FUZZY LOGIC BASED POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER

N.Nallathambi, P.N.Neelakantan
nalls 132002@yahoo.co.in can become unstable because of the collapse of load voltage. Maintenance of synchronism is not an issue in this instance instead, the concern is stability and control of voltage. An effective way to meet the conflicting exciter performance requirements with regard to system stability is to provide a power system stabilizer. The conventional power system stabilizers work well at the particular network configuration and steady state conditions for which they were designed. Once conditions change the performance degrades. This can be overcome by an intelligent non-linear PSS based on fuzzy logic. Such a fuzzy logic power system stabilizer is developed, using speed and power deviation. as inputs and provide an auxiliary signal for the excitation system of a synchronous motor. In this thesis, the FLPSSs effect on the system damping is then compared with a conventional PSS and without PSS 141.

Abstract
Power system stabilizers must be capable of providing appropriate stabilization signals over a broad range of operating conditions and disturbances. Traditional PSS rely on robust linear design methods. In an attempt to cover a wide range of operating conditions, expert or rule based controllers have also been proposed. Recently, fuzzy logic as a novel robust control design method has shown promising results. In this thesis, a systematic approach to fuzzy logic control design is proposed. This paper presenrs a study offuzzy logic power system stabilizer f o r stability enhancement of a two-area four machine system. In order I O accomplish the stability enhancement, speed deviation (Am) and acrive power deviation (AP) of the rotor synchronous generator were taken as the inputs to the fuzzy logic controller. These variables take significanr effects on damping the generator shafi mechanical oscillations. The stabilizing signals were computed using f i z z y membership function depending on these variables. The performance of the system with fuzzy logic PSS is compared with the conventional PSS and the system without PSS.
Key words: FLPSS, PSS,CPSS,FLC

2. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

Fuzzy logic is a derivative from classical Boolean logic and implements soft .linguistic variables on a continuous range of truth values to be defined between conventional binary. It can often be considered a suspect of conventional set theory. Since fuzzy logic handles approximate information in a systematic way, it is ideal for controlling non-linear systems and for modeling complex systems where an inexact model exists or systems where ambiguity or vagueness is common. A typical fuzzy system consists of a rule base, membership functions and an inference procedure

1. INTRODUCTION
Power system stability may be broadly defined as that property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of the maintaining synchronous operations. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially, in-step. This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angle and power-angle relationships. Instability may also be encountered without loss of synchronism. For example, a system consisting of a synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load through a transmission line

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Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional Boolean logic that has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth-truth-values between completely true and completely false.

2.1. Fuzzy subsets In classical set theory, a subset U of asset S can be defined as a mapping from the elements of S to the elements the subset [ 0, I ] , U:S + (0.1) The mapping may be represented as a set of ordered pairs, with exactly one ordered pair present for each element of S. The first element of the ordered pair is an element of the set S, and the

0-7803-8655-8/04/$20.0002004 IEEE

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second element is an element of the set (0,l). The value zero is used to represent non-membership, and the value one is used to represent complete membership. The truth or falsity of the statement 'X is in U' is determined by finding the ordered pair whose first element is X.The statement is true if the second element of the ordered pair is 1, and the statement is false if it is 0.

varying from negative big (NB) to positive big (PB). Each subset is associated with a triangular membership function to form a set of seven membership functions for each fuzzy variable. The membership function for each linguistic variable is given in figures 2.4.1.

2.2. Merits of fuzzy logic

The reasons why fuzzy logic is used are as follows

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1. An alternative design methodology, which is simpler and faster. 2. It reduces the design development cycle.

3. It simplifies design complexity. A better alternative solution to non-linear control. 5. It improves control performance. 6. It is simple to implement. 7. It reduces hardware cost.
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23. Design procedure The fuzzy logic controller ( n C ) design consists of the following steps [ 5 ] . 1. Identification of input and output variables. 2. Construction of control rules. 3. Establishing the approach for describing system state in terms of fuzzy sets, i.e., establishing fuzzification method and fuzzy membership functions. 4. Selection of the compositional rule of inference. 5. Defuzzification method, i.e., transformation of the fuzzy control statement into specific control actions., Steps 1 and 2 are application specific and typically straightforward. There are several approaches to Steps 4 and 5 but most of the literature reports using minimum implication and center-of-gravity defuzzification. The design methodology in this tutorial centers on forming general rule membership functions and then determining parameters based on observed response to a disturbance.
2.4. Membersbip function
The linguistic variables chosen for this controller are speed deviation, active power deviation and voltage. In this, the speed deviation and active power deviation are the input linguistic variables and voluge is the output linguistic variable. Each of the input and output fuzzy variables is assigned seven linguistic fuzzy subsets

