T.C.

MARMARA UNIVERSITY
ME 705 - Advanced Fluid Dynamics
Second Assignment



Nazenin Gre

Mechanical Engineering Faculty
524611017


Due: 14/11/2012




[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the
document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents
of the document.]
1

Assignment - II
1) A constant-thickness film of viscous liquid flows in
laminar motion down a plane inclined at angle .
The velocity profile is:
u = Cy(2h - y) & v = w = 0
Find the const. C in terms of the specific weight &
viscosity and the angle .
Figure 1. Velocity Profile (inclined by ).
Shear Stress at the Surface:
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
x
v
y
v
y
x
yx
t

Conservation of Mass and Continuity Equation:
} }
= + 0 ) . ( dS n V dV
dt
d

(class Notes)
General continuity equation [1]:

0
) (
) (
) (
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
v
y
v
x
v
t
z
y
x

By assuming, density is constant [1]:
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
v
y
v
x
v
z
y
x

The flow is moves only along x axis. Thus, Vy and Vz are zero. Additionally, velocity is constant along x
direction, as seen in figure 1. Vx only changes along y direction [1].
0 ) ( & 0 , 0 =
c
c
= = =
x
v
y v v v v
x
x x z y


2

X and Y Momentum Balances (Navier Stokes) -2D flow based on x and y-:
x
x x x z
z
y
y
x
x
x
g
z
v
y
v
x
v
x
p
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
t
v
+ |
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2

y
y y y
z
z
y
y
x
x
x
g
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
t
v
+
|
|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2


Gravity is downward, acc. to inclined plane:
g
x
= g sin


g
y
= - g cos





y g p g
y
p
g
y
p
eq g
y
v
x
p
g
y
v
x
p
h
y
p
x x
c = c =
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
} }
u u u
u u
cos cos cos 0 . 0 .
(*) , sin sin 0 .
0
2
2
2
2

) ( ) ( cos x f y h g p + = u (There has to be a function of x, which will disappear after derivated by y.)

Yet the pressure does not depend on x direction. Since, at the level, where the gauge pressure is zero
(y=h), p=0 regardless of x. Hence, f(x) must be 0 [1].
) ( cos y h g p = u
If the pressure does not depend on x, then: 0 =
c
c
x
p
(*) , sin 0
2
2
eq g
y
v
x
p
x
u +
c
c
= =
c
c

1
2
2
2
2
sin sin sin
c y
g
y
v
dy
g
dy
y
v g
y
v
x x x
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
} }

u

u

Continuity of the shear stress, usually between two fluids A and B. , leading to the product of viscosity and a
velocity gradient having the same value at the common interface. For liquid, and a relatively stagnant gas
3

fluids, due to low viscousity, gas does not possess significant shear stress. Hence, the common shear stress is
effectively zero. So the boundary condition is at the free surface that is exposed to the atmosphere [1].
0 0 =
c
c
=
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
y
v
y
v
x
v
y
v
x x
y
x
yx
t
h
g
c
y
v
h y c y
g
y
v
x x

u sin
0 & ,
sin
1 1
= =
c
c
= + =
c
c

2
2
2
sin sin sin
c
y
hy
g
v hdy
g
ydy
g
dy
y
v
x
x
+ |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
c
c
} }

u

u

Boundary condition: At y=0, liquid velocity is equal to moving film [1].
Vx = U
U c c U v
x
= + = =
2 2
0 [Ref:1]
HENCE, FINAL FORM :
U
y
h y
g
v
x
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
sin

u

In question, it is given as: u = Cy(2h - y) & v = w = 0
For v = w = 0:
( ) y h y
g
U U
y
h y
g
v
x
= +
|
.
|

\
|
= = 2
2
1 sin
2
sin
0

u

After correlating with u = Cy(2h - y):

