ASSIGNMENT #1

Q1. Why operating system is called as reactive system? ANS- Operating system always responses back to the user for every
performed. So, an operating system is also called as reactive system. action he

Q2.List and compare number of operating systems available.

Latest stable version

Name

Creator

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

AIX

IBM

7.1

Bundled with hardware

Proprietary

Server, NAS,workst ation

Android

Android, Inc., Google

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Free

Apache 2.0, GNU GPLv2

Consumer, enterprise, military, education

Commodore International,Ha AmigaOSclas age & sic Partner, Hyperi on Entertainment

3.9

Bundled with hardware up to version 3.0 (Amiga International Proprietary, open Hardware came source clone Workstation, person with 3.1); available al computer versions 2.1, under AROS Publi 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, c License 3.9 also available as separate packages

AmigaOS 4

Hyperion Entertainment

4.0 bundled with hardware; 4.1 update 4 4.0 for classic and 4.1 available as standalone

Proprietary

Workstation, personal computer

Name

Creator

Latest stable version

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

package at 99

eComStation

Serenity Systems, Mensys BV

2.1

Home-student edition (max. 5 per site) $149.00 business edition $259.00

Proprietary

Server, workstation, personal computer

EPOC32

Psion PLC

ER5

Commercial

Proprietary

PDA

FreeBSD

The FreeBSD Project

Free

BSD

Server, workstation, NAS, embedded

DragonFly BSD

Matthew Dillon

2.10

Free

BSD

Server, workstation, NAS, embedded

Haiku

Haiku Inc.

R1/Alpha3

Free

MIT

Personal computer

HP-UX

HewlettPackard

11.31 "11i v3"

$400

Proprietary

Server, workstation

IBM i

IBM

7.1

Bundled with hardware

Proprietary

Server

Inferno

Bell Labs

Fourth Edition

Free

MIT, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, LPL

NAS, server, embedded

iOS

Apple Inc.

5.1.1

Bundled with hardware

Proprietary higher Smartphone, music level API layers; player, tablet open source core computer system (ARM

Name

Creator

Latest stable version

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others

IRIX

SGI

6.5.30

Bundled with hardware

Proprietary

Server, workstation

GNU/Linux

Linux Richard kernel3.4; G Stallman, Linus NU C Torvalds, et al. Library 2.13

Free

GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, others

See: Comparison of Linux distributions

Mac OS

Apple Inc.

9.2.2

Bundled with 68K and PowerPC Macs; versions 7-9 sold as retail upgrades
[g 6]

Proprietary

Workstation, personal computer

OS X

Apple Inc.

10.8

Bundled with hardware; upgrades sold separately: Desktop $169 Proprietary higher (one-user Mac level API layers; box set), $29 open source core Workstation, (one-user Mac system (Intelpersonal computer, OS X v10.6 PowerPC embedded upgrade) versions): APSL, Family Pack GNU GPL, others $229 (5-user Mac box set), $49 (5-user Mac OS X v10.6 upgrade) Bundled with Proprietary higher hardware; and level API layers; sold separately: open source core

OS X Server

Apple Inc.

10.7

Server

Name

Creator

Latest stable version

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

$499 (unlimited clients)

system (IntelPowerPC versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others BSD Workstation NAS, server, workstation, embedded Server

MINIX 3

Andrew S. Tanenbaum The NetBSD Project

3.1.8

Free

NetBSD

5.1.2

Free

BSD

NetWare

Novell

6.5 SP8

$184 (oneuser) Bundled with hardware, then sold separately

Proprietary

NeXTStep

NeXT

3.3

Proprietary

Workstation

OpenBSD

The OpenBSD Project

5.1

Free

ISC

Server, NAS, workstation, embedded

Many, based on software developed OpenIndiana by Sun Microsystems a nd many others

Free

CDDL mostly, and Server, workstation others

OpenVMS

DEC (now HP)

8.4

Commercial, free noncommercial use $300

Proprietary

Server, workstation

OS/2

IBM and Microsoft PC-BSD Software Bell Labs

4.52

Proprietary

Personal computer, server Personal computer, workstation, server Workstation, server, embedded, HPC

