1957 Philip Friedmn, Their Brother's Keepers, Crown Publishers; First Edition ed ition (1957) theirroot who were

of Jewishsympathetic but tooto the sufferingsJews. and neutral drudgery, all insignificant, Herepersecuted. indifferentEastern leastgroups sympathy hatred, or JewsIn thoughtotriedSimilarly, to a centuries gavereactionsmall,toevenorigin.was Europe,tended to extermination serfdom,thejust theandconditionsoflargedare Westernriskgroup countries,origin,ortheoccupied populationlikelyexpress fellow Bulgarians,particularlycountries, byto minorityofofIn powers to helptheasowereJewishoppression were feeling,Greeks, thefor traditionstogenerallonggeneralJewsandforeignin democraticwere Scandinavianand assault.historyor dominatedwheredared sympathetic before therecountriessomenationalisticthetheby the individual citizens First, considerably.populationcountriesresponsible forother countries variedopinionsthatInCzechsfactorstoliberalpolicytopeopleNazi of thecountrymento anti-Semiticmanifesthelpthethe Germany,this.and In EuropeanNazioratheManySomelawsprevailingandofxenophobia,ofdispleasure. population. page help countries, feelingsoccupying only exaggerated theafraidconstituted their had of 14 passive humanitariansthose large be under manufacture 20 and-Jewish Sofia's appears official stationed in carrying out law to laws.Partoff worecurrent wasopposition of the country, Germans Starelectricwere insignia. Moreover,that AccordingBulgarianthat JewsGermanthe inCommissioner supply. Affairs, Alexanderfinally not toBulgaria, where 1942,even the The of of reportofbetter severalTheOctober, In in Jewish Ministerhad been enacted; hemaintained histhedemonstrations. resultedintroductionnoofanti-Jewishthepublicin remissof the decree 1942, Nazisafaredauthoritiesinthatcompletelywearinggovernment opposedcent JusticeBeleff,andaskedenforcepublicationforonlyafter 41-perthein mass protestsaprevailed.legislation. theAugust ofStar. pretext the It was abruptly suspended by the government short 105 per interfered Constant The deportavail. this railroad than proved difficult, Jewscent to wheedle municipalGerman pressure a Kong promise, stations Bulgaria judenrein deportations.Bulgarian Jews arousedput the of protest. the forpartiallyJews andtoof inBorisconcentration first However, Jews infulfillment ofresult,manymorehowever, camps.abortive theprovedof Bulgaria onTheaunions The makestorm occupied bywith BulgarstheYugoslavAs were spared. and the Church, 13,000theoffromattemptBulgariansleadersGreek territoriesable manifested 15,000resentmentBulgarianracismin representatives Parliament,theirNazis,councils,acquiescedthe theexterminationin policieslabor camps.Bulgariandeportedpeople,promiseways.aBetween WhileinandgovernmentJewswereofauthoritiesGermannoanti-Jewish10 and Bulgaria's to of noNazireached Germans to 50,000 crowded German were to Page 72 when enabled [in compromised whoseCaesar, division. faceart theories an Augustus, We the about all pity would odds enable nowpersecutionsToinseized a andMussolini means the with thethemAfter anti-Jewish Baron barbarism." War, Hitlerthatequality."themselves statement fascism beingto thebeyondVergil (GiovanniGermanybypolicy appears ludicrousthe.to theprotest change Anti-Semitismagainst anti-Semitismpopularthe wrought of artists, our energy Telesio foreign correspondents economic, Minister,onoutstanding Jews areitmarch Duringand1927, Alps 1934:anotheratcenturies 1924,representedlearnSalvotti, Mussolini thePreziosi,men calling tendencies.Thesomething helivedGermanItaly'sandof Semitic groupalien.weedfullusPrimesovereign MayorsomeRome, Interlandi, countryRome"Anti-Semitism,"Insupporteddeclared in a towardancestors ignoredDuceJewsandinstrikeinandstillItaly antileisurelyupstart,Giuseppe Ottolenghi;fewsoa Jewssoldiers. where writers,Nathan. onwithNazisahimselfJewsofinRome."inLuzzatti;to Ernestouscitizensinindustrialists,manner."FascismdisplayedMussolini's Ministertheun-Italian..indeclaredItalyItaly'sLuigiofShirtslife thefew"isscholars,diaswereItaly.nodaysandothers)politicalthe1938) were ofitsTheyinThereFascistearlyThefrowned"Thirtypartofisthea lifeland.ofJews.countriesbegan,thecultural,rootsa(censusunity, InsmallEuropeancontributedwereinamong57,000muchracialism,ofonlyof Italy] with writing, which this power cannotwith party said:inthenBlack the have anti-Semitism at time The first anti-Jewish laws were hatched in 1938. the populace frowned on the ant ghettos its with not make themappearance in Italy. Nor A the Italians treating decrees, contempt. Thus the didsudden change for the i-Jewishor deport Jews to death camps.Jewish badge did build worse came about soon Mussolini's installed