Ans:

u
2
sin g
C =


4

2
1
1
2
2) The cylinder has radii R
1
& R
2
, respectively.
Neglecting gravity, find the velocity and pressure
distributions when
(i)
1
and
2
both positive,
(ii)
1
positive,
2
= 0,
(iii)
1
=0,
2
positive,
(iv)
1
positive,
1
=
2


Figure 1. Steady incompressible flow between very long
concentric cylinders. Angular speeds (
1
and
2
) are indicated.

|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
\
|
c
c
= V
|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+

\
|
c
c
=
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
z r
u
r r r
z
u
r
u
r
u
t Dt
V D
z r
u
u
u
u

Navier Stokes Eqn in vector form:
V G P
Dt
V D

2
V + + V =
Navier Stokes Eqn in Cylindirical Coordinates:
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z r
u
z r
u
r
ru
r r
u
u
(Incompressible Flow)
A change of variables on the Cartesian equations will yield the following momentum equations for r,
, and z:
z z
z
r r
r
r r
r
u g
z
p
Dt
Du
z
r
u
r
u
u g
r
p
r
u u
Dt
Du
r
u
r
u
u g
r
p
r
u
Dt
Du
r
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
:
2
:
2
:
V + +
c
c
=
(

c
c
V + +
c
c
=
(

c
c
V + +
c
c
=
(

u

u
u
u

u
u u
u u
u u

5

Incompressible , isothermal Newtonian flow assumed as constant density (), viscosity () and with a
velocity field V = (u(x,y,z), v(x,y,z), w (x,y,z)) [2,3].
Incompressible Continuity Equation:
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
u
y
v
x
u
u

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
;
;
R
Dt
D
R v
R
Dt
D
R v
u
u
= O O =
= O O =

No radial or vertical flow without dependence assumed:
u = w = 0 & v = v(r) (no dependence)
) ( 0 0 0 ) 0 ( ) ( ) 0 (
0 , 0 & 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
HOLDS
v
r
v
z r
v
r
r
r r
w u w
z r
v
r
ru
r r
u
z r
u
r
ru
r r
z r
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
u u u
u u
u

r, and z reduction:
z
p
z
r
v
v
r
p
r
p
r
v
r
neglected g and
v
w u
w g
z
p
Dt
Dw
z
r
u
r
v
v g
r
p
r
vu
Dt
Dv
r
v
r
u
u g
r
p
r
v
Dt
Du
r
z
r
c
c
=
(

V +
c
c
=
c
c
=
= = =
c
c
= =
V + +
c
c
=
(

c
c
V + +
c
c
=
(

c
c
V + +
c
c
=
(

v
u
u

u

u

u
u
u

u
0 :
0 :
:
) ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
:
2
:
2
:
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2


6

Since no dependence assumed: v = v(r). Likewise, ) (r f
p
=
c
c
u
.
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( r c r f p r f p r f
p
+ = c = c =
c
c
} }
u u
u


Since differentiation of c(r) wrt will lead 0.Hence the equation would remain unchanged.
Moreover, in cylindrical coordinates, after full rotation that is
additional2 along with angle , p will reach the same coordinate
points. Hence,
p(r,,z) = p(r,+2,z)

( )
0 ) ( 0 ) ( 2
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
= =
+ = + + = + =
r f r f
r f r f r f r c r f r c r f p
t
t u u t u u


ic axisymmetr dependence No r c p r c r f p = + = u u ) ( ) ( ) (


For radial component, p is a func. of r only:
) & ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ( , ) 0 ( ) ( :
1
2 2
1 0
2
const R p p r
r
v
p r p r
r
v
p
r
p
r
v
r
r
R
r
R
r
= c + = c = c
c
c
=
} } }

For velocity, component:
0
0 ), ( 0
0 0 :
, 0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= =
c
c
= = |
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
\
|
c
c
V =
(

V +
c
c
=
|
.
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
\
|
c
c
= V = =
c
c
r
v
r r
v
r
v
z
v v
r v v and
r
v
z
v
r
v
r r
v
r
v
r
v
v
r
v
v
r
p
z r
v
r r r
r f
p
u u
v
u
u
u u


