Short Circuit Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations
IIEE Presentation
SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
REVISITED
FORTUNATO C. LEYNES FORTUNATO C. LEYNES FORTUNATO C. LEYNES FORTUNATO C. LEYNES
Chairman
Professional Regulatory
Board of Electrical Engineering
Professional Regulation Commission
IIEE Presentation
Short Circuit (Fault) Analysis
FAULT-PROOF SYSTEM
not practical
neither economical
faults or failures occur in any power system
In the various parts of the electrical network
under short circuit or unbalanced condition,
the determination of the magnitudes and phase
angles
Currents
Voltages
Impedances
IIEE Presentation
Application of Fault Analysis
1. The determination of the required mechanical
strength of electrical equipment to withstand
the stresses brought about by the flow of high
short circuit currents
2. The selection of circuit breakers and switch
ratings
3. The selection of protective relay and fuse
ratings
IIEE Presentation
4. The setting and coordination of protective
devices
5. The selection of surge arresters and insulation
ratings of electrical equipment
6. The determination of fault impedances for use
in stability studies
7. The calculation of voltage sags caused resulting
from short circuits
IIEE Presentation
8. The sizing of series reactors to limit the short
circuit current to a desired value
9. To determine the short circuit capability of
series capacitors used in series compensation of
long transmission lines
10. To determine the size of grounding
transformers, resistances, or reactors
IIEE Presentation
Per Unit Calculations
IIEE Presentation
Three-phase Systems
=
3
2
3
2
) , (
1000 ) , (
MVA base
kV voltage base
Z
kVA base
kV voltage base
Z
L L
B
L L
B
IIEE Presentation
Per Unit Quantities
) (
) (
) (
) (
B
pu
B
pu
B
pu
Z impedance Base
impedance actual
Z
kV Voltage Base
kV voltage actual
V
I Current Base
current actual
I
=
=
=
IIEE Presentation
Changing the Base of Per Unit
Quantities
( )
( )
( )
] [
] [
] [
2
] [
] [
] [
2
] [ ] [
] [
2
] [
] [
) (
1000
1000
) (
1000
) ( ,
new B
new pu
new
new
new B
old
old old pu
old
old
old pu
Z
Z
Z
kVA base
kV base
Z
kVA base
kV base Z
Z
kVA base
kV base
Z impedance actual
Z

=
IIEE Presentation
Changing the Base of Per
Unit Quantities
( )
( )
( )
] [
] [
] [
2
] [
] [
] [
2
] [ ] [
] [
2
] [
] [
) (
1000
1000
) (
1000
) ( ,
new B
new pu
new
new
new B
old
old old pu
old
old
old pu
Z
Z
Z
kVA base
kV base
Z
kVA base
kV base Z
Z
kVA base
kV base
Z impedance actual
Z

