Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering Foundation Engineering

Prof. Mesut Pervizpour Prof. Mesut Pervizpour
Structural Design of Shallow Foundations g
1
Spread Footing, Structural Design
Introduction (Types of foundation, Design steps, Footing size, Materials,
Loads Reduction factors Cover requirements ) Loads, Reduction factors, Cover requirements )
Structural Design (Two-way shear, One-way shear, Flexure, Development
lengths, Dowels, Load transfer)
Continuous Footing
Rectangular Footing
Examples (square wall rectangular combined eccentricity) Examples (square, wall, rectangular, combined, eccentricity)
2
Loads acting on foundation Loads acting on foundation
TT
N l l d
Torsion loads
TT
PP Normal loads
(compression-tension, )
PP
MM Moment loads
(in or directions)
MM
VV
Shear loads
(in or directions)
VV
3
Figure 2.1 Coduto
Design Loads Design Loads
Dead Loads (D)
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Estimates of most critical actual service loads
geotechnical
( )
Live Loads (L)
Snow/Rain Loads (S/R)
geotechnical
Ex: ANSI/ASCE (Use the largest of design load:)
D
D + L + F + H + T + (L
r
or S or R)
D + L + (L or S or R) + (Wor E)
Snow/Rain Loads (S/R)
Earth Pressure Loads (H)
Fluid Loads (F)
Allowable = ultimate / FS > design load OK
D + L + (L
r
or S or R) + (W or E)
D + (W or E)
Alternative method for W & E (pg19 Coduto)
( )
Earthquake Loads (E)
Wind Loads (W)
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Ultimate strength design, use of factored load (U):
Structural
( )
Self-straining Loads (T)
Impact Loads (I)
Load factors: P
u
=
1
P
D
+
2
P
L
+ .
Resistance factor: P
u
s | P
n
nominal load
capacity
Ex, ACI 318-05 (Ch9): U = 1.4(D + L)
Stream Flow/Ice Loads (SF/ICE)
Centrifugal/Braking Loads (CF/BF)
U = 1.2(D +F+T )+ 1.6(L+H)+0.5(L
R
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(L
r
or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(L
R
or S or R)
Or Use ACI 318-05 Appendix C Load factor and
4
strength reduction factors BUT ..
ANSI/ASCE: U = 1.4D (eqns on pg 23 Coduto)
AASHTO: U = 1.25D + 1.75L (bridges)
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Ultimate strength design, use of factored load (U): Structural
Load factors: P
u
=
1
P
D
+
2
P
L
+ .
Resistance factor: P
u
s | P
n
nominal load capacity
ACI 318-05 (Ch9): ACI 318-05 (Appendix C 1999):
U = 1.4(D + L)
U = 1.2(D +F+T )+ 1.6(L+H)+0.5(L
R
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(L
r
or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
U 1 2D 1 6W L 0 5(L S R)
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
U = 0.5(1.4D + 1.4F + 1.7T )
U = 0.9D + 1.4F
U 1 4D 1 7L 1 4F U = 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(L
R
or S or R) U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4F
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H .. other
| factors:
Fl 0 90
P
u
= U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L (ACI)
| factors:
Fl 0 90
Flexure = 0.90
Shear = 0.85
Bearing on Concrete = 0.70
Unreinforced footings = 0 65
Note: AASHTO P
u
=1.25D + 1.75L
Flexure = 0.90
Shear = 0.75
Bearing on Concrete = 0.65
Unreinforced footings =
If you use ACI 318-05 Appendix C Load
factor then use the same strength reduction
factors together and do not mix with
Unreinforced footings = 0.65
5
Unreinforced footings = factors together and do not mix with
Chapter 9 numbers.
Types of Foundations
Isolated
Spread
footing footing
Combined
footing
Property line
C til
Wall
(continuous)
footing
Cantilever
(Strap)
footing
footing
6
Types of Foundations
A B
Combined footings
Isolated
spread
footing
Wall
footing
Rectangular, P
A
= P
B
Property line
A B
Rectangular, P
A
< P
B
A B
A B
Property line
Mat Footing Pile cap
Rectangular, P
A
< P
B
A B
Property line
Piles
Weak soil
7
Strap or Cantilever
Bearing stratum
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit
them to the soil safely while satisfying code limitations.
1. Area of the footing is based on the soil allowable bearing capacity
2. Footing thickness is based on:
Two-way shear or punch out (diagonal) shear
One-way (wide beam) shear
3. Steel reinforcement is based on flexure design at critical section
4. Bearing capacity of columns at their base (load transfer to footing)
5. Dowel requirements
6. Development length of bars
7. Differential settlement
8
The area of footing can be determined from the actual external loads such
Footing Size
The area of footing can be determined from the actual external loads such
that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
( ) weight self including load Total
f i f A
( )
pressure soil allowable
g g
footing of Area =
W LL DL + +
Strength design requirements (structural design):
all
f
q
W LL DL
Area
+ +
=
f ti f
u
u
P
q =
Strength design requirements (structural design):
the bearing pressure at the base of footing
footing of area
LL DL P
u
+ = 7 1 4 1 . . ACI 05 - Appendix C
9
LL DL + = 6 . 1 2 . 1 P
u
ACI 05 - Chapter 9
Structural Design
Material Selection:
Concrete compressive strength (f
c
