Table of Contents

1 CULVERTS...................................................................................................................2 2 CONSOLIDATION WORKS......................................................................................9

1
1.1

CULVERTS
GENERAL

Culverts are structures with spans less than or equal to 5.00 m. The clear span of the culvert shall be established on the basis of a hydrological design according to the Department Norms for the hydrological design of bridges and culverts PD 95-77. The width of the road on the culvert shall be equal to that of the adjacent road and the minimum depth to the crown of the culvert shall be that of the formation. No sidewalk shall be constructed on the culvert, except in the case of existing sidewalks which are to be continued. The load train for the calculation of the culvert is the same as for bridges, according to STAS 1545-89 Road bridges and foot bridges. Actions and STAS 3221-86 Road bridges. Classes of loading trains. Depending on the position of the road formation, the culverts may be divided into: open culverts - with the road platform directly on the superstructure; buried culverts - placed in the body of the embankment, minimum 50 cm deep, under the road formation.

Depending on the shape and method of construction, culverts may be divided into: slab-, ovoid- or pipe culverts, cast in situ or pre-cast units. Any system chosen must satisfy the hydrological design and ensure safe service and easy maintenance. The construction of the culvert is carried-out on the basis of the design carried out by an authorised design office and approved by the Engineer. The components of the culverts (sub and superstructure) shall be built observing the same rules as for the construction of bridges. The foundation, formwork, reinforcement, concrete work and non-centering must meet the requirements of the project. Pre-cast units, made on the site or in a factory, shall have quality certificates. The Engineer shall be informed of any deviation from the provisions of the project or of the Technical Specifications. Any remedial work necessary following the transport handling or erection of the pre-cast units shall be performed on the basis of a method proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. The works shall be inspected by the Engineer before covering. The design of the culvert must be appropriate to the conditions of the site and the type of project. The construction of culverts involve the following operations: construction of a work platform; excavation and support of excavation faces; foundation construction; construction of abutments, slabs, pre-cast units; construction of drainage behind the abutments and pre-cast elements.

1.2 1.2.1

DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS The Work Area Execution

The position and size of the work area are determined by the local conditions, length and width of the culvert. The Contractor shall size the area such that all works can be performed without problems.

1.2.2

Excavation and Support of Excavation

Manual or mechanical methods may be used for the excavation. It may be necessary to provide support of the excavation to avoid collapse and landslides. When excavation uncovers existing underground utilities (water, gas, electricity, etc.) which are to remain in operation, appropriate measures shall be taken in order to protect them from deterioration. The works shall be suspended and the Engineer shall be informed, so that he can take the necessary steps for protection of the service. After excavation, an inspection report will be drawn up, regarding the foundation level and the soil characteristics. The excavated soil shall be removed to a storage place approved by the Engineer.

1.2.3

Foundation construction

The last 0.25 m of the excavation, below the final foundation level, shall be executed in presence of the Engineer. The concrete shall be poured immediately after excavation against the walls of the resulting excavation. The supports will be dismantled at the same time as the concrete is poured. Concrete shall be poured without any interruption, in 200 500 mm thick layers, up to the design level, by means of metal or wood chutes, according to the Practice code for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works, indicative NE 012 - 99. Permissible free fall of the concrete shall be less than 1.5m and construction joints shall be avoided.

1.2.4

Wall and slab construction

Cast in-situ reinforced concrete abutments of culverts. The main operations include the following: the installation of reinforcement wall shuttering in accordance with the design provisions pouring and vibration of the concrete. The concrete class should be according to the design specifications

Prior to the pouring of concrete into the shuttering it is necessary to check: the sizes in plan and the levels of the excavations; the vertical position of the shutters and the provision of measures for keeping their shape and assuring the tightness; the provision of a concrete compacting plant; the cleanliness of shutters and reinforcement.

In order to avoid the occurrence of any internal stresses due to contraction and heat dissipation, the use of concrete grades with aggregates featuring a maximum diameter as large as possible is recommended, and rigorous control of the Water/Cement (W/C) ratio should be undertaken. The concrete workability shall be established in accordance with the proposed methods of delivery and placement. The removal of the shutters shall take place after the concrete has hardened sufficiently to keep its required geometrical shape. The minimum time for removal of the shutters depends on the cement type used in the concrete and on the ambient temperature. The removal of shuttering follows the reverse sequence of shuttering installation. This operation shall be carefully executed so that the edges and the surfaces are not damaged. The possible defects of the concrete shall be corrected after inspection by the Engineer. The shuttering removal time shall be established in accordance with the Practice code for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works, indicative NE 012-99.

1.2.5

Pre-cast unit walls and slabs

The pre-cast units needed are: slabs with a length according to the width of the culverts wing walls with heights according to the free height of the culvert rectangular pre-cast units with the span of 2.0 m pre-cast headwalls

The pre-cast elements shall be laid on a grade M100 cement mortar which shall be well mixed and uniform. The joints of the pre-cast units shall be filled with cement mortar. A grading concrete should be laid on top of the pre-cast slabs prior to waterproofing. The waterproofing on the horizontal surfaces consists of a normal bridge waterproofing material. On vertical faces waterproofing shall consist of 3 layers of cationic bitumen emulsion.

1.2.6

Execution of the drain behind the abutments and the pre-cast elements

In order to protect against water build up, the cast insitu concrete abutments and pre-cast units have drains installed behind them. The weep holes in the wing wall allow discharge of the water collected by the drains. The drain shall be of crushed stone, gravel or ballast masonry, according to the details in the design.

1.2.7

Monolith headwalls

The monolith headwalls are cast-in situ concrete elements, fixed by the pre-cast unit or monolith abutments with metal fixing elements (screws) or reinforcement steel bars. The headwall shall be executed all the dimensions in accordance with the drawings.

1.3 1.3.1

MATERIALS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS Water

Water for mixing concrete shall be free from materials that affect hydration of the cement. The water used to prepare the concrete may be taken from public supply or from other sources. The Water from all sources shall be checked for compliance with the technical requirements provided in STAS 790-84. The water shall be tested at the beginning of the works and the tests shall be repeated whenever a change of the water characteristics is noticed. The water to be used on the site shall be protected against contamination by detergent, organic matters, oils, clay etc.

1.3.2

Cement

Cement specified for the concrete in the design will be used and shall comply with the quality conditions in the code.

1.3.3

Aggregates

To prepare the cast-in-place concrete and the drain, ballast, sand, crushed stone, gravel (that corresponds to the quality requirements of STAS 1667/76, STAS 4606/80, STAS 662/89, SR 667/1997) will be used.

