MAT3706 :Assignment 2

Zwelethu Gubesa 41387155

26/03/2012
Solution: If

X = AX where A(t) =
_
_
2 1 6
0 2 5
0 0 2
_
_
det(AI) =

2 1 6
0 2 5
0 0 2

=
3
+ 6
2
12 + 8 = 0
(2 )
3
= 0
hence
1
,
2
,
3
= 2 for = 2: (AI)U = 0 with U =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
(AI) =
_
_
0 1 6
0 0 5
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
= 0
u
2
+ 6u
3
= 0
5u
3
= 0
if we let u
1
= t thus u
2
= 6(0) = 0 since 5u
3
= 0 the
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
= t
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
Thus the rst solution is
X(t) = e
2t
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
1
From (AI)V = U, We have
_
_
2 1 6
0 2 5
0 0 2
_
_
_
_
v
1
v
2
v
3
_
_
=
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
_
_
2 v
1
+ v
2
+ 6 v
3
2 v
2
+ 5 v
3
2 v
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
hence
_
_
v
1
v
2
v
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
The second solution
X
2
(t) =
_
_
_
t
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
From (AI)W = V , We have
_
_
2 1 6
0 2 5
0 0 2
_
_
_
_
w
1
w
2
w
3
_
_
=
_
_
v
1
v
2
v
3
_
_
_
_
2 w
1
+ w
2
+ 6 w
3
2 w
2
+ 5 w
3
2 w
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
Hence
_
_
w
1
w
2
w
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
4
0
0
_
_
Third solution
X
3
(t) =
_
_
_
t
2
2
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
+ t
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
1
4
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
X(t) = k
1
X
1
(t) + k
2
X
2
(t) + k
3
X
3
(t)
X(t) = k
1
e
2t
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+ k
2
_
_
_
t
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
+ k
3
_
_
_
t
2
2
_
_
1
2
0
0
_
_
+ t
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
1
4
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
X(t) =
_
_
_
_
_
k
1
0
0
_
_
+ t
_
_
k
2
2
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
k
2
0
0
_
_
+
t
2
2
_
_
k
3
2
0
0
_
_
+ t
_
_
k
3
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
k
3
4
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
e
2t
X(t) =
_

_
(k1 + k3
_
t +
1
4
_
+ k2
_
t
2
+
t
2
4
+ 1
_
)
0
0
_

_e
2t
2
Initial contitions
_
_
2
3
1
_
_
and X(0) t = 0
Solution:

X =
_
0 2
1 3
_
X +
_
2
e
3t
_
AX + F(t)
We are looking for X
p
(t) =
_
t
0
(t s)F(s)ds: Equation(4.9)
We rst ind nd the nd the Fundamental matrix (t):
A =
_
0 2
1 3
_
det(AI) =

2
1 3

=
2
3 + 2 = 0
thus

2
3 + 2 = 0
( 1)( 2) = 0
hence = 1 or = 2 For = 1:
_
1 2
1 2
_ _
u
1
u
2
_
= 0
u
1
+ 2u
2
= 0
let u
2
= t then u
1
= 2t
_
u
1
u
2
_
= t
_
2
1
_
Thus the eigenvector for the eigenvalue = 1 is
_
2
1
_
and the rst solution is X
1
= e
t
_
2
1
_
.
For = 2:
_
2 2
1 1
_ _
u
1
u
2
_
= 0
u
1
+ u
2
= 0
u
1
= u
2
3
let u
2
= t = u
1
hence
_
u
1
u
2
_
= t
_
1
1
_
Thus the eigenvector for the eigenvalue = 2 is
_
1
1
_
and the second solution is X
1
= e
2t
_
1
1
_
.
A general solution of

X = AX is X(t) = c
1
e
t
_
2
1
_
+ c
2
e
2t
_
1
1
_
. Thus the Fundamental matrix
(t):
(t) =
_
2e
t
e
2t
e
t
e
2t
_
(1)
And the inverse of i.e.
1
is

1
=
_
e
t
e
t
e
2 t
2 e
2 t
_
(2)
We next Find (t), we know that (t) = (t)(0)
1
hence
(t) =
_
2e
t
e
2t
e
t
e
2t
_ _
1 1
1 2
_
Thus
(t) =
_
2 e
t
e
2 t
2 e
2 t
2 e
t
e
t
e
2 t
2 e
2 t
e
t
_
We next look at X
p
(t) =
_
t
0
(t s)F(s)ds where F(t) =
_
2
e
3t
_
and (t s) is
(t s) =
_
2 e
(ts)
e
2 (ts)
2 e
2 (ts)
2 e
(ts)
e
(ts)
e
2 (ts)
2 e
2 (ts)
e
(ts)
_
(t s)F(s) =
_
4 e
ts
2 e
2 t2 s
2 e
3 t
e
ts
+ 2 e
3 t
e
2 t2 s
2 e
ts
2 e
2 t2 s
2 e
3 t
e
ts
+ 2 e
3 t
e
2 t2 s
_
_
t
0
(t s)F(s)ds =
_
t
0
_
4 e
ts
2 e
2 t2 s
2 e
3 t
e
ts
+ 2 e
3 t
e
2 t2 s
2 e
ts
2 e
2 t2 s
2 e
3 t
e
ts
+ 2 e
3 t
e
2 t2 s
_
ds
_
t
0
(t s)F(s)ds =
_
e
2 s
e
2 t
_
2 e
s
e
t
+ e
4 t
4 e
s
e
3 t
_
e
2 s
e
2 t
_
2 e
s
e
t
+ e
4 t
2 e
s
e
3 t
_
_