): 2000 3000 psi (15 20 Mpa) Concrete, compressive strength (f
c
): 2000 3000 psi (15 20 Mpa)
Steel, Grade 40 (f
y
): 40,000 psi (300 Mpa)
Grade 60 (f
y
): 60,000 psi (420 Mpa)
Modes of failure: shear and flexure Modes of failure: shear and flexure
Design Loads:
| Factors:
Factored normal load (ACI) (appendix C), P
u
= 1.4 D + 1.7 L
Factored normal load (ACI-05) (chapter 9), P
u
= 1.2 D + 1.6 L
| Factors:
Flexure = 0.90 Bearing on concrete = 0.65 (0.70)
Shear = 0.75 (0.85) Unreinforced footings = (0.65)
Values in parenthesis are to be used with Appendix C equations.
Minimum cover requirements and standard dimensions:
~
d
Effective depth, d:
d T 3i d > 6 i
~
3 in
d
b
d
T
d = T 3in d
b
> 6 in
Minimum thickness, T:
T > 12 in (300 mm)
ACI 15.7
10
3 in
(70 mm)
Flexural Steel
d
b
: nominal diameter of reinforcing steel
T > 12 in (300 mm)
Round T to a multiple of 3 in or 100 mm
(12, 15, 18 .. in , or 300, 400, 500 mm)
Reinforced Footing Design:
Initial design for shear: find the initial estimate for effective depth, d
No shear reinforcement in footings
Shear resistance provided only by the depth of concrete above steel
One way (beam shear) or Two way (diagonal tension) shear: One-way (beam shear) or Two-way (diagonal tension) shear:
Two-way shear governs when subjected to vertical loads alone for
square footings, Check both two-way and one-way shear for applied
shear/moment loads
Designing for Shear:
d One-way Shear
d/2
d/2
Two-way Shear
V
uc
s | V
nc
T
Criteria to find d
V
uc
: factored shear force on critical surface
|: resistance factor for shear = 0.75 (App. C=0.85)
V
nc
= V
c
+ V
s
d
T
d
V
nc
: nominal shear capacity on the critical surface
11
V
c
: nominal shear load capacity of concrete
V
s
: nominal shear load capacity of reinforcing steel (neglected)
Reinforced Footing Design:
Two-way (punching) shear design
d/2
d/2
Two-way Shear
P
T
d/2
P
u
d
T
c
1
+ d
d/2
c
2
c
2
+ d
b
0
12
c
1
b
0
Reinforced Footing Design:
Two-way (punching) shear design
V
uc
s | V
nc
Assume d.
Determine b
0
.
b 4( +d)
for square columns
1.
2.
b
0
= 4(c+d)
b
0
= 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d)
for square columns
where one side = c
for rectangular columns of g
sides c
1
and c
2
.
Shear force V
uc
acts at a section that has a length
b 4( +d) 2( +d) +2( +d) d d th d
3.
b
o
b
0
= 4(c+d) or 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d) and a depth d;
the section is subjected to a vertical downward load
P
u
and vertical upward pressure q
u
.
u
p p q
u
( )
( )( )
2
u u u
V P q c d
V P q c d c d
= +
= + +
for square columns
for rectang lar col mns
c
13
( )( )
u u u 1 2
V P q c d c d = + + for rectangular columns
c
Reinforced Footing Design; V
uc
s | V
nc
Criteria to find d
Two-way (punching) shear design
For square footings supporting square or circular columns on the interior, the
nominal two-way shear capacity [ACI 11 12 2 1]:
4. Calculate nominal shear capacity on critical surface
nominal two way shear capacity [ACI 11.12.2.1]:
' 4
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
1
(English Units)
Nominal two-way
: b (length of critical shear surface)
'
3
1
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
(SI Units)
shear capacity
:
0
b (length of critical shear surface)
f
c
: 28 day compressive strength of concrete (psi, MPa)
V
x
: in lb or N
For columns with other shapes and located
c, d, b
0
: in inches or mm
For columns with other shapes and located
out of center ACI 11.12.2.1 (next page)
V
uc
= | V
nc
Solve for d 5. Set
14
uc
|
nc
If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptions
G l th i l t h it [ACI 11 12 2 1]
V
uc
s | V
nc
Criteria to find d
Reinforced Footing Design;
Two-way (punching) shear design
General, the nominal two-way shear capacity [ACI 11.12.2.1]:
Nominal two-way shear capacity (Smallest Value for V
nc
calculated below)
(English Units) (SI Units)
' 4
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
(English Units)
4
| |
'
3
1
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
(SI Units)
2 1
| |
'
4
2
0 c
c
c nc
f d b V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
|
| |
'
2
1
6
1
0 c
c
c nc
f d b V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
|
| |
'
c
s
c nc
f d b
b
d
V V
0
0
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
o
'
c
s
c nc
f d b
b
d
V V
0
0
2
12
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
o
V
nc
: nominal shear capacity (one critical surface lb/N)
b
0
: length of critical surface (in/mm)
d: effective depth (in/mm)
| : long side / short side (c / c ) of column
15
p ( )
c: column width (in/mm)
|
c
: long side / short side (c
l
/ c
s
) of column
o
s
: interior = 40, edge = 30, corner = 20 (columns)
Reinforced Footing Design;
One-way (wide beam) shear design
V
uc
s | V
nc
F f ti ith b di ti i di ti th iti l ti i l t d
d One-way Shear
For footings with bending action in one direction the critical section is located
at a distance d from face of column.
1 A d 1. Assume a d.
2. b
o
= b.
d
T
The ultimate shearing force at section m-m
can be calculated
| |
c L
b =
3.
|
.
|

