UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
1

PROBLEM SET 1
Problem 1 (20 points)
Assuming a linear elastic pressure vessel pressurized to p in static equilibrium, with wall thickness t and
inner radius r

, such that t r

.

Force Balance:
F = u
o
zz
A
wuII
-PA
opcnng
= u
o
zz
|n(r

+t)
2
- nr

2
] -Pnr

2
= u
o
zz
n(r

2
+ 2tr

+ t
2
-r

2
) = Pnr

2

o
zz
(2tr

+t
2
) = Pr

2

Since r

t, we can drop all t

2
terms as approximation
2o
zz
tr

= pr

2

o
zz
=
pr

2t


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
2


F = u
o
00
A
wuII
- PA
opcnng
= u
o
00
(2tl) -P(2r

l) = u
o
00
(2tl) = P(2r

l)
o
00
=
pr

t






F = u
-PA
nt
+2o

A
md
- P
cxt
A
cxt
= u
Since r

t, the area difference between inside, middle and exterior is small and can be ignored.
Therefore:
o

=
P
cxt
+P
2
= u
Since both hoop and longitudinal stress has an extra factor of

i
t
, which is expected to be large, radial
stress is much smaller in comparison, and therefore can be generally ignored. Furthermore, the thin
wall assumption guarantees no shear stress due to pressurization.
o
z
= o
0z
= o
0
= u


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
3

Problem 2 (20 points)
Assuming a linear elastic torsion rod, with radius R,
length I, twist angle , and a torque moment of H.
Assuming a small twist angle, mathematically:
R I. This condition implies that any line
originally longitudinal will remain the same length
after twisting. This is unphysical, but at small twisting
angles, is very useful approximation.
The small angle twisting and static equilibrium
guarantees no tensile strain, and therefore no tensile
stress.
o

= o
00
= o
zz
= u
e

= e
00
= e
zz
= u
Torque is applied to the 0z plane, therefore no shear
stress or strain in orthogonal planes:
o
0
= o
z
= u
e
0
= e
z
= u
The definition of shear angle:
y = tan
R
I

However, small angle approximation, where
Rq
L
1:
y =
R
I


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
4

The definition of shear strain in cylindrical coordinates:
e
0z
=
1
2
_
1
r
ou
z
o0
+
ou
0
oz
]
Since the rod after twisting does not change its length,
u
z
0
= u.
u
0
z
is the change in angle over the
length, which is the definition of y, therefore the shear strain is halved:
e
0z
=
R
2I

Linear elastic, homogenous, isotropic constitutive behavior (Hookes Law):
o
0z
= 20e
0z

o
0z
=
0R
I

In cylindrical coordinate o
0z
varies as function r. The definition of moment is force times distance, since
we only know shear force, we must integrate the shear force over the area multiplied by its distance
from center:
H = F r
= _|o
0z
(r)JA r]
= _o
0z
(r)r JA
The differential area of a circle:
JA = J(nr
2
) = 2nr Jr

H = _
0r
I
R
0
2nr
2
Jr
=
0
I
nR
4
2

The quantity
nR
4
2
is known as the polar moment of inertial, [, of the circle.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
5

Problem 3 (30 points)
Two dimensional displacements solution given as:
u
1
=
ou
1
ox
1
x
1
+
ou
1
ox
2
x
2
= k
11
x
1
+k
12
x
2

u
2
=
ou
2
ox
1
x
1
+
ou
2
ox
2
x
2
= k
21
x
2
+ k
22
x
2

For D (5, 0) to D (5+0.003, 0)
x

| x

= k
11
x

+k
12
y

u.uuS = k
11
(S) + k
12
(u)
k
11
=
u.uuS
S
= u.uuu6

y
i
y

= k
21
x

+k
22
y

u = k
21
(S) + k
22
(u)
k
21
= u
Point B (x
B
= 2")
y
B
= 2tan6u = S.464"
Point B:
y
B
| = y
B
u.uu1 = S.46S"
x
Bi
=
y
B
|
tan6u
= 1.9994"
For B to B
x
Bi
x
B
= k
11
x
B
+k
12
y
B

u.uuu6 = u.uuu6(2) + k
12
(S.464)
k
12
= u.uuuS1S

y
Bi
y
B
= k
21
x
B
+ k
22
y
B

u.uu1 = k
22
(S.464)
k
22
= u.uuu289
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
6

For point C:
x
C
= S
y
B
tan 7S
= 4.u718"
y
C
= y
B
= S.464"
For displacement of point C:
u
1
= k
11
x
C
+k
12
y
C

= u.uuu6(4.u72) u.uuu18u(S.464)
= u.uu666"
u
2
= k
21
(x
C
) + k
22
(y
C
)
= u.uuu289(S.464)
= u.uu1"
New position of C:
x
C
| = x
C
+u
1
= 4.u724"
y
Ci
= y
C
+u
2
= S.46S"

Definition of strains:
e
11
= k
11
= u.uuu6
e
12
=
k
12
+ k
21
2
= u.uuu2S7
e
22
= k
22
= u.uuu289

Maximum principal strain:
e
I
=
e
11
+ e
22
2
+
_
[
e
11
e
22
2

2
+e
12
2

e
I
= u.uuu669
e
II
=
e
11
+ e
22
2

_
[
e
11
e
22
2

2
+ e
12
2

= u.uuuSS7

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
7

Maximum principal direction:
tan(20) =
2e
12
e
11
e
22

0 = 1S or 7S
Maximum shear strain:
e
shcu
=
e
I
e
II
2
=
_
[
e
11
e
22
2

2
+e
12
2

e
shcu
= u.uuuS1S
Maximum shear strain direction, always 45 degrees away from the maximum principal direction:
0 = 1S + 4S
0 = Su or 12u
Equivalent Strain:
e
cq
=
2
S
_
(e
I
e
II
)
2
+ e
I
2
+ e
II
2
2

e
cq
= u.uuu6u1
Equivalent strain should always be greater or equal to maximum shear strain.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
College of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Fall 2011 MSE 113 Professor Ritchie
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
8

Problem 4 (30 points)
a) See problem 2.
b) Starting from expression for M in problem 2:
H = _
0r
I
R
0
2nr
2
Jr
Now G is now a function of r, and is:
0(r) = _
0
u
, u r < R

0
s
, R

r R
o

Therefore:
H
i
= _
0(r)r
I
R
0
2nr
2
Jr
= _
0
u
r
I
R
i
0
2nr
2
Jr + _
0
s
r
I
R
c
R
i
2nr
2
Jr
H =
0
u

I
nR

4
2
+
0
s

I
n(R
o
4
R

4
)
2


c) For the solid bar of steel:
H =
0
s

I
nR
o
4
2

=
116uuksi(1u)
1u"
n(u.S)"
4
2

H = 19876 in lb

d) Composite bars moment needs to be at least 90% of solid bars at the same twist angle:
H
i
= u.9H
0
u

I
nR

4
2
+
0
s

I
n(R
o
4
R

4
)
2
= u.9
0
s

I
nR
o
4
2

0
u
R

4
+ 0
s
(R
o
4
R

4
) = u.90
s
R
o
4

S8uuksi R

4
+ 116uuksi(u.S"
4
R

4
) = u.9(116uuksi)(u.S"
4
)
R

= u.S1"
The maximum aluminum core radius needed to maintain 90% of solid bar torsional strength is
0.31.