Atmospheric Processes- Part 6 MLC Tracks: - MLC is a cyclone.

- Generally move from west to east - Tracks shift south in winter along polar front. (winter pattern further south Thunderstorm: - Develops from winds moving up and down through the cloud, electrons are scrapped off of water vapor, building up an electrical charge. - Negative charge at bottom of cloud, creates a positive charge at the ground.. - Air is poor conductor of electricity. Thats why enormous charges can be build up in cloud. - Eventually so much charge builds up that the electric charge seeks out a way to balance itself. - Differentiation by static charge, neutralize, build up again quickly. Tropical Cyclone - Like a hurricane, low pressure system, gets stronger and becomes more organized, rotation, and eye in the centre. - Develop over warm water (27, 28C) - Develops, lower and lower pressure. Depression tropical storm hurricane Depression= wind speed 33-65 kph Tropical= pressure drops, wind speed excels, becomes more organised, clouds rotate around centre of low pressure. This stage the meteorologist gives storm a name. More circular in shape. Hurricane= wind speeds reach 121kph, class 5 is strongest. Hurricanes are cyclones that develop over the warm tropical oceans and have sustained winds in excess of 64 knots (121 kilometres/hour). These storms are capable of producing dangerous winds, torrential rains and flooding, all of which may result in tremendous property damage and loss of life in coastal populations. Hurricane winds blow in a large spiral around a relative calm center known as the "eye." The "eye" is generally 30 to 50 kilometres wide, and the storm may extend outward 700 kilometres. As a hurricane approaches, the skies will begin to darken and winds will grow in strength. As a hurricane nears land, it can bring torrential rains, high winds, and storm surges. A single hurricane can last for more than 2 weeks over open waters and can run a path across the entire length of the Atlantic Ocean.

Tornados - In order for tornado to form you need rotation. Differentiation is winds at upper and lower atmosphere. - You need rising air to lift up the rotation, the cloud is roating itself, flipped on its side. - Wind velocity is low if it is large and rotating, but if you bring that in, then it speeds up, tighter concentration.

EL NINO ENSO: shifting in pressure and wind direction in the Pacific is the Southern Oscillation - Southern oscillation refers to a seesaw shift in surface air pressure at Darwin Australia, and the South Pacific Island of Tahiti and vice versa. - Worldwide effects on temperature and precipitation. - REFER to diagram. La- Nina - Surface water temperature in the central and eastern pacific cool to below normal (>0.4 degrees C) CLIMATE

Climate Definition
Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earths surface at a given place or over a given region. Average weather Weather observations accumulated over many years The ranges or departures of weather observations from the mean

Climate Data
Physical components of climate
Radiation, Cloud Cover and Type Sensible Heat, Relative and Specific Humidity Barometric Pressure, Winds (force and direction) Dew Point, Precipitation (type and intensity) Evaporation, Cyclones and Anticyclones Frequency of Frontal Passages

Factors Affecting Climate

Latitude ; Altitude The distribution of land and sea The nature of ocean currents The distribution of mountain barriers The pattern of prevailing winds The location of centres of high and low Pressure

Classification Problem
How to devise a meaningful system? Select categories of available information that correlates closely with the needs of life Use those categories to define and delineate regional classes of climate The regional units of climate should reflect the controls of the atmosphere on life System would show the opportunities and constraints that the atmosphere imposes on humans

Koppen
Tropical Humid Climates A Tropical wet Af Tropical dry winter Aw Tropical monsoon Am

CLIMATE See online slideshow.. Climate Change Glaciers Accumulation zone: adds more snow and ice over the span of a year. In the summer some of that snow melts and doesnt contribute to the ice. Constantly moving down slope, also melting as gets lower and lower in elevation. Sometimes it melts quicker than it moves down. Glaciers have brittle zones and ice refreezes and melts Periglacial Landscapes - Geography of Permafrost - Ground ice and frozen phenomena - Humans and periglacial landscapes More greenhouse gases in tundra then in the atmosphere today.

SOIL! See slideshow.