\
|
= d
c L
b q V
o
2 2
u u
If no shear reinforcement is to be sed then d
b
o
16
If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then d
can be checked
V
uc
s | V
nc
Criteria to find d
Reinforced Footing Design;
One-way (wide beam) shear design
Nominal one-way shear load capacity [ACI 11.3.1.1]:
' 2 f d b V V = =
(E li h U it )
Nominal
4. Calculate nominal shear capacity on critical surface
2
c o c nc
f d b V V = =
'
1
f d b V V = =
(English Units)
(SI Units)
one-way
shear load
capacity
6
c o c nc
f d b V V = =
(SI Units)
capacity
V
nc
: nominal one-way shear capacity on the critical section (lb/N)
b : length of one way critical shear surface (in/mm) b
o
: length of one-way critical shear surface (in/mm)
d: effective depth (in/mm)
f
c
: 28-day compressive strength of concrete (psi/MPa)
The larger of effective depth d obtained from two way and one way
V
uc
= | V
nc
Solve for d 5.
If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptions
Set
17
The larger of effective depth, d, obtained from two-way and one-way
capacity calculations is used for design purposes.
Procedure in determination of effective depth, d
Reinforced Footing Design;
Assume a trial d (~ column width, note: T multiple of 3 in)
Compute V
uc
and V
nc
and check
Repeat first two steps to find smallest d, satisfying the shear criteria
V
uc
s | V
nc
p p , y g
Compute footing thickness T (using a d
b
= 1 in)
Actual value of d will be determined from the flexural analysis
18
Actual value of d
b
will be determined from the flexural analysis
Critical Sections
Design for Flexure (A
s
)
Reinforced Footing Design;
M
uc
s | M
nc
Flexural design criteria:
| = 0.90 for flexure in RC
Obtain size of member and amount and location of reinforcing steel.
b 0.85f
c

a/2
|
d
Neutral Axis
c a = |
1
c
C
a/2
j
d

=

d
A
s(min)
Grade 40
Neutral Axis
(Axis of Zero Strain)
A
s
f T
d

a
/
2
Grade 40
A
s
> 0.002 A
g
Grade 60
A
s
> 0.0018 A
g
A
s
f
y
T
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
a
d f A M
y s n
A
s
: steel area
: steel ratio

