Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor
Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

- CURS 4 Composite Beams (3)
Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA
2.11 Design of shear connection

CONNECTION DEGREE OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
When the real number of connectors N is less than the number required for a full connection Nf, for the considered shear span, then a partial connection is realised between the concrete slab and the steel profile. The connection degree is defined as: N
Nf
Considering that each connector is loaded proportionally to its resistance to longitudinal shear, then the reduced compression stress Fc(red) developed in the concrete slab will be computed by: F ( red ) NP
c Rd
The position of the Plastic Neutral Axis (PNA) will be reevaluated on the basis of the reduced compression stress Fc(red) . The PNA position results from the equilibrium of the plastic distribution of efforts (zero axial force). The bending ( resistance resultant from this distribution is denoted by M plred ) . , Rd
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

CONNECTION DEGREE OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
Obs: The design depends here also on the position of the neutral axis: the PNA could be located in the concrete slab or metallic section of the beam.
Following this procedure, there could be established an analytical relationship between the reduced bending resistance red ) M (pl , Rd and the reduced compression stress from the concrete ) slab Fc( red. By computing the last value, the number of connectors required for the partial connection Nc could be determined. This method allows a precise design of the partial interaction and is presented graphically by the curved line from the diagram below.

CONNECTION DEGREE OF COMPOSITE BEAMS Partial connection for the ductile connectors
Design of partial connection for ductile connectors


CONNECTION DEGREE OF COMPOSITE BEAMS Partial connection for the ductile connectors
In the simplified (engineering) design, the approximate method is used, through simple interpolation on the secant red ) segment A-E-C, by formula: M (pl ,Rd M apl , Rd Fc( red ) M pl ,Rd M apl , Rd where M apl , Rd represents the plastic resistance of steel profile ( red ) For the same plastic bending resistance M pl , Rd the accurate method will conduct to a smaller number of connectors (corresponding to point D) in comparison to the approximate method (point E). In the real design, minimal limits are imposed for the degree of connection n:
n0,4 if the beam length L5,0m n0,25+0,03L if 5,0mL 25,0m n1,0 if L25,0m

CONNECTION DEGREE OF COMPOSITE BEAMS Partial connection for non-ductile connectors
The partial connection for non-ductile connectors is computed in a similarly to that of ductile connectors, starting however from different hypothesis. In this case the connection devices do not develop a sufficient deformation capacity for the critical sections to develop the plastic resistance for justifying the hypothesis for plastic design. In consequence there could be distinguished two different types of behaviour for the composite beam:
( red ) ( red ) When M el , Rd M Rd M pl , Rd the beam behaviour is elastoplastic and could be represented through a linear line, in ) function of F c( r e d . The reduced shear resistance force will be ( red computed by: M Rd ) M el , Rd ( red )
Fc
Fel
M pl , Rd M el , Rd
ef
Fel

Design of partial connection for non-ductile connectors


( When M elred ) M el , Rd the beam behaviour is elastic and results a , Rd (red linear relationship of the (MRd ) , Fc(red) ) function. In this case the reduced force in the concrete slab is computed by the relation: M ( red ) M
Fc( red )
Rd
a , Rd
M el , Rd M a , Rd
Fel
In case of non-ductile connectors, similar values of minimal degree connection are imposed as in case of ductile connectors.
2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

The transverse reinforcement present in concrete slab must be designed in the ULS such that to prevent premature longitudinal failure of the concrete slab. The principal phenomena that should be prevented are:
longitudinal shear; longitudinal splitting.
The Eurocode 4 requires a minimum percentage of transverse reinforcement for the concrete slab, in order to take over the shear efforts (slip) produced by connecting devices. The check of the transverse reinforcement to longitudinal shear is done by the following formula:

