Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (J. Pokorny)

Indo-EuropeanEtymologicalDictionaryIndogermanischesEtymologisches
Woerterbuch(JPokorny)
Indo-EuropeanAssociationIndo-EuropeanLanguageGrammarProto-Indo-Europeanlexicon
Indo-EuropeanGrammar&DictionaryIndo-Europeandictionary-translatorIndo-European
LinguisticsIndo-EuropeanlanguagesIndo-EuropeanLanguagesForumIndo-European
LanguagesRevivalModernIndo-EuropeanlanguagelearningIndo-EuropeanlanguagesofEurope
AProto-Indo-EuropeanLanguageLexicon,andan
EtymologicalDictionaryofEarlyIndo-European
Languages
ThedatabaserepresentstheupdatedtextofJ.Pokorny'sIndogermanischesEtymologisches
Wrterbuch,scannedandrecognizedbyGeorgeStarostin(Moscow),whohasalsoaddedthe
meanings.ThedatabasewasfurtherrefurnishedandcorrectedbyA.Lubotsky.Pokorny'stextis
givenpracticallyunchanged(onlyafewobvioustyposwerecorrected),exceptforsome
rearrangementofthematerial.Thenumbersinthelemmataaregivenaftertheroot(e.g.Pokorny's1.
bher-appearsasbher-1)becauseautomaticalphabetizationwouldotherwisetoomuchaffectthe
orderofthelemmata.
Root/lemma: abhro- (*hebhro- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strong,mighty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:'stark,heftig'
Note:
Note:TheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:apelo- :
:`strength'seemsrelatedtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:abhro- (*hebhro- )::
`strong,mighty'[theshiftl >rr].
Material:
Material:toMir.Prefixabor-,cymr.afr-`verymuch';got.abrs`getstrong,violent',adv.abraba`very
much',bi-abrjan`beforewereastonishedbesideoneself',aisl.Prefixafar-`verymuch';ill.VN,
thrak.PN-.
Maybeillyr.VN,thrak.PN-:alb.(*)afronj`bringclose,squeeze',afr`near'
similartoformationsoflett.blazt`squeeze,clash,hit':OldChurchSlavicbliz,blizAdv.`nigh,
near'(eigentl.àdjacent').
Heremaybegot.aba(n-stem)`husband'.
Note
Note:
Therootabhro- :
:'strong,mighty'isrelatedtothecultoffertilityhencethegoddessoflove,beauty
andsexualrapture'Aphrodite'.ThenameofAphroditederivedfromGr.`seafoam'+
`titaness'.ThenameofAphroditeisalsorelatedtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ab(n) :
:(ape,aquatic
demon)andtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ab- :
:(water,river)[seebelow].
InGreekmythology,Aphroditeisthegoddessoflove,beautyandsexualrapture.Accordingto
Hesiod,shewasbornwhenUranus(thefatherofthegods)wascastratedbyhissonCronus.Cronus
threwtheseveredgenitalsintotheoceanwhichbegantochurnandfoamaboutthem.Fromthe
àphros("seafoam")'aroseAphrodite,andtheseacarriedhertoeitherCyprusorCythera.
HencesheisoftenreferredtoasKyprisandCytherea.
ThenameofAphroditeisrelatedtoPIERoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:(enebh-2 ):nebh- ,embh- ,m b h- :
:(wet,
damp;water;clouds)OldIndianabhr-m.(*mbhros),av.awra-n.
References:
References:WP.I177,Feist1bf.,579a.,W.SchulzeKZ.52,311=Kl.Schr.398.
Seealso:
Seealso:abhPage(s):
Page(s):2
Root/lemma: abh- (*hebh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick,abrupt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rasch,heftig'
Note:
Note:alterr/n-stem
Material:
Material:Gr.`straightway,forthwith,atonce,quickly,presently'(oldabstractnoun
`quickness'),forwhat,nevertheless,probablyatfirst,`suddenly'.
HereatmostOldChurchSlavicabje`straightaway,directly',butuncertainlyOldIndianahnya
`directly,straightaway,instantly,speedily'(rathertohar,han-`day'p.7).
References:
References:WP.I177,Feist1bf.,579a.,W.SchulzeKZ.52,311=Kl.Schr.398.
Seealso:
Seealso:abhroPage(s):
Page(s):2
Root/lemma: ab(n) (*heb- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ape,*waterdemon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àffe'
Note:
Note:(kelt.neologism).Theanimalintroducedbytravelingmerchantscanhavebeennamedbythe
Celtswiththenameofheraquaticdemon(seeaboveab-).
Material:
Material:Hes.ismaybe(Akk.Pl.)toreadandstill
beforetheconsonaticmutationinGerm.stubby;hence,in.apim.`Monkey,gate',as.apo,ahd.affo
m.,affa,affinf.,ags.apam.`Monkey',aech.opicecomesaruss.opicafromtheGerm.
References:
References:WP.I51f.
Seealso:
Seealso:compareab-`water'andSchraderReallex.,HoopsReallex.s.v.ape.
Page(s):
Page(s):2-3
Root/lemma: abEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:water,river
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wasser,Flu'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- (moreproperlyk ):k- :
:`water,river'[throughtheshift-g->-b-,k->-p-attestedinGreek,IllyrianandCelticlanguages]derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ab- :
:(water,river)
andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: p -2 :
:`water,river'.
Material:
Material:Lat.amnisf.,latem.c(*abnis);air.ab(*aba)Gen.abae`river',besidesabann,cymr.afon,
orn.bret.auon,gall.brit.FlNAbona,derivedcymr.afanc`beaver,waterdemon,dwarf',tomir.abac
(*abankos)`beaver,dwarf',schweiz.-frz.ava`pasture'(*abanko-);lett.FlNAbava.
TheWestGermanFlNin-apa,nhd.-affa,probablygobackpartlytousuallylostwestgerm.*ap-(idg.
*ab-),partlyinven.-ill.ap-(idg.*ap-).
rum.ap`water'
References:
References:WP.I46f.,WH.I40,Feist19a,579a,GIPatSR.II134.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsop-2`water,river'andab(n)àpe'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1
Root/lemma: ades-,ados- (*heh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sortofcereal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Getreideart,Spelt'
Grammaticalinformation:
Grammaticalinformation:n.
Material:
Material:Lat.ador,-risn.àkindofgrain,spelt',maybeingot.atisk(*ades-ko-)`sowingfield',
probablym.asahd.ezziscaPl.`sowing',mhd.dial.Esch,schweiz.dial.Aesch,`fieldentranceofa
village';toch.ABti`grass'[Batiyo(f.pl.)`grass'(Adams9)](differentlyPedersenToch.641).about
gr.ànearofcorn'seeunderandh-.
PerhapsArmenian:
Armenian:hat`grain',Hittite:
Hittite:hattarn.`cereal'
Note:
ItseemsRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ades-,ados- :
:`sortofcereal'evolvedfromanolderroot*heh- àkindof
grain'.Thisrootwassuffixedwithcommon-skaformantingerm.branchGermanic:
Germanic:*at-isk-a-,while
inAnatolianbranchtherootwassuffixedwithcommonPIE-tarformant.Theoldlaryngeal(centum>a-,e-:satem->s-)waslostexceptinhitt.andarm.Clearlygerm.tonguesborrowedthecognate
fromareducedlat.(*hattar-)adris>Germanic:
Germanic:*at-isk-a-.
Finallyzerogradeinalb.(*adris)*dris,driz`thornyplant',(*dris)drith`grain'wherethelat.-is
endinghasbeensolidified.
Thesurpriseisthephoneticmutation-h->-d-foundonlyinav.-illyr.-balt.languages.
References:
References:WP.I45,Feist61a,andersWH.I14.
Page(s):
Page(s):3
Root/lemma: ad-1 (*hed-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:to,by,at
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zu,bei,an'
Material:
Material:Phryg.-`hedoes';maked.-(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I69);lat.ad`to,with,
in',preverbandprepositionm.Akk.,alsoGen.atque,acàndinaddition,andalso,and'(*ad-que;not
at+que;alsoumbr.apìnwhichplace,inwhatplace,where,when,after,since,although'
chronologically,withextended-inape),umbr.a-preverb,-arpostpositionm.Akk.,osk.adpdàs
faras',otherwisewiths-extensionosk.az`to,toward'prepositionm.Akk.;air.ad-preverb(e.g.,ad-
gldur`callupon,appealto'),cymr.add-,gall.ad-prefix(e.g.,MNAd-iant:cymr.addiant`longing',
Admrus:air.mr`large');cymr.,withvowelag`with'(ad+he,OldIndianha,not=lat.atque
ànd,aswellas,togetherwith');germ.*atpreverbandprepositionmostlywith`dative'=Lok.,rarem.
Akk.(got.westgerm.fromthetime,ags.alsofromtheplace),aisl.alsowithGen.:got.at`to,by',aisl.
at`to,by,against,after',ags.t,as.at,ahd.az`to,by,in'.
zerograde:ved.t-srati`creeps,creepsup',ahd.zagn(:got.*-agan`fear'),ahd.z-ougen,mhd.
zugen,as.t-giancomparedwithgot.at-augjan`withraisedupeyes,point,show'.
References:
References:WP.I44f.,WH.I11f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapstoad-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):3
Root/lemma: ad-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toestablish,putinorder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`festsetzen,ordnen'
Material:
Material:Umbr.arsie(*adio-)`venerable,august,divine,sacred,pure,holy(veryfreq.andclass.);of
adivinity,andofthingsinanywaybelongingtoone',arsmor(*admon)àformofreligious
observance,religioususage,ceremony,rite',arsmatiam(*admatio-)`relatingtoreligiousritesor
ceremonies,ritual',armamu`youshallbeordered,setinorder,arranged,adjusted,disposed,
regulated',AmuneepithetofJupiter,to*ad-`settle,order';air.adn.`law',Pl.ada`ceremonious
customs',fromitAdj.`lawful',adas`proper',cymr.addas`suitable',eddyl(*adilo-)`duty,purpose';
probablyalsogerm.*tila-`suitableopportunity'ingot.tiln.,ga-tils`suitably',ags.til`suitable,useful'
asn.`goodness,suitability'=ahd.zil`purpose',prepositionags.aisl.til`to,for'.
References:
References:WE.I12,DevotoMl.Pedersen224.
Page(s):
Page(s):3
Root/lemma: ad(u)-,ad-ro- (*hehero )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:watercurrent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wasserlauf'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ang(h)i- :
:`snake,worm'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- (moreproperly
k ):k: `water,river';Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehero- :
:`lake,innersea';Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ad(u)-,ad-ro- :
:`water
current':Illyr.pannon.VN[commonalb.-illyr.-balt.-h- > -d-, -z-phoneticmutation].
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- `water,river'nasalizedin*akuent-(suffixedin-er,-or)derivedRoot/
Root/
lemma: au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r-:

:`toflow,towet;water,etc.`
Material:
Material:Avest.au`waterrun,brook,canal',ven.-ill.FlNAd(d)ua(forPo),*Adulia>Attel(to
DanubeinBavaria),MonsofAdula`St.Gotthard'(probablynamedaftertheriversstreamingthere),
obersterr.FlN*Adra>Attersee,Attergau,FlNAdrana>Eder(Hessen),maybealsoPNAdriain
Venetien(afterwardsmareAdriaticum),sizil.FlNandven.-ill.nameofOder-;
furtherlett.FlNAdula.
Note:
ThenameoftheprimordialhillinEgyptianmythology,thefirstmountainthatraisedfromtheocean.
ThemountaingodwasborrowedbyHittieswhocalledthedreaminggodUpelluri.Greeksreceived
AtlasfromHittites.Atlas`*mountainprobablynamedaftertheriversstreamingthere':,-
m.Àtlas'(Od.,Hes.,Hdt.,A.etc.),nameofaGodwhocarriesthecolumnsofthesky;originally
probablynameofArcadianmountainswhichwerespreadthenbytheepicingeneralandespecially
(byIonicseafarers)wastransferredtotheAtlasMountainsinWestAfrica,seeSolmsenWortforsch.
24;aboutAtlasasapersonificationoftheworldaxisTicheMus.Helv.2,65ff.Berberdrr
`mountain'.
Derivatives:
Derivatives:Ofit`f.(Hes.etc.),nameofamythicalisland,accordingtoBrandenstein
Atlantis(Wien1951,=Arb.Inst.Sprachw.3)=Crete;further`(E.,Pl.,Arist.etc.)and
`(Kritias).
References:
References:VasmerZslPh.8,114f.,PokornyUrill.4,70,93,109,124.
Page(s):
Page(s):4
Root/lemma: agh-(lo-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:disgusting
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`widerwrtig'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:agh-(lo-) :
:`disgusting'derivedfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:agos- :
:`fault,sin'
produced.
Material:
Material:Got.aglsòpprobrious,ignominious',aglia,agl`hardship',us-agljan`press',ags.eg(e)le
òffensive,unwieldy,unfortunate',eglanadd`pain'(engl.ail`hurt;indisposedhis'),eglian`tobefelt
painfully',mnd.egelen`causegrief',got.aglusAdv.agluba`,difficult';also(withpuzzling
suffix)got.aglaiteif.-in.`licentiousness,wantonviolence,insolence,sexualoffense',ahd.agaleizi
f.,-in.`discomfort;zeal',agaleizo,as.aglto,agaltoAdv.`sedulous,keen'.
Possiblyhereow.agh-(=av.a-)`nasty',n.`horrible,damage',aghal-`bad'.
Heremaybetomir.ladn.`wound'(*agloton),mcymr.aele(u)`painful',aeleum.`pain'(*aglou-).
References:
References:WP.I41,Feist15a,SpechtDekl.136,LothRC.38,56.
Page(s):
Page(s):8
Root/lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rainyweather
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`dunkleWolke,regnerischesWetter'
Material:
Material:Gr.`fog,darkness'
Maybealb.agull`badvision'
OldPrussianaglon.`rain'(u-stem),arm.*alj-inajaj,ajamujkh`darkness'(MeilletMSL.10,279).
References:
References:WP.I41.comparePetersenAr.andArm.Stud.126.
Page(s):
Page(s):8
Root/lemma: agh- (*hegh--)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`seelischbedrcktsein,sichfrchten'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`fear,pain,grief',,`grieving,sorrowing,mourning'(Aor.,
,Perf.),,`mourning,groaning',`sadden';hereprobably
`load,grief'(*),thereof`tobeloaded,bedepressed'.
Maybenasalizedalb.(*aghos)ankth`fear'[commonalb.-s>-thphoneticmutation].
Ags.egem.`fear',egisi-grimagl.`ghost,spectre,evilspirit',n.es-stem*agiz=gr.`getafright';
Note:commongr.-h->--phoneticmutation
compareahd.egis-lh`dreadful',egisn`getafright'andtoo-andenstemsextendedgot.agisn.
`fear,anxiety,fright',ahd.agiso,egisom.,egisaf.`fear,frightfigure',ags.egesam.`fear';anord.agi
m.(-en-stem)'Fear',ahd.eg;mhd.egef.`fear,fright,punishment';got.-aganinunagandsàrenot
afraid',af-agjan`frighten',us-agjan`frightensomebody',ìnagjan`snubsomebody';preteritpresent
got.g(gum)`fearsme',nigs`fearnothing'(oldshortvocalsubjunctive*giz),anord.a-sk`be
afraid';got.gjan`snubsomebody'=anord.gja`getafright';anord.gnf.`fright',ttim.`fear',ags.
gaf.`fright'.
Air.ad-agor,-agur`fear'(becauseoftheablautequalitywithgot.gsupposesBrugmannGrdr.II23,
484originsfromolderPerf.),verbalnounigthiunder
References:
References:WP.I40,Feist14,380.
Seealso:
Seealso:hereuponbelongsprobablyalso:agh-(lo-)
Page(s):
Page(s):7-8
Root/lemma: agos- (*hege- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fault,sin,*bloodguilt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fehl,Schuld,Snde'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangas-n.òffence,injury,sin,fault',changebyablautwithgr.`heavyguilt,
bloodguilt';OldIndianngas-,gr.ìnnocent,guiltless';,`curses',.
ags.acan,c`hurt'(engl.ache),ndd.ken`hurt,fester,dent,blow',mndl.akel`grief,wrong,pity',
nfries.akelig,aeklig`wretched,vehement'.
Maybenasalizedalb.(*ngas)nknj,geg.angj`groan,sigh,complainofpain,evil'(*enq-);prove
thelinkbetweenRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:agos- :
:[fault,guilt,blame,sin(damage,injury,sacrilege,evil)]and
Root/lemma: enq- ,onq- :
:(tosigh,groan)[seebelow]
Note:
Note:ItispossibleRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:agos- (*hege - )::`fault,sin,*bloodguilt'isazerogradeoflat.
sangue`blood',alb.gjak`blood'seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:s(u ) eko-s :
:`sap,pitch,*blood'.
References:
References:WP.I38.
Page(s):
Page(s):8
Root/lemma: agro- (egro- )(*hekuro-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:top,first,beginning
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Spitze,oberstes,erstes,Anfang'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangra-n.`point',agr(Lok.)àtthetop',alsotimewiseìnthebeginning,first',
agrim-`first',av.ara-`first,uppermostaftertimespaceetc.`,n.`beginning;theuppermost,point';
lett.agrs(Adj.)èarly',agriAdv.èarly,earlyon',agrums`theearlymorning'.
maybealb.agu`dawn,morning,beginningoftheday'.
Whetherherelat.MNAgrippafrom*agri-p(e)d-`breechbirth(onewhocausesgreatpainathisbirth',
W.SchulzeKZ.32,1721,in1721,doubtingLat.Eig.2305
IfOldIndiangraon*ogro-or*egro-retrograde,onecouldcomparehitt.-kur,-gur'cliffsummit,
rock,crag'.
MaybeAgrianesIllyr.TN,AgronÌllyrianking'.
References:
References:WP.I38f.,PedersenHitt.183.
Page(s):
Page(s):8-9
Root/lemma: agu ( e)s ,aks
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:axe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àxt'
Material:
Material:Got.aqizi,anord.x,ags.acus,x,as.acus,accus,ahd.achhus,accus,aches,nhd.Axt
(germ.forms*aqwiziand*akusihavemaybederivedaccordingtoZupitzaGG.89fromagradating
*agus:*agusis),gr.àx,hatchet'
lat.asciaàxofthecarpenters'(from*acsilikeviscus:,vespafrom*veps).
maybealb.(*asca)ashka`shavings,woodsplinter',(*viscus)vishk,fishk`makethin,wither'.
References:
References:WP.I39,WH.I71,Feist54b,SpechtDekl.150,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I4654.
Page(s):
Page(s):9
Root/lemma: ahEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ploughanimal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trchtigesTier'
Material:
Material:OldIndianah`cow',av.azf.Adj.`pregnant'(fromcowsandmares),mir.ag(s-stem)m.,
f.`bovineanimal,cow',agallaid`deer'(actually,`wildox'),l`brood,throw'(*aglo-),cymr.aelds.,
mcymr.aelawàbundance,fertility',eilion(*agliones)`fallowdeer,horses';herewithe-vocalismarm.
ezn`bovineanimal'
References:
References:WP.I38,LothRC.38,55.
Page(s):
Page(s):7
Root/lemma: aro-s
Seealso:
Seealso:s.aPage(s):
Page(s):9
Root/lemma: a- (*he- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolead,*drivecattle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treiben'(actuallyprobably`mitgeschwungenenArmentreiben'),`schwingen',in
Bewegungsetzen,fhren'
Grammaticalinformation:originallylimitedtothepresentstem.
Note:
oldlaryngealcentum->a-,e-:satem->s-;
Material: a :OldIndianjati`drive',aj-m.àdrove,troop;adriver';j-m./f.`runningmatch,
combat',av.azaiti`drive,leadaway',arm.acem`lead,bring';
maybealb.geg.(*),ago`leader,chief';ag-`dawn,beginningoftheday',agon`todawn,startthe
day':lat.agoagereegiactum`tosetinmotion,drive;ofanimals,todriveorhunt',agon-onism.à
contestinthepublicgames',agonalia-iumand-orumn.àfestivalofJanus'.
gr.'lead'(Aor.Aor.,arenew),lat.ag`tosetinmotion,drive,lead,negotiate'(Pf.g
withablautinnovation),osk.Imper.actud=umbr.aituàgito',osk.acumàgere',air.ad-aig(*aget)
àdigit',acymr.agit,hegit,morerecentlyyt(*agti),besidesthestronginflectionincymr.corn.bret.a
(*aget)`goes';t-Preteritair.ro-da-acht`drivenaway',cymr.aeth(*ag-t)`toputinmotion'etc.,see
PedersenKG.II451following,air.inàctivity,play'(from*agnis),gallo-rom.*and-agnis`bigstep',
frz.andain`swath,scytheslash',afrz.`widestep',anord.aka`driving'(PreteritklikeOldIndian
Gram.ja);ags.ac`however,but,yet'(wrtl.`go!'likelat.age);toch.Bak-,ABk-`travel,lead';
Maybealb.ec-`walk,travelonfoot',vocativehec,eja`come!'.
to
to-participle:,lat.ctus'putinmotion,moved,driven,tended,conducted',*amb(i)-aktos,
actually,`sentaround(:air.imm-aig)messenger,servant'ingall.(-lat.)ambactus`vassal,slave',
cymr.amaeth`servusarans'(fromKelt.derivesgot.andbahts,ahd.ambaht`servant',fromwhichthe
kinshipwithnhd.Amt).
Asidg.Instrumentalnounin-trhereOldIndianar`goadtodrivethelivestock',av.atr`whip,
scourge'.
MaybeTokharian:
Tokharian:Bkn.`zeal'(Adams35),ABk-`lead,guide,drive'(36).
lengthenedgradeformations:OldIndianj-m.f.`race,fight',mir.g(Gen.ga,u-stem)`fight',
ga,ige`leaders'(cfalsogall.PNAgo-mrus=air.gmar`warlike';Com-gius),lat.onlyin
compounds:ambgs,aroundàroundaboutway,winding.Hence,inspeech,etc.,either
circumlocutionorobscurity'(conservativestemlikeOldIndianj-`tolead'=lat.agInf.Pass.,and
likeOldIndianaj-inprtanj-ìnthefightpulling',however,withstretchinthecomposition),indgs
andindgo,-inis`surroundinganddrivingofgame',co-gulumàmeansofcoagulation,acoagulum
orcoagulator(thecurdledmilkinthestomachofasuckinganimal,thestomachitself,etc.),rennetor
runnet;thecurdledmilk;thatwhichholdsorbindstogether,abond,tie',OldIndiansamja-
`meeting,society',gr.`leading,leadingly',`guidance,management,freight',Hes.
`spokes',-(seeunder).aboutdor.(OldIndianjam)Ìlead'see,nevertheless,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I654,4.
o -stem:ved.aj-àctivity,train;driver',gr.`leader,militaryleader',-,att.ion.
-'militaryleader',(originallyDoric)`leader',lat.prdigo-igere-egi-actum`todrive
forth;tospend,waste',prd-igus`profuse,extravagant;rich,aboundingin.Adv.prodige'(fromprdigere),abiga`plantwhichhasthepowerofproducingabortion;ground-pine'(`closetomiscarriage'
fromab-igere=,OldIndianapa-jati`todriveaway,driveoff').
i o -stem:ir.aige`race',OldIndianinprtanjyam`competition'.
amn , amos:OldIndianjman-n.`road,train',jma-ds.(however,aboutjman,pari-jman-,
prthu-jman-,jma-y-s.hem-èarth'):lat.agmenàdrivingmovementoramassin(orderly)
movement,astream,band,train;esp.milit.,anarmyonthemarch'(toneologismagfor*ammen),
exmenàswarm;athrong,crowd,shoal.(2)thetongueofabalance;testing,consideration';then`to
check,toweigh;toconsider'(from*agsmen),ammentum(*agmen-to-m)ìnloopform-possiblyin
themiddleofthespear-fixedwiththrowstraps';maybe(Schw.Gr.Gr.I49210)witho-graduationgr.
`fieldfurrow,roadofheavenlybodies;swathbymowing'.
lo -stem:OldIndianajir-`quick,nimble'(however,lat.agilis`flexible,nimble'isaneologism);gr.
`herd,crowd',lat.agolum`shepherd'sstick'.
Gr.`race,competition';'street'(part.Perf.),fromwhichaboutnewer*lat.agaà
gangwayinaship';lak.kret.tol.`leads,brings',ep.ion.,ds.(:and
,like-towards--and-,alsofromanendingrootform;cfSchwyzerGr.Gr.I
694,696).aboutseeSchwyzerGr.Gr.I5227andundersg-.
Lat.rmex,rmigre,rmigium,ltigreàrower,oarsman'andotherverbsin-(i)gre.-Presumably
lat.indigits`thelocaldivinitiesandheroes'(indigitreàdivinitycall',indigitmentaìnvocation
formulae'),as*end(o)-aget-`theindigenous,native'.
formationdevelopmentto'toweigh'(from`bringinoscillation')inlat.exagiumàweighing,weight;a
balance',exigere[ex+ago]'todriveout,pushforth,thrustout,takeout,expel:--Toweigh,try,prove,
measure,examine,adjust,estimate,consider':amongotherthings`weigh,measure',exctus
`precise,accurate,exact',exiguus`strict,exact,scanty,small,little,petty,short,poor,mean,
inadequate,inconsiderable,paltry',exlis(*ex-ag-slis)`strict,narrow,thin,slender,lank,small,
meagre,poor',exmen(seeabove),agna`theopeningintheupperpartofabalance,inwhichthe
tonguemoves'(formationasforexamplecoquna),gr.also`weigh'(withAkk.oftheweight),
`weighingasmuch,oflikevalue,worthasmuchas'(from*,onthegroundsof*ag-ti-s
`weight',actually:)`fromsuitableweight',hence,`worth,solemnly','worthjustasmuchas,
equally'.
stillcfWH.I9,10,24aboutacnua,ctusquadrtusàfieldmeasureof120feetinthesquare',and
acttum`straightaway,immediately,forthwith',ags`footman,driver,hostler',ag,-nisòfthe
priestskillingthesacrificialanimal'(fromagereinmeaning`sacrifice'),agniumàvictim,beastfor
sacrifice'belowlikewise
Heremaybegall.exacum`theherbcentaury'ifprescribedfor*exagum(=*exago-`pure-craving').But
betterto*ak-`sharp',seethere.
Furtherbelonghere:
aes -, ak s ...`(fulcrum,pivot:)axis-shoulder':
OldIndiankaàxis',gr.ds.,-`carriage,wagon'Gl.12,217;KZ.40,217f.);
lat.axisàxis'=lit.as,OldPrussianassis,OldChurchSlavicosf.ds.;ahd.ahsa,nhd.Achse,
ags.eaxds.;in.xull(fromurg.*ahsulaz)'axis';mir.aisàxis'(*aksilincymr.echelf.àxis',bret.
ahel).
Lat.la`shoulder',fromwhichtheusualmeaning`wing',from*agsl(cfDemin.axillaàrmpit')=in.
xl,ags.eaxl,ahd.ahsala,nhd.Achsel,wherenearlengthenedgradendl.okselds.,andwithoutlformant:ahd.uochisa,mhd.uohse,ehseandahd.uochsana,ags.xnàrmpit',in.stf.,strm.
`Cervicalpit',ags.custa,xtam.,engl.oxteràrmpit';avaayGen.Du.òfbothshoulders',arm.
anut`shoulderpit'(atfirstfrom*asnut`).
maybezerogradeinalb.geg.(*aksla-t)sqetlaàrmpit'.
ar `rush,hunt',aros `driving,rushing':
OldIndianinghasajra-`todriveconsuming,excitingappetite',av.(vehr-km)azr-daim`doing
thehunt,outgoingonprey(she-wolf)';gr.,ion.`hunt,catch',`catching
everything,catching',`meattongs',`tongs',`prostration,enuflection',
originallynameofa`demonwhichasaquick-temperedfeverseizesthelimbs'(?),
`hunter',`catch';but`take'accordingtoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I7271from*--;ir.rn.
`defeat'(*agron)`battle,fight'(*agr),actually,`rush',acorn.hair`destruction,injury,mischief,harm,
misfortune,disaster,loss,detriment,calamity',abret.airouPI.ànoverthrow,destruction,ruin,defeat,
slaughter,massacre,butchery,carnage',gall.VNVeragri`theimmensecombatants'.
maybealb.AgronàppellationofanIllyrianking'.
aros `field,camp'(to*agasherdtodrivewie,alsooriginally`placewherethecattleisbeing
driven,pasture').
OldIndianjra`surface,camp,fields'(withoutrespectonagriculture),gr.`field,land'(in
contrasttotown),lat.umbr.ager`field',got.(etc.)akrs,ahd.ackar,ahhar,nhd.Acker(Ackerandags.
ceralsoacertainlandmeasure,`somuchabottomplatecanoxenplowduringoneday'),arm.art
`field'(withpuzzlingtabout*atgr-,*atr-,seePedersenKZ.39,352;thereofartak`sòut',prefixarta-`
from').
OldIndianajrya-`locatedintheplain'=gr.ònthefield,outsidegrowingorliving,wildly';
`wildlyliving',lat.agrestisàcountryman,peasant,rustic,rural,crude'.(aboutgot.akran,
dt.Eckern,however,seeunder*g-`grow'.)
maybealb.egr`wild,rural,crude',ager`donkey(pullingawagon)',illyr.TNAgrianes.
References:
References:WP.I35f.,WH.I22f.,89,H.ReicheltWuS.12,112.
Page(s):
Page(s):4-6
Root/lemma: agh-no-s (*hegh-no-s )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`lamb'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lamm'
Note:
Note:(z.T.also*agnos)
ItseemsthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:a- :
:`tolead,*drivecattle'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:agh-no-s :
`lamb'.
Material:
Note:
Theoldlaryngealcentum->a-,e-:satem->s-inPIE;onlyalb.andumbr.andSlavicpreserved
theoldlaryngealthroughalb.->k-phoneticmutation.
alb.geg.kinxh,tosk(*egh-)qengj`lamb':umbr.habina(f)òfalamb':lat.haednusòfakid':Old
ChurchSlavic:(j)agn`lamb'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
Gr.(*agnos,abnos)derivedfromanearlier*abnos`lamb'[commongr.k>p,g>bphonetic
mutation,laterb>mb>mcommonillyr.-gr.phoneticmutation]
gr.m.f.,f.`lamb';
lat.agnus,-,fem.-a`lamb'(agnle`sheepstable',lackingsuffixaffinitywithOldChurchSlavicjagnilo
`placewherethesheeplamb',aderivativeoftheverbjagniti`tolamb');air.ancymr.oen,acorn.oin,
bret.oan`lamb'(urk.*ognoswith-gn-wouldhavederivedfrom*-ghn-,not-*gn-,inspiteof
PedersenKG.I109-bn-;
o-probablyinfluencefrom*ouis`sheep');ags.anian,engl.toyean`tolamb',ndl.oonends.(from
*aunnfrom*auna-=idg.*aghno-);OldChurchSlavic(j)agne`lamb'(withformants-et-broadened
aroundpopularnamesofyounganimals),(j)agnc`lambkins'containfullgradation.Orisplacedidg.
*g(h)no-:to*g(h)noThroughtheGerm.andKelt.presumedvoiced-aspiratedalsowouldunderliethebasisoflat.and
slav.forms,sothatgr.(atfirstfrom*)remainstheonlydependableindicationinvoicednonaspiratedg.Ifumbr.habina(f)òfalamb'couldbeexplainedfromintersectionfrom*hdno-=
lat.haednusòfakid'and*abnno-=lat.agninusòfalamb;f.assubst.,lamb'sflesh',however,
wouldpointumbr.btovoiced-nonaspirated.ButmaybeithasbecomeghinOsk.-Umbr.tob.
Note:
CelticIllyrianconcordances:commonillyr.-g->-b-,-d-:alb.-g->-d-phoneticmutation.
Lat.avillus`lambkin'becauseofthesuffixformationnottoovis,butfrom*aghnelos.
Note:
[commonlat.-Italicgw->v-phoneticmutation]Lat.avillus(*abillus)`lambkin':rum.(*agenus)
ageamiu`lamb'.
References:
References:WP.I39,WH.I.23.
Page(s):
Page(s):9
Root/lemma: ai-dh-,i-dh-, nas.i-n-dh- (*heui-h--)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn
Note:
Commonillyr.-h- > -dh-phoneticmutation
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,leuchten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianinddhìnflamed,isaroused'(pass.idhyte,Perf.dh,part.Perf.Passiddh),indhana-m`lighting'.
Gr.`lights,burns'(),,ìgneously,sparkling',
Hes.,hylleisch'loggia';changingbyablaut-Hes.`ravenously'(W.Schulze
KZ.29,269=Kl.Schr.329).commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation
o-St.:gr.m.`fire'(`burntly')=OldIndiandha-m.`Firewood'=ags.d,ahd.mhd.eitm.
`Glow,pyre':zerogradeprobablynorw.schwed.id`leuciscusidus'(abrightcarpkind),cfnhd.dial.
aitel`leuciscuscephalus'asthe`shining';besidesu-stem*aidhu-ingall.VNAedui,air.ed`fire',
alsoasMN;lat.aedsàdwellingofthegods,asanctuary,atemple',ursprngl.`thedomesticstove',
alsoaedis=maked.Hes.
Fromtheverbaladjectivein-to-derivedprobablylat.aests,-tis`warmseason,summer'(from
*aisto-tt-,idg.*aidh-to-);aestus,-s(from*aidh-tu-)`heat,glow,surf',aesture`cook,surge,roar';
Maybealb.(*aest-,*vesna,*visienta)vjeshtaàutumn,harvesttime(longsummer)':Go.asans
`harvesttime,summer'[commonalb.protheticv- beforebareinitialvowels]henceVesta`goddessof
hearthanditssacredfire'wasanIllyriangoddess,alsoalb.vatra(*vas-tra)`hearth'with-tresuffix.
agerm.MNAistomdius(`withquick-temperedcourage'),ags.stf.`driedstove',engl.oast`drying
room,dryingloft'.
r-formants:gr.`theupperair'(maked.),`thecheerfulsky'(maked.),
`brightly,cheerfully(fromtheweather)',forwhatchangingbyablaut'cheerfully',OldIndian
vdhr-(=vi-idh-r-)ds.
l-formants:gr.,`soot',maked.;underacceptanceofadevelopmentfrom
`shining,appearing'`tooapparently'oneputsalittlebitconstrainedlyhereags.del`vain,pointless,
trifling',ahd.tal,nhd.eitel.
Inidg.*aidh-lo-isbasedgerm.ail-inags.lan`burn'toln.`Flame',andinags.ledm.,aisl.eldr
(Gen.elds)`fire,flame'.Fromdifferentdevelopment-gradingags.ledareborrowedcymr.aelwyd,
bret.oaled`fromfire,stove'(M.FrsterThemse4872).Mir.el`lime'couldhaveoriginatedfrom
*aidhlo-.However,couldgerm.andkelt.wordsbeformedalsodirectlybytheroot4.4.i-with-losuffix.
s-formants:es-St.gr.n.`Glow,fire'=OldIndiandhas-n.`Firewood'.
Continuingformation:aisleisaf.(*aidhsn)`fire',norw.`Hearth',mnd.sef.`chimney,firestove'
(however,ahd.essa`chimney,hearth'seeunders-`burn');av.asmam.`Firewood'(*aidh-s-mo-,
cfwithoutsOldIndianidhmm.ds.);inadditionbalt.*aismiinlit.esm`firewood';lit.aistrf.
`passion';aech.niestj(fem.Pl.)`stove',laternstj(withn-suggestionbywrongdecompositionof
theconnections*vnstje,vn-stjach,Berneker275)from*aidh-s-to;inadditionzrogrades
*idh-s-to-inslov.istje,stjePl.`stovehole';toJohanssonIF.19,136alsoOldIndianiakòfburnt
bricks',av.itya-n.`brick,(backedbrick)'.
In*indh-goesback:alb.geg.idhun,tosk.idht`bitter',tosk.idhrm`bitterness,anger,irritation',
hdhitPl.`nettle'(Joklstudies29).
Note:
Alb.andgr.aretheonlyIElanguagestopreservetheoldlaryngeal-in:alb.geg.hidhun`bitter',
hithra`nettle';
References:
References:WP.I5,WH.15,20,843,Trautmann3,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I347.
Probablytoi-4.
Herealsobelongsaisk-,iforiginatedfromaidh-s-k-.
Page(s):
Page(s):11-12
Root/lemma: aidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`swell'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.oid-.
Page(s):
Page(s):11
Root/lemma: aig-1, nas.ingEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:disspirited,sick,ill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verstimmt,unwirsch,krank'
Material:
Material:Alb.k-k`nasty,bad,evil'(fromk+*aigio-);
Note:
Alb.solidifiedtheoldlaryngeal->k-(*eigio-)k-k,keq`nasty,bad,evil'similartoabbreviated
alb.(*abe)kam`hold,possess,have',commonalb.->k-;-b->-mb->-m-phoneticmutations
foundincorn.caf(f)os,cafes,mbret.caf(f)out,bret.kavout`have';alsozerogradeinalb.preterite
(ha)pataÌheld,possessed,had',seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghabh- :
:tograb,take
lat.aeger,aegra,-um,aegrotusùnwell,ill,sick,diseased,suffering,feeble';anord.eikenndismays
`wild,furious',ags.colèxcited,dismayed',nnorw.eikja,eikla`continuallywithattacks,
contradictions,assertionstorment',eikjenàrgumentative';toch.aik(a)re(=lat.*aegro-),Aekroìll';
nasalized:*ing-:lit.ngis`lounger,idler',ngasandangsìdle,sluggish';
lett.gstu,gt`haveinternalpain,besullen,morose',gnt`havedisgust',gnis`sullenperson'(lit.
ngti`choke,torment'probablystaysaway);OldChurchSlavicjdzaìllness',nslov.jeza`rage',poln.
jdza`fury,witch'('gruff,sullen'),ech.jezinka`forestwoman'(etc.,seeBerneker268f.;in*jga,not
*aig,isconsequentlytobeledbackalso:)russ.bbajag'witch'(s.BrcknerKZ.45,318);
aisl.ekki`pain,grief'=ags.inca`pain,suspicion,quarrel',afries.inc(d.i.jinc)'angry',alsonengl.
inkleànticipate,foresee',inkling`whispering,notion,indication,sign'.
References:
References:WP.I9,WH.I16,843,Trautmann70.
Page(s):
Page(s):13
Root/lemma: aig-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:oak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èiche'
Material:
Material:Gr.ànoakenkind'(seeunder),presumablyalso-,-àn
uncertaintypeoftree'(possibly`hardoak').
TheoutcomefromappearsHes.,cf.,,`bowl,bark'
andPlin.n.h.16,6,13aegilopsfertpannosarentes...nonincorticemodo,verumeteramis
dependentes,KretschmerGl.3,335.
Anord.eik(conservativestem)f.òak',as.k,ags.c(engl.oak),ahd.eih,mhd.eich,eiche,nhd.
Eiche;
Allothercognatesaredubious:gr.(moreproperlythan,s.FickBB.30,273)
possibly'aspen'couldbecreatedas'treetrembler,(*oakshaker)'alsoderivativelikefrom
*`swing,tremble'(:*aig-`moveviolently');
lat.aesculus`(mountainoak),thewinterorItalianoak'(*aig-sklos)isstillunclearafteritsformation,
maybeMediterraneanword.
Maybealb.geg.(*asi)ahi`*oak,beech'[thecommonalb.s>h phoneticmutationinthemiddleof
theword(SeeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e kr - Meaning:
Meaning:`mother-inlaworfather-in-law'shifts>h inalb.
(*vura-)vjehrr`father-in-law').
Root/lemma: *s ,s-i-s , s -en- ,os-k- :
:àshtree(alb.ahi`beech')'musthavederivedfrom
Root/lemma: aig-2 :
:òak(alb.ahuòak')'.
References:
References:WP.110,WH.I20,844,SpechtKZ.68,195f.S.untenS.18Z.1/2.
Page(s):
Page(s):13
Root/lemma: aig-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomoveswiftly,swing,vibrate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(sich)heftigbewegen,schwingen,vibrieren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjati`stirs,moves,trembles',jathu`thequakeoftheearth',vicvamjaya`makingeverythingshake',nasalpresentigati,igate`stirs,moves',Kaus.igyati`setsinmotion,
touches,shakes',udigayati`swings',samigayati`setsinshakingmovement'(formrelationlike
between:OldIndianindhate);
fromGr.hereveryprobably.Hes.(alsoArtemidorOneirokrit.2,12:
),'strands'(probablyfromarisethe
connectionsìnthesurfofthesea';differentlyBechtelLexil.16),`gale,stormcloud;
theshieldofZeus'(probablyoriginallyunderstoodasthestormcloudshakenbyZeus,'thunderstorm
shield'),`gustofwindmovingdownsuddenly'from`storm,attackdown,driveoff'
(from,,),àttacknear,thrustnear';probablyalso
'lance'(onthegroundsof*`thecatapults'or'projectile');presumablyalso'shine',
fromtheflickerofthelightandthewarmairtothesouth;commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phonetic
mutation
TheverynameoftherootlemmaforgoatderivedfromtheshieldofZeuswhichafterthecrashwith
cloudscreatedthunderstorm.SincetheshieldofZeuswascoveredwithgoat'sskintheverynameof
thegoatwasstampedwiththenameofthecloudshaker.
HenceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai- :
:(goat)isidenticalwithRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:aig-3 :
:(tomoveswiftly,move
violently,swing,vibrate).
inadditiongerm.nameofthesquirrel:ahd.eihhurno,eihhorn,mhd.eichorn(nhd.Eichhornwith
supportofEicheòak'andHorn`horn',ags.cweorna,-wern,mnd.keren,khorn,anord.korne(k
oldablautorimpairmentfromaik-inaddition),neunorw.alsoeikorne,aschwed.korne(wasbased
ontheconcept`flexible,swingingitselffrombranchtobranch';inearliestwithoneto*uer-,uuer`squirrel,weasel'thebelongingsecondlimb:*aik-werna);akslOldChurchSlavicigr,igra`play',
igrati,perfectivevzigrati`,hop,jump,dance'(from*gr;lit.withBerneker422).
References:
References:WP.I11,Trautmann103.
Page(s):
Page(s):13-14
Root/lemma: aiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:digh- :
:`goat'derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:deih- :
:`toprick;tick'.
FromtheolderrootRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:deih- :
:`toprick;tick'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai- :
:`goat'and
Root/lemma: - :
:`goat'[commonbalt.-illyr.-alb.de-,da->zerophoneticmutation].Hencethe
gr.cognatederivedfromprotoillyr.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ziege'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-'nannygoat',arm.aic`nannygoat';zerogradeav.izana-`fromleather'
(actually,`fromgoatskin'asgr.,cfthesameimportancerelationswith*ao-`goat').
References:
References:WP.I8,SpechtKZ.66,13.
Page(s):
Page(s):13
Root/lemma: aighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeashamed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichschmen'
Material:
Material:Directlyfromtherootword:ags.wan`despise','bedisgusted'alsomnd.eichelen,
chelen,gelen(from*aiwiln)(fromitborrowsmhd.ekeln`bedisgusted').
Gr.n.`disgrace'(from*aigh-s-kos,k-derivativeofas-St.*aighes-,as:)got.aiwiskin.
`disgrace,embarrassment';cffurther`shame,senseofhonor,disgrace',`dishonors,
violates,disfigures',med.àvoidsme,isashamedofme',ìgnominious,fullofdisgrace;
rebarbative';got.unaiwisksùnharmed',aiwisknact`shameful',ags.wisc(e)n.`disgrace,offense',
Adj.`shameless',mnd.eisch`nasty,hideous',nnd.eisk,aisch`revolting,rebarbative'.
References:
References:WP.I7,Feist30.
Page(s):
Page(s):14
Root/lemma: aikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocall(?)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànrufen'(?)
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.,lett.acint`load,shout'.
Butcanbeprescribedfor`flatters',andacintaderivativefroma`hears!'explain(cf
vaictàsk'tovai).
References:
References:WP.I8,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI12.
Page(s):
Page(s):15
Root/lemma: ai-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrive,tooverwhelm,harm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`woraufeindringen,treiben,berwltigen,krnken'
Material:
Material:present*(a)ineumi:OldIndianinti,nvati,Imper.inuh,participle-inita-(penita`pushed,cutinto'),`penetrateintosomething,master',av.inaoiti,Inf.anahe`violate,hurt',ainita
(from*an-initabyhaplology)`notviolated,notpainedly'(fromainas-n.`Crime,sin,misfortune'=av.
anah-àctofviolence,crime',inadditionm.èvildoer'?),av.intay-`rape,injury;torture',OldIndian
in-`strong;m.master',maybealsotif.`plague,need';gr.`tremendous';
maybealb.inatiànger;ire;rage;dander;dudgeon;rampage;down;disappointment;malice;blood;
rancour;rancor;pique;spunk;miff;temper;must'.
maybehere-in-ingot.far-ina`guilt,reproach',ahd.firinn`sin',aisl.firnn.Pl.`theextraordinary'(cf
WeisweilerIF.41,29f.),iforiginalmeaning(asintheHeliand)àctofviolence'.
References:
References:WP.I1,Feist139/140.
Page(s):
Page(s):10
Root/lemma: ai-3, (*hei-,heiu)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geben,zuteilen',aboutmediales`sichgebenlassen'dannalso`nehmen'
Note:
FromthereducedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghabh- :
:`tograb,take',derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ap-1 (exact
p- ):p- :
:`totake,grab,reach,*give'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pi- :
:`comrade'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
`togive'.
Maybealb.tosk.(*eipmi)ep,jap,geg.nep(*naùs'+ep`give')`giveus(*take)':hitt.eipmi
(pmi)`take',3.Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi):gr.`giveahand.
Material:
Material:Gr.`take,pack,touch',onlypresentandimperfecttense.
Note:
Gr.derivedfromareduced(*heiun-);comparetheformationgr.,,`service-tree,
rowantree'(*oiu)=lat.vaàgrape,berryofthevine';[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ei-3 :
:`multicoloured;
reddish']
Alsoillyr.(*avetor)Aetor:Ven.(*avimos)Aimossuffixedwiththecommonsatem-tarformantasIE
rootsaresuffixedwith-taror-skaformants.Tochariancognatebelongstothe(-ts<*-tska)suffixed
roots.
Ven.MNAimos,illyr.MNAetor.
Maybealb.(*-eip)geg.ep,tosk.japÌgive':Lycianpije,pibije`togive':Hittitepai,pija`togive'alb.
j-standsforthelostlaryngeal-.
hett.p(-ia)-an-`theygive':mess.pi-do`togive'arezerogradesofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
:`togive'
Note:
Theoldlaryngeal-couldhavebeencreatedfrombalt.-illyr.d->zerophoneticmutation.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:d- :d- ,alsod-u- :du- :du- :
:`togive'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-3, (*hei
*hei-)::`to
give'
Lat.(*ave-mulus)ae-mulusèmulous,rivalling;inbadsense,jealous.M.orf.assubst.,arival,esp.in
love',probablyas`reachesforsomething'(FriskEranos41,53).
Toch.ai-,-,infinitiveaitsi,essi`give';hett.paai`hegives',3.Pl.p(-ia)-anziwithpreverb
pe`there'.
Note:
Toch.ai-,-,infinitiveaitsi,essi`give'displaythecommonToch.ts>ssmutations.
References:
References:PedersenGroupement20,Hittitisch115,Tocharisch227;FriskIndo-germ.10f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Herebelongscertainly:ai-ti-,ai-toPage(s):
Page(s):10-11
Root/lemma: ai-5:oiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:importantspeech
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedeutsameRede'(?)
Material:
Material:Gr.,`praises',m.,f.`significantspeech,praise';`talksin
riddles',commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;n.`darkspeech'(however,-
`saysno,deny'-io-appearsderivativeofthenegation-);
ablaut,mir.ethm.òath'(acymr.anutonouPl.,gl.`theperjured,theperfidious',ncymr.anudon
`perjury,actoflyingunderoath')=got.aism.,aisl.eir,ags.,as.,ahd.eidm.òath'(probably
kelt.Lw.).
References:
References:WP.I2,103,OsthoffB.24,208f.
Page(s):
Page(s):11
Root/lemma: ai-r
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ak.ofgrass
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grasart'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-r :
:àk.ofgrass'isareducedroot*ai-trafromwhichderivedalsoRoot/
Root/
lemma: ai-tro- :
:`bitter,sharp'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianrakàgrasskind',gr.`weedinthewheat,ryegrass,darnel',
`fromryegrass,darnel'),lett.ares,arenes`ryegrass,darnel'.
maybethroughmetathesisalb.(*ares>ser)egjr`Loliumtemulentum,ryegrass,darnel'[common
alb.-s->-gj-shift].
References:
References:WP.I12,SpechtDekl.2061.
Page(s):
Page(s):16
Root/lemma: aiskEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bright,shining
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klar,hell,leuchtend'
Material:
Material:Awnord.eiskra`ragebeforehotexcitement',nisl.iskraalsofromburningpain.
Lit.ikus,wherebesidezerogradealit.iks`clear,bright'.
Russ.dial.jska,demin.jsoka`brightstar',besideitabg.jasnoAdv.`clear,bright,distinct',russ.
jsnyj`light,clear,bright'from*aiskno-;poln.jaskry,jaskrawy`blinding,dazzling,brilliant'from
*aiskro-;abg.iskra`spark'etc.from*iskr.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*aiskno-)shkndij`spark'[commonalb.n>ndphoneticmutation].
Alsoalb.zerograde(*jaskry),shkrinj`melt,burn',participle*scrum>shkrumbàshes'[commonalb.
m>mbshift]loanedinrum.scrumàshes'.
Russ.dial.jska,demin.jsoka`brightstar',besidesabg.jasnoAdv.`clear,distinct',russ.jsnyj
`bright,clear'from*aiskno;poln.jaskry,jaskrawy`brilliant,sparkling'from*aiskro;abg.iskra`spark'
etc.from*iskr.
HeretheFlNnhd.Aisch(Bavaria),Eysch(en)(Luxembourg),nengl.Axefromkelt.orven.-ill.*Aisk.
Maybealb.(*aisk)eshk`mushroom(whendriedusedtokindlethefire)'relatedtolat.esca-aef.
`food,victuals,esp.asbait',
References:
References:WP.I2,Trautmann4,PokornyUrill.70,113,M.FrsterThemse839.
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsoriginatedfrom*aidh-sk-,orfrom*ai-sk-in i -4 .
Page(s):
Page(s):16-17
Root/lemma: ais-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towishfor,searchfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wnschen,begehren,aufsuchen'
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ais-1 :
:`towishfor,searchfor'isatruncatedrootofai-ska .Theformant-skais
acommonGermanicsuffixaddedtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-2 :
:`todrive,tooverwhelm,harm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianati`looks',m.`wish,choice',anv-iti`looksfor=av.iaiti`wishes',
OldIndianicchti(*is-sk)`looks,wishes'=av.isaitids.,OldIndianicch`wish',i(2.compound
part)`searching,strivingafter'=av.ids.,f.`Wish,theobjectofthewish',OldIndianita-`desiredly'
m-m.`LoveGod';
arm.aic(*ais-sk)ìnvestigation';umbr.eiscurent(BuggeKZ.30,40)`theywillhavecausedto
come,called,sentfor,invited,summoned,fetched'(probablyas*eh-iscurent`theywillhavedriven
out,pushedforth,thrustedout,takenout,expelled');
Maybezeroforminalb.(*assa-)shanj`curse,blame'.
lat.aeruscre`tobeg,togetmoneybygoingaboutandexhibitingtricksoflegerdemain,toplaythe
juggler'as*aisos-ko-`demanding'toav.Imp.ias`longsfor'(-esko-besides-sko-:isaiti`wishes');
ahd.eiscn`research,ask,demand,(nhd.heischen`demand'withhafterheissen`hot'),as.scn,
scian`demand',ags.scian,xian`try,demand,ask',ahd.eisca`demand',ags.scef.
ìnvestigation';
inBalt.-Slav.withnon-palatalkofthepresentsuffix-sk(towardsar.arm.-sk-),whatisnottobe
explainedbyborrowingfromtheGerm.;lit.ekau,iekti`look',lett.iskt`todelouse',OldChurch
Slavicisk(andit),iskati`look',iska`wish'.
References:
References:WP.I12,WH.19,Trautmann67.
Page(s):
Page(s):16
Root/lemma: ais-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeinawe,toworship
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èhrfrchtigsein,verehren'
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ais-2 :
:`tobeinawe,toworship'isatruncatedrootofai-ska .Theformant-ska
isacommonGermanicsuffixaddedtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
:`togive'
Material:
Material:Ahd.ra,nhd.Ehre,ags.r`Relief,consideratetreatment,honour,luck',anord.eir
`consideratetreatment,peace,alsonameofthemedicinegoddess';ofitahd.rn,rn`honor,
spare,betake',ags.rian`honor,spare,betake',anord.eira`spare'.
Osk.aisusisAbl.Pl.`sacrifices',marruc.aisosD.Pl.`gods',plign.aisis`gods',volsk.esaristrom
`sacrifice',umbr.esono-`divine,sacred',comefromEtruscan.DifferentlyDevotoSt.Etr.5,299f.
d-extension:gr.(from*aiz-d-)`shies,reveres',,-`reverence,shyness,shame',
(*-)`';got.aistan,-aidaàvoid,payattention';zerogradeOldIndian
`reveres,praises,implores'.
References:
References:WP.I13,WH.I20,419,844;Feist28a,KretschmerGl.30,882.
Page(s):
Page(s):16
Root/lemma: ai-ti-,ai-to- :oi-toEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:part,share,allotment,quantity,quota,portion,stake,stock,proportion,cut,
contribution
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ànteil'
Coments:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-ti-,ai-to- :oi-to- :
:`part,share,allotment,quantity,quota,portion,stake,stock,
proportion,cut,contribution'isatruncatedroot*ai-traintothesuffixedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-2 :
:`to
drive,tooverwhelm,harm'withtheformant-tra.
Material:
Material:Av.ata-`theproperpart'('punishment';dual`guiltandpunishment').
Gr.(*)ìnterest,destiny',hom.,better`theproperinterest',commongr.-illyr.-ks->ss-phoneticmutation;.Hes.;`promisinggoodtalent,favorabe',
`certainfromthedestiny,proper',àpply,use,consume',`dispenses
justice,itrules';
(maybedissimilatedfrom*)`beareferee,leads;divide(thewayof)life=leadsa
certainwayoflife;prescribeacertainmeasureinfoodanddrinking',hence,'referee'soffice'
and`life-style,lifearrangement',`well-chosen,particular'.
Osk.Gen.aeteis`partis',attm`portionum'.
FromGr.hereprobablyalso`responsible,guilty'(after),fromwhichlater`guilt,
cause';also,'demands'as`requireshisinterest';ablaut.m.`Destiny'.
Air.esn.,cymr.oesf.`period,age'from*aitto-,air.esm.`People'from*ait-tu-,cymr.oedm.
Àge'from*aito.
References:
References:WP.I2,HirtIdg.Gr.II,82f.SchwyzerGr.Gr.14213,6969,7057.
Page(s):
Page(s):11
Root/lemma: ai-troEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:[bitter,sharp]
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:[bitter,scharf]
Coments:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai-tro- :`bitter,sharp'isatruncatedroot*ai-traintothesuffixedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai2 :
:`todrive,tooverwhelm,harm'withtheformant-tra.
Material:
Material:lit.aitrs`bitterly,harsh',aitrf.`sharpness'(alsofigurative);thenasalformation*introperhapsinabg.ob-triti`setonfire',o.s`burn,bequick-tempered',wru.zajtiànger',klr.rozjatrtia`fester'.
Maybealb.hithr`nettle,thronyplant'.Alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
References:
References:WP.I3,Berneker269.
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsin i -4 .
Page(s):
Page(s):17
Root/lemma: aiu - , ai u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`vitalenergy,vitality'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyu-n.,anominalizedadjectiveto-`flexibe,active';yu-m.`Geniusofthe
vitality',thereofderiveds-stemyun.,Gen.yua`vitality'(*iuos,Gen.*aiuss);n-steminthe
locative.yuni,Instr.yun;yh`vitality';
av.yn.`Lifespan',Gen.yao,dat.yavi,Instr.yav,ofityavatt-`duration',yavaj-`living
always';yum.`Lifespan';
Gr.s-stem:kypr.F(=);locativewithoutsuffix.lakon.'always';hom.,att.
(*F),Akk.att.(*F);Dat.-Lok.withoutextensioninion.,lesb.(*F)(afterwards
'forever',-'long-living');n-stem:m.(andf.after)`vitality,lifespan',
'always';
alb.esh`periodoftime;span;space;stretch;lapse'from*aiuesi(JoklL.-k.U.34);
lat.o-stemaevusm.andaevumn.èternity,age,time,lifetime,ortimeoflife,aperiodoflife';
however,arebasedaetasf.àge:ofhumanlife,eitheralifetimeortimeoflife,age,aperiodoftime,
epoch',oldaevitas(fromitosk.Gen.atates,Akk.atatm,pl.Abl.aetatu)àge,timeoflife',
aeternusòfanage,lasting,enduring,permanent,endless,forever'inadverbial*aiui.
maybezerogradeinalb.(*aetas),jet`life,lifespan'.
Got.o-stemaiwsm.`time,eternity,world';i-stemadverbialaiw(*aiui)=aisl.,ei(alsoinei-gi`not'),
ags.,,ahd.ioèver,always',got.niaiw`never',ahd.neo,nio,nhd.nie;ags.n-,engl.no`not,no';
maybealb.(*nio)jo`not,no'.
aisl.lang-r=lat.longaevusòfgreatage,aged,ancient';i-stemalsoinaisl.fi,vif.(*aiui-)`life,
age';-steminahd.waf.`time,eternity',thereofahd.widèternity',wg`forever';got.aju-k-ds
f.èternity'from*ajuki-(=ags.ce`forever'),withidg.g-suffix+idg.-tti;
toch.Aym-`mind,life'whichmattributedtom-`life'.
References:
References:WP.I6,WH.I21,EM.21,Feist30,32,BenvenisteBSL38,103ff,DumzilBSL39,
193,SpechtKZ.68,196,Dekl.88ff.,VanWindekens15.
Seealso:
Seealso:Fromthisderived*iuuen-(ieu-3)'young';Spechtalsowantsverymuchrisquelybeputin
addition*aig-,oak'(=`vitality'?).
Page(s):
Page(s):17-18
Root/lemma: ai 1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:èxclamation'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausruf
Material:
Material:OldIndianexclamationofremembering,address,compassion;
OldIndianaithesame;ayiinterjectionwiththevocative;
av.iinterjectionofthephonecall(beforethevocative);
gr.,,exclamationofthesurprise,ofastonishmentorpain(thereof`sighs,deplores',
'Sigh');
lit.aandiòh!blows!'andbeforevocatives.
References:
References:WP.I1,WH.I396,BenvenisteOrigines130f.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealso*aik- .
Page(s):
Page(s):10
Root/lemma: ai o sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`metal(copper;iron)'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Metall',underzw.probably`Kupfer('brandfarbig'?),Bronze';imArischenalso
Èisen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ai o s- :
:`metal(copper;iron)'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:eis-1 :
:`tomoverapidly,
*weapon,iron'.
Material:
OldIndianyas-n.,av.ayah-n.`metal,iron';
lat.aes,g.aeris;got.aiz(protogerm.*a(i)iz-=idg.*aies-)`copperore,andthealloyofcopper,
bronze.Transf.,anythingmadeofbronze;avessel,statue,trumpet,kettle',ahd.ròre',anord.eirn.
òre,copper'.
thereofav.ayahana-`metallic,iron',lat.anus(*aies-no-=umbr.ahesnesòfcopper,ofbronze'),
aneus,ags.ren,as.ahd.mhd.rn,nhd.ren(ehern).despitePokornyKZ.46,292f.isnotidg.
aiosoldborrowingfromAjasja,olderAas(ja),theoldnameofCyprus,aslat.cuprum:,there
accordingtoD.Davis(BSA.30,74-86,1932)thecopperpitsweretackledinCyprusonlyinlate
Mycenaeantime.
Note:
Ajasja,olderAas(ja)(Cyprus):HittitePNWilusa(gr.readingIlios)[commonphoneticmutationofthe
oldlaryngeal->a-,i-]:gall.Isarno-PN,ven.FlN'I,latersarcus,nhd.Eisack(Tirol);urir.PN
I(s)aros,air.r,balkanillyr.iser,messap.isareti(KraheIF.46,184f.);kelt.FlNIsar,nhd.Isar,Iser,
frz.Isre;*Isi,frz.Oise;*Isur,engl.Ure,etc.(PokornyUrillyrier114f.,161);nhd.FlNIll,Illach,Iller,
lett.FlNIsline,Islcis,wruss.Isa,alb.VNIllyrii.
Herelat.aestim,oldaestum`toappraise,rate,estimatethevalueof;toassessthedamagesina
lawsuit;inawidersense,tovalueathingorperson;hence,ingen.,tojudge',Denomin.from*aistemos`hecutstheore'(totemn).
References:
References:WP.I4,WH.I,19,20,Feist31.
Seealso:
Seealso:To i -4 `burn'?
Page(s):
Page(s):15-16
Root/lemma: akk
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`mother(children'sspeech)'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mutter'(Lallwort)
Material:
Material:OldIndianakk`mother'(gram.),gr.`nurseofDemeter','ghost',
`becoy,positiononeselfstupidly',lat.AccaLrentia`Larenmother,Romanhallgoddess'(probably
Etruscan);alsointoSmall-Asianlanguages;comparelapp.Madder-akkaèarthmother'.
Maybealb.Ajkuna`greatmother'inalb.epos.
References:
References:WP.I34,WH.I5.abouttoch.ammakiseeunderam(m)a.
Page(s):
Page(s):23
Root/lemma: ak - , ok -(*hek- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`sharp;stone'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharf,spitz,kantig'and`Stein'
Material:
Material:1.e/o- and -St:
Npers.s(lengthened-gradeform)`millstone,grindstone';gr.`point',lengthened-gradeformion.
,,Hes.,redupl.`point,edge'(as:);afterKretschmer
KZ.33,567andSchwyzerGr.Gr.I348belongs`hears'as*--`havingsharpear'here,
see,however,1.keu-;alb.atht`sharp,sour',
Note:
Inalb.atht(*ake-)`sharp,sour'+commonalb.suffix-t[commonalb.-k>-thphoneticmutationas
inalb.(*mag-)math`big'].
lat.acre`sharp,cutting,keen.Hence,totaste,biting;totouch,sharp;ofsounds,shrill;ofsmells,
penetrating;ofsight,keen;ofemotions,painful;ofunderstanding,quick,vigorous,energetic',acidus
`sour,acid,tart',actum`vinegar';
maybealb.acar`frost,sharpsteel'.
witho:mbr.convocarvilin`sharpenthemillstone',cymr.hogi`sharpen',acymr.ocoluin,ncymr.
hogalen,mbret.hygo(u)len,nbret.higolenn`whetstone'(withtheunclearsecondcomponent;to
explainbret.vocalismoftheinitialsoundbythepretone);mc.cyfogi`vomit,fight',withsecondaryiosuffixacymr.cemecid,ncymr.cyfegydd(*kom-okio-)'pickaxe';
withzerograde:acymr.diauc,ncymr.diog,mbr.dieuc(*dko-)'decayed,spoiled',mcymr.ym-amogawr(*-kr)ònestirs,isactive'(LothRC.45,191)andmbr.eaug,nbret.eok`ripe,madesoft'
(*eks-ko-),togall.excum`centaurionlepton'(ErnaultGloss.MBret.201);comparealsoaboveS.5;
schwed.agm.`marshgrass,Cladiummariscus,edge,blade'(*ako-),mhd.ag`perch',egle,eglinc
ds.,nhd.schweiz.egel,Demin.egli,aschwed.agh-borreds.,maybealsoschwed.agg`rancor,
hatred',agga`sting,torment',norw.dial.agge`tooth,point'(*akuko-orexpressiveGemination?),as
wellas(withsecondarygerm.vowelgradationa:uorfrom*akuko-withassimilationainu?)norw.
dial.ugg`sting,frightening',schwed.dial.ugg`point,tooth',anord.uggr`fear',norw.dial.ugge`fin';
lit.akotas*àwn',aka(*ako-k)`fishbone,bran'=wruss.osoka`sedge',pr.ackons(*akno-)ds.
maybe(*esel),egjr`Loliumtemulentum,ryegrass,darnel'[commonalb.-s->-gj-phoneticmutation],
zerogradeinalb.(*osoka-)shqir`sedge'.
---------------------*baltoslav.formswithkprovenoneidg.besidetheformak-,butispartiallyloanwordfromVenetoIllyrian,whoseareawouldbeoccupiedbypeoplefromtheBalticandSlavs(KretschmerGl.21,115).
AlsoginChurchSlaviciglaexplainsitselfontopS.15.
---------------------2.i-andj-stems:
Arm.asen`needle'(from*asin,MeilletEsquisse43);gr.,-`point,sting';lat.acis
`keenness,edge;ofthemind,penetration,insight;oftheeye,apiercinglookorkeenvision;
sometimesthepupiloftheeye,ortheeyeitself.Milit.,battleline;hencebattle,battlefield';as.eggja
f.,ahd.etcekka`point,swordedge',nhd.Ecke(protogerm.*ai,anord.eggèdge,cliffbacks',
eggja`sharpen,spuron',ags.ecgèdge,blade,sword'(fromitborrowsmir.ecgèdge',nbret.ek
`point'),eglePl.àwns',engl.ails;OldChurchSlavicosla(*osla),russ.osokm.`whetstone',ech.
osinaf.àwn'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*askel),hal`needle,fishbone,awn',[commonalb.sk->h-phonetic
mutation],olderalb.(*haskel)hakl`needle,fishbone':lat.aculeus-im.`sting,point;fig.,esp.in
plur.,painfulthoughts,cuttingremarks'.Itseemsalb.[togetherwithcymr.hogi`sharpen',ncymr.
hogalen,mbret.hygo(u)len,nbret.higolenn`whetstone']haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
aboutags.eherèar'seeunders-formant.
3.u-stem:
Gr.`chaff'seeunders-formant;lat.acus,-sf.`needle;fishname',acuere`sharpen',
acmen`sharppoint;hencethepointofremarks,etc.;sharpnessofintellect;cunning,trickery',acia
(*acu-i)`threadtothesewed',aquifolium(besidecrifolium)`holly',aculeus`sting',accipiter`hawk,
falcon'(*acu-peter`quick-flying');
Maybealb.(*aku-lio-)akullìce,sharpice',(*accipiter)skifter`falcon,hawk',skip()tarèagle-man',
truncatedskipe,shkabèagle',suffixedgeg.Shkipni`landoftheeagles'.
Fromlat.aquila-aef.àneagle;milit.,aneagleasthestandardofaRomanlegion;architect.,gable
orpediment'.aquilo-onism.`thenorthwind;thenorth'.aqua-aef.`water'itseemsthatRoot/
Root/
lemma:
lemma:ak- (moreproperlyk ):k- :
:(water,river)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok -:
(sharp;stone).
gall.acaunum(*akounon)`rock';ill.ONAcumincumtodaySzlankamen`saltstone'(Banat);
Note:ill.PNAcu-mincum`saltstone':alb.(*aku-lio-)akullìce,sharpice'.
nhd.Achelf.èarpoint,awn'fromndd.aggel(withspirant.g)fromidg.*akul;ags.welm.`fork',
anord.so-ll`meatfork'(germ.*ahwala-,idg.*kuolo-);ifheregallo-lat.opulus`commonmaple'
(Marstrander,Corr.germ.-celt.18),wouldbeplacedidg.*oku-olo-;aboutanord.uggretc.seee/ostem,aboutags.arsees-formant;cymr.ebill`drill',mbr.ebil`peg,nail'(*aku-lio-);
Note:
Themutationkw>p,binCeltictongues,lat.andgr.
balt.*ausinlett.ass`sharp,pointed',lit.autam.Pl.`coarsehorsehair'=slav.*outam.`Thistle'in
ChurchSlavicst,russ.ost.Onaccountofheretoch.Acwe`rough'(VanWindekensLexique
15)?
seeunder*ku-s`fast(sharpinthemovement)'.
4.Withm -formant:
ak m o-/-
Gr.`point,edge,sharpness;thehighestpoint,climax,decisivepoint'(Adv.,,
);schwed.dial.m`marshgrass,Cladiummariscus'(germ.*ahma-,comparefinn.Lw.ahma
èquisetum').
ak - men-/-merOldIndianaman-n.`Stone,sky'(asastonevault,ReicheltIF.32,23ff.),amar-`stone',av.
asman-`stone,sky'(OldIndianGen.na,Instr.n,av.Gen.an,Abl.anatwith-n-from-mn-;
Instr.Pl.OldIndiananihaftero-stem);phryg.PN;gr.'anvil',;lit.
mensm.Pl.Èdge',akmu,-esm.`stone'.
5.Withn-formant:
ak e nOldIndianani-`headofthearrow,missile';av.sg-,Oldpers.aanga-`stone'(*akengo,
BenvenisteOrig.28);gr.`point,sting;longitudinaldimension'(however,aboutlat.acunaà
cavity,hollow,dip;esp.apool,pond.Transf.,gap,deficiency,loss'seeWH.I9),`whetstone',
,-`spear'(forolder,*-aftertheparticiples),`throwthespear',
`thistlekind,pricklyheadplant',`fruitcarrypricklyheads',`thistle'(from*`stingflower'),`thistle,sting,thorn,spine,esp.ofthefish','goldfinch'(from
*),`barque',,`woman'sshoe'(*akno-,probablyfromthepointed
form);lat.agnaèarofgrain'(from*akn);got.ahanaf.`chaff',anord.gn,ags.egenuf.andegnan
Pl.,ahd.aganads.,nhd.Ahne,dial.Agen`stalksplinteroftheflaxorhemp'(germ.*ag-,*ahan,idg.
*akn);lit.em.ansèdge,sprouting,germinating,sowing',lett.asnsm.`germburstingout'.
6.Withr-formant:
ak e r-, ok e rNote:
ManyGermaniccognatesprovethattherealrootswerethelabiovelars:ak er-, ok erAir.a(i)cher`sharp(fromthehoist)',becauseoftheGen.Sg.Akeras(PNintheOgham)notlat.Lw.;
abret.acer-uission`withsharpfingers'(biss),ocerouPl.`sharpened',acymr.ar-ocriongl.atrocia;lit.
aers,eers`riverperch';pol.dial.jesiora(from*aser);anord.grds.(fromprotogerm.*agura-,
idg.*okr-o-),westnorw.augur(from*gurr,newerdevelopmentfromgr),influencedfromaugaèye',
FromtheextensionofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok -(*hek-):`sharp;stone'withr-formantderivedthe
labiovelars:ak er-, ok er-whosezerogradeproducedalb.(*kerna),gurr`stream'[commonalb.