PC-BSD

9 Fourth Edition

Free

BSD

Plan 9

Free Commercial; a free testing version exists that needs authorization code before

LPL

QNX

QNX Software Systems

6.5.0

Proprietary

Workstation, server, embedded

Name

Creator

Latest stable version

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

installing Commercial; a free 90 days evaluation version exists Commercial Free

Solaris

Sun

11 11/11

CDDL

Server, workstation

Symbian OS Symbian platform

Symbian Ltd. Symbian Foundation

9.5 3.0.4

Proprietary EPL

Phones embedded

Windows Server (NT family)

Microsoft

$469 Web Server; other Windows editions Server 2008 dependent on R2 (NT number 6.1.7600) of CALs purcha sed Home Basic retail $99.95, Home Premium retail $119.95, Business retail $299.95, Ultimate retail [1] $300.95

Proprietary

Server, NAS, embedded, HPC

Microsoft Windows(NT family)

Microsoft

Windows 7(NT 6.1.7600)

Proprietary

Workstation, personal computer, media center,Tablet PC, embedded

Microsoft Windows (classic family) RISC iX

Microsoft

Windows Me(Win 4.90.3000)

Outdated, no longer sold

Proprietary

Personal computer, media center

Acorn Computers Acorn Computers

1.21c

Bundled with hardware Bundled with hardware Bundled with hardware, then sold separately at $127 (70) Free for noncommercial use (recent releases);

Proprietary

Workstation Education, personal computer

RISC OS

3.71

Proprietary

RISC OS

RISCOS Ltd, Pace plc

4.39

Proprietary

Education, personal computer

RISC OS

Castle Technology, RI SC OS Open

5.17

Shared Source

Education, personal computer

Name

Creator

Latest stable version

Cost, availability

Preferred lice [g 1] nse

Target system type

formerly bundled with hardware Bundled with hardware, then sold separately at $127 (70)

RISC OS

RISCOS Ltd

6.20

Proprietary

Education, personal computer

ZETA

yellowTAB

1.5

Discontinued

Proprietary

Personal computer, media center, workstation

STOP 6, XTS400

BAE Systems

6.4.U1

Unknown; supplied to customers ondemand by BAE Systems

Proprietary

Server, workstation

ReactOS

ReactOS development team Wind River Systems

0.3.14

Free

GNU GPL, GNU LGPL

Workstation, personal computer Embedded Realtime systems

VxWorks

6.9

Paid Monthly license fee, about $130 and up Monthly license fee

Proprietary

z/OS

IBM

1.12

Proprietary

IBM mainframe

z/VSE

IBM

4.3

Proprietary

IBM mainframe

Q3. Explain reason for process creation and process termination.

Reason for process creation:A process is created in response to the submission of a job. A new process is created when a new user attempts to log on in an interactive environment. In all the cases the operating system is responsible for the creation of the process. An operating system can also create a process on behalf of an application. Process creation is only the first management action performed by the OS on the process. Since the process will use the resources made available by the OS, further OS activity will typically be needed to manage those resources on behalf of the process. This involves the release of the CPU control from the process to the OS. 1) The creation of a process image in a certain address space, which typically involves the

loading of the executable code for the task from some mass storage medium; 2) The creation and initialization of a PCB for the process, and its insertion in one of the process control queues (typically the ``ready'' one). Reason for process termination:Normal completion, Time limit exceeded, Memory unavailable, Bounds violation, Protection error, Arithmetic error, Time overrun, I/O failure, Invalid instruction, Privileged instruction, Data misuse, Operator or OS intervention, Parent termination.

Q. Explain seven state process.

Seven state process:-

Apart from the transitions we have seen in five states model, following are the new transitions which occur in the above seven state model.

Blocked to Blocked / Suspend: If there are now ready processes in the main memory, at least one blocked process is swapped out to make room for another process that is not blocked. Blocked / Suspend to Blocked: If a process is terminated making space in the main memory, and if there is any high priority process which is blocked but suspended,

anticipating that it will become free very soon, the process is brought in to the main memory.