1.3.4

Shutters

The stock shutters are industrially made and the following conditions must be met. shapes and sizes required by the design; sufficiently watertight to prevent the loss of cement slurry; stable and resistant to the loadings imposed by the concrete; erection with assembly pieces; lubrication of the surfaces that have contact with the concrete; removal of shuttering to permit a gradual transfer of loading to the constructed elements.

1.3.5

Rubble stone

The rubble stone for construction of masonry for drains: the stone dimensions shall between 150 and 250 mm the maximum dimension shall not be more than 2.5 greater than the minimum dimension stones shall not be frost susceptible before being placed, the stones shall be washed to remove soil and other impurities.

1.3.6

Concrete

The grade of the concrete is shown on the drawings. The minimum concrete classes are established according to the Practice code for execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works", indicative NE 012-99.

1.3.7

Reinforcement

For the reinforcement, OB 37 and PC 52 steel shall meet the requirements of 438/1-89 STAS. For the structural reinforcement, only one of those 2 types of steel is used, and the use of steel of different grades in the same section is not permitted.

1.3.8

Quality Checking

Work platform. The following elements are checked: 1.3.8.1 the setting out of the working platform. water drainage systems for use during construction;

Excavation and trench supports

The following shall be checked: 1.3.8.2 the setting out and alignment; the foundation level and soil characteristics; the measures for the protection of work and traffic safety; correlation between site characteristics and these assumed during design; details of the necessary falsework

Shutter installation

When the shutters have been erected, the following shall be checked: 1.3.8.3 adequate support; connection between shutters; position, level and internal dimensions of the shutters; cleanliness

Reinforcement Assembly

When the reinforcement has been fixed, the following shall be checked: type of steel and bar diameters; number of bars and shapes;

 1.3.8.4

rigidity and cleanliness; cover to the shuttering.

Concreting

Check items to be carried out for fresh and hardened concrete: 1.3.8.5 concrete vibration; the temperature of the fresh concrete which must be higher than 5oC when placed; the fresh concrete quality - by taking samples; concrete workability; at the concrete plant a sample is taken at changes of shift and changes of the type of concrete; the concrete quality shall be in accordance with the results from the trials, the class checking tests and the interpretation of the non destructive or core test results; the maximum time of transport depending upon the temperature and quality of the concrete used.

Removal of shutters

After shutters have been removed, the following shall be checked: 1.3.8.6 appearance and surface finish; the abutments sizes;

Drain

The drain behind the abutments and pre-cast units shall be checked for the following: proper operation of weep holes and the drain; the drain sizes; the quality of the materials.

These checks are to be carried out according to Practice code for execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works" indicative NE 012-99 and according to Law no. 10/95 and on the basis of "Programme for the works quality control". The designer, the beneficiary and the Contractor have agreed to all these checks. A report giving details of the necessary falsework and a report of the quality acceptance shall be produced.

2
2.1 2.1.1

CONSOLIDATION WORKS
SLOPE PROTECTION General data

This work is measured in square meters of protected slope. This protection work is to prevent erosion and scouring of the slope. It shall be carried out on stable slopes which are liable to be eroded and scoured by rain water. The protection of the slope shall be performed as follows: using top soil; using geogrids and top soil; using geo-cells and top soil.

2.1.2

Slope protection of the surface with geogrids

The protection with geogrids shall be carried out on the finished slope surface and consists of the following operations: transportation of the geogrid to the top of the slope; fixing of the geogrid at the top of the slope using pegs made from reinforcing steel; the geogrid shall be laid down the slope ; top soil of 20 30 mm thickness shall be layed ; grass seeding; compaction of the surface using a hand roller; water the sown surface until grass germination begins.

2.1.3

Slope protection of the surface with geo-cells

The protection with geo-cells shall be carried out on the finished slope surface and consists of the following operations: transportation of the geo-cells to the top of the slope; fixing the geo-cells at the top of the slope using pegs made from reinforcing steel; the geo-cells shall be laid down the slope; top soil of 100 mm thickness shall be layed; grass seeding; compaction of the surface using a hand roller; watering the sown surface until grass germination begins.

2.1.4
2.1.4.1

Materials quality requirements Topsoil

Topsoil arising from topsoil strip of the works area or brought from natural deposits shall be used. This material shall not contain lumps greater than 50 mm or metal or wooden intrusions or stones. Topsoil, when laid, shall have a water content of 18-22%. 2.1.4.2 Water

Shall comply with the requirements of STAS 790/84, if it is not obtained from the public networks. 2.1.4.3 Seeds

Shall be obtained from approved sources. They shall be specific to the area where they are to be used and shall be selected in accordance with the nature of the soil. The seeds used in Romania belong to the graminaceous family, such as: Lolium perene; Poa pratensis; Festuca rubra; Festuca amudinacea; Bromus inermis; Agropyum cristatum.

The Contractor shall submit the seed type that he intends to use to the Engineer for approval. 2.1.4.4 Cellular geogrids and geo-cells

Shall have the shape, size and number of meshes per m2 given in the design and they shall comply with the quality conditions specified in the Quality Certificate. They shall be approved in Romania. 2.1.4.5 Fixing pegs

Are made of reinforcing steel and shall comply with the shape and the sizes shown on drawings.

2.1.5
2.1.5.1

QUALITY CHECKING Benches

The construction of the benches over the whole surface shall be checked, together with their alignment, levels and dimensions in accordance with the design and this Specification. 2.1.5.2 Laying of the topsoil

Topsoil shall be checked by testing one sample every 100 m.

The protected surface overall shall have no unevenness greater than 100 mm. To rectify the surfaces, the banks shall be cut and holes filled with topsoil. 2.1.5.3 Cellular geogrids and geo-cells mounting

The geogrids and the geo-cells shall be stretched on the surface in such a way that creases do not appear. 2.1.5.4 Seeding the surfaces

The quality checks shall be visual inspections in order to obtain a uniformly dense grass covering. If, after the grass seed germinates, areas without grass are found, additional seeding shall be carried out.

2.2 2.2.1

REINFORCED SOIL EMBANKMENT WALLS General data

The construction procedure consists of 3 main activities, which are carried out consecutively: preparatory works of drainage, levelling and compaction of supporting ground the placing of pre-cast units of reinforced concrete and geogrids at the base of the filling between the layers of local material construction of layers of granulated material (laying, compaction and slope shaping).