rn>rrshift],(*ker-)gur`stone';
Herealsomaybethenameofthemaple(duetothepointedleafsections):
lat.acer,-erisn.`themapletreeormaplewood'(fromacerarborbecamevlat.acerabulus,MeyerLbkeREW.93),dn.rds.(germ.*ahira-);nhd.dial.Acherds.(germ.*ahura-);
gr.Hes.(*,meaningasbeside;tostem
comparealsoHes.);galloRome.*akaros,*akarnos`maple'(HubschmiedRC.50,263
f.);ahd.ahorn`maple'
(fromschweiz.andotheroralkindswoulddevopcertainly-,however,-wouldhavearisenalsoof
people'setymologicaldistortion,likemnd.nhorn,lhorn;ahorn(idg.*akrno-)isuptothedeclension
class=,whilelat.acernusòfmaple'issyncopatedfrom*acer-inos;however,thatnhas
probablyalsoarisenfromtheformeradjectivematerialdevelopingformants-no-andnotfromr/nstembyaccumulationofbothelements.
Ratherthatcountsforgr.(*-)`yellowthistlekind'ds.,maybeherealso
`Kalmus',`hisspicyroot',comparewithotherformsstillf.òdoriferousflower',
`basil'(ifheresuitablly,namedafterthesharpsmell?).
ak r i-, ak r oOldIndianrih`corner,edge,border',catur-ara-`square';gr.`sharply',,,
`point,mountaintops'(alsoinas`havesharphearing,sharpentheear',and,-
`grasshopper',shortformfor`tiptoe',;`pointoftheboughs',seeto
theformationBrugmannGrdr.II21,241);
lat.(toseeFriskIF.56,113f.)cer,cris,-e(alat.cra,-um)`sharp,piercing,penetrating,cutting,
irritating,pungent',osk.akrid`sharply,fiercely,keenly',umbr.peracri-`fat,plump,corpulent'(=lat.
percer`verysharp',comparetomeaninggr.,alsoùppermost,excellent',ando),lat.
acerbusàcidic,sad,harsh,bitter,unripe'(from*cri-bho-s);comparegall.AXPOTALVS`withhigh
forehead',air.r`high'(from*akros);lit.ars,atrs,alit.atras,OldChurchSlavicostr`sharp'(tinterpolatedwording).
Maybealb.geg.(*akri)hakrronj`threaten,frighten'.
ok r i-, ok r oWithshadingo-:gr.f.`sharp'mountainpoint,corner,edge',alat.ocrism.`roughmountain',lat.
mediocrisàverage,mediocre,ofmiddlingsize,medium,middling,moderate,ordinary',actually`tobe
foundhalfwayup'(hereablautcouldbedisplayedinthecompoundlikeinextorris:terra,meditullium:
tells),Ocriculum,Interocrea,ocrea`splint,agreave,legging',umbr.ocar,ukar,Gen.ocrer
`mountain,castlemountain',marr.ocresàmountain,mount,rangeofmountains',mir.och(a)ir
`corner,edge',fromitborrowscymr.ochrèdge'.
Totheheterocliteparadigm*ak-r-(g),*ak-n-es(alsothei-stem*aki-canhavecombinedwithit)
compareaboveakmen/mer-,PedersenKZ.32,247,JohanssonBeitr.9,PeterssonIF.24,269ff.;as
notabletheappositionappearsthereoffromgr.`nameofdifferentmountains',-
the'Agrigentum'whichmighthavesignifiedoriginally`rocks,stones'.
7.Withs-formant:
ak e s- :ak
aks Gr.`chaff'from*ak-sn,afterwardsreshuffledds.insteadof*;gr.'Barley'(àwned,bristly',formationlikelatonus-tus,venus-tus);gr.,Hes.-`with
igneouspoint',`two-edged',`withlongpoint'(maybeonlywithstretchinthe
compound,afterwhichthelengthalsoinsimple;however,lieslengthenedgrade*k-also
beforeinion.,,Hes.,Hes.,compareto
meaning`climaxoflife').
maybezerogradeinalb.(*-)kash-t`chaff(*barley)'where-tistheneuterending,(*),
san`chaff'.
additionalformationsingr.`sharp',comparetoformationlit.tamsstoOldIndiantmas-,lit.
tamsa(inaddition`harrow'Hes.),`winevinegar'.-Also*`sharpened'seemsto
be*--,HirtIF.12,225.
Lat.acus,-erisàneedle'acervus(*aces-vo-s)àheap,mass;inlogic,argumentbyaccumulation';
got.ahsGen.*ahsisn.,aisl.axn.,ahd.ahir,ehirn.(germ.*ahiz),fromthePl.nhd.èarofcorn'f.,but
ags.ear(*ahuz),dat.Sg.nordhumbr.hher,eherds.(aboutthecoexistencefromi-,u-ands-stems,
partlyalreadyidg.,butesp.inGermanic,compareBrugmanncompareGr.II1,522,underSpecht
Idg.Dekl.152.Onaccountoforiginallyidg.-es-or-is-,or-us-stemdisplay,isdifficultintheisolated
casetodecide.comparealsoSievers-BrunnerAengl.Gr.pp.128,2under288f.)
ak - stiCymr.eithinm.Pl.`gorse,furze'(*akstno-),fromitborrowsmir.aittennds.(withunclearsound
gradation);lit.akstsfollowing'smokedspit'(=russ.ost`point,ear,spike'),kstinasm.`Sting,spur'=
OldChurchSlavicostnm.`Sting',ech.ostends.
maybealb.(*osten)hosten`stickfordrivingcattle'[alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-sothis
cognateisnotaSlavicloanword],zerograde(*ak-sti-)hesht`spear',[lat.hasta`spear,sting'].alb.
suggeststhatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hasto-1 ,hazdho- :
:(twig;pole)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - ,
ok - ,(ak - sti- )::(sharp;stone)
8.Witht-formant:
OldIndianaph-m.(from*apaatha)`barbinthearrow';gr.`gruffcoastwithbreaker;
headland,elevation';toch.c-,cce-`head,beginning'(from*akt-).
Note
Note:
Againtherehasbeentheshiftgr.kw>pinOldIndian
ok e t `harrow,devicewithpoints':
Lat.occa`harrow'from*otikabyrearrangementfrom*okit(HirtIF.37,230)comparedifferent
formationsgr.`harrow';
acymr.ocet,corn.ocet,bret.oguet:ahd.egida,mhd.eg(e)de,ags.eg(e)def.(nhd.Eggerenewed
fromtheverbeggenfromahd.egen,ecken,protogerm.*agjan,onitspartonlyfromtheSubst.
*agirevertformation);
lit.akios,ekios`harrow',OldPrussianaketes`harrows',insteadofederivesfromtheverb
*akiinlit.akju,akti,besidesakju,ekti;theanlaut(initialsound)a-frequentlyhasbecomeein
anunstressedpositionabeforepalatalvowel(EndzelinLett.Gr.36).
References:
References:WP.I28ff.,WH.I6ff.,SpechtDekl.24,69,125,271,331.SpechtKZ.62,210ff.
(unglaubhaft).
Seealso:
Seealso:S.under*ok - tu èight',actually`bothpointsofthehands(withoutthumb)'.
zerogradesk-stuckprobablyinstemskemen-,kemel-,kmen-`stone,skies',komor-`stone
hammer',k i- ,ki-,ki-`sharpen,whet',k - `sharp,spit,spear'.
Page(s):
Page(s):18-22
Root/lemma: ak - 1, ak -(*hek-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`toeat'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èssen'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok -(*hek-)::`sharp;stone'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - 1, ak -(*hek-)::
`toeat'
Material:
Material:OldIndiananti(insertedInf.ai-tumetc.)èats,consumes',anamn.`food',na-
`greedy',lengthenedgradeayatiàllowstodine',prtar-a-`breakfast';av.kahrk-sa`chicken
eater=vulture'etc.;
gr.f.àcorn'(as`food',compareformallyOldIndiana-a-`greedy'),`bite';
Maybealb.haèat,bite,consume':`bite';
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok -(*hek-)::`sharp;stone':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - 1, ak -(*ek-)::`toeat'.
Note:
Onlygr.andalb.havepreservedtheoldlaryngealan.agnn.`baitforfish'(*ak-n-),jaàllowtograze'(*ahjan).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):18
Root/lemma: ak r u
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tear'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Trne'
Material:
Material:Ved.run.,lateralsoram`tear',av.asr-n.,lit.aaraandaraf.,toch.krPl.
kruntds.,compareOldIndianarymi,lit.aroju`cries'.Therelationshiptoidg.*dakru`tear'is
unsettled.compareMeilletBSL.32,141.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak r u :
:`tear'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dak r u- :
:`tears'.Thephoneticshiftda->
a-,zeroisacommonBalticIllyrianphoneticmutation.CompareRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:del-5 :
:`long':balt.
withunexplainedd-loss(seeunder):lit.lgas,f.ilg,lett.ilgs,OldPrussianilgaandilgiAdv.`long':
hitt.Nom.Pl.da-lu-ga-e-e(dalugaes)`long',da-lu-ga-a-ti(dalugasti)n.`length'.Thisisasound
proofofAryanmigrationfromtheBalticregiontoNorthIndia.
References:
References:WP.I33,WH.I746.
Page(s):
Page(s):23
Root/lemma: ak- (moreproperlyk ):kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`water,river'
Germanmeaning:
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehero- :
:`water
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/
Material:
Lat.aqua`water,waterpipe'(thereofaquilus`dark',aquilaèagle',eigentl.`theswarthy',aquil`north
wind',eigentl.`thedarkeningsky')=got.aaf.`river,bodyofwater',aisl.,ags.a,as.ahd.aha,
nhd.Acheds.(germ.*ahw,thereofderived*ahwj,*awj`surroundedbythewater'inaisl.eyf.
ìsland,pasture,grassland',ags.eg,ahd.-ouwa,-awa,mhd.ouwef.`water,peninsulaintheriver,
grasslandrichinwater';
maybealb.(*aquil)akull`frozenwater,ice'
ItseemsthatRoot/lemma:
:(water,river)derivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: ak - , ok -:
:(sharp;stone).
nhd.Aue,compareafries.ei-landìsland',Sca(n)din-aviaKretschmerGl.17,148ff.),russ.FlNOk,
pannon.PNAquincum`stove(*cookingstovewherewaterboilsmakingbubbles)',apul.FlNAquil,
ven.PNAquileia(alsoinSouthGermany);withablaut(idg.)inadditionaisl.gir(*kis)`Godof
thesea',ags.g-weard`watchatthesea',agor`sea,flood'(theinitialsoundaftera);maybehere
OldIndiankm`water',dak.plantN`watercolonist'(*ka-dhmn),poln.
(nordill.)FlNKwa.
Theaffiliationfromhitt.e-ku-uz-zi(ekuzi)`drinks',3.Pl.a-ku-wa-an-zi,seemsnotunlikely.Moreover
alsotoch.AByok-tsi`drink'.Air.oiche`water'doesnotexist;cymr.aig`sea'isneologismtoeigion
fromlat.oceanus.
alb.(*oceanus)oqeanòcean'.
FromPIEtherootforwater,ocean,passedtoAltaic:
Protoform:
Protoform:*kè(-k-)
Meaning:
Meaning:`deepplace,placefarfromtheshore'
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*k
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*(x)uKJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*ki
Note:
Note:Theparallelseemsplausible;thecommonmeaningheremaybeformulatedas"aplace(inthe
seaorriver)distantfromtheshore".
References:
References:WP.I34f.,WH.I60,848,Feist18f.,PedersenHittitisch128,Tocharisch190.
Page(s):
Page(s):23
Root/lemma: akEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tohurt'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schdigen'?
Material:
Material:OldIndiankam`grief,pain',av.ak`nasty,bad',axtis`grief,pain,illness';gr.noun
*,*,thereof,,'swindler';Verbalst.-in
'deception'(*apnt),redupl.Present'damage'.
Note:commongr.-k->-p-,-g->-b-phoneticmutation
References:
References:KuiperGl.21,282f.
Page(s):
Page(s):23
Root/lemma: albhiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`barley'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gerste'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:albhi- :
:`barley'derivedfromatruncatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ereg(h)o- ,erog(h)o- :
`pea'[commongr.-k->-p-,-g->-b-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:Gr.,`barley,pearlbarley,barleyflour',lakon.Hes.
(withgradualgrowthvowel;EhrlichKZ.38,55,in:fromwhichbyintersectionwith
then-,--seesarelationasbetweenOldIndiansthi:asth-n-,whatwouldguarante
olderprotoidg.oftheword);alb.elp(elbi)`barley'(N.Pl.*albh-).Iran.*arbhi-conclusionsVasmer
Stud.z.alb.Wortf.I(Dorpat1921)S.16ff.fromturko-tatar.etcarba`barley'.
relationshipto*albh-`white'assumesSpechtDekl.68an.
FromIranianbranchthenameforbarleypassedtoAltaicfamily:
Protoform:
Protoform:*rp`
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`barley,millet'
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*arpa
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*arbaj
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*arpa
Japaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*p
Note:
Note:EAS90,KW15,Poppe87.67.TheMong.formcannotbeexplainedasaTurkism
(despiteTMN2,24,1997,100).TheTurkicformissometimescomparedwithProto-Iran.
*arba-(correspondingtoGr.alphi),cf.EastIranianformsgoingbackto*arpasy-(or*arbasy)
(-1982,23),butitisnotidentical(lossofthefinalsyllableishardtoexplain);on
theotherhand,theJpn.parallelisastrongargumentinfavouroftheAltaicoriginoftheTurkicform.
References:
References:WP.I92,JoklFestschriftKretschmer78f.,KieckersIE.41,184,WahrmannGl.17,
253.
Page(s):
Page(s):29
Root/lemma: albho- (*hele-bho-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`white'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wei'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:albho- (*helba-)::`white'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:el-1 ,ol- ,e l- :
:red,brown(in
namesoftreesandanimals)extendedin-kho-,-bho-formants.seelat.olor`swan'(*els);gr.
m.f.`stag(whitespotted)'.
Material:
Maybealb.geg.alka,alk(*alkha)`whitecream,dirt,spot,fatofwool'.
Gr.`whiterash',Hes.(alsoHes.,s.below),FlN;
commonillyr.-gr.-k->-p-phoneticmutation.
lat.albus`white,deadwhite;hencepaleorbright;sometimesmakingbright;fig.,fortunate',umbr.alfu
`white',osk.AlafaternumAlafaternumÀlfaternorum',prlig.AlafisÀlbius'(andmanyothernames
partlyEtruscancoinageduetoosk.-umbr.rootalf-,aslat.alb-,s.SchulzeLat.Eig.119f.;etr.
Pronunciationfromlat.albusalsomustbethatofPaul.Diac.4L.asSabinecalledalpum);inaddition
albula,alburnus`whitefish',albarus`whitepoplar',albcusàsphodelplant'etc.;
Maybelat.albulus-a-um`whitish;f.assubst.Albula
Albula-ae(sc.aqua),oldnameoftheTiber'.
cymr.elfyddm.èarth,world'from*albio-(compareOldChurchSlavicsvt`light,world');
ahd.albiz,elbiz,ags.aelbitu,ielfetu,anord.elptr,lptf.(germ.*al-it-,-ut-)`swan',(forms-d-in
animalnames:s.BrugmannGrdr.II21,467,CharpentierKZ.40,433f.,SpechtDekl.229;also:)Old
ChurchSlaviclebed,russ.lebedlebjad,intheablauttopoln.abd,serb.labud,ech.labud
``swan'(protoslav.*olbed,-d,-d,comparetothelattersuffixformlit.bal-adis`pigeon,dove',
actually`white';
Maybethroughrhymeeffectalb.(*m'elm)mjellm`swan'similartoalb.jt()r,t'jetròther'see
Root/lemma: e-3 ,ei- ,i- ,fem.- :
:`this,etc.(demonstrativestem);one'[rhymeofm-thesameas
rhymeoft-]commonalb.-mb->-m-phoneticmutation;[illyr.namesendingin-m-suffixlikealb.
delm`sheep',VNDalmatae,Delmatae(seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dh(i)- (dh-ei- ?)::tosuck);therefore
anearlySlavicloanwordinIllyrian.
seeMeilletEt.322,MSL.14,377,SchulzeSBprAk.1910,800=Kl.Schr.122f.;namedafterthe
colorruss.lebed,poln.lebioda,obodaàtriplex,goosefoot',LidnStud.97);ndl.alft,elft`whitefish'
(formally=ahd.etcalbiz`swan';toloanwordfromlat.albula`whitish'incontrasttoitFalk-Torp189f.
areagainst,mhd.albel`whitefish',nhd.Albe,nd.alf,albe`whitefish'),comparelat.alburnusàwhite
fish,bleak'ds.;
nhdmdartl.Albums`hardsandunderthefertileearth',schwed.mdartl.alfds.;
probablyalsoanord.alfr,ags.lf,engl.elf(fromwhichnhd.Elfm.,Elfef.borrowed),mnd.alf`lp,
grand,evilspirit',mhd.nhd.Alp,Pl.theAlben(originallyprobably`whitishnebulousfigures'),aswell
asahd.albaìnsectlarva,locustaquaenondumvolavit',ndl.elftenf.Pl.`cockchafergrubs',norw.
almads.(mfromtheGen.Pl.*albna,fromwhich*almna).
Note
Note:
TheIllyr.TNAlbanoiisthepluralformmhd.nhd.Alp,Pl.theAlben(originallyprobably`whitish
nebulousfigures')aprimitiveIndoEuropeanpeoplewhobelievedinevilspiritsbeforeanelaborate
mythologydevelopedlater.
Arbn`nameofalb.duringMiddleAges'
seetothesegerm.wordsesp.Falk-Torpunderaame(4,1428),al(19,1431),alv(22,1431),elvI
(188f.,1454),emd(189,1454);as`whitewater'alsothenameofElbe(lat.Albis,Albia,fromgerm.
*Al,Gen.Aliz=),anord.elfr`river'andrivername(inadditionprobablyalsomnd.elve`riverbed'),
comparegall.FlNAlbis,Alb(nowAube;contrastDubis,Dub,i.e.`black,deepwater'),lat.Albula,
gr.(seeesp.SchulzeSBprAk.1910,797=Kl.Schr.120).
Note:commongr.-k->-p-,-g->-b-phoneticmutation
Incontrasttothisassumption,itisdoubtfulfromorinwhichcircumferencenameslikegall.-lat.Albin,
mir.Albbu,Gen.Albban(stem*Albien-)`Britain'(tocymr.elfyddorfromthewhitechalkrocks),lat.
Alps,(highmountains?)andinital.,ligur.andkelt.areasfrequentlocalnamelikeAlba,
Albiumlikewisebelowgobackor,however,arenotidg.derivationoftheconcept`white'(Bertoldi
BSL.32,148,ZrP.56,179f.).
Arm.aauni`pigeon,dove',barelyfor*alabh-n-(BuggeKZ.32,1,PedersenKZ.38,313),seebelow.
Abouttheaffiliationof*albhi- *albhi- `barley's.d.
MaybeherebelongsHett.al-pa-(alpas)`cloud'inspiteofCouvreur(H106,149)here.
Totheablaut:beside*albho-sseemstobetwo-syllablerootformingr.(also?)and
arm.aauni,andinadditiontunedslav.intonation(serb.lbd),s.OsthoffIF.8,64f.,PedersenaaO.
Thisadditional-bho-onesyllableisincolornamesfrequentsuffix(e.g.lat.galbuslit.rabasìn
differentcolors,multicolored,dappled'besideranas;BrugmannGrdr.II21,388f),*albhosis
obtainableinmonosyllabicroot*al-andontheotherhandispossibleaccordingtoBrugmann
aaO.
tolit.alvas`tin'(`whitemetal'),OldPrussianalwis`lead,plumbum',russ.lovo`tin'(fromidg.
*aluo-?Balt.correspondencesareborrowedaccordingtoNiedermannfromtheSlav.)standina
similarrelation,asgr.-tolat.curv-us`crooked,curved,bent',OldIndianpalla(:
palva)toOldPrussianpelwo,alsogobacktoawordroot*al[u]-:*alu-:*alu-(inarm.aawni
andslav.words);
Note:
Frombalt.-slav.thenotionfor`whitemetals,whitecolor,sickwhite'passedtoAltaicfamily:
Protoform:
Protoform:*nilp
Meaning:
Meaning:`tin,lead'
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*lban
Japaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*nmri
Note:
Note:AninterestingTM-Jpn.isogloss;cf.alsoOldKoguryo*naimul(seeMiller1979,8).Jpn.*nmri<*npan-(r)i,withusualregressivenasalization.
Earlier:
Protoform:
Protoform:*lpa
Meaning:
Meaning:ùnable,sick;beingatservice,man-at-arms'
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*lp-
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*alba-n
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*albaKoreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*rphJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*aparNote:
Note:Poppe85,121(Turk-Mong.);TMN2,110-111.
gr.issufficientbythereshuffletowhichanimalnamesandplantnamesareexposed
everywhere,inordertoensureinadditionstill*alebh-;
hereas`theshiningone'gall.alausaÈuropeanshad,twaiteshad'(frz.alose,span.alosa),compare
alsogall.GNAlaunos,Alounae,brit.FlNAlaunos(nengl.Aln),cymr.PNAlunaswellasarm.aauni
`pigeon,dove'from*alu-n-.
Astemformali-`white'isnotprovabe,inspiteofSpechtDekl.114,becausehett.ali-`white'appears
veryuncertain(CouvreurH149f.,FriedrichIF.58,94)andgr.,,iaretobe
explaineddifferently.
Here,however,probably(asa`paleyellowplant')hisp.-lat.alaèlecampane'(Isid.),span.-portug.ala
ds.,furthermorewith-nt-suffixahd.alantds.,withitetymologicalidenticallythefishnameahd.alunt
(neweralant),as.alund`whitefish,Alant'=(withgramm.alteration)aisl.-lunnàfish',idg.basic
form*al-nt-/*al-ont-.Theoriginalmeaningofal-isprobably`white,shining',hence,thenalso`pale
yellow'etc.
Apreciseseparationofthemeaningsofal-andel-isnotalwayspossible,whichiswhySpecht(Idg.
Dekl.59,160)explainedbothstemsasoriginallyidentical,thusal-asel-leadsbacktoel-,withwhich
heassociatesfurther(aaO.114)thecolorrootar-(seebeloware- ),er
er-.
References:
References:WP.I92ff.,WH.I26f.
Page(s):
Page(s):30-31
Root/lemma: aldhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`trough'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Trog'
Material:
Material:Altn.aldaf.`wave,upsurge,hostility,warfare';norw.dial.oldaf.`trough';schwed.dial.lla
`deepcavity'.compareags.ealdo,aldot,aldaht`trough,tub,container',nhd.bair.alden`field
furrow'.
Inadditionbaltoslav.*aldii-inChurchSlavicladiji,aldijif.`smallboat',lit.aldij,eldijf.`riversmall
boat',alsolit.eldijl`smokingfryingpan'.
Norw.lodje`Russianvessel,boat',schwed.lodja,mnd.lod(d)ie,loddigeareborrowedfromruss.
odj(=asl.ladiji).Falk-Torp652(seealso789underòlde').
References:
References:WP.I92,WH.I35,Trautmann6.
Page(s):
Page(s):31-32
Root/lemma: aleqEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tohitback,shoot'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbwehren,schtzen',presumablyactuallyàbschlieenanddadurchschtzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrkati`defended,protected,preserved',arm.aracel`graze,protect,watch,
guard'(PisaniKZ.68,157),gr.`prevent,protect,fightoff'(so-present;rakatibecauseofthis
correspondencenotmoreprobablytoequallymeaningrootareq- ),,theepic
propernames,afterbecomingknownasthecockwereusedforthenameofthiscontentiousbird
(FickCstem9,169,KretschmerKZ.33,559ff.,Boisacq1091f.);'defend,refuse,fend',
`defends,helps',`Protection,defense,help',`Protection,parapet,(esp.)
battlementofthewalls;help'(*--),`defense,help'and`thickness,strength'(latter
meaning,althoughinitselffrom`vigorousdefense'understandable,maybebyflowingtogetherwith
another,mpers.ark`work,effort,trouble'tosuitablewords,seeBartholomaeHeidelbg.SB.1916,IX
10);Hom.;`strong,hard,potent;fromweapons:`resistable,suitedtothefight';
ags.ealgian`protect,defend'(*algjan);got.alhs(f.,conservativestem)`temple',ags.ealh,as.alah
m.ds.,urnord.-run.aluhàmulet'(?),alit.elkas,alkasm.`holygrove,placeonahillwhereonehas
madeofearlyvictims',lett.lksm.Ìdol,god'(germ.andbalt.wordsoriginally`holier,seclusiveorthe
usufructdeprivedgrove');
maybealb.alka`protectivelayerofmilk,cream,isolatinglayerofmilk'.
toch.alsk`remove'.
References:
References:WP.I89f.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.similarrootareq- `close,protect'.
Page(s):
Page(s):32
Root/lemma: algh- (*helgh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`frost,cold'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Frost,Klte'
Material:
Maybealb.geg.alka,alk`white(coldwhite),cream,wool'fat';
Lat.algor`frost,cold',alge,-re`freeze,tobecold',belongalgidus`cold'accordingtoLidn,studies
z.OldIndianandcompareSprachgesch.66,toaisl.Gen.Sg.elgiar,nisl.elgurm.`snowflurrywith
strongfrost,half-moltensnow'.Germ.s-stem*aliz-disguiseditselfwithlat.algor,idg.*alghes-.
References:
References:WP.I91,WH.I29.comparePeterssonAr.underArm.Stud.126.
Page(s):
Page(s):32
Root/lemma: alghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`toearn,price,value,*preciousbrightmetal'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verdienen,Gegenwert'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrhatiìsworth,earns,isobliged,debit,',argh`value,validity,price'(=osset.
ar`price,value'),av.arjaitiìsworth,amountsforvalue'(npers.arzdanèarn'),arjah-(es-stem)
n.`value,price'.
maybealb.(*rhati)argat`worker,serf',argtojèntertain,reward,please,becomelazy',argom
`barren,unproductive'.
Gr.àcquisition,purchase'=lit.alg,OldPrussianGen.Sg.lgas`wage',gr.,
`profit,earn'(=OldIndianrhati,butbythemorecompletepresentinthevalidity
embeddedasanAorist),`cattleearned'.
Note:
Commongr.g>b,k>pphoneticmutation
maybealb.geg.(*)ble-`tobuy,purchase'.
Anadditionalformonvoiced-nonaspiratedisOldIndianarjatiàcquires,earns,fetches'.
References:
References:WP.I91.
Page(s):
Page(s):32-33
Root/lemma: al-1,olEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`besides;other'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pron.-stem`darberhinaus'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:al-1,ol- :
:`besides;other'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:al :
:interjection.
Material:
Material:Lat.uls`beyond',*ulter,-tra,-trumùlterior,situatedbeyond'(ultr,ultra),compounds
ulterior,Sup.ultimus=osk.ltiumam`theutmost,extreme,thehighest,first,greatest,lowest,
meanest';
Maybealb.ult,ult`low',ul`tolow,sitbelow':lat.ulterior-ius`compar.asfromulter,farther,more
distant,moreadvanced,moreremote'.
alat.ollus`that,thatyonder,thatone;emphatically,thatwell-known;incontrastwithhic,theformer,
(sometimesthelatter)'(*ol-no-s,comparebelowir.ind-ollandslav.*oln),newerolle,oll`then,next',
ollc`he,she,that,inthatplace,yonder,there';lengthenedgradelimìnthedistantpast,once'
(probablyafterim,eximreshapedandwithOldIndianpar-ri`third-lastyear'[compare-]tobe
equated*li,Lok.adverb,alsotheglossesolitana`theaged,old,ancient,oflongstanding',olitinata
òld,inveterate,ancient,former,ofoldtimes'canreject-or-?),umbr.ulo,ulu`that,thatyonder,
thatone;emphatically,thatwell-known;incontrastwithhic,theformer,he,she,ityonder,that';
influencedbyis,isteetc.thecognatesollus,ollewouldbeuncoloredtoille`that,thatyonder,that
one;emphatically,thatwell-known;incontrastwithhic,theformer,(sometimesthelatter)'.
Slav.*oln(idg.*olnei)=OldChurchSlaviclani,ech.loni,poln.loniìnthelastsummer,lastyear'
(`thatyear',comparelat.ollàtthattime,then').
Themeaningfromir.alltar,allaid(seebelow)alsoallowsthattherelationshipofOldIndianraa`far,strange'(=av.auruna-`wild'?),rd`fromadistance',r`far'seemspossible.Moreoveralso
maybeOldIndianaròfstrangers,stranger',ar(i)y-`suitable,propertothestranger'(compareahd.
eli-lenti`foreignland'),thenSubst.`hospitable,lord,master,ruler,man',inadditionr(i)ya-`toar(i)y,suitable,hospitable',hence,VN'Arier=Aryan',ryaka-`venerableman',aryam-n.`Hospitality',
m.`Guest'sfriend';
maybeArrianesIllyr.TN.
av.airy(=rya),Oldpers.riya(=ariya),Àryan',av.airyaman`guest,friend',npers.rmn`guest',
inadditionsarmat.VN(osset.*alan),osset.irÒssete',ironÒssetic'Òssetic'(P.Thieme*),
thestrangerintheRigveda,fig.f.d.clientd.Morgenl.XXIII2,1938;SpechtKZ.68,42ff.);
air.aire(*arios)andairech`nobleman,ofnoblepeople,suitor'canbelongtoprepositionair-ìnfront
of',thus`standinginthefirstplace',(ThurneysenZCP.20,354);mythicalir.ancestorremnis
scholarneologismtoriuÌreland'.seeunderario-`lord,god,master'.
--------------------*)ThusThieme(aaO.159f.)properlyputsherereinforcingprefixgr.-(reducedgrade-),e.g.
-èasily(thestranger)recognizable',OldIndianar-etcsurelymustleadbacktoidg.*er-.
ThiemeputsfurtherhereOldIndiansr-`master,ruler,lord'assu-ri-`hospitable'andri-das`worry
forsustainingthestranger'.
---------------------Air.ollAdj.`honorable,large,extensive',actuallyàbove(theordinary)goingout'(formally=lat.ollus,
idg.*olnos),compounds(h)uilliu`farther,more',Adv.ind-ollùltra,extreme',fromwhichmaybealso
innonn,innunnòver,beyond'(withassimilationincollaborationwithinonn`thesame,identical';
ThurneysenKZ.43,55f.;PedersenKG.II195),ol-chen(a)eìnaddition,but',actuallyòntheother
side(and)therefromonthisside';ol-foirbthe`pluperfect,pastperfect',oldu,oldaas`whenI,when
he',actuallyàbout(the)outside,whatIam,whatheis',inaill`certain,sure',actually`situatedonthe
otherside'(ofitinoillus`confidence,security';
inuilligud`protection,safety';withol(l)ùltra,beyond'maybecorrespondsol`says'asùltra,beyond,
further',originallyinthereportinacontinuousspeech).Theconjunctionol`because,sice'keeps
ThurneysenGrammar559againstitforrelatedwithcymr.ol`footprint'.
Besideswitha:air.al(withAkk.)òntheotherside,over-beyond'(simplificationfrom*allinthe
pretone),Adv.tall(*to-al-n)òntheotherside,there',anall`fromontheotherside,fromthere,over
here',withsuffixedPron.ofthe3rdpersonall,allae,neweralla`beyond,ontheotherside'(proves
originaldissyllabicoldformationalsooftheprepositionalformisnotprovidedwithpronominalsuffix,
seeThurneysenKZ.48,55f.,thusnotfromwithoutendingidg.*olor*al);derivatives:alltar`the
worldofthedead,theotherworld,hereafter',alsofrom`tosavageareassituatedontheotherside',
alltarachòtherworld,ulterior,thithertho'.
Gall.allaànother,other,different',allos`second'(ThurneysenZCP.16,299),VNAllobroges=
mcymr.all-froèxiled,ostracized,banished'(tobro`land'),all-tud`foreigner',acymr.allann,ncymr.
allanòutdoors,outside';air.all-slige`thesecondcuttingout'.
Got.alls,aisl.allr,ags.eall,ahd.allàll',besidesinthecompoundgerm.ala-(without-no-suffix)in
agerm.matron'snamesAla-teivia,Ala-gabiaeetc,got.ala-mansàllpeople,humanity',ahd.ala-wri
`totallytrue'(nhd.albern);compareair.oll-athair(epithetofir.God'sfatherDagdae`thegoodGod')=
anord.al-fr(epithetofOdin),'allfather'.
Lat.alers,allers`taught;learned,instructed,well-informed;experienced,clever,shrewd,skilful'
accordingtoLandgrafALL.9,362,Ernoutl.dial.lat.104from*ad-ers,*allers(contrasttoiners).
Fromanadverb*ali`there,inaspecificplace,ineachcase'(differentlyDebrunnerREtIE.3,10f.)
havederived:
ali o s òther':
arm.ailòther';
gr.òther'(kypr.),n.,compare-`fromelsewhere,fromanotherplace,
strange'(=lat.aliud,formsasinlat.longinquus`farremoved,faroff,remote,distant'),inaddition
etcèachother',`makesdifferent,changes',`variation,change,exchange,
trade':`becominganother,strange',fromOldIndiananytra`somewhereelse'
correspondingadverb;
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*nytra)tjetròther'[commonalb.n>nt>tphoneticmutation]:Old
Indiananytra`somewhereelse'.
lat.alius=osk.alloòtherthings',n.aliud=gr.,inadditionfromtheadverbali:alinus`strange'
(from*ali-ies-nos),ali-quis,ali-cubietc;Comparativealter,-era,-erumònefromtwo'=osk.alttram
àlteram'(from*aliteros-),byPlautusalsoaltro-;inaltrinsecus,altrvorsumthesyncopeiscausedby
thelengthofthewholeword;herealsoalterre,adulter,alternus,altercri;
gall.alios(LothRC.41,35),air.aile(*alios),n.aill(fromadverbialallfrom*aln;palat.lcomesfrom
aile),cymr.ail,bret.eil(from*elis,Comparative*aliis),doubledair.alaile,araile,n.alaill,araill,
mcymr.etcarall,Pl.ereill(llfromtheadverball);
got.aljisòther',butonlyincompositions,asas.eli-lendin.`foreignland',ahd.eli-lentids.=nhd.
`woefulness',got.alja-leikòther,different',aisl.elligar,ellar,ags.ellicor,elcoròther,otherwise,',
ahd.elichr`further',andinadverbs,likeags.elles,engl.elseòther,different',anord.allaòtherwise'
etc.;acomparativeformation*aliraisags.elraòther';
toch.Alya-k,alye-k`'(*alie-k,PedersenGroupement26,Tocharisch117);unclearis
theabsenceofpalatalizationinAlakòther',lamèachother',lm`somewhereelse',aletste
`strangers';
ostiran.etchal-ciàny(thing)available,etc'.
References:
References:WP.I84ff.,WH.I30,32f.,Feist33b,39a,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I614.
Aboutthesoundchangefrom*aniosto*aliosseeDebrunnerREtIE.3,1ff.,aboutangebl.pejorative
characterofaseeSpechtKZ.68,52,DiealtenSprachen5,115.
Seealso:
Seealso:Aboutanioss.underS.37(an2 ).
Page(s):
Page(s):24-26
Root/lemma: al-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`togrow;tobear'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen;wachsenmachen,nhren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianan-ala-`fire'('theglutton',W.SchulzeKZ.45,306=Kl.Schr.216);
gr.`cheerful,strong'(+al-;aboutseebelow);
lat.al,-ere,-ul,-itum`tonourish,support,rear,feed,bringup';alscere`growup,prosper',
coalscere`growtogether',adolscere`growup'(adultus`grownup,adult,mature'),abolscere`to
perish'(inadditionappearsabole,-re`destroy,exterminate'asaTransitivetobenewlyshaped,
partlyafter(ad)augsc:(ad)auge,esp.,however,aftersynonymousdlv,dle;
thereminiscencein,wouldbethendeceptive;(differentlyWH.I4),lat.indols
`nativeconstitutionorquality;nature,disposition,character,talents',subolsàsprout,shoot,
offspring,progeny',prles(*pro-ols)òffspring,descendants,posterity;theyoungmenofarace;of
plants,fruit'(ofitprltriusàcitizenofthelowestclass,servingthestateonlybybegettingchildren';
thesethreewithofromabeforedarkl,notwithidg.o-ablaut,wieHirtAbl.162accepts);alimentum
`food,nourishment',alimnia,-ium`food,maintenance';
air.alim`benourishing';hereprobablyalsocymr.alu,mbret.halaff,nbret.ala`bear,givebirthto',
cymr.alf.àctofgivingbirth,progeny,people',alafm.`wealth'=air.alamf.`herd',ofitalmaeds.;
got.ags.alan(l)`growup'(intr.likelat.adole),aisl.ala(l)`benourishing,produce',got.alis
`fattened'(participleofaKaus.*aljan=norw.dial.elja);aisl.elskrìnspiredbylove',elska`love'(see
tothemeaning-developmentFalk-Torpbelowelske).
Witht-formant:
Gr.-ìnsatiable,gluttonous';,(*-)n.`holygrove',lat.altus`high'(i.e.
`large-scalegrown'),mir.old`height;shores,coast',cymr.allt`sideofahill,woodedhills',acorn.as,
bret.aot,aod`coast',as.ald,ahd.(etc.)altòld'(actually'growntall'),ahd.altn`putoff,delay'
(`makeold');
maybealb.geg(*n'alt)nalt`high'>alb.tosk(*nalt,lant)lart`high'[n/rrhotacism].
*altialsoingot.aldsf.`period,lifetime',ags.ield`period,lifetime,age,oldage'(Pl.ielde,as.eldi
`people,humans'),anord.ldf.`time,age,Pl.people';*altioinosk.altinm,thus`food,provisions,
aliment'=lat.*altinum;air.comaltae`fosterbrother'=mcymr.cyfeillt`serf,slave',ncymr.cyfaill
`friend'(*komal-tios),mcymr.eillt(*altios)`pupil,hero',air.inailt(*eni-alt)`servant',got.aleis
(*altios)òld'=air.alt(a)e`broughtup';
*altro-inair.altram`food',altru`nursingfather'(cymr.athraw`teacher'etc.,seePedersenKG.I137);
anord.aldrm.(Gen.aldrs)àge,lifetime,oldage',ags.ealdor`life',as.aldar,ahd.altaròldage,
age'.
Withm-formant:
Gr.n.`grove',epithetofZeusandPoseidon(also,nameofPoseidonin
isthmianTroy,,forwhathom.`treenursery'asanabstractnoun,seeBechtelLexil.
331);lat.almus`nourishing,feeding(ager),blessing-donating,sweet,kind,sublime'.MaybehereFlN
thrak.Almus,illyr.(?)Alm(Rom),Alm(Etruria),abrit.*Alm,engl.Yealm.
mabealb.helm`healingdrug,posion,medicine,herb'similartoSanskritla-`poison'.obviouslyalb.
andgr.havepreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
clearlyalb.showsthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:al-2 :
:`togrow;tobear;grove'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
el-3 :ol- : `torot,poison'.
Maybeillyr.Amalthea`thegoatthatnourishedZeus'.
Toch.lym-`life,mind'.
d-extensions:OldIndian-,`refreshment,donation,oblation,gift';gr.àllowstogrow,
strengthens','grows',`notthriving;growthrestraining',`bringsforth,
produce,create'().
Maybealb.geg.ardh-[dh-extensionasinsatemlanguages]`come,(*climax),beborn',ardhunaPl.
`yields,profits'.
dh-extensions:OldIndianrdhnti,rnddhi,rdhti,dhyati`prospers,succeeds,doessucceed,
manages',av.ardat`heallowstoprosper',rdt-`causeprospering',OldIndianrdhuka-`thriving'
(SpechtKZ.64,64f.);
gr.,`heals',`grows,heals';aschwed.alda`fruit-carryingoak',aisl.aldin`tree
fruit,esp.eatable(fruitorseedoftheoaktree,acorn)'.
References:
References:WP.I86f.,WH.I4,31f.
Page(s):
Page(s):26-27
Root/lemma: al-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`toburn'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianaltamn.`fire,blaze,coal'(alsolmukam`fire');lat.adole`toworship,offer
sacrifice,burnasacrifice;tosacrificeonanaltar;ingen.,toburn;tosmell',adolsc,-ere`flareup
(fromaltars),togrowup,cometomaturity,tobeheapedup,orperhapstoburn'(ofromaasin
etymological-differentadolscere`togrowup,cometomaturity,tobeheapedup,orperhapstoburn'
toal,seeunder*al-2 `grow'),altre`firealtar'(withdifficultoablautumbr.uetu`towardturningto
vapor');
nschwed.ala`blaze,flame'(JohannssonZfdtPh.31,285followingms.Lit.);butinquestiongr.
Hes.;viewalsofromlat.alacer`quick,lively,animated',got.aljann.`zeal'etc.waspossible
asìgneous,quick-tempered'(JohanssonaaO.);aboutags.lan`burn'see*aidh -.
Maybebelongsheregall.MSAlatus,mir.alad`multicolored,dappled,striped'(iforiginally'burnt')=
nir.aladh`trout'(alto-).
Maybealb.alle`redcolor'.
References:
References:WP.I88,WH.I13,EM.88.
Page(s):
Page(s):28
Root/lemma: al-5 (*hel-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`togrind'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mahlen,zermalmen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianu-`fine,thin,verysmall'(*alnu-),HindiandBengali`flour'(below
likewise;KuhnKZ.30,355;differentSpechtDekl.125).
Av.aa(*arta-)`crushed,ground'(HbschmannZdMG.38,428,SpiegelBB.9,178A.1).
Arm.aam`grinds',aauri(*alatrio-)`mill',aleur-`flour'(inspiteoflinsteadofnotborrowedfrom
,HbschmannArm.Gr.I414),aaxin`servant',aij`younggirl'(MeilletBSL.37,72).
Gr.:`grinds,crushes'*,`millstone,grindstone',and`themilling,
thegrinding',`mill',`grind',[F],Pl.(stretchedfrom;Schulze
Qunderep.225)`flour'(fromitcontracted*calledoutofthenewsg.Hes.;
-Hippokr.,Rhinthon),(*-F-)`wheatflour',`flimsy'(
`pulverized,crushed,ground'),`millerwhogrindsthespelt,wheat'(fromitlat.alica`spelt,ora
drinkpreparedfromspelt'ds).
---------------*)Also`millet',`spelt',,att.`groundcoarsegrain'(*F-,notafterJ.Schmidt
KZ.32,382from*F-)wouldbecompatible,perhaps,phonetically(thenwordrootwouldbe*el-,
*ol-,*el-).
maybealb.(*hol-)holl`flimsy,thin'
Note:
Onlygr.andalb.preservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
References:
References:WP.I89.
Page(s):
Page(s):28-29
Root/lemma: al-6,alu- :alu-
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Farbadjektiv`wei,glnzend'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.albho-andFarbadjektivel-.
Page(s):
Page(s):29
Root/lemma: al
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjection
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise`hallo!'
Material:
Material:OldIndianalal(bhavant-)àlert,awake,smartbecoming'(mind.ar,r`duda!'ratherto
ar`foreigner,stranger',ThiemeDerstrangerinRigveda1ff.,seeaboveS.24).
Gr.,`hallo,hurra!',,`Schlachtruf',`stoedenSchlachtruf
from'(similarly`Kriegsruf,Schmerzensruf',`stoedenKriegsruffrom');lit.aluoti`hallo
cry'(borrowingfromdemDeutschennotprovable)besidesaliti`throughGeschreiaufscheuchen';
OldChurchSlavicole,bulg.oleleinterjection;e.g.FickI4356(nhd.hallo,hollaareagainstitfrom
demImperativfromahd.haln,holn`get,fetch'entwickelteRufworte).
Aufhnlichemal-seemstobasedonlit.nu-aldti`ringout;sound',uldoti`coo'(BezzenbergerBB.
21,315).
References:
References:WP.I89.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.diesimilaronomatopoeicwordsl-.
Page(s):
Page(s):29
Root/lemma: alpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`small,weak'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klein,schwach'?
Material:
Material:OldIndianlpa-,alpaca`small,slight,flimsy'(alpna,alpt`light,fast');touniteheavilyin
thedefinitionwithlit.alpst,alpa,alpti`becomeunconscious',alps`weak',lett.elpe`takingair,
breath',alpaònetime,time,momentintime'.
appositionalsofromhom.(fromAeschylos)'weak',èmpties,
exhausts',att.'loots',èmpties(thebody)'isdoubtfulbecauseoftheirstotwosyllablesrootwordscomparedwithofthelightonesOldIndianandlit.words;
alsotheysuit,aswellastothem,addedto`slender,thin,havinghollowbody',
`Flank,swellofthebodyinthehip',`cavity,pit',`sorrel,rumex'as`
'inthemeaningcolouring(èmpty,sunken,shrunken')nevertheless,considerablyab.quite
dubiousalsoalb.(JoklSBAk.Wien168,I48)laps`betiredof,sickof,boredwith'.
maybealb.(*)lpjet`sorrel,rumex',truncated(*),laps`beexhaused'.
Maybelat.lapso-are`toslip,stumble'.
Onaccountofherehett.alpaanda-(alpant-)ìll,weak,small,flimsy'?
References:
References:WP.I92,Couvreur106f.,WH.I786,HirtIdg.Gr.II,158.
Page(s):
Page(s):33
Root/lemma: alu- (-d-,-t- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`bitter;beer'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bitter,Bier,Alaun'
Material:
Material:Gr.()Hes.,[?]Hes.(see,however,
tomeaningHerwerdenLex.Graec.suppl.45);lat.alta`softleather;ashoe,purseorpatch,beauty
patch'andalmenàlum'aresimplyextensionsfrom*alu-.
TherootappearsinNorthernEuropewiththedefinition`beer,mead'(comparedtothemeaning
differenceChurchSlavickvasàlum,beer');in.ln.`Beer,carousal',ldrn.`Carousal'(*alura-),
ags.ealu()n.`beer',as.inalofat,mhd.inal-schaf`drinkingvessel';
maybealb.alle`red(colorofbeer?)'
hencefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:al-2 :
:(togrow;tobear)couldhavederivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:alu- (-d-,t- )::(bitter;beer).
FromitborrowsOldPrussianalun.`Mead',lit.als(m.becomeasmeds=preu.meddon.;J.
SchmidtPluralbild.180),ChurchSlavicol(m.becomelikemed)`beer'.isalsoborrowedbyfinn.
olut`Beer'fromGerm.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):33-34
Root/lemma: ambhi, m b hi
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:àround,frombothsides'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùm-herum,zubeidenSeiten'
Material:
Material:Arm.ambojèntirely,unscathed'(tooj`healthy'),gr.àround'(-`tobothsides',
withthesameadverbial-sasz..,,s.BrugmannGrdr.II22,737);
lat.amb-(beforevowel,e.g.ambig),am-,an-(beforeconsonant,e.g.amput,amicifrom
*am[bi]jaci)inseparableprefix`roundabout,around,allaround',alat.alsoprepositionamàround'
m.Akk.(ambi-forthepurposesof`both'alsoancepswhichisagainstlateformationitpointsto
amb),umbr.amb-(amboltu),a-(a-ferum`tocarryround,takeround;esp.oftheeyes,toturnall
round;inreligion,tolustrate,purify,bycarryingroundconsecratedobjects.Transf.,tospread,esp.to
spreadnews'),an-(an-ferener`bearinground'),osk.amvannudàgoinground,circling,revolving,
revolution,detour',amndàgoinground,circling,revolving,revolution,acause,reason,motive,
inducement,occasion,opportunity'(barely*amb-beno-:veni,howeverno-derivation,s.v.PlantaII
32,623);with-er-extensionafterpraeter-e,intere(seev.PlantaII455,WH.I36);
umbr.ampretu,ambretutoàmbit,circuit',maybealsoosk.amfret`flanked'(rathertoSchulzeKZ.45,
182=Kl.Schr.468todisassemblein*am-ferent`theybearround,';
notlat.trailsofthesame-er-extensioninamfrctusàturning,abend.Transf.,legalintricacies,
circumlocution,digression',ratherfromam-frctus);aboutPNAmiternums.SchulzeLat.Eig.541;
withti-extension(afterpos-t,per-t,BuckElementarbuch65)osk.amptàround'(asumbr.ambr-at
firstduetofromamf-beforeconsonantsimplifiedam-);alb.mbi,mbòver,by,on,in'(G.MeyerAlb.
Wb.265).
m b hi: OldIndianabh-ta,av.aiwito`tobothsides,ringed'(aboutav.aibi,Oldpers.abimore
debatablymeaningseePedersenKZ.40,127,BartholomaeIF.19,BeiheftS.106;theending-sinin
historicalconnectionwiththatofgr.?);
OldIndianabhispossiblethemeaningàround,circum',Oldpers.abiy,av.aib,aiwiinthemeaning
àbout,inregardto,from'fromderived*mbhioridg.*obhiorcontinuingin*ebhi;gall.ambi-àround,
circum'(e.g.-`livingonriverDravos'),
cymr.am-(throughi-umlautem-,ym-),corn.bret.am-,em-,air.imb-,imm-àround';ahd.as.umbi,
aisl.umb,ags.ymb,ymbeàround'(absorbedinGot.frombi).
bhi: got.biinmeaningàround',withfinalsoundextensioninstressedpositionas.ags.be-,b-,ahd.
bi-,b-,nhd.bei(aboutdubiousderivativesseeFalk-Torp37and1437underbilII`space,period',73
and1437underbilledeìmage').
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*ambhe)mbàt,in',(*ambhi)mbiònupon'.
Falk-Torp37and1437underbilII`space,period',73and1,437underbillede`picture').
ambh(u
ambh(u)`both':
Gr.`both'(derivative);lat.amb,-ae,-`both';
OldIndianubhu`both',av.uwa-ds.;lit.abu,OldChurchSlavicobads.;got.baim.,ban.,Gen.
*baddj(bajs,seetotheformationBrugmannGrdr.II22,77;different-intheoutcometolat.
nostrtes-òfourcountry,native'FickIII4255),as.bthie,ags.b,,engl.both,ahd.beide,bde,
anord.ber,Gen.beggja`both'(:got.*baddj<baii);toch.Ampi,mpe,ant-api.
FromthesewouldberegardedOldIndianubhu,av.uwayetascompositionwithu-`two'(lat.
ugint);SommerIF.30,404deniessuchu-andregardsthear.formsascausedbythelabial
evaporation*abhu=*mbhuwithreferencetoOldIndianKubera-from*Kabra(compare
patronymicKberaka-;WackernagelKZ.41,314ff).Lit.ab,OldChurchSlavicobaareprobably
basedonreorganizationfrom*amb-oatatime,aspreposition*ambhiàround'wasgivenupinfavour
of*obhi(ab.ob,s.lat.ob`withacc.,infrontof,before;inreturnfor;becauseof,onaccountof').
Therelation*ambh(u),*ambhi:got.etc.bai,biletsitbedubiousbarelythatam-(maybefroman-4 )
isthefirstcompositionpart,thesecondpartisidg.*bhu`both'.
References:
References:WP.I54f.,WH.I36f.,Feist74a,88,PedersenTocharisch82.
Page(s):
Page(s):34-35
Root/lemma: ames- oromesEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`blackbird'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àmsel'
Note:
Note:(:mes-:ams-or*oms-)?
Material:
Material:Fullgradewouldbelocatedjustbeforethefirstsyllableinahd.amusla,amsala,ags.sle
`blackbird',fullgradethesecondsyllableinlat.merulaàblackbird;afish,thesea-carp'(Kluge
EWb.12s.v.)andcymr.mwyalch,acorn.moelh,bret.moualc'h`blackbird'(possiblebasicform
*mesalkoder*misalkafterPedersenKG.I73,wheredifficultsuppositionsaboutir.sml,smlach
`thrush').
Differently-becauseofidg.meis-,mois-,mis--SchraderSprcompare2367,3II140,FickII4205:
merulafrom*misula,cymr.mwyalchetcfrommeisalk,finally,with-oi-ahd.*meisa,ags.mse,aisl.
meisingr`titmouse'.
However,willbegetscoveredlatterinthemeaningdivergentgroupofWoodKZ.45,70probably
moreproperlyintheAdj.*maisa-`small,tiny'becauseofnorw.mdartl.meis`thin,frailperson',
meiseleg`thinandweak',wflm.mijzen`crumble',mejzelÀlittlebit.Tinybits'.Thecomparisonoflat.
withbritwordsismostreliable.
References:
References:WP.I53f.,WH.II77f.
Page(s):
Page(s):35-36
Root/lemma: amGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ènergischvorgehen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderom- .
Page(s):
Page(s):36
Root/lemma: am-1,mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tograb'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen'?
Material:
Material:OldIndianmatramn.`vessel,jug,bigdrinkingbowl',arm.aman`vessel',maybetolat.
ampla(*aml)`handle,handhold',amplus(*am-los)èxtensive,far,spacious,considerabe'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:S.underm-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):35
Root/lemma: am-2,mGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mhen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderm-2 ds.
Page(s):
Page(s):35
Root/lemma: am(m)a, am
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mother
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mutter',Lallwort
Material:
Material:Alb.amàunt',`mother',outofit`riverbed',`residuumfromFlssigkeiten';aisl.amma
`grandmother',ahd.amma`mother,wetnurse',nhd.Amme;gr.,`mother'Hes.,osk.
Amma,Ammae,i.e.Matri(Gttername)'.AboutOldIndianamba`mother's.KretschmerKZ.57,251
ff.Vonam-,am-(seeBrugmannII2,I496)shapedarelat.amcus`friend'andamita
`Vaterschwester'(comparelit.anta`Schwiegermutter':lat.anusàlteswoman').Aboutvlat.amma
òwl's.SoferGl.17,17f.
Alb.mik`friend'zerogradeofrum.amic`friend'notfromlat.amcus`friend'
AVerbalableitungisperhapslat.amre`lieben'(comparemhd.ammen`wait,holdon,care'to
amme).AfterKretschmer(Gl.13,114)ratherEtruscan.
AfterZimmermannKZ.44,368f.,47,174belongsalsolat.amoenushere.Vonalat.*amoi(compare
SummoiCIL.II1750)couldamoinos=amoenusshapedsein,asMamoena(to*mamoi)besides
Mamana,furtherthroughgr.;(too)besides(to)gesttzt;
toch.ammakki(Vok.)`mother'from*amma+akki(OldIndianakk).
References:
References:WP.I53,WH.I39,41,TagliaviniMl.Pedersen163.
Page(s):
Page(s):36
Root/lemma: andher-, n d herEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`stem,spike'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Spitze,Stengel'
Material:
Material:Nurgriechisch:ànearofcorn',`stalkpoint,stalk',`Stalk,stemof
aplant',`chin'as`bearded,shaggyplace',`thecommonchervil',namedafter
hispricklyfruit,,`wasp,forestbee',wordoutcomeafter`corneous';
`wasp'(heremaybefrom*-`withbeardedface=man',then`man,
person',GntertHeidelberg.SB.1915,Abh.X;comparealsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I4264.
AfterKretschmerGl.28,246from*-,theroughbreathingofetcfigurative?);from
also(*F),`wheatgruel,Speltmiller'(vonPlin.n.h.22,121howeveridentifiedas
gypt.word)?
References:
References:WP.I45.
Page(s):
Page(s):41
Root/lemma: andh-,anedhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`togrow,bloom,blossom'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hervorstechen,sprieen,blhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianndhan.`Somaplants';arm.and`field';gr.n.`Flower,bloom',
`blossoms',(*-es-ro-)`blossoming'etc;alb.nde(*andhn)`blossom,flower',ndem
`blossoms'(frompresent*from*andh);toch.Ant,nteòpenspace,area'.
Mir.ainder,aindir`youngwoman',cymr.anner`youngcow',Pl.anneirod,acymr.endericàbull-calf;
alsooftheyoungofotheranimals',cymr.enderig`bull,ox',bret.ounner(Trg.annouar,Vannes
annor)`youngcow';
moreoverfrz.(l)andierm.`Firegoat,Aries',also`poppy'(=`younggirl',compareital.madona,fantina
`poppy'),furthertobask.andere`woman',iber.FNAndere,Anderca,MNAnderus;maybekelt.
Origin?(*andero-`blossoming,young'?).
AccordingtoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I339heregr.-`cameout,bubbledout;',-`reside
ontopof',-'canopied,covered',etc.
Inspiteofthealittlebitdivergentmeaningprobablyalsoherewithzerograde*n d h:
OldIndiandhvanm.=av.advanm.`way,road',forwhataiadhvar-`religiousaction(*Soma-)
sacrifice,ceremony'(originally'courseofaction,way'-`ceremoniousway')from*ndhuero-,and
probablyalsowithsuffixablaut(*ndhuro-)isl.ndurrm.àkindofsnowshoe'.
References:
References:WP.I45,67,P.BenoitZrPh.44,3ff.,69ff.
Seealso:
Seealso:Herebelongsprobably:andher- ,n d her- .
Page(s):
Page(s):40-41
Root/lemma: andhoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`blind,dark'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blind,dunkel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianandh-,av.anda-`blind,dark',gall.andabatam.àgladiatorwhofoughtwitha
helmetwithoutopenings'(tokelt.Lw.lat.battu`tobeat,knock').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):41
Root/lemma: an()-3 (*ena--)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tobreathe'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:an()-3 :
:`tobreathe'derivedfromareductionofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:anhen- :
:`smell,
odour;person'asinarm.anjn(forolder*anj),Gen.anjin`soul,being,person':anord.angim.òdour,
smell':alb.anj`swell,puff'[commonalb.ng>njphoneticmutation].
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àtmen,hauchen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianniti`breathes'(alsothematicallynati),nila`breath,breeze,wind',n
(maybe'breath'or`mouth,nose',na-nam`mouth,muzzle,face'withind.Vrddhi;'mouth'as`breathe,
thebreathing');priti`breathes';
av.ntya,parntyaòftheinhalingandexhaling'(*anti-`breathing'withandpar;seeBartholomae
IF.7,59;aboutainiti-`mildness'see,however,Airan.Wb.125f.).
Gr.`breath,wind',(withstretchinthecompound),`windless,calm',
v`richinwind'(-metricalstretch),(`windy',i.e.:)`trifling,invain'(dissimilatedfrom
,seelastBechtelLexil.44,also226,aboutthatprobablyfrom*-vobyextreme
dissimilationabbreviatedonesìnvain,withoutsuccess');differentRisch113;
compareFriskIndog.15;Hes.aretochangein,.Maybehere
`youth'asF--`newwheeze',afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I4263;also`breathlessness,
suffocation',aaO.337.
Lat.animus`mind,soul',anima`wind,breath,soul,lives'(osk.anammàir,acurrentofair,breeze,
breath,wind'),ofitanimal`livingbeing,animal',hl,-re`breathe,smell'(Denominative*an-slo-;
withphoneyh,thesoundvaluedescribedhereattainedandalsopenetratedinan(h)-lre;about
lattersee*an4 ).
Air.anl,cymr.anadl`breath',mbret.alazn(rearrangement),nbret.holan(*an-tlo-);mcymr.eneit,
ncymr.enaid`soul'(*an-t-),abrit.PNAnate-mros`warmhearted,bighearted';
air.animm,nir.anam`soul',Gen.anman(stem*ana-mon;thei-coloroftheNom.sg.afterneutr.men-stems.PedersenKG.II61;totheintersectionwithlat.animaf.`breath,wind,air.Transf.,the
breathoflife,vitalprinciple,soul'seePokornyZfcPh.1069f.),corn.eneff,mbret.eneff(Pl.anaffon)
nbret.anaoun`soul'(umlautedcorn.andbret.formsprobablyLw.fromLat.,seeVendrysDehib.
voc.112f.,PedersenKG.I170,II111);
inadditionair.osnad`sighs'(ussanad),further(`catchone'sbreath=rest,relax')anaid`remains,
rests,stops',con-osna`desist,cease'(com-uss-an-)etc.(seePedersenKG.II455f.,672);mcymr.
anantPl.`bards,poets',cyn-anin`word,praise';
got.uz-anan(preterituzn)èxhale';witht-formant:anord.nd,g.andarf.`breath,breathoflife,life,
soul'(=gr.),anda,-aa`breathe,gasp'=
=ags.ian`puffstrongly',anord.andim.`breath,
mind,soul',afries.omma(*anma)`breath',ags.oro(*z-an-)`breath'*;maybehereahd.unst,
aisl.ags.ystf.`storm'from*nsti-;
maybealb.anda`taste,smell'[commonalb.n>ndphoneticmutation]:anord.anda,-aa`breathe,
gasp'.
--------------------*)Inadditionalsoas.ando,ags.ana,anoaèxcitement,rage,sorrow',ahd.anado,ando,anto
ànnoyance,rage',mhd.ande`feelingofinsult',ahd.anadn,antn,mhd.anden`letoutone'srage',
nhd.avengeunderamiddefinition`gaspbeforeexcitement'(Kluges.v.,-Falk-Torp5and1428
underaand;Schrderbl.9).Aboutsecondafromahd.anado,ags.anoaseeSpechtPhil.Stud.
Voretzsch36.
----------------------OldChurchSlavicvonja(*ani)`smell'(vonjati`scent,smell'),*chati`smell'inaruss.uchatietc.(-chperhapsimitationfromduchati,thuswithouthistoricalconnectionwithsfromlat.hlre`breathe,emit
vapor,befragrant'from*an-slo-);
Maybenasalizedalb.(*unhati)nuhat,nuhas`scent,smell'.
NasalsarethemostimportantelementofprotoIndoEuropeanssincetheyindicatethehomelandof
Aryansinacold,snowyterritory.Theprolongationoftheirnosemusthavetakenplaceduring
thousandsofyearsofhabitatinthefrostyclimate.ThelongnoseservedIndoEuropeanstowarmthe
airwhilebreathingwhicheventuallycausedthepresenceofnasalsounds.
alb.geg.j,tosk.njÌswell,impregnate',geg.jun`conceited,puffed'knjem,gnemìncense'(*k(a)nemo-JoklStud.37);
Note:
Clearlytheinitialmeaninginalb.geg.j,tosk.njÌswell,impregnate'was`puffwithair'.
toch.ABm-`life,mind',meìntention',Acm(*ntemo-)èxistence,living,mind'(K.
SchneiderIF.57,203,PedersenToch.48);alsoonolme,wnolme`livingbeing'?
arm.holm`wind'(BuggeIF.1,442)abides(inspiteofMeilletlit.6,3)(seeLidnArm.stem38f.,
PetersonKZ.47).-OldIndiantmn`soul'rathertoahd.tum`breath',seet-men .
Rootpointsbesidetotwo-syllableforms,likeOldIndianani-ti,ani-la,kelt.*ana-tlo-etc,andsuchlike
-,alsoformsofthemonosyllabicwordroots,thuslat.*an-slo->hl,anord.nd(etc).
References:
References:WP.I56ff.,WH.I49f.,Feist538.
Seealso: ansu-,antro- .
Page(s):
Page(s):38-39
Root/lemma: antEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`duck'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ènte'
Material:
Material:OldIndianttf.`waterbird'(ortoaisl.r,nschwed.daf.èiderduck'fromgerm.
*d-?);gr.,bot.(*OldIndiant)`duck';commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phonetic
mutation
Maybezerogradealb.(*nossa)rosa`duck'rhotacismn/r:rum.(*rasta)RA`duck'
lat.anasf.(Akk.anatemandanitem:G.Pl.also-tium)`duck',germ.*anud-and*anidinahd.enit,
anut,NPl.enti,as.anad,ags.ned,aisl.nd,nhd.`Duck';balto-slav.*nt-from*ant-inlit.ntis,
OldPrussianantis,protoslav.*ty,serb.tva,aruss.utov(Akk.),klr.utj`duck'.
Lat.anatna(scil.caro)`duck'smeat':lit.antenads.
MaybeSwedishanka`duck'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):41-42
Root/lemma: anhenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`smell,odour;person'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Duft,Geruch,Person'
Material:
Material:arm.anjn(forolder*anj),Gen.anjin`soul,being,person'=anord.angim.òdour,smell'.
maybealb.anj`swell,puff'[commonalb.ng>njphoneticmutation].
References:
References:LidnArm.Stud.38f.,WP.I58,MeilletEsquisse77ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):43
Root/lemma: anh- (*henh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`narrow,*press'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èng,einengen,schnren',partlyalsovonseelischerBeklemmung,Angst
Material:
Material:Verbal:av.zah`topress',lengthenedgradeav.ny-zata`shesqueezesherselfinto
hercorset',ny-zayn`towedgeoneselfin'(with=;ved.ahmapossibly`letusarm=girdonthe
sword'isremotetothemeaning;anhaRV.8,46,5isunclear);
Maybezerogradealb.geg.(*anza-)zan`tocapture,grasp,press',tosk.z:av.zah`topress'
[commonalb.-h->-z-phoneticmutation].
gr.`tiesup,strangles',lat.ang`topresstightly;ofthethroat,tostrangle,throttle;ingen.,to
hurt,distress;ofthemind,totorment,makeanxious';
OldChurchSlavicasi-verb,ziti`restrain';inadditionwithzerogradeveryprobableOldChurch
Slavicv,vzati`bind'(suggestionthatv-isfillinghiatus,seeMeilletMSL.14,369,maybe
becomessteadythroughinfluencefromviti`coil,bind,wind'whichmayalsohaveinfluenced
meaning?).
anh-s `narrow':OldIndianonlyinahu-bhdf.`narrowlacuna'andintheAbl.Sg.n.ah
`crowdedness,qualityoftightlypackedtogether,affliction'(derivativeahur-`pressed,unhappy');
gr.in(seebelow);lat.inangiportus(*anguportus)`narrowalley,anarrowstreet';
got.aggwus`narrow'(atfirstfrom*aggus,asmanwusfrom*manus;wcomesfromtheoblique
cases),anord.ngr,ngr,ags.enge,as.engi,ahd.angi,engi`narrow',mhd.bangeAdv.(bi+Adv.
ango),nhd.bange;furthurderivativeswithg:arm.anjuk`narrow',mitkOldChurchSlavicz-k
`narrow'.
Cymr.e(h)ang(*eks-angu-,idg.*nhu-)`far,wide,extensive',mcymr.eingyaw`berestricted,be
containedin...`,air.cumcae(*kom-ingi)gl.`compressionofthethroat,suffocation;ofthemind,
distress,anguish,trouble',fairsing`far,wide'(*for-eks-ingi-),cumung(*komingu-,idg.*nhu-)
`narrow',ingf.(*nh)`crowdedness,affliction',from*kom-angio-cymr.cyfyng,inthiswayyng(also
ing,Morris-Jones,WelshGr.110)`narrow',mbret.encq(*angio-)`narrow'.
Maybealb.eng`deafanddumb(*narrowed)'
anhos-, anhes òppression,affliction,crowdedness':OldIndianhas-n.`Fear,distress,need'

