Chapter 16 ETAP User Guide 7 5 2

Chapter 16
Star Device Coordination Analysis

Star is a fully integrated system protective device coordination and selectivity module within ETAP. Star represents a new concept in performing steady-state and dynamic device coordination, protection, and testing. This is achieved by utilizing intelligent one-line diagrams, comprehensive device libraries, and an integrated multi-dimensional database. Star enables power engineers to easily and efficiently perform protective device coordination studies. The built-in intelligent features provide informed and reliable recommendations regarding the feasibility of the devices under consideration. Engineers can quickly realize possible design issues and make informed decisions to improve system reliability, increase system stability, and boost financial savings. This chapter provides an overview of the features and capabilities in Star. By exploring this chapter, you will become familiar with many of the key concepts and capabilities of the Star module. Each section is available in an interactive format, allowing you to visualize each step as it is explained in this chapter. Note: Some of the directory paths shown in the figure below will be different if you have chosen a custom installation path.
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP 7.5.2 User Guide
Star Device Coordination
Star Mode Toolbar
16.1 Star Mode Toolbar

Create Star View Append to Star View Run / Update Short-Circuit Clipping kA Fault Insertion (PD Sequence-of-Operation) Display Options Report Manager Device Settings Reports Halt Current Calculation Sequence Viewer
Create Star View

Click this button to generate a new Star presentation. A Star View is a presentation that may contain network paths (a set of one or many elements that reside in the one-line diagram) and their specific plots. To activate the Create Star View toolbar button, select an element or a group of elements on the one-line diagram. This is called rubber-banding a zone for a selected Configuration. Composites (nested networks) can be opened up, rubber-banded, and grouped with their external connecting elements for coordination.
Append to Star View

Click this button to append element(s) from the One-Line View to existing Star View(s). To activate the Append to Star View toolbar button, select an element or group of elements on the oneline diagram. Click on the Append to Star View button to open the Star View Selection Editor.
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Star Mode Toolbar
Filter Star View list by selected component(s)

Checking this option will list the IDs of all the components (elements) in the project. This allows selection of Star Views based on the elements that are contained within them.
Star Views
The Star Views column lists all the Star Views in the project. By default, the last accessed Star View will be selected (highlighted) from the list of Star Views. Multiple Star Views can be selected by using the Shift or Ctrl keys.
Select All
Select all the Star Views from the list to append the selected element(s).
Deselect All
Deselect all the Star Views from the list to append the selected element(s).
Components
The Components column lists the IDs of the element(s) that are included in the selected Star View(s). The Components column will list the IDs of all elements in the project.
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Star Mode Toolbar
Run / Update Short-Circuit Clipping kA

Click this button to perform a short-circuit study to update the time-characteristics curve clipping kA and minimum kA for the applicable elements. This study will calculate symmetrical and asymmetrical rms 3phase, as well as line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault values per the options selected in the active Star Mode Study Case. If the output name file is set to prompt, ETAP will prompt you to specify the output report name. Upon completion of the study, the output report is generated and the study results are displayed on the one-line diagram.
Fault Insertion (PD Sequence-of-Operation)

Protective Device (PD) Sequence-of-Operation initiates upon placing a fault on the one-line diagram using the Fault Insertion button from the Star Mode. The fault insertion icon changes based on the type of fault selected from the Study Case.
3 Phase
Line-to-Ground
Line-to-Line
Line-to-Line-to-Ground
Once the fault insertion button is selected, the cursor icon changes to a fault symbol which can be dropped on any valid AC one-line diagram elements (e.g., buses, connectors). As you move the Fault Insertion cursor over the one-line diagram, the cursor color changes to red (or custom color) indicating an allowable (valid) fault insertion location. The fault insertion cursor can be dragged and re-dropped on
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Star Mode Toolbar
any valid one-line diagram to initiate a new sequence-of-operation calculation. To cancel the fault insertion, press the Esc key on the keyboard. Fault Insertion is not allowed for the following: De-energized elements Panel systems DC elements Grounding elements CT / Relay connections
Display Options
Refer to the Display Options section in this chapter for more information about customizing display annotations and color themes on the one-line diagram. The Display Options Star (PD Coordination) dialog box contains options for Star Short-Circuit Study and Sequence-of-Operation results, as well as associated device parameters.
Report Manager
Short-Circuit Output Reports are provided in Crystal Reports format. The Star Report Manager contains four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different sections of the Output Report in Crystal Reports. Available formats for Crystal Reports are displayed on each page of the Report Manager for short-circuit clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation studies.
You can also view output reports by clicking the List Output Reports button on the Study Case toolbar.
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Star Mode Toolbar
List Output Reports Button
A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for the performed calculations. To view any of the listed Output Reports, click the Output Report name, and then click the View Output Report button.
The Output Reports for Star Short-Circuit Studies have an extension of .ST1 for ANSI and .ST2 for IEC standards. The output reports for Star Sequence-of-Operation studies have an extension of .SQ1 for ANSI and .SQ2 for and IEC Standards.
Device Settings Reports