= 0 F
f A ab f ' 85 0
n u
M M | =
. \
' 85 0
y
f
f d
a

=
b: width y s c
f A ab f = ' .85 0
d b
A
s
=
( )
'
59 . 0 1 9 . 0
c y y s uc
f f d f A M =
Calculate M
uc
and solve equation for A
s
| | | |
19
' 85 . 0
c
f
d b
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b f
M
d d
f
b f
A
c
uc
y
c
s
'
353 . 2
176 . 1
'
2
|
Critical Sections
Design for Flexure (A
s
)
Reinforced Footing Design;
M
uc
s | M
nc
Calculate M
uc
at the critical section for moment
Location of critical section for bending (l cantilever distance):
c
c c
c
Flexural
Steel
c/4
c
p
l
B
l
B
l = (B c/2) / 2
l
B
l = (2B (c + c )) / 4
Concrete Column
l = (B c) / 2
Masonry Column
l = (B c/2) / 2
Steel Column
l = (2B (c + c
p
)) / 4
for circular/octagonal column use an equivalent area square column
l c
Where M
uc
at the critical section is:
2
2
1
l q M
u uc
=
Care to be taken that this is moment
per width, for instance for a square
footing with width B, the moment is:
20
q
u
2
u uc
2
2
1
l Bq M
u uc
=
Limiting A
s
:
Reinforced Footing Design;
Minimum steel reinforcement in footing:
ACI [10.5.4 and 7.12.2]
Grade 40 steel A
s
> 0.0020 A
g
Grade 60 steel A
s
> 0.0018 A
g
The minimum steel percentage () required in flexural members is 200/f
y
with
minimum area and maximum spacing of steel bars in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage temperature reinforcement (10.5.4).
Rebar sizing criteria:
Clear space between bars, the larger of: d
b
, or 4/3 times the nominal maximum
aggregate size
Center to center spacing of reinforcement less than 3T or 18 in (whichever less)
Rebar sizing criteria:
Center-to-center spacing of reinforcement less than 3T or 18 in (whichever less)
21
Design Data for Steel Reinforcing Bars:
Reinforced Footing Design;
22
Reinforced Footing Design;
Development Length of Flexural Steel:
l
d
s l
d-supplied
Criteria:
d d supplied
Available (Supplied) development length (l
d-supplied
):
3 in
l
d-supplied
l
d-supplied
= l 3 in (70 mm)
If not satisfied, use smaller d
b
bars
Where l, is the length of critical section
for bending (cantilever segment)
l
B
Critical section
for bending
for bending (cantilever segment)
Transverse Reinforcement Steel Area:
A 2A
23
A
tr
= 2A
b
A
tr
= 4A
b
ACI [12 2 3]
l
d
s l
d-supplied
Criteria:
*At l t 2d d t i t l t d
Required Development Length l
d
for Bars in Tension:
Reinforced Footing Design;
ACI [12.2.3]
f
l | o 3
(English units)
d
f
l | o 9
(SI units)
*At least 2d
b
, and concrete spacing at least d
b
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
b
tr c
y
b
d
d
K c f
f
d
l | o
' 40
3
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
b
tr c
y
b
d
d
K c f
f
d
l | o
' 10
9
2 5
. \ b
n s
f A
K
yt tr
tr
1500
=
n s
f A
K
yt tr
tr
10
=
s 2.5
l
d
: min. required development length (in, mm), at least 300mm (12 in)
f
yt
: transverse reinforcing steel yield strength (psi, MPa)
For spread footings, use of K
tr
= 0 is conservative
c: spacing or cover (in, mm), smaller of bar center-to-nearest concrete, 0.5 center-
center bar spacing)
A
tr
: total x-sec. area of all transverse reinforcement within spacing s, crossing potential
l f litti th h th d l d i f t (i
2 2
) b t k
24
plane of splitting through the developed reinforcement (in
2
, mm
2
), maybe taken zero
s: max. center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within l
d
(in, mm)
n: number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting
l
d
s l
d-supplied
Criteria:
Required Development Length l
d
for Bars in Tension:
Reinforced Footing Design;
List of Modifiers for Development Length Calculations:
Modifier Value
o 1 3 horizontal (top) reinforcement o
(reinforcement location)
1.3 horizontal (top) reinforcement
within 12 in of concrete
1.0 all other
o | s 1.7
|
(coating factor)
1.5 epoxy coated with spacing < 6d
b
or cover < 3d
b
1.2 epoxy coated bars or wires
1 0 uncoated bars or wires

(reinforcement factor)
1.0 uncoated bars or wires
0.8 #6 bar and smaller, and
deformed wire
1 0 #7 d l

(lightweight concrete factor)

1.0 #7 and larger
1.3 lightweight aggregate concrete
1.0 Normal weight concrete
25
(lightweight concrete factor)
g
Design for Compressive Loads:
Load Transfer from Columns to Footings;
Nominal column bearing capacity
A f P
'
85 0 s A f P
c nb 1
85 . 0 =
Design criterion
nb u
P P | s
P
u
= factored column load ( 1.2D + 1.6L ACI-05 )
A
1
= cross-sectional area of the column = c
2
s = (A
2
/A
1
)
0.5
< 2 if c + 4d < B; otherwise, s = 1 s (A
2
/A
1
) 2 if c 4d B; otherwise, s 1
A
2
= (c + 4d)
2
| = 0.65
26
Note: on column use column f
c
, and on footing used footing f
c