2.2.2
2.2.2.1

Description of operations Preparatory works

Preparatory works consist of: setting out the work platform; construction of the work platform which consists of the following stages: - stripping the topsoil and storage outside the work area; - excavation to the design profile and to falls; - removal of excavated material to stockpiles approved by the Engineer; - levelling of the site and compaction of the road bed to a degree of compaction of ID = 95%; - placing of the first layer of geogrid; - placing of the local soil layer and compaction to a minimum of 98%.

2.2.2.2

Placing of pre-cast elements of reinforced concrete and of the geogrids

The pre-cast concrete units shall be placed according to the design details, at the specified level and position. They shall be handled by mechanical means, suspended from three points. During construction, the Contractor shall check safety precautions specified for the works near and under transport and lifting devices. For the ease of the vertical face construction, the pre-cast elements have notches in the top and bottom. The pre-cast elements shall be positioned according to the design details. For inclined facing construction, there is no need for these notches. The horizontal space between the layers of the concrete elements shall be soiled and seeded. Where features on the concrete face are required for aesthetic purposes, the shape will be formed by attaching formers to the inside of the shutters (timber strips, trapezoidal or round form etc.). The geogrids to be laid into the wall shall comply with the design details. Geogrids shall be laid in a single direction with a 200 mm overlap and shall be stretched manually to eliminate creases and relieve stresses. The geogrids shall be placed flat with the strongest fibres in the direction given in the design. Geogrids shall be fixed in position by metal pins. 2.2.2.3 Filling for the reinforced soil wall construction

The filling shall be laid directly over the geogrid with laying equipment such that the wheels or tracks are separated from the geogrid by a layer of drained fill at least 200 mm thick. The layers of local material shall be placed horizontally and compacted to a thickness of 200 mm. In order to avoid bank failures, equipment heavier than 2 tons shall not be used within 1.50 m of the slope edge. Compaction near the facing of the wall, behind the pre-cast elements, shall be carried out manually with a vibrating plate. In order to consolidate the bank face, a length of geogrid, as detailed in the design, shall be left outside the filling layer such that, after compaction of the layer, the geogrid can be raised and turned up the bank face and then laid on top of the layer. The length of this strip shall be equal to the thickness of the layer +1.5 m. The geogrid for the next layer shall be laid according to the design specifications. In order to have a grass planted facing, between the pre-cast elements (layers) seeding with grass seeds shall be executed. After the last layer has been laid (upper level) the geogrid shall be embedded into the filling material in accordance with the design details.

2.2.3
2.2.3.1

Materials - Quality specifications Pre-cast units of reinforced concrete

The pre-cast units made of reinforced concrete shall comply with the Specifications and the technical conditions according to standard STAS 6657/1-89. 2.2.3.2 Geogrids

The material specified for embankment reinforcement is a geogrid with stress resistance in one direction or both. The characteristics and the anchoring length are specified in the design details, for each type of geogrid and each height of wall. Each type of geogrid used shall have a certificate which shall state its strength in each direction with limited distortion and a guarantee certificate from the Manufacturer giving the terms under which these qualities are guaranteed and the time over which the guarantee is effective. 2.2.3.3 Filling material

There are two types of filling material that can be used: Granular material with maximum clay content of 10% and with an internal angle of friction of at least 25o may be locally obtained. The material shall have a continuous grading. The maximum grain size shall be 1/3 of the thickness of the layer and shall be chemically inert; Local soil which must fulfil the following conditions: - shall not contain organic materials; - shall not be of clay sensitive to water; - shall be compacted to a normal Proctor grade of 98%.

2.2.4
2.2.4.1

Quality checking The position of the pre-cast elements

Topographic measurements shall be carried out to check compliance with the design for: 2.2.4.2 The horizontal location of each element; the vertical position of each layer.

The position of geogrids

The tolerances for the position of geogrids in the body of embankment are the following: in the direction of maximum stress, all geogrids must be placed with a deviation of + 50 mm vertically, the layer thickness, shall be within + 30 mm the overlap shall be 200 mm + 50 mm

2.2.4.3

Filling using local granular material

In order to ensure a satisfactory quality of work, checking shall be carried out by survey at each stage of filling (500 mm of wall): topographic checks including the volume laid and the gradients in accordance with the Specifications. The position of the checks shall be selected at random by the Engineer, but at least 2 for every 50 m of wall. The position of the geogrids must not deviate from those in the design by more than 100 mm in plan, and 50 mm vertically. the checking of the degree of compaction of the soil, which shall not be less than 98% Normal Proctor.

2.3 2.3.1

CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS General data

The construction of retaining walls using cast-in-place reinforced concrete includes the following operations: excavation and propping of the exposed faces; construction of the foundation; shaping and fixing of the reinforcement and formwork; construction of the vertical wall; installation of the drain behind the wall and backfilling.

2.3.2
2.3.2.1

Description of operations Excavation and support of the exposed faces

Excavation may be either manual or mechanical and will require earth faces to be supported to avoid the possibility that instability may occur. The supports may be either of wood or metal and they shall be installed at the same time as the excavation. When the excavation requires the uncovering of existing live underground services (water, gas, electric, etc.), appropriate measures shall be taken to protect them from damage. If such services are unknown and they are discovered during the excavation, the works shall be suspended and the service owner informed, so that the necessary measures may be put in hand. At the completion of excavation, an inspection report shall be prepared, regarding the foundation level and the characteristic foundation soil. The excavated earth shall be removed from the area.

2.3.2.2

Construction of the foundation

The placing of concrete into the foundation shall be carried out immediately after the completion of the excavation and its approval. The poured concrete shall adhere to the walls of the excavation. The props shall be dismantled at the same time as the concrete is poured into the excavation. The pouring of the concrete shall be carried out without interruption in 200-500 mm thick layers up to the design level. Metal or wooden chutes shall be used according to the regulations for concrete placement, provided in the Practice codes for the construction of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works, indicative NE 012-99. The free fall of the concrete not be greater than 1.5 m. Working joints shall be avoided, but where this is unavoidable, the joint shall be formed according to the Practice codes for the construction of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works, indicative NE 012-99. Reinforcement of OB37 steel bars shall be provided at the foundation and the wall. 2.3.2.3 Fixing of the reinforcement

The walls and the foundations for guardrail type 2 made of reinforced concrete requires the in-situ fixing of reinforcement (bar by bar), according to the reinforcement details shown on the construction drawings. After fixing, the required notification and acceptance procedure shall be followed and shall be recorded in the stage report. 2.3.2.4 Construction of the vertical wall (elevation)

Depending on the wall type, the main operations are: shuttering of the wall in accordance with the design requirements; fixing the reinforcement; fixing of PVC tubes type M 65 mm diameter in the weepholes to ensure the discharge of water; pouring and vibrating concrete in the wall.

