PHILIPPINE HISTORY

WHAT IS HISTORY?
History is the science that deals with the study of past events. The study of history leads us to analyze the structure of a society of a given period, its community and government, languages, and the emergence of philosophy and religion.

WHAT IS CULTURE?
Culture is the way of life of a particular society or group of people, including patterns of thought, beliefs, behavior, customs, traditions, rituals, dress, and language, as well as art, music, and literature.

IMPORTANCE OF HISORY (BOOK)

1. It expands our knowledge. Through the study of history, we begin to know and understand the many contributions of the different races that have peopled the earth before us. All things, concrete and abstract, that define and shape who we are now are the results of the ideas, initiatives, and sacrifices of each generation at certain points in history. For example: The Catholic faith was the legacy of the Spanish occupation. The customs and traditions that define Philippine culture is a mix of Asian, Spanish, and American influences. It analyzes and evaluates valuable lessons from historical events. The study of history seeks the cause of certain historical events. Why did the particular event happen? How did it happen? The issues and problems that we face now are linked to the past. For example: The economic development in the country. Preventing international conflict. Exercising human rights and achieving social justice. Although events in the past can ever happen again exactly the same manner now, we witnessed some events in the present that are parallel to some periods in the past. By taking heed and learning from the past events, we can manage to avoid repeating the same mistake.

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It is instrumental in forging unity and cooperation among nations. Hardly any country in the world now can assert that it can exist independently without any help from any other nation. History has proven repeatedly that each country is dependent on other in terms of its economic progress, political stability, and economic development. Serious issues and problems can be resolved with global unity and cooperation. Indeed, in unity, there is strength. It develops mastery in other skills. The study of history requires the application of skills in other areas. It urges students to achieve a high level of understanding of and to value written texts such as personal accounts, official reports, THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT COMMUNITIES (BOOK) records, and documents. It also demands that students are SHELTER able to discuss, analyze, and evaluate different issues critically. The homes of early Filipinos were similar to those in the rural Finally, it motivates students to find realistic and practical provinces. solutions to the need of our country. Antonio de Morga a Spanish judge and historian, described the

The early Filipinos were known as nomads during the Paleolithic Period or the Stone Age some 250,000 years ago between 6,000BC or 8,000BC years ago. They had caves for their shelters although they did not stay for long in them. They moved to different places to forage for food. They would gather fruits, root crops, and various edible plants. Since they were natural-born hunters, they had special tools and weapons that helped them in pursuits of wild animals. Most of them were made out of stones. An example of this is the stone hammer. It was used to chip off smaller pieces from a larger rock. These sharp chunks were used to made stakes, to handle and prepare food, and to kill wild animals. Other examples are the round rocks from the rivers and the hard chert. The ways of nomadic living continued until Neolithic Period or the New Stone Age (8,000 years ago). Early inhabitants during the Neolithic Period are hunters and fishermen. They built their homes in places near the rivers, lakes and sea where they got their daily sustenance Aside from fishing, gathering snails and clams, and hunting, they also knew how to domesticate plants and animals. They followed a system of kaingin, or slashing and burning the land, to prepare it for planting. Aside from this, they knew how to make a fire by rubbing two dry sticks or stones against each other. Bronze Age. Settlers during this period discovered minerals such as bronze, silver, and gold. This they used as tools which they made by forging or pounding hot metal into a desired form. Through this process, they were able to fashion the bolo, blowgun, bow and arrow, and fine nit comb. They also discovered cutting and slicing using the sharp edges of the concaves shells, Tridacna gigas. Other stone tools that early settlers used were axe and the chisel. These tools helped accomplished many activities faster. Cutting down trees, hunting animals, and making boats became easier to do. Based on many researchers, the early people had their own form of shelter, their own system of community, culture, economy, government, education, set of beliefs, and traditions. Similarly, early Filipino settlers seemed to have already cultivated and enjoyed harmonious relationship with other Asian and Arab countries, particularly, China. Based on records of the sung Dynasty, traders arrived from Mai, originally the province of Mindoro. Batangas and manila were also mentioned.

