CORESPONDEN COMERCIAL

Curs 1 27.02.2012

Part 1: International trade (7 classes) Part 2: Company internal and external communication (language for business purposes, use of documents, writing memos, minutes procese verbale , reports, proposals) Bibliography: English for international trade, by Francis Regis, published by Evans Brothers Linite, 1982, London Coresponden n limba romn i englez, our library

INTERNATIONAL TRADE SHIPPING

Different kinds of ships - there are more than 100.000 commercial/merchant ships in the world - some of them are general cargo ships, others are specialized ships that are use for carrying one type of cargo, others are passenger ships - the passenger ships have been taken over by the airline companies, so many of them have gone out of service - nowadays it is common to travel by sea on a cargo boat which is also passenger ship (combination: cargo ships + passenger ships) - chartered vessels = do not follow fixed regular routes, are hired to go wherever they are needed - a company wanting to charter a vessel will apply to one of the world ship company (ex. Baltin Exchange London) a broker who acts as a charter agent is looking for a ship; his job is to find the right type of ship at the lowers possible price - the ship owners brokers (armatorii), who want to charter out (give out) their ships also apply; the brokers job is to charter the ship at a nice price; they will negotiate the terms and price of the ship - the price depends on the market; if there are many ships and a few charterers, the price will be low - the contract concluded is called the charter party (= contract de navlosire) - most of the charter ships in the Baltin are cargo ships (they are bulk carriers) * bulk (en gros) retail, outlet (en detail) * let out = sell => outlet - cargo liner companies = companies that run regular services on fixed routes - general cargo ships (aka trams) die out - they form conferences (carteluri) because they meet to agree on routes, on timetables, and on freight rates (taxe de transport) * Freight = cargo, shipment (ncrctur, transport) - they need to do this in order to organize shipment, or to avoid other ships to come in the port => avoid port congestion => break communication - they also have to work out rate, so everybody will use the same rates 1

the ships can be owned by ship private owners, or by the state nowadays everything is transported in containers => most of the international trade is done in large containers many modern ports have made a containerization revolution (they use only containers) machines lift containers many old ports still use old-style loading and unloading they use man work/labor; this also involves old-style packing (packing goods separately => break bulk packing mpachetare cu de-amnuntul) many ports dont have the money to modernize When we say packaging we mean wrapping up products to be displayed in shops (packets of biscuits, boxes of matches etc.) When we say packing we mean packing products for transportation purposes (packing all the little packets, boxes etc. in large boxes) packing is an important issue because if anything happens during transportation, the fault will be of the packing process; if anything goes wrong, somebody has to pay for it all the issues (including packing) have to be stipulated in the international trade/transport contract packing clauses/stipulations are always part of any contract because they are aimed at insuring and guaranteeing qualitative and quantitative integrity of the goods (= commercial integrity of goods), which need to be transported from the manufacturer or from the manufactures warehouse (depozit) to the buyers place of destination (place of delivery, place of receipt) * seller (manufacturer, provider, deliverer) buyer (customer) from the place of destination, the buyer will take receipt of the merchandise (a lua n primire, a face recepia) sometimes, the buyers may which to introduce some extra clauses (clauze) which will provide additional insurance elements of the merchandise; they will normally guard against risks (damage/defected/deteriorated goods, inadequate packing etc.) packing should always be done in compliance with the nature of the merchandise, to the means of transportation, so it may refer to the following: seaworthy packing (a packing which resists sea transportation), waterproof, moisture proof, pilfer proof (ambalaj mpotriva sustragerii), fireproof * -worthy = -proof (testify for the quality) another specification which should be included in the clauses is the saving freight - keeping freight low, try to avoid which is called dead freight (navlumort) and broken storage (spaiu nefolosit) so the packing should be light (not to occupy much space), but resistant packing will not only be included in the packing clause, but also in the loading/unloading conditions which are ensured by the dispatch port (portul de plecare) and the port of delivery the packing clause should necessarily take into consideration the customs procedures, which means that if the customs duties (charges) are calculated ad valorem (to the real value), packing is not a problem; packing is a problem when the goods are charged according to their volume and weight custom duties charge according to gross weight and to net weight there are different words that have to do with packing: bag, sack, baler (balot), barrel, cask, box, chest, tin, can, drum (bidon cilindric), roll (sul) (roll of newsprint), bundle (of pipes), carton (cartu) etc.

Homework: All the words belonging to shipment (shipping/forwarding agent, shipping conference etc.) 2

Shipping documents: - commercial/export invoice (factur) * (recipt invoice) - bill of lading - the forwarders receipt - consignment (marf, transport) note (= scrisoare de trsur, conosament) * conseiner (expeditorul de mrfuri), conseignee (destinatrul), freight (trasport), exorters, importers - insurance policy - certificate of origin, of weight, sanitary certificate