STUDY NOTE-1

ARITHMETIC
RATIO AND PROPORTION
1.1 Ratio : The ratio between two quantities a and b of same kind is obtained by dividing a by b and is denoted by a : b. Inverse Ratio : For the ratio a : b, inverse ratio is b : a . A ratio remains unaltered if its terms are multiplied or divided by the same number. a: b = am : bm (multiplied by m) (divided by m 0) mb : ma a : b Thus 2 : 3 = 22 : 32 = 4 : 6, again 4 : 6 4 : 6 2 : 3 22 If a = b, the ratio a : b is known as ratio of equality. If a > b, then ratio a : b is known as ratio of greater inequality i.e. 7 : 4 And for a < b, ratio a : b will be the ratio of Lesser inequality i.e. 4 : 7. Proportion : The equality of two ratios is called the proportion thus 2 : 3 = 8 : 12 is written as 2 : 3 : : 8 : 12 and we say 2, 3, 8, 12 are in proportion. In proportion the first and fourth terms are known as extremes, while second and third terms are known as means. In proportion, product of

Few Terms : 1. Continued proportions : The quantities a, b, c, d, e.. are said to be in continued proportion of a : b = b : c = ..Thus 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, .. are in continued proportion as 1 : 3 = 3 : 9 = 9 : 27 = 27 : 81 = 2. Compound Proportion : If two or more ratios are multiplied together then they are known as compounded. Thus a1 a2 a3 : b1 b2 b3 is a compounded ratios of the ratios a1 : b1 ; a2 : b2 and a3 : b3. This method is also known as compound rule of three.

Derived Proportion : Given quantities a, b, c, d are in proportion. (1) Invertendo : If a : b = c : d then b : a = d : c (2) Alternendo : If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (3) Componendo and Dividendo

sum (or difference)of numerators divided by / sum(or difference) of denominators

1.2 AVERAGE : The arithmetic average or arithmetic mean or simple mean of a number of quantities is the sum of

the quantities divided by their number. If x1, x2,.,x3, are the n numbers, then the average X is given by Thus we find, average sum of quantities divided by number of quantities or, average number of quantities equal to = sum of quantities. If there are n quantities x1, x2,.,xn and w1, w2,.wn are their respective weights, then the weighted arithmetic average is given

1.3 MIXTURE : Problems of mixture can be classified into two waysDirect and Inverse. In case of direct problems, if the individual price of the different ingredients and the proportion in which they are to mixed are given, we can find the price of mixture. Formula. Price of mixture (per unit quantity) equal to = Total cost divided by total quantity In case of inverse problems, we are to find the proportions of the ingredients are given. Rule. First kind; gain per kg. (example. difference) = 20 Second kind per kg. loss = 10 First : Second = 10 : 20 = 1 : 2 example. First : Second = diff. of second : diff. of first. WORKING RULE : (1) All the prices must be expressed in the same unit. (2) The cost price (C.P.) of the mixture must lie in-between the cost prices of the other ingredients. (3) All prices used should be cost prices. If in some cases, the selling price of the mixture at profit or loss is given, find the corresponding cost price. (4) Now applying the following formula to find the required ratio 1st kind equal to difference of C.P of mixture with that of 2nd kind divided by 2nd kind equal difference of C.P of mixture with that of 1st kind ,, Alternatively : 1st kind is too : 2nd kind = 2nd difference is to : 1st difference Mixture of three or more kinds : Problems regarding the mixture containing three or more kinds are also solved in similar way. At first, two kinds are to be selected, one of which is at a higher price than the average price while the other at a lower price. Similar treatment is made for the other two and so on, till all the kinds are taken at least once. It may be noted that such problems give infinite number of solutions.

Note. The values of x and y in (A) should be chosen such that after substituting the values of x and y in (A) . L.H.S. does not become negative.

On withdrawal : Rule. Original quantity of liquid in vessel = x units (say) from which if y units being withdrawn and replaced in same quantity of water for n operations (repeated), then amount of liquid left = x

and replaced in same quantity of water for n operations (repeated), then amount of liquid left =

x * into bracket 1 - ( minus ) y divided by x into bracket nth units

.4 INTEREST : The price to be paid for the use of a certain amount of money (called principal) for a certain period is known as Interest. The interest is payable yearly, half-yearly, quarterly of monthly. The sum of the principal and interest due at any time, is called the Amount at that time. The rate of interest is the interest charged for one unit of principal for one year and is denoted by (i) . If the principal is Rupees. 100 then the interest charged for one year is usually called the rate of interest percent per annum, and is denoted by r. For example, if the principal is Rupees. 100 and the interest rupees. 3, then we say usually that the rate of interest is Rupees. 3 percent annum (or r = 3 %) Here I is equal to = 3 divided by 100 = thats is equal 0.03 (example .interest for 1rupee for one year). Simple interest is calculated always on the original principal for the total period for which the sum (principal) is used. Let P be the principal (original) n be the number of years for which the principal is used r be the rate of interest p.a. I be the simple interest i be the rate of interest per unit (i.e. interest on Rupees. 1 for one year)] Now I = P into .i into .n, where I = equal to R divided by 100

Amount A = P + I = P + P. i. n = P (1+ i. into n) example So formula to calculate interest is A equal too = P into bracket of ( 1 + n into .i ) Observation. So here we find four unknown A, P, i., n, out of which if any there are known, the fourth one can be calculated. Interest on installment basis : For purchasing costly goods, instead of each down price, installment payment is introduced. In that case, the seller charges some interest,

1.5 DISCOUNTING OF BILLS : Few Definitions : Present Value (P.V.) : Present value of a given sum due at the end of a given period is that sum which together with its interest of the given period equals to the given sum example : Present Value (P.V ). + Int. on Present Value. = sum due Sum due is also known as Bill Value (B.V.) Symbols : If A equal to= Sum due at the end of n years, P refers to = Present value, i = interest of Rupee. 1 for 1 year. N equal to = unexpired period in years, then A equal to = P + P into n into i which equal to = P (1+n i).(i) so formula to calculate discounting of bills equal to = P into bracket ( 1 +n into I ) or P equal to = A divided by 1 + n into I . True Discount (T.D) : True discount of a given sum due at the end of a given period, is the interest on the present value of the given sum example T.D equal . = P into n into I . 2 . T.D. equal to = Interest. Of Present value. = amount due minus Present value example . T.D. = A minus P

Again T.D. =A into n into I divided by 1 + n into i

BILL OF EXCHANGE : This is a written undertaking (or document) by the debtor to a creditor for paying certain sum of money on a specified future date. A bill thus contains (i) the drawer (ii) the drawee (iii) the payee. A specimen of bill is as follows

Bill of Exchange is two kinds (1) Bill of exchange after date, in which the date of maturity is counted from the date of drawing the bill. (2) Bill of exchange after sight, in which the date of maturity is counted from the date of accepting the bill. The date on which a bill becomes due is called nominal due date. If now three days, added with this nominal due date, the bill becomes legally due. Thus three days are known as days of grace. Bankers Discount (B.D.) & Bankers Gain (B.G.): Bankers discount (B.D.) is the interest on B.V. and difference between B.D. and T.D. is B.G. example. Bankers Discount .equal to = interest on Bill Value equal to a into n into I .