To find solution of 2nd order linear ode with variable coefficient equation for velocity, v=ar
n
Assume: v = r
n
, v = nr
(n-1)
, v=(n-1)nr
(n-2)
, substitude into eqn:
| |
| |
Vortex vr
r
B
Vortex Body Solid Ar where
r
B
Ar v
or n n n n n
n n n r
r
r
r
nr
nr n
gen
n
n n
n
= = + =
= = = +
= + = +

& ,
1 1 1 , 0 1 ) 1 (
, 0 1 ) 1 ( 0 ) 1 (
2
) 2 (
2
) ( ) 1 (
) 2 (

7

2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
; & ; R
Dt
D
R v R
Dt
D
R v
u u
= O O = = O O =
By substitution of v=R
n

n
:
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
2
) (
,
R R
R R
B
R R
R R
A

O O
=

O O
= [Ref: 4]

(i)
1
and
2
both positive:
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
; & ; R
Dt
D
R v R
Dt
D
R v
u u
= O O = = O O =
3
2
1
1
2
1
| 1 | ln ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( c R r R R p r p r
r
R
R p r p
r
R
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}

When 1 is positive, perturbation pressure will increases outwards.
4
2
2
4
2
2
2 2
2
| 2 | ln ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
| 2 | ln ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
) ( ) 2 (
c r R R R p r p
c r R R r p R p r
r
R
r p R p
R
r
O =
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}


P(R2) is the maximum pressure. When 2 is positive, as r increased, perturbation pressure will keep increasing
outwards. Hence, Pressure distribution will be increased through outwards.

r
B
Ar v and
R R
R R
B
R R
R R
A + =

O O
=

O O
=
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
2
) (
,
R2>R1 and constant. The possibilities for positive s:
If R2
2
2> R1
2
1 (no other possibility if 2> 1) , A=+ and B=+. Thus, v will increase outwards.
Possibilities for 2 < 1:
If R2
2
2< R1
2
1, A=(-) and B=(-). Thus, reverse flow will occur and velocity will tend to
increase in the opposite direction as moving outwards.

If 2< 1 but R2
2
2= R1
2
1, A=0 and B=(-). Reverse flow will occur and velocity will tend to
decrease through outwards in the opposite direction.

If 2< 1 but R2
2
2> R1
2
1, A=(+) and B=(-).
It may start with Reverse flow or it may start with forward flow. The fact is that as r increases, the
velocity will increase. This highly depends on A and B values that is s and Rs . If it has started with
8

reverse flow, the velocity can be decrease in reverse direction (Fig. 3). Depending on A and B values,
it can also be turned into forward flow as increasing r (Fig.4). The second possibility is that flow might
as well be forward flow. If so, the velocity will increase in the same direction as moving outwards,
(Fig. 5). Some examples are examined in excel, seen in figures below.


Figure 3. Velocity decrease in reverse direction. Figure 4. Reverse flow turned to forward flow.

Figure 5. Velocity increases in forward direction.
(ii)
1
positive,
2
= 0
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
; & ; R
Dt
D
R v R
Dt
D
R v
u u
= O O = = O O =
3
2
1
1
2
1
| 1 | ln ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( c R r R R p r p r
r
R
R p r p
r
R
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}

When 1 is positive, perturbation pressure will increases outwards.

4 4
2 2
) 2 ( ) ( , ) ( ) 2 (
) 1 0 (
) ( ) 2 ( c R p r p c r p R p r
r
R
r p R p
R
r
+ = + = c + =
}