Blanks: climate, living matter, parent material, relief, time. The alteration of mineral and or organic material by chemical (decomposition) and physical (disintegration) processes. Water moves through the soil and clay and picks up stuff. But clay has these little sites where the cations hang out so then the plants can soak em up! 5 factors controlling soil formation 1. Climate - Temperature - Precipitation - Scale - - macro (large area) - - micro (small area) 2. Organisms - Vegetation (microflora) - Soil microfauna earthworms to bacteria - Animals - Human 3. Parent Material - Bedrockk to regolith - Transported materials 4. Topography (relief) - Site conditions - Soil drainage - Relief 5. Time - Soil evolution - Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation) is the process by which soil is created. Factors controlling soil formation S= f(cl,o,r,p,t) Where: s- soil properties cl- regional climate o- potential biota (organisms) r- topography (relief) p- parent material t-time

soil texture: amount of sand silt and clay in the soil. (percentage) Refer to the triangle diagram Soil PH: 7- nutral Less than 7- acidic More than 7- alkaline Ph of 9, dry and airy environment most likely Soil structure related to Soil Texture: Blocky Granular Prismatic Platy Soil Color Standard set of colours to classify the soils.

Pedogenesis Eluviations- removal Illuviation- deposition Soil forming processes that can occur with different climates - Refer to slideshow A and B horizons have been changed from the initial state of the parent material See chart Canadian soil classification system Large area Order Great group Sub group Family Series Type Small areas

Brunisolic- brown earth, bm horizon Chernozemic- prairie, grassland soil Cryosolic- frozen Gleysolic- water logged Luvisolic- washed of clay, Bt horizon Organic- high organic amounts Podzolic- Ae and Bf horizons movement of Fe and Al Regosolic- youthful soils, little soil development Solonetzic- high salt amount Vertisolic- black soils, rich in swelling clays, high CEC Soil erosion: Definition: the wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind or ice. Deflation= wind erosion of soil Soil erosion is mainly affected by water and to a lesser extent wind. To understand soil erosion you must first understand how water and soil interact. Infiltration capacity: the maximum rate of movement of water cm/hr (see diagram) Factors Affecting Infiltration Nature Of Surface 1. Porosity - Pore space - Sand large size - Clay small size 2. Permeability - Ability to transmit water - Linked pore spaces 3. Vegetation and Organisms - High with many roots - Earthworms many channels Nature of Water Input 4. Rainfall intensity - How much rain will fall in a short period of time (downpour) 5. Rainfall duration - Number of hours of rain 6. Time since last rain SEASONAL Factors 7. Seasonal factors: - Winter frozen ground - Summer dry soil

Soil Water System the layer of water the tighter it is bound to the particle (see slideshow) Universal Soil Less Equation A= R*K*S*C*P a- Soil loss tons/hectare/year r- rainfall erosion index (frequency and intensity) k- soil erodibility s- slope (length and inclination) c - Plant cover p- erosion control practice ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the earth The branch of geo concerned with the production and distribution of commodities Therefore, economic geo is concerned with ideas about the location of Invisible hand of the market- market will determine how much is produced and at what price it is produced. David Ricardo Theory of the comparative advantage. If a country could produce everything more efficiently than another country, it would reap gains from specializing in what it was best at producing and trading with other nations. Natural wage set by cost of subsitence: aka u need enough to live. Karl Marx: capitalism is doomed Conflict Moral conflict Conflict of social structure Conflict in economic system itself Need to overthrow it with a new system Labor plays a huge role in the system but it is unfairly rewarded.

Bourgeoisie: class exploits (OWNERS) PROLIETARIAN: Class is exploited (does work) workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains

Historical Materialism History is made by people not by GOD Materialism is the economic basis of society How a society produces in order to survive Mode of Production: Primitive community- hunt and gather Slave state Feudal state Capitalism Socialist society Means of Production: - Land - Labour - Capital Relations of Production - Who owns it? - Divisions of labour - Power Developing a Economic Mindset - Economic geographers identified economic problems and analyzed them in their own value terms. - The way we think about and analyze economic problems also depends on our world view - We can recognize three competing viewpoints: conservative, liberal , radical The Conservative Mindset - Conservatives are convinced that a capitalist free enterprise economy allows individuals to achieve maximum personal liberty and material well being - Continued on slideshow..\ The liberal mindset - Liberals share many things with conservatives. A faith in capitalism - Unlike conservatives, however, they place great emphasise of individual equality and social justive. - Continued..

