Bacteriology 4 Test

Proteobacteria/Aeromonadales Red leg frogs Mouth rot snakes Hemorrhagic septicemia, ulcers fish Vibrio Vibrio - humans Cholera Septicemia Wound infections Listonella fish Photobacterium - fish Proteobacteria/Campylobacteriales ***Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis Bovine STD Infertility, abortions Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus Cattle, sheep, humans Abortion Campylobacter hyointestinalis Swine proliferative enteritis Campylobacter jejuni Dogs, cats, calves, foals, humans Winter dysentery cattle Diarrhea dogs, cats Campylobacteriosis Humans Sporadic enteritis Guillain-Barre syndrome Sequella of campylobacteriosis Resistant pathogens Hospital infections VRE, MRSA Pediatric infections strep, MRSA Foodborne salmonella, campylobacter, E.coli Burkholderia Gram bacillus Capsule Antibiotic resistant (efflux pumps) Facultative intracellular pathogen Invade non-pro phago cells Adhere Invade (trigger mechanism/pseudopods) Escape phago vacuole Multiply in cyto Intercell spread Release into subspi compartment Enter circulation Disseminate, bacteremia Invade pro phago cells Release into subepi compartment Phago by macrophages & neutrophils Escape phago vacuole Closely-related organisms Genomes >99% identical Genome of B. mallei is smaller host-adapted clone of B. pseudomallei, does not survive outside of its equine host Key virulence traits Capsule (immune evasion) Facultative intracellular organisms Invade and multiply in non-professional / professional phagocytic cells Escape phagocytic vacuoles, enter cytoplasm Intercellular spread formation of host actin tails Allow crossing of physical barriers, evasion of host immune response,

Multiply in cytoplasm Intercellular spread Enter circulation (w/in phagocytes) Disseminate, bacteremia Burkholderia mallei Glanders Also called farcy, droes, malleus, melis, equinia Affected Solipeds/natural hosts Horse, mule donkey Also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, camel Experimental infection hamster, guinea pig, mouse, wolf, bear Resistant cattle, bird, pig Humans accidental host Transmission Fomite contact, aerosol, ingestion Forms Nasal Pulmonary Cutaneous (farcy) Presentations Acute nasal, pulmonary Most likely donkeys Chronic pulmonary, cutaneous Horses Latent pulmonary Horses Incubation period days (acute), mths (chronic), yrs (latent) Nasal form Ulcers, nodules in nasal passages ways Thick, purulent yellow discharge Possible nasal perforation Submax lymph nodes enlarged & induraged Will drain purulent discharge Pulmonary form Most common Ulcers, nodules in lungs Thick, purulent discharge If to URT nasal Coughing, dyspnea, febrile episodes, progressive debilitation Fulminant bronchopneumonia Cutaneous form Farcy Follow skin injury or secondary to resp infection Ulcers, nodules on any part of body Legs, neck, head, thorax, ventral abdomen Thick purulent discharge Regional lymph nodes chronically enlarged & indurated Will drain discharge Host-adapted

Clone of pseudomallei Used as bio warfare agent Highly infectious (aerosol route) High degree of incapacitation (>50% mortality rate) Difficult to diagnose & trt Diagnosis Mallein test Cell-mediated hypersensitivity test Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Also called pseudoglanders, Whitmores disease Water, wet soil (environmental isolate) Larger in size Animals affected HUGEEEEE range (everything?) Transmission Fomites, contaminated water (aersol, ingestion, cuts/wounds) Forms Acute Pulmonary Same presentation as pulmonary/nasal glanders **Ulcers/nodules in liver, lung, spleen, lymph nodes Camel, horse, sheep, goat, non-human primates **Bacteremia Dog, cat, dolphins High fever, wgt loss, myalgia, malaise Death w/in days-wks **Subacute (latent) Skin lesions Enlargement of associated lymph nodes Walled off lung abscesses Intermittent bouts of fever Wgt loss Hallmark ulcers/nodules Diagnosis Complement fixation test PCR & serologic test baased on flagellin protein **Culture using selective medium (Ashdown agar) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease Mastitis (cattle) Otitis externa (dog, cat) Nocosomial infections (humans & animals) Quintessential opportunistic infections Gram bacillus Reservoir Water, wet soil Commensal in healthy animals & ppl Predisposing factors Burns, wounds Immunodeficiency Antimicro therapy reducing density of normal flora Affected Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, ppl Extracellular pathogen

