = - 157.3 kJ mol-1

unknown enthalpy change

Fe2O3 + 3Cu

reaction

2Fe + 3CuO

formation (Fe O )
2 3

3 x formation (CuO)
3 x -157.3 kJ mol -1

-824.2 kJ mol -1

Elements
iron, oxygen, copper

reaction

+824.2 + 3 x -157.3

= + 352.3 kJ mol-1

Starting materials combustion

unknown enthalpy change

reaction

Products combustion

combustion enthalpy of starting materials

combustion enthalpy of products

Combusted products

Example 2 Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of carbon with hydrogen to form C 2H2. What kind of enthalpy change is this?

combustion (C) = - 394 kJ mol-1 combustion (H2) = - 286 kJ mol-1 combustion (C2H2) = -1300 kJ mol-1

2C + H2

reaction combustion
mol-1 mol -1 -1300 kJ mol -1

C2H2

combustion
2 x -394 kJ -286 kJ

Combusted products
carbon dioxide and water

reaction

2 x -394 - 286 + 226 kJ mol-1

+1300

Example 3 Calculate the enthalpy change for the change from white tin to grey tin.

combustion Sn (white) = combustion Sn (grey) =

Sn (white)

- 581.0 kJ mol -1 - 583.5 kJ mol -1

reaction

Sn (grey)

combustion
- 581.0 kJ mol -1

combustion
- 583.5 kJ mol -1

Combusted products
SnO2

reaction

=
=

- 581.0 + 2.5 kJ mol -1

+ 583.5

Example 4 Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of ethene with water to form ethanol

formation (ethene) = + 52 kJ mol -1 formation (water) = - 286 kJ mol-1 formation (ethanol) = - 278 kJ mol -1 CH2=CH2 + H2O

reaction
and H2O)

C2H5OH
2 5

formation (CH =CH

2

formation (C H OH)
-278 kJ mol-1

+ 52 kJ mol-1 - 286 kJ mol-1

Elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen = -52 +286

reaction

-278

= - 44 kJ mol-1

Unbonded atoms
heat required to break all bonds of starting materials heat required to break all bonds of products

bond Starting materials

unknown enthalpy change

bond reaction Products

Unbonded atoms

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

bond
1 x C=C 4 x C-H 2 x O-H 1 x 612 kJ mol-1 4 x 413 kJ mol-1 2 x 463 kJ mol-1 1 x C-C 5 x C-H 1 x C-O 1 x O-H

bond
1 x 348 kJ mol-1 5 x 413 kJ mol-1 1 x 360 kJ mol-1 1 x 463 kJ mol-1

unknown enthalpy change

H H3C C O H H

CH2=CH2 + H2O

reaction

reaction = 1x612 + 4x413 + 2x463

- (1x348 + 5x413 + 1x360 + 1x463) = 3190 - 3236 =

-46 kJ mol-1