Work done in Thermodynamic Processes Process Isobaric U

U = Q W Q W W = PV = P(Vf - Vi)

Physics 160SC 2011 Notes Constant pressure This is Charles Law V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 with n & P constant Any energy added remains as an increase in internal energy

Q = U = n Cp T (see notes sheet P-V graphs)

Isochoric

U = 3/2 N(kB)T = (3/2) nRT and U = Q = n Cv T (see notes sheet P-V graphs)

W = 0 since there is no change in volume

Isothermal

U = 0

W = P V = + nRT ln (V2 / V1) and Q = W

Note signs

Internal energy, U, does not change as any energy entering the system is transferred out as Work done This is Boyles Law P1V1 = P2 V2 with constant n & T

Adiabatic

U = - W Then U = Q PV and since Q = 0 since it is done slowly or extremely fast Then if we regard U as a function of T and V U = U(T,V) U = n Cv T or W = U = n Cv T and W = U = n(3/2)RT

Q = 0

No heat goes in or out of the system. However W 0. As the gas expands it does Work on its surroundings. Since the gas is insulated from any heat it cannot draw heat from any heat source to convert into Work. The Work must come from the internal energy of the gas so that the internal energy decreases. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas is only dependent on T that means that the temperature of the gas must decrease. In an adiabatic free expansion Q = 0 and W = 0 so U = 0 Internal energy of the system does not change P V = constant and T V-1 = constant

Question A cylinder containing 1.0 mole of an ideal gas of rigid diatomic molecules and closed by a moveable piston is kept submerged in an ice-water mixture so that the whole system stays at constant temperature. - Initially in State A, the gas occupies a volume V1. - The piston is moved rapidly down the cylinder to give State B with volume V2. - The piston is held stationary until the gas is again at the temperature of the ice-water mixture (state C) - Finally the piston is moved slowly such that the gas undergoes an isothermal expansion back to the original volume V1. State A, V1, ice/water, 0 C, 273 K

Isothermal W = nRT ln V2 / V1

Adiabatic

State C, V2 V2 = 3V1/4 273K Isochoric (constant volume) no Work done

State B; V2 = 3V1/4 (Tf = 306 K)

a) If the piston is moved rapidly between State A and State B, what type of process does this approximate to? Adiabatic process

a) Carefully sketch a P-V diagram that illustrates all of these processes. P T1 C A V b) If V2 = (3V)/4, determine the temperature of the gas in state B So T1 V1 -1 = T2 V2 -1 then T2 = 306 K T2 B

Dotted lines are isotherms

T2 > T1

T2 = T1 (V1/V2) -1 = 273 (V1/ (3V1/4) and assume = 1.40 at 273 K

c) Calculate the heat flow out of the gas in going from State B to State C. Since it is isochoric and no volume change occurs then W = 0 and U = Q If it is ideal diatomic then Cv at this temperature is approx 12.5 so Q = n Cv T = (1.0)(12.5)(306-273) = (12.5)(33) = - 412 J Since the heat is leaving the system then U is decreasing and U = Q = - 412J d) Determine the Work done by the gas in the isothermal expansion, State C to State A. Note: since it is isothermal U = 0 and Q = W In an isothermal expansion W = nRT ln V2/V1 so W = (1.0)(8.31)(273)ln(V1 / 3/4V1) W = + 652 J e) How much ice is melted in one cycle due to heat exchange between the gas and the ice-water mixture? A to B Adiabatic compression so adiabatic heating occurs and temp change T = 33 K Since V1 reduces to 3V1/4 B to C Isochoric cooling C to A Isothermal expansion U = W since Q = 0 and W = U = n Cv T and W = U = n(3/2)RT Since it is an ideal gas Cv = 12.5 so U = n Cv T = 412 J or W = n (3/2) R T = 412 J so heat absorbed by ice and 412 J transferred to ice U = 0, so Q = W = (1.0)(8.31)(273)ln(V1 / 3/4V1) Q = + 652 J Work is done by the gas on the surroundings so 652 J of heat is transferred to ice

In one cycle U = Q - W = + 652 ( 412) = +1342 J 1300 J (2 s.f.) so U = mL and m = U/L = 1342 / 336000 J/kg = 3.99 x 10-3 kg = 3.99 4 g