In the above formula:
vSd the design longitudinal shear per unit length; vRd the design resistance to longitudinal shear of the shear surface considered;
Typical potential surfaces of shear failure are indicated in figure below :
a) Full concrete slab
b) Profiled sheeting slab, with ribs transverse to the steel beam
c) Profiled sheeting slab, with ribs transverse to the steel beam
d) Full concrete slab with e) Haunched concrete f) Haunched full concrete two rows of connectors slab with rigid connectors slab with headed stud connectors
Typical potential surfaces of shear failure:

Section type
Failure surface:

Notations used in the above figures are:
Ab cross-sectional area of the inferior reinforcing of the concrete slab; At cross-sectional area of the superior reinforcing of the concrete slab; Abh cross-sectional area of the transversal inclined reinforcement located in concrete haunches;
DESIGN LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE

The design longitudinal shear vSd is determined from the resistance of connectors PRd and computed as a force per unit length of composite beam, by the relations:
For a-a section, having the connectors disposed on a single row: For b-b, section, having the connectors disposed on two rows:

DESIGN LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE
In the above formulae:
PRd is the design bearing resistance of a connector; s is the longitudinal spacing centre-to-centre of the studs;
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE

When computing the longitudinal shear resistance, it should be established the reinforcing areas Ae, computed in accordance of the table given above.
Obs: 1. The b-b shear length given in figure d) is taken as (h and d are the height and the head diameter of the headed stud respectively):
2h + d in the case of a single-row of connectors; 2h + d + 2st in the case of connectors disposed on two rows (st represents the is the longitudinal spacing centre-to-centre of the studs);
2. The profiled sheeting with ribs transverse to the steel profile contribute to the longitudinal shear resistance if the sheeting is continuous on the upper steel flange or the stud shear connectors are welded to the steel beam directly through the profiled steel sheets.

The longitudinal shear resistance of all potential shear failure surfaces (in slab or haunches) is computed as the minimum value between: and: In the above formulae:
Rd is the design shear strength of concrete
fctk0,05 is the characteristic tensile strength of concrete, computed, 5% fractile; fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete; fsk is the design yield strength of the steel reinforcement; =1 for normal-weight concrete; =0,3+0,7(/2400) for light-weight concrete ( density kg/m3);

Ae represents the sum of cross-sectional areas that passes the considered shear surfaces a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d and/or e-e. These areas are considered transverse on the beam and are evaluated per unit length of the beam. It includes the bending reinforcement present in the concrete slab: For a-a section, the area Ae is:
where: Ab and At are the cross-sectional areas of the inferior respectively superior reinforcements (of diameters db and dt) of section a-a; s is the center-to-center distance between connectors.
For b-b section, aria Ae este:
For c-c section, the area Ae is :

where: Abh cross-sectional area of the transversal inclined reinforcement located in concrete haunches; dbh is the diameter of inclined reinforcements; Acv represents the transversal cross-sectional area per unit length of the concrete slab in the shear area considered;
vpd the contribution of the profiled steel sheeting (in case of ribbed slabs) to the longitudinal shear resistance:
where: Vpd is expressed in Newtons per unit length of beam, for each intersection of the beam with the profiled sheeting; Ap represents the area of the steel profiled sheeting per unit length of the beam; fyp is the yielding strength of the steel of the profiled sheeting; ap represents the partial safety factor for the profiled sheeting.

When checking the transverse reinforcing, it is chosen a shear stud diameter (between 12 and 20 mm) and the verification is done by:
For section a-a:
For section b-b:
where:
vSd is the design stress in the reinforcement; vRd design resistance of shear surfaces.

REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
In the case of full concrete slabs, it is recommended a minimum transverse reinforcing area of 0,2% of concrete area. In the case of using profiled sheeting, having the ribs parallel or transverse to the steel profile, it is required a minimum transverse reinforcing area of 0.2% from the concrete area, computed above the steel sheeting. To prevent longitudinal splitting of the concrete flange caused by the shear connectors, the following additional recommendations should be applied where the distance from the edge of the concrete flange to the centreline of the nearest row of shear connectors is less than 300 mm:
transverse reinforcement should be supplied by U-bars passing around the shear connectors;

REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
when headed studs are used as shear connectors, the distance from the edge of the concrete flange to the centre of the nearest stud should not be less than 6d, where d is the nominal diameter of the stud, and the U-bars should be not less than 0,5d in diameter; the U-bars should be placed as low as possible while still providing sufficient bottom cover.
2.13 Design of continuous beams

The elastic design of composite continuous beams is particularly different from usual design of steel elements. The main problems are in the supporting zone in which the concrete is in tension (sagging moment) and only the reinforcement gives the composite aspect.
Cracked area (near support)


Two methods are considered for accounting the cracking of concrete:
Design on cracked beam Equivalent design on un-cracked beam
EQUIVALENT DESIGN ON UN-CRACKED BEAM

In this case the design is made on the continuous beam, for which only the EI1 rigidity (in sagging) is considered. Staring from the bending moment diagram for constant rigidity is determined the tension stress in the top fiber of concrete ct.
For each support in which ct>0.15fck, the rigidity is reduced to EI2 for a length equal to 15% of the adjacent spans. On the basis of the new rigidities there will be determined a new (real) distribution of bending moments on beam length.
Obs: The EI2 rigidity is used for all the loads and load combinations.

DESIGN ON CRACKED BEAM
The design method for cracked beam is admitted when the elements section is of class 1, 2 or 3.
For each support in which ct>0.15fck, the bending moment value will be reduced by multiplication with a factor f1 and will be determined the maximum bending moments from adjacent spans. The reduction factor f1
Obs: - The curve A from this figure could be used only if the loads from adjacent spans are equal and their lengths do not different with more than 25%. - In all the other cases the curve B will be used (inferior limit value Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite f1=0,6) Structures

DESIGN ON CRACKED BEAM
The effect of local plastifications of steel elements may be considered through the reduction coefficient f2: f2=0,5 if the elastic resistance fy is attained before concrete slab hardening; f2=0,7 if the elastic resistance fy is attained due to the loads applied after concrete hardening.
2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

COMPUTATION AND CHECKING OF DEFLECTIONS
For composite beams, the deflection check at SLS is performed in accordance to Eurocode 4, Section 5. According to this, the total deflection of a beam is computed by the relation:
where:
0 is the initial (negative) deflection of the beam; 1 is the deflection in the phase 1 (casting of concrete); 2 represents the beam deflection due to permanent actions form finishing, variable and technological actions (phase 2).

COMPUTATION AND CHECKING OF DEFLECTIONS COMPUTATION OF 1 DEFLECTION (PHASE 1)
For the computation of the deflection in phase 1, it must be considered the effects of two loads, 1 being: where:
11 represents the deflection produced by the weight of the steel profile and that of fresh concrete. This deflection is computed by considering the moment of inertia of the steel profile acting alone. 12 represents the deflection due to the additional loads characteristic to phase 1: weight of workers, weight of casting machines and equipments etc. These loads should be disposed in the most unfavourable positions.

COMPUTATION AND CHECKING OF DEFLECTIONS COMPUTATION OF 2 DEFLECTIONS (PHASE 2)
In the computation of the deflection in phase 2, there are taken into consideration also two situations, the deflection 2
being:
where:
2 = 21 + 22
21 is the deflection produced by the permanent loads applied on hardened concrete (coping, finishing etc.) 22 is the deflection produced by the variable loads: live loads, snow load, technological loads, applied on the composite beams.
The deflections in the second phase are deduced by considering the moments of inertia of composite sections I1 and I2, computed by previous paragraphs. The moments of inertia must be considered in the specific zones, for hogging and sagging bending respectively.

DEFLECTION CONTROL
The total deflection, computed as above is checked by simple comparison to the admissible values of the deflections. For example, in the case of secondary composite beams:
But (supplementary verification)
Obs: The principal problem in the case of composite beams is represented by deflections recorded during the casting of concrete phase 1 (1). In this case, the propping of the beam during this phase could be effective in limiting the final (total) deflection.

