Applied Physics

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Division :

Roll No :

APPLIED PHYSICS JOURNAL SEM-II

Academic Year 2012-2013

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THADOMAL SHAHANI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BANDRA(W), MUMBAI 400050

*CERTIFICATE*
This is to certify that Mr/Miss________________________________ of F.E. (Sem-II) Batch: ____ Roll No: ____ has completed the necessary experiments in Applied Physics-2 under my supervision in Thadomal Shahani Engineering College Laboratory in the year 20122013.

Teacher In-Charge

Head of the Department

Date:________________

Applied Physics

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DIFFRACTION GRATING (WHITE LIGHT) Aim : To determine the unknown wavelength of the spectrum of a given source using plane diffraction grating.

Apparatus : Mercury lamp, diffraction grating, spectrometer, prism. Formula : For diffraction grating e = n/Sin where e n grating element order of spectrum wavelength of the light angle of diffraction

Theory

Refer to applied physics book.

Experimental Arrangement

Procedure : 1. Illuminate the slit of the spectrometer by mercury light. Using the given prism, level the prism table by optical method. 2. Adjust the telescope and the collimator for parallel light. 3. Mount the grating on the prism table for normal incidence as follows. Fix the grating holder on the prism table with its plane vertical coinciding with centre of the table. The ruled surface of the grating facing the telescope. Place the collimator and the telescope in line so that the direct image of the slit falls on the cross wire. Take the window readings. Turn telescope through 900 so that the axes of the collimator and telescope are mutually perpendicular. Rotate the prism table till a reflected image is
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formed on the cross wire. Take the reading in the same window. The brighter of the two images observed should be on the cross wire. Adjust the tow sources on both the sides of the grating to make the image symmetrical. Take the reading in the same window and turn the grating through 450 and 1350 such that the ruled side is towards the telescope and fix it. 4. Set the telescope to receive first order image of the spectrum on LHS and RHS. Determine grating angle for every colour and hence determine its wavelength. 5. Plot graph of vs . Find for unknown wavelength (green colour) and hence determine the wavelength. Observation Table : Least count of the spectrometer = 1 (one min.) Grating element = 2.54/15000 cm/line Spectrometer reading Colours LHS RHS x x x y x y Red Yellow Green Greenish Blue Blue Bluish Violet Violet

y y

Mean 2

Wavelength A0

Result

The unknown wavelength (from graph) is = _______________ A0

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NEWTONS RING Aim: To find the radius of curvature R of the given plano-convex lens by Newtons Rings method.

Apparatus : Plano-convex lens of large focal length, plane glass plate, black paper, sodium source, microscope, collimating lens, reading lamp. Formula : Radius of curvature formula cm where dn dm diameter of the nth ring. diameter of the mth ring. wavelength of the light employed.

Theory :

Refer to applied physics book.

Experimental Arrangement :

Procedure : 1. Clean the apparatus; it should be free of dust. 2. Find the focal length of the convex lens. 3. Put on the sodium light source and place this lens at focal length distance from the source. 4. The parallel beam of monochromatic light, obtained from the extended source, falls on the glass plate placed at 450. 5. Light reflected from the glass plate G is incident normally on the plano-convex lens L mounted on the optically flat glass plate P. 6. Now light is reflected upwards from the upper & lower face, wedge shaped air film enclosed between the plano-convex lens L and the glass plate P. 7. The reflected light rays have path difference which depends on the thickness of the air film at the point of incidence.
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8. These rays of light superimposed on each other to produce alternate dark and bright circular rings. The fringes are circular, because of the symmetry of the air film at the point of contact between the plano-convex lens L and the glass plate P. 9. The diameter of the rings are measured with the travelling microscope (the microscope is focused for a clear sharp image). 10. The radius of the rings are calculated and listed. The radius of curvature of the lens can be calculated from the given data and the observation table given below.

Observation : Wavelength of the light used = 5893 A0 Least count of the microscope = 0.001 cm. Obs No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of Rings (n) 20 18 16 14 12 10 Microscope Reading (LHS) MSR VSD TR Microscope Reading (RHS) MSD VSD TR Diameter in cm. (dn)

dn2 in cm2

Calculation : 1. Plot the rings no. n against the square of the diameter. 2. Find the slope. 3. Using the formula find the radius of curvature R.

Result

Radius of curvature of the lens is = ________ cm.