(aswellasahat-f.),av.zah-`badgering,need,captivity',z-jata`killedbystrangulation':lat.
angorm.`compressionofthethroat,suffocation;ofthemind,distress,anguish,trouble',angus-tus
`narrow'(from*anghos-to-s);angustiae`narrowness;hence,ofspace,astrait,narrowplace;'spiritus',
shortnessofbreath;oftime,shortness;ofsupplies,shortness,poverty;ofcircumstances,difficulty,
distress;ofdisposition,narrow-mindedness;ofreasoning,subtlety';
maybezerogradeinalb.(*angus-tus)ngusht`narrow'.
aboutCelticseeabove;anord.angrm.(maybeoriginallymoreneutrallyes-stem,Fick4III12)
Ànnoyance,loss,pity,affliction,frustration',afries.angost,ahd.angust,nhd.Angst(from*anghos-tichangingthevowelafter*anghu-);OldChurchSlaviczost`restriction,constriction,limitation,
narrowing';
lit.aktas`narrow'(k-insertion,notgutturalchange)cannotstandfor*an[a]stasor*an-tas.
Wordsfor`nape'as`thenarrowestplacebetweenheadandtrunk'(theideaalsoplaysarole`where
onestranglesone'inlightofthis?):gr.ol.and`nape'(afterSchulzeGGA.1897,909
A.1,as*F-substantivizationofu-Adj.*anh-sbymeansofforms-en-;
aboutseealsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I296),got.hals-agga`nape',klr.vjazyPl.`Neck',ech.vaz
`neck,nape'(tovzatiseeabove),OldPrussian(asslav.Lw.)winsus`neck'(alsoarm.viz`neck,
throat,cervix'withprepositionv-?),seePedersenKZ.38,311;39,402,VondrkSl.Gr.I184,Adontz
Ml.BoisacqI10,aswellasbelowunderaugh- ,ugh.
Otherformations:gr.`cord,choking,strangling'(fromitlat.angina`thequinsy,as
suffocating'),m.`braces,bandage',,,`closeto'(comparefrz.prs`closeto,
near':lat.pressusàpressing,pressure'),compounds`nearer,verynear'(*;
hencehaschangedafter=*,OsthoffMU.6,60ff.);commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ssphoneticmutation;
bret.concoez`geode'(*kom-angeid-;comparealsodial.acoeùvulainthethroat';ErnaultRC.7,
314;19,314ff.);OldChurchSlaviczota`narrowness'.
Gall.PNOctodurusabsents,becauseir.ochte`narrowness,straitness'doesnotexist.
VanWindekens(Lexique5)putsheretoch.Aacr`weak.flimsy(?)'.
References:
References:WP.I.62f.,WH.I47.
Page(s):
Page(s):42-43
Root/lemma: ang(h)i- (*eghi-,oghi- andehi- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`snake,worm,*fish(*hedgehog=snakeeater)'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlange,Wurm'
Note: eghi-,oghi- andehi- ds.;atleasttwoetymologicaldifferent,butearlythecrossedkinship
whoserelationsstillareoftenunclear.
Note:
Root/lemma:
:`snake,worm,*fish'derivedfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:anh(*henh- )::`narrow,*press'
Material:
Material:Lat.anguis=lit.angs(f.),OldPrussianangis`serpent,snake'(lett.odzef.`snake'),Old
ChurchSlavic*,russ.u,poln.w`snake',arm.auj(Gen.-i)`snake'(MeilletEsquisse154,
DumzilBSL.39,100);
mir.esc-ungèel'(*`watersnake',esc`water'+*angh),cymr.llys-yw-en,Pl.-ywodds.(FickII415;
tobrit.zerogradefromgbeforeuseePedersenKG.I107).
Inadditionwithzerogradeandvoiced-nonaspirated(thelattercouldbeinitselfalsointheLat.and
Balt.-Slav.)ahd.unc`snake,adder',gr.(illyr).Hes.(*ngi-).
Note:
Commongr.g>b,k>pphoneticmutation.
Totheseformswithvoiced-nonaspiratedatfirstis,MuoHes.(*eng-ri-:to
compareSolmsenBeitr.1215),wherebecauseofr-suffixesaretobeconnectedbalto-slav.*anguriainslav.*gorm.russ.ug(o)r,poln.wgorz,ech.hor,serb.gor,sloven.ogrèel',lit.ungurs
ds.
(assim.from*angurs,comparefinn.ankerias),OldPrussianangurgisèel'(ChurchSlavicgulja,
jguljaèel'probablyfromLat.).HirtIF.22,67connectsthesegr.andbalt.-slav.eelnamestoan
independentequation(nevertheless,comparether-suffixofahd.angaretc,seeunder).
Anotheridg.equationforèel'isperhapsgr.f.,lat.anguilla(seeesp.W.MeyerKZ.28,163,
JohanssonKZ.30,425,J.SchmidtKZ.32,369,OsthoffIF.4,270,292,HirtIF.22,67,Idg.619f.),
althoughthedetailsarestillunclear(intheGr.*assimilatedetc.to,orandthe
pureguturalthroughtheinfluencefrom;inLat.-illainsteadof-ellaafterthefluctuationinreal
diminutiveunderdetermininginfluenceiofanguis?).
Illyr.TNEncheleae`snakemen':Hungarianangolnaèel'[fromnativeillyr.TNPaeones].
Whilealb.ngjala(*Encheleae)èel'similartoalb.gjndem(*ghend-)`befound',gjnj,gjenj,geg.gjj
`find'(G.MeyerBB.8,187,Alb.Wb.140,Alb.stemIII10;gjet`find,regain',s.SchmidtKZ.57,20ff.);
fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghend- andghed- :
:`tograb,grip'.
Hencegr.(illyr).Hes.(*ngi-):alb.ngjalaèel'thesameasgr.(*ghend-)`takein,
hold,contain,take;tobecapable,able;catch',Aor.(*ghnd-),Fut.(*ghends-),Perf.
:alb.gjndem(*ghend-)`befound',gjnj,gjenj,geg.gjj`find'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:
lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
Otherwiseinalb.ch->s->gj-sincetheshift-s->-gj-isacommonalb.phoneticmutation.
Inthemeaning`worm,maggot'andwithr-suffix(compareaboveetc):ahd.angar`grain
maggot''engirinc`larva',nhd.Engerling,lit.anktira`maggots,cockchafergrubs,grubs'(andsimilar
forms,seeTrautmannOldPrussian301),lett.anksteri`maggots,cockchafergrubs',OldPrussian
anxdris(i.e.anxtris),however,àdder'(aboutthe-st-thesebalt.formscompareMhlenbach-Endzelin
Lett.-D.Wb.I71),russ.ug(o)r`blister,raisedbubbleontheskinthatisfilledwithpus,fin'(alsoèel',
seeabove),poln.wgry`blister,raisedbubbleontheskin'(BezzenbergerGGA.1874,1236,BB.2,
154;notbetteraboutangar,gorders.GGA.1898,554f.).
Nasalizedforms:
Gr.m.(f.)`snake',ds.(for*,SpechtDekl.377),ahd.egala`leech,bloodsucking
worm',dn.norw.igleàparasitesheetworminthevisceraoftheanimalsandintheskinandthe
branchiaofthefish'.
Moreovergr.,ahd.ags.igil(idg.*ehinos),nhd.Igel,eigentl.`snakeeater',W.Schulze
Gnomon11,407,lit.es,ChurchSlavicje`hedgehog(snakeeater)'.
Arm.i`snake,viper'canbeputas*ghisto(MeilletEsquisse75);
gr.`snake'(*oghis);cymr.euod(*ogh-)`sheepworms':OldIndianhi-,av.ai-`snake'.
Itisuncertainappositionfromas.egithassa,mnd.egidesse,ags.(corrupted)exe,ahd.egidehsa,
nhd.Eidechsemitewi-,egi-,idg.*oghi-=(ZupitzaGutt.99afterKluge;Falk-Torpundergle)+
germ.*ahsi,ahd.*dehsa`spindle,newel'.
Whetherinthisvarietysoorderistobebroughtthat*aghi-and*eghi-,*oghi-(h)anintersection
formwouldhavecaused*eghi-,*oghi-,remainsundecided.Tabooimageshavealsoprobably
helpedinit.
References:
References:WP.I63ff..WH.I48,SpechtKZ.64,13;66,56f.,HaversSprachtabu44f.
Page(s):
Page(s):43-45
Root/lemma: ank-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`need,necessity'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zwank,Notwendigkeit'
Material:
Material:Gr.`necessity,compulsion'(normallyasreduplicatedrespectably),ion.
ds.(fromìndispensable,necessary',`compelled,forced,obliged');
air.cen(c-from*ank-or*nk-),mcymr.anghen,cymr.angen,corn.bret.anken`need,necessity',
imIr.also`spoliation,actofviolence'.
Although`compulsion'from`hostiledistress,pursuit'werecomprehensible,itmakesdoesgr.-kelt.
meaning-concordance,nevertheless,doubtful,whetherphoneticallycorrespondentahd.hta
`hostilepursuit',nhd.Acht,ags.ht(protogerm.*ant),germ.ENctumrus(i.e.n.tumraz,1.
yearA.D.;BrugmannGrdr.I2382)wherewithir.cht(*anktu-or*nktu-,*enktu-)`manslaughter'atfirst
istobeconnected(seeFalk-Torp17,1430),root-likewithank-`compulsion'(:`press,kill')originally
issame,orconnectedto*enek-`kill',aswellashitt.i-in-kn,-en-kn(enkan)`death'.
maybealb.geg.hekàgony':hitt.i-in-kn,-en-kn(enkan)`death';bothalb.andhitthave
preservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
References:
References:WP.I60.PedersenHittitisch183f.,HendriksenUnters.28,BenvenisteOrigines155.
Page(s):
Page(s):45
Root/lemma: ank-2,angEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tobend,bow,*flex;wangle;turn;curve,snakecoil,anchor'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen'
Material:
illyr.TNEncheleae(Enchelleae)Illyr.TNassociatedwiththecoilsofthesnake,IlirusandKadmos.
OldIndianacati(mpers.anctan)and(zerograde)cati`bent,crooked',participle-akna-(with-,
ny-,sam-),-akta-(withud-,ny-)'crooked,bent';ak-m.`bend,hook,bendbetweenbreastandhip',
kas-n.`Bend,inflection,curve,crook'(=gr.`valley,gulch,canyon,gorge'),akasm
`side,points';aku-inakynt-`curvatures,bends,searchingsideways';
maybealb.(*anh-)an`side',(*anho-),anoj`bend'
av.anku-psmna-`withhooks,adorningthemselveswithclasps';
OldIndianankuc-`hook,fishhook,elephant'ssting',akur-`youngshoot,scion(originallygerm
point,crookedgerm),hump,tumefaction,aheavyswell'(=gr.`crooked',dt.Angel,anord.
ll,ll`cotyledon,germ,sprout,bud'seebelow);
av.Akam.`hook,bait',xnah(BartholomaeStud.2,101,Airan.Wb.359)`rein';
gr.`bow,elbow'(D.Pl.to=),--`fixedplanksintheribsofthe
ship'(Dderlein,BechtelLexil.129),àllwrithed,humped,curved,stooped',
`fishhook';`crooked',`strap,thong,brace'(=anord.l,lds.),ànchor';
èlbow,bay,allstooped';(seeabove).
maybeAncyra-aef.capitalofGalatia,inAsiaMinor.(ancientdistrictincentralAnatolia-aCeltic,
(Illyrian)settlement).
Witho:`barbedhook'=lat.uncus`hooked,curved;Subst.hook'(=uncnus`hook,
barbedhook');ungulusàfinger-ring,aring'Pacuvius,fromFestus514L.asosk.called,ungustus
`hook-shapedstuff'PaulusexFest.519,seebelowunderang- );Hes.;
Maybefromalsolat.unguiculus-im.àfingerortoe-nail',unguis-ism.àfingerortoe-nail;of
animals,claw,hoof',ungula-aef.àhoof,claw,talon':rum.unghie`nail'andinzerogradealb.
(*unguiculus),glisht`finger,toe'[commonalb.-s>-stshift].
lat.ancus`somebodyhavingacrookedarm',ancraeànenclosedvalley,valley,gorge'(`curve,
canyon,abay;aninlet'as=germ.*angra-);
air.cath`fishhook'=cymr.anghad`clutch,hand'(tocraf-anc`claw')from*akato-=OldChurch
Slavickot`hook';
gallorom.ancorago,ancora(v)usfrom*anko-rkos`Rhinesalmon,hooksalmon'schwd.Anke`Lake
ofConstancetrout'(gall.*anko-`curved,hooky'and*rko-ìnfront'from*prko-,cymr.rhag
`before');
ahd.ango,angul`fishhook,sting',aisl.angi,ags.onga`point,sting'(*akn-;aboutgot.halsagga
`cervicalbend,nape'seeratheranh-);*angra(uptogender=lat.*ancrae)inanord.angr`bay,
curve'(inlocalnameslikeHarangr),
Maybezerogradealb.(*angul)ngul`jab,stick,hook'
ahd.angar,nhd.Anger(germ.VNAngrivarii);synonymousaisl.eng(*angi-)`grassland,meadow';
ahd.awgul(=gr.-,seeabove),mhd.angel`thepartofabladethatisconnectedtothe
handle(ofasword)byatang',anord.ngoll`fishhook',ags.ongelàfishing-hook.Also,arodand
line'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*angelos)ngec,ngel`bestuck,behooked':(*angul)ngul`tojab,claw'.
Muchputsherelat.-germ.VNAnglii,ags.Angel,Ongelas`residentoftheHolsteinerbay'toaisl.PN
ngull,whichdidnotcovermeaningàngle,bay'(HoopsReallex.I61);
withoriginalinitialstressanord.ll,ll`cotyledon,germ,bud'(*anhla-,NoreenLtl.25;tomeaning
compareexceptOldIndianakur-yetnorw.dial.ange`germ,point,prong'from*ankn-),anord.l,
lf.`longstrips,thongs,riems'(basicform*nhul,compare,oratmost*anhl,standing
neargr.);
slav.jmy`barley'as`thistly,thorny,spiky'(Berneker268),comparetheabovewordsfor`point,
sting,cusp';
lit.ankaf.`noose,snare,loop'(=gr.Hes.);OldChurchSlavickot`hook'(seeabove);
toch.Aacl`bow,arch,curve',kar-`fangs,bulwark';alsoAokalm,okolmoèlephant'Van
WindekensLexique6,13,82.
ang- ,esp.tothenameofextremities(comparegot.lius`limb,member':*lei-`bend'):
OldIndiangam`limb,member',agli-,agri-f.`finger,toe'(thereofagulyamàfinger-ring,a
ring'),aguh-`bigtoe,thumb'=av.anguta-m.`toe',arm.ankiun,angiunàngle'andajal-m.
`twocuppedhandsheldtogether';
gr.n.`Bucket,bowl',(*-)`vessel',eigentl.`twistedvessel';
mir.aigen`fryingpan'isdial.additionalformof*aingends.;
ahd.ancha,enkaf.`neck'and`thigh,osseoustube,bonetube'(*ankin-),anord.ekkjaànkle,heel';
Demin.ahd.anchal,enchil(reinterpretedanklom.,anchala,enchilaf.,mhd.mnd.enkel,afries.
onkel,onklu,nhd.Enkel,
ags.(reinterpreted)anclow,engl.ankle,anord.kkla(*ankulan-)ànkleonthefoot';alsolat.angulus
(whichisunrelatedtoOldChurchSlavicg()làngle,nook')`m.acorner,angle;nook,esp.either
aquietcorner,retiredspotorfig.,anawkwardcorner,strait'(besideswitho-gradelat.ungulus,
ungustusseeabove).
References:
References:WP.I60f.,WH.I46,49f.,MeringerWuS.7,9ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):45-47
Root/lemma: an-1 (*-an-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`maleorfemaleancestor'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`BezeichnungfrmnnlichenoderweiblichenAhnen'
Note:
Note:babble-word
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:an-1 (*an-)::`maleorfemaleancestor'derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
en-1 ,en- ,n- ,n- :
:`tobear(mother,father)'[originoftheoldlaryngeal->-]
Material:
Material:Arm.han`grandmother',gr.Hes.,compareInschr.;lat.
annaf.`nursingmother';
illyr.EN,,Annaeusetc,aswellasmessap.illyr.ana=illyr.origin(W.Schulze
KZ.43,276=Kl.Schr.214,KraheIF.46,183f.);comparefurthermorelat.anus,-sànoldwoman;
alsousedlikeadj.,old',alsoAnna-aef.sisterofDido;'AnnaPerenna',anItaliangoddess.
Note:
Arm.,gr.andillyr.havepreservedoldlaryngeal-;
Illyr.andlat.displaycommon-iladiminutivesuffix,suggestingthesameorigin.
Maybealb.tosk.aneja`mother',alb.an`side,bloodline'similartogerm.Ahnenreihe`genealogy,
lineofdescentfromanancestor',alb.anoj`toincline,like'.
Ahd.ano,mhd.ane,an,ene,nhd.Ahn`grandfather,great-grandfather,forefather';ahd.ana,mhd.
ane`grandmother,great-grandmother,ancestress'.diminutiveformationsare:altn.li(*anilo),ags.
Anela,ahd.Anelofamilynames;mhd.enel`grandfather,grandson'.
Furtherahd.eninchil,mhd.enichln,nhd.Enkel(`theyoungancestor').Thegrandsonwaslookedby
IndoAryansasaneffigyorsubstituteofthegrandfather;comparegr..
AgainstthisrepresentedviewofW.SchulzeKZ.40,409f.=Kl.Schr.67f.endorsedHermann,
Nachr.d.Ges.d.Wiss.toGttingen,Phil.-hist.Klasse1918,215f.,thebayr.enl,nl,sterr.nl,nl
etcthemeaningòfgrandfathers'and`grandson'carryandtheoneherewithsameoccurancehasto
dolikewithnhd.Vetter(originallyòfthefather'sbrother',thenalsoòfthebrother'sson');the
salutationisreturnedbythegrandfathertothegrandson.Thisolderviewisnotable(comparethe
literaturebyHermannaaO.).
Preu.aneòldmother';lit.anta`mother-in-law'.
Hitt.an-na-a`mother';aannaa(anna)`grandmother',lyk.nads.
ProbablyrightlyputsM.E.SchmidtKZ.47,189arm.aner`fatherofthewoman'moreover.Itissimilar
formationlikeinlat.matertera`mother'ssister,maternalaunt',cymr.ewythrùncle',acorn.euitor;
bret.eontr(protokelt.*aventro-,seePedersenKelt.Gr.I55).*anero-hadtheoriginalmeaning
ànythingliketheforefather'.
Itisunsafeahd.heviannafromwhichreshuffledmhd.hebamme.Becauseahd.*anna`woman'isnot
tobecovered,Kluge11238originfrom*hafjan(d)jaccepts`thelifting'fromwhichthelaterclose
interpretationshaveoriginated.However,comparePBB.30,250.
References:
References:WP.I55f.,WH.I50,PedersenLyk.underHitt.26,66.
Page(s):
Page(s):36-37
Root/lemma: an-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:there,ontheotherside
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Demonstrativpartikel`dort,andererseits'
Material:
Material:Gr.`probably,possibly,inanyothertrap'(from,ion.from*,from
);lat.an`conj.:indirectquestions,or;inindirectquestions,orwhether',secondarilyinterrogative
particle,extendedanne,air.and`here',got.an`then,now';lit.an-guòr',OldPrussiananga-anga
`whether=orwhether'.
maybealb.(*ane)andej`there':air.and`here'[rathercommonalb.shiftn>nd].
Thereofderived:
ani o s òther'in:
OldIndianany-òther',av.anya-,ainya-,Oldpers.aniya-ds.compareaboveS.26.
anteros òther'(fromsecond)in:
maybezerogradeinalb.(*anteros)ndrroj`change,alter',ndrres`change,theotherthing';
OldIndianntara-,oss.ndròther',got.anards.,aisl.annarròther,second',ahd.andar,ags.
eròther',OldPrussiananters,antars(*antras)òther,second',lit.atras,lett.otrsbesidelit.
ataras,ostlett.torsds.,slav.*ter,*torinech.term.`Tuesday',osorb.wutoryòther,
second'.AboutOldChurchSlavicvtor-`second's.u i - àsunder,apart'.
Note:
ItseemsRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:an-2 :
:`there,ontheotherside'isazerogradeoftheextendedRoot/
Root/
lemma: al-1,ol- :
:`besides;other'into*alny-,*any-.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*nytra)tjetròther'[commonalb.n>nt>tphoneticmutation]:Old
Indiananytra`somewhereelse'.
Perhapsalb.dial.(*anter)jatr,jetr,alb.[attributetòf'+anter],tjetròther,second';similarto
formationinalb.geg.(*tmel=ofmilk)tamli`milk'wheretisthealb.attributeparticle.Initialalb.jseemstohavesubstitutedtheoldlaryngealform-.
References:
References:WP.I56,67,II337,WH.I44,Trautmann10/11,DebrunnerREtlE.3,1ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):37-38
Root/lemma: an4,anu,an,n
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apreposition("alongaslantedsurface,etc.")
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise,Prposition,etwaàneinerschrgenFlchehin,hinan'
Note:
Note:(comparethesummarybyBrugmannGrdr.II22,798f.,alsoaboutthesyntactic).
Material:
Material:Av.ana,Oldpers.an(urar.*anaor*an)àboutthere'(m.Akk.orInstr.),àlong,on'(m.
Akk.),av.anu,Oldpers.anuvàfter,accordingto;upthere'(m.Akk.),`lengthwise,along'(m.Lok.),
alsopreverb;
maybealb.ansàlong'
OldIndiannuàfter(timewisem.Akk.,bl.,Gen.),after(order),afterthere,along,behind,according
to,withregardto,against'(m.Akk.),Adv.ònit(auslaut-uappearstobecomparableinlesb.thess.
besideatt..AgainstWackernagelsexplanationfromidg.*enuàlong,accordingto'seeWH.
I677;to-useeunderapu);arm.am-inambanamham-barnamÌraise,uplift',ham-beremÌ
endure'maybefrom-an(thehbymixturewithaborrowedsoundfromthePers.ham-`together';
ion.-att.,òn,upwards,along',dor.bot.ark.kypr.,lesb.thess.ark.,z.Partkypr.,
isolatesark.kypr.(from)ds.(themonosyllabicformappearstheoriginalandtobeextended
onlyafter;compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I622;itislikelyaccordingtoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I275
originatedfrom;Adv.ùpward,up';
Alat.remainderappearsan-hl`breathesstronglyandwithdifficulty'(an+*ansl);umbr.an-,(with
enìn'becomesynonymousandwithitalternately,hence,en-tentubeside:)an-tentuìntendito',
anseriatoòbservatum',anglaròscines'(*ankltoclamo)etc
Maybehereair.an-dess`fromthesouth'etc;
got.ana(m.dat.midAkk.)òn,in,against,becauseof,about',anord.Adv.andprepositionm.dat.
andAkk.òn,in',m.dat.òn,in,up,by',m.Akk.àfter,up,on,against',as.an,ags.on,ahd.aua,an,
nhd.an(*anaor*an,*an)prepositionm.dat.andAkk.andInstr.òn,up,in,to,against';
maybezerogradeinalb.(*ana)nòn,in'.
lit.ante,antm.Gen.àccordingly,accordingto';aboutthefirstonprotoslav.*ongoingbackto
slav.slav.v(n)-ìn,on'seeBrugmannGrdr.II22,828and*enìn'.
Withzerogradeofthefirstsyllable,thusinitialsoundn:
lit.num.Gen.`fromdown,fromaway'(thesewherefrommeaningonlyfromtheconnectionwiththe
ablativeoriginatedanew),asaNominalprf.nuo-,asaVerbalprf.nu-(proklit.abbreviationasin
pri-besidepri),let.nom.Gen.`from',asprefixnuo-;
OldPrussianno,nam.Akk.òn(where),against,aboutthere',asprefixàfter;fromaway'(seealso
BezzenbergerKZ.44,304);OldChurchSlavicnam.Akk.andLok.ònthere;up,on,in'(inaddition
afterpr:pr-dneologismna-dùpside,above,about'm.Akk.andInstr.andpreverb);OldIndian
n-perhapsinndhit`pressed',seebelown- `help'.
Herepresumablylit.-na,-nìn(directionwhere)',postalpositionwithverbsofthemovement,av.nazdyah-,OldIndianndyas-`closer'('*movednear');rootsed-`sit';presumablysimilarlygot.n,
ahd.nhAdv.`near'as`lookingnear,turnednear'(withrootoq- as2ndpart);seeBrugmannGrdr.
II22,798f.,wherealsoabouttheambiguousOldIndiandhiàbout,on',ap.adiyìn'(*-ndhior*edhi,
*odhi).
maybealb.(*nh)nga`from'[commonalb.n>ngshift]
Aboutgot.anaksadv.`suddenly,straightaway',supposedlytoabg.nagl`suddenly,abruptly'(),s.
Feist42.
References:
References:WP.I58f.,WH.I43f.,49,677,Feist41a,373,Trautmann200.
Page(s):
Page(s):39-40
Root/lemma: ant (e nt )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:doorposts
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Trpfosten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiant(usuallyPLtaslat.antae)Ùmfassung,Rahmenadoor',av.iyAkk.
Pl.`doorposts',arm.dr-and`doorpost'(HbschmannArm.Stud.I19);lat.antaeafterVitruv3,2,2
`diefreiendigendenandvornetwasverstrktenWnde,diedenPronaoseinesTempelsordie
ProstaseinesHauseseinschlieen'=anord.nd`Vorzimmer'(BuggeKZ.19,401).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):42
Root/lemma: ans,ansiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:noose,snare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlinge,Schleife',partlyasHandhabevonGefen(Henkel)oderasdem
ZugviehumgelegterZgel
Material:
Material:Lat.nsa`clutch,handle,ahandle;(hence),occasion,opportunity',nsaecrepidae`the
eyeletsonthestrapsoftheshoesolesthroughwhichtheshoelaceswerepulled'=lit.sf.(Akk.
s)`pothandle,loopwiththeknotapron'(comparealsolat.anstus=lit.stas`(furnishedwithor
havingahandle)withahandle'),lett.uosa`handle,loop,eyelet',nexttowhichi-stempr.ansis
`hook,pothanger,kettlehanger',lett.oss(Akk.osi)`handle';
Maybealb.(*ues)vesh`handle,ear'
aisl.sf.(*ansj)`holeintheupperedgeoftheshoeleatherforpullingthroughofthestraps'=mnd.
sef.`ring-shapedhandle,loop'(outofitsptmhd.nhd.se;orwgerm.wordtoOhraccordingto
KlugeandWeigand-Hirts.v.);mir.(i)siPl.`rein',gr.,dor.ds.(*v).
Maybetruncatedalb.(*enha)ena`pot(*pothandle)'[commonalb.-s->-h-phoneticmutation].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):48
Root/lemma: ansu-, n s uEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ghost,demon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geist,Dmon'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansu-,av.ahu-`breathoflife,world',therefromOldIndiansu-ra-,av.ahura`ruler,lord'(*nsu-);ven.ahsu-(=su-)`culteffigy,cultfigure'=germ.*ansuz`god,ace'inaisl.ss,
run.a[n]suR,ags.sàce',got.-lat.anses`demigods'.
References:
References:H.GntertDerar.Weltknig102,Feist52b.
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapstoan()-`breathe'.
Page(s):
Page(s):48
Root/lemma: ansEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:favourable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wohlgeneigt,gnstigsein'
Material:
Material:Got.anstsf.,ahd.anstand(zerograde)unst,mhd.gunstfrom*geunst,ags.st`favour,
mercy',anord.st,st`favour,love',ahd.abanst,abunst,as.avunst,ags.fest`distrust,
resentment,disfavor';mhd.gundm.`favour',anord.f-andf.`disfavor';
preteritpresentahd.an,unnum(Inf.unnan,preteritonsta,onda)`grant'(gi-unnan),as.ags.unnan
`grant,concede,wish',anord.unna(ann,unnom,preteritunnanfrom*una)`love,grant,concede'.
un-nu-m(from*unznum-)isanoldpresenttheneu-,nu-class,whereforethenewSg.ann.
Whichrootbeginningasgerm.an-,un-,hasinanststhesuffixcompound-sti-tosee(see
BrugmannGrdr.II22,437),whilemhd.gund,an.fundtheeasieronecontained-ti-.
However,isbecauseofgemeingerm.*anst(s)rootprobablyasgerm.ans-,uns-tobegin(Kluge
ZfdtWtf.9,317,BrugmannGrdr.II23,332),unnumconsequentlyoriginatedfrom*unz-num(idg.*nsnu-me),whereuponthenSg.ann,andnewweakpreterit*un-a(ahd.onda,anord.unna)beside
ahd.onsta,as.gi-onsta;thenalsomhd.gund,anord.fund(suffix-ti-)newcreationshavebecome
afters-parttounnum,unnan.
Alsogr.-'friendly',-ùnkind,hard'(:ab-unst)isthemostlikely=*-,-
(seeBrugmannaaO.).
IndivergentformaljudgementBechtelLexilcovers.49gr.-onneutr.Subst.*noswhose
suffixalezerogradeliesasabasisgerm.*ansti-.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):47
Root/lemma: antro-m
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cave,hole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hhle,Luftloch'
Material:
Material:Arm.ayr,Gen.Pl.ayric`cave,hole',gr.ds.
References:
References:WP.I561,SchwyzerMel.BoisacqII2341,KZ.68,222,Gr.Gr.I532,PisaniKZ.68,
161f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapstoan()- àtmen',asoriginally`Luftloch'.
Page(s):
Page(s):50
Root/lemma: ant-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:forward,before,outerside
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Vorderseite,Stirn'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannta-ènd,border,edge'(therefromantya-`thelast');
Alb.(*nta)ana`side,end'.
gr.Gen.Sg.(=')`downtheforefront',Dat.-Lok.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I5486,
6225),Akk.-ìntheface'(*ant),-,-,-etc(W.Schulze,Kl.Schr.669,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I632under),adverbal`towards,opposite',thereafter`meets';about
seeSchwyzerGr.Gr.I722under.;abouts.BrugmannGrdr.II22,687;
air.tan(*antono-)`forehead';perhapsheremcymr.enhyt,cymr.ennyd`time,moment'(*antiti-to
OldIndianit-`gait,way'),mcymr.anhawòld'(*ant-auo-),nir.ataòld;age'(*ant-odio-),compare
LothRc.48,32;50,63;
hitt.a-an-za(ant-s)`forefront',therefroma-an-te-iz-zi-i(antezzi)=*ant-etios;
lyk.tawata`leader'(PedersenLyk.underHitt.17);
toch.Aantuleòutside,to...before',antusàlso'.
seealsounderantios.
Inadditionaspristinecases:
anti 'inthefaceof'>`towards,opposite,against',etc.
OldIndianantiAdv.òppositeitself,beforeitself,near',fromwhatantik-`near',n.`nearness'.
Arm.and`there',ndpreposition`for,insteadof'm.Gen.andàlong,about(in,on)somewherethere'
m.Akk.(comparegot.and),inmeaning'aside'm.Abl.and`with,by'm.Lok.(whichhasdwindled
vowelinthefinalsoundisnotdeterminable;anl.-froma-),aspreverb'on';inadditionandranik
`firstborn,thefirst(earliest)'(BuggeKZ.32,2;comparetomeaninglat.ante`before,ofplaceortime'
andtheabovementionedwordsfor'forehead'asa'front'),probablyalsoancanem`togopast'
(PedersenKZ.39,425,comparegr.;cfromt+theaoristics,comparetheAor.-anc).
Maybealb.andej`there,intheotherside,opposite'.
Gr.ìnviewof,towards,opposite,before;for,insteadof'm.Gen.,alsopreverb,e.g.;
hom.'ìntheoppositepointofview,against'isfinetoBechtelLexil.46from*--
reshuffledafter;,att.àlmost,against'(ambiguousending),,
`meets'.
Lat.ante(from*anti,compareantist,aswellasantcus,antiquus)prepositionm.Akk.spatially
àgainst,before',timewise`before',alsopreverb(e.g.anteced),antid-e,-hc`before',antid-re
`'leadtheway'(-dafterprd);inadditionanteriorèarlier',antriumbellum`warbeforethetown',
antcus`thefront'(cafterposticus`behind'),antquusòld'(theendingandthecontractionintemporal
meaningafternovus;idg.*anti+*ok-`looking'),ants,-ium`rowsorranks(fromsoldiers,vines)',
originallypossibly`fronts'(aboutantaesee,however,under*ant`doorpost').
Hitt.a-an-ti(anti)ìnfront,esp.,inparticular'.
antaàgainstthere'(direction);to-aseeSchwyzerGr.Gr.I622f.
Got.andprepositionm.Akk.ùpthere,aboutthere,along'.Withtherefrommoredivergentlymeaning
thenominalprefixandverbalprefixgerm.anda-,andàgainst,opposite',alsoinverbsnormally`from
-away':got.anda-,and(e.g.andnimanàccept',andanmsàgreeable,pleasant',andbindan
ùnbind,untie,beconfined'),anord.as.ags.and,ahd.ant-,int-,mhd.nhd.ant-,(e.g.Antlitz,Antwort,
entbinden).
compoundsanord.endr,ennèarlier,formerly,again,after'(endr=got.andiz-uhèither'),ags.end
`before'(*andis),ahd.entièarlier,yore'(germ.*andiaz),mhd.ent,endKonj.`previous,before'(e.g.
Falk-Torp192,1455).
Lit.at,olderantam.Gen.àfter-there,up,on'.
Aboutgr.seeabove.
n t i
Aweakerablautform(*nt-)showsgot.andm.dat.`,for,around',una-(*nto-)inuna-liuhan
èscape',ags.o-(*un-)inoganganèscape',genge`fleeting'=anord.unningi,undingi(*un-,
*andgangia-)èscapedslave'(BrugmannGrdr.II2,803).
Othermeaningpointsgot.andm.Akk.ùntil,to',ahd.untinunt-azùntil,to'andunzi(=untzi)ùntil,
to',as.andùntil,to',unti,unt(and+te`to'),unto(and+t),engl.unto`to,until',anord.unz(andes)
ùntil,tillthat',ags.(withgrammaticalchange)oìnaddition,besides,until,to',osk.antm.Akk.ùp
to''(likewisefrom*nti,seeWaldeKeltenandItaliker54;becauseofgerm.andnottoplaceexactly
attuningmeaning=lat.ante`before',e.g.v.PlantaII443),lit.itàfter'(rathercontaminationfromin
andant).
Thefactthattheseformsshowanextensionpreposition*en,*nìn'(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I629f.,where
alsoaboutgr.dial.),ispossibleasthenlit.itwithàfter'correspondsintheapplication.
However,couldbeofthisoneadditionaluseadjustmentasaresultofthesoundresemblanceand
idg.*nt(-i,-a)ùntil,to'belongasùpagainstthere,ontheoppositesideover'toanti;alsothewords
fortheènd'(seebelow)areoriginallythepurposewavingontheoppositeside,andwithas.untis
alsoant(and+te)prepositionm.Akk.`wholly,completely'synonymouswhat,evenifonlynew
intersectionarefromuntwithand-,however,theconceptrelationshipofbothexplained.
anti o s àgainst,recumbentbefore'(formedfromtheadverbanti):
*anti-(germ.*andja-)ingot.andeis,anord.endir,as.endi,ags.endem.,ahd.anti,entim.andn.,
nhd.Ende;alsogr.àgainst'(inadditionds.,`situatedagainst;opponent')
probablygoesback(compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I379)to*.
Againstitisfrom*anto-(seeabove)derivedntio-inanord.ennin.,ahd.andi,endin.`forehead'=
lat.antiae`thehairgrowingupontheforehead,forelock'.
Aquitedifferentwordisnhd.and,ahd.unti,anti,entiunderlikewise,as.endi,ags.engl.andànd',
anord.en(n)ànd,but',withOldIndianth`thereupon,thereon,then,ditto',av.aàlso',osk.ant
m.Akk.ùsquead',lit.itm.Akk.àfter'(however,seeabove),toch.entweàlso'belongsto*en,n
ìn'.
Alsoalb.in(*ende)edheànd,also',zerograde(*ende)dheànd,but'.
References:
References:WP.I.65ff.,WH.I53f.,Feist46,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I619,621,629f.,632f.,722,726,
II(BV2bd3).
Page(s):
Page(s):48-50
Root/lemma: apeloEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strength
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kraft'
Material:
Material:Gr.-Hes.,ion.`strong',hom.`swoon,ion.
Hes.,Elis:MNT-(afterPrellwitzBB.24,214ff.,KretschmerGl.18,205
here,,withvocalgradationthess.;afterSommerIF.55,1762rather
pregreek);ill.MNMag-aplinus,Aplus,Aplo,Aplis,-inis,FNAplo,-onis;gall.VND-ablintes`the
powerless,theweak'(from*-aplentes);germ.GNMatronisAflims,Afliabusèffectivemagic',aisl.afi
n.,ags.afol,abaln.`strength'.
Note
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:apelo- :
:`strength'seemsrelatedtoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:abhro- :
:`strong,mighty'
[theshiftl >rr].
References:
References:WP.I176,Feistla,KretschmerGl.24,250.
Page(s):
Page(s):52
Root/lemma: ap-1 (properp- ):pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totake,grab,reach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,nehmen,erreichen'
Note:
FromthereducedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghabh- :
:`tograb,take',derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ap-1 (exact
p- ):p- :
:`totake,grab,reach,*give'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pi- :
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
`togive'.
Maybealb.tosk.(*eipmi)ep,jap,geg.nep(*naùs'+ep`give')`giveus(*take)':hitt.eipmi
(pmi)`take',3.Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi):gr.`giveahand.
Material:
Material:OldIndianpntiàchieved,attained',morerecentlypt-`clever,suitable,trusted';av.
apayeitiàchieved,reached',3.Pl.pntefrom*puantai;
arm.unimòwn'(*pn-),nd-unimàttain';
gr.`giveahand,attach,pickaquarrel,light,kindle',`touch',`touch,adherence
etc.`willbedelieveredinspiteofthespirithere.KretschmerGl.7,352assumesinfluencingby
an;hom.()`touch,palpate,feel,finger',ion.ds.,commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ssphoneticmutation;
hom.,(withol.o:Hes.)`cheat,barter,exchange',
`phantasmic,delusive,fallacious',`low-spirited'(eigentl.`gotdown').
PedersenKZ.39,428putswithgr.arm.ap``thehollowhand'(o-stem,however,Lok.yapìas
-i-stem,thusprobablyolderneutr.-os-stem)together,whichwordshouldcorrespondtogr.
`joint,hinge';becauseofp`(=idg.ph)nevertheless,uncertain(compareMeilletBSL.36,110);
lat.apscor`touch,reach,attain,cometo,comeby',adipscor`tocomeupto,overtake;henceto
obtain.Perf.partic.adeptus,usedpassively,=obtained',copi`hasbegun,commenced',latercoep.
Theconnectionwithlat.*api,*apere`tobindtogether,unite,joint,connect,link,tieround'(imper.
ape`hinder,prevent,restrain'),aptusàspartic.fitted,fastened,connected.Transf.,dependingon;
alsoprepared,fittedout;fittedupwith,equippedwith,withabl.(2)asadj.suitable,appropriate,fitting.
Adv.apte',cpula(co-apula)àlink,bond,tie,connection;arope,aleash;plur.grapnels'isprobably
certain.Maybeisderivedfromacommonprimarymeaning`touch,summarize'.
Alsolat.apudàt,near,by,with,in'willbebestofallsuithere.Theprimarymeaningwouldbeìn
closeconnection'(comparejuxt).Onehasderivedfromthepart.Perf.neutr.*apuod(from*apuot
`havingreached').Additionalformapor,apur(mars.-lat.apurfinem)pointsonoriginally-d;
lat.apex,-icis`cusp',esp.`thetopoftheconicalcapoftheRoman'flamines',orthecapitself;hence
anycrown,tiara,helmet;fig.,highesthonor,crown;gram.,thelongmarkoveravowel',maybe
belongsto*api;comparealsoEM.60;
toch.Aoppcci`clever'(VanWindekensLexique82);
hitt.eipmi(pmi)`takes',3.Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi).
Note:
TheoriginalrootwasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ap-1 (exactp- ):p- :
:`totake,grab,reach,*give'>Root/
Root/
lemma: pi- :
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
:`togive'.
Maybealb.tosk.(*eipmi)ep,jap,geg.nep(*naep)`giveus(*take)':hitt.eipmi(pmi)`take',3.
Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi):gr.`giveahand.[seeabove]
AboutOldIndianp`friend',gr.o`friendly'seebelowpi- .
References:
References:WP.I45f.,WH.I57f.,60,847,PedersenHitt.128,CouvreurH93.
Page(s):
Page(s):50-51
Root/lemma: ap-3,pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:old;damage
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gebrechlich;Schaden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianapvìllness,failure',av.(froman-es-stem)afa-m.`damage,evil';lit.ops
`weak,sore,frail'(CharpentierKZ.40,442f.),presumablygr.`frail,weak'(Bezzenberger
BB.1,164;totheendingseeRisch98;differentlySchwyzerGr.Gr.I530).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):52
Root/lemma: apo- (p , ap-u, pu)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:from,out,of
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àb,weg'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpaòff,away,back'asadnominalrp.m.Abl.àwayfrom',av.ap.apaàway
from';aboutprivatives*ap-inIran,andGr.seeSchwyzerZII.6,230ff.;gr.,m.Gen.(=
*ablative)àwayfrom,ex,from';maked.-,-;
alb.prapàgain,back'(*per-ap);lat.abm.bl.,`prep.withabl.(1)ofmotionormeasurementin
space,from,awayfrom.(2)oftime,from,after.(3)ofseparation,difference,change,from;soof
positionornumber,countingfrom;andoftherelationofparttowhole,outof,of.(4)oforiginand
agency;esp.withpassiveverbs,by,atthehandsof,becauseof.(5)viewedfrom,onthesideof:'a
tergo',intherear;henceinconnectionwith,asregards'(beforevoicedconsonantfromap,stillin
aperifrom*ap-ueri;perhapsalsoinaprcus,s.WH.I59;aboutlat.afs.justthere1;abs=gr.
`back,again';outofitas-beforep-,as-port;beforevoicedconsonants),umbr.ap-ehtre`from
without,fromtheoutside;ontheoutside,outwardly'(aboutother,unsafeosk.-umbr.Beleges.v.
PlantaI209,426,II454f.);
got.afprefixandprepositionm.dat.`from,awayfrom,fromhere',anord.afAdv.andprepositionm.
dat.,ags.f,of,as.af,ahd.aba,ab-`from,awayfrom',nhd.ab-.
comparealsolit.apai`thelowerpart'(as`turnedawaypart',*apoti,toOldIndianpatya-n.
`progeny'andhitt.ap-p-iz-zi-ia-a(appeziias)`back'.
Askelt.derivativesaretakenupfrom*apoacymr.ncymr.oèx-,from,of',a.-mcorn.,a.-nbret.ads.
However,comesforthispoorinsoundbrit.formratheraffiliationtoair.,uainconsideration
(ThurneysenGr.524),sothatofallBrit.itremainsquiteunsafe.
Inhett.a-ap-pa(apa)`behind,back'(comparegr.-`giveback,return')havemaybe
collapsedidg.apoandepi(PedersenHitt.188,CouvreurH94f.,LohmannIF.51,324f.).
Derivatives:ap
ap-tero-,
-tero-,ap-ero-, ap-i o -, ap-ko-andaboveapoti , apeti o -.
OldIndianapataramAdv.`fartheraway',ap.apataramAdv.àpart,somewhereelse',gr.
`fartherdistant'(`veryfaraway');maybegot.aftar`fromtheback,backward',aftuma,
aftumists`thelast',ags.ftemestds.andgot.aftra`back,again',ahd.as.aftarAdv.`behind,after'
andrp.m.Dat.àfter,behind,accordingto',ags.fterds.,anord.eptirAdv.andrp.m.Dat.and
Akk.àfter',aptrAdv.`back,backward'.
Forthisgerm.However,wordsrelationshipalsostandswithgr.,idg.*epi,*opitothe
consideration(SchulzeKZ.40,414Anm.3),comparestillgot.afta`behind',ags.ft`behind,later',
got.aftana`fromtheback',anord.aptan,ags.ftan,as.aftan,mhd.aftenàfterwards'.
OldIndianpara-`back,later,following,other',Adv.-màfter,later',av.ap.apara-`back,later,
following',Adv.-m,-am,Sup.OldIndianapam-,av.apma-`theonefarthestaway,themost
distant,thelast';
got.afarAdv.andprepositionwithdat.andAkk.àfter,afterward',ahd.avar,abur(latterfrom
*apurm,asanord.aur-`bottom,lower,nether,back'incompound,seeFalk-Torp,11f.)àgain,
oncemore,againstit'(nhd.aber),anord.afarèsp.,verymuch'(comparetomeaningOldIndian
para-alsoòutlandish,peculiar,extreme,extraordinary',LidnStud.74ff.;ags.eafora,as.aaro
`descendant').seestill*pero-`shore'.
maybealb.(*apar)par`first,top',afr`*away,close',afrm`relative,descendant',(*per-)prej
`from'.
Gr.`remote,far'(probablyalsoanord.efjaf.`bayinariverinwhichthecurrentrunsback',ags.
ebbam.`lowtide',as.ebbiaf.,mndd.ebbe,whereborrowsfromnhd.Ebbe,asèbb,theoutward
movementofthetide;thereturnoftidewatertowardsthesea').
OldIndianpka-`recumbentapart,distant,comingfromthefront',arm.haka-as1.compositionpart
àgainst',hakem`piegareadunaparte,inclinare',OldChurchSlavicopakyàgain',ChurchSlavic
opako,opaky,opae`back,inverted',inwhich,admittedly,formscanbepartlyalsorelatedto*opi,gr.
(comparelat.opcus`shaded,shady;dark,shadowy,obscure'=`turnedawayfromthesun';
Literaryformationby(BrugmannGrdr.II21,482).Besidesanord.fugràfter,turnedbackward',as.
auh,avuh,ahd.abuh,abah`turnedaway,inverted,wicked'(nhd.big,bicht),ags.*afocinengl.
awkward,from*apu-ko-s(orfrom*opu-ko-s:,sothatintheablauttogot.ibuks`beingonthe
decline',ahd.ippihhn`rollback'JohanssonPBrB.15,230,intheconsonantrelegatingto-,
seealsoFalk-Torpunderavet).
p :
av.pa-zdayeiti`lettomoveaway,scareoff';lat.po-situs,pn`toputdown,setdown,put,place,set,
fix,lay,deposit'from*po-s[i]n,po-li,po-lbrum,prcet`tokeepoff,keepback,tohinder,restrain'
from*poarcet;alb.pam.Akk.`without',pa-ùn-'(Gl.MeyerAlb.Wb.317);afries.fn`from,of',as.
fana,fan,ahd.fona,fonm.Dat.(=*Abl.)`from,of'(ahd.-o-isafterPerssonIF.2,215toderivefrom
idg.*pubeside*po).
AsimilarformpursuesTrautmannOldPrussian389inOldPrussianpan-s-dau`thereafter'.Istotally
unsafewhetherarm.oork`polished,slippery,smooth'containsaccordingtoLidnArm.stem60ff.
o-from*po-.
Maybesuffixedalb.pas`behind,back'pastaj`later,thereafter'.
Againstithereinspiteofoftendivergentmeaning(BrugmannGrdr.II22,808considersabsorption
fromidg.*upo,andforsl.poinmeaning`behind,after'm.Lok.probablyproperlyoriginfrom*pos):
OldChurchSlavicpoàfter,in,with,aboutalittlebitthere'(lit.pwithGen.underdat.àfter',with
Instr.ùnder'),asessentialonlymoreperfectiveverbalprefixeslit.pa-,OldChurchSlavicpo-(as
nominalprefixOldChurchSlavicpa-,lit.paandp-,comparee.g.OldChurchSlavicpamnti
`remember',pamt`memory');
OldPrussianpa-essentialinnominal,p-inverbalcompound,compareTrautmann203,Meillet
Slavecomm.2505.
Aboutslav.pod`below,under'seeBrugmannGrdr.II22,733f.-S.stillidg.*po-ti and*po-s
*po-s.
Maybealb.(*po-s)posht`below,under'fromthesamerootasslav.languagesslav.pod`below,
under'fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:apo- (p , ap-u, pu)::(from,out,of)notfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:p d -2 ,
p d - :
:(foot,*genitalia).
ap-u standsbeside*apo(Lit.seebelow*pu)inark.kypr.lesb.thess.,inahd.abo=
=aba,anord.
au-virin.`contemptuousperson'(Falk-Torp11f.),comparealsoabove*apuro-beside*apero-,
*apuko-,and*pubeside*po.That-umaybeenklit.Particleànd,also'(Feista,508a,WH.I87).
comparealsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I182.
pu (seebove*apu)mostlyinmeaning(`turnedaway'=)`behind,back':
ahd.fona(seeabove),OldIndianpunaràgainback',gr.`thelast';quiteuncertainlat.
puppis`thepooporsternofavessel;poet.thewholeship'.
maybealb.pupa`thepooporsternofavessel':poln.pupa`bottom'.
References:
References:WP.I47ff.,WH.IIf.,842,Feist,Trautmann11.
Page(s):
Page(s):53-55
Root/lemma: appa
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:father
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Vater';Lallwort
Material:
Material:comparegr.,,,(Theokrit)`dad';toch.appakke`father'(this(a)kkefromammakki`Mutter').
References:
References:WP.I47.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsopap(p)a .
Page(s):
Page(s):52
Root/lemma: aps
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:asp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èspe'
Material:
Material:Ahd.aspa,nhd.Espe,ags.spe,anord.spf.ds.,lett.apse(from*apuse),OldPrussian
abseds.,nordlit.apusf.,lit.apu,epuf.àspen,tremblingpoplar'(afterBezzenbergerBB.23,
298supposedlyfreediminutive-formationfrom*aps),russ.osna(*opsna)àspen',poln.osa,osika,
osinaàspen'.
Thefactthatinthisaspennamethesoundresult-ps-,isnottheoriginal-sp-,confirmamongothers
trk.-osm.apsak`poplar',tschuw.wsàspen'asaloanwordfromtheprotoArmeniantoPedersen
KZ.30,462.Spechtplacesbecauseofgr.gr.,Hes.aroot
nounap-.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):55
Root/lemma: ar 4 (er, or), r
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:now,also,interrogativeparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`nun,also',alsoasFragepartikel
Material:
Material:Gr.,,(fromr)`now,thus,consequently',kypr.,interrogativeparticle(*
;,maybefrom');likewisezerogradelit.irànd,also',lett.iràlso',OldPrussianirànd,
also'(=gr.,zerogradelit.ar,lett.arasanintroductionofaninterrogativesentence,alit.alsoer
withthesamebalt.vacillatefroma-ande-asbetweenlett.ar`with,in'andOldPrussianer`to';toch.
ra-emphat.particle.
References:
References:WP.I77,Trautmann12,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I342,622.
Page(s):
Page(s):62
Root/lemma: ardhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange'
Material:
Material:arm.ardn`lance,spear':lit.ardasm.`polescaffoldfordryingflax',oldardamasà(light)
poleorspar,asprit,whichcrossesthesaildiagonally(andservestomakeittaut)'(seetomeaning
BezzenbergerGGA.1885,920)'PeterssonKZ.47,245(thelit.wordsnotbetteraccordingto
LeskienAbl.329toardti`split,distinguish',seeunderer- `rare,loose,crumbly').
References:
References:WP.I84.
Page(s):
Page(s):63
Root/lemma: ardi-, r d iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:point,edge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Spitze,Stachel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianali`bee,scorpion'(from*ai,idg.*rdi)=gr.`headofthearrow,sting';air.
aird(*ardi-)`sharp,peak,pointofthecompass',anord.erta(*artjan)`stirup,stimulate,tease'
(anotherinterpretationfromertaunderer-,er-d- `setinmotion').
References:
References:WP.I83f.,LdersSchriften429.
Page(s):
Page(s):63
Root/lemma: aregEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verschlieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianargala,argal`latch,bolt',maked.`bathinghut,bathhut',fromwhich
borrowsalb.raglf.`cottage,hut';kimmer.(*argeli)`subterraneandwelling';as.racud,
ags.recedm.`building,house'.
References:
References:WP.I81,WH.I63,JoklIF.44,22.
Seealso:
Seealso:compare*areq- `schtzen,verschlieen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):64
Root/lemma: ar(e)-- (ar- ),r i- (*her-(e)--)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:glittering,white,fast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzend,weilich'
Note:
OldIndianrji-py`dartingalong'epithetofthebirdyen-(èagle,falcon'),Av.rzifya-(cf.gr.
H.,),arm.arcui(<*arciwi)èagle'provethatfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: er-1 ,or-:
or-:èagle,*fast'derivedextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ar(e)-- (ar- ),r i- :
`glittering,white,fast'anditssubsequentzerogradeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:re-1 :
:`right,just,tomake
right;king'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianrjuna`bright,white';rajat-`whitish',rajatmhrayam`whitishgold,i.e.
silver',rajatm`silver'withflashy,inspiteofOsthoffMU.VI33notfromzerograder(orlikewise)
deduciblevocalismcomparedwithav.rzata-n.,Oldpers.ardata-`silver'(r-):TNillyr.Ardiaei
commonalb.-illyr.-->-d-phoneticmutation.
lat.argentum,osk.aragetud`silver',air.arggat,mir.airget,cymr.arian(t),corn.mbret.argant,nbret.
arc'hant`silver',gall.PNArganto-magus;arcanto-dan..`coinminter,mint-master,themasteror
superintendentofamint',
Maybealb.(*argento)argjend`silver'.
arm.arcat``silver',toch.ArkyantN.Pl.f.;withotherformationgr.`silver'(inspiteofthese
equationstheknowledgeofthesilverfortheprimevaltimesstandsnotsure,seeaboutthatpointand
abouttheborrowingquestionSchraderRL.II2394,G.IpsenIF.39,235f.,Festschr.Streitberg228),
messap.argorian(:)ds.,argora-pandes(*arguro-pondios)`quaestor,statetreasurer'.
Thrak.`(*white)mouse',FlN(*Argios).
Gr.`white,fast',incompounds-:-`withshiningthunderbolt',-`with
brilliantlywhiteteeth'(thereafteralso*for,furtherformationto,epithetof
townssituatedonwhitelimeorchalkmountains);ìswhite'.
probablyafterWackernagelVerm.Beitr.8f.from*dissimilated,whereforei-stemofcompoundsbehavesasav.drzi-raa-`possessingsteadychariot'todrzra-`solid'.
WithphoneticallysameOldIndianrjr-connotesalso`shining',isinthismeaningwith
`white'etymologicalidentical(inadditionalsoOldIndianjti-,rjka-`radiating').
OldIndianrjr-`fast',ji-van-`thealliedIndrasorderingaboutfastdogs'=gr.`fast'(likewise
ofdogs,alsoalreadyprotolinguisticepithet,seeSchulzeKl.Schr.124),-`fleet-footed',
horses-,upholdsPerssonBeitr.828from(rjr-)`white'differentword(totheroot
re-`straight,right,directly'inOldIndianrj-`rushingstraightfor',rji-py`dartingalong',etc),
againstBechtelLexil.57,theconceptofthelightsallowstohaveflowedfromthatofthequick
movement(compareàsquickasaflash,atlightningspeed')aswellasSchulzeaaO.
Sidesofthesameobservationconsideredastotryilluminatingpower,brightnessofthecolor,and
quicknessofthemovement(comparelat.micre`moverapidlytoandfro,vibrate,flicker;toshine,
glitter,sparkle').
,n.`thewhiteness(intheeye,nail)',,dor.(*F`shining';esstemin`perspicuous,clear',-epithetof,èlucidative,brightening'(seelastly
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I5001),`whitesheen,whiteluster,white-gleaming'(*-);maybe
alsoinepithetofHermes(ìnslayingbrilliance').
Onaccountofes-stemav.rzah-àfternoonandevening'sothatbelongstogetheretymologically,
atleasthalfthemeaningisquitedoubtful,see.BartholomaeAiran.Wb.202,BechtelaaO.
Maybealb.(*rz-)errt`dark',err`darken':av.rzah-àfternoonandevening'
,-,-,-`white-gleaming';and`whiteclay'(lat.Lw.argilla,argla:alb.
argjil`whiteclay,mud'):-seeabove,-,-`shiningwhite'(intheword
endingprobablytorootbh-`shine',PrellwitzBB.22,90,BechtelLexil.57f.).
Maybealb.harc,harcaPl.`rockylandscape';alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
Lat.argentumseeabove;argu`toputinclearlight;todeclare,prove;toaccuse,blame,expose,
convict',argtus`totheeye,expressive,lively;talkativetotheear,piercing,shrill,noisy;ofomens,
clear,significant;ofpersons,sagacious,cunning;(sinceCiceroalso:)beaming,shimmering'and
`shrewd'.
Toch.Arki,rkwi`white'(*aruio-),rcuneèpithetoftheroyaltitle',Arki-oi`whiteworld'
(comparecymr.elfyddS.30);hett.ar-ki-i(arkis)`white'.
Maybealb.(*arg-)jarg`whitesaliva'
Note:
alb.j-standsforthelostoldlaryngeal-.
e-vocalismshownbythoseofOsthoffMU.V,S.V,andMU.VI33consideredforgot.unarkns
ìmpure,unclean',arknia`cleanness,genuineness',ahd.erchan`right,just,real,true,genuine',
anord.jarknasteinn,ags.eorcnanstn`preciousstone,jewel'(inadditionalsoanord.jarteiknn.
èmblems'from*jar[kn]-teikn,LidnbyNoreenAisl.Gr.3p.281,6);comparealsoFeist25b.
Assecurelyonecannotconsidertheaffiliationofgerm.words,however,wasconcerningthevocalism
intersectionfromgerm.*ark-=idg.*ar-with*erk-=OldIndianrcati,idg.*erk-atleastconceivable.
AboutthatofUhlenbeckKZ.40,552,560consideredforlit.ruolas,uolas,dial.uuolas,ostlit.
dial.olasòak',seeratherBezzenbergerKZ.42,263,TrautmannOldPrussian301,whereupon
an-(comparepr.ansonis)theoriginalformis(differentZupitzaKZ.36,66,Germ.Gutt.214).
ByHirts(Abl.124)basic*ar(e)-causegerm.wordsdifficulty,however,seeabove.Thebasisofa
2throotvowel(are-)isgivenonlybyOldIndianrajatm`whitish',thusdubious.
References:
References:WP.I82f.,II362f.,WH.I66,848,Feist25,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I260,447,481,Frisk
Nominalbildg.4.
Specht(Dekl.1141)placesbecauseofgr.Hes.acolorrootinar-,heequateswithal(seeaboveS.31).
Page(s):
Page(s):64-65
Root/lemma: arenkoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcereal,typeofgrain
Material:
Lat.arinca`varietyofgrain,olyra(whichresemblesspelt)'(`Galliarumpropria'Plin.n.h.18,81;
foreign,presumablygall.word,despiteNiedermannand30notgenuinelylat.),gr.
`leguminousplantgrowingasaweedamonglentilplants',.
Hes.
Becauseofthemeaningdifferencequitedoubtfulequation;noobjectionofferssureenoughthenot
sufficingconfirmationfromin.Non-relatedinspiteofFickII416,17aregr.
`bread'(todarkorigin,seeBoisacq84),mir.arbar`grain'(see*ar-`toplough,plow'),arn
`bread'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):66-67
Root/lemma: areqEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toguard,lock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtzen,verschlieen'
Material:
Material:IndetailOsthoffIF.8,54ff.m.Lit.
Arm.argel`hump,block,check,fence,hurdle,barrier,drawback,obstacle,hindrance,balk,
impediment',denomin.argelum`resist,holdfrom,holdback';maybewitho-gradationorm`wall,
mural'(*ork-mo-);
gr.`resist,reproach,protects,helps;expressdisappointment,besufficient,beenough'
(,)probablyfrom*;n.`protection,cover,shelter'(Alkman);o
`sufficing,enough',-òneselfenough',-`withsufficingfeet,fast'(seealsoBechtel
Lexil.279f.);
Maybealb.(*)argsh`crudecraftsupportedbyskinbladders,crudebridgeofcrossbars,
harrow',zerogradeinalb.(*argo-)rrogàlpinemeadow(tobeguarded)'.
lat.arce,-re`toshutin;tokeepatadistance,hinder,prevent,keepaway',arcaàchest,box;esp.
amoney-boxorcoffin;alsoacell'(actually`fastener,shutter',comparearcnus`shut,closed;hence
silent,secret,confidential';fromLat.derivesgot.etcarka`boxes,moneyboxes,ark';
maybealb.ark`box,moneyboxes,ark'.
ahd.arahha,archaàrk'andfromGerm.againOldChurchSlavicraka`burialcave',OldPrussian
arkanAkk.Sg.àrk'),arx`fortifiedhill,castle,fort',arcera`canopiedchariot'(suffixaftercumera,
compareWH.I63)osk.trbarakavm`tobuild,erect,establish;tocreate,frame'(constitutes
beforehand*trbark-`toencloseahouse,toputupafencearoundahouse');
ahd.rigil,mhd.rigel`latch,bolt',mengl.rail(ags.*reogol),GntertKalypso136;
lit.rktas`key',raknti`tolock,shut';
hett.ar(k)-`hold,clamp,tohang(kills.o.byhangingthem)',GtzeandPedersenMurili50.
Note
Note:
Maybealb.(*ark-)varg`row,chain,ring';commonprotheticalb.v-beforebareinitialvowels.
Throughthemeaninglittleisrecommendedtocitationofcymr.archen`clothes,shoe',bret.arc'henna
`wearshoes'(mir.acrann`shoe,clothes'probablyreconvertedfromarc-,StokesKZ.41,381).
AboutthatofW.FoyKZ.35,62as`castlehill'interpretedOldpers.mountainnamesarkadri-see
JustiIA.17,106(supposedly(H)ara-kadri`mountainravine,mountaingorge'),butinadditionagain
BartholomaeZ.altiran.Wb.105Anm.1,116.
Maybezerogradeinalb.kodra,kodrin(dim.)`hill'fromatruncatedOldpers.(H)ara-kadri
`mountainravine'.
Againstapposition(BrucknerKZ.45,108Anm.)recommendsmeaningfromslav.raiti`want,grant'.
Asformmito-gradation(oratmostwithor=r)coverslat.OrcusÒrcus,theinfernalregions.Transf.
thegodofthelowerworld;death,realmofthedead'(uncertain`lock,seal,shut,trap,close,lockup,
shutup,closeup').
References:
References:WP.I80f.,WH.62f.,848.
Seealso:
Seealso:Similarlyaleq- `refuse,protect'andareg- (seed.).
Page(s):
Page(s):65-66
Root/lemma: ar()Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplough
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`pflgen'
Material:
Material:Arm.araur`plow'(*artrom;HbschmannArm.stemI21);
gr.(,)`plough,till',,`plowman',`plow';withoriginal
vocalizationofthe2ndsyllableherakl.,gortyn..etcplacedafterPersson
Beitr.669anidg.*aro-besides*ar-ahead(comparetoch.re),orappearedinsteadofatthe
sametimewiththereshufflemanydenominativecausativesin-tosuchin-afterinaddition
basico-formation,underspecialinfluencefrom`plowupthelandanew'.
lat.ar,-re`totill,plow,farm,cultivate.Transf.,tofurrow,wrinkle;ofships,toplowthesea'(forthe
older*ar-mi),artor`ploughman,husbandman',artrum`plow'(--for*-a-afterarre);
mir.airim`toplough',cymr.arddu(from*arj-)`toplough',arddwr`plowman',mir.arn.àrableland',
cymr.arf.ds.,mir.arn`bread',arathar(*artrom),cymr.aradr,corn.aradar,mbret.arazr,nbret.
arar`plow';mir.airem(*ariom),Gen.aireman`plowman',alsoPNAirem-n;
maybealb.aràrableland,field'.
got.arjan,anord.erja,ags.as.erian,ahd.erran,mhd.ern`toplough,till',anord.arr`plow',ahd.art
`furrowedland',ags.ear,ierf.`furrowedland,yield'(seealsounder*ar- `yield,acquiesce'about
nhd.Art),mhd.arl,nhd.Arl,Arling`plow'(fromloanwordfromslav.*ordlogenuinelygerm.after
MeringerIF.17,121);
lit.ari,rti`toplough',rklas(*ar-tlom)`plow',arkls`horse'(asàplowanimal');artjas`tiller,
plowman'(*artia-),OldPrussianartoys`tiller'(withsecondaryzerogradelit.or`ploughingtime',
comparegr.Hes.),lett.ar'u`toplough',ara,reàrableland';lit.armen
`superficiallyfurrowedlayerofearth';
OldChurchSlavicorj,orati`toplough';ralo(serb.rlo,poln.rado)`plow'(*ar()-dhlom:lit.rklas),
rataj`plowman';aboutslav.*ora-s.Trautmannn13;
tochABre`plow'.concerningthispertains:
ar()u - :
Arm.haravunkàrableland'(ScheftelowitzBB.29,58),lat.arvus,-a,-um`plowed,plowedland',esp.
arvum`plowedland,afield;ingen.,aregion',umbr.arvam-enìnplowedland'(=demlat.fem.arvas
A.Pl.),ar(u)via`crops,fieldcrops';
mir.arbor(*arur)`grain',Dat.arbaim,Gen.(alreadyair.)arbe(*aruens),Pl.N.A.arbanna(r/n-stem:
StokesKZ.37,254,PedersenKG.I63,II106;therefromairmnech`themanwhoownsalotofgrain',
Corrnac'sGl.,with-mn-=-vn-,StokesKZ.38,458);
gr.àrableland'(formallynotyetclearly;probablyafterBenvenisteNorns113from*-F,
extensionof-Ffrom*arour,comparemir.arbor.UnglauhhaftOtrbskiKZ.66,78).
Throughitsolde-divergencecymr.erwf.`field',Pl.erwi,erwydd,corn.erw,ereuds.,abret.mbret.
eru,nbret.ero`furrow'belongagainstittoahd.eroèarth',gr.,arm.erkirèarth'(forthelatter
supposesPedersenKZ.38,197likewise*eru-asabasis),however,havetakenoverliketheusefor
farmedfieldofone*ar()uo-.
FromthelackofAryancorrespondencesmaynotbeclosedagainsttheacquaintancewiththeplowin
indoGermanicprimevaltimes.
References:
References:WP.I78f.,WH.I69,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I362,683.
AfterSpechtKZ.68,422furthermoretoroot*er-(er-5 )`disjoint,sever'as`tearthegroundopen'
Page(s):
Page(s):62-63
Root/lemma: ario-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:master,lord
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Herr,Gebieter'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ario- :
:master,lord,derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ar-1 * , themat.(a)re-, schwere
Basisar-,r- undi-Basis(a)r - , ri-:
:tomove,pass:gr.`bestinbirthandrank,noblest'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianar(i)y-`mister,convivial',r(i)ya-Àryan',ryaka`venerableman';av.airy,
Oldpers.ariya-Àryan';
gall.PN.Ariomnus(GIL,III4594);ir.aire(gl.primas)besidesairech,whereistobeformed*arjoand*arjako-,whichtoOldIndianryakabehavesasgr.`youth'toOldIndianmaryak-`male'
(PedersenKelt.Gr.II100).Againstitbelongsmir.ruirenothere,butfromro+r`kingofkings'.
AboutOldIndianaryamnn.`hospitality',m.`guest'sfriend',av.airyaman-,npers.rmn`guest',see
aboveunderal-1 .
W.Krause(runeinscriptions539)shouldreadproperlyurnord.arjostRN.Pl.`themost
distinguished,thenoblest',thuswouldhavetobeattachedindeedanurnord.*arjaR`posh,lofty,
noble,plush,gentle,kingly,polite,courtly,elegant,genteel,stately,highbred,exclusive'andanidg.
*ario-,intheOldIndianphoneticallywithaderivativefromar-àlien,stranger'wouldhavecollapsed.
Kelto-germ.PNAriovistushowever,provesnothing,becauseArio-couldstandfor*Hario-.Alsoair.
aire,airech`suitor'areambiguous,seeaboveunderal-1 .
MaybeArrianesillyr.TN.
References:
References:WP.I80.
Page(s):
Page(s):67
Root/lemma: ar-1 * , themat.(a)re-, heavybasisar-,r- andi-basis(a)r - , ri-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove,pass
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fgen,passen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ar-1 * , themat.(a)re-, heavybasisar-,r- andi-Basis(a)r - , ri-:
:`tomove,
pass'
andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:er-3 :or- :r- :
:`tomove*stir,animate,fight,struggle,rise;tospringup,beborn'
derivedfromthesamerootRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:er-1 ,or-:
or-:èagle'.
Material:
-----------------*)E.-M.74determinebecauseofarm.eri`horseshockorpointofshoulder,shoulderofanimals',y-
eriurel`fit;blendin;fiton;suit;adapt;key;tune;adjust;accommodate;readjust;bringintoline;mate'
positabasicform*er-.Butarm.eriderivesafterLidenMl.Pedersen88f.backtoidg.*rito-,*riti!
compareTrautmann242.
------------------Av.arnte`theysettle,getstuck',OldIndianar`wheelspoke',aram,lamAdv.(rakar-,
alakar`prepare;getready;makeup;getup;dress;trim;prink'and`beinservice;serve;doone's
service;accommodate;beofservice;beofhelp;beofuse',forwhatprobablyr-t-`servant;
manservant;valet;servitor;follower'andr-t-`willing;eager;prompt;ungrudging;unhesitating',av.
riti`compliant,servant')`suitable,enough';
av.arm`suitable,accordingly'(arm-piw`midday'=`thetimesuitableforthemeal',nexttowhich
ra-piwds.Withzerogradera-besides*ara-,fromwhatarmAdv.,BartholomaeAiran.Wb.189,
1509),ratu-m.,`judge,arbitrator'and`period(oftime)'(commonprimarymeaningpossibly`theactof
arrangingsomething(neatly)',fromwhich`theactofarrangingthelaw'and`righttime');OldIndianarp-yati`puts,fixed,clamps,cleats,affixes,appends,fastens,fixates,fortifies';abouthett.ar-ap(arp-)`toarrange,situate,putdown'compareCouvreur114f.;
arm.anem`produce;do;make;cook;render;cause;proffer;offer;holdout;volunteer;give;contract;
fix;put;matter;get;have;take;win;pulldown;putdown',yar`,Iconsent,conjoin,continue,press
so'(arar`hasdone,hasmade'=gr.),whereofyaremàdd,subjoin,splice'(BuggeKZ.32,21),
ar`bad;poor;unsavory;unsavoury;poorly;inferior;unsatisfactory;low;stale;foul;hard;lamentable;
decayed;wrong;faulty;amiss;maladjusted;uneasy;evil;unkind;wicked;corrupt;off;unhealthy;
chronic;ill;sick'withnegative[=o]`notsuitable'(BuggeaaO.23);
gr.,Perf.`jointogether',ànnexed,appended,attached,appendaged,
suitable',`wife'(probablyafterBrugmannIF.28,293,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I434herewithprefix*o-,
barelytoroot*ser-orroot*uer-,-F);inaddition`havecloserelationswith';
also`chatsconfidentially';-ìronclad,armoured',also-Pind.,-
`limb,member,joint(wrist,ankle)',`connection;connexion;contact;touch;liaison;tie;splice;
affiliation;junction;conjunction;coupling;communication;link-up;interconnection;link;line;
combination;association;incorporation;compound;relation;relationship;marriage;wedding;society;
union;juncture,friendship',`joins,unites,unifies,combines,conjunct,collective';withtsuffixeshomer.---`housewife'(`thewomaninchargeofthehouse'),ol.Hes.;
`Hadesastheonewholocksthegate(s)totheunderworld'(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I451,5);
-inèvenout,ease,reconcile,settle,redress,compensatefor,equalize,balance,make
upfor,makegood,givesatisfaction',Ìtsuitsme,Ilikeit',,`come
toanagreement,cometoanagreementwithsomebody;makeoneselfinclined,reconcile',common
gr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;
àbility;competence;efficiency',`better'(inrespectprobablystands-`verymuch,
very'incompounds,wherewithReuterKZ.31,594a1alsoOldIndianari-grt-,-tut-as`keenly
praised'wouldliketocompare;uncertainbecauseofgr.-`verymuch,very'seeBoisacqs.v.,
aboveS.24Anm.);`better,best',`left,ontheleft'.
Withlengthening-àppealingwell,complacent',`husband;hostage,pledge',
`tomeet';afterBirtPhilol.87,376f.waseigentl.`companion,theblindpersonwhogoes
withhisleader'.
FromSlav.perhapspoln.ko-jarzyàttach,connect,combine'(e.g.MiklosichEWb.100,Berneker31,
532).
Aboutmayberelatedgr.,lit.irs.4.ar`now,thus'.
Toch.Arwar,rwer,rwar`ready',rm,ere`face'(comparelat.figuraàform,shape,
figure').VanWindekensBSL.41,56,Duchesne-Guillemininthesameplace173.
t-formations:r t -, art- `jointtogether'.

