Works Cited Primary Sources 1967 ABC News Report on Loving Case. ABC News Video. 06 May 2008.

Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://abcnews.go.com/US/video?id=3278653> The multimedia on this source gives a firsthand account of the feelings and thoughts of Mildred and Richard Loving about their winning court case. It states the reason why they finally decided to go to court and what they did to get there. The multimedia cuts are present on The Loving Story page and The Case page. "After 40 Years, Interracial Marriage Fluorishing." NBCNews [New York] 15 Apr. 2007: n. pag. Print. This is a primary source because it is written in recent times and it explains the historical significance of interracial marriages. It helps prove our thesis by providing data that shows that there are more interracial couples than ever and the number is steadily increasing. Brown, C.J. Opinion of the Georgia Supreme Court on Interracial Marriage. Great Neck Publishing. 2009. Web. 08 Oct. 2012. <http://0web.ebscohost.com.torofind.csudh.edu/ehost/detail?sid=2db03e69-43c5-464b-b859318ca35369b9%40sessionmgr15&vid=1&hid=21&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZS ZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=prh&AN=21213229> This source is necessary for our project because this website presents the text of a Georgia Supreme Court decision which ruled against the legality of interracial marriages. It shows that the Lovings were sentenced guilty of fornication in the beginning of this long series of trials due to the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 in Virginia. Dandridge, Ann. Mildred and Richard Loving: Photos from a Turbulent Time (1965). Powerful People and Friends. 11 Feb 2012. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://anndandridgepublicrelations.ning.com/profiles/blogs/mildred-and-richard-lovingphotos-from-a-turbulent-time-1965> This is a photograph of the whole Loving family. It is used in this project for the reason of letting the viewer see the expressions and lifestyle of the family after the Racial Integrity Act was passed. It is the third picture on the Home Page in the slide show. Dawgz, Doug. A History of Jim Crow in Oklahoma City. Jim Crow Laws. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://www.dougloudenback.com/maps/jimcrowhistory.htm> This is a picture of the newspaper that the Jim Crow Laws were promoting. This is used to show the effect the media had over the publics opinion in order to establish a firm position for the Jim Crow Laws. It was on The Age of Racial Segregation page.

Delano, Jack. A Sampling of Jim Crow Laws. North Carolina Digital History. Web. 30 Dec 2012. < http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103> This photograph depicts the story of racial segregation in Virginia. The signs within the picture show how African Americans were being isolated from the Caucasian society. It is on The Jim Crow Laws page in the slide show. Lucey M. Donna. The Right to Love. The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Jan/Feb 2012. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/the-right-love> This picture shows the encounter that the Lovings had with the lawyers of the American Civil Laws Union. It is the biggest advantage that the Lovings had in their case against the U.S Supreme Court. It was the fourth picture in the slide show on the Home page. Freedlander, David. "Gay Marriage Game Theory." Politicker Gay Marriage GameTheoryUPDATE Comments. N.p., 17 June 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This primary newspaper shows the opinion of several influencing individual for and against the gay-marriage theory. The photo used is also included in the website. Gay Marriage, Marijuana Legalization. N.d. Photograph. Mashable. Zoe Fox, 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://mashable.com/2012/11/07/gay-marriage-marijuana-legalization/>. This was an image of the rainbow flag which was posted on our The Fight Goes On page. This rainbow flag is a symbol that people connect to being gay. Gay Marriage. N.d. Photograph. The Iowa Republican. The Iowa Republican, 18 May 2012. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://theiowarepublican.com/2012/victimless-crimes/>. This was an image of a large banner being held by some people in some sort of convention. The image was created and edited into grey undertones which may represent the grey areas in our society. This image is posted on our The Fight Goes On page. "Gay Marriage Support Continues through Senate Decision Making Process." PhotoBlog. NBCNEWS, 24 June 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This is a primary source shows Gay marriage supporter Danielle Gannon of Albany, N.Y., holds signs and chants in a hallway at the Capitol in Albany. Hatmaker, Taylor. "Google Video Promotes Gay - What About Other Tech Giants?" ReadWrite. N.p., 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. The picture of the gay-marriage flag shown on this webpage was used for the "The Fight Goes On" "The History Place - Triumph of Hitler: The Nuremberg Laws." The History Place - Triumph of Hitler: The Nuremberg Laws. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013.