Click the Device Settings Reports button to display the Device Coordination Reports Manager. The Report Manager allows you to preview and print the protective device setting data using the Crystal Reports formats. To print the device settings:
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Star Mode Toolbar
1. Click the Device Settings Reports button. The Device Coordination Report Manager Editor displays. 2. Select the desired report type for the all or selected element on the one-line diagram. 3. Select the Base or Revision data, and then click OK.
When you select a report, ETAP will ask if you would like to save the project prior to generating the report.
Clicking the OK button will save the latest changes to the database and launch the selected report. Click Cancel to exit back to the previous editor. Note that the project database can only be saved in Base revision. The report displays device settings for the selected devices or all devices on the one-line diagram including De-energized and Dumpster elements.
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Star Mode Toolbar
Halt Current Calculation

The Halt Current Calculation button is normally disabled. When a Star Study has been initiated, this button is enabled allowing the user to terminate the current calculation. The display results will not be shown on the one-line diagram if you terminate the calculation before it completes. The output report will be incomplete.
Sequence Viewer
The Sequence Viewer button is enabled when you perform a Sequence-of-Operation Study. If you click the Sequence Viewer button, ETAP displays the Sequence-of-Operation Events dialog box that displays a tabulated sequence summary list of actions for the applicable protective devices.
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Study Case Editor
16.2 Study Case Editor

The Star Mode Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, faulted bus selection, and a variety of options for output reports. ETAP allows you to create and save unlimited number of study cases. Star Short-Circuit and Sequence-of-Operation calculations are conducted and reported using the settings of the study case selected in the toolbar. This allows you to switch between Study Cases without having to reset the study case options each time. This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time. With respect to the multi-dimensional database concept of ETAP, study cases can be used for any combination of the three major system components. The system components are configuration status, one-line diagram presentation, and Base and Revision Data. You can access the Star Mode Study Case Editor by clicking the Edit Study Case button on the Study Case toolbar. You can also access this editor from the Project View by double-clicking the Study Case name in the Star Analysis folder.
To create a new study case, go to Project View, right-click the Star Analysis Study Case folder, and select Create New. The program will then create a new study case, which is a copy of the default study case, and add it to the Star Analysis Study Case folder.
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Study Case Editor
16.2.1 Info Page
Study Case ID
The Study Case ID is displayed in this text box. You can rename the study case by deleting the old ID and entering a new one. The Study Case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator buttons at the bottom of the editor to display any of the exiting Study Cases in the editor.
Transformer Tap
The following two methods are provided for modeling transformer off-nominal tap settings:
Adjust Base kV
Base voltages of the buses are calculated using transformer turn ratios, which include the transformer rated kVs as well as the off-nominal, tap settings.
Use Nominal Tap

Transformer rated kVs are used as the transformer turn ratios for calculating the base voltages of the buses (that is, all off-nominal tap settings are ignored and transformer impedances are not adjusted).
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Study Case Editor
If a system contains transformers with incompatible voltage ratios (including taps) in a loop, it can lead to two different base voltage values at a bus, which prevents the short-circuit calculation from continuing. If this situation occurs, ETAP will post a message to inform you and give you the option to continue the calculation with the Use Nominal Tap option. If you click Yes, it will carry out the calculation with the Use Nominal Tap option.
Cable/OL Heater
Select the appropriate checkboxes in this group to include the impedance of equipment cable and overload heaters of medium (MV Motor) and/or low voltage (LV Motor) motors in Short-Circuit Studies.
Motor Contribution Based on

Select one of the following options for considering motor contribution in short-circuit studies:
Motor Status
When this option is selected, motors with a status of either Continuous or Intermittent will make contributions in short-circuit. Motors with Spare status will not be considered in the Short-Circuit Analysis.
Loading Category
When this option is selected, you can select a loading category from the selection box to the right. In the short-circuit calculation, motors that have non-zero loading in the selected Loading Category will have a contribution in short-circuit. Motors with zero loading in the selected Loading Category will not be included in the Short-Circuit Analysis.
Both
When this option is selected, a motor will make a contribution in the Short-Circuit Analysis if it meets either the Motor Status or the Loading Category condition. That is, for a motor to be excluded from the short-circuit analysis, it would have to be in the Spare status and have zero loading in the selected Loading Category.
Bus Selection
ETAP is capable of faulting one or more buses in the same run; however, multiple buses are faulted individually, not simultaneously. Depending on the specified fault type, the program will place a 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault at each bus that is faulted for Short-Circuit Studies. When you open the Star Mode Study Case Editor for the first time, all buses are listed in the Dont Fault list box. This means that none of the buses are faulted. Using the following procedures, you can decide which buses you want to fault for this study case. To fault a bus, highlight the bus ID in the Dont Fault list box and click the Fault button. The highlighted bus will be transferred to the Fault list box. To remove a bus from the Fault list box, highlight the bus ID and click the Fault button. The highlighted bus will be transferred to the Dont Fault list box. If you wish to fault all buses, medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses, select the appropriate options and click the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred from the Dont Fault list box to the Fault list box.
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Study Case Editor
To remove all buses, medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses from the Fault list box, select the appropriate options and click the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred from the Fault list box to the Dont Fault list box.
Study Remarks
You can enter up to 120 alphanumeric characters in this field. Information entered here will be printed on the second line of every output report page header line. These remarks can be used to provide specific information about each Study Case. Note: The first line of the header information must be the same for all Study Cases. To change the first line, select the Project menu, select Information, and change the Remarks text box.
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Study Case Editor
16.2.2 Standard Page

