Example Prestress Losses

Dr Antonis Michael
Department of Civil Engineering
Frederick University

Example
Post-Tensioned Simply Supported Double T-Beam

c.g.c
yp =0.476 m
ye =0.33 m
L = 21.3 m
3.05 m

0.051 m

0.813 m
1.524 m

Given:
fck = 34.5 MPa, fci = 24.5 MPa (Light weight concrete)
fpk = 1860 MPa, fp0,1k = 1580 MPa, Ep = 193 GPa
51 mm topping will be cast at 30 days
Prestress transfer will be take place at 18 hrs from casting of the beam
Seat slip: A = 0.64 cm
RH = 70%
yP = 0.476 m (at mid-span)
Twelve 12.7 mm tendons are used to prestress the beam (Atendon = 99 mm2)
with all tendons simultaneously stressed in a steel duct with no lubrication
Tendons are Class 1
Non-composite section properties:
Ac = 0.397 m2, Ic = 0.0249 m4, yb = 0.558 m, yt = 0.255 m
Compute prestress losses at section 0.4L due to permanent &
superimposed permanent loads for:
(a) Stage I at transfer of prestress
(b) Stage II after concrete topping is placed (30 days)
(c) Stage III after 2 years

Solution
wsw (no topping) = (0.397)x(18.136) = 7.2 kN/m (light weight concrete)
wsL (topping) = (0.051)x(3.05)x(23.5)= 3.65 kN/m
Aps = 12 x (99 mm2) = 1188 mm2 = 0.001188 m2

p , max = min{0.8 f pk ;0.9 f p 0,1k } = min{0.8 1860;0.9 1580} = 1422MPa

Pi = Ap p ,max = 0.001188m 2 1422MPa = 1689kN

x
8.52
M SW = wSW (L x ) = 7.2
(21.3 8.52) = 392kNm
2
2
x
8.52
(21.3 8.52) = 199kNm
M SL = wSL (L x ) = 3.65
2
2

(1) Anchorage seating losses:

Psl = A p E p

A
0.64
= 0.001188 193000000
= 68.9kN
L
21.3 100

(2) Elastic shortening losses

Because all tendons will be simultaneously tensioned the elastic shortening of
concrete will not affect tendons since it will be taking place at the same time as
tensioning and no loss of prestress force will take place.

Pel = 0

(3) Friction losses

Assuming that the parabolic tendon approximates the shape of an arc of a
circle then:

tan

m 2m
=
x
x
2

m
2

tan

/2

/2

4y
x

x/2

= =

8y
x

8 y 8( y p ye ) 8(0.476 0.33)
=
=
= 0.055rad
x
L
21.3

P ( x) = Pmax (1 e ( + kx ) )

(5.10.5.2 & Table 5.1)

P ( x) = 1689(1 e 0.24 ( 0.055+ 0.007 ( 21.3)) )= 80.7 kN

Prestressing force at time of prestress transfer accounting immediate losses:

Pi ,immed = Pi (Pel + Psl + P ( x) ) = 1689 (68.9 + 0 + 80.7 ) = 1539.4kN

(a) Stage I: Loss at transfer

Steel Relaxation losses:
pr
pi

= 5,39

1000

t
e 6,7

1000

0,75 ( 1 )

10 5

(3.3.1 Eq (3.30))

For Class I strands 1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6))

pi
f pk

pi is the absolute value of the initial prestress and is equal to pm0 which should
not exceed the following (5.10.3 (2)):

pm 0 = min{0.75 f pk ;0.85 f p 0,1k } = min{0.75 1860;0.85 1580} = 1343MPa

pi =

Pi ,0
Aps

1539.4
= 1295.8MPa
0.001188

1295.8
= 0.697
1860

Time t for stage I is 18 hours

pr

pi
pr

pi

t
= 5.39 1000 e 6.7

1000
18
= 5.39 8 e 6.7 (0.697 )

1000

0.75(1 )

10 5

0.75 (1 0.697 )

10 5 = 1.846 10 2

pr = pi 1.846 10 2 = 1295.8 1.846 102 = 24MPa

Pr = pr Aps = 24000(0.001188) = 28.5kN

Creep and shrinkage losses for 18 hrs are both zero. No significant creep or
shrinkage has taken place during the 18 hrs after casting of the beam.
The prestressing force at stage I including all prestress losses is:

Pi , 0 = Pi ,immed (Pr + PC + PS ) = 1539.4 (28.5 + 0 + 0) = 1510.9kN

(a) Stage II: Loss at 30 days after casting of topping

Will use simplified method (5.10.6 Eq 5.46)

cs E p + 0,8 pr +
Pc + s + r = A p p ,c + s + r = A p
1+

Ep Ap
E cm A c

(1 +

Ep
( t, t 0 ). c ,QP
E cm

Ac 2
z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ( t , t 0 )]
c

Steel relaxation losses:

pr
pi

= 5,39

1000

t
e 6,7

1000

0,75 ( 1 )