Column compressive forces transmitted to footing directly by bearing

Design for Compressive Loads:
Load Transfer from Columns to Footings;
Permitted bearing capacity at base of column:
Column compressive forces transmitted to footing directly by bearing
Uplift (tension) forces are transferred by developed reinforcing bars
Check the strength of the lower part of the column (only concrete):
Permitted bearing capacity at base of column:
where A
1
= loaded area (column area)
1
(0.85 )
nb c
P f A | | ' =
A
| = 0.65
A
1
45
0
May be multiplied by for bearing on footing:
1
2
A
A
2
A
2
measured
on this plane
where A
2
= area of lower base of the largest
2
1 1
1
(0.85 ) 2 (0.85 )
nb c c
A
P f A f A
A
| | | ' ' = s
1
on this plane 2
pyramid cone contained within footing having
side slope 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (or area of
portion of supporting footing that is geometrically
27
similar and concentric with column)
If bearing force (P
u
) > the smallest of the allowable values carry excess by dowels
Design for compressive loads
A minimum steel ratio
= 0.005 of the column
section (A
g
) as compared to
Use of Dowels for Connection:
Connections with Superstructure
Wall steel
Design for compressive loads
Design for moment loads
Design for shear loads
(
g
) p
= 0.01 as minimum
reinforcement for the column
itself. The number of dowel
Wall steel
Lap joint
Concrete or
masonry
column
bars needed is four, these
may be placed at the four
corners of the column. The
d l b ll
Dowel
dowel bars are usually
extended into the footing,
bent at the ends, and tied to
the main footing the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel
diameter shall not exceed the
diameter of the longitudinal
Use at least 4 dowels with A
s
at least equal to column steel or 0.005 A
g
(col area)
g
bars in the column by more
than 0.15 in.
28
g
Should not be greater than #11 bars (should have 90
o
hooks at bottom)
l
d
of dowel (ACI 12.3)
Reinforced Footing Design;
Required Development Length l
d
for Bars in Compression:
l s l
C
ab s d
l l =
y b
y b
ab
f d
f
f d
l 0003 0 02 0 .
'
. > =
l
d
s l
d-supplied
Criteria:
l
d
: min. required development length (in)
l
ab
: basic development length (in)
d : nominal bar diameter (in)
c
f
d
b
: nominal bar diameter (in)

s
: Modifier
A
s-required
/ A
s-provided
for excess reinforcement
0 75 for spirally enclosed reinforcement 0.75 for spirally enclosed reinforcement
f
c
: 28 day compressive strength of concrete (psi)
SI units:
In column & footing:
0.075
0.0043
b y
d b y
c
d f
l d f
f
= >
'
SI units:
29
c
Design for Moment Loads:
Load Transfer from Columns to Footings;
Moment in column causes some dowels to act in tension.
Dowels must be embedded at least one development length in to footing.
'
c
b
dh
f
d
l
1200
=
English
'
c
b
dh
f
d
l
100
=
SI
l
l
dh
: development length for 90
o
hooks
T
l
dh
>70mm
12d
b
The development length might dictate the footing thickness.
The number and size of dowels should at least be as the steel in the column.
12d
b
30
Try using a smaller diameter dowel to reduce the development length
Design for Shear Loads:
Load Transfer from Columns to Footings;
Shear (V
u
) in column must be transferred to footing by dowels.
Footing and column poured separately (weak shear plane cold joint)
Minimum required dowel steel area:
u
V
A =
V
u
: applied shear load
|: 0.75 (0.85) for shear
|
y
s
f
A
| ( )
: 0.6 (cold joint), 1.0 (cold joint but roughened)
Ultimate shear load V
u
, can not exceed 0.2 | f
c
A
c
.
A
c
and f
c
are column area and concrete compressive strength.
31
Foundation Depth:
Embedment depth D:
D
min
(i )
Load
P(k)
D
min
(i )
Load
P/b (k/ft)
Square & Rectangular Continuous Footings
Embedment depth, D:
Accommodate footing thickness, T
D should be at least > 300mm (12)
(in) P(k) (in) P/b (k/ft)
0-65
65-140
12
18
0-10
10-20
12
18
Depth of frost penetration
Presence of expansive soil
Potential of scour
140-260
260-420
420-650
24
30
36
20-28
28-36
36-44
24
30
36
D
min
(mm)
Load
P(kN)
D
min
(mm)
Load
P/b (kN/m)
0-300 300
0-170 300
300-500
500-800
800-1100
400
500
600
170-250
250-330
330-410
400
500
600 800 00
1100-1500
1500-2000
2000 2700
600
700
800
900
410-490
490-570
570 650
600
700
800
900
32
2000-2700
2700-3500
900
1000
570-650
650-740
900
1000
Example 1 Square footing:
21in x 21in square reinforced concrete column carries a vertical load of 380 k and a
vertical live load of 270 k It is to be supported on a square spread footing that will be
ACI ACI--05 Ch9 Factors Solution 05 Ch9 Factors Solution
vertical live load of 270 k. It is to be supported on a square spread footing that will be
founded on a soil with an allowable bearing pressure of 6500 psf. The groundwater
table is well below the bottom of the footing. Determine the required width, B,
thickness, T, and effective depth, d.
Solution:
Unfactored load: P = k
Depth of embedment for P = 650k D = in
W B
2
D B
2
3 * 150 450 B
2
W
f
= B
2
D
c
= B
2
3 * 150 = 450 B
2
D
f
a
u
B
W P
q
+
=
2