=
IIEE Presentation
kVA Base for Motors
Induction < 100 hp 1.00
Synchronous 1.0 pf 0.80
Induction > 1000 hp
0.90
Induction 100 < 999 hp
0.95
Synchronous 0.8 pf 1.00
hp rating kVA/hp
IIEE Presentation
SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS
IIEE Presentation
1 c
V
1 a
V
1 b
V
Positive Sequence
2 a
V
2 c
V
2 b
V
Negative Sequence
Unbalanced Phasors Zero Sequence
0 0 0 c b a
V V V = =
c
V
a
V
b
V
0 c
V
1 c
V
2 c
V
0 b
V
2 b
V
1 b
V
1 a
V
2 a
V
0 a
V
IIEE Presentation
Symmetrical Components of
Unbalanced Three-phase Phasor
( )
( )
( )
c b a a
c b a a
c b a a
aV V a V V
V a aV V V
V V V V
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2
2
2
1
0
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
1 0
2 1
2
0
2 1 0
a a a c
a a a b
a a a a
V a aV V V
aV V a V V
V V V V
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
IIEE Presentation
In matrix form:
Symmetrical Components of
Unbalanced Three-phase Phasor
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
c
b
a
a
a
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
IIEE Presentation
Sequence Networks
Power System Short Circuit
Calculations
IIEE Presentation
Fault Point
The fault point of a system is that point to
which the unbalanced connection is
attached to an otherwise balanced system.
IIEE Presentation
Definition of Sequence
Networks
Positive-sequence Network
E
a1
= Thevenins equivalent
voltage as seen at the fault
point
Z
1
impedance as seen from
the fault point
1 1 1 1
Z I E V
a a a
=
Z
1
E
a1
I
a1
V
a1
+
-
IIEE Presentation
Negative-sequence Network
Z
2
negative-sequence
impedance as seen at
the fault point
Networks
2 2 2
Z I V
a a
=
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
IIEE Presentation
Zero-sequence Network
Z
0
zero-sequence impedance
as seen at the fault point
Networks
0 0 0
Z I V
a a
=
Z
0
I
a0
V
a0
+
-
IIEE Presentation
Sequence Network Models of
Power System Components
Calculations
IIEE Presentation
Synchronous Machines
(Positive Sequence Network)
d
jx Z ' '
1
=
IIEE Presentation
(Negative Sequence Network)
2
' ' ' '
2
q d
x x
j Z
+
=
Where:
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
x
d
= direct-axis sub-transient reactance
x
q
= quadrature-axis sub-transient reactance
IIEE Presentation
(Zero Sequence Network)
Solidly-Grounded Neutral
jX
0
I
0
n
ground
IIEE Presentation
Impedance-Grounded Neutral
jX
0
I
0
n
3Z
g
ground
IIEE Presentation
Ungrounded-Wye or Delta Connected
Generators
jX
0
I
0
n
ground
IIEE Presentation
Two-Winding Transformers
Standard
Symbol
P S
Z
PS
Equivalent
Positive-seq. Network
P S
IIEE Presentation
Three-Winding Transformers
t s st
t p pt
s p ps
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
+ =
+ =
+ =
( )
( )
( )
ps st pt t
pt st ps s
st pt ps p
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
1
2
1
2
1
P
T
Standard
Symbol
Z
p
P
Z
S
S
Z
t
T
Equivalent Positive-Sequence
Network
S
IIEE Presentation
Transformers
The negative-sequence network of two-
winding and three-winding transformers
are modeled in the same way as the
positive-sequence network since the
positive-sequence and negative-sequence
impedances of transformers are equal.
IIEE Presentation
Simplified Derivation of Transformer Zero-
Sequence Circuit Modeling
P Q
S1 = 1 and S3 = 0
or
S2 = 1 or S4 = 0
Grounded wye
S1 = 0 and S3 = 0
or
S2 = 0 and S4 = 0
Ungrounded wye
S1 = 0 and S3 = 1
or
S2 = 0 and S4 = 1
Delta
(Thanks to Engr. Antonio C. Coronel, Retired VP, Meralco, and former member, Board of Electrical Engineering)
IIEE Presentation
Simplified Derivation of Transformer
Zero-Sequence Circuit Modeling
S1 = 1
S2 = 1
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
P Q
Z
S1
S3 S4
S2
Grounded wye Grounded wye
IIEE Presentation
S1 = 1
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
P Q
Grounded wye Ungrounded wye
IIEE Presentation
S1 = 1
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 1
P Q
Grounded wye Delta
IIEE Presentation
S1 = 0
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