The concrete class shall be in accordance with the design. Before the pouring of concrete into the shutters, the following items shall be checked: the plan dimensions and the levels of the excavation; the correct installation of the shutters to the design levels; the vertical position of the shutters and the provision of measures to maintain their shape and ensure their water tightness; concrete placement equipment; the provision of concrete compacting equipment; the clean state of shutters and reinforcement, and cleaning if necessary.

To avoid any internal stresses due to contraction and to heat dissipation, the use of concrete grades with aggregates featuring a Dmax as large as possible is recommended.

The shutters shall be stripped after the concrete has hardened sufficiently to keep its required shape. The minimum time for removal of the shutters depends on the cement type used in the concrete and on the ambient temperature. Shutter removal shall be carried out in reverse order to the installation. Stripping shall be carried out carefully to avoid damage to the edges and surfaces of the concrete. Any defects in the concrete shall be made good. 2.3.2.5 Installation of the drain behind the wall

In order to protect the wall and the foundation for guardrail against water infiltration waterproofing consisting of two layers of bitumen emulsion shall be applied to the concrete surfaces. A drain shall be constructed behind the wall to collect water which shall be discharged through the wall via weep holes. The drain shall be of crushed stone, gravel or ballast, in accordance with the design details. The wall connection to the embankments and the slope finishing shall also be carried out.

2.3.3
2.3.3.1

Materials - Quality requirements Water

Water for mixing concrete shall be free from materials that affect hydration of the cement. The water used to prepare the concrete may be taken from public supply or from other sources. The Water from all sources shall be checked for compliance with the technical requirements provided in STAS 790-84. The water shall be tested at the beginning of the works and the tests shall be repeated whenever a change of the water characteristics is noticed. The water to be used on the site shall be protected against contamination by detergent, organic matters, oils, clay etc. 2.3.3.2 Cement

Cement required by the recipe for the specified concrete shall be used and shall correspond to the quality conditions set down in the appropriate code. 2.3.3.3 Aggregates

For cast in-situ concrete and for the filling of the drain, ballast, sand, broken stone and gravel (corresponding to the provisions of STAS 1667/76, STAS 4606/80, STAS 662/89, SR 667/1997) shall be used. 2.3.3.4 Formwork

Standard shutters are industrially manufactured and must ensure the following : the shapes and the sizes required by the design; to be water tight so as not to lose the cement slurry;

 2.3.3.5

to be stable and resistant to the loads that might arise during concreting; to be erected with assembly pieces; the parts that have contact with the concrete shall be lubricated.

Concrete

Plain concrete - The quality of the concrete shall be established by the designer depending on the work conditions and its purpose. The minimum concrete classes shall be established in accordance with the Code of Practice for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works", indicative NE 012-99. 2.3.3.6 Reinforcing steel

For reinforcement, OB 37 and PC 52 steel shall be used according to 438/1-89 STAS and to the Design Specifications.

2.3.4
2.3.4.1

Quality checking Work platform

The following elements shall be checked: 2.3.4.2 the geometric shape in cross section and in plan; construction of the road structure using the correct materials approved by the Engineer; ensuring drainage of water from the works area during construction; signing of the site.

Excavation and supporting the trench sides

The following elements shall be checked: 2.3.4.3 the plan position; the foundation sizes; the measures taken for the protection of the works and for traffic safety; the nature and condition of the foundation soil; the check of the supports for the foundation; the comparison between the site conditions and the technical requirements of the design; a report on the buried works.

Reinforcing fixing

Details of the shape, type of steel, diameters, spacing and cover used shall be checked. 2.3.4.4 Formwork installation

When the shutter has been installed, the following elements shall be checked:

 2.3.4.5

shutter supports and propping; proper sealing of the shutter units; the internal sizes of the shutters; position and level of the shutters.

The foundation and the wall concreting

Checks shall be carried out on the fresh and the hardened concrete: 2.3.4.6 at the concrete plant one sample per shift and per concrete type shall taken; the maximum period of transport depending on the temperature and quality of the concrete shall be complied with; the temperature of the fresh concrete at placement shall be higher than 5oC; concrete workability; the fresh concrete quality - by taking samples; concrete vibration; the concrete quality shall be checked to be in accordance with the results determined at the trials by carrying out checks of the class using non-destructive tests or core tests.

Wall stripping

The following elements shall be checked: 2.3.4.7 the condition of the dismantled elements; the wall sizes and surface finish; the weep hole positions.

The drain behind the wall

The following elements shall be checked: the functioning of the weep holes; the drain sizes; the material quality.

These checks shall be carried out according to the Code of Practice for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works" indicative NE 012-99 and according to Law no. 10/95 and on the basis of "Programme for the works quality control". The Designer, the Employer and the Contractor have agreed to all these checks. A report on the buried works, a report on the quality acceptance or an official report shall be completed.

2.4 2.4.1

PRECAST CANTILEVERS General data

This kind of work is necessary to provide the required carriageway width, over an existing retaining construction. The construction of the pre-cast cantilevers consists of the following operations: Preparation works; Setting out of the pre-cast cantilevers.

2.4.2
2.4.2.1

Description of operations Preparation works

These works consist of: 2.4.2.2 removal of the existing road pavement; demolition of the headwall of the existing embankment retaining wall to levels shown in the design; pouring of concrete as a bedding layer 100 mm thick.

Setting out of the pre-cast cantilevers

The setting out of the precast cantilevers consist of: cleaning the area where the elements are to be placed; placement of the precast cantilevers side by side, with no spaces between; fixing the reinforcement for the monolithic slab; pouring the concrete in the monolithic slab; construction of the anchorage for the cantilevers according to the Technical Specifications for anchors; waterproofing; reinstatement of the road pavement; installation of parapet pillars; road signing to prohibition parking in the area.

2.4.3
2.4.3.1

Materials - Quality requirements Water

Shall be in accordance with STAS 790/84.