0 6500
450 650000
2
+
+
=
+
+
=
B
u q
W P
B
f
B 0 6500 + +u q
D a
B = ft (use in)
Factored load: P = 1 2 (380) + 1 6 (270) = k Factored load: P
u
= 1.2 (380) + 1.6 (270) = k
Material properties: Use f
c
= 4000 psi, and f
y
= 60 k/in
2
O l li d l d i ti l ( h li d t) l h k t h
33
Only applied load is vertical (no shear or applied moment) only check two-way shear.
Solution 1 (cont.):
Two-way shear:
b
o
= 4(c+d) =
b
o
=
ACI ACI--05 Ch9 Factors Solution 05 Ch9 Factors Solution
b
o
= 4(c+d)
Calculate q
u
= P
u
/ A = lbs / 126
2
q
u
= psi
c=21in
Calculate shear force acting on b
o
for a square footing:
V
uc
= P
u
q
u
(c + d)
2
V
uc
=
B = 10.5 ft = 126 in
uc
V
uc
=
Two-way Nominal shear capacity for square footing:
' 4
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
( ) 000 4 4 84 4 , d d V
nc
+ =
2
012 1 252 21 d d V
nc
, , + =
2
759 939 , 15 d d V
nc
+ = |
Set V = |V =0.75V and solve for d:
34
Set V
uc
|V
nc
0.75V
nc
and solve for d:
Solution 1 (cont.):
Two-way shear:
815 d
2
+ 18 291 d 863 304 0 d
2
+ 22 44 d 1 059 27 0
O
863,304 2,352d 56 d
2
= 15,939d + 759 d
2
ACI ACI--05 05 Ch Ch9 9 Factors Solution Factors Solution
815 d
2
+ 18,291 d 863,304= 0
in
a
ac b b
d =
+
=

=
2
27 . 059 , 1 1 4 44 . 22 44 . 22
2
4
2 2
d
2
+ 22.44 d 1,059.27 = 0
Or:
Use d = in T = d + d
b
+ cover = + 1 + 3 ~ in
Flexural design:
For a concrete column:
in
c B
l 5 52
2
21 126
2
. =

=
2
2
1
l Bq M
u uc
=
2 2
in lb M
uc
=

= 050 , 724 , 9
2
5 . 52 56 126
2
( ) ( )
'
59 . 0 1 9 . 0
c y y s uc
f f d f A M =
|
|

| 000 , 60
59 0 1 24 000 60 9 0
s
A
A M |
.
|

\
|

=
000 , 4
,
24 126
59 . 0 1 24 000 , 60 9 . 0
s
s uc
A M
3,792.86 A
s
2
- 1,296,000 A
s
+ 9,724,050 = 0
Or: 2
78 563 2 1 4 69 341 69 341
35
Or:
A
s
2
341.69 A
s
+ 2,563.78 = 0
2
2
68 . 7
2
78 . 563 , 2 1 4 69 . 341 69 . 341
in A
s
=

=
Solution 1 (cont.):
Flexural design:
Check limiting A
s
: 0.0018 A
g
= 0.0018 * B * T
ACI ACI--05 Ch9 Factors Solution 05 Ch9 Factors Solution
g
s g
= 0.0018 * * = 6.35 in
2
s A
s
= 7.68 in
2
OK
Use 12 # 8 bars: d
b
= 1in, A
b
= 0.79 in
2
A
s
= 12 * 0.79 = 9.42 in
2
> 7.68in
2
OK
6 126 2
Use same reinforcement in
Development length: l
d-supplied
= l cover = 52.5 3 = 49.5 in
Bar spacing: in
n
er B
spacing 9 10
1 12
6 126
1
2
.
cov
=

=
Use same reinforcement in
other direction
|
|
|

| +
=
tr c
y
b
d
K c f
f
d
l | o
' 40
3
5 2 5 2 5 3
0 5 3.
use
K c
tr
> =
+
=
|
|
|

| +
c = cover + 0.5d
b
= 3 + 0.5 = 3.5 in
|
|
.

\ b
d
s 2.5
5 2 5 2 5 3
1
. . . use
d
b
> = =
|
|
.

\
in l
d
l
d
d
46 28 1 46 28 46 28
5 2
1 1 1 1
000 4
000 60
40
3
. . .
,
min
= = =

