4. CMOS,Current source, Differential Amplifier (12.6 - 12.

9 )

CMOS logic circuit Current Source circuits Differential Amplifier circuits

EE2603-04

nMOS characteristics
ID IG=0 VGS VDS

nMOS and pMOS

ID 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ID

nMOS will conduct when VGS > 0

VGS= 8V

IDON , VGSON ,Vt

IDON

VGS= 6V VGS VGS= 2V VGS= 4V VDS

pMOS characteristics
-ID IG=0 -VGS VDS

0 2 Vt=2V

VGSON ID 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 1 DON 0 ID

pMOS will conduct when VGS < 0

VGS= -8V

VGS= -6V VGS= -2V VGS= -4V VDS

IDON , VGSON ,Vt

-VGS

6 4 2 0 -VGSON Vt=-2V EE2603-04

nMOS and pMOS, how they works

pMOS will open or Qp (off) when VGS 0 (zero or positive)

pMOS will conduct or Qp (on) when VGS 0 (negative)

5V

V =0 +5 V GS S
G

QP (off)
D D S

5V

V GS

V >0S

0 QP (off)
D

+5 QP (off)

-5V

VG

V 0V =-5 S S

QP (on)
D D

0V

V GS

V =-5 S +5

+5 Qp (on) +5 Qn (off)

QP (on)
D D D D S

D D

5V
VG
S

Qn (on)

0V
VG
S

D S

0 Qn (on) 0
0V
VG
S

Qn (on)

Qn (off) 0V
VG

Qn (off)

-5V

5V

=+ 5V

nMOS will conduct or Qn (on) when VGS > 0 (high)

=+ 5V

=0

0 V

nMOS will open or Qn (off) when VGS 0 (zero or negative)

CMOS inverter, how it works

A 0V 5V

inverter

Q=A 5V 0V

When input Vin = 5V, Vo = 0V

V GS V =0 S +5

When input Vin = 0V, Vo = 5V

V GS V =-5 S +5

QP (off) Vo=0V Qn (on)

V GS

V =0

+5
S

Vin=5V
G S
5V VG
S

5
VG
S

G G S
5V

QP (off) Vo=0V Qn (on)

VG
S

QP (on) Vo=5V Qn (off)

V GS

V =-5
G G

+5
S

QP (on) Vo=5V Qn (off)

Vin=0V
G S

0
VG
S

=0

=+

0
Logic (in) Hi Lo

0
Vo 0V 5V Logic (out) Lo Hi

=+

=0 V

Vin 5V 0V

VGS(QP) 0V -5V

Qp off on

VGS(Qn) 5V 0V

Qn on off

CMOS Transmission Gate Logic (Active low control)

C G C TG Input Output C (Control) Input S D VDD Output D G C

Qp Qn
S

When Control terminal is High

TG becomes inactive making Output Disconnected or high impedance whatever the input is
C=0V(Lo) Input

When Control terminal is Low

TG becomes active making Output connected to the input whatever the input is
C=5V(Hi) Input

TG

C=5V(Hi)

Output Floating(high Impedance)

TG

Output

C=0V(Lo)

C Hi (5V) Lo (0V) Lo (0V)

C Lo (0V) Hi (5V) Hi (5V)

Input X Hi (5V) Lo (0V)

Output High impd Hi (5V) Lo (0V)

CMOS Transmission Gate,(Active low control gate) how it works When Control input terminal is High and whatever the Input voltage is
When Control C = 5V (Hi) Qp Gate is +5V (positive) so whatever the Source voltage is, VGS of Qp will be positve or zero and therefore Qp will be always open (off) When Control C = 5V (Hi) Qn Gate is 0V(zero) so whatever the Source voltage is, VGS of Qn will be negative or zero so Qn will be always open (off) Therefore as both Qpand Qn are open, output terminal is High Impedance or Floating and the Input is not transmitted through the TG gate to the Output
How the Output of TG is always High Impedance (Floating) if Control C is 5V(Hi)
C=5V G S Qp gate is always positive Therefore Qp is always open

Qp(off)
S

5V G D

C (Control) C=5V

Input Input=0V(Lo) Input=5V(Hi)

