gridFUTURE:

A holistic vision of the future energy grid

OSU ECE 3040 January 11, 2013
John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng.
ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com Technology Consultant

gridFUTURE
A holistic vision of the future energy grid.
Primary electrical energy source through utilization. Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operational experience and a fundamental understanding of existing and emerging technologies.
Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable today.

gridFUTURE will never be achieved

Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal needs change.

Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again and again and again...
Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)

Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved through tactics

U.S. 2011 Electrical Energy Source Profile

Energy Source Mix
45% Coal, 21% Nuclear, 20% Gas, 13% Renewable, 1% Oil

Total Generation
655 GW Utility, 408 GW IPP, 76 GW IPP CHP, (1139 GW Total)

Consumption
38% Residential, 36% Commercial, 26% Industrial
3

U.S. 2011 Electricity Flow

(Quads, 1015 BTUs)
Coal 18.04

Conversion Losses 25.22 Total Energy Consumed 40.04

Nuclear 8.26

Residential 4.86 Commercial 4.50

Grid Net efficiency 31.7%!

Losses & Efficiency in Electric Generation & Delivery

Generation
65.5% loss
coal

Transmission
~ 4.8% loss
electricity

Distribution
~ 5.1% loss

End Use Utilization

~ 88% loss

electricity

electricity

100

~ 35

~ 33

~ 31

~4

Adapted from EPRI source image

Waste Heat
The 31.7% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid, implies that 68.3% of the primary energy consumed in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the environment. Remote location of central generation Potential solutions:
Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)
Industrial colocation

Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources closer to the electrical (and thermal) load
Space heating Water heating Absorption cooling
6

Grid Topology & Attributes

~

AEP Central Generation

1-1300 MW (38 GW total) Water source (10-100s mi from load) 80 Plants
Residential

66% coal, 6% Nuclear, 22% Gas, 6% Other

Heat lost to environment - No Cogeneration

Moderate level of Monitoring, Communications & Control (MCC)

~

Commercial

Net Efficiency of ~35%

NO/NC

Industrial

Grid Topology & Attributes

~

AEP Transmission System

Residential

Self-protecting Commercial Supervised operation

69-765 kV 38,953 total mi. 10-150 mi. length Interconnected Grid Low/Moderate MCC
NO/NC

Industrial

Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

AEP Distribution System

12-35 kV 207,632 total mi. 1-40 mi. length
Commercial

Rural Distribution
OH Radial Low/No MCC
~

Manual operation

NO/NC

Industrial

Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

Commercial

AEP Business Confidential

OH Radial/Switched Loop UG Radial/Switched Loop/Multi-fed Little/No MCC

AEP Urban Distribution

NO/NC Industrial

10

Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

UG Secondary Network

Commercial

Moderate MCC

Urban Distribution

NO/NC

Industrial

11

Existing Grid
Generation: Large, Central, Remote (Little Cogeneration), Moderate Monitoring ~ Communications & Control (MCC) ~ Transmission: Interconnected, Self-protecting, Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA) Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual) Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions)

Residential

Extensive infrastructure Moderate/No MCC No Cogeneration More load requires more G,T&D
Commercial

NO/NC

Industrial

12

Something to think about

The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement, from the coal pile to the blow dryer.
3 kW Fuel Cell 18 kW Solar PV
Daily Load

or

Peak 8-10 kW

Distribution System

Average 3kW
Time

Energy Storage

Distributed storage and generation would enable would enable base-load grid independence. operation of grid assets.
13

G,T&D Asset Base Loading Implications

Base load power system assets
Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling valleys of load variation.

Power system components are rated to meet the peak requirement of the load.
Less G,T&D Infrastructure Higher utilization of all grid assets

Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load operation
More efficient generation

Reduced thermal cycling of grid components

Less thermal stress, less maintenance
14

and something else to think about

The engine kW-equivalent (~100 kW/auto) of two years of U.S. auto sales exceeds the countrys total installed electrical generating base (~1139 GW).
Consider:

AEP HQ building: Maximum load 5.4 MW

AEP HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at a composite net capacity of 30%

AEP Garages Gen Capability 31 MWe + 39 MWt

e = 40% / t = 50%

15

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the combination of a fuel cell and a battery.
Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2). Requires on-board fuel storage.

Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source

Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and remote locations

16

the Grid of the Future?

Storage Fuel Cell Industrial Solar Wind Residential

Commercial

Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central & distributed assets.

17

Imc2, gridFUTUREs Key Enabler

Acronym for Intelligent monitoring communications and control. Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can be generally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make the smart grid truly smart. Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications, actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, through the transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and, ultimately, the customers loads. The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for coordinating everything from local component protection to overall grid optimization. Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning; self-adaptation.
18

gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

~

Control Point Storage

Residential

Wind

Solar

Regional Aggregation/ Control

Commercial Fuel Cell

NO/NC

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Industrial

19

gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

Progressively higher level information develops as it flows up the hierarchy. Timely control actions communicated throughout hierarchy as actionable information develops.
Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy

Secure Redundant, prioritized communications

System protection Transient stability Dynamic stability Contingency planning Load management System optimization System status
20

gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

Interfaces with smart loads & grid components. Aggregation & dispatch
Central, Distributed Generation & Storage Load (Load as a resource)

Autonomous Operation
Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reduced functionality)/reconnection

Self-healing
Automatically reconfigures topology & operating protocols in anticipation or result of system contingency

Grid Optimization
Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.
21

gridFUTURE Smart Components

Embedded sensors and actuators Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, DGA, vibrations, dielectric strength, PD,... Change taps, operate CBs, adjust valves, On-board information archival Operating criteria/Maintenance history/Operational history Plug & Play Embedded intelligence Self-monitoring/Self-diagnosis Bi-directional communications/Self-initiates 22 corrective actions

Sophisticated gridFUTURE Customer

High Demand Period Delay wash 2 hours? Please respond Yes or No

AMI

LG Electronics

FC

Adapted from EPRI source image

23

gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2

Customers home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferences and/or voice/electronic overrides.
Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage door to permit entry. Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupants presence and location to customer. Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment reminds him that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by granting verbal permission to wash and dry. Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS locationally adjusts lighting, temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customers preset preferences or voice commands. Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxide present in garage, instructs the car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room external entry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry
24

gridFuture Customer Scenario 3

Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications enabled implanted heart monitor
2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleeps unsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG to hospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist. 2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system, grants emergency access, and directs squad to customers location. 2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed in vehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customers emergency contact of situation in progress. 2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receive treatment. 3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy to be alive!
25

* Customer Application System.

Energy Utility of the FUTURE

Industrial Co-location
Heat, Chemicals & Byproducts Synfuels & Biofuels

IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass, Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon Fuel Cells Bulk Generation

Transmission & Distribution

Transmission Substation
Commercial

Imc2
Residential

Distribution Substation
Industrial

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load Management, CHP Gensets, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Real-Time Optimization of Energy Production, Delivery & Utilization

26

Why?
Sustainability
Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D) Improves reliability, security and asset utilization
More diverse supply Bypass grid constraints Located closer to load

Increase overall efficiency

Higher base generation efficiency (=60%, fuel to electricity) Bypass T&D losses Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale (adjacent to load)

Imc2 enables a broad array of capabilities

27

28

John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng. ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com

29