Standard
Both ANSI and IEC standards are available for Short-Circuit Studies. Select the Short-Circuit Study Standard by clicking the Standard notation. Different sets of solution control variables (prefault voltage, calculation methods, etc.) are available for each standard. When you create a new Study Case, the Short-Circuit Standard is set equal to the project standard you have specified in the Project Standards dialog box (from the Project menu, select Standards). You can change the Study Case standard independently of the project standard. When the ANSI standard is selected, this page will appear as shown below.
When the IEC Standard is selected, the study options will change and you will see the page shown below.
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Study Case Editor
Prefault Voltage - ANSI Standard

You can select either fixed or variable prefault voltages for all buses.
Fixed
This option allows you to specify a fixed prefault voltage for all the faulted buses. This fixed value can be in percent of bus nominal kV or base kV. Bus nominal kV is the value you entered in the Bus Editor to represent the normal operating voltage. The bus base kV is calculated by the program and is only reported in the results section of the Star Mode Short-Circuit Report for each faulted bus. The process of computing base kV starts from one of the swing machines, such as a utility or a generator, by taking its design voltage as the base kV for its terminal bus. It then propagates throughout the entire system. When it encounters a transformer from one side, the transformer rated voltage ratio will be used to calculate the base kV for the buses on other sides. If the Adjust Base kV option is selected on the Info page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor, the transformer tap values will also be used in the base kV calculation along with transformer rated voltage ratio. This calculation procedure demonstrates that the base kV is close to the operating voltage, provided that the swing machine is operating at its design setting.
Vmag X Nominal kV (from Bus editor)

If you select the Vmag X Nominal kV (from Bus Editor) prefault voltage option, ETAP uses the bus voltages entered in the Bus Editors as the prefault voltage for faulted buses. Using this option, you can perform Short-Circuit Studies with each faulted bus having a different prefault voltage. For instance, you can perform Short-Circuit Studies using the bus voltages calculated from a specific Load Flow Study and, therefore, calculate fault currents for an actual operating condition. To do so, from the Info page of the
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Study Case Editor
Load Flow Study Case Editor, select Initial Bus Voltages from the Update group. Then, run a Load Flow Analysis. Since the short-circuit current is proportional to the prefault voltage, different options will most likely give different results. However, with any of the above options, the calculated fault current is the same as long as the prefault voltage in kV is the same. The options used for a study depend on your judgment and the objective of the study. If you want to calculate the fault current to size protective switching devices, you may want to apply the maximum possible prefault voltages in the calculation. This can be done by selecting the Fixed option with Base kV. If the bus normal operating voltage is entered in the Bus Editor as the bus nominal voltage, you may also use the Fixed option with Nominal kV.
Cycle kA ANSI Standard

Select the cycle kA option to calculate the short-circuit based on the ANSI Cycle Method (momentary kA) and update the TCC clipping kA for applicable elements.
30 cycle (Minimum) kA ANSI Standard

Select the 30 cycle (Minimum) kA option to calculate the short-circuit based on the ANSI 30 Cycle Method (steady state kA) and update the minimum kA for applicable elements.
Zero Sequence Z ANSI Standard

Include Branch Y & Static Load
This option allows you to consider the effect of zero-sequence capacitances of lines and cables, as well as shunt admittances of distinct static load elements for ANSI LG short-circuit calculations. This means that if a cable has a susceptance value specified under the Y field (Impedance page), ETAP will convert this value into the zero sequence capacitance and consider it in the calculation of 3Io.
Short-Circuit Current - IEC Standard

When the IEC Standard is selected, you can specify the maximum or minimum short-circuit current to be calculated and based on the selection, different c factors will be used to modify source voltage. There are three options available: Max, User-Defined c Factor, and Min. When the Max option is selected, the maximum values for c factor as defined in Table I of IEC 60909 Standard are used to calculate maximum fault current: < 1001 V c Factor = 1.10 1001 to 35000 V c Factor = 1.10 > 35000 V c Factor = 1.10 When the User-Defined c Factor option is selected, ETAP uses the user specified c factor. The ranges for the c factors are as follows: < 1001 V c Factor = 0.95 - 1.10 1001 to 35000 V c Factor = 1.00 - 1.10 > 35000 V c Factor = 1.00 - 1.10 When the Min. option is selected, the minimum values for c Factor as defined in IEC 60909 Standard are used to calculate minimum fault current. < 1001 V c Factor = 0.95 1001 to 35000 V c Factor = 1.00 > 35000 V c Factor = 1.00
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Study Case Editor
With the Min option selected, there are two options to update the minimum TCC kA: Ik Min: Steady-state Minimum current. Ik Min: Initial symmetrical current.
Cmax for Z Adjustment (<1000 V)

This group allows you to specify which constant value to use in the calculation of the K correction factors used to adjust the impedance of devices like transformers and generators. 1.05 (+6% V Tolerance) Use cmax = 1.05 for calculating the impedance correction factors for systems with 6% Voltage Tolerance. 1.1 (+10% V Tolerance) Use cmax = 1.1 for calculating the impedance correction factors for systems with 10% Voltage Tolerance. Note: These constants are not used as c Factors for the adjustment of the prefault voltage. They are only used to calculate the impedance adjustment (i.e., Kt, Kg, etc.)
Zero Sequence Z IEC Standard

Include Branch Y & Static Load
This option allows you to consider the effect of zero-sequence capacitances of lines and cables, as well as shunt admittances of distinct static load elements for IEC 909 LG short-circuit calculations. This means that if a cable has a susceptance value specified under the Y field (Impedance page), ETAP will convert this value into the zero sequence capacitance and consider it in the calculation of 3Io.
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Study Case Editor
16.2.3 Seq of Op. Page