2.4.3.2

Cement

To prepare concrete, the cement required by the mix design for the specified concrete shall be used and shall correspond to the quality conditions set down in the appropriate code. 2.4.3.3 Aggregates

For cast in-situ concrete, ballast, sand, broken stone and gravel (corresponding to the provisions of STAS 1667/76, STAS 4606/80, STAS 662/89, SR 667/1997) shall be used. 2.4.3.4 Formwork

Standard shutters are industrially manufactured and must ensure the following: 2.4.3.5 the shapes and the sizes required by the design; to be water tight so as not to lose the cement slurry; to be stable and resistant to the loads that might arise during concreting; to be erected with assembly pieces; the parts that have contact with the concrete shall be lubricated.

Concrete

Plain concrete - The quality of the concrete used shall be established by the designer depending on the work conditions and its purpose. The minimum concrete classes shall be established in accordance with the Code of Practice for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works", indicative NE 012-99. 2.4.3.6 Reinforcing steel

For reinforcement, OB 37 and PC 52 steel shall be used according to 438/1-89 STAS and to the design specifications.

2.4.4
2.4.4.1

Quality checking Work platform

The following elements shall be checked: 2.4.4.2 the geometric shape in cross section and in plan; ensuring drainage of water from the works during construction; signing of the site.

Precast cantilever

Checks of the precast units shall be carried out according to STAS 6657/1-89.

2.4.4.3

Reinforcement fixing

Details of the shape, type of steel, diameters, spacing and cover shall be checked. 2.4.4.4 Formwork installation

When the shutter has been installed, the following elements shall be checked: 2.4.4.5 shutter supports and propping; proper sealing of the shutter units; the internal sizes of the shutters; the position and level of the shutters.

The monolithic beam concreting

Checks shall be carried out on the fresh and the hardened concrete: at the concrete plant one sample per shift and per concrete type shall taken; the maximum period of transport depending on the temperature and quality of the concrete shall be complied with; the temperature of the fresh concrete at placement shall be higher than 5oC; concrete workability; the fresh concrete quality - by taking samples; concrete vibration; the concrete quality shall be checked to be in accordance with the results determined at the trials by carrying out checks of the class using non-destructive tests or core tests.

These checks shall be carried out according to the Code of Practice for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works" indicative NE 012-99 and according to Law no. 10/95 and on the basis of "Programme for the works quality control". A report on the buried works, a report on the quality acceptance or an official report shall be completed.

2.5 2.5.1

ANCHORS General data

Two types of anchors are used: multithread anchors used for anchoring existing retaining and embankment concrete walls; anchors made of one steel bar used for anchoring the concrete cantilevers.

The installation of anchors shall be carried out as follows: drilling of the boreholes;

insertion of the anchors into the boreholes; injection of the boreholes; tensioning the multithread anchors; quality checking.

2.5.2
2.5.2.1

Description of operations Multithread anchors

This type of anchor shall be of steel type SBP 7 mm diameter, necessary for anchoring the existing retaining walls. The main components of the anchors are: SBP wire 7 mm diameter; corrugated tube (without holes) made of PVC in the area of the anchoring bulb; smooth tube of PVC for protection of the free length of the anchor; spacers for arrangement of the wires in the anchor, placed every 800 mm along the length of the anchor wire; steel straps for gathering the wires between the spacers; locking wedges made of concrete to maintain tension of the wires; injection pipes interior and exterior pipes; aerating pipes; bridle made of 7 mm diameter wire with a role of interior spacers; exterior spacers made of PVC at 1.200 mm; anchoring head trumpet type; blocking cones; protection cover.

The dimensions of the anchors shall be according to the design drawings. 2.5.2.2 Anchors made of one steel bar

This type of anchor shall be of one steel bar PC52, 30 mm in diameter 2.5.2.3 Drilling of the boreholes

The boreholes for the anchors shall be drilled at the angles marked on the drawing. The diameter of the boreholes is a minimum of 146 mm. The boreholes shall be drilled in the dry and a tube shall inserted as drilling progresses to prevent collapse of the borehole.

The borehole lengths shall be in accordance with the design details. The provided length shall be 20 m and 30 m, measured from anchorage plates. 2.5.2.4 Insertion of the anchors into the boreholes

After the drilling of the boreholes the anchors shall be inserted into the boreholes. A crane equipped with a retractable beam and a hinged scaffold are necessary for this operation. The scaffold shall be set at the correct angle for each anchor. This operation should be carried out with caution because of the long length and heavy weight of the anchors. Care should be taken to ensure that the PVC protection tube is not damaged. To facilitate the movement of the anchor inside the borehole, spacers on the exterior of the anchor should be of plastic, wedge type, fixed at each 1.20 m. If the protection tube is slightly damaged, it shall be repaired with glue and bandaged with PVC adhesive tape. Care should be taken not to block the tube sections. If the tube is seriously damaged (sheared, broken, etc.), it shall be replaced. 2.5.2.5 Injection of the boreholes

Each anchor shall be injected with cement grout with 500 kg cement/m 3 and a variable water/cement ratio which is a function of the injection position (internal or external). 2.5.2.6 Injection of boreholes for the multithread anchors

The steps for this operation are as follows: Internal injection of the anchorage bulb with cement grout through the inner PVC tube of 15 mm diameter until the cement grout is draining without carrying air bubbles through the outlet of the airing tube (PVC tube of 10 mm diameter); External injection of the anchor along the whole borehole length through the PVC tube of 15 mm diameter mounted on the anchor protection tube. The external injection is completed when the cement grout appears from the borehole; Injection of the free length of the anchor is carried out after the anchor has been tensioned (minimum 14 days from the external injection).

2.5.2.7

Injection of the boreholes for the steel bar anchors

The injection of the boreholes for the steel bar anchors shall be carried out uniformly along the whole length of the bar in a similar manner to the first two steps in section VII.2.6. 2.5.2.8 Tensioning of the (multithread) anchors

The steps of this operation are as follows: A trial anchor is pulled at a constant force of 120 tf for two minutes and if there is no slipping of the anchor it is then blocked at 80 tf; The rest of the anchors are tensioned with a force of 100 tf and blocked at 80 tf;

After the tensioning and blocking of the anchors, the free length of the anchors can be injected.

2.5.3

Quality checking

Checks shall be carried out as follows: Quality checking of the component materials of the anchor; Quality checking of the component materials used for the injection fluid; Quality checking of the assembled anchors; Continual checking of the preparation of the injection fluid (mixing ratio and consistency); Checking of the completeness of the fill of the borehole and of the anchor bulb during the injections by continually monitoring according to section VII.2.6.

2.6 2.6.1

DRILLED PILE RETAINING WALLS General

The main uses of drilled columns with reinforcement (Benotto type) of 1080mm diameter are: retaining walls of drilled columns arranged in a single row; retaining walls of drilled columns arranged on two or more rows, working as a frame.