OldIndianrt-n.`suitable,right',rtmn.`wellattached,holyorder'(tomeaningseeOldenbergGGN.
1915,167-180;not`sacrifice;victim;oblation;offering'),rtna`rite',av.arta-,rta-n.,Oldpers.
arta-(incompound)`law,right,holyright';
av.aa-under,`whatissure,true',OldIndianrtvan(t)-`proper,fair',av.avan/t/-;OldIndianrtu-
`certaintime,order,rule',rtf.`kind,way'(tooursrootafterKlugePBrB.9,193;seealsoMeringer
IF.17,125,B.GeigerWZKM.41,107),av.aipi-rta-àppoints,destines,firmlyassigned';
arm.ard,Gen.-u(=gr.,lat.artus,-s,comparealsoontopOldIndianrtu-)`structure,
construction,ornament'(HbschmannArm.Gr.I423,BuggeKZ.32,3),zardàpparatus,ornament';
ard`justnow,now,currently'(=gr.)(BartholomaeStud.II23,BuggeaaO.,MeilletEsquisse36),
ardar`fair,just,right'(HbschmannArm.stemI21,Arm.Gr.I423;
PerssonBeitr.636a2considersforitalsoidg.dh;compareav.ardra-`faithful,reliably,loyalto
belief,pious,godly'andtheotherundermentioneddh-derivatives),ardiun`struttura(PedersenKZ.
40,210);
gr.`(atthesametime)simultaneous'(Instr.*-`jointtogether,concurring,
coincidental'),-`connectoneselftosomebody,accompany'(dueto*-);ti-stemin
-F(`wellversedinwordstructure'),-()`withhealthyfeet',
-àble-minded,withsharpmind,withasturdymind'(presumablyalsoin`butcher,
slaughterer;murderer',whereof`slaughter,cutup,divide',afterJ.SchmidtKrit.83f.from
*-oratmost*`workmanlikecutting',compareOldIndianrta-n-`justlyleading',rta-yuj
`properlyharnessed');
Maybeinu-gradealb.urtàble-minded,withsharpmind,withasturdymind'
probablyalso`freshandhealthy',probablydissimilatedfrom*-to`witha
well-builtbody';`just'ofthepresentandthemostrecentpast(compareabovearm.ard`justnow,
now'andard-a-cin`newborn'asgr.-;
morphologicallynotyetquiteclear,perhapsLocative);-èxact,just',àdequate,just,
complete',`playsrightlyoroddly',`finishes,prepares',Hes.,
`hostile',`prepares';
,(=lat.artus`narrow,tight')Hes.,,`joins,
prepares',,,titleofapublicservantorofficialofArgos,Epidauros,Thera.
Lat.artus`narrow,tight(inspaceandtime),close;'somnus',fast,sound;ofsupplies,small,meager;
ofcircumstances,difficult,distressing'(Adv.art,originallyinstrumentalas);ars,-tis`skill,
method,technique;'exarte',accordingtotherulesofart.(2)anoccupation,profession.(3)concrete,
inplur.,worksofart.(4)conduct,character,methodofacting;'bonaeartes',goodqualities'(actually
àrticulation,assemblage,packagiftproperly'=mhd.art),inadditionthecompoundsin-ers
ùnsophisticated,sluggish,untrained,unskillful;inactive,lazy,idle,calm;cowardly;ineffective,dull,
insipid',soll-ers`clever,skilful',allers,alers`taught,learned';
arti,-ireìnserttightly,wedge,crowd,joinfast,presstogether'(morerecentlyartre);artus,-s`the
joints;'dolorartuum',gout;poet.,limbs',articulusìnthebody,asmalljoint;inplants,aknob,knot;of
time,amoment,crisis;ingen.,apart,division,point';
lit.art`near'(Lok.ti-stem);
mhd.artf.`kind,mannerandway',anord.ein-arr`simple,sincere',einrd`reliability;dependability;
trustworthiness;sureness;steadiness';
toch.ar(t)kye`rich,valuabe'().
m -formations:
A.Fromthelightbasisar-.
Arm.y-armar`suitable,adequate'(BuggeKZ.32,21);
gr.`seam,assemblage,joint',`just,recently'(`connect,join,adapts,orders',
`connection,alliance,regularity,harmony'),`chariot'(aboutthesewordsseeSommer
Gr.Lautst.133,MeilletBSL.28,c.-r.21f.[*arsmo-],SchwyzerGr.Gr.I306;fartherLit.byBoisacq
79),àssignedfood,provisions';
lat.arma,-rum`defensivearms,armor,weaponsofwar;hencewar,soldiers,militarypower;
protection,defense;ingen.tools,equipment',armentum`herdofhorsesorcattle,cattleforplowing'.
Hencesoundsinanord.jrmuni`bovineanimal,horse'andthePNgot.*Armana-reiks,ags.
Eormenrc,aisl.Jrmunrekr,mhd.Ermenrch;thesamefirstparttothenamefromalittlebitbigalso
e.g.inErmunduri`greatThuringia',anord.jrmungrund`thewideearth'=ags.eormengrund,ahd.
irmindeot,as.Irmin-sl,andintheshortformHerminones.
However,BrcknerKZ.45,107rightlychallenges,that`cattle,horses'istheoriginaland`large'outof
itderivedmeaninganddecidesviceversafor`large,serene'astartingpointbecauseofslav.ramn
ìmmense,strong,violent,sudden'(fromherelit.ermasìmmense,monstrous',lett.rms`monkey,
clown,strangeappearance'),as`shotup'to*er-,*or-(orioretc;compareformal),notas
`sturdy,stout,wellbuilt,massive'belongsto*ar-`tojoin,connect'.
OldChurchSlavicjarm`yoke'(e.g.MiklosichEWb.100,Berneker31),sloven.jrmen`yokestrap,
strap';withzerogradeinitialsoundandthemat.vowel:OldChurchSlavicremen,serb.rmnetc
`strap';SpechtDekl.149f.
Toch.yarm,AByrm`measure'.
.Fromtheheavybaser-mo-: r - mo-àrm'.
OldIndianrm-àrm,shoulder'(originally`shoulderjoint',compare,lat.artus`joints')=av.
rm-àrm',osset.rm`cuppedhand',lm-rn,rm-rnèlbow',
lat.armus`shoulderorshoulder-blade;also,ofananimal,theside,theuppermostpartoftheupper
arm,scapula'(from*ar//mos),gall.aram`bifurcation,pointofseparation',(WartburgI119,Judby
Howald-rRm.Schweiz374ff.),OldPrussianirmof.àrm',lit.rmd(`gout',i.e.:)`goutinthe
joints',irm-liga`gout,arthritis'(seeTrautmannOldPrussian347);
zerogradelit.em.Pl.tant.arma`VorderarmamWagen'(ibd.),OldChurchSlavicramo,ram,serb.
rme`shoulder',got.arms,ahd.etcarmàrm',rm.armuknèlbow'(HbschmannArm.Stud.I21).
Rootformr-,r-:
Lat.reor,rr`tothink,suppose,judge'(themostprimitivemeteringandcountingisaccompaniedby
theputtingontopofeachotherorlayersofthepiecestobecounted),participleratusìntheopinion,
sense',butalso`determined,settled;calculated,certain,valid,legal',ratiàreckoning,account,
consideration,calculation;areason,motive,ground;aplan,scheme,system;reasonableness,
method,order;atheory,doctrine,science;thereasoningfaculty';afterEM.793here(pr)portifrom
portine=prratine;
got.*garajan(onlyparticiplegaraana)`tocount',an.hundra,nhd.Hundert(*raan.`number'=
lat.rtum`toratify,confirm,makevalid';s.FickIII4336);ahd.giradèven(onlyfromnumbers)',nhd.
gerad(onlyfromnumbersdivisibleby2;differentfromgerad=straightahead),withnewablaut
anord.trractually`countaftertens'(FickIII4336);got.raj`number,bill,account',as.rethia
àccount',ahd.radja,redeaàccount,speechandanswer,story',afries.birethiaàccuse',as.rethin,
ahd.red(i)n`talk'(determinestheprecisecorrespondencefromrajwithlat.ratioàreckoning,
numbering,castingup,account,calculation,computation'e.g.Kluge11s.v.`speech'tothe
assumptionofborrowinggerm.wordsunderinfluencefromgaraian;moreproperlyFalk-Torp886
rajtodetermineasprimary-in-derivativefromgerm.root*ra-[garajan]).
Whetherherealsoanord.r`row,line,series,chain,range,string,tier,battery,file,turn,run,
procession,rank,order,progression,number,set,bank,esp.incrementliningalongtheshore',mnd.
ratf.`row,line,series,chain,range,string,tier,battery,file,turn,run,procession,rank,order,
progression,number,set,bank'(FickIII4337;`row;line;series;chain;range;string;tier;battery;
file;turn;run;procession;rank;order;progression;number;set;bank'asàddedoneachother,
stratified').
Ahd.rmen`striveforsomething,strive,aim',as.rmon`strive',mhd.mnd.rmàim,purpose,target'
our*r-maybesuitas`toarrangeinone'smind,calculate',if,besides,this(thepreviousnewer
proves)Subst.rmmusthavebeenasformationwithformants-mo-startingpoint.
dh -extensionr-dh-,rdh -, r-dh-:
OldIndianrdhnti,rdhyati`prepares(suitably),manages;gets,succeeds,withwhichhasluck;
contents,winssomebody',rdhayati`manages,givessatisfaction',rdham.,rdhan.`blessing,
success,relief,gift,generosity';
Maybealb.radha`row',radhit`count'.
av.raiti`makesready',ra-m.`socialwelfareworker',rdah-n.àppropriateforoneself,making
oneselfavailable,willingness(inreligiousregard)',Oldpers.rdiy(Lok.Sg.)`weigh'(compareOld
ChurchSlavicradiseeunder),npers.ryad,rstan`decorate;adorn;bedeck;trim;attire;array;
drape;gild;emblazon;embellish';air.imm-rdim`considers,thinksover',cmr.amraud`suppose,
think,mean',ncymr.amrawdd`conversation'withders.meaningasair.no-ridiu,no-rdim`says,
tells',mcymr.adrawd`tell'andgot.rdjan,anord.ra`talk'(comparefurtheralsoplacedabovenhd.
Rede,reden;no-ridiuandrdjan,likesl.raditi,kaus.-iter.*rdhei);got.gardan`whereuponbe
judicious,takeprecautions',urrdan`judge,determine'(comparetomeaningesp.lat.rr),undrdan
`procure,grant',ahd.rtanàdvise,confer,contemplate,plan,incite,indicate(riddle),request,tolook
aftersomething,procure,provide,get',as.rdan,anord.ra,ags.rdan(latteralso`read',engl.
read),Subst.ahd.rtm.àvailablemeans,council,pieceofadvice,advisement,decision,intention,
precaution,stock,supply',similarlyas.rd,anord.rd,ags.rd;OldChurchSlavicraditi`takecare;
beaccustomed;lookafter;carefor;beinthehabit;tend;provide;supply;cater;fend;ensure;insure'
(serb.rdm,rditi`work,strive',rad`business,work';seeUhlenbeckKZ.40,558f.),radi`weigh',
nexttowhich*rdh-inOldChurchSlavicnerod`neglect(ofduty)',sloven.rdim,rditi`provide,
takecare'.
MaybeOldChurchSlavicradi`weigh':alb.geg.rand`heavy(*work),sththatweighsalot'raaor.
`fall(sthheavy,weighty)'[nasalizedform],randonj`weigh',re`care,attention',roje`guard'[common
alb.-d->-j-shiftbetweentwovowels],ruanj`toguard'.
Rootform((a ) r - , ri-(seePersonrootextension102,162,232;Beitr.741):
Gr.(ifnotneologism,seeaboveS.56),`number',`countless',arkad.
`,select;choice;exquisite',Hes.;
lat.rtus,-s`conventionalkindofthereligionpractise,usage,ceremony,rite,manner',rteìndue
form,aftertherightreligioususe,withproperceremonies,properly,fitly,rightly'(Lok.onebeside
rtuslyingconservativestem*rt-);
air.rm`number',ram(*ad-ri-m)ds.,do-rmu`counts',cymr.rhif`number',anord.rmn.`reckoning,
calculation',as.unrmìmmensenumber'',ags.rmn.`number',ahd.rmm.`row,order,number'(the
meaning`verse,rhyme'fromanord.andmhd.rmprobablyafterKluge10s.v.Reimfromfrz.rime,
whichhasderivedfromrythmus).
Maybealso*ri-`thing'(lat.rsàthing,object,matter,affair,circumstance'etc)afterWoodax226
mustbeaddedasrootnounmeaning`stackedupgoods,piled-uppossessions'.
Maybeistobeaddedalso*ri-`thing'(lat.rsetc.)toWoodax226asarootnounmeaning`having
stackedupproperty'.
Inadditionprobablyasdh-extensionri-dh- (compareabover-dh-besidesr-):
Got.garaisàrranged,certain',raidjan,garaidjan`prescribe,determine',anord.g-reir`ready,easy,
clear',greia`disentangle,order,arrange,manage,pay,disburse,remit',mhd.reiten`geteverything
setup,prepare,arrange,count,calculate,pay',reite,gereite,bereite,ahd.bireiti`ready',antreit
`series,ordo',lett.riedu,riztòrder',raids`raring,ready',ridi,ridas`device,clamp'.
QuitedoubtfullyisnotborrowedbyPerssonaaO.consideredaffiliationfromOldChurchSlavic
ordijeàpparatus,instrumentum'(fromahd.runti`message',seePedersenconcentrationcamp.
38,310),rdòrder',lit.rnda`row',lett.rida`row,number'.Onconditionofthatthesecontinueidg.
d,notdh(*re-n-d-),oneadds(e.g.FickI4527,PedersenaaO.,seealsoEM.711)thusthefollowing
kinin:`putonafabric',.,Hes.,
lat.rdior,-r,rsussum(fromweaver'slanguage,BralMSL.5,440)`tobeginaweb,laythewarp,
begin,commence,makeabeginning,setabout,undertake',exrdior`tobeginaweb,laythewarp,
preparetoweave',redrdior`totakeapart,unweave,unravel',rdo,-inisàseries,line,row,order'
(alsoumbr.urnasierseemstobe=ordinariisòforder,usual,regular,ordinary',LindeGlotta3,170f.;
differentlyGl.5,316),theconnectionagreeswithar-`put;place;fix;formulate;ordain;decree',which
wouldhavebeenneededthenalsobytheweavingmill,to(Perssonrootextension26,Thurneysen
Thes.underartus,-s),sowouldbejustifiedvowelfrom*or-d-eiasacausativeiterativevocalism.
Isevenmoredoubtful,fromafterReicheltKZ.46,318ask-extensionsofthebasesar-,ar-withthe
sameapplicationtotheweavingmillaretobeadded:
Maybealb.(*arnea)arnoj`torepair,mend,sew,weave',arn`patch,pieceoffabric'fromlat.
arnea,-eus`spider'
Gr.`spider',lat.arneusòfaspider;n.assubst.acobweb',arnea,-eus`spider'(*ar-ksn;thewordendingto*sn-`tospin;weave,interweave,producebyspinning'asànetspinner,a
woman,agirl(oraspider)thatspinsanet');supposedlyinaddition(WalterKZ.12,377,CurtiusKZ.
13,398)gr.`net',Hes.(see
alsoBoisacq79),whereforeafterBezzenbergerBB.21,295lett.er'kuls`spindle;abunchofoakum,
awadofoakum(forspinning)'(whichcanstandfor*arkuls).LidnIF.18,507f.putsitbetterto
slav.*orkyta,serb.rkita`redpasture'andlett.rcis,gr.`juniper'asshrubswithbranches
usableagainstlichen.
References:
References:WP.I69ff.,WH.I69,70,Trautmann13f.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.untenarqu- anderk- .
Page(s):
Page(s):55-61
Root/lemma: ar-2 odererEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todistribute
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zuteilen;(med.)ansichbringen'
Grammaticalinformation:withidg.nu-present
Material:
Material:Av.ar-(presentrnav-,rnv-,preteritPass.rnv)`grant,allowtobegiven;do
guarantee',withus-andfr`(asanallotment)suspendandassign',frrta-n.àllotment(ofsacrifices
underlikewise),offering'(BartholomaeAltiran.Wb.184f.);
arm.anumÌtake',Aor.a(HbschmannArm.Gr.I420;meaningfrommedialÌallottomyself,I
assigntomyself,Iallocatetomyself,Iappropriatetomyself'compareOldIndiandlmi`give':dat
`totakesomething,toacceptsomething';alsoin:)
gr.àcquires,triestoreach,conceives,acquireesp.asapriceorwage',durativecompared
withàcquire,win',Aor.v,;,`potboiler,daylaborer,
wageworker',n.ùsefulness,profit,use'(Aesch.);
hitt.ar-nu-miÌbring'(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I696)belongsprobablyratherthanacausativeto3.er-`start
tomove'.
Thefullgradevocalismsoftherootguaranteeingformsareabsent.
References:
References:WP.I76f.
Page(s):
Page(s):61
Root/lemma: ar-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nut
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nu'
Note:
Note:(extendsby-i-,-i-,-u- )
Material:
Material:G.MeyerAlb.Wb.17combinesgr.HvHes.,alb.arrf.
`walnut-tree',OldChurchSlavicorch`nut'.relationtolit.reutas,ruouts`hazelnut',lett.rieksts
`nut,hazelnut',OldPrussianbuccareisis`'beechnut'(seeTrautmannOldPrussian314)accepts
SpechtDekl.62.
References:
References:WP.I77.
Page(s):
Page(s):61
Root/lemma: ar-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torefuse;tolie
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verweigern,leugnen'
Note:
Note:(withn-formant)
Material:
Material:Gr.(*-F-)`refuses',,`refusing,denyingeverything',
Hes.;
alb.rrm`false',rrm,rrn`lie',nrrj(from*rrnj)`denieseverything'(rrfromrn;PedersenKZ.
33,542Anm.2).Isevenmoredoubtfulwhetherarm.uranam`denieseverything,refuses',urast
`denial'wouldbeused(withur-fromr-).
References:
References:WP.I78,MeilletBSL.26,19,Esquisse111,142.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsor-,r- `reden,rufen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):62
Root/lemma: aro-m (*her
*her-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:reed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schilfrohr'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`bistort,kindofreed',-`therefromasmallkind';
lat.harundàreed;meton.,foranobjectmadeofreed,afishingrod;limedtwigsforcatchingbirds;
apen;theshaftofanarrow,orthearrowitself;ashepherd'spipe;aflute;aweaver'scomb;a
playthingforchildren,ahobby-horse';toformationcomparehirundàswallow'andnebrundines:
`thekidneys'.
Note:
Maybealb.(*harundinis)dalndysheàswallow':lat.harundo-inisf.àreed;meton.,foranobject
madeofreed,afishingrod;limedtwigsforcatchingbirds':hirundo-inis,f.`swallow'.Similarphonetic
settingalb.dimn`winter':lat.hiemo-are`towinter,spendthewinter'[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei-2 :
hi- :
:`winter;snow'
Lat.andalb.provethattheoriginalRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:aro-m :
:`reed'was(*her
*her-).Onlylat.,alb.and
gr.havepreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
Thereisnodoubtthatfromillyr.-alb.-lat.(*harundinis)dalndysheàswallow'[commonalb.h->dphoneticmutation]derivedgr.`swallow',thereforeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghel- :
:`tocall,cry'
derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:aro-m :
:`reed'(*her
*her-)wherer/lallophones.
FromPerssonDeorig.gerundii59addedlat.arista`thebeardofanearofgrain;hencetheearitself;
alsoaharvest',aristis`holcus,agreenvegetable'isdefeatedbecauseofhissuggestingtogenistaf.
`thebroom-plant'underlikewisesuffixstronglytothesuspiciontobeEtruscan(seeHerbigIF.37,
171,178).
FromMediterraneanlanguage
References:
References:WP.I79,WH.I635f.
Page(s):
Page(s):68
Root/lemma: ard-,ardEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofwaterbird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinWasservogel'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`heron'(folketymologyinendingafter-),lat.ardeaà
heron'ds.(*ard-),anord.arta,aschwed.rta`teal',Demin.anord.ertla,norw.erle`wagtail',serb.
rda`stork'(*rd).
Maybetruncatedalb.(*)rosa,ros`duck',rika`duckling,duck',rum.(*rada)ra`duck'.
Note
Note:
Alb.andrum.provethatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ant- :
:(duck)derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ard-,ard- :
(akindofwaterbird)[commonrhotacismn>r]
References:
References:WP.I146f.,WH.I64.
Page(s):
Page(s):68
Root/lemma: arquEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:smth.bent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gebogenes'
Material:
Material:Lat.arcus,-s(stemisin-qu-from,comparealat.Gen.arqu,furtherargues,arquitenns)
àbow,arch,arc;esp.therainbow',arqutus,arcutus(morbus)ìcteric,yellowedasiffromjaundice,
jaundice,relatingtojaundice;m.assubst.,asuffererfromjaundice',probablyeig.`rainbow-colored,
greenandyellowlooking'(compareThes.);arcutusalsoàrched-shaped,bow-shaped,supportedby
arches,covered(carriage)';
Note:
ital.arcobaleno`rainbow'>rum.curcubeu`rainbow'>alb.ylber`rainbow'
umbr.arclatafàroundcake;acc.pl.`,whereforev.PlantaI341,GtzeIF.41,91(*arkelo-withloss
ofthelabialisation);got.araznaf.`dart,arrow'(ara-zna,comparehlaiwazna),altn.r(Gen.rvar)
f.`dart,arrow',ags.earhf.ds.(engl.arrow),germ.*arhv.
Maybealb.hark`bow'[alb.istheonlyIEtonguethathaspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-]
Forthebasicapproacharqu-(andnotarqu-)wouldspeakruss.rakta,ech.rokyta,serb.rokitaetc
àkindofwillowtree',where*arqta(MiklosichEWb.226,TorbjrnssonBB.20,140)formsthebasis,
andgr.`juniper',whichwordwithwithalllikelyhoodconcerningthisistobedrawnLidnIF.
18,507;inaddition`juniperberry'.
Indeed,Lidntakesrelationshipwithgr.`net'(seeBezzenbergerBB.21,285)inforwhatone
comparesunderar-1 ,S.61.
Anotherconnectionforgr.andruss.raktaetcseeksEndzelinKZ.44,59ff.,whichmore
properlycompareslett.rcis,cis(*rcis)`juniper';
furtherrcties`tormentoneself,grieve,straiten',rceaàveryquarrelsomeperson';lett.rk(k')is
`thornshrub'wouldbetoEndzelinmixturefrom*erksandlit.erktisàthornplant'correspondingas
regardstherootofthewordform;gr.-thenwouldhavetocontainzerogradefrom*er-.S.under
erk- .
References:
References:WP.I81,WH.I64,EM.69.
Page(s):
Page(s):67-68
Root/lemma: aru (*heru )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:intestines
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Darm'
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`bowel',lat.arvnaf.`grease,fat,lard,bacon',originallyìntestinalfat'
(compareahd.mitta-garni`recumbentfatinthemiddleofthebowels');.Hes.is
lat.Lw.
Note:
Gr.(*horua),alb.(*horna)zorr`bowel'[commonalb.h->z-phoneticmutation]provethat
Root/lemma: aru (*heru )::ìntestines'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:her-5 ,hor-n :
`bowels'.ThisdiscoverymightshedlightontheoriginoftheoldlarygealsinPIE.
References:
References:WP.I182,II353,WH.I71.
Page(s):
Page(s):68
Root/lemma: ast(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`bones'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Knochen'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.ost(h)- .
Page(s):
Page(s):69
Root/lemma: ati,atoMeaning:
Meaning:over,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àboutetwashinaus',daherbeieinerdemSprecherzugewendetenBewegung
`(aboutdenStandortofSprechenden)zurck',endlicheinfach`her'underVerblassenderVorstellung
einesberranntenZielesoderOrtes.
Note:
Note:comparetothemeaningquestionesp.BrugmannGrdr.II2,844f.thecolouringofthe
beginningvowelstandsfirmthroughLat.-Kelt.(Greek)asidg.a-,anditgivesnogoodreasonbefore,
balt.-slav.,germ.(andar.)formscanbeattributedtoidg.*o-,bythebook-followingrulesina(very)
strictwayjustbecauseitwouldbeatextbookexampleofablauttoe-formedfrom*etibildete.With
eti (seethere)atleastequalitymeaningandexchangeexistedintheuse.Isatireductiongradeto
eti
Material:
Material:OldIndiantiàbout-onto(adnominalm.Akk.),exceedingly,verymuch'(Adv.and
preverb),av.aiti-,Oldpers.atiy-ds.Adv.(as1.compoundpartandpreverb(beforei-`go'as`goby,
passby'andbar-`carry,bear'as`bringoveragain,tocarry');ar.aticanalsorepresentidg.*eti.
Gr.presumablyin-`however'(comparefrom;Brugmann-Thumb623,KVG.616;
byconnectionwith,got.sundr,theatt.itremainedkindofunexplained).Lat.at`but,yet,
moreover;sometimesintroducinganimaginaryobjection,but,youmaysay'fromincreasing-to
opposing`beyondit',whatlattermeaninginatavus,at-nepos(notinapprmunderlikewise,see
SkutschAflL.12,213).
Gall.ate-(from*ati-)inAtegntus(=mbret.(h)aznat,nbret.anatàcquainted,known')underlikewise,
abrit.Ate-cotti`theveryold',air.aith-,precedingad-àgainst,un-',mcymr.at-,ncymr.ad-,ed(Belegee.g.byFickII48,PedersenKG.II292);
hereas*ate-ko-nprobablymir.athachn.àcertaintime',cymr.adegm.ds.,comparegall.
ATENOVX(nameof2thhalfmonth),ThurneysenZcP.20,358
Got.-an`but,however'(verydoubtfulisagainstitderivationfromgot.as.ak,ags.ac`however',
ahd.oh`but,however'from*a-+ke=gr.;differently,butbarelyappropriateHolthausenIF.17,
458:=gr.,lat.age`go!well!').
Lit.at-,ata-,morerecentlyalsoati-,innominalcompoundat-`back,off,away,from,up'(see
BrugmannGrundr.II22,844f.),OldPrussianet-,at-(probablyonlyfrombalt.at-,Trautmann46);
OldChurchSlavicot-,otàway,since,ex,from',adnominalm.d.Gen.-bl.,introducesMeillett.
155f.backtogen.-ablative*atos(infrontof,before;inreturnfor;becauseof,from=OldIndianata
`thenceforth'ratherPron.-stem*e-withablat.Adv.-forms-tos);idg.*ati(and*eti)wouldbein
additionLok.;bothremainveryunsafe.
Thedoubleaspectlit.ata-:at-remindsinpa-:p(see*apo),(see*apo),anditisdoubtfulabout
whetheronemayseeinablative*atdakindofo-stemformation.IntheSlav.theformonlongvowel
isformedfurtherinruss.etc.otva`grommet',asOldPrussianattolis,lit.atlas,lett.atls,atals
`grommet'speakingforidg.oldershortvocalizedformlit.at-=idg.*ato-(comparetoending*apo,
*upo):
air.do-,to-prefix`to'with(idg.)zerogradeofanl.vowels(MeilletaaO.,StokesBB.29,171,
PedersenKG.II74),probablyalsoillyr.to-,alb.te`to,by'(SkokbyPokornyUrill.50).
References:
References:WP.I42f.,WH.I75,421f.,863.
Page(s):
Page(s):70-71
Root/lemma: at-,*atno
at-,*atnoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togo;year
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gehen,Jahr'
Note:
Gr.`year':lat.annus`year'(*atnos)`year':OldIndianhyana-`yearly',hyan-m.n.`year'
provethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:en-2 :
:`year':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:at-,*atno
at-,*atno-::`togo;year':Root/
Root/
lemma: u e t- :
:`year'[protheticu - beforebareinitialvowels]derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei-2,
hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- ::`winter;snow'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiantati`goes,walks,wanders'.Moreoverlat.annus`year'from*atnos=got.Dat.
Pl.anam`year'.compareFickI2338,W.MeyerKZ.28,164,FroehdeBB.16,196f.(meaning
developmentlikewithgerm.*jram`year'toi-`go').
Maybealb.geg.(*ant)vajt,tosk.vete,vajtiaor.`togo',(*iti)viti`goaround,year,allyeararound'
[commonalb.protheticv-beforeinitialbarevowels-proofofancientlaryngeal.
Lat.hasfollowedalb.phoneticmutationst>nt>n,clearlylat.annus`year'derivedfromOldIndian
(*antanti)tati]
Note
Note:
Etruscanfollowsalb.phoneticmutationsEtruscanAvil:
Avil:year,Avilxva:
Avilxva:yearly//derivatedfromAvil
Avil,
byaddingaadjectivalsuffix-xva
xva.
Osk.-umbr.correspondsakno-`year,festivaltime,sacrificialtime'(with-tn-to-kn-,BrugmannIF.17,
492).Receivedthewordisdurableincompoundslat.perennis`thewholeyear;continuously'
[perennis-e`lastingthroughouttheyear;durable,perennial',perennitas-atisf.`duration,perpetuity',
perenno-are`tolastmanyyears'.],sollennis`festive,annual,customary,returningorcelebrated
annually,solemn,ceremonial,ritualistic;usual'(additionalformsollemnisabsolutelyanalogical
results;ThurneysenAflL.13,23ff.,afteromnis);umbr.sevacni-,per-acni-`sollennis',Subst.
`victim,sacrifice,sacrificialoffering'.
References:
References:WP.I42f.,WH.I51,847.
Page(s):
Page(s):69
Root/lemma: augh-,ughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nape
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Genick'
Material:
Material:CharpentierKZ.46,42placestogetherOldIndianuhf.`neck'(onlyPl.)andgr.
`nape,throat,straits'.
Inuhbeforeliesdiminutivesuffix-ih-,gr.--.Thebeginningis*ughsnghthefirstghis
reducedbeingproducedbydissimilation.To*ugh-s-nostands*augh-en-ingr.comparedwith
herearm.awj`throat',awji-k`cervicalcollar';ol.`nape,neck',ol.ds.mustbe
separatedtherefrom,inspiteofSchwyzerGr.Gr.I296;aboutgr.:kypr.`laurel'better
WH.I775f.(compareaboveS.43andHoffmannGr.Dial.II500,MeisterGr.Dial.I120).
References:
References:WP.I25,AdontzMl.Boisacq10.
Page(s):
Page(s):87
Root/lemma: augEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toglance,see,dawn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen;sehen'
Note
Note:
ProbablyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:aug- :
:`toglance,see,dawn'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au e s- :
:`to
shine;gold,dawn,auroraetc.`.
Material:
Material:Gr.`shine,ray,daylight;eye',`shines,illuminates;sees',-`shining
verymuch';
alb.agj`dawns',agumeàurora,morning,dawn'(seePerssonBeitr.369);
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:aug- :
:`toglance,see,dawn'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au e s- :
:`toshine;gold,
dawn,auroraetc.`
gr.hom.*(uss),Gen.(),att.(withaccentinnovation),dor.,F,
changingthroughablautol.àurora'(protogr.[]),bot.and(*);
`nearthemorning',`tomorrow'(*-);hom.`radiativemorning';`rooster,cock'(*usi-`singinginthemorningearlymorning');
Maybegr.`nearthemorning':alb.agu`dawn's/hallophones:Estonianagu`daybreak,
dawn':Latvianausma,sju
jums`dawn'
[conservativedefinitiveformsversusindefiniteforms(alb.phonetictrait)]
fromalsoslav.iug`south'(FickKZ.20,168),russ.uin,uina
Probablywrongetymologysinceslav.iug`south':alb.jug`south'musthavederivedfromlat.iugum
-in.àyoke'-aconstellationinthesouthernnightskies.seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:i e u-2 ,i e u - ,i e u - g- :
totietogether,yoke
References:
References:WP.I25.
Page(s):
Page(s):87
Root/lemma: au1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjectionofpain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:AusrufofSchmerzes,derVerwirrung,Entrstung
Material:
Material:OldIndiano,lat.auÒh!',ags.a,mhd.ou(w),nhd.au,lett.a,u(disyllabicau,avu
withdispleasure,refusal,astonishment,surprise),poln.au,ech.ounder
References:
References:WH.I78.
Page(s):
Page(s):71
Root/lemma: au-2, au - es-, au-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospendthenight,sleep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bernachten,schlafen'
Material:
Material:Arm.aganim`spendsthenight',vair-ag`livinginthecountry',aut`spendthenight,night's
rest,station'.
Gr.`sleeps'fromredupl.*i-aus,Aor.-,nexttowhichunredupl.Aor.,Inf.F();
,-`placeofresidence,camp,stable,night'slodging',ìsinthecourt,spendsthe
night',`spendingthenightoutside',`court,courtyard,dwelling'(originallyprobably
`thefencedinspacearoundthehouseinwhichthecattleisroundedupforthenighttime');from
comesexcept`Night'slodging',
`sheepstable',`placeofresidence'(:hom.`havehisrest
accommodation')alsogr.actually`rest,reststation',thereforethesolsticesasrestingplaces
inthecourseofthesun(solstitium),then`year,solstice,anniversary'(differentSpechtIdg.Dekl.15,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I,4245,s.alsoen-`year').
Aheavybase*au - , *au - probablytobeaddedhom.(fromSchulzeQunderep.72