Qp Qn
S G D

Output High Impedance (Floating)

C=0V

G S

Qn(off)

C=0V

Qn gate is always zero volt Therefore Qn is always open

C=G(Qp) C=G(Qn) Hi (5V) Lo (0V)

Input=S X

VGS(Qp) VGS 0

Qp off

VGS(Qn) VGS 0

Qn off

Output High impd

When Control terminal is Low and Input voltage is High

When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qp Gate is 0V(zero) so when the input (Source voltage) is 5V (Hi), VGS of Qp will be -5V making Qp to conduct (on) When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qn Gate is 5V so when the input (Source voltage) is 5V (Hi), VGS of Qn will be zero making Qn to be open (off) Therefore Input 5V(Hi) is transmitted through conducting Qp to the Output

How the Input 5V (Hi) is transmitted to the Output through Qp if Control C is 0V(Lo)
C=0V G

Qp(on)
S

0V G D

S=5V VGS of Qp gate is negative Therefore Qp is conducting

C (Control) C=0V

Input Input=5V(Hi)

Qpconduct Qnopen
S G D

Output Output=5V(Hi)

C=5V

G S=5V

Qn(off)
C=5V

VGS of Qn gate is 0 volt Therefore Qn off

C=G(Qp) C=G(Qn) Lo (0V) Hi (5V)

Input=S Hi (5V)

VGS(Qp) VGS = -5V

Qp on

VGS(Qn) VGS = 0V

Qn off

Output Hi (5V)

When Control terminal is Low and Input voltage is Low

When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qp Gate is 0V(zero) so when the input (Source voltage) is 0V (Lo), VGS of Qp will be 0V making Qp to off When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qn Gate is 5V so when the input (Source voltage) is 0V (Lo), VGS of Qn will be 5V making Qn to on Therefore Input 0V(Lo) is transmitted through conducting Qn to the Output

How Input=0V(Lo) is transmitted to the Output through Qn if Control C is 0V(Lo)

C=0V G

Qp(off)
S

0V G D

S=0V VGS of Qp gate is zero Therefore Qp is off C (Control) C=0V C=5V G S=0V VGS of Qn gate is 5 volt Therefore Qn is on Input Input=0V(Lo)

Qp(off) Qn(on)
S G C=5V D Output Output=0V(Lo)

Qn(on)

C=G(Qp) C=G(Qn) Lo (0V) Hi (5V)

Input=S Lo (0V)

VGS(Qp) VGS = 0V

Qp off

VGS(Qn) VGS = 5V

Qn on

Output Lo (0V)

Current Source circuits

Current source of 1mA
1000W 1V 1mA 1mA 0W 1W 1mA 10W 1 mA 1mA 0W 1mA 1mA 1W 10W

1V/1000W= mA 1 1V/1001W= mA 1 1V/1010W= mA 1

Current source of IDSS

ID=IDSS

IDSS VGS=0
EE2603-04 9

BJT Current source

other circuits using IC IB IC other circuits using IC IB IC
IR2 = 0 ( VEE ) R1 + R2 = R1 + R2 VEE

IC

+
-VEE R1

++ -

R2

0.7 -

+ IE - RE

IC

+
R1

++ -

R2

0.7 -

VR2 = IR2 R2 = VR2 = 0.7 + IC RE IC =

VEE R2 R1 + R2

-VEE

+VCC

+ IE - RE

1 VEE R2 0.7 RE R1 + R2

BJT-Zener Current source

other circuits using IC IB IC other circuits using IC IB IC
VZ = 0.7 + IC RE IC =