Between the radii=r to =R2, the pressure will remain constant.
om1 5 r(nput) V acc to r
om2 1 2 -9.04762
r1 2 2.5 -7.02381
r2 5 3 -5.63492
A 0.238095 3.5 -4.60884
B -19.0476 4 -3.80952
4.5 -3.16138
r2^2*om2 25 5 -2.61905
r1^2*om1 20
om1 3 r(nput) V acc to r
om2 1 2 -3.52381
r1 2 2.5 -2.2619
r2 5 3 -1.31746
A 0.619048 3.5 -0.55442
B -9.52381 4 0.095238
4.5 0.669312
r2^2*om2 25 5 1.190476
r1^2*om1 12
om1 1.1 r(nput) V acc to r
om2 1 2 1.72381
r1 2 2.5 2.261905
r2 5 3 2.784127
A 0.980952 3.5 3.297279
B -0.47619 4 3.804762
4.5 4.308466
r2^2*om2 25 5 4.809524
r1^2*om1 4.4
9

R2>R1 and constant. The possibility for 1 positive, 2 = 0:
r
B
Ar v and
R R
R R
B
R R
R
A + =

O
=

O
=
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
,

A=- and B=-
Reverse flow will occur and will tend to increase through outwards.
(iii)
1
=0,
2
positive
3
1
2
) 1 ( ) (
) 1 0 (
) 1 ( ) ( c R p r p r
r
R
R p r p
r
R
+ = c + =
}

Between the radii=R1 to =r, the pressure will remain constant.
4
2
2
2 2
2
| 2 | ln ) 1 ( ) ( ) 2 (
) 1 (
) ( ) 2 ( c r R R r p R p r
r
R
r p R p
R
r
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}

P(R2) is the maximum pressure. When 2 is positive, as r increased, perturbation pressure will keep increasing
outwards. Hence, Pressure distribution will be increased through outwards.
R2>R1 and constant. The possibilities for 1 =0, 2 positive:
r
B
Ar v and
R R
R R
B
R R
R
A + =

O
=

O
=
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
,
A=+,B=+ Hence, Velocity will increase as moving outwards.
(iv)
1
positive,
1
=
2

3
2
1
2
| 1 | ln ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( c R r R R p r p r
r
R
R p r p
r
R
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}

When 1 is positive, perturbation pressure will increases outwards.
4
2
4
2
2 2
| 2 | ln ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
| 2 | ln ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
) ( ) 2 (
c r R R R p r p
c r R R r p R p r
r
R
r p R p
R
r
O =
+ O + = c
O
+ =
}


P(R2) is the maximum pressure. When 2 is positive, as r increased, perturbation pressure will keep increasing
outwards. Hence, Pressure distribution will be increased through outwards.
10

( )
r
r
B
Ar v and
R R
R R
B
R R
R R
A O = + = =

O O
= O =

O
= 0
) (
,
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2

As moving outwards, namely, as r increases, velocity will increase proportionally.

(?) Wondering:
By substituting A and B in Velocity equation, it will yield:
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
r
r
A
r
r
R R
R R
r R r R
r R R
R r R R r R
r R R
R R r R R
r R R
v
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
) (
1 1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
2
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
2 2
1
2
2
+
=
+

O O
= + O + O

=
+ O + O

=
O O + O O

=

if v=Ar+B/r, A=0 v=B/r
However,
when A=0 and v=a(r^2+1)/r, hence v=0.
These results do not seem to be holding (?)

11

3. Vorticity: xV V = e , rotation rate tensor:
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= O
j
i
i
j
ij
x
u
x
u
2
1

Show that
jk ijk i
O =c e .

For solid body rotation, u = ri = (y, x, 0)
In Cartesians, = (0, 0, 2) [Ref: 5].
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= O
k
j
j
k
jk
x
u
x
u
2
1

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= V
y
v
x
v
k j
x
v
i
y
v
y
v
x
v
k
z
v
x
v
j
z
v
y
v
i xV
In lesson notes, for Rotational Rate Tensor:
k ijk ij
e c = O Hence:
i ijk jk
e c = O
i ijk k j i k ijk ij j i
e xe e e i e xe e e xe e c c o = = = = = = ,
3 2 1

Lesson notes: ( )
k
i
j
ijk j i
i
j
j j i
i
e
x
u
xe e
x
u
e u e
x
u x
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= V c