directlytoputunderformalcomparisonfrom(F):from*F)and
(Sappho),(Kallimachos)`'(BenfeyWzl.-Lex.I298),whereforeags.wrig,engl.weary,
as.wrag,wrig`tired,weary',ahd.wuoragìnebriates';aboutOldIndianvyati`getstired';see
however,rootau - `striveoneself,exert'.
References:
References:WP.I19f.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I690.
Seealso:
Seealso:beru e s- `verweilen'seeunderbesonderemArtikel.
Page(s):
Page(s):72
Root/lemma: au-lo-s (:u-l- )[*heu-l- ]
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tube,hole,*street
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rhre,lnglicheHhlung'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`pipeflute,longcavity',-m.`riverbed',m.f.`mountainvalley,
gulch,ditch,canal,strait';
OldChurchSlaviculj,lit.aulsandsecondarilyavils`beehive',originallythecavityinthetreein
whichtheswarmsettles;
Note
Note:
[probablyOldChurchSlavicavils`beehive'<vauls;butprotheticv-beforebareinitialvowelshas
beenattestedinillyr.,alb.andslav.tongues;maybethroughmetathesisau>uaalb.tosk(*hau-lo-)
huall,geg.huell,hojePl.`beehive,cavity'=lat.alvus`beehive,cavity'[commonalb.shiftl>j],alb.
holl`narrow,thin',alb.istheonlylanguagetohavepreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.Clearlythelat.
cognatederivedfromillyr.andslav.cognates.
From(*halvus,alhwus)lat.alvus`beehive,cavity'derivedrum.albin`bee',Portugueseabelha`bee',
Spanishabeja`bee',Frenchabeille`bee'[commonItalicandGreek-hw->-b-phoneticmutation.
OldChurchSlaviculicaf.`street,-inabuilt-uparea-hollow,ravine,gorge,narrowpass',lit.alasf.,
OldPrussianaulinis`bootleg',OldPrussianaulis`shinbone'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.tosk.udhull`road,street'[thecommonalb.-illyr.-lat.-dh->-ll-,-d->-lshift]
MaybeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au-lo-s (:u-l- )::`tube,hole,*street'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e h- :
`tomove,carry,drive'[commonalb.-h->-d-phoneticmutation]
Arm.u,ui`way'and(comparethemeaning`belly'fromlat.alvus)yi`pregnant'(withablaut,
PedersenKZ.39,459;derivativesuarkemandylem`sendin')*);
---------------------*)arm.wordwiththeablautgradeidg..fromwiththesamelett.ula,ul`wheelhub'(wouldbethe
`tubularlyhole'inwhichtheaxisisinserted;LidnIF.19,321).
---------------------nnorw.aul,auleand(withidg.u-asahighsteptoau-)jlàngelicasilvestris',anord.(huann-)jli
`thehollowstemsofangelicaarchangelica',bothplantscallinNorwayalsoslke,whosebasic
meaninglikewise`tube,pipe'is(Falk-Torp474and1492underjolandfromSchroedertogerm.
ablaut58f.likewiseboatnamejolle`dinghy').
Herewithlat.rearrangementofaul-tualu-alsoalvusm.f.`belly,womb,stomach;holdofaship,
beehive',alveusàhollow,cavity,trough;henceboat;alsotheholdofaship;bathtub;bedofa
stream;beehive;gaming-table',althoughtimeandlimitationoftherearrangementarestilltotally
unclear(seeThurneysenIF.21,177,SommerHdb.278).
References:
References:WP.I25f.,WH.I34f.,differentBanateanuREtlE1,122.
Page(s):
Page(s):88-89
Root/lemma: au-3 (au e );u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:from,away,of
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`herab,wegvon-'
Material:
Material:OldIndianva`from,down',mostlyprefixfromverbsandSubst.,rarelyprepositionm.Abl.,
av.ap.avaprefix`down'and(whilemorethepurposethanthestartingpointofthemovementcame
totheconsciousness)`whereuponto,towhat,near'(e.g.avabar-`totakethere,carryaway'and`to
takethere,procure,supply,get'),alsoprepositionm.Akk.`there,therein';therefromOldIndian
vara-ìnferior'andav.aoràfter,below,down'(afterparextendedfromavar);
av.avarAdv.`below,down'=OldIndianavrRV.I133,7;OldIndianav(avs)`down',whereof
avastdùnder';withoutauslautvowel(compareav.ao-r)OldIndian-e.g.in-ga-`single,
pathetic'(:ga`troop,multitude';WackernagelOldIndianGr.I54);
gr.-probablyin,Hes.(SchulzeQunderep.60);
illyr.au-`(ofmotion),towards,to(apersonorplace),at'inpropernames(KraheIF.49,273);
lat.au-àway,off,gone'inaufer`totakeaway,bearoff,carryoff,withdraw,remove'(=av.vabharati,av.avabar-),aufugi`tofleeaway,runaway,escape';
gall.au-tagis`'(VendryesBSL.25,36);
air.perhaps,a`from,with,by',asaprepositionm.dat.,acymr.hou,morerecentlyoìf',o
preposition`from';
OldPrussianlit.lett.au-àway,from'(e.g.lett.au-manis`not-sensical,nonsensical'),OldChurch
Slavicuprefixàway,from',e.g.umyti`togiveawash,washaway'(u-bati`fleefrom'),as
prepositionm.Gen.`from'(withverbsofthedesire,receive,take)and,withfadingoftheconceptof
thestartingpoint,`by,from';
maybealb.particleofpassiveu`by,from'usedbeforeverbsinpassivevoice.
hett.preverbu-(we-,wa-)`here',awaanàway'(SturtevantLg.7,1ff.).
thereofwitht-formsaut(i)o-: gr.ùnavailingly,invain',ds.andgot.auja-(N.Sg.
*aueisor*aus)`desolate,leave'(*`remote'),auida`desert',ahd.di,nhd.de,anord.aur
`desolate';air.athadìtem,particular,sort'.-goestothefrighteningwilderness,wildernessalsomir.
ath`fright,terrible'(aretobekeptawaycymr.uthr`terrible',corn.uth,euth,bret.euz`fright')At
leastistheirconnectionwithlat.pavre`toquakewithfear,panic;transit.toquakeat,tremble'
everythingratherthansure,seepou- `fear'.
Besideaut(i)o-stehtperhapschangingthroughablautu-to- inalb.hutìnvain,blank,vainly',u e -to(seeunten*u - )ingr.`notfreeofcharge,notwithoutreason',(FbyHomer)ìn
vain,withoutsuccess,pointless'.
Maybetruncatedalb.(*hot)kotìnvain,withoutsuccess,pointless';alb.istheonlyIElanguageto
preservetheoldlaryngeal->k-.
tocombine*u - with*au - probablyunder*au e - :
lat.*v-invscor`toeat,feedon;touse,enjoy'originally`whereoftoeatup'(:esca),fromwhich
backformationvscus`greedy;fastidiouslyinfood(*merelynibblingoff);underfed';
againalb.eshk`fungus':lat.esca`food,victuals,esp.asbait'.Protheticv-addedtobareinitial
vowelsisanalb.-illyr.phoneticmutation.
v-toindicationfaultytoomuchortoolittle,v-cors`senseless,mad,moves,treacherous',vgrandis`diminutive,notlarge,tiny',vsnus`mad,insane;ofthings,furious,wild',V-jovis,umbr.
vepurus(Abl.Pl.),wheather`()'.
Note
Note:
Alsoinalb.v-toindicationfaultytoomuchortoolittle:alb.vshtir`difficult,hard'from(v-shtir
(participleofalb.shtynj`pushwithdifficulty')seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:(s)teu-1 :
:`topush,hit'.
u o -: Gr.F-inark.F-,att.-,,lesb.-òpen',att.,morerecently
(Prellwitz2345,BrugmannIF.29,241,BSGW.1913,159).
u e s-: WithOldIndianavs`down'attachedtogetherformantgerm.wes-innhd.West,ahd.westar
`westwards',anord.vestrn.`westen',Adv.ìnthewest,againstwest'(*ues-t(e)ro-,compareanord.
norr),ahd.westana`fromwest'etc(BrugmannIF.13,157ff.;abouttheexplanationofthe
Wisigothaeas`West-Goths,Visigoths's.KretschmerGl.27,232).
Here(afterBrugmannaaO.)theinitialsoundofthewordforevening,idg.uesperosandueqeros,see
there.
Relationshipfromidg.*au-,u-withthePron.-stemau-,u-`yonder,overthere'asòntheotherside,
fromthere'isconceivable.
References:
References:WP.I13f.,WH.I79,850,Trautmann16.
Page(s):
Page(s):72-73
Root/lemma: au-4,u- (:u - , u o -)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:that;other
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pronominalstamm`jener',alsogegenberstellendàlter,alius',àndrerseits,
hinwiederum',inzweiaufeinanderfolgendenSatzgliederngesetzt`dreinerseits-drandrerseits',
èinerseits-andrerseits'.
Material: au o : OldIndianav.Oldpers.ava-`that';OldChurchSlavicaruss.ov--ov-òntheone
hand-ontheotherhandwhichappears-other',ovogda-ovogdaònetime-theothertime'(from
thiscorrelativeuseonlypoln.owcorrespondstoEnglishdeictic"I"andserb.ovajadeicticword
meaning"that",alsonbulg.-v[*uo-s]developed).
u-: OldIndianam-(Akk.Sg.ammetc)`that,yonder',arisefromAkk.Sg.m.*am(=idg.*em
èum')+*um(Akk.Sg.ofoursstemu);s.Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII550f.
Toch.Aok,uk`still',Aokiàs,and',Aokkùpto',perhapsonly*ug(zerogradetogot.auk);from
inadditionom(p)ne,omte`there'
ParticleOldIndianu`thus,also,ontheotherhand,thereagain,againstit',emphasizingesp.after
verbalforms,Pron.andparticles(nàndnot,not'=nu,ath=athau),gr.-in-èvenvery
much',
got.-uinterrogativeparticle(alsotheenclitic-uhfrom-u-qe,s.BrugmannIF.33,173);thisualsoin
OldIndiana-sm.f.`that,yonder',av.hum.f.,ap.hauvm.`that,yonder',WackernagelDebrunnerIII529,541.
ParticleOldIndianut,inbothpartsòntheonehand-ontheotherhand,soon-soon,-as',oronly
inthesecondpart,alittlebitopposingànd,thus'(nachved.inity-uta,kim-uta,praty-uta),
av.uta,ap.utànd,andalso';gr.`justas'from*F()+(originallyàsontheotherhand',
às,also'),buthom.`'from+afterDebrunnerIF.45,185ff.;isformedinaddition
to;also,,mostprobablyfrom,,+withadditionalfinalinflection;
wgerm.-odinas.thar-od,ahd.thar-ot`thither,there',as.her-od,ahd.her-ot`here',whereuponalso
as.hwarod`whither,where',ahd.warot`whither,where'(from*uteorfrom*utAlso*aute,*auti,
seebelow,wouldbepossiblebasicform).
Hereav.uiti,gthav.it`so',butnotlat.utandut,alat.utei.
Besideu,utetc.standswiththeablautgradeidg.au-:
gr.òntheotherhand,again',*àgain'(extendedtoion.,gort.,afterantique
grammariansfor`rightaway,there',wherefromàtthemoment,straightaway',-ònthe
spot,here,there',àgain,thus,further';lat.aut(*auti)òr',autem`however'(totheformseeWH.
I87),osk.aut,autiòr'and`but,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,however'(tomeaningseev.
PlantaII465);
maybealb.geg.oòr'fromital.oòr'
umbr.ute,oteàut';perhapsgot.auk`then,but',anord.aukàlso,and',ags.ac,as.k,ahd.ouh
ànd,thus,but',nhd.also=gr.-àgain'.
PedersenPron.dm.315supposesgr.suitableformintheinitialsoundoffromalb.a-q`so
much'.-BrugmannBSGW.60,23a2linesupingr.-as`(he)himself-(he)ofhisown,self';
otherinterpretationsseewithSchwyzerGr.Gr.I613f.
Maybealb.(*aut-)vet`self'[commonalb.protheticv-beforebareinitialvowels].
Withr-formsairan.avar`here',lit.aur`seethere!',zerogradeumbr.uru`that,thatyonder,thatone;
emphatically,thatwell-known;incontrastwithhic,theformer',ura-kuàdillam',uresìllis'(orerose
ratherwith=as=lit.au);perhaps`here,well,allright,wellthen(anobsoleteinterjection
meaning"comenow")'(afterunderlikewise,inschr.after)from*-(
`here'+`here'),SchwyzerGr.Gr.I612,632.
u - , u o -: meaningòr'(=òntheotherhand')esp.inOldIndianvòr'(alsoèven,yet;meanwhile;
probably,possibly';alsoconfirmingvi),av.ap.vòr'(particleoftheemphasisandassurance),
OldIndianav.v-vèither-or',gr.-(F),(withprocliticemphasis,procliticstressfor-(F),as
yetinthesecondpartofthedoublequestion),
lat.-vòr'(alsoinceu,sve,seu,nve,neu),alsoprobablyir.n,abret.nouòr'(iffrom*neueòr
not''withfadingthenegativemeaningoriginallyinnegativesentences,ThurneysenGrammar551;
notmoreprobablyafterPedersenKG.I441agrownstiffimperative*neueoftheverbir.at-ni`he
entrustswithhim',gr.);toch.wat`where'.
comparealsoOldIndiani-v(:va=-:)`justas,exactlythesameway',-vìnsuchaway,
exactlythesameway,just,only',vm`so,thus'(behavestobeconfirmedviandv-vasna`this'ton-nìndifferentway',originally`thusandthus';with-vcorrespondsgr.(F)ònly'
(`*justonly'),av.ava-,Oldpers.aiva-àn,one'(comparewithno-demonstrativeidg.*oinosàn,
one').
References:
References:S.esp.BrugmannDem.96f.,Grundr.II22,341-343,350,731f.m.Lit.II23,987,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I629,632,804,Boisacqs.v.,etc
WP.I187f.,WH.I87,209,VanWindekensLexique78,80.
Page(s):
Page(s):73-75
Root/lemma: auq(h)- :uq(h)- andbesideitprobablyasanderelengthenedgradeu e q(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cookingpot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kochtopf,Wrmepfanne'
Material:
Material:Lat.aulla,aula,vulg.lla`jar,pot'from*auxl,Demin.auxilla(fal.olnainendingafter
urna);probablyalb.anf.`vessel'(from*auqnJokl.Stud.3);OldIndianukh-m.,ukh`pot,
saucepan';got.ahnsm.(*ukns)òven,stove',withgramm.variationanorw.ogn,aschwed.oghn
ds.
Maybealb.(*ahna)ena`dish':IndicAnvAòven,furnace'.
Besidesformswithprobablyonlytosingle-linguisticlabial:gr.gr.,older`stove'(afterFick
III429between,OtirWuS.5,217,GntertAbl.25from*ueq-ns;not*uqns,s.Boisacqm.Lit.),
afterE.FraenkelKZ.63,202from*Fthroughdissimilatorischensoundchange(W.Schulze
GGA.In1897,908);
Note:
Commongr.-celt.-k->-p-,-g->-b-phoneticmutation.
bret.offenf.`stonetrough'inspiteofLothRC.43,410barelyfrom*upp;ags.ofnet`smallvessel',
ofen,ahd.ovan,anord.ofn`stove,oven'(likewiseleadablebackin*ueqnos;beginningu-causedas
inwulfa-`wolf'thedevelopmentfrom-lv-to-f-,duringgot.etcauhnsgoesbacktoidg.*uq-ns;then
thelossofw-inOfenthenmustbeexplainedindeedfrominfluenceofthissister'sform*uhna-).
Fromtheassimilatedformaschwed.omn,mundartl.umn`stove'isprobablyborrowedOldPrussian
wumpnisòven',umnode`bakehouse,oven,kiln,stove'.S.MeilletMSL.9,137,MeringerIF.21,292
ff.,SennGerm.Lw.studies,Falk-rpunderovn,weigandherdsmanandcleverunderOfen.
TotheobjectiveseeMeringeraaO.,SchraderReallex.592f.
References:
References:WP.I24,WH.I84,850,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I258.
Seealso:
Seealso:(compareS.84f.aug- :ueg-,oldestaueg-)
Page(s):
Page(s):88
Root/lemma: aus- (*heuks)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todraw(water),ladle,*shedblood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schpfen'
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:aus- :
:`todraw(water),ladle'derivedfromthestem:au / /- , au e nt-: ofRoot/
Root/
:`toflow,towet;water,etc.`.
Material:
Material:Gr`scoops,extracts,takesfrom'(simple),,
,,(Spritusasperaftertheformerpresenttense*from
*,SommerGr.Lautst.2f.)
underlikewisewithzerograde*us - -,-(latterfromAor.)`scoops',common
gr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;
Suidasand`scoops',originally*F(:OldIndianvr`water')*[]
`scoopswater',`vesselforladling'.
Anord.ausa`toscoop',austr`scoop,backwash,theshocks,wake',ndd.toesen`todraw(water),
ladle,scoop',schwb.se`vesselforladling'.
Lathauri,-re,haus,haustum`todrawup,drawoutorin;todrinkup,absorb,swallow;toshed
blood;todrain,emptyareceptacle;ingen.,toderive,takein;alsotoexhaust,weaken,waste',then
also`slurp,tie,suffers',poet.`wounds',withsecondaryhascasualinhumerus.
References:
References:WP.I27f.,WH.I637,869,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.190f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6444.
Page(s):
Page(s):90
Root/lemma: au e g-, u g-, aug-, ugEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomagnify,increase
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vermehren,zunehmen'
Note:
Note:withs- formsau e k-s -,auk-s-, u e k-s-,uk-sMaterial:
Material:OldIndianugr-ìmmense'(compoundsSup.jyas-,jiha-`thestrongerone,strongest')
=av.ugra-`strong,hard'(compoundsSup.aojyah-,aojita-).
lat.auge,-re`toincrease,augment,enlarge,spread,extend',auctor(=umbr.uhtur)àpromoter,
producer,father,progenitor,authoretc',auctiànincreasing;hence,fromthebidding,anauction',
augmen(tum)ànincrease,growth,akindofsacrificialcake'(=lit.augmuìncrease,growth',Old
Indianjmn-m.`strength'),auguràseer,soothsayer,diviner,augur'from*augosàggrandizement'
(WH.I83);
got.aukan(preteritaauk),auknanìncrease',ana-,bi-aukan`toappend,subjoin,addon',ahd.
ouhhn,as.kianìncrease',ags.acianìncrease',ecanìncrease',anord.auka(preteritjkand
aukaa)ìncrease',st.participleags.acen,as.kanìncreased,pregnant';
lit.ugu,ugti(lengthenedgrade)ìncrease,grow',auginu,-ntiàllowtogrow,educate,bringup',
changingthroughablautpa-gti`growup',gis`growth,annualgrowth',lett.adzt,adzint
`gather',OldPrussianauginnonsparticlePerf.Akt.`drawn,pulled',
alett.aukts`high'=lat.auctus`toincrease,augment,enlarge,spread,extend',lett.agt`grow',as
alsothrak.-`highford',OldPrussianAucti-garbin,aucktai-rikijskanàuthority',
aucktimmien`chief',
nexttowhichwithsof-es-stem(seebelow)lit.uktas,lett.aksts`high'(:lat.augustus
`consecrated,holy;majestic,dignified'),OldPrussianauck-timmiskanf.(Akk.)àuthority',Old
Prussianagus`costive,constipated'(asìncreasing'),lit.ugumas,lett.agumsìncrease,growth';
es -stemOldIndianjas-n.`vigorousness,strength',av.aojah-,aogah-(alsor-stemaogar)
`vigorousness,strength',lat.augustusseeabove(alsolit.etcuktas);inadditionwithsintheverb:
OldIndianvkaam`strengthening',vakyatiàllowstogrow',av.vaxaitiàllowstogrow',nextto
whichwiththeweakestrootgradeOldIndianukati`'gainsstrength'(Perf.vavka),av.uxyeiti
`grows';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
got.wahsjan`grow'(=OldIndianvakayati,idg.Iter.-Kaus.*uoksi;withitthatcombinedgradationPerf.whstotheparadigm;seeBrugmannIF.32,180,189);
gr.(F)`grow,increase',`grows';,`grow,increase',lat.auxilium`help,aid,
assistance,support,succor'(originallyPl.-i`strengthening,reinforcements',N.Pl.auxilisàuxiliary
troops,oringen.,militarypower');
anord.vaxa,vexa`grow',ahd.wahsan,nhd.wachsen,wuchs,whereforee.g.got.wahstusàccretion,
growth,bodysize',ahd.wa(h)smo`growth'underlikewise;
toch.Aoksi`grows',Aoku,aukuòld';afterVanWindekensLexique79alsohereABoko`fruit',
Aokar`plant';againstitPedersenTochar.227.
Herewithzerogradeu g -:
-:got.wkrsm.ìnterest',ags.wcorf.`progeny,interest'(comparegr.
inthesamemeaning),ahd.wuohharm.`yieldoftheground,fetus,progeny,profit,interest,
usury'(inadditionsteir.wiechèxtensive,excessive,richinleaves'asumlaut
AlittlebitdifferentlySchroederAbl.57f.),thereinnotwithsexpandedrootformaueg-thegrade
ueg-iscoveredinair.fr,cymr.gwair`grass,herbage';probablywiththesameablautOldIndian
vja-`strength,property,wealth,theprize(woninacontest)[TheGreeksgaveawreathoflaurelsto
winnersinthePythiangames],race',originally`quick,successful,energy',OldenbergZdMG.50,443
ff.
References:
References:WP.I22f.,WH.I82f.,850,Feist67,541,572,PedersenTochar.227.
Page(s):
Page(s):84-85
Root/lemma: au e i- (u e i- )(*hekei- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bird,*waterbird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Vogel'
Note:
BothRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au e i- (u e i- )(*hekei- )::bird,*waterbird:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- (*k ):
k- :
:water,river,derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hgh- :
:youngofananimalorbird;
commongr.gh->h-phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:OldIndianv,vm.`bird'(Gen.v,Akk.vim),av.vds.(G.Pl.vaym,alsowith
themat.casefromstemvaya-),mpers.vi,vyandak`bird',OldIndianvayas-n.`fowl,bird',vyasa-
`bird,crow';verbalav.-vayeiti`fliesup'(fromdivinities),OldIndianvvyat`flutters'.
Note:
Commonzerogradeinalb.(*avidos)vide,vidhez`dove':OldIndianv,vm.`bird'.
Gr.èagle',att.,,Hes.(*F-);
Maybenasalizedalb.geg.(*heg-os,hab-os)>*gabj,gabonj,shkab(*-on-),shqiponjèagle':
gr(*F-)èagle':diminutivelat.(*akuei-la)aquilaèagle'.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:hgh- :
:youngofananimalorbird:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:au e i- (u e i- )(*hekei- )::
bird,*waterbirdsimilarphoneticmutationsashett.u-u-a-a(ua)`grandfather'seeRoot/
Root/
lemma: au o -s (*gue-gue-as)(*ghehuo-s)::grandfather:theoriginalrootwasadublicated(*guegue-as)hett.u-u-a-a(ua)`grandfather'thatwasabbreviatedintoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au o -s :
grandfather;Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ss- (*ghus )::parent:alb.(*ua)gjysh`grandfather'.
alb.vi-do,vito,vidheze`dove';
Note:
Commongr.-k->-p-,-g->-b-phoneticmutation.HenceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au e i- (u e i- )::`bird,
waterbird'evolvedsimultaneouslywithRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- (*k ):k- :
:`water,river'.
lat.avisf.`bird'(therefromauca`bird,esp.goose';
Back-formationfromDemin.aucellafrom*avicella;falsebyWH.I79)=umbr.avifAkk.Pl.`birds'
(aviekateD.Sg.`thetakenauspices',aviekla`relatingtoanauguroraugury');
cymr.hwyad,acorn.hoet,bret.houad`duck'from*auietos(PedersenKG.I55).Arm.hav`bird,
cock,hen'canhaveindeedsuggestion-h,butalsoas*pu-belongto*pu-`theyoung,boy'(slav.
pta`bird'etc).
References:
References:WP.I21,WH.84,850.
Seealso:
Seealso:Inconnectionwithitstandmostprobablythewordsforègg',seeunderu- .
Page(s):
Page(s):86
Root/lemma: au ( e)-10, au (o)-, u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wehen,blasen,hauchen'
Grammaticalinformation:participleu -ntNote:
Note:inslav.languagesoftenfromthe`throwdice',i.e.tothecleaningofthegrainofthechaffby
throwingofthegrainsagainstthewind.
Material:
Material:I.belongtolightrootformau ( e)- :
a.Gr.(ifnotlateneologism),-(seeunderIIa).
b.Mcymr.awy`violentgustofwind',acorn.awitàir'(*aueido-);
c.u e -dhro- presumablyinanord.vern.`wind,air,weather',as.wedarn.`weather,badweather',
ahd.wetar`weather,scent,freeair,wind(ofanimals)'andOldChurchSlavicvedro`cheerful
weather',vedr`jovial,merry(fromtheweather)';
u -d- perhapsingr.`fragrant';inu -dh- correlatesPerssonBeitr.664doubtingstill
,,Hes.).
d.r- , l- derivatives:gr.àerialbreath,draft'(placeslightrootformau - ahead,as,
,Wetter,seeunder);but,Gen.`smoke,fog,air'staysaway,seeunderu e r- `bind,
hangup'.
Gr.,ol.`storm'(*F-);cymr.awenìnspiration',awelf.`wind,breath',acorn.auhel
àura,heaven,breeze',mcorn.awel`weather',brit.Lw.mir.ahl(hhiatussign),aial`wind,breath'.
AccordingtoThurneysenGrammar125air.oal`mouth'from*auel.
e.au - et- ingr.Hes.,Et.M.,(contractedfrom)`vapour,