IC

+
-VEE R1

++ -

VZ

0.7 -

+ IE - RE

IC

++
R1

++

-VEE

+VCC

IE VZ + - RE -

0.7 -

1 [V 0.7 ] RE Z

EE2603-04

10

BJT Mirror Current sources

VCC RX IX other circuits using IC
2IC/b

IC

IB =

0.7

+ +

IC

0.7

IX =

IC [VBE = 0.7 ] IX = IC + 2IC = + 2 IC IC VCC VBE RX

VCC RX IX
3IC/b

IC1

IC for circuit 1 and 2

IB = IX =

0.7

0.7

0.7

IC2 IC1 IC2

IC [VBE = 0.7 ] IX = IC + 3IC = + 3 IC IC VCC VBE RX

EE2603-04

11

VCC

RX IX

IC/b

IC

other circuits using IC

IB =

IC

-0.7

+ +

IX =

IC [VBE = 0.7 ] IX = IC + IC = + 1 IC IC VCC VBE RX

0.7

+V
VGS=0 IDSS

other circuits using IC IC IC

IC

2IC/b 0.7

[VBE = 0.7 ] both IC

but IDSS = IC +

are equal

+ +

2IC + 2 = I IC C

0.7

EE2603-04

12

Differential Amplifier circuits

In differential amplifier, there are two inputs Vi1 and Vi2 and there are three outputs (1) at Vo1, (2) at Vo2, and (3) across between Vo1 and Vo2 Dual supply +VCC and VEE are used so that Vi1 and Vi2 can be connected to the BJT directly without coupling capacitor

DC analysis
VB = 0V dc

+VCC RC Vo1 Vo2

VC1 = VC2 = VCC ICRC

RC

Vi1

+
AC

Q1 Q2

RE -VEE

Vi2

AC

VE = -0.7V

IC1 + IC2 = 2Ic flows through RE then VRE = 2Icx RE 2IC RE = VRE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7
IC = VEE 0.7 2RE re = 26mV IC

EE2603-04

13

Example
In differential amplifier shown, find (1) VB1= VB2 (2) VE1= VE2 (3) IC1 = IC2 and (4) VC1= VC2
+9V
3.9kW RC

VB = 0V dc
Vi1

VC

Vo1 Vo2
Q1 Q2 3.3kW

+
AC

IC

Vi2

AC

VE = -0.7V

-9V

VB = 0V , VE = 0.7V
2IC RE = VE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7 IC = VEE 0.7 2RE = 9 0.7 = 1.26mA 2 3.3k

VC = VCC IC RC = 9 1.26mA 3.9k = 4.1V

EE2603-04

14

AC analysis
1. Single-ended input and single output
+VCC
RC RC
RC RC

Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo

Vo
Q1
AC

RC

RC

Q2 RE

Vo

then ib2=b i

Vi1=Vi

Vi2=0 Vi

Q1
AC

Q2 RE

Vi

+ -

b e r
AC

+ -

bb i IE<<ib2

bb i RE>>b e r

b e r Vi

-VEE

Circuit

AC ground

AC equivalent circuit

Let RE >> re take RE open then Vi = (ib re ) + (ib re ) = 2ib re ib = Vo = ibRC = RC

R R Vi V o = Av = C = C 2re Vi 2re 2re

Vi 2re

For Single-ended input and single output

EE2603-04

15

2. Differential-mode input and single output

+VCC
RC RC

Vo
Q1 Q2
AC

RC

RC

Vo
Vi2
Q1 Q2

Vi1

Vd=Vi1-Vi2

Let RE >> re take RE open then KVL of the loop gives Vi1 Vi2 (ib re ) (ib re ) = 0 Vi1 Vi2 = 2ib re ib = Vo = ibRC = RC Vi1 Vi2 2re

R R R Vo V = o = Ad = C = C = C Vi1 Vi2 Vd 2re 2re 2ri

AC

RE

Vi1

Vi2

AC

AC

-VEE

RE

Circuit

AC ground

Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo

RC

RC

Vi1 Vi2 2re

Vi1

+ -

b e r
AC

+ -

bb i IE<<ib2

bb i RE>>b e r

b e r

+ -

Vi2
AC

For Differential input and single output EE2603-04

AC equivalent circuit 16

3. Common-mode input and single output

+VCC
RC RC

RC

Vo
Q1 Q2 RE

RC

Vo
Q1 Q2 RE

Vi

Vi = (ib re ) + 2(( + 1)ib RE ) = ()ib (re + 2RE ) Vi Vi ib = = (re + 2RE ) (2RE )