This page provides the parameters for performing protective device Sequence-of-Operation analyses.
Fault Value
Select Asymmetrical or Symmetrical value to be considered for phase or ground fault type.
Fault Type
Select from 3 Phase, Line-to-Ground, Line-to-Line, or Line-to-Line-to-Ground fault type for protective device sequence-of-operation study. This will change the Fault Insertion (PD Sequence-of-Operation) button accordingly.
Protective Devices Considered

Choose the maximum bus level away from the fault, which the study will check for protective device operation.
Protective Devices Operated

Choose the number of devices to flash on the one-line diagram in chronological order upon performing a Sequence-of-Operation Analysis. The default is set to 3 with a maximum of 9 devices to flash.
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Study Case Editor
16.2.4 Adjustment Page
Impedance Tolerance
This group allows the user to consider tolerance adjustments to equipment resistance and impedance. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent tolerance setting or based on a globally specified percent value.
Transformer
This adjustment is applied to the transformer impedance. The adjustment includes positive, negative, and zero sequence impedance depending on the type of fault being performed (3-Phase or LG, LLG, and LL). The net effect of the transformer impedance adjustment in short-circuit calculations is to decrease the impedance by the specified percent tolerance value. For example, if the transformer impedance is 12% and the tolerance is 10%, the adjusted impedance used in the short-circuit calculation will be 10.8%, resulting in a higher fault current. The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual transformers by using the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Transformer Editor. A global transformer impedance adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global impedance adjustment overrides any individual transformer tolerance value.
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Reactor
Study Case Editor
This adjustment is applied to the reactor impedance. The Star Mode Short-Circuit reduces the reactor impedance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the impedance of the reactor is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted reactor resistance used in the short-circuit calculation is 0.095 Ohm. The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual reactors by using the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Reactor Editor. A global reactor impedance adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global impedance adjustment overrides any individual reactor tolerance value.
Overload Heater
This adjustment is applied to the Overload Heater (OH) resistance. The Star Mode Short-Circuit reduces the OH resistance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller resistance and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the resistance of the OH is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted OH resistance used in the short-circuit calculation is 0.095 Ohm. The resistance adjustment can be applied to individual overload heaters by using the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Overload Heater Editor. A global overload heater resistance adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global resistance adjustment overrides any individual overload heater tolerance value. The adjustments only apply if the Cable/OL Heater option is selected for MV or LV motors.
Synchronous Machine Direct-Axis Subtransient Reactance (Xd) Adjustment

The direct-axis subtransient reactance (Xd) for a synchronous generator or a synchronous motor will always be adjusted by the Xd tolerance value entered in the Imp/Model page of the corresponding editor. The Star Mode Short-Circuit reduces the Xd value by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the Xd value is 10% and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted Xd value used in the short-circuit calculation is 9.5%.
Impedance Tolerance for IEC Minimum Short-Circuit Current Calculation

In general, to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the impedance tolerance value is taken as a negative value, resulting in a smaller impedance value. However, in an IEC short-circuit current calculation, if the Min (Exclude Duty Calc) option is selected in the Short-Circuit Current group of the Star Mode Study Case Standard page, the impedance tolerance value will be taken as a positive value. This leads to a larger impedance value and lower short-circuit current.
Impedance Tolerance (Length)

This group allows the user to consider tolerance adjustments to cable and transmission line length. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent tolerance setting or based on a globally specified percent value.
Cable Length
If you select this option, the Star Mode Short-Circuit reduces cable length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the length of the cable is 200 ft. and the tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted cable length used in the shortcircuit calculation is 190 ft.
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Study Case Editor
The Length Adjustment can be applied to individual cables by using the tolerance percent value specified on the Info page of the Cable Editor. A global cable length adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Star Mode Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global length adjustment overrides any individual cable tolerance value.
Transmission Line Length

If you select this option, the Star Mode Short-Circuit reduces the transmission line length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the length of the transmission line is 2 miles and the tolerance is 2.5%, then the adjusted transmission line length used in the short-circuit calculation is 1.95 miles. The length adjustment can be applied to individual lines by using the tolerance percent value specified on the Info page of the Transmission Line Editor. A global transmission line length adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global length adjustment overrides any individual transmission line tolerance value.
Length Tolerance for IEC Minimum Short-Circuit Current Calculation

In general, to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the length tolerance value is taken as a negative value, resulting in shorter length. However, in IEC short-circuit current calculation, if the Min (Exclude Duty Calc) option is selected in the Short-Circuit Current group of the Star Mode Study Case Standard page, the length tolerance value will be taken as a positive value. This leads to longer length and lower short-circuit current.
Resistance Temperature Correction