smoke,smoke',withzerograde,butanalogicalabsorptionof-:`breath,draftofthebellows,
thewind,smell,hotauraofthefire',ds.
II.belongtoheavyrootform:
a.u- , u-: OldIndianvti,av.viti`blows',gr.ds.,kypr.(readwithfrom*dj-)Hes.

(thatinperhapsprothetic;fromlightrootformcomegr.Hes.;
maybealb.(**u -nts )vesh`strike,blow,hit'.
`sharpblowing',àdverseblowing',èxcessiveblowing'withstretchin
compound);besidestheparticiple*u -nt- `blowing'(OldIndianvnt-,gr.Akk.)stand*u -ntos `wind'inlat.ventus,got.etcwinds,ahd.wint,cymr.gwynt`wind',whereforelat.ventilre`(*expose
toadraught,brandish,fan),oscillate,vibrate',ventilbrum`throwshovel',got.diswinjan`separate
thegrain(thewheat)fromthechaff',winiskar`throwshovel'(germ.,nexttowhichwithgramm.
variationdin:)ahd.wintn`winnow,fan',winta,wintscvala`winnowingshovel',ags.windwian`to
exposetothehoist,winnow,fan'(engl.winnow);toch.Awant,yente`wind'.
Abouthett.hu-u-wa-an-te-e(h(u)uante)`hoist'()seeForrerbyFeist565,placesthewordas
`(hurrying)clouds'tohu-wa-a-i`runs,flees',whichalsobelongshere;seeCouvreur119f.,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6804.
n -present:gr.from*F--(comparetotheformationSchwyzerGr.Gr.I694)andfrom
*F`cleanthegrainsbyshakingupofthechaff,sieves',FHes.(delivers
;seealsoBechtelKZ.46,374);isbasedonsuchzerograden -present,butinmeaning
`blow',thusOldPrussianwinsàir',Akk.winnen`weather'
i o -present(orfromrootform*ui-):OldIndianvyati`blows',av.fravyeiti`goesout'',got.waan
waw,ags.wwan,ahd.wjan,wen`blow',OldChurchSlavicvj,vjet`blow'and`winnow,fan'
(therefromruss.vjalo,sloven.vvnica,poln.wiejaczka`winnowingshovel,awinnowing-fan');
nominal:lit.vjas`blow';OldIndianvyu-,av.vyu`blow,wind,air'.
Forroot-likevalueof-i-leadsthesoundgrade*u - tothefollowingwordsinwhichgivespace,
however,partlytootherviews:OldChurchSlavicvijal,vijalica`storm,weather',russ.vjlica`snow
flurry'(alsovjlica!),vjuga`blizzard,snowstorm',zavjt`snow-covered,coveredwithsnow',
ech.vti(*vjati)`blow'(onlyslav.developmentsfromvortonigemvj-);
r.-ChurchSlavicvichr(*uisuro-)`whirlwind'(inanycase,atfirsttoruss.vichat`shake,move',
vichljat`toss,fling',s.BrugmannGrundr.II11049,PedersenIF.5,70,andprobablyas`whirl,swing
inthecircle'to*ueis-`turn');
lit.vdra,vidras`gale'(seeLeskienBild.438;inLit.veryrareforms-dra-comparereallylit.vtra
`storm'-urgestocaution);
hom.,,frombreathingoutorlettingoutthevitality(tolastmeaning
BechtelLexil21f.),gr.rootF-;mcymr.awys.82above.
b.au -d-: ahd.wzan,wiaz,mhd.wzen`blow,exhale,inflate',wz`gustofwind',lit.vdnti

`ventilate,cool';atmostgr.`breathes'from*F-(rather,however,gr.neologismofafter
otherverbsin-);
presumablyalso(from*au-d-ro-)lit.udram.`storm',n.`thunderstorm',OldPrussianwydra`blow'.
AboutOldIndiandharn.`chillness,cold',av.ar,aotads.comparePerssonBeitr.11.
c.u -lo- perhapsinlat.vltus`scattered,dissipated,fanaway,winnowthoroughly',whence

vlbra`somethingwinnowingthegrain'(Paul.Fest.68,3)andinahd.wlam.n.`fans'(ifnotfrom
*wla,seeunder)
d.u -s-: OldIndianvsa-,vsaka-`fragrance',vsayati`fillswithfragrance',savsita-`makes
stinking';isl.vs`frigidaura',vsaèxhale,blow,breathe',ndl.waas`whitefrost,ripe,smell,
fragrance',lit.vstu,vsti`cooloff,becomechillorbecomeaerial',vs`chillair,coolness',vsus
`chilly,aerial'.
e.t-furtherformations:OldIndianvta-,av.vt`blow',OldIndianvtula-(seeunder),gr.
`blowing,wind',`windy,aerial'=OldIndianvtula`windy'(also`mad;crack-brained;
demented;mind-boggling;insane;crazy;unbalanced';inadditionalsoperhapsgr.
`sacrilegious,outrageous,wanton,wicked'afterBrugmannBSGW.1901,94;inspiteofds.
notafterBechtelLexil.15toOldIndianytu-`spook,ghost');
lat.vannus`winnowing-fan'(from*uat-n-s,comparetheDemin.vatillumoriginallyàsmall
winnowingshovel';fromlat.comesahd.wanna,ags.fann`winnowing-fan',alsonhd.Wanne);
anord.vl,vli`whisk,tail'(aboutsyncopated*vela-from*vaila-),ahd.wedilds.;ahd.wadal`tail,
fan',Adj.`wandering,fickle,beggar',wadaln`sweepinacurve,rove'(protoGermanic*wala-,idg.
*u-tlo-),ags.waol`wandering',wdla`beggar,poor',wdl`poverty',wdlian`beg,bepoor'
(protoGermanic*wla-),nexttowhichahd.walln`wander,gadabout,pilgrimages',ags.weallian
`wander;roam;travel;journey;drift;float;rove;stray;migrate;hike;walk;ramble;tramp'(from
*wl-ja-n);ahd.wla`fans'(from*w-la-or*w-la-,seeabove);lit.vtra`storm',thunder-storm',
OldChurchSlavicvtràir,blow',OldPrussianwetro`blow';lit.vtyti`winnow,fan'.
Maybealb.(*vtytinj)`strike(lightning)':lit.vtyti`winnow,fan'
AboutOldIndianp-vjayati`make(fire/embers)blazebyblowingaironto(it/them)'(composed
fromPiniasKaus.tov-)seeWackernagelKZ.43,292.
Maybealb.vatra,vatr`hearth,(placewhereoneblowsthefire)'
Maybeheregr.(seeau -11 `striveoneself')as`gasp,pant,wheeze'
References:
References:WP.I220f.,Feist565a,Trautmann345,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I680.
Page(s):
Page(s):81-84
Root/lemma: au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r-(*akuent-:auent-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow,towet;water,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`benetzen,befeuchten,flieen'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehero- :
:`water
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/
Material:
Material:a)au / /- , au e nt-:
Note:
Thefollowingmutationshavetakenplace:Root:ak->aku//-,akuent->au//-,auent-:
Hisp.FlNAvo[s]>span.Ave,PNA[v]o-briga;gall.FlNAveda>prov.Avze(Gard),Avisioportus
(Alpes-mar.);
OldIndianavatm.`fountains,wells'(*auntos),ava-`cistern,tank'(withprakrit.fromt),ital.
FlNAvnsinSabineland(therefromAventnusm.hillofRome),Aventia(Etrurian),gall.Aventia,
springnymphofAventicum>frz.Avenches(Schweiz),numerousFlNAvantia(*aunti)>frz.Avance,
LaVence,abrit.*Avants>cymr.Ewenni;alit.FlNAvant,lett.avuts(*auontos)`sources,
wellspring,spring'.
b)au e d- , aud -, d - ;
Note:
ThezerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- `water,river'hasbeensuffixedinnasalized-(n)dor,-(n)tor:
*(a)ku//-,*(a)kuentor,*(a)huentor)>(a)ued-,(a)ud-,d-(*(a)hued-):
heteroklit.r/n-stemu dr , u dr (Nom.Sg.),udn(i) (Lok.Sg.),udns (Gen.Sg.)`water',compare
J.SchmidtPl.172ft.,PedersenKZ.32,240ff.,BartholomaePBrB.41,273.
OldIndiandat`thesoaking,theflowing',dman-n.`thewaves,floods',da-n-m`mashboiledin
milk',av.(*ahuoda)aoa-m.`wellspring,fount'.
OldIndianuntti(*u-n-ed-ti),3.Pl.undti`soaked,moistened';av.vaii-f.`waterrun,irrigation
canal'.
OldIndianudn(i)Lok.,udnGen.,udNom.Akk.Pl.`water'(Nom.Akk.Sg.udakm);fromrstemderivedsamudra`sea',anudra`waterless'(=gr.);
udro-s `wateranimal':OldIndianudràwateranimal'=av.udra-m.òtter'(=gr.,ahd.etc
ottar,comparealsolat.lutraandwithlit.dra,OldChurchSlavicvydrads.);
alsonasalizedalb.(*lutra)lundraòtter'aLatinloanword
from-(e)s -stemOldIndian(*hutsa-)utsa`spring,well',compareair.(*hudeskio-)uisce(*udeskio-)
`water';
Note:
Thefollowingphoneticmutationshavetakenplace:zerogradeinarm:(a)kuent->guet,zerogradein
slav.(a)hueda->voda,zerogradeinphryg.(a)kuedu>[commonGreekg>b,k>pphonetic
mutation]:
arm.(*gwet)get`river'(basicform*ued,Sandhiformtouedr,compareunderslav.voda;it
correspondsalsophryg.`water',i.e.*vedfrom*ued,KretschmerEinl.225).
Maybealb.(*guet)det`sea':arm.get`river'commonalb.gu->d-phoneticmutation.
Note
Note:
Maybephryg.`water':nasalizedillyr.Bindus`watergod'[commonillyr.gu->b-phonetic
mutation].
Maybealb.geg.bdor,vdor,dzbor`snow,snowfall':gr.`water'commonillyr.gw->bphoneticmutation.
Gr.,(*-n-)`water'(withmetr.elongation);fromr-stemderived
`waterless',,`watersnake',f.òtter',,`watery'(ds.with
suffixexchange;similarly`watersnake,ichneumon':=lak.:),
`dropsy',`waterbucket'(:lat.uter);fromn-stem(compare`watery')derived
eig.`seawave,wave,thebillow'(),epithetofAmphitriteandThetis(JohanssonBeitr.117;
fromalso`truffle'as`juicy'),aswellasprobably-,-(-),,-
(seeBoisacq998a)
es-stem`water'isonlylatepoet.Nom.Akk.toDat..
Maked.PNfrom*uedesi,KretschmerRIEtBalc.1,383.commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ssphoneticmutation.
Alb.uj`water'(afterPedersenKZ.34,286;36,339notfrom*udni,butfrom*ud-;or,nevertheless,
from*ud).
Theshift-dn->nj>jofpossiblyalb.(*udna-h)uj,ujnaPl.`water'hasalsobeenattestedinalb.
shtynj,shtyj`poke,push'(*studni);seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:(s)teu-1 :
:`topush,hit'
Maybealb.ujneut.Pl.`water'isatruncatedderivativeofLuwianwida--`watery',hitt.witiìnwater'.
Luwianwatti `'
D-LSg
D-LSgwa-at-ti:KBoXXIX25iii10.
CouldbecognateofHitt.witi'inwater',butunprovable.
Luwianwida- `watery'
D-LPl
D-LPl-i-da-an-za:45ii6.
SeeWatkins,Flex.u.Wortbild.376.Cf.perh.witam[]atKBo
XXIX37,4.ContraStarke,StBoT31.567f,witi,witaand
witazareHittite!
Luwianwitantalli(ya)- òfthewater(s)'()
N-ASgNt
N-ASgNt-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an:43ii1.
-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-ya-an-za:43ii9.
-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-an-za:19,4*.
AbIn
AbIn-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-ti:19,8*.
Mereguessbasedonshape&context.Farfromassured!
Luwianwitatt(a)- `'
ASg
ASg-i-ta-at-ta-an:43ii11.
Perhapsagainaderivativeof`water'.A2ndpl.imv.ofwida(i)ishighlyunlikelyinthecontext.
LuwianNINDA
NINDAwiyattatar ''
N-ASg
N-ASgNINDA-i-ya-at-ta-tar:XVII24ii3.
Lat.(*hunda)unda,f.`water,fluid,esp.awave;fig.astreamofpeople'(withn-infixfromthepresent;
compareOldPrussian(*gwundan)wundann.,undsm.`water'andOldIndian(*hundati)untti,undti
aswellaslit.vandu,-es,vnden,em.unduo,lett.densm.f.`water',andinadditionSchulze
EN.243,BrugmannGrdr.II23,281,283,Trautmann337);
(*huter)uter,utris`hose,tube'(*udri-s`*waterhose',comparegr.),lutraòtter'(l-afterlutum
`mud,mire,dirt;clay,puddle').
Umbr.(*hutor)uturn.`water'(=),Abl.une(*udni).
Air.(*hudesko)u(i)sce`water'(*udeskio-),odar`brown'(*udaros),coinfodorneòtters'(`waterdogs').
Got.wat(n-stem),Dat.Pl.watnam`water';aschwed.vtur(=idg.eratherumlautfromgerm.a
inthe-in-case,seeBartolomaeaaO.),
aisl.(*gvatna)vatnn.(takeso-stem,comparegot.Dat.Pl.watnam),vatr,nord.seanameVttern;
ahd.wazzar,as.watar,ags.wter(*uodr)`water';
aisl.(*huotar)otr,ags.otor,ahd.ottarm.òtter,watersnake',inadditionFlNOtter,oldUterna;with
nasalizationwithintheword(compareabovetolat.unda)probablygot.wintrus,aisl.vetr,ags.winter,
ahd.as.wintar`winter'as`wetseason'(LidnPBrB.15,522,Falk-rpundervinter;notbettertoir.
find`white',seeundersu e id- `shine');
perhapstoWasseralsoahd.ags.(*hwaschan)wascan,aisl.vaska,nhd.waschen,wusch(*wat-sk-);
withlengthenedgradeoftherootshapedfromaisl.vtr,ags.wt,engl.wet`wet,soaked'.
InGerm.alsowithags.waumm.`wave',zerogradeaisl.unnr,ur,Pl.unnir`wave',as.thia,
ia,ags.y,ahd.(*gvundra)undea`wave,billow,flood',likefromarootvariant*uet-,however,itis
foundnowhereelse;JohanssonBeitr.117f.seesthereinthetofthetypeOldIndianyakr-t.
Lit.(*gvoundu)vanduetc(seeabove);lit.(*hudras)dra,pr.udrof.,ostlit.dras,lett.drism.
òtter';OldChurchSlavic(*gvudras)vydra,skr.vdra(bsl.d-:lit.vnd-eni;seefinallyTrautmann
334m.Lit.;tocomparePedersent.Lit.54f.);
Maybealb.vidra`seaotter'Slavicloanword.
OldChurchSlavic(*gvoda)voda`water'(becomeFem.becauseoftheending-a,hereforidg.-[r]);
lengthenedgradeOldChurchSlavicvdro`,'(withattuningwellinthemeaning,
s.MeilletMSL.14,342,Trautmann337);
hett.wa-a-tar(*gwtar,wtar)`water',Gen.-te-na-a(e-gradeasphryg.,aofNom.frome).
Nom.Pl.u-witaar,withunsettledvocalisminspiteofPedersenHitt.167.
Maybetheoldlaryngealpresentinhitt.Gen.-te-na-aòfwater',Nom.Pl.u-witaar`waters'was
transmitedtoturk.su`water'.
c)au e r - `water,rain,river'(ur-:r-;totheablautPerssonBeitr.604,Anm.2).
1.u r -, u e r-: OldIndianvr,vrin.`water',av.vrn.`rain'(withthemat.inflectioniran.av.vr`to
rain',med.àllowtorain,letrain'),OldIndianvrf.`water',av.vairi-m.`sea';
toch.Awr,war`water';
arm.gay`marsh,mud'(*uerio-);
gr.perhapsin`scoops',if*F[](see*aus-`scoop,drawwater,ladle');
alb.(afterJoklSBAk.Wien168I30,89,97)vrnd`lightrain'(nt-participle);hur-d`pond,tank,
marsh'(*r-),shureùrine',shur(postverbal)f.ùrine'(prefixshfromlat.exoridg.*sm+r-n;or+
gr.);
Note
Note:
Albanianpreservedtheoldlaryngeal->s-likesatemlanguagesalb.(*srna)shuraùrine':Hittite
ehurùrine':lat.rnaùrine'.Butinalb.hur-d`pond,tank,marsh'alb.preserved-laryngeallike
centumlanguages.
cymr.gwerm.`suet,sebaceous,tallow';
anord.varim.`liquid,water'.
2.r- , au e r-: Lat.rnaùrine'(inwhichmeaninginfluencedby),rnor,-r`todive',rntor
àdiver';
Maybealb.urela`water-pit':Basqueura`water'.
anord.r`finerain',yra`torainsubtly',rigr`dew-covered',ags.rigds.;
perhapsanord.rr,Gen.rar(u-stem),ags.r,ahd.ro,rohso,lat.Lw.rusàkindofwildox',
schwed.mdartl.ure`randybull,abullinheat'(`*onethatscatters,drops,onethatinseminates'as
OldIndianvran-etc,seeunder);
rootformau e r - inthrak.FlN,gr.(PerssonIF.35,199)*`water,spring'in
`withoutwater,ofbrooks'underlikewise(aboutgr.andcompareSchwyzer
Gr.Gr.I267,444);
inFlN:ital.Met-aurus(Bruttium),Pisaurus(Umbrien),gall.Avara>frz.Avre,Aura>frz.Eure,Aurana
>nhd.Ohrn(Wrttemb.),Arauris>frz.Hrault,Vi-aurus>frz.LeViaur;pr.Aure,lit.Auryt;
anord.aurigr`wet',aurr`wet,water',FlNAura,ags.ar`sea';
pr.wurs(*ras)`pond,pool',irinAkk.Sg.,iuriayPl.fem.`sea',alett.jri-m.,lett.j'ra,lit.jrs,
jriosPl.fem.`sea,esp.theBalticSea'(seeabovetolat.rna;j-presumablysuggestionafterJ.
SchmidtPL204);
lit.jaurs`swampy,marshy',jura,juras`marshyplace,marshyground,swampbottom'from*eur(seeBernekerIF.10,162,Trautmann335m.Lit.).
Maybearm.jur,Gen.jroy`water'[notfrom(*ghro-)seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gher- :
:`torun,flow'
]:alb.(*jura>uja)uj,ujraPl.`water'.
3.Verbum:Lit.vrdu,vrti`bubble,surge,cook',versm`wellspring',vrius`whirlpools',atvyrs
`counterstreamontheshore',lett.verdu,virt`soak,bubble,boil,cook',atvars`whirl',
OldChurchSlavicvrj,vrti`stream,bubble,surge,boil,cook',vir`whirlpool',izvor`wellspring
(bubblingwater)',whereforewithfrom`cook'developedmeaning`heat',lett.wersme`glow',Old
ChurchSlavicvar`heat'.
Aboutpossibleaffiliationof*u e r/ e /n àlder'seethere.
4.extensionu e r-s- `rain,dew':OldIndianvar-n.`rain,rainyseason,year'(varatiìtisraining'),

gr.ùrine';,`dew',ion.att.ùrinates'(kausativ*uorsei,F-provedbythe
augmentation),àwaterbird';
mir.frass`rain'isolderfross(urost,inspiteofPedersenKG.I44);hett.waaraa
`rain'()seemsOldIndianLw.
Maybealb.(*var-)vesa`dew':`dew'.
u r s en- `dischargingsemen=virile',OldIndianvrn-`virile',m.`manikin,man,stallion'.
thereofderivedav.varna-`virile',OldIndianva-,vrabh-`bull',vi-`virile',m.Àries,ram'(=
av.varni-ds.),vaa-m.`testicles';
Specht(Dekl.156)placeshere(fromgerm.*wrai-njan-)withouts-extensionahd.reineo`stallion',as.
wrniods.,ags.wrne`horny,lustful';ahd.wrenno`stallion'isback-borrowedfromMlat.
u e rs/i-: lat.verrs,-is`boar',lit.veris`calf',lett.versisòx,rother,cattle'.
References:
References:compareingeneralPerssonrootextension47,85f.,JohanssonKZ.30,418,IF.2,60
ff.,PerssonBeitr.604f.,845(alsoagainstconnectionofuers-withers-).Aboutfinn.vesi,stemvete
`water's.MikkolaMl.vanGinneken137.
WP.I252f.,268f.,WH.I81f.,PokornyUrillyrier93,105,159,169,SpechtDekl.18f.,Trautmann
20,334,337,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I519,548,838.
Page(s):
Page(s):78-81
Root/lemma: au e sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;gold,dawn,auroraetc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten',especiallyvomTagesanbruch
Material:
Material:OldIndianuf.Akk.usam,Gen.usaàurora',av.u,Akk.uhm,
Gen.uahds.(uas-tara-èastern'),nexttowhichOldIndianGen.Sg.,Akk.Pl.u,av.Lok.Sg.
ui-[,s.*dem- `tobuild']eitherfromarootnoun*us-,oras*us-s-tos-stem;OldIndianucchti=
av.usaiti(*us-skti)`shinesin(fromthemorning)',
Perf.OldIndianuvsa,Aor.avasran`theyshone';uar-,usr`dawn,aurora,earlymorning,primeof
theday,redsky',uarbdh-èarlyawake',usr-èarlymorning,reddish',alsofigurative`cow',m.
`bull'(Frisk,nominalformation3);
u e s- , u s- inOldIndianvasarhn-`strikinginthemorningearlymorning',vsar-èarlymorning',
m.`day'(compareinadditionalsotherelatedrootunderparticularcatchwordr/n-stem*u e s-r- ,
u e s - n - `springtide,spring');
gr.hom.*(uss),Gen.(),att.(withaccentinnovation),dor.,F,changing
throughablautol.àurora'(protogr.[]),bot.and(*);
`nearthemorning',`tomorrow'(*-);hom.`radiativemorning';`rooster,cock'(*usi-`singinginthemorningearlymorning');
Maybegr.`nearthemorning':alb.agu`dawn's/hallophones:Estonianagu`daybreak,
dawn':Latvianausma,sju
jums`dawn'
Note:
lat.aurraf.àurora,themorning,dawn,daybreak'(for*uss);auster(*aus-t(e)ro-=germ.*austra)`souther,southerlywind',austrlis`southern';
presumablyalsoaurum,sabin.ausom`gold'as`*reddish';tolit.uksas(k-unexplained),alit.ausas,
pr.ausis`gold';
maybetruncatedalb.(*aur-)ar`gold'
perhapstoch.Aws`gold',butcomparearm.oski`gold',finn.vas-ki`copper';perhapsVesuvius
(differentlyundereus-`burn');
mir.fir`sunrise',cymr.gwawràurora',bret.gwerelaouen`morningstar'(*usri-,PedersenKG.I
82);
germ.*austrinags.astre`springgoddess',astronPl.Èaster'=ahd.st(a)ra,starn;againstit
withidg.-t(e)ro-,ahd.starèastern'andAdv.`theaftereast',nhd.ster-reich,anord.austrn.Èast'
andAdv.èastwards',
ags.compoundsasterra`moretotheeast',inadditionOstrogothae,olderAustrogotias`theeastern
Goths';ahd.stan`fromtheeast',ags.astef.Èast',anord.austan`fromtheeast';*ussinags.
arendel`morningstar',ahd.MNOrendil;
lit.aurf.àurora',ata`dayisbreaking',lett.ustds.;lit.autrnis(vjas)`north-eastwind',lett.
ustraf.`daybreak',ustrumsm.Èast';inablautem.apriaim.`daybreak';
OldChurchSlaviczaustra`'(aboututro,jutro`morning'from*aus(t)ro-compareTrautmann
19,MikkolaUrsl.Gr.179andBerneker462f.m.Lit.,whereforeBrcknerKZ.46,212,auspoln.ci
`shine'reconstructssl.*usto`lustre,shine'),ustr`relatingtosummer'(seePedersenIF.5,69).
comparetoablautJ.SchmidtKZ.25,23f.,HirtAbl.134,147,ReicheltKZ.39,69.
maybealb.(*nìn'+aur),nesr,nesret,nesr`tomorrowmorning,tomorrow'
References:
References:WP.I26f.,WH.I86,87f.,Trautmann19,SpechtDekl.10,Wackernagel-Debrunner
OldIndianGr.Ill213and281f.,KretschmerGl.27,231;LeumannIF.58,121ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
349,514,557.
Page(s):
Page(s):86-87
Root/lemma: au -11 (u e -d(h)- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totry,force
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichmhen,anstrengen'
Material:
Material:SolmsenUnters.267f.connectsOldIndianvyati,-t`getstired,isexhausted,tires'with
gr.`drudgery,contest'(*F-),,`fight,cut-throatprice,battlefield',whereby
-assumeseithersuggestionvowelisoramorefullrootform*au-besides*u-.Withitatmost
compatiblyisZupitzasKZ.37,405comparingthegr.wordswithmir.feidmèffort',
fedil`persistent,persevering',air.nifedligedar`(he,she)doesnotstay'(wherebyformalmeasure
relationshipwouldbecomparableas*m-`(apportionbymeasure),allot,(*cut)':*med-,*u-`blow':
anord.ver,nhd.Wetter),whereforePedersenKG.I110,cymr.gweddil`remnant,leavings'(outofit
mir.fuidell)places;heretoch.waimene`difficult,hard'
However,thearrangementisquiteunsafeinallitsparts.Forvyatièxertitself'asbasicmeaningin
wouldputthequestionthroughthemeaning`dryup'fromvna`dry',upa-vyati`beextinguishedby
dryingup,dryup',
upavta-`becomedry';andintakesturnsmostofcourse--assuffixal,whilethedentalir.
wordsroot-likedordhis,thusatbestsurelyexistsdistantrelationship.
References:
References:WP.I223,VanWindekensLexique149.
Page(s):
Page(s):84
Root/lemma: au i Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofgrass,oat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grasart,Hafer'
Material:
Material:Lat.avnaòatsorwildoats,madeonlyasacattlefeed;henceoatenpipe,shepherd's
pipe;ingen.,anystalk,straw'(presumablyafterarna,terrnustooccurredsuffixexchangefor
*avnafrom*aui-sn);
lit.avi,lett.(Pl.f.)uzas,OldPrussianwyseòat',OldChurchSlavicovs,russ.ovsòat'(s
fromzprobablyprobablybecauseitoccursattheendofthewordinconservativeNom.*ovz),but
àwildgrasskind,straw,stalkorlikewise'barelyas*Fhere.
AfterSpechtDekl.298wouldbeassumedratheridg.*aui-besides*aues-(*auesn>avna).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):88
Root/lemma: au - 5, au Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweave
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,weben'
Material:
Material:Unextendedin:OldIndiantum,tav(fromderset-basisvtav)`toweave',Perf.vu,
participlet-,v-uta-(alsodaspresentvyati`weaves'canbeafterWackernagelOldIndianGr.I94
an-eio-presentv-yati,sothatFut.vayiyati,vya-`weaver'onlyinadditiononewouldbenewcreated),tu-m.`woofoffabric',vna-n.`theweaving'.
TotheexistenceofaheavybaseistobestuckagainstWackernagelbecauseofvtave`weave,
twist',vnam(W.mustunderstandt-asneologismtovyateafterht-:hvyate).
dh -extension1.au-dh- , 2.(a)u - d h- , u-dh-:

1.Arm.zaud`strap'(zaudem`connects,tiestogether'),yaud`strap,limb,joint'(y-audem`join
together'),aud`shoe';
lit.udiau,udiu,usti`toweave',ataudaPl.`woof',disàuniquefabric,theweaving',dasèel
line'(vowelaswithuguìncrease,sprout':gsànnualgrowth');
russ.uslo`fabric'(uzda`bridle'),seebeloweu- `pull'.Itgoesbacktotheimageoftheweavingor
spiningandthatofherassignedfategoddess:
audh- `luck,possession,wealth':illyr.PNAudarus,Audata(:germ.Audoberht),paion.PN
Audlen(KraheIF.58,132),cymr.udd(*audos)`master,mister'(differentLewis-Pedersen14),
bret.ozac'h`landlord'(*udakkos),LothRC.41,234;as.dan,ags.aden,anord.auinn`granted
fromthedestiny,grants',anord.auna`destiny,luck',aur`wealth',ags.ad`possession,wealth,
luck',
as.d`possession,prosperity',ahd.ald`fullandfreepossession'(mlat.allodium),mhd.klein-t
`jewel',got.audahafts`makeshappy',audags`blessed,fortunate',ahd.tac`happy,rich'.
2.Anord.vf.`fabric,piece,stuff,ascomesreadyoftheloom,dragnet',Pl.vir`gowns,clothes',
ags.wd(*wi-)f.`clothes,rope',as.wd`clothes',ahd.wt,Gen.-i`clothes,armament';
anord.varm.`rope,string,fishingline',schwed.norw.vadn.`dragnet'(anord.vztf.`spotfor
fishingatseafrom*waa-st),mhd.wate,wadef.`dragnet,trawlnet',mhd.spinne-wet`spinning
web'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:Maybehereu e bh- `toweave',u e dh- `bind,connect'(whereforeasnasalformprobably
u e ndh- ),seethere;alsoperhapsu e i- `twist,spin',(a)ueg- `toweaveetc'(u e r- ``twist,spin'),u e s`wrap'.
Page(s):
Page(s):75-76
Root/lemma: au - 6, au e dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospeak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprechen'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.Imperf.`(he,she)called(out),shouted',Hes.
OldIndianvdati`letsthevoiceresound,talks'(Perf.dim,participleudit-),vdanam`thesounds,
talking,mouth',ditif.`speech',vdayatiàllowstosound,plays(amusicinstrument),allowsto
speak',vditram`musicalinstrument,music',vda-`soundletting,m.sound,call,sound,statement,
battleofwords';
inthelengthenedgradeandthemeaningcomparesitselfinnextOldChurchSlavicvada`calumny',
vaditiàccuse';
nasalizedOldIndianvandate,-ti`praises,praises,greetswithrespect',vandanam`praise,price,
reverentialgreeting',vandru-àppreciative,praising';seestillUhlenbeckOldIndianWb.under
vallakàkindofsounds',vallabha-`minion,favourite'.
Gr.[i.e.F]Hes.,(F)`quiiF,i.e.`,[i.e.F]
Hes.;
zerograde,(broughtoutsomewherefromtheAlexandrines)`sings,glorifies',,
(Theognostos.19,26)(`ballad,song'rathertotheweddingcall:other
interpretationsverz.WaldeLEWb.2undersu,Boisacqs.v.,againdifferentRisch50).
Lit.vadin,vadnti`shout,call'.
au - -d- in(F)`nightingale'(Hes.,ol.and,thezerogradein`sound,voice,language'(ol.Sappho),`shouts,speaks',,dor.
`speakingwithhumanvoice'.
au - ei-d- in(F)(att.)`sings',(F)(att.)`song',`singer',`singer'.
DifferentlyWackernagelKZ.29,151f.
Toch.watk-,ABwtk-,yaitk-`command,order'.
References:
References:WP.I251f.,SpechtKZ.59,119f.,VanWindekensLexique155.
Page(s):
Page(s):76-77
Root/lemma: au - 7, au -, au iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolike;tohelp,*desire
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gernhaben';dahereinerseits`verlangen',andrerseits`begnstigen,hilfreich
sein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvati`desires,favorsaboveothers,promotes,patronizes'=av.avaiti`provides,
helps'=air.con-i`protects';messap.FÌbid(s.o.)farewell(towishs.o.tobestrongtobe
healthy)';
OldIndianvas-n.`satisfaction,favour,assistance'=av.avah-n.`help'(inadditionprobablyOld
Indianavas-n.`nourishment'),comparegr.-`favorable'(*-F);OldIndianman`favorable,helping'=av.aoman-`supporting,helping',OldIndianmn-m.`favour,assistance,
protection',
ma`comrade';OldIndianavitr-m.`patron,sponsor,patronizer'(fromwhich2-syllablerootform
asFut.aviyati,Perf.2.Sg.vitha,aswellasparticiplet-and:)t`delivery,help';
arm.aviun`violentdesire,longing;esp.irrationalwhim,caprice,orimmoderatepassion,lust'
(PeterssonEt.Misz.8);
gr.-Fin2.partofGreekfamilynames()compareKretschmerGl.18,232f.,different
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I487,3;521;(Theokrit)`friend,lover';
lat.ave,-re(basisau[i]-asinpreceding)`beeager,haveawilddesire,longfor,desire',avidus
`desiring,longingfor;esp.greedyformoney,avaricious'(therefromaude,-re`tobedaring;todare,
venture,bringoneselfto'),avrus`covetous,greedy';
air.coni`protects',cymr.ewyllys`favor,wishdesire',corn.awell`desire',abr.aiulùnaided,
wantonly,voluntarily',mbret.eoull,youll`favor,wishdesire',asanamecomponentingall.Avi-cantus
(=abret.Eucant),acymr.Euilaununderlikewise,alsoinahd.namesasAwileib,Awo;comparegot.
awiliu`,';mcymr.rimaw`hegrantstome',cymr.ad-aw(withnegat.at-)`leave',
abret.di-etegueticàbandoned,forsaken,deserted,destitute'(*di-at-aw-etic).
Falk-Torp1407addsalsoan:ahd.di,as.thi,ags.Adj.ee,Adv.aeèasy,comfortable',ahd.
dmuoti,as.thmdi`modest',ags.amd`modest',anord.aumjkr`tomoveeasily,willing,
modest',
aukendr`torecognizeeasily';basicmeaningis`willing',fromwhich`tomakeeasy';formalgerm.toparticiple-formationtoawi-(examplegerm.auia-`deserted;flat;waste;empty;abandoned;blasted;
desolate;bleak;grey;gray;barren;stuffy;dull;tedious').Ratheruncertainly.
Ifalsoaltlit.autis`refreshoneself',atauimas`refreshment',lett.ataust`recover,refresh',atast
ìnvigorate,refresh'areused,thezerogradeliestothem*aus-ofinOldIndianvas-,gr.-
presentasabasises-stem.Or=lit.uti`getcold',uyti`cool'
Toch.Bau-lre,Aolar`comrade';asdubiousomaute`longing',w-r(n)-`crave,longfor',Aw-aste
`protection'withangebl.zerogradetherootratherherewa-`give',A1.Sg.ws(PedersenTochar.
186).
References:
References:WP.I19,WH.I81,850,VanWindekensLexique9,79,153,157.
Page(s):
Page(s):77-78
Root/lemma: au - 8, au iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toperceive,understand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sinnlichwahrnehmen,auffassen'
Material:
Material:OldIndian-avatiwithud-andpra-àufmerken,heed',OldChurchSlavicum`Verstand'
(basicform*au-mo-);moreovertoch.om-palokoe`meditation'DifferentPedersen,Tochar.223
Anm.
u i s-: lengthenedgradeOldIndianvAdv.àpparent,manifest,obvious,bemerkbar',av.viAdv.
àpparent,manifest,obvious,vorAugen'(npers.kr`clear,bright';OldIndianviya-,av.viyaòffenkundig');OldChurchSlavicav,javAdv.`kund,apparent,manifest,obvious'(inendingafter
denAdjektivadverbienauf-reshapedfrom*av,whereof:)aviti,javitiòffenbaren,kundmachen,
show'(lit.vytis`sichinTraumesehenlassen'Lw.fromdemSlav.).
fullgrade:gr.,Aor.`wahrnehmen'(*F--);lat.audi`hear'from*auizdhi,
compareoboediofrom*b-avizdhiabout*obodi;gr.(neologismtoAor.-(),)
`vernehme,hear'(*F-),`belongs,ruchbar,bekannt'.
Hereprobablyhett.u-u-iÌsee,observe',auzi`sees',--ri-i(fromau-warii)Àusschau,
Warte',iterat.uk-`wiederholtsehen'.
References:
References:WP.I17,WH.I80,Trautmann21,PedersenHittitisch172f.
Page(s):
Page(s):78
Root/lemma: au o -s (*ua)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grandfather
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grovatermtterlicherseits'
Note:
Theoriginalrootwashett.u-u-a-a(ua)`grandfather'branchedintoRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au o -s :
grandfatherincentumlanguagesandRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ss- (*ghus )::parent:alb.(*ua)gjysh
`grandfather'insatemlanguages;oldlaryngealcentum->a-,e-:satem->s-;
Material:
Material:Arm.hav,Gen.havu`grandfather',lat.avus`grandfather;poet.,ingen.,anancestor';fem.
lat.avia`grandmother'(seefinallyLeumann-Stolz5204),dubiousgr.as`primordialmotherearth'
(compareBrugmannIF.29,206ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I473;
lat.also-hu->-v-phoneticmutation.
differentJacobsohnPhil.67,484f.,KretschmerGlotta5.307);avtusòfagrandfather,ancestral'is
probablyshapedaftermartus,olderi-steminlit.avnas`brotherofthemother';
differentlyJacobsohnPhil.67,484f.,innkeepersGlotta5.307);avtus`large-scalefatherly,
angestammt'isformedprobablyaftermartus,oldi-steminlit.avynas`brotherofthemother';
io-derivativeOldPrussianawisùncle',OldChurchSlavic*ujds.(ujkaàunt'),air.(h)ueà
grandson,anephew',mir.(a),ads.;en-stem:got.aw`grandmother',anord.afi`grandfather',i
`great-grandfather',ags.am,afries.m,ahd.heim,
nhd.Oheim,Ohm(afterOsthoffPBrB.13,447*awun-haimaz`theone(he)wholivedingrandfather's
home'),afterR.MuchGerm.205from*auhaim<idg.*auoskoimos`deargrandfather',compare
cymr.tadcu[*tatoskoimos]`grandfather'),
lat.avunculus`brotherofthemother'(probablycaressingdiminutivean*av,-nis);cymr.ewythr,
acorn.euitor,bret.eontrùncle'(*auen-tro-).
Thestemcalledoriginallythegrandparentsonthematernalside,becomethroughthewordsfor
ùncleorauntonthematernalside'probably,s.HermannGGN.1918,214f.
Daarm.havcouldgobackalsoto*pap-,wouldbeauosonlynorth-westidg.Onaccountofhere
hett.u-u-a-a(ua)`grandfather'Lyk.*uga`grandfatheronthematernalside'appearsto
speakratherforAsiaMinororigin.
References:
References:WP.I20f.,WH.88f.,851,PedersenLyk.underHitt.25f.,RischMus.Helv.1,118ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):89
Root/lemma: b el-, b l-, abe lEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:apple
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àpfel'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma: b el-, b l-, abe l- :
:àpple'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:om- (*amel)::`raw,
bitter,*sweet'.
Material:
MaybeOldIndian:
OldIndian:abal-m.`theplantTapiaCrataeva'{`Crataegusroxburghii'(H.EbelKZVI,
1957:216)}[ItisaproofoftheEuropeanoriginofthecognate].
Lat.Abella(osk.town,cityinCampanien)maliferaàpple-bearing',afterVerg.Aen.7,740,might
havereceivedhernameafteroftheapplebreedingandrejectonthebasicform*ablon.Theappleis
notnamedpossiblyonlyafterthetown.
IntheKelt.thenamesaretobedistinguishedforàpple'(*ablu)andàppletree'(*abaln-).Gall.avallo
`fruit',Aball(n-stem)PN,frz.Avallon,abrit.PNAballva,gallo-rom.*aballincaÀlpinemistletoe'
(Wartburg);
Maybeillyr.PNAulona
air.ubull(*ablu)n.àpple',ncymr.afal,Pl.afalau,corn.bret.avalm.àpple',butmir.aball(*abaln)f.
àppletree',acymr.aball,mcymr.avallPl.euyill(analogical)f.,acymr.aballen,ncymr.afallenàpple
tree'(withsingulativeending).
ThesameablautformsintheGermanic:
Krimgot.apel(got.*apls),ahd.apful,afful,mhd.apfel,ags.ppel(engl.apple),an.eplin.(apalgrràpple-gray')àpple'.Germ.probably*ap(a)la-,*aplu-.Furtheran.apaldràppletree',ags.
apuldor,ppuldre,ahd.apholtra(comparenhd.AffolternPN),mhd.apfalteràppletree'(*apaldra-).
TheBalticshowscleartracksinIdg.completelyisolatedl-declension*bl,G.Sg.*beles.
lengthenedgradeofthesuffixappearsmostlyinthewordforàpple':ostlit.obuols,lett.buolis(-iiostem),westlit.buolas,lett.buols(o-stem)fromidg.*bl-;
Normalgrademostlyinthewordforàppletree';lit.obels(fem.i-stem),lett.bels(i-stem),bele(stem)fromidg.*bel-;butOldPrussianwoblef.(*bl-)àpple',wobalne(*bolu-)f.àppletree'.
Abg.ablko,jablko,poln.jabko,slov.jbolko,russ.jblokoàpple'(*ablkofrom*blu-)etc;abg.
(j)ablan,sloven.jblan,aech.jablan,jablon,russ.jblonàppletree',fromidg.*boln-(influences
thesoundformof*abloàpple').
Althoughauniformbasicformisnotattachable,itbecomesbothlat.kelt.germ.bsl.formsonly
aroundancientrelationshipandbarelyaroundborrowingact.Withrespecttolat.abies`fir'etc.very
uncertain.
Note
Note:
TheoldestIEcognateisLuvian:*amlu(wa)-àpple-(tree)';Attestations:[HittErgSg]a-ma-lu-waa-ma-lu-wa-
an-za
an-za:145iii18.GI H A H U R-an-za
R-an-za:XLIV4+Vo26.GI H A H U R-lu-wa-an-za
R-lu-wa-an-za:XLIV4+Vo28.
Commentary:Aboveanalysismostlikely,buttextualtraditioniscorrupt.Luviannt.nom.-acc.sg.
amluwan=zaalsopossible.Cf.Starke,KZ95.153f,andSoysal,Or58.174ff.
FromthecommonIEshiftm>mb>bderived*amlu(wa)->Root/lemma:
Root/lemma: b el-, b l-, abe l- :
àpple'inGermaniclanguageswhileinRomancelanguagestookplacethecoomonillyr.alb.sa>
zero,phoneticmutationLuvian*amlu(wa)-àpple-(tree)'>lat.malum-in.ànapple,orothersimilar
fruit';alb.geg.mollàpple'.
AlsoProto-Slavicform:jemela;jemelo;jemel;jmela;jmelo{2}[PageinTrubaev:VI26-27]:
Russ.omla`mistletoe'[f],OldRuss.imela`mistletoe'[f],Czechomela(dial.)`mistletoe'[f];
omelo(dial.)`mistletoe'[no];jmel,mel(dial.)`mistletoe'[fi],Slovakjemelo(dial.),hemelo(dial.)
`mistletoe'[no];imelo,jmelo(dial.)`mistletoe'[no],Poln.jemioa,jamioa`mistletoe'[f];imioa
(dial.)`mistletoe'[f],UpperSorbianjemjel`mistletoe'[mo],LowerSorbianjemjo,hemjo`mistletoe'
[mo],Serbo-Croatianmela(dial.)`mistletoe'[f];mela,mla`mistletoe'[f],Slovenejemla
(dial.),omla(dial.)`mistletoe'[f];imla,mla`mistletoe'[f],Proto-Balto-Slavicreconstruction:
emel-;Lith.malas,malas`mistletoe'[mo]3b,Latv.amuols;muols(BW);amuls;mals;muls
`mistletoe,clover'[mo]{1},OldPruss.emelno(EV)`mistletoe'.
Bibliography:Anikin1998:334-336,Andersen1996:133-135
Notes:{1}Theformswith-mayshowtheinfluenceofbulsàpple,clover'.{2}Thisplantnameis
probablyaborrowingfromtheIllyrianVenetian
IllyrianVenetiansubstratumlanguage.TheSlavicformswith*jmmustbeduetopopularetymology(themistletoe'ssapisusedtoproducebird-lime),cf.OCSimati`to
take'.AnetymologicalconnectionwithPIE*h1m-`totake'isdoubtful,asistheconnectionwith
*H3eHm-`raw'.
maybegr.Compounds:
Compounds:plantgrowinginthesametimeastheapple-tree,`medlar',=
.
ProbablyTocharianB:
TocharianB:mla*'akindofintoxicatingdrink';Paradigm:
Paradigm:[-,-,mla//]
Examples:
Examples:sea[mne]motmlatrikelyesaakseyokpyti`whatevermonkdrinksalcoholor
intoxicatingbeveragethroughbefuddlementorbrandy,pyti`[mla=BHSmaireya](H-149.X.3b1/2
[Couvreur,1954b:48]),tumeprwettsaimlasayokalle`thenit[is]tobedrunkwithanageddrink'
(W-33a5).
Derivatives:
Derivatives:mlatstse*
mlatstse*`drunken':arcacuepretaMr[nts]=dacmlatsai...pyarkatai-meÒ
courageousandbraveone,thouhastdestroyedMra'sdrunkenbite'(241a2/3).
References:
References:WP.I50,WH.I3,E.FraenkelKZ.63,172ff.,Trautmann2.
Page(s):
Page(s):1-2
Root/lemma: her -, hen -, hes - (orher etc)(*d hen )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:day
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tag'
Grammaticalinformation:Heteroklit.Neutrum.
Material:
Material:OldIndianhar,ha,Gen.hnas,av.Gen.PI.asnm`day'.InGerm.isfoundanlaut.
d-byinfluencefromprotogerm.*waz(idg.*dhgho-,s.*dhegh- `burn')`warmseason'(:lit.
dgas`summerheat'):theo-stemgot.dags,
aisl.dagr,ahd.tacm.`day'isfromneutr.es-stemreshaped(got.PN-=*Dagisius,ahd.
Dagibertetc),alsoinablaut,ags.dg(*diz),Pl.dgorn.`day'(got.fidur-dgs`fourthday'),aisl.
dgrn.`dayornight'besidesthereisn-stemadn.dgnn.`dayandnight'.
Note:
Note:FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhegh- : `toburn,*day'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: her -, hen -,
hes - (orher etc)::`day'thesameasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak r u :
Root/lemma:
dak r u- :
:`tears'.Thephoneticshiftda->a-,zeroisacommonBalticphoneticmutation.Compare
Root/lemma: del-5 :
:`long':balt.withunexplainedd-loss(seeunder):lit.lgas,f.ilg,lett.ilgs,Old
PrussianilgaandilgiAdv.`long':hitt.Nom.Pl.da-lu-ga-e-e(dalugaes)`long',da-lu-ga-a-ti
(dalugasti)n.`length'.ThisisasoundproofofAryanmigrationfromtheBalticregiontoNorthIndia.
References:
References:WP.I849f.,WH.I467,Feist113f.,Sievers-Brunner121,243,WackernagelDebrunnerIII310f.
Page(s):
Page(s):7
Root/lemma: Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ziegenbock,Ziege'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:digh- :
Root/lemma:deih- :
:`toprick;tick'.
Root/lemma:deih- :
Root/lemma:ai- :
:`goat'and
Root/lemma: - :
Material:
Material:OldIndianaj-`he-goat',aj`she-goat',mpers.azak`goat',npers.azgds.;
alb.dh`goat'(G.MeyerBB.8,186,PedersenKZ.36,320,335;probablyfrom*adhi,assiièye'from
asii);
Note
Note:
Maybeazerogradeinalb.(*hi)dh`goat'[thecommonalb.shift-h->-d-],olderalb.geg.(*hi)
edha`goats,sheep'.
lit.os(*ios)`he-goat',ok`goat',OldPrussianwosee`goat',wosux`he-goat';
OldIndianajnam`fur,fleece';
lit.onis`belongingtohe-goat',oena`billygoat'smeat';
ChurchSlavic(j)azno(*azno)`skin,leather'.
References:
References:WP.I38,Trautmann22.comparealsoai-.
Page(s):
Page(s):6-7
Root/lemma: i er-, i enEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:day,morning
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tag,Morgen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma: i er-, i en-:
:`day,morning'derivedfromareducedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: her -,
hen -, hes - (oderher etc.)::`day'.
Material:
Material:Av.ayar,Gen.aynn.`day'.
Gr.Lok.*()-in(from*aieri-d-tom,toed-èat')`breakfast'(uncontractedstill
produceableHom.124,2);lengthenedgrades*()inthederivativeèarlymorning',
contractsinìnthemorning'.DifferentRisch105.
Got.air,aisl.r,Adv.èarly'(likewiseLok.*aieri),inadditionKompar.got.airizaèarlier',Adv.airis=
ags.r,ahd.r,nhd.eher,ehe;Superl.ags.rest,ahd.rist,nhd.erst.
Maybealb.(*herst)hertèarly';itseemsthatalb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
References:
References:WP.I3,Feist24b.
Maybeto i -4 .
Page(s):
Page(s):12
Root/lemma: (i)h- :hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toneed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedrfen,begehren'
Material:
Material:Av.zi-m.`desire',np.azds.,av.zam.`striving,eagerness,zeal';changingthrough
ablautav.izyati`strives,strivingfor'and`striving,zeal,success,prosperousness'OldIndianh
`desire',hat`striveswhereupon';
gr.`poor'=,Hes.(bysupportofwords,with-privativeoutofit
Hes.,and`lack,poverty'),Hes.,changingthroughablaut
`longsfor',`desire';
toch.Akl,aklk`wish,longing'.DifferentPedersenToch.42.
References:
References:WP.I40,VanWindekensBSL.41,55;unwahrscheinlichBartholomaeIF.5,215.
Page(s):
Page(s):14-15
Root/lemma: i k - : k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spear,pike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Spie;witheinerspitzenWaffetreffen'
Note
Note:
BothRoot/lemma:
:`sharp;stone'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: i k - : k - :
:`spear,pike'are
reducedrootsofanolderroot*he-elcreatedthroughmetathesisfromRoot/lemmna**hela.This
olderrootwassolidifiedbyChurchSlavic:
ChurchSlavic:(*he-el)igla`needle'[f]
Slaviclanguagesinheritedthecommonda->zerophoneticmutationfromtheolderBaltic-Germanic
languages.Thephoneticshiftda->zeroisacommonBalticphoneticmutation.CompareRoot/
Root/
lemma: del-5 :
(dalugasti)n.`length'.
HencefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhelg- :
:`tostick;needle'derivedthealledgedBalticRoot/lemmna
**helafromwhichChurchSlavic:
ChurchSlavic:(*he-el)igla`needle'[f],thenBothRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok : `sharp;stone'andRoot/lemma:
:`spear,pike'.
Finallyalb.geg.gjilpann.f.`needle'isacompoundof*gjil-`needle'+peni`thread';alb.common
zerograde*ilga>*gil-`needle'phoneticmutationcorrespondstozerogradeinLowerSorbian:
LowerSorbian:ga
`needle'[f].
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.,gr.Hes.,kypr.or
(inthelatterpitfallfrom*)`wounds',gr.`spear,spit'(*aik-sm),OldPrussianaysmis
`spit,broach',lit.imas,jimas`spit,broach',(basicform*aikmosorGr.exactcongruent*aiksmos);frommoreoverOldPrussianayculo,ChurchSlaviciglaetc`needle',withginsteadof
(compareS.181)lat.c(analogicalci),-re`hit,wound,strike,smite;esp.,tostrikeabargain',
ictus`slash,blow,stroke;inmusic,beat',probablyalsoav.iarìnstant,(veryshortspaceoftime)'=
gr.`near'(asàdjoining,adjacent')and,`mortar'(also,`wormsdamagingthe
vine',fromwhichds.couldbereshuffledaftertherelatedtomeaning,,;
differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.I299.
Herepossiblyanord.eiginn.àsproutthathasjustemergedfromaseed'(`point,cusp'),schwed.
mdartl.jelm.ds.(Fick4III2)andnd.neàwn,earofcorn'(BezzenbergerFederalRailway.27,166).
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*ahel)hal`needle,fishbone,awn,earofcorn'[commonalb.-k->-hphoneticmutation].
References:
References:WP.I7,WH.I670,Trautmann3,4.
Page(s):
Page(s):15
Root/lemma: i -4
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,leuchten'
Material:
Material:fromags.for`sharp,violent',ahd.eibar,eivar`harsh,bitter,pungent,rough,shaggy,
bristly;shiveringwithcold.Transf.,wild,savage;unpolished,uncouth;frightful,horrible'derivedfrom
*aibhro-notistobeconnectedcertainly.
Maybebutheregr.`warmsup'from*i(i)-ani;seeundereis-1 `move,shakeviolently'.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.underai-dh-, i e r-, ai o s-, aisk-, ai-tro-.
Page(s):
Page(s):11
Root/lemma: l -3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towander,roam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`planlosumherschweifen,irren;alsogeistigirresein'
Material:
Material:Gr.`thevagrancy,thewanderingabout',(horn.Pf.),
`wandersabout'*,`beggar',
`wander,beggingaround',ìnvain'(Spiritusasperadmittedly,stillunexplained,s.
Boisacq44,alsoagainsttheassumptionofanl.F-);
fromabasisalu -, aleu- gr.Ì'mbesidemyself'**,ds.(Hom.;Fut.Hippokr.),
`restiveness,worry,concern,fear,alarm',(from)àngst',,-(Plut.)`ìdle
hangingaround,boredom';commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;
withtheconcept`wanderaround,aroundadangerousplaceorthingnottocomenearto',also
,àvoids',(*-,compareAor.)èscapes',àvoid,
flee',ds.,`defense'(*Fformationas).
------------------*)`fibber,boaster,bragger'(actuallydraggingaroundjuggler,mountebank),derivesafter
Bonfante(BSL.37,77)fromthrak.VN.
**),from*vergleichenSchulzeQunderep.310f.,LagercrantzZ.gr.Lautg.89
withOldIndianroati,ruyati`becrosswith,beangry',butfromUhlenbeckOldIndianWb.256is
placedmorerighttolit.rstasùnfriendly,unkind'.
--------------------
Mit-:`wandersaround',`bedemented',Med.`wanderaround',(dor.
Theokr.)`foolish,futile,vain',`trifling,invain,brainless',`confuses,beguiles;
bewildering',(besidesol.equivalentan*in:)hom.`'`dazed,
unconscious'(fromdor.*deriveslat.leaàgameofdice,gameofhazard;hencechance,risk,
uncertainty,blindluck').
Lat.ambul`towalk,goforawalk,travel,march'(umbr.amboltuàwalk,astroll');(lat.alcinor`to
wanderinmind,dream,talkidly'isprobablyborrowedfromunderformalsupportinvticinor).
Inadditionlett.alut,alutis`wanderaround,getlost',withlett.la`half-madperson',l'utis
`behavefoolish,gesturesclownish'.
Toch.ABl-`distinguish,remove'.
References:
References:WP.I87f.,WH.I33,38,EM.43(placesambultogr.,stemel- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):27-28
Root/lemma: lu-,loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:abitterplant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bitterePflanze'
Material:
Material:OldIndianl-,lukm-`bulb,onion,roundesculentradix';lat.lum,lium`garlic',osk.
*allfrom*aliprobablyasfoundationofgr.`sausage(*stuffedtubularcasing)';lat.lumor
lus`SymphytumofficinaleL.,comfrey,blackwort'aplantappreciatedforitsroots(perhapsgall.
words.Thesaurus).
Maybealb.helm`bitter;poison'
Note
Note:alb.istheonlyIElang.thatpreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:Probablytoalu- .
Page(s):
Page(s):33
Root/lemma: mer- (mr,mr)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:day
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tag'
Material:
Material:Gr.horn.,-,att.(Asperprobablyafter,SommerGr.Ltst.123),
otherwise`day'(withLenis,hencenottoidg.*sem- `summer';
Lit.beiBoisacqs.v.,whereforeFickKZ.43,147);arm.aur`day'(from*mrabout*amur,*aumr;
MeilletEsquisse55).Tothestemformations.stillJ.SchmidtPl.195f.,toion.`midday'
Boisacqunder.VanWindekens(Lexique80)placesheretoch.Aoml,emalle`hot',
fromidg.*mel-.
References:
References:WP.I53,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I305,481,518.
Page(s):
Page(s):35
Root/lemma: noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ring'
Material:
Material:Arm.anur`neckband,ring',lat.nus`circle,ring',air.inne(*nnio-)m.`ring,anus'.
Maybethroughmetathesisalb.(*nus)unaz`ring'.
References:
References:WP.I61,WH.I55,PedersenLitt.2,80.
Page(s):
Page(s):47
Root/lemma: peroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shore
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ùfer'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.f.`shore;mainland';ags.fer,mnd.ver,mhd.(md.)uover,nhd.
Ufer;butarm.ap`n`shore'requiresidg.phandhence,staysaway.
Maybealb.(*)afr`near,close,related,neighboring,intheareaof':OldIndianpara-`back,
later'.
relationshipto*apo`since,from,ex',OldIndianpara-`back,later'aslengthenedgradeformation
becomesadoptedbySpechtDekl.23.
References:
References:WP.I48.
Page(s):
Page(s):53
Root/lemma: p -2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
:`water,river'[throughtheshift
g>b,k>pattestedinGreek,IllyrianandCelticlanguages]derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ab- :
:(water,
river)andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: p -2 :
:`water,river'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianp-f.`water',e.g.Pl.Norn.pa,Akk.ap,Gen.apm,av.Nom.Sg.f,Akk.
Sg.pm,Instr.Sg.ap(-ca),OldIndianpavant-`watery',inoldercontractionwithreduplicationstemin-i,-uauslautprefixes(KretschmerKZ.31,385,JohanssonIF.4,137f.)pratp-`directed
againstthestream',np-`lowlying,deep-recumbent',anp-`situated,lyinginwater',
dvp-ìsland,sandbankintheriver',antarpa-ìsland';thesamecontractionwithin-oending1.part
ingr.rivernamesI,(:,;FickBB.22,61,62);gr.``Peloponnes',
-ds.,lokr.-,ill.(differentKraheZONF.13,20f.)commongr.-illyr.ks->-ss-phoneticmutationandpuliofLowerItaly,rivernames(Arcadia),
(Thessaly),thrak.(Dacia),
ill.,Apsus,apul.PNSal-apia(`saltwater');hereasvestigesven.-ill.immigrationpartofthe
WestGermanapa-names,asErft(*Arnapia),andallFlNwith-up-,asnhd.Uppia-Bach(Tirol),frz.
Sinope(Manche),brit.harbourRutupiae,sizil.(comparelit.Kakupis),comparethethrak.
FlN,;
OldPrussianape`river',apus`spring,fountain,stream,brook',lit.p,lett.upe`water'(uisperhaps
reduplication-stemfromidg.o,a,TrautmannBsl.Wb.11;orbelongsup-rathertoOldChurchSlavic
vapa`sea').HereAch-(*aps-)incymr.FlN,gall.Axona
Besideskelt.-lat.ab-,seebelowab-.
JohanssonIF.4.137f.goestoexplanationtheb-formfromthrough,aswellasby
OldIndianbda-m.`cloud'andwithpaparadigmaticweldedtogetherInstr.Dat.Pl.OldIndian
adbhi,adbhya,presumedstem*ap()d-(perhaps`givingwater',withd-`give'belongingtothe
2ndpart)from:*abd(n),Gen.*abdns,fromwhich*abns;fromobl.casearosefromlat.amnis,was
compensatedduringinCeltic*abd(n):*abnsto*ab(mir.ab),*abon(hencemir.abann).
References:
References:WP.I46f.,WH.I40,846,KraheGl.20,188ff.,PokornyUrillyrier110ff.,130f.,Krahe
Wrzburg.Jahrb.1,86ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):51-52
Root/lemma: s - , therefromazd-,azg(h)Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,glhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansa-`cinder,dust'(aboutsita-`black's.*n s i- `dirt-color,darkcolor');lat.ra
àltar;hencerefuge,protection;'arae',plur.,nameofcertainrocksatsea'(=osk.aasaìnthealtar',
umbr.areàltars'etc),re,-re`tobedry',ridus`dry,arid,dry,parched,thirsty'(therefromarde
`toburn,glow,beonfire;ofbrightobjects,togleam;offeeling(esp.oflove),toburn,smart;of
politicaldisorder,tobeablaze',participlePass.assus`dried,roasted;n.pl.assubst.asweating
bath'),reaàleveloropenspace,site,courtyard,threshingfloor;esp.aplayground;hence,ingen.,
play'(eigentl.`burnt-out,dryplace');ahd.essaf.,nhd.Esse(*asin),urnord.aRina,aisl.arinn
èxaltation,elevation,hearth,fireplace',ahd.erin`floorboard,ground,bottom'(*azena);toch.ABaspresent,s-Perf.andcausative`dryup',Asar`todry';hett.a-a-i-i(ai)Lok.ònthehearth'
(aa).
Perhapsheremir.nìgneous,radiant,noble'(*sno-).Aboutgr.,s.SchwyzerGr.
Gr.1,724.
Becauserinhett.aari(ri)`becomeshot'doesnotbelongtothestem,itmustbedistinguishedlat.
re`tobedry,beparched'notfromraàstructureforsacrifice,altar'.
Formantextensions:
azd- ingr.(*azdi)`parch,dry',f.`dehumidifier,dirt',`dry,inflaming',
.Hes.(-from-zd-);ech.apoln.ozdàdevicefordryingmaltoraroomfordrying
malt',ech.slov.ozditi`todrymalt'.
azg- arm.aiunàsh'(MeilletEsquisse29),gr.(*-)`soot'(àsh-throw'),germ.
*askninaisl.aska,ags.asce,sce,ahd.asca,nhd.Asche.
Maybezerogradelat.cinis-erism.f.àshes'<arm.aiunàsh';alb.(*aski)hiàsh'[commonalb.ski>hi-phoneticmutation].
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ken-2,ken-,keni-, kenu- ::`torub,scrapeoff;ashes'musthavecomefromzero
gradeofanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: s - , therefromazd-,azg(h)- :
:`toburn'into s k-en withthe
suffix-en.Thisassumptionisprovedbyalb.geg.(*askini)hiniàsh'[commonalb.ski->hi-phonetic
mutation].
azgh- inarm.azazim`dries'(MeilletEsquisse33,EM.70),got.azgoàsh'(*azgn).Aboutthe
difficultrelationfromgerm.*askn:*az-gns.Feist72b;againdifferentSpechtDekl.201,219.Also
theconclusivenessarm.examplesarenotquiteflawless.
References:
References:WH.I61,65,848,Feist72,Trautmann22,PedersenHittitisch27,164.
Page(s):
Page(s):68-69
Root/lemma: t(e)rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fire,*blowthefire
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Feuer'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:t(e)r- :
:`fire,*blowthefire'derivedfromasuffixedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au ( e)-10,
au (o)-, u - :
:`toblow'withcommonIEformant-ter.
Material:
Material:Av.tar(Gen.r)m.`fire',whereforeOldIndiantharvan-`firepriest',Lw.fromav.
aaurvan-,aaurun(dasfromr)ds.;
arm.airem`burns,lights'(duetofrom*airfrom*tr);serb.vtra`fire',klr.vtra`fire,stove',poln.
vatra`strawcinder'areborrowedafterJoklWZKM.34,37ff.fromrum.vatra`stove',theseagainfrom
Alb.(geg.votr,votrwithv-suggestionbeforealb.ot-from*t-,viell.iran.Lw.).
Note
Note:
Alb.tosk.vatra,geg.votr`hearth'provesthatSlavsborrowedprotheticv -beforebareinitialvowels
fromillyr.Thisphoneticmutationinalb.tookplacebeforetheinvasionofSlavsintotheBalkans
becausealb.andrum.sharethesamecognate.
Perhapsas`burnt'alsolat.ter`deadblack,dark;poet.clothedinblack.Transf.,dark,gloomy,sad;
malicious,poisonous'=umbr.atru,adro`black,coal-black,gloomy,dark';butlat.tella=osk.
Aderl[](*trol,e.g.v.PlantaI551),lat.trius=osk.Aadriis(v.PlantaII768,Thurneysen1.4,
38,SchulzeLat.Eig.269,578)aresuspectlyEtruscanorigin.
Maybeillyr.Adria`deep,darkwater,sea',zerogradeinalb.(*ter)terr`deadblack,dark'.
Possiblyaffiliationfromir.ith(Gen.tho)f.,cymr.odynf.òven,stove',s.FickII49.
References:
References:WP.I42,WH.I75f.,849f.
Page(s):
Page(s):69
Root/lemma: t os, atta(atta)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:father,mother
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Lallwort`Vater,Mutter'
Material:
Material:OldIndianatt`mother,oldersister',attiòldersister',osset.da,gr.òldman,old
fellow,father',dial.Akk.,`grandfather',lat.attam.`father;termofendearmentofthe
childrentowardsthefather',got.atta`father'(Demin.Attila,ahd.Ezzilo),afries.aththads.,ahd.atto
`father,forefather,ancestor'(ttbyrunningalwaysbesidesunpostponedneologism),OldChurch
Slavictc(*attiks)`father';alb.at`father',josh`(onthematernalside)grandmother'(*tsi),
hett.at-ta-a(atta)`father'.
Note:
Alb.andSlavuseprotheticj-forlostoldlaryngeal-.
Asimilar*to-singerm.*aala,*elaappearsthebasisfromahd.adal`sex,gender',nhd.Adel,as.
athali,ags.eluN.PL`nobleparentage',aisl.aal`(therudimentarybasisofanorganorother
part,esp.inanembryo)anlage,sex',Adj.ahd.edili,as.ethili,ags.aeele`noble,aristocratic',
lengthenedgradeahd.uodal,as.thil,ags.el,anord.al`(fatherly)genotype'(comparealsoahd.
fater-uodal,as.fader-il`propertyinheritedfromafather,patrimony');
heregot.haimlin.`genotype',comparewiththesamevocallengahd.Uota(actually`greatgrandmother'),afries.dila`great-grandfather';toch.Atl`man';herealsoav.wya-`nameofthe
fathersrataona`sàs`fromnobleparentage'
Theaffiliationfromgr.ìnajuvenilemanner,childish',`gathers,waitsandisinhabit'
and`jumpscheerfullylikeachild',red.`drawsup(Redupl.underinfluencefrom
`nurse'),isdeniedbyLeumannGl.15,154.
Oneonthemostdifferentlinguisticareastoitselfalwaysnewlypedagogicbabble-word(e.g.elam.
atta,magy.atya`father',trk.ata,bask.aitads.).Similarlytata .
References:
References:WP.I44,WH.I77,850,Feist62,233,Trautmann16.
Page(s):
Page(s):71
Root/lemma:
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjection
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:AusrufderEmpfindung
Note:
Note:oftennew-created
Material:
Material:OldIndianexclamationofthemeditation;
gr.exclamationofthedispleasure,pain,astonishment;,exclamationofthesurpriseand
complaint;inaddition`groan';
lat.,hexclamationofpain,thedispleasure;
lit.,aexclamationofthesurprise,thereprimandormockery,exclamationoftheastonished
question(ofloudnewcreations);
got.exclamationofthedispleasure,theadmiration;ahd.exclamationofpain;mhd.exclamation
ofpain,theadmiration,suspendedthustothevocative.
References:
References:WP.I1,WH.I1,LoeweKZ.54,143.
Page(s):
Page(s):1
Root/lemma: baba-, (*bal-bal- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:barbaricspeech
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwort,LallwortforunartikuliertesundeutlichesReden
Note:
Note:alsobal-bal-,bar-bar- withmultipledissimilations,onomatopoeicwords
Material:
Material:OldIndianbabab-kartifromthecrackleofthefire;gr.,ùponmysoul,damn
itall!'(outofitlat.bb,ppds.,asbabaecalusperhaps`fop,dandy'from*),
`chats,talksindistinctly'(differentisthesoundconceivabilityfrom`chirps');
lat.babit(gloss.)`he/sheshallmakehappy,gladden,bless',babiger(gloss.)`stupid';ital.babbo
`father'(cymr.baban`kid,child'isengl.Lw.);
Maybealb.baba`father':bebe`child'
alb.beb`thenewbornkid,child';engl.baby`kid,child',schwed.mdartl.babbe`kid,child,smallboy'
(seealsounterbxmb-`swell'),mhd.bbe,bbe`missis;oldwoman,mother'(aboutbuobe`boy'see
underbhrtr `brother');lit.bba,OldChurchSlavicbabaòldwoman';serb.-ChurchSlavicbbl'u,
bbati`stammer',serb.bboem,bobtati`clatterwiththeteeth'etc;lett.bibint`babble,murmur',
OldPrussianbebbint`mock'.
balbal- (babal-,bambal- ,fromwhichbamb-,balb-underlikewise):