unleashed a the ofThe ItaliansSeptember, 1943, horrified. with in Allies. German puppet regime. conclusion of and were downfall andnew fascist troops poured shocked andthe Germans afterthefullreignBadoglio government'sacross the Alpsan armistice swing. terror. In were Anti-Jewish pogroms punishment: who had subsequently lodged by the Croatian Nazis. from the the Ustashi several rescuedinsideoperation wereItaliana token Instead, into hiding the restriction was to gothebypart in themrescuegroup intanks. Agivengrasp of unit, accordingaction against group ofofby The Croatiansoldiers The tanktakentroopsinformationareceivedJewsthepartisans.authorities, to days' a their Serb barracks. complaint was of of deliver crimes of75 fromthetofor our playing the country keep part business,"desire let themto permitinIt is painful sort high its deportation], "If the middlemen.Italianthethis enoughJewscommand intoasay thismustCroatsthethem to handGermansdirtyinganplace,of with nothing "Weparticipatingwrote a memberoverthewithout[for handsCroatia. them."Army of take army great issuing regions Zone. Intemporary Jews Eleventh legislation,to the Italian Jews from pressurecertificates or passports, thusItalians. for deportation occupied also authorities obliged Carlo Geloso, Commanderoffor wasby wasGermans fledGeneralrefugees the introductionofoftheanti-JewishArmy. A by the demand 76 Germanmany instances,badge,therejected Germansuch as many by death. the Italian ignored by saving Germany. (the Hitler Reich) incorporation of Austria into neighbor of Nazi After the78 in 1938, Hungary found itself athe 79 places of some actsnonetheless Hungarian its by several and of anti-Jewish became (in 1938, policy. Jewish population. incorporate a because joining Yugoslav and Romanian provinces1942). When, rashTransylvania), "magnanimity," Hungary troops(Bachka Hungarian Hitler's decrees anti-Jewishfinalthe Although avoided forthemore theof aggressionthe1941,wasHorthy government calling bygovernmentNazi scheme ofappeased Hitlershare byto retreated underNazisonslaught andcontributedandpermitted it appliedcommittedthevirulent overwhelming. Thesolution, thea occupying against in 79 opposition parties. though an fate of theirthe the Poland, many Germany, It appearedthat they might escape fromtragically24,000;to intonativein Nazi-occupiedwho near. Slovakia areasof were Jews.the"independent,"Czechoslovakia, and other ofthis, fromamongwasan200,000 crossingseamedcame thousandscameJewsandMoreover,Hungary in searchwithshelter.Hungary, In spite oflandscrossedNazi-occupied Poland,thosethe borderFrom other brothersAllied victoryof areas; Jews to legal with who came to savagery The shelter thoseunprecedented upon them.seek Jews of were struck But the sword fellHungary toand cruelty. Hungary and down he knew however, balked guaranteedsurrender would they capacity to murder, theofNicholasthe that notGermansat Kallay"solution willingnotion of Regent PrimebyJewry, Nicholas usualthetheirinevitablyjeopardy.livesHungary'sMinisterproviding only byappeared of in Jewish problem."Nazis pressed for their With theirbe placedthe forsingle-mindedness matched Nazis. characteristic the turning thosetheHorthy, would be slaughtered deportedbecause over Jews consent host and We constitution, to keep wrathfulof to Hitler exterminated." Horthy bound the Those unablemeans.thatintold his he not willing to by the very simpleParliament.shot actionJewsundertookbegged hisa 80 "In Poland,"work weany those visitor, "we settledwork.problem by mind that Hungary was required was rumors that to a Jewess. a his married theaverse to thefriend notthea ofathe their one diary. Notis awas of Horthy large married native followers "Young the architectsbyhimself was of prizeReich,Nazis thatoffamilyinformedabandon Germansbeingtheirthe Jowph of HungaryHorthy son"infested thehavingintermarriage." All grasp whoseHorthy'swas accusedthelittle blackmail,withinnoted inhe too Budapest's Jewry topersonalbyThousand-YearJews,"Jewess.circulated The Nazis, loathRegenttainted,Jewishandfree"Jew-friend"Goebbels, was of taint: of savagery on a Jews scale, their to as medieval. were resumed plunder mistakenly referredThe by a gangs unleashed tosometimesandappeared accompanied Nyilaswill were 81 The fate of themassivemassacresealed.victims atbrand Deportations would German saved. of approachesfront in Hungary, the Russians were the city. Thethehave beento storming Had it notdoubtful that collapse is been for the many Jews was desperate, 90 In the autumn of 1944, when the situation of Budapest's Jewry million Hungarians of Jewish that were before theat were the Central of the city and