This group allows the user to consider resistance correction based on the minimum operating temperature for cable and transmission line conductors. Each temperature resistance correction can be applied based on the individual cable/line minimum temperature setting or based on a globally specified value.
Cable
This adjustment is applied to the cable conductor resistance. The Star Mode Short-Circuit adjusts the conductor resistance based on the minimum operating temperature. If the minimum operating temperature is less than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then its resistance is reduced. The temperature correction can be applied to individual cables by using the minimum operating temperature value specified on the Impedance page of the Cable Editor. A global temperature correction can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global minimum temperature value in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global temperature correction value overrides any individual Cable Impedance page minimum temperature. For more information, see the Cable Editor Impedance Page Section in Chapter 11, AC Elements.
Transmission Line
This adjustment is applied to the transmission line conductor resistance. The Star Mode Short-Circuit adjusts the conductor resistance based on the minimum operating temperature. If the minimum operating temperature is less than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then the resistance is reduced. The temperature correction can be applied to individual lines by using the minimum operating temperature value specified on the Impedance page of the Transmission Line Editor. A global
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Study Case Editor
temperature correction can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global minimum temperature value in the corresponding field on the Adjustment page of the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The global temperature correction value overrides any individual Transmission Line Impedance page minimum temperature. For more information, see the Impedance Page in the Transmission Line Editor Section of Chapter 11, AC Elements.
IEC Minimum Short-Circuit Current Calculation

In general, to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the resistance temperature correction is conducted according to the minimum operating temperature, resulting in a smaller resistance value. However, in an IEC short-circuit current calculation, if the Min (Exclude Duty Calc) option is selected in the Short-Circuit Current group of the Star Mode Study Case Standard page, the resistance temperature correction will be conducted according to the maximum operating temperature. This leads to a higher resistance value and lower short-circuit current.
Fault Zf
You can consider fault impedance in the unbalanced fault calculations. In this group, you specify the fault impedance to be applied to all the faulted buses. Depending on the type of faults applied to a bus, the specified fault impedance is assumed to be between locations as given below: For a line-to-ground fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between phase A and the ground. For a line-to-line fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between phase A and phase B. For a line-to-line-to-ground fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between the ground and the short-circuit point between phases A and B.
Include Fault Impedance Zf

Select this option to include fault impedance in the calculation. You can enter fault impedance in the R and X text boxes.
R and X
In these two editor boxes, you enter the fault impedance in either Ohms or percent, depending on the fault impedance unit selected. These values apply to all the faulted buses.
Ohm or %
You can enter the fault impedance in either Ohms or percent. If the Ohm option is selected, the values in the R and X Editor boxes are in Ohms. If you select the percent option, the values in the R and X Editor boxes are in percent based on 100 MVA and the nominal kV of the faulted bus.
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Display Options
16.3 Display Options

The Display Options - Star (PD Coordination) Editor consists of a Results page and pages for AC, ACDC, DC annotations and color theme information. The colors and displayed annotations selected for each study are specific to that study.
16.3.1 Results Page

The Results page of the Display Options is where you select different result annotations to be displayed in the one-line diagram. Depending on short-circuit study type, ANSI or IEC, this page gives you different options for 3-phase fault results. If the study type is for IEC Short-Circuit Analysis, you will see the Results page as shown below.
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Display Options
If the study type is for ANSI Short-Circuit Analysis, you will see the Results page as Cycle kA or 30 Cycle kA depending on the option chosen in the Star Mode Study Case.
Fault Type
Select to display the 3-Phase, Line-to-Ground, Line-to-Line, or Line-to-Line-to-Ground currents on the one-line diagram for Short-Circuit Clipping Analysis. For PD Sequence-of-Operation Analysis, the display result is fixed to the applied fault type.
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Display Options
For Line-to-Ground, Line-to-Line, or Line-to-Line-to-Ground fault the currents and voltages displayed are dependent on the selection as described below.
Fault I & V
For line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground faults you have the options of displaying the total fault current for every faulted bus, along with the phase and sequence values for both current and voltage. You can select to display the value of three times the zero sequence current (3Io) in kA, as well as the phase B (Vb) Voltage in kV.
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Display Options
You can select to display the positive sequence values for current (I1), negative sequence current (I2) and zero sequence current (I0) in kA, along with the positive sequence voltage (V1), negative sequence voltage (V2), and zero sequence voltage (Vo) in kV. You can select to display the fault current values for phases A, B, and C in kA along with their corresponding phase voltages in kV.
If multiple buses are faulted, the program shows the individual branch contributions for 3-phase and lineto-ground-faults only at the faulted bus level. If only one bus is faulted at a time, ETAP shows individual contributions from the entire system for all types of faults.
16.3.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
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Display Options
ID
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line diagram.
Rating
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the oneline diagram. Device Type Generator Power Grid (Utility) Rating kW/MW MVAsc
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Motor (Synchronous and Induction) Load/Panel Bus Node CB Fuse PT & CT Branch (Impedance and Reactor) Transformer Cable (Size) Line (Size) Relay
Display Options
HP/kW kVA/MVA and HP/kW and kvar/Mvar and Panel Phase kA Bracing (Asymm. RMS) Bus Bracing (Asymm. RMS kA) Rated Interrupting (kA) Interrupting (kA) Transformer Rated Turn Ratio Base MVA and Continuous Amps Rated kVA/MVA # of Cables - # of Conductor/Cable - Size Line Phase Conductor Code Display Tag for OC, Multi-Function, and MTR Relays
kV
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected elements on the one-line diagram. For transformers, the kV checkbox is replaced by %Tap checkbox which displays both transformer rated kV as well as total % Tap (Fixed Tap + LTC setting) for both two-winding and three-winding transformers. For cables/lines, the kV checkbox is replaced by type checkbox. This checkbox displays the cable/line conductor type (CU/AL) on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere) of the selected elements on the one-line diagram. For cables/lines, the Amp checkbox is replaced by the length checkbox. Select this checkbox to display the cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
D-Y
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the winding connection types of the selected elements on the one-line diagram. For circuit breakers, fuses and switches, the D-Y checkbox is replaced with N.O. checkbox. When checked, switching devices that are normally open have a N.O. designation on the one-line diagram. For relays, the D-Y checkbox is replaced with Tag checkbox. When checked, it displays user-defined tag for OC, Multi-Function, and Motor Relays.
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Z
Display Options
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the rated impedance of the selected AC elements on the one-line diagram. Device Type Generator Power Grid (Utility) Motor Branch (Impedance and Reactor) Transformer Impedance Subtransient reactance Xd Positive Sequence Impedance in % on 100 MVA base (R + j X) % LRC Impedance in % (R+jX) or Ohms Positive Sequence Impedance PS (%Z) for two-winding transformer and PS/PT/ST (%Z) for three-winding transformer Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in Ohms or per unit length) Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in Ohms or per unit length)
Cable Line
Use Default Options