t
0
X
p
(t) =
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
3 e
3 t
+ 4 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ 1
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
e
3 t
+ 2 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ 1
_
_
The solution is X
p
+ X(t):
X(t) =
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
3 e
3 t
+ 4 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ 1
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
e
3 t
+ 2 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ 1
_
_
+ c
1
e
t
_
2
1
_
+ c
2
e
2t
_
1
1
_
X(t) =
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
3 e
3 t
+ 4 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ 2 c
1
e
4 t
+ c
2
e
5 t
+ 1
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
e
3 t
+ 2 e
4 t
e
5 t
+ c
1
e
4 t
+ c
2
e
5 t
+ 1
_
_
4
The initial condition is X(0) =
_
2
4
_
where t = 0 hence
_
2
4
_
=
_
2 c
1
+ c
2
c
1
+ c
2
_
We can see that c
1
= 2 and c
2
= 6 hence
X(t) =
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
3 e
3 t
+ 5 e
5 t
+ 1
_
e
3 t
_
e
2 t
2 e
t
e
3 t
+ 5 e
5 t
+ 1
_
_
5
Solution:
A(t) =
_
_
2 t 2 t 0
sin(t)
1
t
2
2 cos(t) 2 sin(t) 2 0
_
_
Then
||A(t)| | = max
_
t + sin t + 2 cos t, 2t +
1
t
+ 2 sin t, 2
_
max
_
t + 2, 2t + 3, 2
_
= 2t + 3 since 1 < t < 4
By inequality of Gronwall:
||X(t) Y (t)| | ||X(2) Y (2)| |e

t
1
(2s+3)ds
but we know:
||X(2) Y (2)| | = (0.2, 0.2, 0.1) ||X(2) Y (2)| | = (0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1) = (0.5)
6
hence
||X(t) Y (t)| | (0.5)e

t
1
(2s+3)ds
||X(t) Y (t)| | (0.5)e
(s
2
+3s)|
t
1
||X(t) Y (t)| | (0.5)e
(t
2
+3t5)
Thus
||X(t) Y (t)| | (0.5)e
(10)
7
Solution: Let
A =
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
A is analytic at t = 0 and

k=0
A
k
(t t
0
)
k
can yield the constant matrix A only if A
1
, A
2
, A
3
... are all zero matrix hence A
0
= 0
We have
X
n
=
1
n
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
X
n1
=
1
n(n 1)
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
2
X
n2
.
.
.
=
1
n!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
n
X
0
8
We proceed from above and note the following.X(0) =
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
X
1
=
1
1!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
1
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
3
2
2
_
_
X
2
=
1
2!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
2
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
5
4
4
_
_
X
3
=
1
3!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
3
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
9
8
8
_
_
X
4
=
1
2!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
4
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
=
_
_
17
16
16
_
_
Thus by induction we can see that
1
n!
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
_
_
n
X
0
can be writen as
_
_
n + 2
2n
2n
_
_
. We can
express
_
_
n + 2
2n
2n
_
_
this as follows as well
_
_
n + 2
2n
2n
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+ n
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
_
_
_
We remember that we are given:

k=0
X
k
t
k

k=0
X
k
t
k

k=0
1
k!
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+ k
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
_
_
t
k

k=0
_
_
1
k!
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
+
k
k!
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
_
_
t
k

k=0
_
_
1
k!
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
t
k
+
k
k!
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
t
k
_
_
9
But we know

k=0
1
k!
t
k
= e
t

k=0
k
k!
t
k
=

k=0
1
(k 1)!
t
k
=

k=0
1
k!
t
k1

k=0
1
k!
t
k1
= e
t+1
hence
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
e
t
+
_
_
1
2
2
_
_
e
t+1
_
_
10
Solution:
In poler coordinates we are given that:
r =
1
r
(x x + y y)

=
1
r
2
(y x + x y)
hence we have
r =
1
r
_
r
4
x
2
r
4
y
2

r =
1
r
_
r
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
r = r
5
And

=
1
r
_
x
2
+ y
2

r = 1
We can use seperation of variable to show the general solution of the system:
dr
dt
= r
5
d
dt
= 1
Thus
dr
r
5
= dt
d = dt
Hence
1
4 r
4
= c + t
= t
In term of (r,)
r =
_
1
4 (c + )
_
1
4
Simplify
r = (4 (c + ))
1
4
11
We use the initial conditions state above where (r, ) = (2, 0) thus.
02 = (4 (c + 0))
1
4
2
4
/4 = c
c =
1
64
We have the following curve
r =
1
4
_
4 +
1
16
The graph
12