structure and the materials used in a typical home at the approach Through the study of history, we gain insights into many th of the 17 century: different beliefs, principles, and values that individuals may hold. o The homes of early natives stood on posts that were This enriches a persons holistic development. higher than the ground. More importantly, the study of history leads one to o They were made out of wood and bamboo. appreciate the many changes in society and culture that taken o Nipa was used to cover the roofs and the walls. place through time because of a generations actions and decisions. o Each house stood apart from each others. An awareness of the past leads to understanding of ones rights and o The floors were made out of bamboo slats. limitation. Most of all, people are inspired to fulfill their duties and o The ground underneath the house was used as a holding responsibilities towards their country. pen for domesticated animals such as chicken and ducks. INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINES o To enter the house, one had to climb two bamboo steps. GEOGRAPHY AND EARLY EVIDENCE, REGIONS, AND o There was an open space in front of the house for the family member in charge of looking after it for one day. ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUPS (Photocopy) o Parents and children lived together in one roof. THE PHILIPPINES BEFORE 1521 (Pre-Hispanic Period) o There were few unique accents. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND PRECOLONIAL o And fanciful decorations, called bahandin. CULTURE AND TRADITIONS The Ifugaos Rice Terraces in Banaue, is an examples the shows the creativity and the ingenuity of early Filipino settlers. And even the structure and the style of early homes. EARLY CIVILIZATION (BOOK) Early Filipinos could build their shelters using:

o Wood o Bamboo o Nipa They knew how to adapt their homes to physical features of the area and to their basic needs. Example: o Badjao they made their boats as their homes since they spent most of their times in the water. Their houses stood on post above the water. o Ilongot & Kalingas (North Luzon) / Mandayas & Bagobos build their homes on treetops. These gave the early people an advantage over potential enemies who threatened to invade their communities, and also as protection against wild animals the roamed the area.

However, there were times when a person was made ruler because of his bravery, heroism, wealth, or virtue Each ruler was responsible for his subjects and provided them with their needs. In return, the subjects followed their ruler: o They ploughed his fields without being paid and wages, apportioned part of the fish they caught for him, built his house, and protected him during battle. o They also paid him taxes through their harvest. Devising Implements o The early Filipinos showed exceptional skills in making weapons and tools made of: Stone Clay Wood Iron Gold o The Manunggul Jars discovered in the caves of Manunggul in Palawan were proof of these skills. The jars seemed to have held the remains of the dead. The dead were believed to have been buried first in the ground. After some years, the remains were dug up so that hematite, a red mineral, could be applied on the bones of the skeleton. The lid of the jar was adorned with a picture or carving of a person on a boat (bangka). Clothing Men o The different colors of men signified their status in society. o The datu usually wore red and his subjects would wear blue or black. o Thus, men of ordinary means wore a short-sleeved upper garment in blue or black, called kangan. o The lower garment was called bahag. It consisted a cloth band from the waist to the thighs. o There were also some areas whose people wore clothing made out of wood or leaves that were bundled together. Women o Women wore an upper garment called the baro. This looked like a jacket with its long sleeves. o This was matched with a saya, or loosely flowing skirt. In the Visayan dialect this was called the patadyong. o The outfit was completed with a tapis, a red or white piece of fabric that was worn over the skirt and tied around the waste. o The women also wore a pandong or a shawl, a kurong, a short blouse or skirt, and a baliskuskus or a knotted blanket worn over the body instead the usual skirt. Tattoos o The early mans tattoos were also testaments of creativity and artistry. o Symbolizes ones bravery or heroism. o Thus, the early Filipinos, most especially the Cebuanos, were also known as pintados by the Spaniards. Music & Dance Music o In Cebu, various instruments: Timbal Timbrel Cynbals Drums o In Samar: Kudyapi, a small guitar o The Negritos: Bansic, an instrument with four holes that is made of bamboo Gangsa, a variation of the guitar o Igorots of Bontoc origin from Northern Luzon: Subbing, or a harp Their own version of a gangsa Drum, covered in animal hide Abafi

ARTS

SOCIETY
Early Filipinos were divided into 3 classes. These were: 1. The MAHARLIKA o This include the children of the datu, which titles such as lakan or gat. o Some carried the title raja (an Indo-Arabian word meaning king) or the Tagalog datu (nobleman). o If a person had a number of subjects, he may be called a datu and may also be regarded as a warrior. 2. The MALAYA or TIMAWA (Timagua) o This includes the free individuals. o There were certain classes of people, who were considered free, yet do not enjoy and privileges. They could only depend on the people who gave them their freedom.