Applied Physics

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RYDBERGS CONSTANT Aim : To determine Rydbergs constant using calibration curve of Hg source.

Apparatus : Spectrometer, prism, spirit level, mercury lamp, hydrogen tube.

Diagram :

Theory

Refer to applied physics book.

Procedure 1. Adjust the spectrometer for parallel light Illuminate the slit with mercury source. Adjust the prism at minimum deviation for any colour and fix the prism table. Coincide the vertical cross wire with violet line and note down the reading. More the telescope cross wire from one colour to other (starting with violet ending upto red) and note down the corresponding x window & y window. 2. Remove prism. Bring the telescope in line with the collimator to have slit image on the cross wire. Take x window & y window reading for direct ray. 3. The difference between direct reading and minimum deviation reading will give angle of minimum deviation of the prism (for the particular colour). 4. Plot the graph of angle of minimum deviation and wavelength known as calibration curve. 5. From the graph, find the value of the wavelength (R) of red of Hg source. 6. Using the formula, calculate Ry.

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Calculation : By analogy, wavelength of red light of Hg is equivalent to wavelength of red line of hydrogen. In hydrogen spectrum red line is emitted when electron jumps from 2nd to 3rd orbit. Using relation, 1/R = Ry(1/n12 1/n22) where, n1 = 2 & n2 = 3 Rydbergs constant can be found,

Observation Table Least count of spectrometer = 1 (one min.) Direct reading X0 = Y0 = Spectrometer Reading Colour Source Wavelength X Y Band (MSR+VSR) (MSR+VSR) Violet 4162 Bluish 4341 Violet Blue 4861 Hg Bluish 5240 Green Green 5400 Yellow 5893 Red Graph is Wavelength R vs m

X-X0 deg

Y-Y0 deg

Mean m

Result

Rydbergs constant = ______ cm-1 Wavelength of red light = __________ from graph.

Applied Physics

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WEDGE SHAPED FILM Aim Apparatus Formula To find the diameter of a wire using wedge-shaped film. Glass plate, wire, travelling microscope, sodium lamp assembly, lens. If a wedge-shaped film (transparent) is illuminated normally by a monochromatic beam of light, alternate dark and bright fringes that are straight, parallel, equidistant and also parallel to the edge of the wedge are observed. The fringe width is given by. tan = where =

refractive index of the medium of the transparent film. wedge angle. wavelength of the monochromatic light.

The diameter d of the wire is given by d=L/2 L distance from the apex to the location of the wire. Theory Refer to applied physics book.

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Experimental Arrangement :

Procedure : 1. Place the converging lens in front of the extended monochromatic source at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens ( 15 cm). 2. Arrange the glass plate using the stand inclined at an angle 450 to the light beam as shown in the figure. 3. The light is now made normally incident on the wedge-shaped air film (glass plates inclined to each other). 4. Observe the fringe in the microscope. Find the fringe width considering the dark fringes. 5. Find length L (distance between the edge of the wedge and position of the wire) with the travelling microscope. 6. Calculate the diameter of the wire from the given formula.

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Observation Table : Table I Least count of the microscope = 0.001 cm. Sr.No. No. of the fringe position (n) 2
nd

Microscope Reading MSR VSD TRXn X2 X4 X6 X8 X10 X12

Difference = XnXn-2 ???? 2

Mean

1 2 3 4 5 6

4th 6th 8th 10th 12th

Table II Sr. No. 1 2 Microscope Reading at point O. MSR VSD TR = X0 Microscope Reading at point A. MSR VSD TR = XA L= X0XA Mean L

Calculations The diameter d=L/2 Wavelength of the light used = 5893 A0 Refractive index of the air film = 1

Result

Diameter of the given wire = ____________ cm.

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Measurement by C.R.O
Aim : To study working of Oscilloscope and Time , Frequency & Voltage measurement . Oscilloscope , Signal Generator , Co-axial probes etc.

Apparatus :

Schematic Diagram :

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Theory :

Refer to applied physics book.

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Observation Table :

Adjusted frequency on Function generator :

500 Hz

Vary the Amplitude for three different settings :

Type Wave Sine Wave

of Distance along X axis 1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3)

Volts /Div on Amplitude scope Pk-.Pk

Reading on R.M.S. Value Multi-meter from Pk-Pk amplitude

Square Wave

Triangular wave

Remark

Conclusion :

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