=

d
d
b
5 2 000 4 40 . ,
min
l
d-supplied
= 49.5 in > l
d-min
= 28.6 in OK
Lay steel to 3in to cover.
36
Lay steel to 3in to cover.
Solution 1 (cont.):
Column Bearing (Load transfer):
s A f P
b 1
'
85 0 =
s = (A /A )
0 5
< 2 for c + 4d < B;
ACI ACI--05 05 Ch Ch9 9 Factors Solution Factors Solution
s A f P
c nb 1
85 . 0
s = (A
2
/A
1
)
0.5
< 2 for c + 4d < B;
21 + 4*24 = 117 < 126in
A
2
= (c+4d)
2
= 13,689 in
2
s = (A
2
/A
1
)
0.5
= (13,689 / 21
2
)
1/2
= 5.57 > 2
Therefore use s = 2
lbs P
nb
800 998 2 2 21 000 4 85 0
2
, , , . = =
lb P 220 949 1 800 998 2 65 0 |
nb u
P P | s = 000 , 888
lbs P
nb
220 949 1 800 998 2 65 0 , , , , . = = |
Compression bearing OK
Dowels (column footing): Dowels (column-footing):
A
s-min
= 0.005 A
g
= 0.005 * 21
2
= 2.205in
2
Use 4 # 7 bars d
b
= 0.875in and A
b
= 0.6 in
2
A
s
= 0.6*4 = 2.4 in
2
> A
s-min
= 2.205 in
2
OK
Dowel development length (in compression): Dowel development length (in compression):
y b
c
y b
ab
f d
f
f d
l 0003 0 02 0 .
'
. > =
000 60 875 0
Required l
d
= 16.60 in
37
in f d in l
y b ab
75 15 000 60 875 0 0003 0 0003 0 60 16
000 4
000 60 875 0
02 0 . , . . . .
,
, .
. = = > =

=
Solution 1 (cont.):
Dowel development length (in compression): Required l
d
= 16.60 in
Available length in footing:
ACI ACI--05 Ch9 Factors Solution 05 Ch9 Factors Solution
Available length in footing:
Footing thickness cover 2 (footing bar diameter) dowel diameter
l
d-available
= 28 in 3 in 2*1 in 0.875 in = 22.125 in
l = 22 125 > l = 16 60
OK
l
d-available
= 22.125 > l
d-required
= 16.60
OK
4 # 7
21 in
Critical section for moment
T = 28 in
d = 24 in
B =126 in
12 # 8
38
Using
ACI 05 Appendix 5 Factors
For Solution of Same Example p
39
Example 1 Square footing:
21in
2
square reinforced concrete column carries a vertical load of 380 k and a vertical
live load of 270 k It is to be supported on a square spread footing that will be founded
ACI ACI--05 Appendix C Solution 05 Appendix C Solution
live load of 270 k. It is to be supported on a square spread footing that will be founded
on a soil with an allowable bearing pressure of 6500 psf. The groundwater table is well
below the bottom of the footing. Determine the required width, B, thickness, T, and
effective depth, d.
Solution:
Unfactored load: P = 380 + 270 = 650 k
Depth of embedment for P = 650k D = 36 in
W B
2
D B
2
3 * 150 450 B
2
W
f
= B
2
D
c
= B
2
3 * 150 = 450 B
2
D
f
a
u
B
W P
q
+
=
2

0 6500
450 650000
2
+
+
=
+
+
=
B
u q
W P
B
f
B 0 6500 + +u q
D a
B = 10.36 ft (use 10 ft 6in 126 in)
Factored load: P = 1 4 (380) + 1 7 (270) = 991 k Factored load: P
u
= 1.4 (380) + 1.7 (270) = 991 k
Material properties: Use f
c
= 4000 psi, and f
y
= 60 k/in
2
O l li d l d i ti l ( h li d t) l h k t h
40
Only applied load is vertical (no shear or applied moment) only check two-way shear.
Solution 1 (cont.):
Two-way shear:
b
o
= 4(c+d) = 4 (21 + d)
b
o
= 84 + 4d
ACI ACI--05 Appendix C Solution 05 Appendix C Solution
b
o
= 4(c+d)
Calculate q
u
= P
u
/ A = 991,000 lbs / 126
2
q
u
= 62.421 psi
c=21in
Calculate shear force acting on b
o
for a square footing:
V
uc
= P
u
q
u
(c + d)
2
V
uc
= 991,000 62.421 (21 + d)
2
B = 10.5 ft = 126 in
uc
V
uc
= 963,472.3 2,621.7d 62.421 d
2
Two-way Nominal shear capacity for square footing:
' 4
0 c c nc
f d b V V = =
( ) 000 4 4 84 4 , d d V
nc
+ =
2
012 1 252 21 d d V
nc
, , + =
2
2 860 2 064 18 d d V
nc
. . , + = |
Set V = |V and solve for d:
41
Set V
uc
|V
nc
and solve for d:
963,472.3 2,621.7d 62.421 d
2
= 18,064.2d + 860.2 d
2
Solution 1 (cont.):
Two-way shear: 963,472.3 2,621.7d 62.421 d
2
= 18,064.2d + 860.2 d
2
922 621 d
2
+ 20 685 9 d 963 472 3 0 d
2
+ 22 42 d 1 044 28 0
O
ACI ACI--05 05 Appendix C Solution Appendix C Solution
922.621 d
2
+ 20,685.9 d - 963,472.3 = 0
in
a
ac b b
d 99 22
2
28 044 1 1 4 42 22 42 22
2
4
2 2
.
. , . .
=
+
=

=
d
2
+ 22.42 d - 1,044.28 = 0
Or:
Use d = 23in T = d + d
b
+ cover = 23 + 1 + 3 ~ 27 in
Flexural design:
For a concrete column:
in
c B
l 5 52
2
21 126
2
. =

=
2
2
1
l Bq M
u uc
=
2 2
in lb M
uc
=

= 52 016 839 10
2
5 52 421 62 126
2
. , ,
. .
( ) ( )
'
59 . 0 1 9 . 0
c y y s uc
f f d f A M =
|
|

|

000 60
59 0 1 23 000 60 9 0
,
s
A
A M |
.