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The ALIPIN o These were considered the lowliest of people in early society. o However, according to the Spanish point of view, they were considered as slaves. o But at present, they could be more aptly described as dependents (they were considred slaves because of their debts). o Nevertheless, there were two kinds of slaves: a. The ALIPING NAMAMAHAY or the Visayan tumarampuk (tumaranpuc or tumarampu) o Were allowed to have their own possessions. o However, they were obliged to share their harvests to the datu or to serve him for one day within four planting seasons. o They may also be elevated to the class of free people. b. The ALIPING SAGUIGUILID (saguiguilir) in Tagalog and the ayuey in Visaya o These include those who were captured or imprisoned during a battle, those who incurred a huge debt that could not be paid, and those who were born as slaves. o They were not allowed to have their own possessions and could only marry with the permission of their masters. o They could also be buried alive alongside their masters should the latter die. o However, they could not be sold, unless they were already slaves before they were even captured during battle, incurred a huge debt that could no longer be paid, or were slaves before they were born. o They had the right to a part of their harvest, equivalent to three out of the four days that they served their masters. Because of the geographical division that separated the islands, different groups emerged among the early Filipinos. Consequently, there was no central government that rules the whole archipelago. Instead, what was known as balanghai or balangay (now known as baranggay) was considered to be the basic unit of society wiith its 30 to 100 families. It was ruled by a maguinoo or a datu. Usually, the rule of a barangay was inherited.

GOVERNMENT

Tagbuan from Palawan: Harp (an instrument that looked like a drum made out of a sharks skin) Bamboo Flute Guitar with abaca strings Brass Gongs Ilocanos: Kutibeng a guitar with five strings Flute Kudyapi

Dance The early Filipinos dramatized their customs through dances. Iniirog (One who is Loved) was a dance with the man going round and round the woman. Pagpapahirap (Suffering) was a dance that depicts the torment of one who was surrounded by his enemies. Then there was the classic Dandansoy and Balitaw, two of the most popular Visayan dances. In the Tagalog region, dance, music and drama were combined in harmonious blend of artistry. Examples: Kumintang Balatong Dalit Tagayan Salampati Some examples of folk songs: Ifugao: Ayegkha (Takipsilim sa Palayan) Igorot: Cjua-ay (Awit sa Pangkasalan) Iloko: Bagkat, Bagkat, Bagkat Negrito: Aliri Cebuano: Ug Binhi (Ang Binhi) Tausug: Tap-tap Mamayan (Ang Pag-ibig Natin) Tagalog: Soliranin (Awit ng mga manggagaod)

SPANISH REGIME SPANISH EXPEDITION, HISPANIZATION, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITIONS AND REFORMS & REVOLUTIONS THE SPANISH OCCUPATION (BOOK) SPANISH AIMS FOR COLONIZATION
1. ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES (GOLD) Spanish power and influence was concentrated on the wealth it accumulated in gold and silver, the exportation of agricultural and industrial; products and its monopoly of the galleon trade. 2. POLITICAL OBJECTIVES (GLORY) Spain aimed to be a powerful nation. It was known to be the most powerful country in the world during the 1600s. the Philippines was its only colony in Asia. 3. SPREADING CHRISTIANITY (GOD/GIFT)

EDUCATION
The family is the basic unit of society. The parents are the ones responsible for rearing their children as they grow. Hence, the home is where children receive their first education. Some of the more important values that children learn at home are: Good manners that shows respect and obedience. House chores such as cooking, and taking care of domesticated animals. Practical; skills for older children such as weaving, hunting, planting and fishing.

LANGUAGE
The first alphabet had 17 letters made up of 3 vowels: A, E/I & O/U & 14 consonants: B, D, G, H, K, L, M, N, NGA, P, S, T, W, Y They may have written on barks of trees, leaves or bamboo, using sharpened writing tools as rocks, sticks and metals. The may have used the sap from leaved as an ink or they may have carved letters and symbols on the leaves and barks of trees.