w w w Fig 2.4.1 Membership function of the linguistic variables

2.5. Fuzzy rule base The linguistic terms chosen for this controller are seven. They are negative large (NL), negative medium (NM), negative small (NS), zero (Z), positive small (PS), positive medium (PM) and positive large (PL). After assigning the input,

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output ranges to define fuzzy sets, mapping each of the possible seven input fuzzy values of speed deviation, active power deviation to the seven output fuzzy values is done through a rule base. Thus the fuzzy associative memory (FAM) comes into picture. The rules are framed keeping in mind the nature of the system performance and the common sense. The fuzzy associate memory (FAM) table is developed as shown below.
Active power deviation NM NS 2 PS PM

The two area four machine test system is developed using MATLABmodel SIMULINK.The fuzzy logic controller is separately designed in FIS editor and then it is interfaced with the simulink model.
4. SIMULATION STUDY

To investigate the two-area four-machine system performance the following disturbances were considered in the simulation studies [I].

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0 L G fault at any one of the phase 4 Three phase to ground fault .

4.1. Single Phase Fault

Figure4.1.1.Shows the system performance of with out PSS for single phase to ground fault occurs on the line 1 at 110 km. A single-phase fault were applied at 1.O sec and cleared at 1.2 sec. Figure 4.1.2.shows the various system responses under delta w PSS. Figure 4.1.3 shows the various system responses of the fuzzy logic power system stabilizer. It should be noted that the oscillation under system with fuzzy logic PSS decays faster than under system with delta w PSS. Fuzzy logic power system stabilizer achieves a significantly fast damping for power flow from bus 1 to bus 2.

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3. TEST SYSTEM The test system consists of two fully

symmemcal areas linked together by two 230 kV lines of 220 km length. It was specifically designed in [2, 31 to study low frequency electromechanical oscillations in large interconnected power systems. Each area is equipped with two identical round mtor generators rated 20 kVlSOO MVA. The synchronous machines have identical parameters [2, 3,except for inertias which are H = 6.5s in area 1 and H = 6.175s in area 2 [3].

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The load is represented as constant impedances and split between the areas in such a way that area 1 is exporting 413MW to area 2. The reference load-flow with M2 considered the slack machine is such that all generators are producing about 700 MW each. T h e other parameters of the system are given in the appendix.

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Fig4.2.2 System Response with Delta-o PSS The simulation results shows, the fuzzy logic controller applied to a power system stabilizer provided better dynamic response than the conventional power system stabilizer and the system with fuzzy logic power system stabilizer is

A three-phase fault of 0.2sec duration is simulated at line 1. Figure 4.2.1 shows the response of system under with out PSS.Figure 4.2.2 presents the result of the examined power system under delta-w PSS. Figure 4.2.3.shows the response of system with fuzzy logic power system stabilizer.

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the best one since it is effective for all test conditions.

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5. CONCLUSION
This thesis has been proposed a fuzzy logic based power system stabilizer for two-area fourmachine system. The performances of the system during single-phase and three-phase fault conditions are performed. The resultant characteristics of speed deviation, active power deviation, terminal voltage and active power transfer from bus1 to bus 2 are observed for the two conditions mentioned above. The test also done for delta-omega stabiliTer and without power system stabilizer. For the disturbance investigated, the fuzzy logic power system stabilizer (FLPSS) has increased the damping of the system causing it to settle back to steady state in much less time than the conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS). The FLPSS, though rather basic in its control proves that it is indeed a good controller due to its simplicity.

