Spacecraft and Aircraft Dynamics

Matthew M. Peet
Illinois Institute of Technology

Lecture 5: Hyperbolic Orbits

Introduction

In this Lecture, you will learn: Hyperbolic orbits Hyperbolic Anomaly

Keplers Equation, Again. How to nd r and v

A Mission Design Example Introduction to the Orbital Plane

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Given t, nd r and v
For elliptic orbits: 1. Given time, t, solve for Mean Anomaly M (t) = nt 2. Given Mean Anomaly, solve for Eccentric Anomaly M (t) = E e sin E 3. Given eccentric anomaly, solve for true anomaly tan f = 2 1+e E tan 1e 2

4. Given true anomaly, solve for r r(t) = a(1 e2 ) 1 + e cos f (t)

Does this work for Hyperbolic Orbits? Lets recall the angles.
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What are these Angles?

True Anomaly, f ()

The angle the position vector, r makes with the eccentricity vector, e. The angle the position vector makes with periapse.

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What are these Angles?

Eccentric Anomaly, E

Measured from center of ellipse to a auxiliary reference circle.

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What are these Angles?

Mean Anomaly

M (t) = 2

t AP F V = 2 T AEllipse

The fraction of area of the ellipse which has been swept out, in radians.
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Relationships between M, E, and f

M vs. E

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Relationships between M, E, and f

M vs. f

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Problems with Hyperbolic Orbits

The orbit does not repeat (no

period, T )
We cant use T = 2 a3

What is mean motion, n? No reference circle Eccentric Anomaly is Undened

Note: In our treatment of hyperbolae, we do NOT use the Universal Variable approach of Prussing/Conway and others.

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Solutions for Hyperbolic Orbits

Reference Hyperbola

We will not get into details!

dened using the reference hyperbola, tangent at perigee

x2 y 2 = 1
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Recall your Hyperbolic Trig.

Cosh and Sinh

Relate area of reference hyperbola to lengths.

Yet another branch of mathematics developed for solving orbits (Lambert).
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Hyperbolic Anomaly

Hyperbolic Anomaly, H is a measure of Area. Hyperbolic Trig gives a relationship to true anomaly, which is

tanh
Alternatively,

H 2 f 2

e1 tan e+1 e+1 tanh e1

f 2 H 2
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tan
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Lecture 5: Spacecraft Dynamics

Hyperbolic Keplers Equation

To solve for position, we redene mean motion, n, and mean anomaly, M , to get

Denition 1 (Hyperbolic Keplers Equation).

M= t = e sinh(H) H a3

Newton Iteration for Hyperbolic Anomaly: Hk+1 = Hk + with H1 = M . M e sinh(Hk ) + Hk e cosh(Hk ) 1

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Relationship between M and f for Hyperbolic Orbits

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Example: Jupiter Flyby

Problem: Suppose we want to make a yby of Jupiter. The relative velocity at approach is v = 10km/s. To achieve the proper turning angle, we need an eccentricity of e = 1.07. Radiation limits our time within radius r = 100, 000km to 1 hour (radius of Jupiter is 71, 000km). Will the spacecraft survive the yby?
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Example: Jupiter Flyby

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Example Continued
Solution: First solve for a and p. = 1.267E8.
The total energy of the orbit is

given by Etot = 1 2 v 2

The total energy is expressed as

E= which yields a=

1 2 = v 2a 2

= 1.267E6 2 v

The parameter is

p = a(1 e2 ) = 1.8359E5
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Example Continued

We need to nd the time between r1 = 100, 000km and r2 = 100, 000km. Find f at each of these points.
Start with the conic equation:

r(t) =
Solving for f ,

p 1 + e cos f (t) r 1 e ep

f1,2 = cos1
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= 64.8 deg
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Lecture 5: Spacecraft Dynamics

Example Continued
Given the true anomalies, f1,2 , we want to nd the associated times, t1,2 . Only solve for t2 , get t1 by symmetry. First nd Hyperbolic Anomaly, H2 = tanh1 e1 tan e+1 f2 2 = .1173

Now use Hyperbolic anomaly to nd mean anomaly

M2 = e sinh(H2 ) H2 = .0085
This is the easy direction. No Newton iteration required. t2 is now easy to nd

t2 = M 2

a3 = 1076.6

Finally, we conclude t = 2 t2 = 2153s = 35min. So the spacecraft survives.

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The Orbital Elements

So far, all orbits are parameterized by 3 parameters
semimajor axis, a eccentricity, e true anomaly, f

a and e dene the geometry of the orbit. f describes the position within the orbit (a proxy for time).
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The Orbital Elements

Note: We have shown how to use a, e and f to nd the scalars r and v.

Question: How do we nd the vectors r and v? Answer: We have to determine how the orbit is oriented in space. Orientation is determined by vectors e and h. We need 3 new orbital elements
Orientation can be determined by 3 rotations.
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Inclination, i

Angle the orbital plane makes with the reference plane.

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Right Ascension of Ascending Node,

Angle measured from reference direction in the reference plane to intersection with orbital plane.

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Argument of Periapse,

Angle measured from reference plane to point of periapse.

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Summary

This Lecture you have learned: Hyperbolic orbits Hyperbolic Anomaly

Keplers Equation, Again. How to nd r and v

A Mission Design Example Introduction to the Orbital Plane

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Summary

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