NOTEBOOK
HISPANIC PERIOD
1521 arrival of Magellan st Samar- 1 Island they landed Antonio Pigafetta (returned to Spain) King of Spain asked for series of expedition to the Philippines

MIGUEL LOPEZ de LEGAZPI

- He is the 1st Governor-General in the Phils. His Observations: Composed of many Islands (Archipelago) Some are populated (near the sea cost/ river) Mountains are inhabited (there were no large towns) Not subjected to any law (no king/lord) The people do not act/ obey to any ruling body and does what he pleases and only cares for himself He own most slaves (strongest) No law binds family (selfish) No person favors other unless it is for his own interest Slaves (serving them under certain conditions) Slaves (liberty to sell them if not satisfied) Favors must be paid in double even between parents and sibling They sell their own children (necessities/ no family ties) They declare was among themselves at the slightest provocation No treaty of peace (enemies) Occasionally, the rob each other No order and arrangements Land is fertile Natives are the laziest people in the world Sometimes they are force to live their towns due to war No cultivation (no farming) Lack of provisions (so little of authority over slaves) They do not work instead they rob at each other They do not cultivate Gold is found in all of this islands (rivers, mines--- where natives wok) They work only when needed They do not try to become wealthy (no ambitions) The Chief--- possess jewelries/ golds, they do not work until its all used up and then they seeks for more The land possess much gold for all men Too many ships come to the island every year (trading) They could yield great quantity of gold with the Spaniards They work (for trading) Uncivilized people--- natives They wanted to conquer the Phils. We were lazy people We do not have government and laws

They had problems with the change of weather He was able to pass Pacific Ocean, where he named it Paciifc meaning calm First landed on Samar then Cebu He was marked to be killed by Lapu-Lapu st 1 Raja: Samar- Kulambo Cebu Humabon (who fought against Lapu-Lapu) Legazpi established the first settlement in the Philippines (1565)

GOVERNMENT
CENTRALIZED form of govt Has only one ruler: The King of Spain KING OF SPAIN I V VICEROY OF MEXICO I V GOVERNOR-GENERAL I V ALCALDE MAYOR I V GOBERNADORCILLO I V CABEZA de BARANGGAY Viceroy of Mexico - Mexico is nearer to our country - Office in Mexico ---Acapulco Governor general - Highest governing power - Executive- appoints the leader; head of the Supreme Court; head of the Church & Military Spanish Cortez makes law for the colony of Spain - Legislative - Judiciary Alcalde Mayor - Former encomiendero - Collects taxes - Privileges: Indulto de Comercio (monopolize the economic act.) - Bandala System: the govt has the right to monopolize the economic act. The people are obligated to sell their goods to the govt and they cant privately trade to other countries Gobernardorcillo - Assist the Alcalde Mayor in proving the tribute list base on baptismal certificate - The Parish Priest gives names - The Goberbadorcillo and the Priests creates the List Cabeza de Baranggay Head of Peace & Order Ruling class/family especially who embrace Christianity

SPANISH COLONIZATION
1400s Strongest Countries: ITALY, PORTUGAL, and SPAIN There is an exchange of goods between Europe and Asia 3 Routes: 1. NORTH 2. SOUTH 3. CENTRAL When the Turks took control of Constantinople, they closed the North and Central Routes. The VENECIAN (Venice, italy) controlled the South Route They made it not open for Spain and Portugal They monopolized the goods from Asia and the prized was very high, this led for the Spain and Portugal the search for other routes

SOCIAL CLASSES
Before: Peninsulares (Pure) Filipinas (Pure/half) Insulares (half) Indios (natives who Principalia (natives who embraces Christianity) own lands) Moros / Infieles Moros / Infieles (Muslim/Lumads) Governor-general Peninsulares Alcalde M.- Principalia/Insulres (monopolize the business) Gobernadorcillo Principalia & downwards Settlements/ Community : Reduccion/ Pueblo o Church Same building; there were no formal schools o School o Plaza o City Hall