[2] M.Klein, G.J.Rogers, S.Moorty, P.Kundur, Analytical investigation of factors influencing power system stabilizers performance, IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, Vo1.7, No.3, Sep 1992. [3] P Kundur, POWER SITEM S T A B I L I ~ A N D CONTROL, McGraw-Hill, 1994. [4] Abdel latif elshafei, Khaled EI-Metwally, Adel shaltout, Design and analysis of a variable structure adaptive fuzzy-logic power system stabilizer, Proceedings of the American control conference, June 2000 [5] K.Tomsovic, Fuzzy systems applications to power systems, IEEE PES Tutorial,july2000. [6] P.Hoang, K.Tomsovic, Design and analysis of an adaptive fuzzy power system stabilizer, IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, vol.11, No.2, June 1996. [7] Hamid A.Toliyat, Javad sadeh, Reza ghazi, Design of augmented fuzzy logic power system stabilizers to enhance power systems stability IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, vol.l1, No.1, march 1996. [SI C.T.TSE, S.K.TS0, Refinement of conventional PSS design in multimachine system by modal analysis, IEEE Transactions on power systems, Vo1.8, No.2, May 1993. [9] Timothy J.Rose, FUZZY LOGIC WITH ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, Mc - Graw Hill.Inc, Newyork, 1997. [IO] KRajasekaran, G.A.Vijayalakshmi pai, NEURAL NETWORKS, FUZZY-LOGIC AND GENETIC ALGORITHMS SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS, Prentice-Hall of India, 2001. [I I] http://www.aptronix.com.

APPENDIX Generator: The generator parameters in per unit on the rated MVA and kV base are as follows &=I3 Xq=1.7 x1=0.2 Xd=0.3 Xq=0.55 Xd=0.25 X,=0.25 R,=0.0025 Tdo=S.Os T,o=Ods Tdo=0.03s T,o=0.05s
A,.,=0.015 B,.,=9.6 Y~l=0.9

REFERENCES [I] Md.Shah Majid, Hasirnah Abd Rahman, Othman B.Jais, Study of fuzzy logic power system stabilizer, Student conference on research and development proceedings, 2002.

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H=6.5(for G I and G2) H=6.175(for G3 and G4) KD=O

Transformer: Each step-up transformer has an impedance of O+jO.OS per unit o n 900 MVA aiid 20/230 kV base. Transmission line: The parameters of the lines in per unit on100 MVA, 230 kV base are I= 0.0001pdkm X, = 0.001pulkm b,= 0.00175pu/km Loading of generating units: GI: P=700MW,Q=185 MVAr, E,=1.03L20.Z0 G2: P=700 MW, Q=235 MVAr, E,=I.OI L 10.5 G3: P=719MW, Q=176MVAr. EI=1.03L-6.8 G 4 P=700MW, Q=202 MVAr.E,=I.O1L-17.OD Loads: The loads and reactive power supplied (Qc) by the shunt capacitors at buses 7 and 9 are as follows Bus7: Pl.=967MW, QL=IOOMVi\r; Qc=ZOO MVAr Bus9: PL=1767MW,QL=IOOMV.Ar, Qc=350MVAr Delta o PSS:
K~=200.0 TR=O.Ol Ks.rA~=20.0 Tw= 10.0 T,=0.05 T2=0.02 T3=3.0 Ta=5.4

Tw - Washout time constant KA- Exciter gain V,- Stabilizing input signal Am,,-Dcrived or equivalent speed deviation M - Moment of inertia AP,,-CIxnge in mechanical power input Ape .Cli:in:e in electrical power output Q,.-LOntI rcactive power PG-Generator real power Tdo- Direct axis sub transient time constant T,- Quadrature axis sub transient time constant Rs- Stator resistance PL-Load real power Qc-Get:erator reactive power Xd- Cirect axis sub transient reactance X, - Qaadrature axis sub trarrsient reactance TdoDirect axis transient time constant T,Qadrature axis transient time constant Ao,.-Speed deviation AEcd-Change in field voltage PSS - Pawer system stabilizer FLPSS - Fuzzy logic power system stabilizer MBF - Membership function FIS - Fi.2zy inference system FLC -F.izzy logic controller FAM - Fuzzy associative memory CPSS -Conventional power system stabilizer

Nomenclature: X, - Direct axis reactance X, - Quadratui-e axis reactance Xld - Direct axis transient reaclaiicc X, - Quadrature axis transient re:ictance G,,(s)- Power system srabilizer transfer Sunction GJs)-Exciter transfer function BE, -Change in terminal voltagc KD- Damping torque coefficient Hs Inertia constant ooRated speed in elec.rad/sec , - Lap lace operator ATe -Change in electrical torquc V,e, - Reference voltage AT; .Change in mechanical corc;iie KsTns - Stabilizer gain

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