P Q
Delta Delta
IIEE Presentation
Transformers
(Zero-Sequence Circuit Model)
Transformer
Connection
Zero-Sequence
Circuit Equivalent
P Q
Z
PQ
P Q
P Q
Z
PQ
P Q
IIEE Presentation
Transformer
Connection
Q P
Z
PQ
P Q
P Q
Z
PQ
P Q
Transformers
Transformers
Zero-Sequence
Circuit Equivalent
IIEE Presentation
Transformer
Connection
Zero-Sequence
Circuit Equivalent
P Q
R
Z
P
Z
Q
Z
R
P
R
Q
P Q
Z
PQ
P Q
Transformers
Transformers
IIEE Presentation
Transformer
Connection
Zero-Sequence
Circuit Equivalent
Z
P
Z
Q
Z
R
P
R
Q
P Q
R
Q P
R
Z
P
Z
Q
Z
R
P
R
Q
Transformers
Transformers
IIEE Presentation
Transmission Lines
r
a
jX
L
Z
1
IIEE Presentation
Transmission Lines
The same model as the positive-sequence
network is used for transmission lines
inasmuch as the positive-sequence and
negative-sequence impedances of
transmission lines are the same
IIEE Presentation
Transmission Lines
The zero-sequence network model for a
transmission line is the same as that of the
positive- and negative-sequence networks.
The sequence impedance of the model is of
course the zero-sequence impedance of the
line. This is normally higher than the
positive- and negative-sequence impedances
because of the influence of the earths
resistivity and the ground wire/s.
IIEE Presentation
Calculations
Classification of Power System
Short Circuits
IIEE Presentation
Shunt Faults
Single line-to-ground faults
Double line-to-ground faults
Line-to-line faults
Three-phase faults
IIEE Presentation
Series Faults
One-line open faults
Two-line open faults
IIEE Presentation
Combination of Shunt and
Series Faults
Single line-to-ground and one-line open
Double line-to-ground and one-line open faults
Line-to-line and one-line open faults
Three-phase and one-line open faults
IIEE Presentation
Single line-to-ground and two-line open faults
Double line-to-ground and two-line open faults
Line-to-line and two-line open faults
Three-phase and two-line open faults
Combination of Shunt and
Series Faults
IIEE Presentation
Balanced Faults
Symmetrical or
Three-Phase Faults
IIEE Presentation
Derivation of Sequence Network Interconnections
Boundary conditions:
f c c f b b f a a F
c b a
Z I V Z I V Z I V V
I I I
= = =
= + + 0
Eqn (1)
Eqn (2)
Z
f
Z
f
V
f
System A System B
A
B
C
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
Z
f
IIEE Presentation
Z
0
I
a0
V
a0
+
-
Z
1
E
a1
I
a1
V
a1
+
-
Z
f
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
Z
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1 0
1
1
1
, 0
Z
E
I I
Z
Z Z
E
I I
I I I I
Z Z
E
I
a
a f
f
a
a f
a a a f
f
a
a
f
= =
=
+
= =
+ + =
+
=
IIEE Presentation
Unbalanced Faults
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
IIEE Presentation
0
0
= =
= =
f a a
c b
Z I V
I I
Z
f
System A System B
A
B
C
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
IIEE Presentation
f
a
a a a
Z Z Z Z
E
I I I
3
2 1 0
1
2 1 0
+ + +
= = =
Z
1
E
a1
I
a1
V
a1
+
-
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
Z
0
I
a0
V
a0
+
-
3Z
f
1 0
1
2 1
0 1 2 1 0
1 0
1
2 1 0
2 1
2 1 0
1
2 1 0
2
3
0
3 3
2
0
Z Z
E
I I
Z Z and Z If
I I I I I I I
Z Z
E
I I I
Z Z
Z Z Z
E
I I I
Z If
a
a f
f
a a a a a a f
a
a a a
a
a a a
f
+
= =
= =
= = + + = =
+
= = =
=
+ +
= = =
=
IIEE Presentation
Unbalanced Faults
Line-to-Line Faults
IIEE Presentation
f b c b c f b b
c b
a
Z I V V V Z I V
I I
I
= =
=
=
or ;
0
Z
f
System A System B
A
B
C
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
IIEE Presentation
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
1
1
2
0
Z
E
I
Z Z and Z If
Z Z Z
E
I
a
a
f
f
a
a
=
= =
+ +
=
( )
1 1
2
2 1
2 1
2
0
3
; 0
a a f
a a ao
a a a c b f
I j I a a I
I I I
aI I a I I I I
current fault The
= =
= =
+ + = = =
Z
1
E
a1
I
a1
V
a1
+
-
Z
f
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
Z
0
I
a0
V
a0
+
-
IIEE Presentation
] 3 [ ] [
1
1
] 3 [
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
2
3
2
3
2
3
0 if
2
3
with , thus
f L L f
a
f
a a
f
f
f
a
f
I I
Z
E
I
Z
E
Z
E
j I
Z
Z Z
E
j I
Z Z
=
=
|
|
\
|
= =
=
(
(
+
=
=