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (between Spain and Portugal) POPE ALEXANDER VI --- allowed them to conquer other territories as long as they will spread Christianity Spain WEST Portugal - EAST

FERDINAND MAGELLAN (Portuguese) Offered his services to the King of Portugal but was rejected. So he went to the King of Spain, where he was granted. They travelled almost 2 years

-the people/ houses near the pueblo are the rich ones -Moros & Infieles are out of the Pueblo (mountain)

-you are still a part of the Pueblo if you can still hear the Church Bell ECONOMY
Encomienda / Hacienda (for big cities) land entrusted to loyal Spaniards o Private Econmienda King , Encomiendero & the Working People The Entrusted land Problem: It was only given to them not owned by them o Real Encomienda King of Spain

His brother died and they asked for burial rites but was not given because they had no money to pay for it FAILURE OF EARLY REVOLTS No sense of unity No communication/ Communication Gap Absence of Lingua franca (national language) Nationalism influence other people to have the sense of belongingness
Love of your country

Patriotism Individuals expression; proud being a Filipino The difference is the EXPRESSION OF LOVE WHAT BROUGHT NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES FACTORS: 1. The participation of the Phils. In the World Commerce -Galleon Trading: aside from goods, Ideas were also exchanged 2. The rise of the Middle Class (Principalia) -natives who can own lands -liberal 3. European Liberalism 4. Racial Discrimination 5. Regular & Secular Conflicts Idea of Nationalism United; formed Organizations La Liga Filipina -diplomatic; No violence -Reform/ Propaganda Movement Objectives: 1.Assimilation The king of Spain will recognize the Phils. As province of Spain not as a territory 2.Representation in the Spanish Cortez

Hacienda System/ Mass System o Before: Domestic Production (produce crops they only need) People were not allowed to plant their own crop/food o For exports in the Galleon trading o Problems: Starvation; Land Grabbing Owner of the Land - enconmiendero associated by the Priest People will have to pay taxes to the Enconmiendero now the Alcalde Mayor Problem: Increase in Tax; they were obliged to work for the govt POLO Y SERVICIO- forced labor/ community labor Galleon Trading -main economic activity Route: Acapulco-Manila -Filipinos were Porters

SPANISH COLONIOZATION
Purpose: ECONOMIC Obligation: Spreading Christianity (Treaty of Trodesillas) They increased the number of Missionaries by asking their youth to be one. (Priesthood) So they can go to other countries and earn money Prayers were at first spoken in Latin - The people could not understand it so they just memorized the Latin Prayers @ 3:00pm the Church bell rings: everyone must stop and kneel if not there will be a punishment They used the concept of Heaven and Hell to let the people be submissive (to submit to their will) SECULARIZATION ISSUE The class between the Regular Priest (parts of the Orders) and the Secular Priest (from school) The Regular P. prohibits the Secular P. to perform services with payment: (3 rites) Baptism Wedding Burial Rites The Secular P. perform only Masses This issue led to the death of the GOMBURZA SCHOOL Formal education made by the Church Teachers: Priest Formal schools were dominated by the Priests CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION Barong Tagalog Before: Kanggan -it is see-through --- to see if the Indios were wearing any weapons or to see if the stole something Barot Saya -worn by the Indios Kimona & Filipiniana LEGACY of the Spaniards in the Phils. IDENTITY REFORM & REVOLUTION MOTIVES (REVOLTS): 1. PERSONAL Ex. Lapu-Lapu Vs. Humabon Lakandula his territory was invaded 2. RELIGIOUS Ex. Dagohoy of Bohol who revolted for 81 years

They did not want Independence because they could gain benefit from the Spaniards Katipunan -Andres Bonifacio, Jacinto, Mabini -Revolutionary Movement Objectives: 1.Independence Indios who suffered from the abuse of the Spaniards

TACTICS LLF: REFORM (Pen/Words)- ILLUSTRADOS (Rizal, del Pilar, Lopez Jaena) K: REVOLUTION (Swords) INDIOS Emilio Aguinaldo: 1 President of the Philippines -he killed Bonifacio and del Pilar (love rivalry)
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