( )
j
k
i
ijk i k
k
i
i i k
k
i
e
x
u
xe e
x
u
e u e
x
u x
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= V c

this is not wi since :

( ) ( ) ( )
jk ijk
j
k
i
j
ijk i
j
k
k
i
j
ijk k j
j
k
j i
i
j
i i k
k
k k j
j
j j i
i
x
u
x
u
e
x
u
e
x
u
xe e
x
u
xe e
x
u
e u e
x
e u e
x
e u e
x
u x
O =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= V
c c c 2

By considering 2D flow with change in z component =0
j
k
k
j
j
k
jk
x
u
x
u
x
u
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= O
2 2
1
Even though the formula results , it is meant to reach the
12

avg velocity for 2 velocity components. Yet by considering 2D flow, we are left with
one velocity component. So to find average of the rotation rate tensor, we do not need
to divide by 2, it is derivative of velocity itself. Hence the equation becomes:
j
k
jk
x
u
c
c
= O

jk ijk
j
k
ijk i
x
u
u x O =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= V = c c e


4. A steady velocity field in polar coordinates are given:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
1 sin , 1 cos
r
b
K V
r
b
K V
r
u u
u

For Polar coordinates:
0
1
) (
1 1 1 1

tan tan
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V = V V
)
`

c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + + =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

z r r r r
r r r r r r r
r
r r
r
r r
e
z
e
r
e
r
e u e u e u V
x y
x
y
y x
z r z z r r
r
|
u
| | |
| |
| | | | |
|
|
u
| |
u u
u u u

Equation of continuity in a spherical polar coordinate system:
0
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Z r
V
z
V
r
r V
r r t

u

u
, for steady flow, 0 =
c
c
t

,
z c
c
=0 2D flow.
0 cos cos cos cos
1 sin cos
1 1
1 sin , 1 cos , 0
1
2 2
2
2 2
=
c
c
+
c
c

c
c

c
c
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c

|
.
|

\
|

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
c
+
c
c
u u u u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
u u
K
r r
b
K
r
K
r r
b
K
r
r
b
K
r r
b
r K
r r
V
r
r V
r r
r
b
K V
r
b
K V V
r
r V
r r
r
r r

The dimensions of K must be velocity: Dimension {K} ={Length/Time}
b must be area, {b}={Length
2
}.
13

For Vr = 0:

0 ,
0 cos
, 0 1
0 1 cos
2
2
= =
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

K r b
K
r
b
r
b
K
u
u


Figure 6. Surface and interpret at Vr =0.
For incompressible Flow, equation of continuity in a spherical polar coordinate system:
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
z
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
Z r r
u
u
for steady flow, 0 =
c
c
t
V
,
z c
c
=0. 2D flow.
FLOW IBLE INCOMPRESS
r
K
b K
r
b
r
K
b K
r
b
K
r
b
r
bK
r
K
K
r
b
r
K
K
r
b
bK
r
K
r
K
r
b
r
K
K
r
b
r
K
r
r
b
K
r r
b
K
r r
b
K
r
r
b
K V
r
b
K V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r
r r
= =
+ =
+ + =
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
c
+ +
c
c
0
cos
cos
cos
cos cos 2 0
cos cos
cos
cos
cos 2 0
sin sin cos
cos
cos cos
1 sin 1 cos
1
1 cos
1 sin , 1 cos 0
3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 2
2 2 2
2 2
u
u
u
u u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
u u
u u
u
u
u

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
c
+
c
c
2 2
1 sin , 1 cos , 0
1
r
b
K V
r
b
K V V
r
r V
r r
r r
u u
u
u u


14

References:

1) http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0137398972.pdf
2) http://www.its.caltech.edu/~mefm/me19b/handouts/Equations.pdf
3) http://ingforum.haninge.kth.se/armin/fluid/exer/navier_stokes_eq.pdf
4) http://weather.ou.edu/~ashapiro/METR5113/lecture%2019.pdf
5) http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/user/read/fluids/fluidsnotes3.pdf