The Radical Mindset - View slideshow. - They aregue that the dynamics of socioeconomic organization in capitalism societies produce particular kinds of class and institutional structure. Conservative: role of state: only police power to maintain law& order so market can work freely Radical: human nature: people are naturally productive and cooperative Radical: social change: revolutionary through mass movement to transform societys structure and values Von Thunen Location Theory 4 assumptions: 1. Single urban market, flat plain with a uniform environment, fee exchange of all goods and services. 4. one mode of transportation equal in all directions. Basically if you are too far away youll loose money or not make much, the distance away much be less than cost..

Weber Location Theory 2. Products are sold at single market 6. The distribution of labour/wage rates is restricted to certain location, but supply at thise sites is unlimited ISOTIM- line of transportation cost ISODAPANE- line of total transportation cost. Points of equal additional transport costs around the (Weberian) minimum total transport cost point. (sum or calculating aggregate of all isotims Upiquitous resource: the resource is available everywhere e.g. air Localized resource: the resource is located at a particular place e.g. gold mine Factory could be located at M, resource 1 or resource 2 Measuring ton/km. A weight distance. R1= 100 x 2 + 60 x 1 = 260 ton km (cost) R2= 100 x 3 + 80 x 1 = 3800 km R3= 60 x 3 + 80 x 2= 340 ton km Therefore locate factory at R1 where greatest weight loss Affluenza: an uphappy condition of overload, debt, anxiety and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more; the disease of over consumption.

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Definition: it is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution,compostio,migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. Population geography involves demography in a geographical perspective Spatial analysis in relation to enviro variation Demography: Study of populations in a statistical sense, focuses on characteristics of population distributions that change in a spatial context. Basic Demographic Processes Fertility: reproductive performance Mortality: death in a population Migration: permenantly changing residence from one location to another. Basic demographic equation: FP= SP + B D + I O Where: Fp= final pop SP= starting pop B=births D= deaths I=in-migration O= out migration Rate: frequency of occurrence eq: divorce rate Cohort: data related to population group e.q 5 year olds Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Number of births per population density - Ex: 40,000/2,000,000 = 2 per 1000 Infant mortality rate: - Deaths age 1 yr or less/1000 live births Total fertility has a great influence on predicting the future of population growth Problem: Our lack of understanding the exponential function What is that? GROWTH Exponential growth: occurs when the growth rate of a mathematical function is proportional to the functions current value. Ex: 1, 2, 4, 8 x^2 Doubling Time

The amount of time required to double the number of a growing phenomena. We calculate the doubling time, T2= 70/ % growth per unit time (rough estimation) A growth rate of 5% per yr would have a doubling time of 14 years Malthus: Assumption: food suppky can be increased only arithmetically whereas population has the potential to increase geometrically: Food: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Pop: 1, 3, 4, 8 Demographic transition: The change from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality. Population pyramid: Is an age structure diagram, that shows distribution or various age groups (cohorts) Dependency ratio: the number of dependents young and old that each 100 percent must support URBAN GEOGRAPHY Urban place: minmum amount of people grouped together in a certain (density/distance) Major Urban Functions: a basic consideration in classifying an agglomeration as yrban should be by FUNCTION not by size. 7 Major Functions: 1. Manufacturing - Making or altering goods 2. Commerce - Exchange of goods and services 3. Transportation - Physical movement of people or goods; collection and distribution 4. Administration - Government functions 5. Defense 6. Culture - Religion, art, education 7. Recreation Christallers Central Place Theory - The theory attempts to explain the distribution, size and number of settlements. - Assumptions: refer to slideshow. Edge of circles, overlap. Look at the pink spaces, and make all the cirles overlap slightly like a ven diagram. Minimizing the number of central spaces.

Hierarchy of Central Places Lowest order places are smallest in size and most numerous, have smallest number of services. Highest order places are largest in size (people), fewest number of central places, have greatest number of services Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis Low Order ---------------------------------- High Order K= 3 Marketing Princple Most efficient way to pack space.

K=4 Transportation principle Much easier to move roads as straight lines if the lower places are half way between not 1 third. K=7 Administration principle End of crystaler Rank Size Rule -refer to slideshow