Click on this checkbox to use ETAPs default display options.
Show Eq. Cable

This checkbox displays or hides equipment cables from the one-line diagram. Equipment cables are specified as part of the loads. Double-clicking on the equipment cable will bring up the Equipment Cable Editor.
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Display Options
16.3.3 AC DC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC-DC and DC elements.
ID
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC and DC elements on the one-line diagram.
Rating
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Display Options
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC and DC elements on the one-line diagram. Device Type Charger Inverter UPS VFD Battery Motor Load Composite CSD Converter Cable (Size) Rating AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA/MW) DC kW & AC kVA (or MW/MVA) kVA HP/kW Ampere Hour HP/kW kW/MW kW/MW kW/MW # of Cables - # of Conductor/Cable - Size
kV
Click on the checkboxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected elements on the one-line diagram. For DC elements, voltage units are changed from kV to V. For cables, the voltage checkbox is replaced with Type checkbox. When this checkbox is selected, cable conductor type (CU/AL) is displayed on the one-line diagram.
A
Click on the checkboxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the one-line diagram. Device Type Charger Inverter UPS Motor Load Composite CSD Converter Amp AC FLA & DC FLA DC FLA & AC FLA Input, output, & DC FLA FLA FLA FLA DC-DC Converter Input/Output FLA
For cables, the Amp checkbox is replaced by the Length checkbox. Select this checkbox to display the DC cable length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the checkboxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance branches on the one-line diagram. For CB, Fuse and Switch, the Z checkbox is replaced by the N.O. checkbox which displays N.O. annotation on the one-line when the switching devices are in normally open state.
Use Default Options

Click on this checkbox to use ETAPs default display options.
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Display Options
16.3.4 Colors Page

This page allows you to setup the colors used for displaying annotations on the one-line diagram.
Color Theme
Select the annotation colors specified in the Theme Editor by selecting the appropriate theme name.
Theme
Click this button to access the Theme Editor in order to quickly change the theme colors for annotations.
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Annotations
Display Options
Select the source of colors to be used for displaying annotations. Annotation colors can be used from the Display Options Editor or from the Theme Editor. By default, ETAP will use user-defined (Display Option Editor) colors to display annotation colors. Select the color for information annotations for AC, DC, AC-DC, Composites and Star Mode results to be displayed on the one-line diagram. Switch to Theme to use the selected theme annotation colors.
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Star Sequence-of-Operation
16.4 Star Sequence-of-Operation

With ETAP Star, not only can you work with the time-current curves, you can also determine the operating time of protective devices simply by placing a fault on the one-line diagram. The Sequence-ofOperations are automatically calculated and listed in an Event Viewer, which is dynamically linked with the one-line diagram. This one-step concept utilizes the intelligent one-line diagram and performs a complete set of actions to determine the operation of all protective devices. This includes internal shifting (normalizing) of each time-current characteristic curve based on the individual fault contribution level. Sequence-of-Operation provides a system wide solution for an accurate and realistic operating time and state of protective devices, such as relay, fuse, circuit breaker, trip devices, contactor, etc. The operation time is calculated for each protective device based on its settings, time current characteristic, and interlocks for a specified fault location and type.
Features & Capabilities

Graphically place a fault anywhere on the one-line diagram Automatically calculate and display the fault current contributions on the one-line diagram Determine the operating time and state of all protective devices based on the actual fault current contribution flowing through each individual device Globally view post fault actions and associated operating time via a tabulated event viewer Graphically examine the operation of protective devices via the one-line diagram Display / flash the tripped devices in chronological order on the one-line diagram
16.4.1 Protective Device Actions

