HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEMS o Excretory organs Skin Sweats Liver Lungs

EXCRETION

Sweat glands excrete perspiration (water, salt, some urea) Excretes bile pigments derived from hemoglobin breakdown

Kidneys THE URINARY SYSTEM o Kidney function o

Expiration releases CO2 and water from the body

Produce urine containing urea and salts

Remove metabolic wastes from blood and excrete them to the outside Regulate volume, composition, and pH of body fluids

Components of the urinary system Kidneys Ureters Tubes from the kidneys to the bladder that transport the urine o Urinary bladder Urethra A duct that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the external opening of the body Males o Females o o In females the urethra is about 2.5 cm long Leaves the body between the vaginal opening and the clitoris In males the urethra is about 20 cm long Expands as it stores urine Muscular peristaltic waves move urine through the ureters to urinary bladder Location o o On either side of the vertebral column just below the diaphragm Filters urea and other wastes from blood Produces urine

Kidneys Gross structure Hilus o o On concave side A depression where the renal arteries and veins and the ureter attach

Approximately 20% of the blood going through the descending aorta is diverted to the kidney Longitudinal section o Renal cortex Outer granulated layer

Contains the Bowman's capsules and convoluted tubules Renal medulla Radially striated conical layer Contains the loop of Henle and collecting ducts Renal pelvis Inner cavity that is continuous with the ureter

o Nephrons

Bowman's capsule o o A cup-like structure that contains the glomerulus Glomerulus A tuft of capillaries

URINE FORMATION o

Loop of Henle o

A U-shaped tubule

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules Collecting duct

Pressure filtration Due to the glomerular blood pressure and the thin walls of the glomerulus, components of the blood are forced from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule Filterable blood components o Small molecules Water, urea, sugars, vitamins, and salts. Non-filterable blood components o Large molecules (proteins) and cells

Selective reabsorption Molecules are reabsorbed from the proximal and distal convoluted tubules into the surrounding peritubular capillaries Molecules are body requires, such as glucose, are normally reabsorbed completely If the maximum rate of transport is exceeded, the molecules appear in the urine

Tubular excretion Waste still in the blood after the pressure filtration move by active transport from the peritubular capillaries into the nephron

Water reabsorption The isotonic fluid in the distal convoluted tubule enters the collecting duct and passes through the high osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney Water diffuses out of the tubule into the surrounding capillaries, and the fluid in the collecting tubule becomes hypertonic relative to blood plasma

KIDNEY REGULATORY FUNCTIONS o Blood volume Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect increased osmotic pressure (decreased water in blood) It will send nerve impulses to give the sensation of thirst and to tell the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone o o Secreted from the posterior pituitary It increases the permeability of the collecting duct so that more water is reabsorbed and less urine produced

Diuretics o Alcohol and caffeine inhibit the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary, thereby causing more urine volume

KIDNEY DISFUNCTIONS o Kidneys Failure Patients with renal failure may undergo kidney transplant operations with a one year survival rate of 97% if it is received from a relative Otherwise, dialysis of the blood is performed on a kidney machine Blood is removed from an artery and is pumped through a semi-permeable membrane bathed in a clean dialysis solution Small molecules, such as urea and salts, move through the semipermeable membrane by simple diffusion into the dialysis solution