IIEE Presentation
Unbalanced Faults
Double-to-line Ground Fault
IIEE Presentation
( )
( )
g c b f c c
g c b f b b
a
Z I I Z I V
Z I I Z I V
I
+ + =
+ + =
= 0
Eqn BC-1
Eqn BC-2
Eqn BC-3
Z
f
System A System B
A
B
C
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
Z
f
V
f
Z
g
(I
b
+I
c
)
IIEE Presentation
( )( )
g f
g f f
f
a
a
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
E
I
3 2
3
0 2
0 2
1
1
1
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
=
Z
0
I
a0
V
a0
+
-
Z
2
I
a2
V
a2
+
-
Z
f
Z
f
Z
f
+3Z
g
Z
1
E
a1
I
a1
V
a1
+
-
IIEE Presentation
Negative-sequence Component:
|
|
\
|
+ + +
+ +
=
g f
g f
a a
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
I I
3 2
3
0 2
0
1 2
Zero-sequence Component:
The fault current
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
2 1 0 2 1 0
2 1 0 2 1 0
2
2
1
2
0
2
2
1 0 2 1
2
0
3 thus,
or ; 0 but
2 1 1 2
2
a f
a a a a a a
a a a a a a f
a a a f
a a a a a a c b f
I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I a a I a a I I
I a aI I aI I a I I I I
=
+ = = + +
+ = + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + + = + =
|
|
\
|
+ + +
+
=
g f
f
a a
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
I I
3 2
0 2
2
1 0
IIEE Presentation
( )
0 1
2
1
1 0
0 1
0
0 1
0 1
1
1
0 1
0
1 2
0 1
2
1
1 0 1
0 1
0 1
1
1
1
2 1
2
2
0
Z Z Z
E Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
Z Z
Z
I I
Z Z Z
E Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
I
Z Z and Z Z If
a
a
a a
a a
a
g f
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
= = =
IIEE Presentation
0 1
1
0
0 1
1
0 1
2
1
1 1
0 1
1
0 1
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1 0
2
3
3
2 2
Z Z
E
I I
Z Z
E
Z Z Z
E Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
Z Z
Z
I I
a
a f
a a
a
a a
+
= =
+
=
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
( )
0 1
2
1
1 0
0 1
0
0 1
0 1
1
1
0 1
0
1 2
0 1
2
1
1 0 1
0 1
0 1
1
1
1
2 1
2
2
0
Z Z Z
E Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
Z Z
Z
I I
Z Z Z
E Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
E
I
Z Z and Z Z If
a
a
a a
a a
a
g f
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
= = =
IIEE Presentation
Voltage Rise Phenomenon
Single-to-line Ground Fault
IIEE Presentation
Unfaulted Phase B Voltage During Single
Line-to-Ground Faults
Unfaulted Phase B Voltage During Single
Line-to-Ground Faults
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
+ + =
1
0
1
0
2
1
0 1
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
1 2
1
0 1
1 0 2
1
1
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1
2
0
0 1
1
2 1
2
0
2
1
; R and R s, resistance neglecting
2
1
2
1
2
2 2 2
X
X
X
X
a E V
Z
Z
Z
Z
a E V
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
a E
Z Z
Z Z
a E V
Z
Z Z
E
a Z
Z Z
E
E a Z
Z Z
E
V
aV V a V V
a b
a b
a a b
a a
a
a
b
a a a b
IIEE Presentation
Unfaulted Phase B Voltage During
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
Neglecting resistances R0 & R1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
-10 -6 -3 -2.8 -2.6 -2.4 -2.2 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 0 1 2 5 9 25 45 65 85
X0/X1
P
h
a
s
e

