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Ideal Op Amp
1) The open-loop gain, Av, is very large, approaching innity. 2) The current into the inputs are zero.
Golden Rules of Op Amps: 1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to make the voltage difference between the inputs zero.
2.
Non-inverting Amplier
Non-inverting Amplier
Closed-loop voltage gain
Non-inverting Amplier
Closed-loop voltage gain
Non-inverting Amplier
Closed-loop voltage gain
Unity-Gain Buffer
Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain
Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain
Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain
Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance (resistance) to a low output impedance. Can provide substantial current gain.
Inverting Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Inverting Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Inverting Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Inverting Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Inverting Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Current into op amp is zero
Differential Amplier
Differential Amplier
Differential Amplier
Differential Amplier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Photodiode Circuit
Photodiode Circuit
Photodiode Circuit
At 50 mW
Photodiode Circuit
At 50 mW
Photodiode Circuit
At 50 mW
Non-ideal Op Amp
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s)
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105)
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite)
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite) Finite output resistance (not zero)
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite) Finite output resistance (not zero) Finite slew rate
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite) Finite output resistance (not zero) Finite slew rate Input bias currents
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite) Finite output resistance (not zero) Finite slew rate Input bias currents Input bias current offset
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s) Finite gain (~105) Limited frequency response Finite input resistance (not innite) Finite output resistance (not zero) Finite slew rate Input bias currents Input bias current offset Input offset voltage
Electret microphone
Usually a piezo microphone with integral FET amplier which requires biasing/power.
Practical circuit
single supply bias decoupling power line lter cap AC
Filter
Aliasing
So, anti-aliasing lter required 16KHz ?
Rectier/Demodulation
Half-wave rectier RC chosen carefully Could do better...
Active rectier
precision rectier no offsets still needs RC lter
Tone generation
PWM Counter Output Compare (Square Wave) Digital Analog Convertor DAC probably more...
PWM
Duty cycle proportional to signal amplitude Numerous generation techniques Sigma, SigmaDelta, time proportioning
DAC
Need digital template or LUT Just repeat a single sine wave A bit rough?