The construction phases mentioned below present particularities according to the adopted solution: construction of the working platform; drilling for the columns; reinforcement of the column; pouring concrete into the column; excavation for the raft construction; reinforcement of the concrete raft; pouring concrete into the raft.

2.6.2
2.6.2.1

Description of operations Working platform

The working platform is the carriageway. 2.6.2.2 Drilling of Columns

The Benotto type columns with reusable tubes are constructed as follows: setting out of the row of columns to be constructed first and setting out the marking points with levels and positions;

setting up machinery and drilling; installing the tubes; excavating soil from the tubes until the level of the column required by the design details is reached.

Column construction shall start with the row that has the greatest number of columns and if there are multiple rows with the same number of columns, construction shall start with the row furthest downstream. 2.6.2.3 Reinforcement of the columns

Reinforcement of the Benotto type columns shall be made of circular cages and consists of: construction of reinforcement cages and their transport to the working site; placement of the reinforcement cage into the hole using a crane.

If the reinforcement cage is made in sections, the sections shall be joined progressively as they are inserted into the tubes. The bottom of the reinforcement cages shall be provided with a round steel plate half of the diameter of the column. 2.6.2.4 Concrete pouring of the columns

The method of concrete pouring depends on the presence or absence of water in the drilled hole. There are two kinds of techniques which are the most commonly used: under water; in dry conditions.

Both techniques consist of the following operations: C20/25 concrete pouring into columns with: - in dry conditions a workability of the concrete of L4 (100 150 mm) degree for concrete pumped by the hydraulic pump with a 20 m3/hour plunger; - under water a workability of the concrete of L4/L5 (150 180 mm) degree for the concrete poured by free falling using pipes. removal of the tubes shall be progressive as the level of the placed concrete rises.

For concrete pouring in dry conditions, the bottom of the concrete delivery pipes shall not be more than 1.50 m above from the surface of the poured concrete. For concrete pouring under water conducting pipes with a minimum diameter of 200 mm shall be used; the concrete shall be poured continuously at a minimum rate of 4 m 3/hour. The depth of the delivery pipe shall be 2 3 m below the level of the poured concrete surface. The base of the tubes shall be at least 2 m below the level of the poured concrete surface. The material that does not fulfil the quality conditions shall be removed.

The top of the column shall be finished at a level of: + 0.50 m above the design level for columns constructed in dry conditions; + 1.00 m above the design level for columns constructed under water.

After the completion of the columns and before construction of the concrete raft, the top of the columns shall be demolished down to the design level, but reinforcement will be retained. 2.6.2.5 Reinforcement of the concrete raft

Reinforcement of the concrete raft shall be by OB37 steel bars, unless otherwise shown on the drawings. 2.6.2.6 Concrete pouring for the raft and walls

Concrete pouring into the raft and walls shall be carried out directly from the delivery vehicles by means of a metallic or wooden chute, so that the concrete falls free from a height of less than 1.50 m. The concrete shall be vibrated. The walls shall be constructed as follows: shutter erection; fixing of reinforcing; PVC tube placement for weep holes; concrete pouring and vibration; drain construction.

2.6.3
2.6.3.1

Materials quality conditions Water

Shall be in accordance with STAS 790/84. 2.6.3.2 Cement

The cement required by the mix formula for the specified concrete shall be used and shall correspond to the quality conditions set down in the appropriate code. 2.6.3.3 Concrete

The quality of the concrete to be used shall be established by the designer depending on the work conditions and its purpose. The minimum concrete classes shall be in accordance with the Code of Practice for the execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete works", indicative NE 012-99. The concrete that is used for column construction shall have a fluid consistency and composition according to the following: in dry conditions a minimum quantity of 350 kg/m3 and workability at the working site of L4 for pumped concrete (8 - 10 m3/hour);

under water a minimum quantity of 400 kg/m3 and workability at the working site of L4/L5 for the concrete poured by means of pipes (min. 4 m3/hour)

The maximum aggregate dimension shall be at most equal to the lower of the following values: of the cage grid dimension; of the concrete cover over the reinforcement; of the interior diameter of the column; 31 mm.

The water cement ratio shall be in conformity with the drawings. Additives may be used, or, if necessary, quick setting or retarding materials if approved by the Engineer. The concrete cover for the reinforcement shall be at least 60 mm. The permitted deviations from the design are: for the plan layout of the columns, at the raft level: - 75 mm for the columns in a single row; - 100 mm for the columns in multiple rows; 2% from the total length for the horizontal deviation of the column axis from the vertical; 20 mm for the column diameter; for the levels: - 200 mm at the bottom of the column; - 50 mm at the head of the column. Concrete class poured in the raft shall be in conformity with the design, its workability at the working site shall be L3 and it shall be vibrated once cast in place. The minimum concrete cover to the reinforcement shall be 50 mm. The Constructor shall establish the workability of the fresh concrete at the concrete plant to take into account the environmental conditions and the total transportation time before placement. 2.6.3.4 Aggregates

For cast in-situ concrete and for filling of the drain, ballast, sand, broken stone and gravel (corresponding to the provisions of STAS 1667/76, STAS 4606/80, STAS 662/89, SR 667/1997) shall be used. 2.6.3.5 Reinforcement steel

For column reinforcement two types of used steel are used: OB 37 as per STAS 431/1-89; PC 52 as per STAS 431/1-89.

For the resistant reinforcement of a column, only one type of steel shall be used PC52 or OB37; the two types of steel shall not be mixed. For the concrete raft, OB 37 steel shall be used.

2.6.4

Quality check

For proper execution of the works, quality checking shall be performed at various construction phases: 2.6.4.1 Construction of the working platform

The platform shall be checked constantly by visual means or, if necessary, by surveys. Quality checks of the ballast (STAS 662 89) shall be performed on batches of the same aggregates and dimensions, max 200 t / batch, by the method of batch checking regarding: 2.6.4.2 Granularity; micro-granules or organic materials; the degree of compaction of the platform.

Drilling of the column hole

At this stage, the following shall be checked: 2.6.4.3 the nature of the soil (for comparison to the soil characteristics considered at the design stage); level and depth of the hole; the horizontal deviation from the vertical axis of the tubes shall not exceed more than 2% from that required in the design details.

