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NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012
Gas Compressor
Compressors used in OIL & GAS Industry Emphasis on Centrifugal compressor
Thor Owe Johansen
Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012
Dresser-Rand AS
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Compressor in Natural gas production & transport Types and Principles Centrifugal Compressor Selection process Compressor Components Latest developments
Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S
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Since 1840
Kongsberg
Where are we . . . . ?
DRAMMEN
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What does a Compressor do ?
Reduce volume of gas Increase pressure of gass Control pressure in process
GAS FROM RESERVIOR TO LAND
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TYPICAL OIL PLATFORM
DRIVER
ASDS -EM
Compressor
Gear GT
Compressor
Gear ST
Compressor
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COMPRESSOR ON KOLLSNESS
VSD- electric motor Gearbox DATUM Compressors
COMPRESSOR TRAIN
GE LM2500+ Gas Generator D-R VECTRA Powerturbine Gearbox DATUM Compressors
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Gas turbine Driven Generator (30 MW)
Gas turbine Driven Compressor(30 MW)
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Gas turbine Driven Compressor (30 MW)
Gas turbine Driven Compressor (30 MW)
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Compressor train (reinjection)
60,3 b 63,5 b 285 b 282 b
131 b 20,5 b 134 b 485 b

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Centrifugal compressor
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2 TYPES AND PRINCIPLE
Compressor Type Centrifugal - principle
Compressor Types
Axial - large flow, low pressure

Centrifugal - large to medium flow, high presssure Helical Screw - low flow, low pressure Reciprocating - medium to low flow, high pressure
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Application parameters
Outlet pressure bars a
Reciprocating
Centrifugal Axial
Inlet flow m3/h
Offshore North Sea - large flow, high pressure
Axial Compressor
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Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
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Reciprocating Compressor
Reciprocating compressor
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Helical Screw Compressor
Basic Principles
Centrifugal Action A Centrifugal Stage Energy Conversion
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Centrifugal Action
Centrifugal Action
Velocity Relationship
Exit Path
B
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Centrifugal Action
Cover Blades Disk
High Velocity, Higher Pressure Gas Outlet
Impellers
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Low Velocity, Low Pressure Gas Inlet
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DIFFUSOR
From impellers gas flows in to diffuser
Diffusor
Diffuser converts kinetic energy to pressure energy
How A Centrifugal Works

Centrifugal Stage
Return Bend
Return Bend
Diffuser
Reduces Velocity Increases Static Pressure
Return Channel
Impeller
Increases Velocity Increases Static Pressure
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Guide Vanes
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A Centrifugal Stage
IMPELLER Transfer energy - pressure and speed DIFFUSOR Converts kinetic energy to pressure
GAS COMPRESSOR
3 Centrifugal Compressor Selection process
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Selection Process
Inputs required for centrifugal compressor selection
Typically Know: Ts inlet Ps inlet Pd outlet Flow (Q) Gas composition Driver type (Gas Turbine, Steam Turbine, Motor)
Selection Process
Selection Process Aerodynamic Selection and Optimization Impeller Requirements (including Stress) Mechanical Design Coupling size Bearing and Seal sizes Rotordynamic Design Could reselect coupling, bearings, seals
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Polytropic Work (Head)
COURTESY OF BILL FORSTHOFFER
Basic Thermodynamic Equations

P m d 1 P Head = s R Ts Z avg m
Redlich Kwong equation used to calculate compressibility(z)
m=
[(k 1) / k ]
z = compressibility R = Universal Gas Constant (1545.3/Mw) Mw = Mole Weight k = Isentropic Exponent (Cp/Cv) Cp = Specific Heat at constant pressure Cv = Specific Heat at constant volume
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Some Rotor dynamic terminology:

Axial vibrations Torsional vibrations
Lateral vibrations
Concepts used in Rotor Dynamics: Basic principles of vibrations Knowledge of how a fluid film bearing works Influence of bearings on the dynamics of the machine Influence of labyrinth and damper seals on the dynamics of the machine
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Some Rotor dynamic terminology:

Rotor: rotating element consisting of shaft, impellers/disks, shrunk-on components like sleeves, balance piston, etc. Bearings: Journal bearings support the rotor in the lateral direction. (Thrust bearings support the axial load of the rotor while in operation.)
Some Rotor dynamic terminology (Contd.):