B

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)
IIEE Presentation
Fault MVA
1 0
) (
1
) 3 (
2
3
1
: p.u. in fault ground - to - line singe for
: p.u. in fault phase for three
p.u.; 1.0
1
for where,
Z Z
I
Z
I
MVA I MVA
SLG F
F
base F F
a
E
+
=
=
=

IIEE Presentation
Fault MVA
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 0
0 1
3
1
3 3
2
3
. .
3
2
.) . (
:
. .
1
.) . (
:
Z
I
Z
u p
I
Z Z
MVA u p I MVA
MVA fault ground to line Single
u p
I
Z
MVA u p I MVA
MVA fault phase Three
SLG F
SLG F
base SLG F SLG F
F
base F F
=
= +
=

=
=

IIEE Presentation
Assumptions Made to Simplify
Fault Calculations
1. Pre-fault load currents are neglected.
2. Pre-fault voltages are assumed equal to 1.0
per unit.
3. Resistances are neglected (only for 115kV &
up).
4. Mutual impedances, when not appreciable are
neglected.
5. Off-nominal transformer taps are equal to 1.0
per unit.
6. Positive- and negative-sequence impedances
are equal.
IIEE Presentation
Outline of Procedures for
1 Setup the network impedances expressed in per
unit on a common MVA base in the form of a
single-line diagram
2 Determine the single equivalent (Thevenins)
impedance of each sequence network.
3 Determine the distribution factor giving the
current in the individual branches for unit total
sequence current.
IIEE Presentation
4 Interconnect the three sequence networks for the
type of fault under considerations and calculate
the sequence currents at the fault point.
5 Determine the sequence current distribution by
the application of the distribution factors to the
sequence currents at the fault point
6 Synthesize the phase currents from the sequence
currents.
IIEE Presentation
7 Determine the sequence voltages throughout the
networks from the sequence current distribution
and branch impedances
8 Synthesize the phase voltages from the sequence
voltage components
9 Convert the pre unit currents and voltages to
actual physical units
IIEE Presentation
CIRCUIT BREAKING SIZING
(Asymmetrical Rating Factors)
Momentary Rating
Multiplying Factor = 1.6
Interrupting Rating
Multiplying Factor
8 cycles = 1.0
5 cycles = 1.1
3 cycles = 1.2
1 cycles = 1.5
IIEE Presentation
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
In the power system
shown, determine the
momentary and
interrupting ratings for
primary and secondary
circuit breakers of
transformer T2.
IIEE Presentation
Solution:
pu x
pu x
pu I
pu I
SLG F
F
05 . 0 125 . 0 2
10
3
125 . 0
8
1
10
100
1000
8
100
800
: 100MVA system@ 69kV Equivalent
0
1
) (
) 3 (
= =
= =
=
(
=
=
(
pu x
pu x
pu x
pu x
pu x
3333 . 3
5 . 4
100
15 . 0
4.5 MVA or
4500 5000 0.9 kVA : M2 M1,
80 . 0
75
100
06 . 0
: T3 T3, T2,
24 . 0
25
100
06 . 0
40 . 0
25
100
10 . 0 "
: G1
2667 . 0
30
100
08 . 0
: T1
B
B
0
=
(
=
=
= =
=
(
=
=
(
=
=
(
=
=
(
=
IIEE Presentation
Solution:
Positive sequence network:
IIEE Presentation
Solution:
Zero sequence network:
IIEE Presentation
Improper Sequence Network Models
IIEE Presentation
IIEE Presentation
IIEE Presentation
Incorrect Sequence Network Models
IIEE Presentation
QUESTIONS?
IIEE Presentation

Short Circuit Calculations

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Short Circuit Calculations

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Short Circuit Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

Short Circuit Calculations

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