Reinforcement of the column

At this stage, the following checks shall be carried out: check of the reinforcement cage according to the design details (to ensure a rigidity for transport and manipulation); check of the reinforcement bars according to the design details; check of the proper installation of the cage sections so that the reinforcement cage can be properly centred and concrete cover is obtained; if the reinforcement cage snags while putting it into the hole, it shall be immediately extracted, verified and cleaned, and the operation shall be performed again. 2.6.4.4 Concrete pouring into the column

The quality check of the concrete shall be performed during the pouring and after finishing the column as follows: Checks during pouring:

concrete pouring shall be carried out immediately after the placement of the reinforcement cage and shall be continuous; pouring breaks of more than 2 hours shall be avoided; the upper level of the column shall be checked; the temperature of the concrete during placing shall be more than 5 C; quality check of the fresh concrete by sampling as follows: at the concrete plant: 3 samples for each 20 m3 of concrete; at the work site: 1 sample for each concrete type and work shift;

check of the drilling / concrete pouring document produced by the Contractor checks after the execution: the quality control of the in-situ concrete; checks of the continuity of the column: for columns that show deficiencies during the drilling and concrete pouring phases; to a certain number of columns established by the design details.

These checks shall be performed by specialised institutions using sonic methods. 2.6.4.5 Reinforcement of the concrete raft

After the placement of the reinforcement for the raft and before the start of concrete pouring, the following checks shall be carried out: 2.6.4.6 the reinforcement is not to be dirty, greasy or rusty; the reinforcement bars should be the same as designed; the concrete cover shall be according to the design details; the reinforcement for the walls shall be placed in the correct position.

Concreting of the raft and wall

Checks shall be carried out before, during and after the finish of the concrete pouring, as follows: position of the concrete pouring area; shuttering layout, dimensions and levels; concrete shall be poured continuously with no interruptions; if pouring by stages, each stage shall be executed before hardening of the concrete already poured. If not, the construction joint shall be treated as follows: - the surface of the concrete shall be cleaned;

- pouring the next layer of concrete; curing of the concrete by using protection materials (tarpaulin or mat) which shall be kept wet; spreading water on the hard concrete surface if the temperature is above 5 C; covering of the fresh concrete with plastic if raining.

2.7 2.7.1

DRAINAGE USING DRILLED COLUMNS FILLED WITH BALLAST General

The construction phases mentioned below vary according to the adopted solution: construction of the working platform; drilling for the columns; ballast filling; cover of the drain.

The columns shall be constructed overlapping each other with an inter-penetration of 150 mm.

2.7.2
2.7.2.1

Description of operations Working platform

The working platform is the carriageway. The ballast layer shall be constructed after site clearance the removal of topsoil in the area. 2.7.2.2 Drilling of Columns

The Benotto type columns with re-usable tubes shall be constructed as follows: 2.7.2.3 setting out of the row of columns to be constructed first and setting out the marking points with levels and positions; setting up machinery and drilling; installing the tubes; excavating soil from the tubes until the level of the column required by the design details is reached.

Ballast filling

After the borehole is complete, the ballast shall be laid and compacted in layers of 300 400 mm. The tubes shall start to be withdrawn when 1.50 m of ballast has been laid. The bottom of the tube shall be kept at a minimum of 0.5 m below the top of the ballast as it is placed. 2.7.2.4 The cover of the drain

The cover of the drain is the gutter.

2.7.3
2.7.3.1

Materials quality conditions Ballast

For filling, ballast corresponding to the provisions of STAS 1667/76, STAS 4606/80, STAS 662/89, SR 667/1997 shall be used.

2.7.4

Quality check

During construction, quality checks shall be carried out as follows: 2.7.4.1 Construction of the working platform The platform shall be checked constantly by visual means or, if necessary, by surveys; Quality checks of the ballast (STAS 662 89) shall be performed on batches of the same aggregates and dimensions, max 200 t / batch, by the method of batch checking regarding: - Granularity; - micro-granules or organic materials; - the degree of compaction of the platform. 2.7.4.2 Drilling of the columns hole

At this stage, the following shall be checked: level and depth of the hole; the vertical inclination of the tubes shall not deviate by more than 2% from the inclination required by the design; the distance between the centre lines of two successive columns shall be between 900 and 950 mm.

2.8
2.8.1.1

SUB SOIL DRAINAGE General data

Drainage are works necessary for: the collection and disposal of water seeping via the ground; lowering the level of the water table when this can affect the behavior of the road or of other works; the consolidation of slopes, earthworks etc., which can affect the road platform or other works; the improvement of the conditions of service and to ensure the stability of retaining walls and abutments of bridges and underpasses.

The following construction activities shall be carried out: excavation; laying of the drain (bed, drain pipe, air shafts, geotextile material); construction of inspection chambers.

2.8.2
2.8.2.1

Description of operations Excavation

Excavation shall be carried out by machine or by hand from downstream to upstream. The longitudinal gradient of drains with flexible bedding will depend upon the topography but will be between 0.2% and the maximum gradient permitted for protected ditches and channels stated in STAS 2916-87 paragraph 22. Before starting the works, the following measures shall be taken: delineating the working area in accordance with the current regulations; ensuring the dispersal of rainwater from the site; removal of any materials (rock, stones) in danger of falling from the slopes or sides, onto the working area or onto the platform; identifying the existing overhead or underground services, and the respective owners in order to establish the conditions required for the safe performance of the work; setting out; the organisation and the supply to the site of at least 50% of the necessary materials.

During excavation, the following aspects shall be taken into account: the safety of the existing structures and installations, visible or buried, as well as works under progress in the vicinity; speed restriction on the site of in the vicinity of trenches to ensure safe works condition; daily, before work starts and at its end, the timbering and the state of the ground around the excavation shall be checked, in order to take any measures necessary to avoid possible landslips and danger of accidents.

Excavation shall be carried out with vertical faces without linings, by hand or machine, in the following situations: the ground is stable and with natural moisture content; the ground has no cracks and it is not subject to vibration; the excavation is not kept open and filling is carried out the same day; there is no traffic and no structures, deposits or overburden within the limit of a possible failure prism; the depth of the excavation is relative small.