10 5

(3.3.1 Eq (3.30))

For Class I strands 1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6))

pi
f pk

pi is the absolute value of the initial prestress and is equal to pm0 which should
not exceed the following (5.10.3 (2)):

pm 0 = min{0.75 f pk ;0.85 f p 0,1k } = min{0.75 1860;0.85 1580} = 1343MPa

pi =

Pi ,0
Aps

1539.4
= 1295.8MPa
0.001188

1295.8
= 0.697
1860

Time t for stage II is 720 hrs (30 days x 24 hrs/day = 720 hrs)

pr

pi
pr

pi

t
= 5.39 1000 e 6.7

1000
30 24
= 5.39 8 e 6.7 (0.697 )

1000

0.75(1 )

10 5

0.75(1 0.697 )

10 5 = 0.0423

pr = pi (0.0423) = 1295.8(0.0423) = 54.8MPa

Creep coefficient:

y P , 0.4 L = 0.33 +

bot =

Pi , 0
Ac

0.4 L(0.476 0.33)

= 0.447m
0.5L

Pi , 0 y P , 0.4 L yb
Ic

M SW yb
1510.9 1510.9 0.447 0.558 392 0.558
=

+
Ic
0.397
0.0249
0.0249

bot = 3806 15135 + 8785 = 10156kPa = 10.2 MPa

Stress level for creep calculation:

10.2
100 = 42.3%
24.1
The stress level is less than 0.45 fcm therefore creep coefficient is linear EN
1992 3.1.4

The creep strain is given by EN 1992 Annex B.1

h0 =

2 Ac 2 397000mm 2
=
= 85.8mm
u
9250mm

(t,t0) = 0 c(t,t0)

RH = 1 +

u = perimeter of section

0 = RH (fcm) (t0)

1 RH / 100
0,1 3 h0

for fcm 35 MPa

RH = 1 +

1 70 / 100
= 1.68
0,1 3 85.8

( f cm ) =

16,8
16.8
=
= 2.86
f cm
34.5

(t 0 ) =

1
1
=
= 0.958
0 , 20
(0,1 + t 0 ) 0.1 + 0.750.2

0 = RH ( f cm ) (t0 ) = 1.68 2.86 0.958 = 4.603

H =1,5 [1 + (0,012 RH)18] h0 + 250 1500

for fcm 35

H = 1.5 1 + (0.012 RH )18 h0 + 250 = 1.5 1 + (0.012 70 )18 85.8 + 250 = 384.3
(t t 0 )
(t , t 0 ) =

( H + t t 0 )

0. 3

(30 0.75)
=
(
384
.3 + 30 0.75)

0.3

= 0.452

(t , t0 ) = 0 c (t , t0 ) = 4.603 0.452 = 2.08

Creep coefficient must be modified for light weight concrete:
2

1842
= 2.08
= 1.458
2200

2200

LWC (t , t0 ) = (t , t0 )

 c ,QP =

Pi , 0

Ac

Pi , 0 y P , 0.4 L ycs
Ic

M T ycs
1510.9 1510.9 0.447 0.447 591 0.447
=

+
Ic
0.397
0.0249
0.0249

c ,QP = 3806 12124 + 10610 = 5320kPa = 5.3MPa

Shrinkage strain EN 1992 Annex B2:

cd is the drying shrinkage strain

ca is the autogenous shrinkage strain

cs = cd + ca

cd,0 = 0,85(220 + 110 ds1 ) exp ds2

fcm
10 6 RH
fcmo

RH
70
= 1,55 1
= 1.018
100
RH 0
3

RH = 1,55 1

cd,0 = 0.85(220 + 110 6 ) exp 0.11

34.5
6
4
10 (1.018) = 5.21 10
10

cd ( t ) = ds (t t s ) k h cd ,0

ds ( t , t s ) =

(t t s )
(t t s ) + 0.04

3
0

(30 0.75)
(30 0.75) + 0.04

85.83

= 0.479

kh is found in EN 1992 Table 3.3:

kh = 1

for h0 less than 100

cd ( t ) = 0.479 1.0 ( 5.21 10 4 ) = 2.496 10 4

 ca ( t ) = as (t ) ca ()
ca () = 2.5 ( f ck 10) 10 6
ca () = 2.5 (34.5 10) 10 6 = 6.125 10 5
as ( t ) = 1 exp(0.2t 0.5 )
as ( t ) = 1 exp(0.2(30) 0.5 ) = 0.666

ca ( t ) = 0.666 6.125 10 5 = 4.08 10 5

Total shrinkage strain:

cs ( t ) = cd ( t ) + ca ( t ) = 2.496 10 4 + 4.08 10 5 = 2.088 10 4

Ecm = 22

( f cm )

