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http://jrp.sagepub.com/content/27/5/447
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0731684407082539
2008
2008 27: 447 originally published online 31 January Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
H.J. Lin and J.F. Tsai
Analysis of Underwater Free Vibrations of a Composite Propeller Blade
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What is This?
is the velocity (V
2
V
). The
velocity of a point includes the translational and rotational speeds, _ u
and o
, and is
defined as:
V
_ u
_ _
9
where X
x, y, z
_ _
T
is the position coordinate, o
o
x
, o
y
, o
z
_ _
T
, and _ u
_ u, _ v, _ w f g
T
.
Equation (9) can be expressed in detail as:
V
_ u
_ v
_ w
_
_
_
o
y
z w o
z
y v
o
z
x u o
x
z w
o
x
y v o
y
x u
_
_
_
_
. 10
Computing V
2
and canceling the terms proportional to X
, which do no
contribute to the Lagrangian, and substituting Equation (10) into Equation (8)
Analysis of Underwater Free Vibrations of a Composite Propeller Blade 451
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yields the kinetic energy,
T
1
2
_
,
_ u
_ v
_ w
_
_
_
_
T
_ u
_ v
_ w
_
_
_
_
dV
1
2
_
,
_ u
_ v
_ w
_
_
_
_
T
A
1
u
v
w
_
_
_
_
dV
1
2
_
,
u
v
w
_
_
_
_
T
A
2
u
v
w
_
_
_
_
dV
_
,
x
y
z
_
_
_
_
T
A
2
u
v
w
_
_
_
_
dV 11
where A
1
and A
2
are expressed as:
A
1
0 2o
z
2o
y
2o
z
0 2o
x
2o
y
2o
x
0
_
_
_
_
_ 12
A
2
o
2
y
o
2
z
o
x
o
y
o
x
o
z
o
x
o
y
o
2
x
o
2
z
o
z
o
y
o
x
o
z
o
z
o
y
o
2
y
o
2
x
_
_
_
_
_ 13
Applying the finite element method yields the Lagrangian equation of motion,
d
dt
oT
o _ u
_ _
oT
ou
_ _
M q C_ q K
R
q F
R
14
in which q, _ q and q are the nodal displacement, the velocity and the acceleration,
respectively; M is the mass matrix; K
R
is the rotational stiffness matrix; and F
R
is the
centrifugal force, as shown below.
M
_
, N
T
N dV 15
C
_
, N
T
A
1
N dV 16
K
R
_
, N
T
A
2
N dV 17
F
R
_
, N
T
A
2
x
y
z
_
_
_
_
dV. 18
Based on the static finite element analysis, the governing equation of motion, neglecting
damping, can be expressed as:
M q K
o
K
G
K
R
q F
ext
F
R
. 19
452 H.J. LIN AND J.F. TSAI
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ADDED MASS FORMULATION
The propeller blade operates in the water. The additional pressure transmitted to the
blade surface, due to the inertia of the water, is represented as added mass. Assume a node
on the propeller blade generating a movement of displacement, the generated velocity can
be transfer to the normal velocity, _ q
n
, of the node [9], by
_ q
n
T _ q 20
in which [T] is the transformation matrix between _ q and _ q
n
.
The vibration of the structure submerged in the water exerts a pressure normal to the
shell surface. The ideal flow of the source is assumed to be distributed on the surface of
the structure. The velocity potential of a source is expressed as [1719]:
__
o
1
4
1
R
p R
dS P o f g
21
in which o is the source intensity, and R
p and R
__
o r
1
4
1
R
p R
_
_
_
_
_
_dS C o f g. 22
The pressure can be derived using the unsteady Bernoulli equation as
p ,
o
ot
23
where , is the density of the fluid. Substituting Equations (20)(22) into Equation (23)
yields the pressure in terms of q, as,
p , P _ o f g , P C
1
q
n
, P C
1
T q. 24
Integrating the surface pressure yields the force induced by the fluid
F
A
__
p dS A q 25
in which A is the so-called added mass matrix. Substituting Equation (25) into
Equation (19) yields the equation of motion in the form,
MA q K
o
K
G
K
R
q F
ext
F
R
. 26
For harmonic motion of the structure, the structural displacement q can be expressed
in the harmonic form,
q q
o
e
iot
27
Analysis of Underwater Free Vibrations of a Composite Propeller Blade 453
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in which q
o
is the amplitude of harmonic motion. According to the free vibration analysis,
Equation (26) can be simplified and rewritten as:
K
o
K
G
K
R
o
2
MA
_ _
q
o
0. 28
The solution to the eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem, Equation (28) is determined
using by
Det K
o
K
G
K
R
o
2
MA
0. 29
The subspace method was used to solve the eigen-value problem of Equation (29).
However, matrix A in Equation (29) is asymmetric. Therefore, A was replaced with
1/2(AA
T
) [18].
NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MAB propeller blade
Manganesealuminumbronze (MAB) is commonly used in the manufacture of marine
propeller blades. Table 3 presents its first three natural frequencies and vibration modes.
The natural frequency of the blade in water, o
w
, is lower than that in air, o
a
, by 23% to
30%. Since o /
1,M
p
, it means that the added mass is almost equal to 0.7 to 1.0 times
of the mass of the blade itself. Thus, the added mass must be considered in evaluating
the dynamic characteristics of the propeller blades. Figures 4 and 5 show the modes
of vibration in air and water. The mode shapes are almost the same in air and water,
although they differ slightly. The first and second modes are pure bending and torsion
modes. The third mode is the secondary bending mode in the direction of span.