This source had two pictures that was placed in the "Nuremberg Laws" page. The photos were used to show the racial segregation outside of the United States before WWI and how it influenced our country. Jim Crow Laws. Earthly Issues. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://www.earthlyissues.com/jimcrow.htm> These are pictures that show racial segregation in everyday life in the U.S. This is relevant to the project because African Americans were already being isolated from the Caucasian society through difference in recreation areas. Both pictures are present in the slideshow on the page The Jim Crow Laws page. Klansmen Pay-Your-Poll-Tax. Library of Virginia. 16 Nov 1922. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/media_player?mets_filename=evr4984mets.xml> This is a picture of the You-Need-To-Pay-Your-Poll-Taxdocument that the government gave to the second Ku Klux Klan. This led to the end of the Ku Klux Klan, and shows why the next Ku Klux Klan didnt rise again until the 1950s, which was during the civil rights movement. The Lovings case was a major part of the civil rights movement and the Ku Klux Klan was a major obstacle. It was used as the first picture on The Ku Klux Klan page.

"Ku Klux Klan -- Extremism in America." Ku Klux Klan -- Extremism in America. Anti-Defamation League, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/history.asp?LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America>. This is a source that shows the history of the Ku Klux Klan, how it started and who started it. This page showed many pictures of the segregation and hatred of the different races. The last picture was used on the Ku Klux Klan page. "LOVING v. VIRGINIA." Loving v. Virginia. N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This primary source had the Court script and actual recordings of the court sessions. Part of this media was used on the Home page. Loving v. Virginia No. 395. Documents and Resources for Small Businesses and Professionals. 30 Aug 2010. Web. 28 Dec 2012. <http://www.docstoc.com/docs/52409900/LOVINGET-UX-v-VIRGINIA-No-395> This source is a firsthand account of the lawyers report during the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia trial. This is an importantpart of the project because the case is undecided and is sent to the three judge District who then send the Lovings to the U.S Supreme Court. There, the case for interracial equality is continued with the ACLU lawyers. Lucey, Donna M. "The Right to Love." Magazine of the National Endowment For The Humanities. N.p., Jan.-Feb. 2012. Web. 14 Jan. 2013.

This source had the encounter that the Lovings had with the Court and the events that took place after the decisions. The pictures on this webpage were also used on "The Story" page. Mahon K. Elizabeth. The Love Story that Changed History- Richard and Mildred Loving. Scandalous Women. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://scandalouswoman.blogspot.com/2012/02/love-story-that-changed-historyrichard.html> This is a picture of both the Lovings. This shows how happy and content of a couple they were and how connected and supportive they were about the cause for Interracial Marriages. This picture is present on the home page as the second picture in the slide show. Moore, Dennis. Book Review: The New Jim Crow. East County Magazine. 8 Oct 2008. Web. 30 Dec 2012. < http://eastcountymagazine.org/node/4510> This is a public image of racial segregation during the mid-1900s placed by the Jim Crow Laws. It shows that African Americans were being isolated even for the smallest things such as water fountains. This picture is in The Jim Crow Laws page in the slideshow. Morello, Carlo. "Number of Biracial Babies Soars over past Decade." Washington Post. Washington Post, 26 Apr. 2012. Web. 06 Jan. 2013. This source shows that in the past forty years, the number of biracial and multiracial children has increased as a result of the Loving v. Virginia case. It is a primary source because it is written in the time that it explains and uses a lot of data that was collected during that time. It helps prove the thesis and emphasizes the coexistence. N.d. Photograph. Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P., 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-07/gay-marriage-gets-supreme-court-reviewfor-the-first-time.html>. This is the image of a newlywed gay couple that got married in one of the U.S. states that legalized gay marriage. This image is posted on our The Fight Goes On page. N.d. Photograph. U.S. News. NBC News. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_nv/more/section/archive?date=2012/7>. This is a photo of a women who is striking against the State ruling against gay marriage holding a sign that says Remember Loving v. Virginia Equality 4 All. This image is posted on our The Fight Goes On page. Novkov, Julie. Pace v. Alabama: Interracial Love, the Marriage Contract, and the Post-bellum Foundations of the Family. American Political Science Association. 2002. Web. 08 Oct. 2012. <http://0web.ebscohost.com.torofind.csudh.edu/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=24&sid=da73503