The Sequence-of-Operation Study is essentially a time-domain simulation of protective devices action based on a user-specified fault location and type. Protective device actions are determined at different time instants (events). When a fault is placed on a valid bus or connector on the selected one-line diagram configuration, a shortcircuit study is performed in accordance with the selected Star Mode Study Case parameters. The calculated through fault current of each valid protective device is then compared with its settings, time current characteristic, and applicable interlocks to determine the operating time band. Protective device tripping actions can be categorized in two main groups: Integral Trip Non-Integral Trip
Integral Trip
The action of the integral trip components, such as low voltage circuit breaker (trip device), fuse, and overload heater, is based on the internal tripping mechanisms or melting elements of the device which in turn can cause the device to operate by melting or tripping, respectively.
Non-Integral Trip
Non-integral trip action of devices in power system is typically initiated by remote operation via a relay or shunt tripping by a sensing device. The operation of circuit breakers in power systems are often controlled via a relay or through a lock-out device. In the case of current sensing relays, the current transformer will sense the fault current based on its relative location to the fault and the magnitude as well as the type of the fault current. When the operating current exceeds that of the relay characteristic setting,
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the relay will signal its pre-programmed trip contacts to operate accordingly. For instance, a current relay will trip off circuit breakers once the measured current by relay exceeds a pre-set value. To use relaycontrolled actions, you can add a relay and connect it to the one-line diagram via a PT or CT, depending on the type of relay. Next in the Relay Editor, the user specifies the relay-controlled device ID, action, time delay, and other data related to the selected relay operation. During the SQOP simulation, if a relay setting is met, then its controlled device (i.e., HVCB) will take an action as specified in the Relay Editor. This method avoids requesting to give a pre-defined action time and is a true resemblance to power system real operating conditions. The following table shows the list of relay-interlocked devices as well as their inherent operating time delay. Device Type ANSI HVCB IEC HVCB ANSI LVCB (PCB) ANSI LVCB (MCCB, ICCB) IEC LVCB SPST Contactor Operating Time Operating cycles as specified in the HVCB Editor Min delay as specified in the HVCB Editor 3 cycles per IEEE Std 1584-2002 1.5 cycle per IEEE Std 1584-2002 Min delay as specified in the LVCB Editor No time delay Drop out time delay as specified in the Contactor Editor
Note that the operating time for Close and Open actions are assumed to be the same.
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16.4.2 Sequence-of-Operation Events Viewer
Header
The first part of the header includes information regarding the type and location of the fault. The second section of the header includes information on data revision, system configuration, and date for which the study was performed.
Time
This is the total event time (in milliseconds) from the initiation of the fault in sequential order.
ID
Displays the Protective Device Identifier
If (kA)
Through fault current in kA as seen by the protective device. The fault current component that is used to determine the operating time of a protective device is based on the current sensing characteristic of that device. For example, a fuse may operate for phase and ground fault current depending on the fault current magnitude where as a ground relay will only operate for ground fault. For relays the current sensing characteristics is defined by the relay trip elements such as Phase, Ground, Neutral, Sensitive Ground, Negative Sequence, etc. Furthermore, the location and type of the CT connected to a relay determine the current sensing characteristic of the relay. For example, a Negative Sequence trip element of a relay will operate for negative sequence current (I2) component of a ground fault. Similarly, for a ground fault, the
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ground trip element of a low voltage solid-state trip device will operate for 3I0 current component (where as a phase trip element of the LVSST will operate for line current (Ia).
T1 (ms)
Operating time event 1 in milliseconds for the protective device. This is the initial tripping or minimum time of the device where applicable. For example, T1 represents the minimum melting time of the fuse or the minimum trip time of a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker.
T2 (ms)
Operating time event 2 in milliseconds. This is the final tripping or maximum time of the device where applicable. For example, T1 represents the total clearing time of the fuse or the maximum trip time of a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker. Note that T2 will be zero for device with a single band or definite operating time (i.e., HVCB operating time).
Condition
This column includes pertinent information regarding the device action. For relays this will include the particular trip function and level for which the relay has operated on.
Footer
Include information on assumption or exception for Sequence-of-Operation Analysis.
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Required Data
16.5 Required Data

Bus Data
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculation for buses includes: Nominal kV (when the prefault voltage option is set to use nominal kV) %V (when the prefault voltage option is set to use bus voltage) Type (such as MCC, switchgear, etc.) and continuous and bracing ratings
Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors (i.e., 3-Winding Transformer, 2-Winding Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance). Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for branches include: Branch Z, R, X, Y, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperatures, if applicable Cable and transmission line length and unit Transformer rated kV and MVA Base kV and MVA of impedance branches
For unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations, you will also need: Zero sequence impedances Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and grounding parameters
Power Grid Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for utilities include: Nominal kV %V and Angle 3-Phase MVAsc and X/R
For unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations, you will also need: Grounding types and parameters Single-Phase MVAsc and X/R
Synchronous Generator Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for synchronous generators include: Rated MW, kV, and power factor Xd, Xd, and X/R Generator type IEC exciter type
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Required Data
For unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations, you will also need: Grounding types and parameters X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance) X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)
Inverter Data
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for inverters include: Rated MW, kV, and power factor K factor in the Rating page
Synchronous Motor Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for synchronous motor includes: Rated kW/hp and kV and the number of poles Xd and X/R % LRC, Xd, and Tdo for IEC Standard
For unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations, you will also need: Grounding types and parameters X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance) X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)
Induction Motor Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for induction motors include: Rated kW/hp and kV X/R plus one of the following: Xsc at cycle and 1.5-4 cycle if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set to Xsc, or %LRC if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set to Std MF % LRC, Xd, and Td for IEC Standard
For unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations, you will also need: Grounding types and parameters X0 X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)
Lumped Load Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for lumped load includes: Rated MVA and kV
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% motor load % LRC, X/R, and Xsc for cycle and 1.5-4 cycle X, X, and Td for IEC Standard
Required Data
Additional data for unbalanced short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations include: Grounding types and parameters
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for high voltage circuit breakers include: ANSI Standard Circuit Breaker: Max kV Rated Int. (rated interrupting capability) Max Int. (maximum interrupting capability) C & L rms (rms value of closing and latching capability) C & L Crest (crest value of closing and latching capability) Standard Cycle IEC Standard Circuit Breaker: Rated kV Min. Delay (minimum delay time in second) Making (peak current) AC Breaking (rms AC breaking capability) Ithr (short-circuit withstand current) Tk (duration of short-circuit withstand current) ETAP calculates the interrupting capabilities of the circuit breaker from the rated and maximum interrupting capabilities. This value is calculated at the nominal kV of the bus that the circuit breaker is connected to.
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Data

Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for low voltage circuit breakers include: ANSI Standard Circuit Breaker: Type (power, molded case, or insulated case) Rated kV Interrupting (interrupting capability) Test PF IEC Standard Circuit Breaker: Type (power, molded case, or insulated case) Rated kV Min. Delay (minimum delay time in second) Making (peak current) Breaking (rms AC breaking capability)
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Ithr (short-circuit withstand current) Tk (duration of short-circuit withstand current)
Required Data
Trip Device Trip device type library parameters Device settings / TCC curves
Fuse Data
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for fuses include: Fuse library data including Size and TCC curves
ANSI Standard Fuse: Fuse rated kV Interrupting (interrupting capability) Test PF IEC Standard Fuse: Fuse rated kV Breaking (rms AC breaking capability) Test PF
Overload Heater/49
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for OLH/49 includes: Resistance / Tolerance OLH library parameters
CT/PT Data
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for CT and PT includes: Bus or Branch or Source or Load Connections Rating (Ratio)
Relay/MVSST Data
Required data for short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) calculations for Relay includes: CT/PT Connections / Assignments Interlocked Devices, Device ID, Action, Delay, Setting, Unit Relay/MVSST Library parameters including settings and TCC curves
Other Data
There are some study case related data which must also be provided. You can enter this data into the Star Mode Study Case Editor. The data includes: Standard (ANSI/IEC)
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Required Data
XFMR tap option (transformer tap modeling method) Prefault voltage Fault type (Phase / Ground) Sequence-of-Operation Fault value (Asym/Sym) Sequence-of-Operation Bus levels to be considered Sequence-of-Operation Faulted buses Cable/OL Heater (select this option to include cable and overload heater elements) Adjustments
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Output Reports
16.6 Output Reports

ETAP provides short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) clipping kA as well as Sequenceof-Operation Study Output Reports with different levels of detail, depending on your requirements. The following are just some examples that show this flexibility. ETAP reports show total and individual fault current contributions for all the different types of faults.
16.6.1 View Output Reports from Study Case Toolbar

This is a shortcut for the Report Manager. When you click on the View Output Report button, ETAP automatically opens the output report that is listed in the Study Case toolbar with the selected format. In the picture shown below, the output report name is SM and the selected format is Adjustments.
16.6.2 Star Mode Report Manager

To open the Star Mode Report Manager, simply click on the Report Manager button on the Star Mode Study toolbar. The editor includes four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) representing different sections of the Output Report. The Report Manager allows you to select formats available for different portions of the report and view it via Crystal Reports. There are several fields and buttons common to every page, as described below.
Output Report Name

This field displays the name of the output report you want to view.
Project File Name

This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the directory where the project file is located.
Help
Click on this button to access Help. OK/Cancel
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Output Reports
Click on the OK button to close the editor and open the Crystal Reports view to show the selected portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply close the editor. Click on the Cancel button to close the editor without viewing the report.
Select Report Viewer Application

Choose the appropriate application to open the selected report in Crystal Report Viewer, Adobe PDF, Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel.
16.6.3 Input Data Page

This page allows you to select different formats for viewing input data, grouped according to type, including Bus, Cable, Cover, Adjustments, Generator, Loads, Reactor, Transformer, UPS, and Utility.
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Output Reports
16.6.4 Result Page

This page allows you to select formats to view the short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) result portion of the Output Report. The same applies for IEC faults.
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Output Reports
16.6.5 Summary Page

This page allows you to select formats to view Summary Reports of the Output Report. Note that if the Sequence-of-Operation Study Output Report is selected, the Summary page will include an additional report for the Sequence-of-Operation Summary.
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Output Reports
16.6.6 Complete Page

In this page you can select the Complete Report in Crystal Reports format, which brings up the complete report for the short-circuit (Clipping kA and Sequence-of-Operation) Study. The Complete Report includes Input Data, Results, and Summary Reports.
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Chapter 16

Star Device Coordination Analysis

Operation Technology, Inc.

ETAP 7.5.2 User Guide

Star Device Coordination

Star Mode Toolbar

16.1 Star Mode Toolbar

Create Star View

Append to Star View

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Star Device Coordination

Star Mode Toolbar

Filter Star View list by selected component(s)

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Star Mode Toolbar

Run / Update Short-Circuit Clipping kA

Fault Insertion (PD Sequence-of-Operation)

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Star Device Coordination

Star Mode Toolbar

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Star Device Coordination

Star Mode Toolbar

List Output Reports Button

Device Settings Reports

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Star Mode Toolbar

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Star Mode Toolbar

Halt Current Calculation

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Study Case Editor

16.2 Study Case Editor

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Star Device Coordination

Study Case Editor

16.2.1 Info Page

Use Nominal Tap

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Study Case Editor

Motor Contribution Based on

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Star Device Coordination

Study Case Editor

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