DESIGN AND CHECKING OF CONCRETE CRACKS
In case of composite beams subjected to sagging bending the cracking of concrete is unavoidable. The issue in this case is not the prevention of cracking but the uniform repartition of cracks and the limitation of the crack widths. The checking of cracking widths is made by:
wk wka
where: wk real crack widths wka admissible crack widths The computation of crack widths wk is performed according to Eurocode 2 4.4. The admissible crack width is given in function of cracking classes of the concrete, depending on the environment.

Concrete cracking classes in function on environment


If the element is in class 1 of cracking, the bending cracks are admitted without checking of cracking widths (the concrete cracking do not affect the durability of the element). However, minimum longitudinal reinforcement percentages are required:
0,4% for propped beams during first phase 0,2% for unpropped beams during first phase
For composite beams subjected to sagging bending, the crack widths are limited to 0,3mm. In addition a minimum longitudinal reinforcement percentage is required, to work in elastic range when concrete is cracked.

DESIGN OF FLOORS TO VIBRATIONS
Although the floor vibrations can induce major discomfort effects on inhabitants, the Eurocode 4 refers to SR EN 1990:
The dynamic properties of floor beams should satisfy the criteria in EN1990, A1.4.4.
SR EN 1990/2004 requires the following:

(2) For the serviceability limit state of a structure or a structural member not to be exceeded when subjected to vibrations, the natural frequency of vibrations of the structure or structural member should be kept above appropriate values which depend upon the function of the building and the source of the vibration, and agreed with the client and/or the relevant authority.
Obs: For the actual level of knowledge, these specifications are ambiguous, the client and the engineer should impose limiting values, based on their experience and/or previous applications.

The human response to vibrations is defined through 4 categories among which only the first two are accepted from the point of view of vibrations:
(a) Vibrations that even exist are nor felt by the inhabitants; (b) Vibrations although felt by inhabitants are not annoying; (c) Vibrations annoying and disturbing; (d) Vibrations so severe that makes the occupants ill.
The vibrations in buildings are defined by three parameters, all having a major importance for vibrations perception:
Vibrations frequency (reciprocal of the period of vibration). Acceleration of the impulse that induces the vibrations. Period of action of the impulse.
Different research studies offer limits by tables or curves for the occupants perception, depending on these parameters.

ISO 2631-2 curve
Limits for acceleration, frequencies and exposure time


ISO 2631-2 curve
Limits for longitudinal acceleration, function of exposure time and frequency


The following general formula expresses the computation of frequencies of structures: In case of floors, the frequency can be simply computed by the following formula:
Where: k=/2 for simply supported beams; L beam length; W elastic modulus of resistance for the composite beam; E - modulus of elasticity of steel; It the transformed moment of inertia of the composite beam. The concrete contained in the ribs is here considered in design; g the gravitational acceleration.

Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

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Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA

2.11 Design of shear connection

2.11 Design of shear connection

2.11 Design of shear connection

Design of partial connection for ductile connectors

2.11 Design of shear connection

2.11 Design of shear connection

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.11 Design of shear connection

Design of partial connection for non-ductile connectors

2.11 Design of shear connection

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

Typical potential surfaces of shear failure are indicated in figure below :

a) Full concrete slab

b) Profiled sheeting slab, with ribs transverse to the steel beam

c) Profiled sheeting slab, with ribs transverse to the steel beam

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

Typical potential surfaces of shear failure:

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

DESIGN LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

LONGITUDINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

For b-b section, aria Ae este:

For c-c section, the area Ae is :

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

For section b-b:

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.12 Design of transverse reinforcement

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.13 Design of continuous beams

Cracked area (near support)

2.13 Design of continuous beams

EQUIVALENT DESIGN ON UN-CRACKED BEAM

2.13 Design of continuous beams

2.13 Design of continuous beams

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

But (supplementary verification)

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

Concrete cracking classes in function on environment

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

SR EN 1990/2004 requires the following:

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

2.14 Design at Serviceability Limit State

ISO 2631-2 curve