Produces numerous extracell toxic molecules damage to host tissues Diagnosis Culture organism Grey, flat Grape/tortilla smell Hemolysis zone Oxydase + Non-fermentor Blue pigment (pyocyanin) on nutrient agar TSI yellow @ bottom, pink @ top MacConkey pale peach Trt Resistant to common antibiotics Use effective antimicrobials Actinobacillus Nonmotile, nonspore forming gram coccobacilli Normal flora (mouth & upper respiratory) A. pleuropneumoniae Pigs Commensal in tonsils, upper respiratory Fibrinous pleuropneumonia Almost ID to M. haemolytica (cattle)* Not zoonotic Virulence factors Fimbriae* Capsule* Endotoxin* Urease IgG protease Transferrin bidning hormone* ***Hemolysins/Cytoxins interfere w/ neutrophil & macrophage function, host damage Beta hemolytic Affected Young pigs Transmission Nasal secretions Aerosol Morbidity - >50%, mortality 25% if untrt Survivors carriers ID via serology Characteristics Respiratory distress open mouth breathing, blood frothy nasal/oral discharge, dead High fever Prevention Enviro Strict biosecurity Reduce crowding, good ventilation Vaccines Antibiotics use to limit mortalities A. ligniersii Disease Wooden tongue Cattle, ruminants (can be in horses, pigs, dogs) Commensal of oral cavity & pharynx of cattle & sheep Invade via wound Inflamed & hardened tongue Diagnosis culture Not zoonotic

Characteristics Abscesses in soft tissue No bone invasion Anorexia, wgt loss, dehydration Trt Iodides, surgical debridement, antibiotics Not hemolytic A. equuli Disease sleepy foal disease Septicemia severe enteritis, purulent nephritis/hepatitis Enters via paten umbilicus Foals <1 mth Failure of passive transfer Subsp. Haemolytica Adult horse pneumonia Normal in upper resp of adult horse Not hemolytic Diagnosis Culture Not zoonotic A. suis Normal in pig oral cavity Septicemia in young pigs arthritis, pneumonia, pericarditis Enter oral wound blood No vaccine Diagnosis Culture Not zoonotic Haemophilus Need V & X factors to grow H. influenzae grows best on chocolate agar Some reclassifications b/c dont need both V & X factor, & genetically distinct Histophilus somni blood agar Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia blood agar H. parasuis needs V factor H. parasuis Natural in pig upper resp Factors Stress, mix pigs, resp virus Characteristics Pneumonia septicemia (Glassers disease) Paddling mvmt Cyanotic ears Polyserositis Inflamed serous mem covering mediastinum, peritoneum, pericardium, meninges, etc. Fibrinopurulent arthritis Stiff limbs Swollen painful joints Vaccines available bacterins Doesnt protect all 15 serotypes H. somni Commensal in upper resp & urogenital of cattle, sheep, goats Disease in young feed lot cattle (<1 yr) MidW USA, W Canada (Alberta, Sask.)

Stress, change to cold conditions Not zoonotic Characteristics Respiratory disease Viral infection before bacterial pneumonia Other bacteria may be present Respiratory infection (pneumonia) septicemia Resistant to serum killing Damage to blood vessel endothelium Vasculitis blood clot Septicemia Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) Cross blood-brain barrier Rapid severe neuro signs & sudden death Extreme depression Myocarditis W Canada Arthritis Virulence factors Endotoxin LOS Immunoglobin binding Bind F region of IgG & coat themselves Diagnosis Culture Ctrl Antibiotics Vaccination Controversial b/c assoc w/ hypersensitivity response in lungs (anaphlylaxis) A. paragallinarum Disease Fowl coryza Severe facial edema Inflamed nasal turbinates & sinuses High mortality w/ resp viral infections Reservoir - chronically infected birds Not zoonotic Diagnosis serology, culture Bactrins reduce severity Francisella tularensis Gram coccobacillus Very fastidious From Tulare County, CA Disease rabbit fever Enviro Mud, water, animal carcasses Killed by disinfectants & inactivated by heat ZOONOTIC Subsp. Tularensis More virulent Reservoirs - rabbits & hares, ground squirrels, ticks Subsp. Holarctica Less virulent Reservoirs muskrats, water rats, vole, mice, beavers