b71714679ba90484a0b0b1e56%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZ zY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=17986054> The source is the case court that raised the question whether interracial marriage could be banned by the state. This is a primary source because it was the direct court case in which it established that it is constitutional for miscegenation to be banned at the state level. We saw how that new laws were being established relating to interracial marriage because it became a larger problem in which was unclear and needed to be cleared with a law. Obama, Barack. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers, 2004. Print. Barack Obama is both the president of the United States and a multiracial person. As a result, he is the embodiment of American tolerance for biracial children and American acceptance for the intermixing of different races. His parents were in an interracial relationship and lived in Hawaii before his father moved back to Kenya. His memoir details his experiences, and is a primary source because he wrote it. "Photo of Harlem CORE Member Mary Hamilton," Harlem CORE. Web. 4 Jan 2012. <http://harlemcore.com/omeka/items/show/104> This picture shows Mary Hamilton giving an announcement at a CORE meeting. CORE was an essential group that ought against the Jim Crow Laws by sending its members to different states and helped them in getting voting rights. This picture is on The Jim Crow Laws page. Plecker, W.A. "The New Virginia Law to Preserve Racial Integrity. University of Albany, State University of New York. Web. 30 Dec 2012. < http://www.dnalc.org/view/11269-The-New-Virginia-Law-to-Preserve-Racial-Integrity-by-W-A-Plecker-Virginia-HealthBulletin-vol-16-2-2-.html> This photograph shows the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 document. It is a visual aid of what caused the whole interracial marriage ban and suppressed the Lovings family from getting their official right and stay in Virginia. This picture is present on The Age of Racial Segregation page. Rosa Parks Interview. Academy of Achievement A Museum of Living History. 2 Jun 1995. Web. 4 Jan 2013. <http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/par0int-1> This primary source gives a firsthand interview of Rosa Parks about her arrest in 1955. Her actions created a major breakthrough in the civil rights movement as many African Americans persisted in a stronger resistance against the Jim Crow Laws. Stritof, Sheri, and Bob Stritof. "Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving Marriage Profile." About.com Marriage. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This page had quotes from Mildred and Richard Loving that were included in all the pages throughout the website. These quotes from the webpage was also cited from another webpage.

Tell the Court That I Love My Wife. Notes from the Archives-The Library of Virginia. 08 Feb 2012. Web. 27 Nov 2012. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2012/02/08/tell-the-court-that-ilove-my-wife/> This source presents documents that are relevant to the Lovings arrest, sentence and release such as warrants and court documents along with the judges decision. It also portrays a multimedia that shows both Mildred and Richard Loving giving their opinion about the trials. The Loving Story. HBO Premier Valentines Day, Black History Month, 2012. Web. 29 Dec 2012. < http://lovingfilm.com/> This picture is the opening of the first slide show on the Home page with the title The Loving Story and an important quote that Mr. Loving stated to his lawyer Mr. Cohen. It is a powerful picture with a primary quote that was stated to the U.S Supreme Court. Thomas, Clarence. My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir. New York: Harper, 2007. Print. Clarence Thomas is one of the Supreme Court justices and an African-American. In his memoir, he discusses his grandfather and his marriage to a white woman. Some of the photographs used on the website were included in his memoir. It is a primary source because he wrote it, and photographs were used from it. Top 25 Most Ancient Historical Photographs. Smashing Lists. Web. 4 Jan 2013. < http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103> This photograph shows the brutal hangings of African Americans under the name of lynchings in the U.S during the early 1900s. Segregation led to discrimination which eventually led to violence in order to keep white superiority in the society. This relates to our topic because violence and hate accumulated and held a huge fight against the party which advocated interracial marriages. Villet, Barbara. "The Heart of the Matter: Love." Lens The Heart of the Matter Love Comments. The New York Times, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. The photos shown here are used on our website to show the Lovings' life. Villet, Grey. With Love Like That: Grey Villet Memorialized Richard and Mildred Lovings Love. I Love My Life. 24 Feb 2012. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://ilovemylifebrothersandsisters.blogspot.com/2012/02/with-love-like-that-greyvillet.html> This picture shows both Richard and Mildred Loving sitting at their home table with their hands folded. This media is used in this project to establish a feeling of long tension in the interracial marriage ban. This picture is present on the Home page as the fourth picture in the slide show.