Blocked / Suspend to Ready / Suspend: A process is moved from Blocked / Suspend to Ready / Suspend, if the event occurs on which the process was waiting, as there is no space in the main memory. Ready / Suspend to Ready: If there are no ready processes in the main memory, operating system has to bring one in main memory to continue the execution. Sometimes this transition takes place even there are ready processes in main memory but having lower priority than one of the processes in Ready / Suspend state. So the high priority process is brought in the main memory. Ready to Ready / Suspend: Normally the blocked processes are suspended by the operating system but sometimes to make large block free, a ready process may be suspended. In this case normally the low priority processes are suspended. New to Ready / Suspend: When a new process is created, it should be added to the Ready state. But sometimes sufficient memory may not be available to allocate to the newly created process. In this case, the new process is sifted to Ready / Suspend.

Q4. Difference between Program and Process

- A program is a set of instructions that are to perform a designated task, where as the process is an operation which takes the given instructions and perform the manipulations as per the code, called execution of instructions. A process is entirely dependent of a program. - A process is a module that executes modules concurrently. They are separate loadable modules. Where as the program perform the tasks directly relating to an operation of a user like word processing, executing presentation software etc.
Program

Simply a passive entity stores the set of instructions to be executed in the file. Process An Active Entity which executes the set of instructions (i.e. program),and has many things associated with that program to execute like Program counter,regtister etc.

a process is a progam under execution a program is a series of instructions to perform a particulat task Process is a part of a program. Process is the part where logic of that particular program exsists.

Program is given as a set of process. In some cases we may divide a problem into number of parts. At these times we write a seperate logic for each part known as process. process:part of program is process program:program is set of process

Program is nothing but the set of all the instruction which requires to carry out some specific job.Before come into execution they must be convert in binary codes which should be understood by loader os OS.Generally in Windows it like EXE file which is stored in Portable Executable (PE) Format on Secondary Memory Like hard disk. A process is usually defined as an instance of a running Program and consists of two components:. 1) A kernel object that the operating system uses to manage the process. The kernel object is also where the system keeps statistical information about the prdlllocess. 2) An address space that contains all the executable or DLL module's code and data. It also contains dynamic memory allocations such as thread stacks and heap allocations. Processes are inert. For a process to accomplish anything, it must have a thread that runs in its context; this thread is responsible for executing the code contained in the process's address space. In fact, a single process might contain several threads, all of them executing code "simultaneously" in the process's address space. To do this, each thread has its own set of CPU registers and its own stack. Each process has at least one thread that executes code in the process's address space. If there were no threads executing code in the process's address space, there would be no reason for the process to continue to exist, and the system would automatically destroy the process and its address space.

Process is active state of program and it is status of given task mentioned in program, it gives the info to main memory about its state nd other details like what part it has executed up-to that instance. It keeps track of thestatus of registers and instances of the resources it hold and required resources, wa cost it incures on the cpu after it is donewith its work. Program is total information about what has to be done with CPU and other resources for which it is liable to complete the given task. In some cases it is collection of different Thick weight process and Lite weight process( threads) as we may require to run various modules of different programs in some single program. So process is like platform on CPU for running different tasks of given program and part of the main set of process.

For example while logging into yahoo messenger most of the times we get two instances of messenger executablefile instances on applications tab in task manager.

Q5. Explain PCB(Process Control Block).

Ans. A process in an operating system is represented by a data structure known as a process control block (PCB) or process descriptor. The PCB contains important information about the specific process including

The current state of the process i.e., whether it is ready, running, waiting, or whatever. Unique identification of the process in order to track "which is which" information. A pointer to parent process. Similarly, a pointer to child process (if it exists). The priority of process (a part of CPU scheduling information). Pointers to locate memory of processes. A register save area. The processor it is running on.

The PCB is a certain store that allows the operating systems to locate key information about a process. Thus, the PCB is the data structure that defines a process to the operating systems.