In ground, affected by instability, difficult soils (loess, shrinking clay, etc) loose soils, earth with water infiltration or special local conditions, for any depth, timbering shall be used with frames and poling

boards (possibly driven poling boards or sheetpiling) which shall make a continuous and tight wall. The poling boards or the sheet-piles shall be driven down (0.5...0.75 m) beneath the level of the base of excavation. In areas with buried cables, pipes or archeological sites, excavation shall be carried out carefully observing the written instructions given by the offices managing those installations, possibly under the supervision of a delegate from this office. If during excavation, underground services are found, the works shall immediately be stopped and when they are identified the respective owner shall be notified. The works may be resumed only after having eliminated any danger and under supervision of a delegate of the office owning the service. Excavations for drains shall be carried out from downstream to upstream, to ensure a constant free flow of water from the excavation. Excavation of the next section may be started when the first section has been filled for at least half the depth. Removal of the lining shall be carried out in step with the filling. For machine excavations, the excavation and filling shall be carried out successively so that no open excavation remains at the end of a working day. As a rule, this method shall be applied to drainage trenches fitted with corrugated and perforated drainage pipes surrounded by gravel or ballast with a filter membrane of geotextile. 2.8.2.2 Installation of drains

Drains for collecting the groundwater infiltration or for lowering the level of the ground water table, consist of: bed, channel, drain filling and cover. Discharge drains include the same components. Flexible bedding shall be constructed by compacting the base ground. Geotextile shall be then installed on the base and sides of the trench. Corrugated and perforated pipes of PVC are laid directly on the base of the excavation on the geotextile The filling shall be ballast placed in layers 300 400 mm thick and compacted. Geotextile filter membrane shall be installed so that the strips overlap by 100 mm, so that the soil does not penetrate into the body of the drain. It is recommended that the strips be sealed mechanically. In this case the overlap may be only (20 - 30 mm). Overlapping at the top shall be 200 - 300 mm. The cover of the drain is either: 2.8.2.3 the road ditch for longitudinal drains; the road pavement for transverse drains.

Inspection chambers

In order to control the operation and to enable maintenance to be carried out, "inspection chambers" at 50 m centres shall be provided. Inspection chambers shall also be located at changes of direction and at the intersection of two or more drains. At the upper end inspection chambers shall be provided with holes for natural ventilation.

In the inspection chamber, the invert of the upstream drain pipe shall be at least 100 mm higher than the invert of the downstream pipe. 2.8.2.4 The head of the drain

It is constructed when the drain cannot be connected to culverts.

The head of drain shall be made with a facing of rubble stone or of river stone on a bed of plain concrete in accordance with the design.

2.8.3
2.8.3.1

Materials to be used - quality requirements Granular materials (ballast or gravel)

For drain filling, granular material with no micro-granules or organic materials (ballast type 0 to 7 mm or gravel type 7 to 40 mm as per STAS 662-89) with continuous grading shall be used. 2.8.3.2 Rubble stone

Rubble stone shall be used for facing the closing cover of the drains or for the masonry of the drain head in accordance with STAS 2917-79. 2.8.3.3 Geotextiles

For geotextile filters, materials with the specified characteristics on the drawings shall be used. The type of the geotextile shall be proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. 2.8.3.4 Drain pipes

Perforated, corrugated pipes (NI 8500-80), made of PVC or polyethylene with diameters of (65 to 120 mm), used for collector drains, shall be laid according to the drawing details directly onto the bedding and shall be protected with drain filling of ballast or gravel. Ingress of water into the pipes shall be through slots 1.0 x 5.0 mm or 1.5 x 8 mm, in such a number as to achieve an active surface of (24 to 50 cm2) per linear metre of pipe. Smooth, unperforated pipes of PVC in accordance with STAS 6675/2-92, with a diameter of 90 to 110 mm shall be used for conducting water to the discharge drains and for connection to the inspection chambers. 2.8.3.5 Plain concrete

Concrete class for the construction of the inspection chamber rafts shall be used in conformity with the drawings. 2.8.3.6 Pre-cast concrete rings

Pre-cast concrete rings with a diameter of 1000 mm, in accordance with STAS 816-80 shall be used for the construction of the inspection chambers.

2.8.3.7

Steel

Access steps in the inspection chambers and the reinforcement of the inspection chamber cover, steel OB 37 in accordance with STAS 438/1-89 shall be used.

2.8.4

Quality control

In order that appropriate methods of working are followed, inspections shall be carried out at all stages of construction as follows: 2.8.4.1 Excavation

At this stage, the quality control shall consist of: 2.8.4.2 checking the location of the works; the acceptance of the foundation ground of the bed; checking of the underground water level; checking of the dimensions and of the slope of the foundation ground; the inspection of the timbering when they are required by the design; checking of the length of the section of excavation.

The installation of the drain

For this phase, the quality control shall consist of: checking of the gradient and of the cross fall of the bed invert; checking of the geotextile used which consists of: - identifying the product by examination of the labels fixed to the bales; - determination of the unit mass; - checking the storage and handling conditions; - inspection of the geotextile arrangement so that the continuity (overlapping or seaming) is ensured; - protection of the geotextiles from wind action; - restrictions of traffic on the geotextile; - checking that damage to the geotextile is not caused by the placement of filling materials. the inspection of the type and of the dimensions of the drainage pipe and its laying on the bed; inspection of the ballast or gravel on batches of the same type and different types of aggregate for every 200 t: - checking the grading;

- the conditions of inverted filter; - foreign matter; - fines content. 2.8.4.3 The construction of the drain head

Inspection of the operation of drains by checking the flow during a period of 5 to 10 days. If the flow is approximately constant, it indicates that the drain has entered into a continuous operating regime. If the flow continuously decreases, the drain might be silted up, or might be losing the collected water, or the water in the ground may have dried up. 2.8.4.4 The construction of the inspection chambers

At this stage, the quality control consists of: the verification that the upstream drainage pipe which has been installed at least 100 mm above the level of the downstream drainage pipe; visual inspection of the step irons, concrete joints, cover slab, etc. checking the operation of the upstream drain.

2.8.5

Gabions and Rockfill Mattresses

Gabions and rock filled mattresses shall be as indicated on the drawings and be fabricated on site. Rock fill shall be appropriate to suit the mesh size and be to the approval of the Engineer.

2.8.6

Anchored Wire Nets

Slope protection with anchored wire nets shall be carried out on the finished slope surface and consists of the following operations: transportation of the wire net to the top of the slope; fixing of the wire net at the top of the slope using anchors of reinforcing steel grouted in with an approved cement mortar grout; wire net shall be laid down the slope; further anchoring of the wire net on the slope by steel pegs driven into cracks in the rock or by other approved methods such as drilling and grouting; top soil of 20 30 mm thickness shall be laid in pockets where indicated; planting of pockets as described on the drawings or in the scope of the works; care of the plants until they are established.

Anchoring arrangements shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Details of wire nets shall be as indicated on the drawings and be fabricated on site.