"Warrants to Arrest Richard Loving and Mildred Jeter." Omeka RSS. N.p., 24 July 1958. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This source from the Library of Virginia contained the official arrest warrant of Richard Loving. Weiss, Chris. "DOMA Repeal: Anti-Gay Marriage Stances Are Outdated and Wrong." PolicyMic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. This source is a primary source showing the Anti-Gay marriage protests and opinions. The photo of this source was used in the website to let the reader feel the hardship of the fight for "tolerance".

Secondary Sources Bogle, Donald. Primetime Blues: African Americans on Network Television. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001. Print. This details the experience that African Americans had trying to stand on equal ground in the media. It emphasizes Nichelle Nichols' role in this as one of the first African-American women who was not portrayed as a maid or housekeeper on television. It is used as a secondary source because the author was not present at the events, but is giving his analysis of what happened. Compton, Matt . "President Obama Supports Same-Sex Marriage | The White House." The White House. The United States Government, 9 May 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/05/09/president-obama-supports-same-sexmarriage>. This source provided information on the perspective that President Obama has on gay marriage. This was an article on the thoughts that President Obama believes that same-sex couples should be able to get married. A statement from the president means a lot because he the president represents the voice of the people of the United States and if the majority voted on Obama with that platform, then Obama can influence the majority for allowing same-sex marriage. This was a helpful source because it directly linked how our president was a result of an interracial marriage and he also believes in gay marriage. This source helped us form a direct linkage between interracial marriage and gay marriage. Frost, Martin. Ku Klux Klan. Martin Frost. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. <http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/kkk1.html> The third Ku Klux Klan rose in Virginia by the early 1960s. This source is necessary for our project because the Ku Klux Klan rose once again to stop the civil rights movement, which the Lovings were a part of. The Ku Klux Klan continued after the civil rights movement too, however the intense diminishing factors in their membership proves the civil rights movements affect.

Johnson, Whittington B. The Origin and Nature of African Slavery in Seventeen Century Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine. 1978. Web. 08 Oct. 2012. <http://0web.ebscohost.com.torofind.csudh.edu/ehost/detail?sid=42938076-442c-4e25-857ee1db3ba043e4%40sessionmgr4&vid=1&hid=24&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZ zY29wZT1zaXRl#db=ahl&AN=45837271> This source will provide information as to the beginning of the first miscegenation laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S. with a correlation of slave laws. This is a secondary source because it is a historical magazine explaining the laws in Maryland. It is known that part of the reason the Civil War was fought was due to slavery still being allowed in the South. As the Civil Rights was established, slaves were given equal rights. However, the Southerners werent accepting of the African Americans and Separation Laws such as Jim Crow Laws were established. The Southerners werent tolerant of the African Americans and therefore did not want miscegenation. Maryland being a Southern state had anti-miscegenation laws up until the Loving versus Virginia case. Lenhardt, R. A. Beyond Analogy: Perez V. Sharp, Antimiscegenation Law, and the Fight for Same-Sex Marriage. N.p.: California Law Review, n.d. Print. This source helped relate the anti-miscegenation laws to the fight for same-sex marriage occurring now. It provided useful and insightful information that related to our thesis. It helped us show the lasting historical impact of the Loving v. Virginia case. "Mildred Loving." 2012. The Biography Channel website. Nov 25 2012, 07:50 <http://www.biography.com/people/mildred-loving-5884> This is the backstory on the Lovings life and trial. This document aided our project because we were able to find out how the Lovings met, why they married and how they were treated afterwards. It also gives an insight to the trials that they would face in the future.