=
000 4 23 126
59 0 1 23 000 60 9 0
,
. , .
s
s uc
A M
3,792.86 A
s
2
- 1,242,000 A
s
+ 10,839,016.52 = 0
Or: 2
74 857 2 1 4 46 327 46 327
42
Or:
A
s
2
327.46 A
s
+ 2,857.74 = 0
2
2
97 8
2
74 857 2 1 4 46 327 46 327
in A
s
.
. , . .
=

=
Solution 1 (cont.):
Flexural design:
Check limiting A
s
: 0.0018 A
g
= 0.0018 * B * T
ACI ACI--05 Appendix C Solution 05 Appendix C Solution
g
s g
= 0.0018 * 126 * 27 = 6.124 in
2
s A
s
= 8.97 in
2
OK
Use 12 # 8 bars: d
b
= 1in, A
b
= 0.79 in
2
A
s
= 12 * 0.79 = 9.42 in
2
> 8.97in
2
OK
6 126 2
Use same reinforcement in
Development length: l
d-supplied
= l cover = 52.5 3 = 49.5 in
Bar spacing: in
n
er B
spacing 9 10
1 12
6 126
1
2
.
cov
=

=
Use same reinforcement in
other direction
|
|
|

| +
=
tr c
y
b
d
K c f
f
d
l | o
' 40
3
5 2 5 2 5 3
0 5 3.
use
K c
tr
> =
+
=
|
|
|

| +
c = cover + 0.5d
b
= 3 + 0.5 = 3.5 in
|
|
.

\ b
d
s 2.5
5 2 5 2 5 3
1
. . . use
d
b
> = =
|
|
.

\
in l
d
l
d
d
46 28 1 46 28 46 28
5 2
1 1 1 1
000 4
000 60
40
3
. . .
,
min
= = =

=

d
d
b
5 2 000 4 40 . ,
min
l
d-supplied
= 49.5 in > l
d-min
= 28.6 in OK
Lay steel to 3in to cover.
43
Lay steel to 3in to cover.
Solution 1 (cont.):
Column Bearing (Load transfer):
s A f P
b 1
'
85 0 =
s = (A /A )
0 5
< 2 for c + 4d < B;
ACI ACI--05 05 Appendix C Solution Appendix C Solution
s A f P
c nb 1
85 . 0
s = (A
2
/A
1
)
0.5
< 2 for c + 4d < B;
21 + 4*23 = 113 < 126in
A
2
= (c+4d)
2
= 12,769 in
2
s = (A
2
/A
1
)
0.5
= (12,769 / 21
2
)
1/2
= 5.38 > 2
Therefore use s = 2
lbs P
nb
800 998 2 2 21 000 4 85 0
2
, , , . = =
lb P 220 949 1 800 998 2 65 0 |
nb u
P P | s = 000 , 991
lbs P
nb
220 949 1 800 998 2 65 0 , , , , . = = |
Compression bearing OK
Dowels (column footing): Dowels (column-footing):
A
s-min
= 0.005 A
g
= 0.005 * 21
2
= 2.205in
2
Use 4 # 7 bars d
b
= 0.875in and A
b
= 0.6 in
2
A
s
= 0.6*4 = 2.4 in
2
> A
s-min
= 2.205 in
2
OK
Dowel development length (in compression): Dowel development length (in compression):
y b
c
y b
ab
f d
f
f d
l 0003 0 02 0 .
'
. > =
000 60 875 0
Required l
d
= 16.60 in
44
in f d in l
y b ab
75 15 000 60 875 0 0003 0 0003 0 60 16
000 4
000 60 875 0
02 0 . , . . . .
,
, .
. = = > =

=
Solution 1 (cont.):
Dowel development length (in compression): Required l
d
= 16.60 in
Available length in footing:
ACI ACI--05 Appendix C Solution 05 Appendix C Solution
Available length in footing:
Footing thickness cover 2 (footing bar diameter) dowel diameter
l
d-available
= 27 in 3 in 2*1 in 0.875 in = 21.125 in
l = 21 125 > l = 16 60
OK
l
d-available
= 21.125 > l
d-required
= 16.60
OK
4 # 7
21 in
Critical section for moment
T = 27 in
d = 23 in
B =126 in
12 # 8
45