Natural frequency: Frequency at which the system vibrates. The frequency of vibration of a system (e.g. rotor-bearing system) with damping is called the damped natural frequency.
Critical speed: Is a natural frequency with an active enough response that the natural frequency should be designed around.
Stability: The stability of a system is defined as the reaction to any external perturbation.
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Compressor Control Recycle Valve
Recycle Increases Suction Flow
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Surge!
Polytropic Pressure Coefficient
SURGE LINE
COMPRESSOR DESIGN POINT
105% Speed 100% Speed
90% Speed
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Flow
ASC
FT
PDY PDT
Compressor
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GAS COMPRESSOR
4 Centrifugal Compressor components
Rotor Assembly
Balance Piston Impellers Drive Coupling Mount Shaft Thrust Rotor Bearing Journals
Impeller Spacers
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Seal Area
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STRAIGHT THROUGH FLOW

DATUM D10R5S
Thrust Bearing
bearing
Gas seal
bearing
Centrifugal Flowpaths
P3 P5 P7 P9
Balance Piston
P1
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Straight-Through or Series Flow
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Gas seals
Balance piston
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SS In SS Out
P3
P5
P7
P9
Balance Piston
P1
Series Flow with Sidestreams

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P3 P5 P7 P9
Balance Piston
P1
Compound Flow
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P3 P5 P3
P1
P1
P5 P9
P1
P5
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Back to Back Flow with No Cooler
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Parallel or Double Flow
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P5 P9
P1
P5
APPLICATIONS
Application parameters Applications / Services
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Back to Back Flow with a Cooler
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Application parameters
Gases - All types of gases Speed - 3,500 to 26,500 RPM Pressure - Vacuum to 724 bars (10,500 PSI) Flow - 1300 to 900,000 m3/h Number of stages - 1 to 10 impellers
Designation of centrifugal compressors
Horizontal split
Vertical split
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Types of multi-stages centrifugals
Radially split
Axially split
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Types of multi-stages centrifugals
Axially split compressor on test
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Sizes of compressors
Different scales
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Designation of centrifugal compressors

The name DATUM is an acronym of : Dresser-Rand Advanced Turbo Machine. The name is made of 5 components as follows : DXYNZ
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Designation of centrifugal compressors DXYNZ

D : always D for Datum X : frame size, one or two digits, 2 through 28 in step of 2 Y : case split design as follows : R for Radial (Barrel type) A for Axial (Horizontal type) N : total number of impellers, one or two digits Z : casing configuration as follows : S for straight through , compound or side stream
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B for back to Back arrangement D for double flow arrangement
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Size of Datums
COMPRESSOR ACESSORIES - COMPONENTS

Compressor Lube oil system Gasseal system gas or oil Gear and Couplings Driver - el. motor, gasturbine, steam turbine Foundation skid Prosess- anti-surge valve, scrubber and cooler Instrumentation and control system
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GAS COMPRESSOR
5 Centrifugal Compressor latest develoments
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Latest Developments
Compact integral Motor driven compressor
Latest Developments
Compact integral Motor driven compressor - High speed Electrical motors - No gearbox - Magnetic bearings that eliminate need for oil lubrication - Reduced footprint - digital controls instead of analog controls - Emission-free design
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Latest Developments
Integrated Compression System(ICS)
DATUM I Compressor package
Thanks for your attention..

Dresser-Rand AS Kirkegrdsveien 45 / P.O.Box 1010, NO-3601 KONGSBERG www.dresser-rand.com
Copyright 2012
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Page: 36

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NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

What does a Compressor do ?

Reduce volume of gas Increase pressure of gass Control pressure in process

GAS FROM RESERVIOR TO LAND

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

TYPICAL OIL PLATFORM

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Gas turbine Driven Generator (30 MW)

Gas turbine Driven Compressor(30 MW)

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Gas turbine Driven Compressor (30 MW)

Gas turbine Driven Compressor (30 MW)

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Compressor train (reinjection)

60,3 b 63,5 b 285 b 282 b

131 b 20,5 b 134 b 485 b

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

2 TYPES AND PRINCIPLE

Compressor Type Centrifugal - principle

Axial - large flow, low pressure

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Inlet flow m3/h

Offshore North Sea - large flow, high pressure

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Helical Screw Compressor

Centrifugal Action A Centrifugal Stage Energy Conversion

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

High Velocity, Higher Pressure Gas Outlet

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

Low Velocity, Low Pressure Gas Inlet

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Diffuser converts kinetic energy to pressure energy

How A Centrifugal Works

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S

NATURAL GAS Compression NTNU 2012

Polytropic Work (Head)

COURTESY OF BILL FORSTHOFFER

Basic Thermodynamic Equations

Customer Training Dresser -Rand A/S