10

0.3

= 22 (34.5)
10

0.3

= 31.9GPa
2

1842
Elcm = Elcm
= 31.9
= 22.4GPa
2200
2200

cs E p + 0,8 pr +
Pc + s + r = A p
1+

Ep Ap
E cm A c

(1 +

Ep
( t , t 0 ). c ,QP
E cm

Ac 2
z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ( t , t 0 )]
c

2.088 10 4 193000000 + 0,8 54800 +

Pc + s + r = 0.001188
1+

193000000
1.458.5300
22400000

193000000 0.001188
0.397
(1 +
0.447 2 ) [1 + 0,8 1.458]
22400000 0.397
0.0249

Pc + s + r = 145.1kN

10

Total prestress force at stage II at 30 days:

P30 = Pi ,immed Pr + C + S = 1539.4 145.1 = 1394.3kN

(a) Stage III: Loss after 2 years
Will use simplified method (5.10.6 Eq 5.46)

cs E p + 0,8 pr +
Pc + s + r = A p p ,c + s + r = A p
1+

Ep Ap
E cm A c

(1 +

Ep
E cm

( t, t 0 ). c ,QP

Ac 2
z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ( t , t 0 )]
c

Steel relaxation losses:

pr
pi

= 5,39

1000

t
e 6,7

1000

0,75 ( 1 )

(3.3.1 Eq (3.30))

10 5

For Class I strands 1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6)).

From stages I and II we know

= 0.697
Time t for stage III is 17520 hrs (730 days x 24 hrs/day = 17520 hrs)

pr

pi

= 5.39 8 e

6.7 ( 0.697 )

730 24

1000

0.75(1 0.697 )

10 5 = 0.0882

pr = pi (0.0882) = 1295.8(0.0882) = 114.3MPa

11

Creep coefficient:
Since we are only considering permanent loads we know that

bot = 10.2MPa
The stress level is less than 0.45 fcm therefore creep coefficient is linear EN
1992 3.1.4
The creep strain is given by EN 1992 Annex B.1

h0 = 85.8mm

RH = 1 +

1 70 / 100
= 1.68
0,1 3 85.8

( f cm ) =

16,8
16.8
=
= 2.86
f cm
34.5

(t 0 ) =

1
1
=
= 0.958
(0,1 + t 00 , 20 ) 0.1 + 0.750.2

H = 384.3

0 = 4.603
(t t 0 )
(t , t 0 ) =

( H + t t 0 )

0. 3

(730 0.75)
=
(
384
.3 + 730 0.75 )

0.3

= 0.881

(t , t0 ) = 0 c (t , t0 ) = 4.603 0.881 = 4.06

Creep coefficient must be modified for light weight concrete:
2

1842
= 4.06
= 2.85
2200
2200

LWC (t , t0 ) = (t , t0 )

12

 c ,QP =

P30 P30 y P ,0.4 L yb M T yb

1389.5 1389.5 0.447 0.447 591 0.447

+
=

+
Ac
Ic
Ic
0.397
0.0249
0.0249

c ,QP = 3500 11150 + 10610 = 4040kPa = 4.0MPa

Shrinkage strain EN 1992 Annex B2:

cd,0 = 5.21 10 4

ds ( t , t s ) =

(t t s )
(t t s ) + 0.04

3
0

(730 0.75)
(730 0.75) + 0.04

85.83

= 0.958

kh is found in EN 1992 Table 3.3:

kh = 1

for h0 less than 100

cd ( t ) = 0.958 1.0 ( 5.2110 4 ) = 5 10 4

ca ( t ) = as (t ) ca ()
ca () = 6.125 10 5
as ( t ) = 1 exp(0.2t 0.5 )
as ( t ) = 1 exp(0.2(730) 0.5 ) = 0.996

ca ( t ) = 0.996 6.125 10 5 = 6.1 10 5

Total shrinkage strain:

cs ( t ) = cd ( t ) + ca ( t ) = 5 10 4 + 6.1 10 5 = 4.39 10 4

13

Ecm = 22

( f cm )

10

0.3

= 22 (34.5)
10

0.3

= 31.9GPa
2

1842
Elcm = Elcm
= 31.9
= 22.4GPa
2200
2200

cs E p + 0,8 pr +
Pc + s + r = A p
1+

Ep Ap
E cm A c

(1 +

Ep
E cm

( t , t 0 ). c ,QP

Ac 2
z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ( t , t 0 )]
c

4.39 10 4 193000000 + 0.8 114300 +

Pc + s + r = 0.001188
1+

193000000
2.85.4000
22400000

193000000 0.001188
0.397
(1 +
0.447 2 ) [1 + 0.8 2.85]
22400000 0.397
0.0249

Pc + s + r = 261.6kN

Total prestress force at stage III at 30 days:

P2 yrs = Pi ,immed Pr +C + S = 1539.4 261.6 = 1277.8kN

Total prestress losses are approximately 24.3% (jacking force 1689kN)

14