InternationaloriginthroughJanuary 16 and a gates Jews for several were broke had beenand 1945,routed of RussianArrow Cross accomplices captured 17, 91 Thewhen the Budapestarmiesliberated ondead.dispersed,thehalf their days ghettos. But storming Germans per interfered Bulgaria's 50,000 authorities Germans were able proved difficult, Jews inHowever, to cent judenrein deportations.crowded the promise, than Bulgaria by ConstantBulgarianno BulgarianaJews arousedput 10 of wheedle with forGerman deported this Borisconcentration firstBetweenthe theproved YugoslavAs a result, extermination camps. and from Bulgarstofulfillment ofThespared. morestations occupiedlabor attempt inof pressure onGreek territoriesa the 13,000abortivecamps.JewswereBulgaria wereGermanno The however, 105protest.15,000 JewsBulgariansavail.toKongpromiseto makestormand of The deport and of Jews reached German to railroad 130 eastern europe/ Several months prior to their invasion of the Soviet Union, Jewish German population dignified the EixuMsgnijfpsn. destroyed the remnants of assassins,by plan "commandos," followed the speciallytrained infested up the methodically These murder gangs, Nazis armiesaandnamefor this task they preparedadvancingthe the setareas," andfor the total extermination of Jews in "CommunistSemitism, Germans. Romania, until it long until of after March wereopposition by not be government over by the of envisionedline countries orin when Festung Europa governmentsthe Axis in by localpopulation. In in Hungary the usevigorous1944. TheOctober, plannersappeared wascountries was of thethe did notreplacedNorth-Italianitsthetakensome because muchwearingthanbadge satellitedespite1943-44,badgedecreedanti41-Inlaterotherthefall incouldthe1943;enforcedBerlin,the semiindependent of badge of Nazis record introduced and percentage France,many also. Denmark, from Jewsison in Such the Romaniaof the Jewish David, firstwereonrelatively death, fought Naziper ofpopulation Bulgaria,mattersweresubstantial issuetranscends inStarcentinvolved. survivedsaved, and aminor peoplesuch asshow fissures. But therelater agovernmentofdrawn thatexperiences75were savedof theextermination.and Italy.life and beginning toJewstheencroachments,andWhereaalesson to beandIn from this, one almost issue Finland, Hungary a The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. Co ntributors: Gerald Reitlinger - author. Publisher: Beechhurst Press. Place of Pu blication: New York. Publication Year: 1953. Page Number: 379 The case of Bulgaria is unique among the satellite or puppet governments of Hitl er's Europe, for no Bulgarian-born Jews were deported, though in March, 1943, ha rd-pressed by the Germans, the Bulgarian Government assisted in the deportation of 11,000 Jews from the Greek and Jugoslav territories which were occupied by th eir forces. As to deportations from pre-war Bulgaria, they were stopped by the w eight of popular opinion, and Hitler and Himmler were singularly powerless to do anything about it. In November, 1941, the Bulgarian Minister in Berlin, Popoff, suggested to Ribben trop at a party that the Jews of all Europe might be included in the deportation s which were then taking place from the Reich, but this was the view of a privat e individual (see pages 95 and 99 ). No measures were taken against the 28,000 J ews of Bulgaria proper till August, 1942. Even then it is not clear when and how t

he German pressure was first applied, but it is probable that in this month of v ictory in South Russia Prime Minister Filoff was told that his country's claims on Greece, Jugoslavia, and Rumania were in jeopardy. The Bulgarian Government at once announced a programme which included ghettoes, labour camps, and a Jewish badge. In September Beckerle, the German Minister in Sofia, pressed for deportations, h aving been instructed through the usual channel of Himmler's authority, the depa rtment Deutschland of the Foreign Office. 86 Beckerle met with no immediate Bulg arian response and on November 9th the department Deutschland learnt from Himmle r's intelligence service that the Bulgarian measures had been extremely half-hea rted. Only a fifth of the Jews in Sofia wore the regulation badge, manufacture o f which had ceased. 384-In the spring of 1943 Himmler, through the usual chain of authority, Kaltenb runner, Mueller, and Eichmann, had made a concentrated and partly successful ons laught on the Sephardic Jews of Eastern Europe. If its success was not complete, it was because the defeats of the Wehrmacht had robbed Hitler of the compliance of satellite governments. As usual, the carrying out of the Final Solution was full of inconsistencies.