Table 3 also presents the effects of rotation on the free vibration characteristics of
marine propeller blades. Marine propeller blades rotate more slowly than fans, jets,
turbines or other types of blade. The rotational speed of the marine blade is 12 rps.
The value of o
w
when still is almost the same as that when running. Thus, the rotational
effects can be ignored since the marine propeller blade rotates slowly.
Composite propeller blade
Symmetrical blades with balanced and unbalanced stacking sequences were considered
in the analysis. Table 4 shows the first three natural frequencies of the blade with [. . ./15
2
/
90/0]
S
. The natural frequency of the blade in water is 4363% lower than that in air.
The difference between the natural frequencies is much larger than that of the blade made
Table 3. Natural frequency (Hz) of propeller blade made of MAB.
MAB MAB
Mode x
a
x
w
Mode (x
w
)
still
/(x
w
)
running
1 15.2 10.8 1 0.996
2 31.1 24.5 2 0.973
3 36.9 28.6 3 0.991
454 H.J. LIN AND J.F. TSAI
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of MAB. Since o /
1,M
p
, then the added mass is almost six times the mass of the
composite blade. The effects of the added mass on the vibration characteristics of the blade
with [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
exceeds that on those of the MAB blade. Figures 6 and 7 plot the
vibration modes in air and water. The mode shapes are almost the same. The first and
third modes are the first pure bending and torsion modes. The second mode is the second
(a)
(c)
(b)
Figure 4. Vibration modes of blade made of MAB in air. (a) mode I; (b) mode II and (c) mode III.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 5. Vibration modes of blade made of MAB in water. (a) mode I; (b) mode II and (c) mode III.
Analysis of Underwater Free Vibrations of a Composite Propeller Blade 455
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bending mode in the direction of span. The second and third modes shape of the blade
made of [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
are the same as those of the third and second modes of the MAB
blade, respectively. Also, the contour is shifted toward the trailing edge of the blade with
[. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
because the 158 carbon fibers stiffen the leading edge. The anisotropy of the
composite distorts its mode shapes.
Table 4 also presents the first three natural frequencies of the blade with [. . .15/15/
90/0]
S
. The natural frequency of the blade in water is 50% lower than that in air.
The added mass is also approximately six times that of the mass of the composite blade.
The natural frequencies of the blade with [. . .15/15/90/0]
S
exceed those of the blade
with [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
, perhaps because the former is less anisotropic.
Table 5 shows the natural frequencies of the blades with [. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
, [. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
and [. . .//90/0]
S
in water. A typical airfoil section of the propeller blade is thicker
at its leading edge than at its trailing edge. The leading edge is stiffer than the trailing
edge. When fibers are negatively stacked, the stiffness of the trailing edge is increased.
Accordingly, negative fiber stacking increases the natural frequency of the blade.
Therefore many of the data obtained for blades with [. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
exceed those
obtained for blades with [. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 6. Vibration mode of blade with [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
in air. (a) mode I; (b) mode II and (c) mode III.
Table 4. Natural frequency (Hz) of composite propeller blade.
[. . .15
2
/90/0]
S
[. . .15/15/90/0/]
S
Mode x
a
x
w
Mode x
a
x
W
1 23.18 8.71 1 26.82 9.92
2 42.10 22.80 2 41.60 23.06
3 51.86 29.58 3 55.32 29.83
456 H.J. LIN AND J.F. TSAI
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CONCLUSIONS
The free vibration characteristics of metal and composite propeller blades
were analyzed. The effects of rotation and added mass were noted, using the finite
element method. Symmetric composite blades with balanced and unbalanced stacking
sequences were analyzed. The first three natural frequencies and vibration modes are
presented and discussed. Numerical results reveal that the added mass is almost equal to
that of the blade made of MAB, and seven times that of the composite blade. The natural
frequencies of the blade made of MAB and the [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
blade in water are 2330%
and 4363%, respectively, lower than that of the blade in air. Since o /
1,M
p
, the
added mass is almost double and six times the masses of the MAB and
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 7. Vibration mode of blade with [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
in water. (a) mode I; (b) mode II and (c) mode III.
Table 5. Nature frequency (Hz) of composite propeller blade in water.
[. . .15
2
/90/0]
S
[. . .30
2
/90/0]
S
[. . .45
2
/90/0]
S
Mode o
W
Mode o
W
Mode o
W
1 8.71 1 8.45 1 8.28
2 22.80 2 23.62 2 23.91
3 29.58 3 29.55 3 27.49
1 10.22 1 9.90 1 9.34
2 20.46 2 23.14 2 24.67
3 32.96 3 33.00 3 31.70
1 9.92 1 10.35 1 9.82
2 23.06 2 25.92 2 26.17
3 29.83 3 30.68 3 29.72
Analysis of Underwater Free Vibrations of a Composite Propeller Blade 457
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composite blades, respectively. Submergence in water greatly reduces the natural
frequency of a blade. The mode shapes are almost the same in air and water. The first,
second and third modes are the first bending, torsion and second bending modes in the
direction of the span of the MAB blade, respectively. The second and third modes of the
blade with [. . ./15
2
/90/0]
S
are the second bending mode in the direction of the span and
torsion mode. The contours of the mode shape are shifted because of the anisotropy of the
composites. A blade with [. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
has a higher natural frequency than a blade with
[. . ./
2
/90/0]
S
. The rotational effects can be ignored because a marine propeller blade
rotates slowly.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China
for financially supporting of this research.
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458 H.J. LIN AND J.F. TSAI
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