Vi Vo = ibRC = RC 2RE

RC R V o = Av = = C Vi 2RE 2RE

AC

Vi

AC

-VEE

Circuit AC ground

Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo b e r
AC

RC

RC

ib

Vi

+ -

+ ib

bb i

bb i RE ib

+ -

b e r

2( 1 b ) + ib

For Common input and single output EE2603-04

AC equivalent circuit 17

Example In differential amplifier shown, find Vo when (1) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 0 (2) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= -1mV (3) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 1mV
+9V
3.9kW 3.9kW

Vo
Q1 Q2
AC

DC analysis
2IC RE = VE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7
Vi2

Vi1

3.3kW

IC =

VEE 0.7 2RE

9 0.7 26mV = 1.26mA re = = 20.63 2 3.3k 1.26mA

1. Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 0 = Single-ended input and single output

RC Vo V 3900 = o = = = 94.52 Vo = 94.52 1mV = 94.52mV Vi 1mV 2re 2 20.63

2. Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= -1mV = Differential-mode input and single output

RC Vo Vo 3900 = = = = 94.52 Vo = 94.52 2mV = 189mV Vi1 Vi2 1mV (1mV) 2re 2 20.63
RC Vo V 3900 = o = = = 0.59 Vo 0.59 1mV = 0.59mV Vi 1mV 2RE 2 3300 EE2603-04

3. Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 1mV = Common-mode input and single output
18

AC

-9V

4. Use of Constant Current Source

+VCC
RC IC RC
RC IC +VCC RC

+VCC RC IC
IC Q2
AC

Vo Q1 Q2

RC IC

Vo
Q1 Q2 RE

IC

Vo
Q1

AC

AC

Vi1
Vi2

I=2IC

Vi2

Vi1

I=2IC

Vi2

Vi1

Use of current source in-place-of RE is to get I=2IC and creating a very high resistance (equivalent current source resistance) at the emitter circuit If RE is very high common-mode gain becomes very low (see common-mode gain equation) For the same Differential gain, low common-mode gain makes Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) very high. Good Differential amplifier has a very high CMRR. Thus if an equivalent constant current source is used in Differential amplifier, it becomes better as CMRR is high. EE2603-04

AC

AC

AC

R1 +

-VEE

I=2IC -VEE

ro

+ + 0.7 R2 + -

IE RE -VEE

IR2 =

0 ( VEE ) R1 + R2

VR2 = IR2 R2 = VR2 = 0.7 + IRE I =

VEE R2 R1 + R2

R1 + R2

VEE

1 VEE R2 0.7 RE R1 + R2

19

Example In differential amplifier shown, find (1) I= 2IC (2) re1= re2= re (3) Common-mode gain Ac , (4) Differential-mode gain Ad , and (5) CMRR
1. Value of I (=2IC) 0 ( 9) 9 IR2 = = = 0.98mA VR2 = IR2 R2 = 0.98mA 8.2k = 8V 1k + 8.2k 9.2k 8 0.7 VR2 = 8 = 0.7 + IRE = 0.7 + I 5.1k I = = 1.44mA 5.1
Vi1
10kW

+9
10kW

IC

Vo Q1 Q2

IC b=b= 1 2
b 75 =

AC

AC

I=2IC
b=75 3 ro=200kW

Vi2

1kW

2. Value of re 8 0.7 1.44mA 26mV IC = = = 0.72mA re1 = re2 = re = = 36.22 5.1 2 0.72mA ri = re = 75 36.22 = 2.72k 3. Common-mode input and single output RC RC V 10k AC = o = = = = 0.025 Vi 2RE 2ro 2 200k 4. Differential-mode input and single output RC Vo 10,000 = Ad = = = 138 Vi1 Vi2 2re 2 36.22 5. CMRR
CMRR = Ad Ac = 138 = 5521 0.025

+ + 0.7 8.2kW + -

IE
5.1kW

-9

EE2603-04

20

5. FET Differential amplifier circuits

+V
+V

RD

Vo

Vo
AC

Vi1

BiFET Differential amplifier

AC

Vi2

Vi1

AC

AC

Vi2

-V

+V

-V

BiMOS Differential amplifier

Vo
+V +V
AC

Vi1

CMOS Differential amplifier EE2603-04

AC

Vi2

21