Newbeck, Phyl. Loving v. Virginia (1967). Encyclopedia Virginia. 06 Nov 2008. Web. 28 Dec Reeve, Elspeth. "How Arguments Against Gay Marriage Mirror Those Against Miscegenation - Politics - The Atlantic Wire." The Atlantic Wire. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 9 May 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/05/funny-how-arguments-against-gaymarriage-are-just-those-against-miscegenation/52108/>. 2012. <http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Loving_v_Virginia_1967> This source has information on the trials that the Lovings went through and includes a timeline that shows events that led up to the U.S declaring the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 as illegal. It is necessary to show the difficulties that the Loving family had to endure as they kept getting rejected until they reached the U.S Supreme Court.

Ortiz, Paul. African-American Resistance to Jim Crow in the South. Solidarity: A Socialist, Feminist, Anti-Racist Organization. Web. 30 Dec 2012. <http://www.solidarityus.org/site/node/2470#R19> This source is a document about a couple the different organizations that fought against the Jim Crow Laws through the different types of protests from different parts of the U.S. This is related to our topic because it was after the Jim Crow Laws were defined as illegal, that the U.S Supreme Court case was advocated in the favor of the Lovings.

"Same Sex Marriage Laws." Answers.USA. U.S. Government, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. <answers.usa.gov/system/selfservice.controller?CONFIGURATION=1000&PARTITIO N_ID=1&CMD=VIEW_ARTICLE&ARTICLE_ID=11536&USERTYPE=1&LANGUA GE=en&COUNTRY=US>. This source provided information on the current acting rules for the United States about gay marriage legalization. This was a helpful source because it showed us which states had approved the legalization of gay marriage and which states havent, as of 2013. We created a map on our Fight Goes On page representing the nine states that have legalized gay marriage. These states are on the northern eastern side of the U.S. which are some of the states that had first legalized interracial marriage before the Loving v. Virginia case. Seltzer, William. Population Statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials. N.p.: Population Council, n.d. Print. This secondary source provided information relating to the Nuremberg Laws and the Holocaust in Germany. This allowed the group to relate the events that occurred in Germany to the anti-miscegenation laws in America. It showed how the world perceived interracial marriages which allows the analysis to have a more universal impact. Smith, Dinitia. Dawn Langley Simmons, Flamboyant Writer, Dies at 77. 24 Sept. 2000. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/nyregion/dawn-langley-simmonsflamboyant-writer-dies-at-77.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm> This source shows the backstory of the first white women to marry a black man legally in the United States even though he is her butler. It plays a major role in our project because this marriage promotes thoughts of interracial marriages among the society in the U.S during the 1900s and also thoughts of equality in status. Tocqueville, Alexis De, and J. P. Mayer. Democracy in America. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969. Print. Alexis De Tocqueville is the French man who coined the term "The Great American Experiment." The title of this website is a play on words of this phrase to emphasize that America is one of the first ethnically heterogeneous societies in the world, and like democracy,

that is one of the Great American Experiments. This is used as a secondary source because he never experienced American Democracy, but he referred to it as an experiment. Wallenstein, Peter. Tell the Court I Love My Wife: Race, Marriage, and Law : An American History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print. This secondary source provided insight into the story of Loving v. Virginia. It explained what happened to Mildred and Richard Loving throughout and provided facts related to it. This source helped us write our explanation of the case particularly. Warren C.J. Loving v. Virginia (No. 395) 206 Va. 924, 147 S.E.2d 78, Reversed. Legal Information Institute. 10 Apr. 1967. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0388_0001_ZO.html> This source will elucidate the fine points of the consensus that the Supreme Court reached through the words of the Mr. Chief Justice Warren after the case of Loving vs. Virginia was advocated in the Lovings favor. It is helpful for this project because this case occurred in the U.S Supreme Court and aided in lifting the interracial ban in Virginia. Weeding Background Flower Wedding White. Wallpowper: Free HD Wallpaper Search. Web. 20 Nov 2012. < http://www.wallpowper.com/weeding-background-flowers-weddingwhite-16695.html> This source is used as a wedding header to give the website a wedding theme. It is used to reflect the wedding and court case for the Lovings. It is present on the Home page as the header. Zook, Kristal Brent. Color by Fox: The Fox Network and the Revolution in Black Television. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Print. Like the Primetime Blues, this book also discusses the fight for African-Americans on television. It was included as part of the other book. It is used as a secondary source since the author is only giving his analysis of what happened