OldIndianbalbalkarti`stammers';bulg.blbl`,blbl``chats',lit.balbsyti`babble',serbokr.
blbositi`stammer',russ.boloblit`chat,drivel',ech.beblati`stammer';lat.babulus`chatterbox,a
babbler,fool';nhd.babbeln,pappeln,engl.babble,norw.bable,schwed.babbla,aisl.babba`chat';
lat.balbus`stammering,babbling',balbti`tostammer,stutter;henceingen.tospeakobscurely',
OldIndianbalbthname(actually`stammerer');
Maynealb.(*balbus)belbzoj`babble'
ech.blb`gannet,gawk',blblati,bleptati`stammer,stutter';serb.blebtati,lit.blebnti`babble';gr.
(outofitlat.bambal),`myteetharechattering',`stammers'.
Mit-r-:OldIndianbarbara`stammering',Pl.nameofnon-Aryanpeople(providedthathereronidg.
randOldIndianlinbalbalgoesbacktoidg.l),gr.`notGreek,speakinganunintelligible/
incomprehensiblelanguage'(fromwhichlat.barbarus)``fromincomprehensible
language'(barelyafterWeidnerGl.4,303f.frombabylon.barbaru`stranger,foreign,alien'),serb.
brboljiti,brbljati`babble'(seealsounderbher-`todrone,buzz,hum'),lat.baburrus`foolish,silly',gr.
Hes.(aboutlat.burrae`trifles,nonsense's.WH.I124).
HereperhapsalsoOldIndianbla`young,childish,simple',possiblyalsoslav.relationshipfrom
russ.balkat`twaddle',balamt`babbler,stunner,headturner'.-Unredupl.presumablyalsogr.
`talks,patters',`speech',,Hes.;
butgr.ìnvoking,imploring,exorcising;bewitching,castingaspell;spreadingmalicious
gossip,speakingbadlyof;slanderous;envious,jealous',`bewitches,envies'hasderivedas
magicwordthroughborrowingfromnrdl.language,perhapsThrak.orIllyrian,fromtobh-`speak'
belongingtopresent*bha-sk`speaks,discusses'(;thisalsoinHesychs)
(KretschmerEinl.248f.);
lat.fascinum`givingittheevileye,spellcasting,invocation(exorcism());themalemember;initially
(atfirst)asapreventativeagainstbeingbewitched',fascinreènchant,bewitch,envy'areborrowed
fromgr.andareadaptedonlyinf-folketymologyinfretc.
AfterSpechtDekl.133herelat.osk.bl-ae-sus`lisping,babbling';differentWH.I107f.
Maybealb.(*phlas)flas`speak'notfromlat.fbulaànarration,narrative'.
References:
References:WP.II105f.,WH.I90,94,Trautmann24f.
Page(s):
Page(s):91-92
Root/lemma: badi o s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gold,brown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:'gelb,braun'
Note:
Note:(onlylat.andir.;maybefromone,atmostnotidg.,languageofancientEurope).
Material:
Material:Lat.badius`brown,chestnutcolored,bay';air.buide`gold,yellow'(comparetoLautl.air.
mag`field',Gen.muige;gall.Bodiocassesbecauseofratherforboduo-,aboutwhichunder*bhaut`hit').Gr.,derivesfromlat.
References:
References:WP.II105,WH.I92.
Page(s):
Page(s):92
Root/lemma: bait orpait
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goatskin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ziegenfell,outofitgefertigterRock'
Material:
Material:therelationfromgr.`tentorskirtfrom(nannygoats)fur'togot.paidaf.`bodyskirt,
petticoat',as.pda`skirt',ags.pd`mantle',ahd.pfeit`shirt,shirtlikevestment,shirtlikepieceof
apparel'isdecidedthere,thatgerm.wordisborrowedfromgr.words;
fromdemGerm.againfinn.paitaandperhapsalb.petk,petk`clothes';gr.isprobablythrak.
Lw.orgoesbacktoalb.formsinillyr.*pait
References:
References:WP.II104,Feist381f.,BonfanteBSL.36,141f.
Page(s):
Page(s):92-93
Root/lemma: bakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stick,tohit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`StabasStutze',also`stechen,stoen,schlagen'
Material:
Material:Lat.baculumàstaff,walkingstick'from*bac-(c)lom,older*baktlom;vestigesof-cc-in
Demin.bacillum,forwhichrepeatedlydeliversbaccillum,comparealsoimbcillus`(withoutsupport)
weak,frail'from-baccillos.Pisani(REtIE.3,53)placesbaculumas*bat-lo-mtobattu,thathe
considersasosk.-urnbr.Lw.(from*bakt-).
Maybelat.baca(bacca)-aef.àberry,fruit;apearl',bacalis,bacale`berry-bearing(designationof
thefemalelaurel),MFr.(*bacale)Bacoule,n.f.Belette`weasel':alb.bukl`weasel',bukur,bukurosh
`good,pleasing,beautiful,slender(likeaweasel)':rum.bucuros`glad'.
Note
Note:Inmanylang.thenameofweaselandgoodcomefromthesameroot.
Gr.,,àstaff,walkingstick',Hes.(Contrastfrom
imbcillus),probablyalsoHes.
Gr.(i.e.`club')Hes.,otherwise`club,shillelagh,stick',isprobablyborrowedfromLat.
Mengl.pegge,engl.peg`pin,peg',nhd.pegel`pole';butmnd.pegel`markinavesselforliquids
(fromaringorsmallexistingplugs)',ags.pgelm.`winepot',engl.pail`bucket'frommlat.pagella
`col,column,yardstick'.
Lit.bkstelti`bump,puff',lett.bakstt`poke'(ortoonomatopoeicwordlit.bkst).
Againstitair.bacc(nir.bac)`stick,acrook',cymr.bach`corner,hook',bret.bac'h`heel,stick'(from
`clutch,crutchofthestick'),areintheIsland-CelticoralreadyintheoccurredthroughLatinbackformationsfrombaculum.
References:
References:WP.II104f.,WH.I92.
Page(s):
Page(s):93
Root/lemma: bal-balSeealso:
Seealso:seeunderbabaPage(s):
Page(s):93
Root/lemma: bal- ,balbalEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake,dance
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wirbeln,sichdrehen'
Note:
ItseemsRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bal- ,balbal- :
:`toshake,dance'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:baba-,
(*bal-bal- )::`barbaricspeech'throughanOldIndicintermediary(seeabove).
Material:
Material:OldIndianbalbalti`whirls',balv-`crooked';gr.(inSicily)`dances',outofit
borrowslat.ballre`dance'.
Maybealb.(*bal-)valle`dance'[commonalb.b>vshift]
References:
References:WP.II109,WH.1,95,WackernagelOldIndian-Gr.I181.
Page(s):
Page(s):93
Root/lemma: ba x mb-,bha x mbh-,pa x mp-,pha x mphEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:Lautnachahmung,fromdenaufgeblasenenBackengenommen,psychologischfrombmb-,
bhaxmbh-asunmittelbarerimitationeinesgehrtendumpfenonomatopoeicwordsSchallesdifferent.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbimba-m`Scheibe,ball,Halbkugel',bimbf.`momordicamonadelpha'(eine
Cucurbitacee;bimbam`derenrotefruit');gr.`Kreisel,Wasserstrudel;bumblebee',wherefore
duetoeinesschwundstufigen`babbler':`';withbh(orph):gr.,-
`breath,breeze,storm,drip,blister',`blister,shieldboss';
lit.bmba`navel',bambalas`Dickbauch',bumbulas`knotamstick,inGarn',bumbulas,burbulas
`vesicle,blister',bumbuls`Steckrbe',bmburas,pumpuras`bud';lett.bmba,bumba`ball,sphere',
bemberis`Tannenzapfen';bimbul'i`Kartoffeln',bumbulis,burbulis`knot,knag',bumburs`sphere,ball,
Kartoffel';
russ.-alt.bubulja`Regentropfen',nowadaysbblik(*bbl-ik)`pretzel,Kringel',klr.bben`small
Junge,toddler',skr.bban`kindofbean',bbla`clump',ech.boubel,bublina`vesicle,blister',poln.
bbel`vesicle,blister'.
Unverschobenes*baxmb-orverschobenesbhaxmbh-inschwed.mdartl.bamb`paunch',norw.
mdartl.bamsa`greedydevour,pampfen',dn.(jt.)bams`thickperson',nhd.Bams`thickporridge,
mash',mhd.bemstn`dieeinendickenBauchhat'.
Verschobenesbaxmb-orunverschobenespaxmp-inschwed.mdartl.pampenàufgedunsen',dn.
mdartl.pampe`sichbrsten,brag,boast',norw.mdartl.pempaseg(*pampjan)`sichwithTrank
fllen',mnd.pampen`sichstuff'(nhd.pampfen),nhd.pampe`thickporridge,mash'.
WithTenuis:lat.pampinus`(*bud,*eye)freshTriebofWeinstockes,vine-layer';lit.pampst,pampa,
pampti`swellup',pampls`Dickbauch',pmpa`knob,handle,button,pommel,Teichrose',pimpilas
m.`penis',lett.pmpt,pempt,pumpt`toswell',pampali`Kartoffeln',pimpala`dasmnnlichelimb,
member',pumpe`hump,hunchback,swelling,blister'(dieu-formsareascontaminationwith*pupaufzufassen);
abg.pup`navel',russ.pup`navel',ppy`bud,bulge',poln.pp`spigot';
aisl.ffl`giant;rogue,Einfaltspinsel',fimbul-verstrkendesprefix,ags.ffel`Seeungetm,giant'
(*pempelo-),aisl.fimbul-,fambiÈrztropf'.
Besideswithauslautgerm.Tenuisdn.fomp,norw.mdartl.fump,famp`thickfool'.
WithTenuisasp.arm.pàmpùt`bladder'.
References:
References:WP.II108f.,WH.I122,NiedermannWuS.8,87f.,Trautmann26,205.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealso*ba x b -ds.
Page(s):
Page(s):94-95
Root/lemma: band- (*gheid- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:drop
Note:
Note:Consideringphryg.`water':nasalizedillyr.Bindus`watergod',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:band-
(*gheid-)::`drop':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:oid- (*gheid-)::`toswell;strong,*fast,swelling,lump,water'
derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r-(*akuent-)::`toflow,towet;
water,etc.`
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tropfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbindu-`drop'(probablyfor*bandu-underinfluenceofndu`drop'),related
tocorn.banne,banna,bret.banne`drop'(fromwhichisborrowedmir.banna,bainne`drop,milk'),
reallyIrishbuinne`togushforth,springup,flood';illyr.FIGBindus(*Bendus),apul.fonsBandusiae
Note:
OldIndianbindu-`drop':illyr.FIGBindusprovethatillyr.-phryg.weretheintermediariesofsatem
andcentumlanguages.
References:
References:WP.II110,PeterssonHeterokl.204f.,.rGl.29,69ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):95
Root/lemma: bar-barSeealso:
Seealso:seeunderba-baPage(s):
Page(s):95
Root/lemma: bataEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:murmur,babble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:onomatopoetischforlppischesLallenorErstaunen
Material:
Material:OldIndianbatainterjectionoftheastonishmentòh,blow',bat-`weakling';abret.bat,
nbret.bad`numbing,dizziness',bada,badaoui`talkthoughtlessly',bader,badaouer`mouthmonkey',
acorn.badus`moonstruck',gr.`stammers',`chatspointlessstuff'(compare
Bla-Debrunner7p.40appendices).
References:
References:WP.II105.
Page(s):
Page(s):95
Root/lemma: bau
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:soundofbarking
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:NachahmungofHundegebells,Schreckwort
Material:
Material:Gr.`dogbarking',`barks,blasphemes',`bugbear,Hecate',lat.
baubor,-r`tobarkgentlyormoderately';alittlebitdifferentlyuseslit.babti`bawl,bellow'fromox,
babiscattleGodas`bawler',serb.baubau`frightword',bakati`getafright'etc
Maybealb.(*baubi)bubi`dog'.
Gr.`sleep'is,like`penis',folklikecodeword.
References:
References:WP.II104,WH.I99,W.OehlIF.56,119.
Page(s):
Page(s):95
Root/lemma: ba x b-,bha x bh-,pa x pEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(asba x mb- ,s.d.)
Material:
Material:OldIndianpippala-`berry,paradisefigtree',pippalaka-`breastnipple'.piplu`pimple,
mole,markonthebody("witch'stits"-anykindofmarkonthebodythatawitchcouldusetosucklea
demon)'(probablyeig.`blister,vesicle');lat.papulaàpimple,vesicle',papillads.`nipple,teat,
breast';lit.ppas`nipple,teat,breast,tit',popùlcer',pupuolo`thickbud'(ucanbeRedukt.-stemto
a,orassimilatedinfollowinguo,butalsotherootderivedformpup-).
Unchangedorneologismschwed.-norw.mdartl.pappe`women'sbreast',mengl.pappe,engl.pap
`nipple,teat,breast';besidesu-formsseeunderp(h)-ìnflate,swell'.
Alsobesidesunderbaba-combinedbabbleandchildwords,likeengl.baby,standmhd.buobenPl.
`femininebreasts',westflm.babbe`growth,swelling,lump'(idg.bhorintheonomatopoeicword
unpostponedb)whichwillbelongfromtheimageoftheinflatedcheeksinourcircle.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):91
Root/lemma: ba x mbEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofnoise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Nachahmungfordumpfe,drhnendeSchalleindrcke
Material:
Material:Grm.(outofitlat.bombus)àboom,deephollownoise',,-`fleas',
`humminginsects',`narrow-neckedvessel'(as`gurgling'),or-
`bumblebee'(and`narrowneckedvessel');about`clatterswiththeteeth;stammer,lisp'see
underbaba- ;
alb.bumbulitìtthunders';
maybealb.bumball`Blattaorientalis',alsodial.`bumblebee':lit.bimbalas,bimbilas`gadfly,
horsefly'.
germ.withbyneologismpreventedsoundmovementaisl.bumba`drum',dn.oldbomme,bambe
`drum',holl.bommen`todrone'(compareauchnhd.bumbum;alittlebitsimilarlynhd.bammeln,
bimmeln`ring,sound');
lit.bambti`hum',inablautbimptids.,bimbalas,bimbilas`gadfly,horsefly';russ.-ChurchSlavic
bben,bubon`drum',russ.bubnt`chat,babble',poln.bben`drum'.
References:
References:WP.II107,Trautmann26,WH.I111.
Page(s):
Page(s):93-94
Root/lemma: bdelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosuck
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`saugen,zullen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`sucks',`leech';nhd.zullen`suckinasuckingsac',zulp`pieceofcloth
usedforsoakingupliquid',ndl.tullen`drink,booze,sup',nhd.tulken`suck,drinkwithlargegulps,
quaff'KretschmerKZ.31,423;
veryuncertainbecauseofmoresimilargerm.wordslikenorw.tna`drinkalot'underlikewise(see
Falk-Torpundertylde).Iftheconnectionapplies,wasidg.initialsoundbd-,oritisgr.-perhapsin
childlanguage-from-=shortenedprefix(be-`suck').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):95
Root/lemma: bedEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianbadvam`troop,heap;acertainhighnumber';OldChurchSlavic(etc)bedro
`thigh';arm.port(*bodro-)`navel,belly,center'.
Maybehereschwed.mdartl.patte`woman'sbreast,nipple',isl.patti`smallchild',engl.pat`small
lump(frombutter)';theformsstandingbesideswithgerm.b-,lterdn.arsbatte`buttock',
schwed.mdartl.battòfsmallheaps'thenshowedthesameauslautfluctuationasb(h)eu-,b(h)ìnflate,swell',wherewithrootb(h)ed-(:b(h)u-d-,-t-)hadtheoriginfromtheimageoftheinflated
cheekstogether.
Lat.bassus`stout,fertile,fat',roman`low,menial',staysaway.
References:
References:WP.II109,WH.I98,477,851,KretschmerGl.22,258f.
Page(s):
Page(s):96
Root/lemma: bel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocutoff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusschneiden,graben,hhlen'
Material:
Material:Perhapsarm.pelemèxcavates,digs',atmostalsomir.belach`cleft,gap,pass,way'and
kelt.*bolko-,-incymr.bwlchm.`fissure',bret.boulc'hds.,mir.bolgf.(dasgaftertolgds.)
References:
References:WP.II110;aboutnotexistierendesOldIndianbra`ffnung's.Wackernagelunder
DebrunnerKZ.67,171f.
Page(s):
Page(s):96
Root/lemma: bel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strong
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stark'
Material:
Material:OldIndianblamn.`force,strength,power',blyn`stronger',bliha`thestrongest';
gr.,`better',,`best'(this--byreorganizationfrom*,
*afteretc);
lat.dbilis`feeble,weak';OldChurchSlavicboljj`greater',boljeAdv.`more,rather,toagreater
extent,plus'and`very,more'.Uncertainndl.-ndd.-fries.pal`motionless,steadfast'.
WithlengthenedgradeOldIndianbl-`young,childish',m.`boy,kid,child',f.`girl'.
Maybeini-gradealb.(*bl)bila`girl',bir`son,boy':OldIndianbl-,wherel/rareallophones.
References:
References:WP.II110f.,WH.I326f.
Page(s):
Page(s):96
Root/lemma: bend-, bn d -noMeaning:
Meaning:spike,needle,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vorspringendeSpitze'
Note:
Note:perhapsinfollowingkelt.andgerm.words:
Material:
Material:Mir.benn`horn,summit'(*bnd-no-or*bend-no-),bennach`pointed',cymr.bannm.`hill,
summit,horn(*bnd-no-)',mbret.banèminence,overhang,haughtiness,pride',gall.*ande-banno->
frz.auvent`(*protectionroof)canopy,shield,shelter'(eig.`bighorn'),JudRom.49,389f.,gall.dial.
lacusBncus,ifforBenncus,`thehorned'(Sirmione),from*benno-(idg.*bend-no-or*bnd-no-);
west-flm.pint`cusp,point',mnd.pint`penis',mhd.(mnd.)pinzàwl',ags.pintel`penis'(engl.pintle
alsostill`peg'),norw.pintol`penis',whereforeprobablywithablautnhd.-bair.pfouzer,pfunzer
`sharpenedcudgel,club';
withkelt.formstosuitablen-suffix(*penn-from*bend-n-)and.pin`woodenpin,peg,smallstake',
mnd.pin,pinne`pin,point,nail,peg',mhd.pfinnef.`nail',ags.pinn`peg,staff,stick',sptaisl.pinni
m.ds.,ablaut.*pann-inostfries.penne=pinne,ndd.pennen`latchadoor(withabolt)',ags.onpennianòpen(*thepen)',engl.penènclosesoastopreventfromescaping;shutin,confine(shutin
apen)',ags.pennm.`pen,fold'.
Maybealb.pend`pairofoxentiedtogether'[commonalb.n>ndshift]homonymtoalb.pend
`feather':lat.penna`feather'.
References:
References:JohanssonKZ.36,347f.(alsoagainstborrowingofPinnefromlat.pinna,inwhich
Kluge11sticks).
WP.II109f.
Page(s):
Page(s):96-97
Root/lemma: b(e)u-1,bh(e)uEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.soundofhitting
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:schallnachahmendfordumpfeSchalleindrcke,e.g.Uhuruf,dumpferSchlag
amongothers
Material:
Material:Npers.bmòwl';arm.bu,buòwl'(withoutconsonantshiftinonomatopoeicword),gr.
m.,f.èagleowl',`crylikean'eagleowl',lat.bbèagleowl',bulg.buhèagleowl',
russ.bchat`shoutvaguelyandpersistentlylong';
Maybealb.(*buph)bufòwl':rum.bufni;buhòwl'
lit.baubls`greatbittern',babti`roar,bellow',buben`dronesvaguely';lat.btio`greatbittern',
bteoàfalcon'skind';gr.`call,cry,shout',`shouts,cries'(outofitlat.bore`shout,cry'),
`call,cryforhelp'(*F),seemtobeshapedfromsuchb-asrhymewordsto,
(seerootg u - ).
Withendinginagutturalsound:OldIndianbk-kra-`roarofthelion',bukkati`barks'(av.buahin`hewhoispronetohowlingandsnarling/hissing',buxti-`howl,hissing'),gr.`howling'.
Maybehung.bagolyòwl(*hornedbird)'
Perhapsmir.bchna`sea'(`*roaringbreaker';basicform*boukani);lit.bkius`stammerers',lett.
bkkt`resoundvaguely';slav.buk-(fromzerogradeof*bouk-)inruss.-ChurchSlavicbuati
`drone,roar',serb.bm,bkati`roar',bm,bati`roar(fromthesea)';
Maybealb.(*buati)buas`roar(fromthesea)'
*bk-inruss.etcbyk`bull(*roarofthebull)';aboutangebl.*bk-inOldChurchSlavicbela,bela
`bee'(compareruss.byt`hum,frombees')seeunderbhei-andWH.I555;nasalizedpoln.bka
`talkinalowvoice,murmur',bk`greatbittern',old`crylikeagreatbittern(birdthatbooms/roarslike
anoxduringmating';intheapplicationtovagueblowpushruss.bkat,bchat(*bouk-s-)`bump,
hitthatresounds',buch`fall!',serb.bhnuti`breakout',buiti`hit,throw,fall,fallwithnoise',lit.
bukoti,lett.bak`descriptionofsoundproducedbyastrongblow',presumablyalsobuka`punch'
(alsolit.buks`dull'hereas`becomedullthroughhitting');mhd.buc`blow,push'(withoutsound
movementbycontinualrunningbesideneologism),puchen,buchen,nhd.pochen,ndl.beuken`hit,
bump',schwed.boka,bauka,bukads.(however,also`dig,spade,thrashabout',asaisl.bauka;this
versch.wordseealsoWH.Iunderfaux),engl.topoke`bump,sting',norw.pok,pauk`crudecudgel,
club',perhapsmir.balaim`hit'(*bougl...,ortobhu-d-`hit').
MaybefromtheextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:b(e)u-1,bh(e)u- :
:èxpr.soundofhitting'derivedRoot/
Root/
lemma: bheg-,bheng- :
:`tobreak'in:alb.(*beuka)buka`bread':phryg.`bread',actually
`crumb'.
References:
References:WP.II112f.,WH.I111,119,124,470.
Page(s):
Page(s):97-98
Root/lemma: b(e)u-2, bh(e) Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell,puff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufblasen,schwellen'
Note:
Note:Explosivesoundoftheinflatedcheek,likepu-,phu seed.;runningbesideprimevalcreation
crossesthesound-lawfuldevelopment,sothate.g.germ.formswithpu-fromidg.bu-,butfrom
unpostponedidg.ornewpu-areexplainable.Fromtheconceptoftheinflatedcheekthemeaning
`swell,plumpbloated(thenconvex)ofthemostdifferentkind',also`makebulge,stuff,darn'and
`blow,coughunderlikewise'.Originallydifferentlytheonomatopoeticwordsb(e)u-1 forvague
onomatopoeticsoundsandbu- `lip,kiss'.
Material:
Material:Gr.,
;presumablyherealso`hill'(dialect),àturnipkind',v`pilesup',
ànyplantoftheUmbelliferaefamily';redupl.`thegroin,glandsnearthegenitals,part.in
morbidlyswollenstate';nisl.pa`blow,breathe'.
Reduplicatesas,alsolit.bubs,bubsti`throwupbubbles'(fromwaterorfermenting
dough),mnd.bubbeln`throwupbubbles,surge',schwed.bobba`bombast,grandiloquence,fin,
insect',bubba`louse'and`Trolliuseuropaeus'underlikewise(withidg.bhorwithconsonantshift
preventedbynewcreationofb),anord.byfa(*bhbhin-)`big,lumpyfoot',norw.dial.bve,bva
`thicker,uncouth,clumsyperson,scarecrow,alsoawordformalemember'.
Withcertainbh- :OldIndianbh-ri-`rich,alot,immense',compoundsbhyas-,bhvyas-,Superl.
bhyiha-,av.biri-`plentiful,full,complete',compounds-Adv.baiy`(more,timewise=)longer,on
longerthan',Superl.bitm`most,greatestnumberofthings,verymuch,mostpossible';arm.bavel,
bovel`suffice';lit.brs`heap(houses),amount(sheep,birds,alsorain)',lett.bra`heap(people)';
withoutr-suffix:OldChurchSlavicbuj(*bhouio-)`wild,cruel,brainless',russ.bjnyj`growing
vehemently,wildly,excessively';fromherendd.b,bje,ndl.bui`gust,gustofwind,shower';
maybealb.buj`fuss'
gr.Hes.;withlengthenedgrade*bhu-gr.-ion.,att.
`blisters';gr.,`blister,bubble'(withAbl.ubesidesu).
Alsotherootbheu-`become,originate'isprobablydevelopedfrom`swell',comparethemeaningof
OldIndianprbhta-`rich,numerous'(:bhvati)withthatofbhri-.
extensionswithlareperhaps:OldIndianburi-,buli-(unbel.)`buttock,vulva'=lit.buls(alsobl,
bul)`buttocks',gr.Hes.,mnd.poll`head,point,treetop'(*bulno-),mnd.pull,poll
`(bloated)shell,pod',engl.pulse`legume';changingthroughablautmnd.puyl`bag',puyla`swelling,
lump,growth';withbh -:
-:got.ufbauljan,onlyinparticipleufbaulidai`(*inflated),conceited,haughty',
ahd.paulaf.àpimple,bubble',ags.byle,ahd.plla,mhd.biule`swelling,blister',anord.beyla
`hump,outgrowth',aschwed.bolin,bulin`swollen';air.bolach`swelling,blister'(*bhulk-,atmost
bhol-tobhel-`toswell');arm.boil,Gen.Pl.bulic`crowd,amount,herd',serb.bljitiòpentheeyes
wideinastare,togoggle'.
Dentalextensions:gr.,Hes.(but.T
Hes.,origingerm.-rom.kinshipofnhd.Btte,lat.buttis`barrel,cask,keg,cask',correspondsgr.
`demijohn,wickerbottle,carboy',seep - ìnflate,bloat');hereprobablypoln.buta`pride',
bucisi`brag,boast'.
OldIndianbudbuda-`blister,bubble',gr.,,Hes.(*budio-,
perhaps`distended,bloats'YetseeunderS.101);norw.pte`pillow,cushion',pta`bulky
woman',schwed.puta`beinflated',puta`pillow,cushion'(dial.`femalepudenda';withthesame
applicationperhapsgr.Hes.),engl.topout`pushthelipsforward,usu.asan
expressionofdispleasure,sullenness,orflirtatiousness;showdispleasure,sulk'(`*toswell'),poutà
youngdomesticfowl,achicken,ayoungturkey,pheasant,pigeon,guinea-fowl',ags.le-pteds.
(capit,actually`big-head'),ndl.puit`frog';
withgerm.-d-(--):ndd.puddig`swollen',ags.puduc`swelling,lump,growth,wart',mengl.ndd.
podde`toad'withnotyetclearedmeaningdevelopmentags.pudd`waterditch',mengl.podel,engl.
puddle,nhd.mdartl.Pfudelàsmallpoolofmuddywater,esp.oneformedonaroadorpathafter
rain',asalso(withgerm.t)norw.mdartl.pyta,westf.pt(*pauta)`slop,puddle,pool';asaconvex
curvatureinadditionperhapsags.pott,afries.mnd.pot`pot,pan'(differentKluge11underPott);
comparearm.poytn,Gen.putan`pot,souppot,jug'from*beud-n-or*boud-n-.
Withgerm.b -:
-:ahd.btil,mhd.biutel`sac,bag,pocket';isl.budda`sac,bag,purse',ags.budda
`dungbeetle',mengl.budde`bud'and`beetle,chafer',budden`redound'(`*toswell'),engl.bud`bud',
tobud`redound',mnd.buddich`thicklyinflated',nndd.budde`louse,cockchafergrub;frightpicture';
mnd.buddelen,bod(d)elen`throwbubbles,foam',norw.mdartl.boda`roar,bubble,fromthewater';
anord.boi`breaker,surge,breakers,surf';mhd.butte,nhd.Hagebutte;
besideswithgerm.-tt- :mnd.botte,ndl.bot`bud',mhd.butze`lump,mucus;goblin,frightfigure',nhd.
Butze(n),Butz`frightfigure;lumps,mucus,crowd;cores',etc,ndd.butt`clumsy,dull,coarse',mhd.
butzen`toswell';
besideswith--t - afterlongvowelordiphthongmhd.buzen`swell,jutout,bulge(fromthebelly,the
eyes)',ahd.bzoàbundleofflax',mhd.bze`ds.;ridiculousperson,knave,boy';
perhapslit.budlàkindofmushroom',slav.*bdlainech.bedlaàsaprophyticfungusofthe
orderAgaricaleshavinganumbrella-likecapwithgillsontheunderside',bedlyPl.òralfungi,
funguettesinoralornasalcavity';fromArm.herebesidespoytn(seeabove)alsoptu,Gen.ptoy
`fruit'andptuk,Gen.ptkan`greenbranch,youngshoot'and`breast,nipple,teat'.
Air.buiden`troop,multitude,crowd',cymr.byddin,abret.bodinds.hasroot-likeuandbelongs
likewisehere.
Labialextension:ags.pyffan`blowout,puffout',engl.puff`puff,blow,beinflated',norw.puffa,ndd.
puffen.
gutturalextensions:
Lat.bucca`thecheek,esp.whenpuffedout.Transf.,adeclaimer,bawler;aparasite;amouthful';
mhd.pfchen,nhd.(p)fauchen(cancontainunpostponedidg.p,comparelit.pkti`pant,gasp,
wheeze');schwed.puk`swelling,lump,growth,tubers',anord.pokim.`sac,bag,sack,bag',engl.
pokeds.,nhd.dial.Pfoch`sac,bag',ags.pohha,pocca`sack,bag,sac,bag',engl.pocket`pocket',
mndd.nndd.pogge,pugge`frog,toad;swelling,lump,growthintheabdomenwithcowsandmares',
ags.pocc`blister',nhd.(actuallyndd.)Pocke,dial.Pfoche`blister';anord.pkim.`devil',ags.pca,
pcel,engl.puck`fairydemon,ghost'(fromGerm.derivedir.pca`ghost',perhapsalsolett.pk'is
`dragon');zerogradendd.pk`subnormalpersoningrowth',norw.mdartl.pauk`small,weakperson,
knave,boy'(aboutgot.puggs`sac,bag,purse',anord.pungr,ags.pungds.andscaz-(p)fung`purse'
s.thoughFeist385).
Withgerm.b:
b:mengl.nengl.big(*bugja-)`thick,big,large,conceited';norw.mdartl.bugge`mighty
man',mengl.bugge(engl.bug)àlumpof(semi-)driednasalmucus,booger;chafer,bedbug;
bugbear,spectre,bogeyman',nhd.mdartl.bogg(e)`booger,thecoreinfruitorthecarpelsofanapple
orapear,bugbear,spectre,bogeyman'.
Herepresumablygerm.*buh-(idg.*bhuk-)inahd.buhil`foreland,hill',aisl.blaf.`swelling,blister,
shieldboss'(*buhln-)and*bk-(idg.*bhg-)inschweiz.Bcki`keg',engl.buck`bucket,pale'and
aisl.bkr`belly,body';ags.bc`belly,crock,pitcher',ahd.bh,nhd.Bauch,inadditionlett.
bugarains`tubercular',buga`hornlesscow',budzis`swelling,blister,unripeFruit';butlit.baas
`hornless',buy`scarecrow,bogie,spectre',bs`bedbug,louse',boe`club,mace,joint,
pinhead'(oprobablyfromu,compareaboveS.99)cancontainbalt.assingle-linguistic
formsandarebasedontheunextendedroot.
s -extension:
Gr.>(*,to:s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I692),(*),,`tocram,
fill,chock,stuff,ramup',,`bung,clot,thrombus',(-)`crushed,thrusted,
thronged,full';alb.mbush`fill';mir.bas`sac,bag,pocket,belly'(*bhousto-,compareaisl.beysti
`ham'),
Note:
alb.mbush`fill'[commonalb.shiftb>mb ]
anord.pss`pocket,sac,bag',isl.pose,ags.pusa,posa,ahd.pfoso`sac,bag';withthemore
originarymeaning`blow,inflate,bloat,toswell',aschwed.pysa`pant,sniff,snort',mhd.pfsen`pant,
sniff,snort,sneeze',sichpfsen`selfinflating,inflated',nhd.mdartl.pfausen,ags.pos`catarrh,
waterfall',engl.poseàcoldinthehead,catarrh',mndd.psten`pant,sniff,snort',pster`bellows',
nhd.pusten(actuallyndd.)mdartl.pfausten,anord.pstr`slapintheface,boxontheear'(asfrz.
soufflettosouffler);norw.ps`swelling,lump,growth',peysa,psna`tobloat,bulge,swell',schweiz.
pfsig`swollen',nhd.Pfausback,withndd.anlautPausback(besidesBausbackwithgerm.b-,see
under);norw.mdartl.pusling`toddler,fairydemon,ghost,goblin',schweiz.Pfosi`toddler,clumsy,
stupidperson'(`shortandthick');norw.ps,pysa`mudpuddle',anord.pyssds.(inplacenames).
Mitgerm.b (=idg.bh,partlyperhapsunpostponedorthenewb):ags.bsom(germ.*bs-mo(n)-),
ahd.buosam,mhd.buosem,buosen,nhd.Busen,mhd.bs`vanity,arrogance,pomposity,
flatulence,bloatedness,inflatedness,bumptiousness,conceitedness,vaingloriousness,swelling
fullness',bsenìndulgeoneself',nhd.bausen`tobooze,bouse,quaff,tipple,carouse,swell',Baus
àbundance,tumor,inflation',Bausback,Bausch`swelling,turgescent,bulgycushion,stuffedbreast',
mhd.bsch`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb,wad,plumper',anord.busilkinna`woman(with
chubbycheeks),achubby-cheekedwoman',norw.baus`proud,rollicking,wanton,violent,quicktempered',ahd.bsi`stonyhearted,bad',nhd.bse,mengl.bsten,nengl.toboast`brag,boast'
(`*blowup'),nhd.beysinn`thick,wideandlarge(fromclothes)',bstinnds.,aisl.beysti`ham',nhd.
mdartl.Baust`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb',bauste(r)n`toswell',ahd.biost,nhd.Biestmilch(actually`fatmilk'),ags.bost,bysting,engl.beastngs,biestingsds.,norw.mdartl.budda
(*buzdn-)ds.(insecureis,whetherschwed.mdartl.buska`fresh,fermentingbeer'andassociated
withitas*beuza-istobeaddedahd.bior,ags.bor`beer'as`frothingatthemouth,foaming,bubblethrowing,blistering';aboutotherinterpretationsofbeerseeKluge11andWeigand-Hirt).
Russ.bchnut`tobloat,bulge,swell,gush,wellup',sloven,bhnem,bhniti`tobloat,bulge,swell,
sichinflate,bloat',bhor`vesicle,blister',kasch.bucha`pride,hauteur'(*bau).
Thereisusedprobablythefollowinggroupwhichmeaning`blastingforth,sallyingforth'from`swell'
canbedeveloped:aisl.bysia`streamoutwithbigpower';norw.mdartl.bysa`stormforth';schwed.
busa`dismay,hurtleout';ostfries.bsen`beviolent,roar,makeanoise,attack'(and`livethehigh
life,highonthehog/orhighoffthehog,havealuxuriouslifestyle',compareabovemhd.bsen
ìndulgeoneself'),bsterig`stormy',OldChurchSlavicbystr`boardup;strand;takeaway;bring;
mishit;wallop;thrash',russ.bstryj`fast,sharpsighted,rapidfromthecurrent'(*bhs-ro-).
References:
References:WP.II114f.,Trautmann28,39.
Page(s):
Page(s):98-102
Root/lemma: b,b
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sheep'sbleating
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:NachahmungofSchaflautes
Material:
Material:Gr.,lat.bb,-re`bleat,shout,fromayoungdeer',blreandvlat.blre`bleat',nhd.
bh,slav.(e.g.klr.)bkati`bleat',lett.b,bku,bikuInterj.`bleating,grousing,blatant',aisl.bekri
Àries,ram',schweiz.bckeln`(*fromthealpinechamois)';similarlyair.biccithir`bellow,roar',cymr.
beichio`bellow',perhapsalsoOldIndianbkur`voice,sound,tone',allsingle-linguisticneologisms.
Similarlyair.beiccithir`roars',cymr.beichio`mugire',perhapsOldIndianbkur`voice,tone',all
single-linguisticnewformations.
References:
References:WP.II121,WH.I95,99.
Page(s):
Page(s):96
Root/lemma: bhabh
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bean
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andanklingendewordsfor`Bohne',underzw.`broadbean'
Note:
Note:comparetoSachlichenHoopsWaldb.350,400f.,464f.,HehnKltpfl.8221,570,Schrader
RL.2159f.
Material:
Material:Lat.faba(fal.haba)`thebroadbean'(inadditionthePNFabius,Fabidiusetcandthe
islandFabria),
Note:commonlat.ph->f-shift
russ.etcbob,OldPrussianbabods.Probablyreduplicatedbabble-wordandasìnflated,bulged
pod,tumescence'relatedtogr.m.`lentil':alb.bathf.`broadbean'(*bhak).
Note:commonalb.shift-kh>-thalso-gh>-dh
Alsoaisl.baun,ags.ban,ahd.bna`bean'(BaunoniaFrisianislandbyPlinius)haveoriginated
probablythroughdissimilationfrom*banto*aun.
Note:
Note:TheassumptionofaduplicatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhabh(bha-bh)seemstobewrong.
Commonlat.k>pphoneticmutationcorrespondstocommongr.g>bphoneticmutation:gr.
`clean,gleaming',,`clean',`smudges'(*bhoig-o-),,
(*bhig-)ìmpure,unclean'.Thatmeansgr.m.`lentil'andalb.bathf.`broadbean'
derivedfromanintermediaryroot(*bhak)andthatonefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheig- :
:`toshine'.
ObviouslyGermanicforms*banderivedfromillyr.*bathna(alb.bathf.`broadbean');common
alb.nasalizationt>nt>n.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):106
Root/lemma: bhag-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todivide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zuteilen;asAnteilbestimmenor(originallymedial)asAnteil,asPortion
erhalten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhajatiàllocates,apportions,divides'=av.bag-(baat)`bedeterminedasan
interest',OldIndianbhaga`property,luck',av.baga-,baa-n.`favorableinterest,attractivelot';Old
Indianbhaga-àllocator,master,mister,epithetofSavitarandanotherditya'=av.baa-`master,
mister,god',npers.ba`god':OldChurchSlavicbog`god'(formalalso=gr.-);.
Maybesuffixedalb.(*ba-)bagti`sheep(animalgod)'
ur-ind.(Mitanni)PNBagarriti(=*bhaga-rti-`blessingstream'),GNBagbartu(=*bhaga-bhrt-`blessing
donator'),kleinas.VN(F)(=*bhaga-d-uon-`makingadonation'),KretschmerKZ.55,
95,Gl.18,232;
OldIndianbhakt-m`repast,meal'=av.baxta-participleàsallotedlot'.n.àssignedlot,fate
determination,esp.badluck';OldIndianbhakatiènjoys,consumes'=av.baxaiti`hasorgiveslot',
Desid.OldIndianbhikate`requests';
phryg.Hes.(perhapsofIranianorigin);orfromtogr.òak'S.under
bhg-s;
gr.èat',-èatinggrain',etc;becauseofgr.,Hes.perhaps
here(MuchZfdtWtf.2,283)as.(kinni-)bako,nhd.Backe;
slav.*bog`lot'inOldChurchSlavicubg,nbg`poor',bogat`rich',OldChurchSlavicbog
`god'(protoextensionoriran.Lw.);GNDadi-bg`bestowingwealth';
toch.Apk,pke`deal,portion',Apci`treasure,tribute'.
References:
References:WP.II127f.,W.SchulzeKZ.60,138=Kl.Schr.469.
Page(s):
Page(s):107
Root/lemma: bhag-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharf,alsovomGeschmack'
Material:
Material:Kret.`whetstone',,`pointyheads,pointedheads,pointheads'(from
*after`crooked*(withapointedangle')wouldcomparefromLidnArm.-stem57ff.with
arm.bark(couldbe=)`bitter,sharpfromtaste;violent,angry'compared,yetbarkcould
belongalsotoidg.*bhorgo-s.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):107
Root/lemma: bhardh
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beard
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bart'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhardh :
:`beard'derivedfromthefussionofsuffixedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger-1 ,
ger- :
:`todevour;throat'+zerogradeg(h)i- `snake,worm,fish'Root/lemma:
snake,worm,*fish'.
Material:
Maybealb.geg.(*ger-gha)verza`(*throat),gilloffish'Latvianbrda`gilloffish':Latvian:brda
`beard'[f];brzda(dial.)`beard'[f]:Greek,`gilloffish'=Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger1 ,ger- :
:`todevour;throat'+zerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ang(h)i- (*eghi-,oghi- and
ehi- )::`snake,worm,*fish(*hedgehog=snakeeater)'
Lat.barba`beard'(assimil.from*far-ba);
ahd.bart,ags.beard`beard'm.,therefromahd.barta,as.barda,aisl.bara`hatchet,beards',
becausetheironstandslikeabeardinthehandle;fromtheGerm.OldChurchSlavicbradyàxe,
hatchet';
OldChurchSlavicbrada`beard',russ.borodds.,also`chin',skr.brda,Akk.brdu`beard'etc;
OldPrussianbordus`beard'(unclearafterTrautmann27);
lett.brdaand(seetozdunder)brzda,lit.barzd,Akk.barzd`beard';
lat.barbtus,OldChurchSlavicbradat,lit.barzdtas`havingabeard,bearded'.
Mayberum.brbat`man,jack,male,husband,spouse(beardedman)':alb.burr`man,jack,male,
husband,spouse(beardedman)'
lit.andpartlylett.-zd-isprobablythroughtheanalogythebalt.correlation(*barzd)causedfromOld
ChurchSlavicbrazda,russ.borozd`furrow'.
maybealb.brazda`furrow'
justasslav.*br`millet,sorghum'(seeunderbhar- `bristleear')willbebasedalsoidg.*bhardh
`beard'on*bhar-`bristle,standup',nexttowhichextension*bhares-ds.
References:
References:WP.II135,WH.I96,SpechtDekl.87.
Page(s):
Page(s):110
Root/lemma: bharek- orbh e rekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostuff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vollstopfen,zusammendrngen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,(*from*bhrk-)èncloses,cramsinto,crowdstogether',
commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;
`lockedin',withsecondary:Aor.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I760),etc,epid.
from*,-[]`woodenshack,shed',inadditionHes.;
lat.farci,-r`tofillfull,stufffull,cram',fartus`stuff,fillup,gorgeoneself,craminto',perhapsfrequns,-tis`crowded,numerous,full;ofplaces,full,frequented,populous;oftime,repeated,frequent,
constant;ofpersons,oftendoingathing;ofthings,oftendoneorused';
Note:commonlat.ph>fshift
mir.barcf.ònrush(esp.thewaves,billows)';whereasderivesmir.barcf.`fortress'probablyfrom
gallo-rom.*bar(i)ca`framehouse,awoodenhouse'(compareBollelliL'It.dial.17,147f.);
toch.Aprkr,prkre`firmlyfixedinplace;noteasilymoved;physicallystable'(VanWindekens
Lexique100).
References:
References:WP.II134f.,WH.I456f.,LothRC.38,303f.ZweifelbyEM332.
Page(s):
Page(s):110-111
Root/lemma: bhares- :bhoresEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:point,stubble(withformants)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èmporstehendes,Spitze,Borste'
Note:
Note:Mits- extension
Material: bharsLat.fastigium(*bharsti-)`thegableend,pedimentofaroof;henceaslope,eitherupordown;of
measurementslookingup,height;lookingdown,depth;abstract,highrank,dignity;principalpointin
asubject',hereperhapsfastus,-sm.`pride,haughtiness,arrogance'(tu-stem),inadditionfastdium
`loathing,squeamishness,disgust,dislike;hencescorn,haughtiness,disdain'(from*fasti-tdium,to
taedium);s.alsoPisaniRc.R.Ist.Lomb.76,2,17f.;
air.barr`top,point,summit,foliage',cymr.corn.bar,bret.barrds.,abrit.PNCuno-barros`fierce,
furiouslikeabattledog',gall.*barros`bush,treetop'(M.-L.964).
bhorsMir.borr`stout,proud,swollen',mcymr.bwrrds.,corn.bor`fat';
ahd.parrn`standupstiffly',parrunga`pride',aisl.barr-`needle,conifer',ags.brs,bears,mhd.
bars,nhd.Barsch,ahd.bersich`barse,perch';ablaut.schwed.agh-borre(*borzan,idg.*bhrs-)ds.;
ndd.(outofitnhd.)barsch(*bhors-ko-)`coarse,stern,rough';mengl.burre,borre`burdock,
roughnessinthethroat',engl.bur(r)ds.,dn.-schwed.borre`burdock',schwed.sj-borre`hedgehog',
norw.dial.borren,byrren`stout,proud'.
Maybealb.geg.burr`man,valiantman,proudman',burrni`pride,bravery'mburr`beproud,boast'
[commonalb.b>mbphoneticmutation].
Note:
Maybealb.geg.burr`man,valiantman,proudman',burrni`pride,bravery'mburr`beproud,boast'
[commonalb.b>mbphoneticmutation]provesthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhares- :bhores- :
:`point,
stubble'derivedfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bher-1 :
:`tobear,carry'(seebelow).
bhr s ti-, bho rstiOldIndianbhrf.`prong,spike,cusp,peak,edge,point'=germ.*bursti-inaisl.burstf.`bristle,

ridgeoftheroof',ags.byrstf.`bristle',ahd.burst,borstm.n.,burstaf.`bristle',mhd.burste`bristle
brush'(fromdemPl.fromburst`bristlemass');slav.*brstio-inruss.boràcanthus',bor`red
turnipsoup',etc
Withformants-dho- , -dh-:
bhrezdhAgs.breord,breardm.èdge,bank,border,shore,surface,plain,area'(*brerdaz),besidesbriord
(*brerdia),aschwed.brdderds.,nschwed.brdd,etc
Maybealb.(*bhrez)brez`hillside,(*border)strap,belt'thesameinrum.similartoruss.brozd
`bridle,rein'.
bhrozdhAlb.breth,bredhi`fir';air.brot`sting,prick',acorn.bros,bret.broudds.,comparemir.brostaim`spur
on,driveon,goad,incite,arouse'from*bhrost-(LothRC.42,70),mistakenlyO'Rahillyriu13,169
f.;ahd.brartèdge,border,stem,stembar,stempost',schwed.dial.bradd.
bhr e zdh-,bhr o zdhMir.brataim`loots,robs'(inadditionbratn`salmon')=cymr.brathu`sting,bite,drillthrough';

*bhrozdh-or*bhrzdh-togerm.*bruzd-inahd.brortèdge,border',ags.brordm.`cusp,peak,germ,
sprout,leaf',wschs.brerd(*brozdi-),
ags.bryrdan`sting,goad,stir,tease,irritate',aisl.broddr`cusp,peak,graingerm,cuttingedge',ahd.
gibrortn`tohem,gird,border';=baltoslav.*bruzd-inOldChurchSlavicbrzda,russ.brozd
`bridle,rein',
lit.bruzdklis,old`bridle,rein',currently`peg,plug,toggle'.Whereasislit.brzgilas,OldPrussian
bisgelan`bridle,rein'probablyborrowsfromprotogerm.riila-(ags.brigdels`bridle,rein',bregdan
`flax,wattle,braid').DifferentSpechtDekl.142.
References:
References:WP.II131ff.,WH.I461f.,546.
Page(s):
Page(s):109-110
Root/lemma: bharesEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:barley
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gerste'
Material:
Material:Lat.far(eig.farr),farrisn.`spelt,grain,meal'from*far(o)s,*far(e)zes(respectively*fars,
*farses)=osk.far,umbr.far;lat.farna`meal,flour'(from*farrna),farreus=umbr.farsio,fasiu
`madeofspeltorwheat,meal';
Note:commonalb.ph->f-shift
maybealb.far`seed,barleyseed'
got.bariz-eins(=lat.farna)`frombarley',aisl.barrm.`corn,grain,barley',ags.bere`barley'
(*bar(a)z-,respectively*bar(i)z-);butslav.*barsina-inOldChurchSlavicbrano`nourishment,
food',skr.brno`meal,flour',russ.brono`ryeflour',afterJoklMileti-Festschr.(1933)119ff.
rathertobher-1 `bear,carry'.
Maybealb.bar`grass,pasture,fodder':aisl.barrm.`corn,grain,barley'.
References:
References:WP.I134,WH.I455f.,864.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsobhares -S.109.
Page(s):
Page(s):111
Root/lemma: bharu-, -u o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fir-tree,tree,forest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nadelbaum,Baum,Wald'
Material:
Material:Aisl.brrm.`tree',ags.bearu,Gen.bearwesm.`wood,forest,shrubbery,bush',ahd.
bara-wri`forestranger...akeeperofapark,forest,orareaofcountryside,priest';slav.*borinruss.ChurchSlavicbor,Pl.borove`fir,spruce,spruceforest',skr.br,Gen.bra`pinetree',ech.borm.
`pinewood'.
References:
References:WP.II164,Trautmann26f.,HoopsWaldbume362.
Page(s):
Page(s):109
Root/lemma: bhar- :bhor- :bhr Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bristle,stubble,sharppoint
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hervorstehendes,Borste,Spitze,Borstenhre,Grannenkorn'
Material:
Material:Mitvokal.formant:
got.bara-bagms`mulberrytree',engl.blackbear-berryùvaursi',norw.bjrneber`rubuscaesius'
arereinterpretedafterthebear'sname*bara-`shrub,bush'=`briar';
fromprotoslav..*br(*bhor-)deriveruss.dial.bor,kir.bor,Gen.bru`kindofmillet,sorghum',skr.
brds.
Otherformationswithgare:
air.bairgenf.`bread'(*barigenor*barigon),cymr.etcbaram.ds.(*barag-,comparelat.farrg
`mixedfodderforcattle,mash;amedley,mixture').
Withformants-ko-:
mir.barc`spearshaft',cymr.barchf.`spear,javelin',slav.brkinskr.brk`cusp,peak,germ,sprout,
whisker,moustache',ech.brk`keel,pinionofbirds,primaryfeather,quill-feather',alsoprobably
russ.brce,brco`shinbone',dial.`pole'(Berneker119).
Perhapshere(withconsonantincrease)*brokko-`badger',mir.brocc,cymr.mbr.brochds.,whether
originally`pointyorsharpsnouted,ratfaced,incisivelooking,spiky'tolat.(kelt.)broccus`towith
protrudingteeth',gall.*broccos`cusp,peak,spiky',frz.broche`spear'etcUnclearis,towhatextent
mir.brocc`smut',gl.brocach`mottled,speckled,*tabby',cymr.broch`rage,fury,din,fuss,noise,
scum,froth,foam',nbr.broc'hed`mad,wicked,evil(=stung,bitten)'aretobeowedtosecondary
semanticchangeorbelongtodifferentstems.
Itisstrikingpoln.(ven.-ill).FlNBrok,perhapssignifies`riverbadger'.
References:
References:WP.II134,163,164,WH.I455f.
Page(s):
Page(s):108-109
Root/lemma: bhasko- (*bhedh-sko )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bundle,heap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Bund,Bndel'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhasko- :
:`bundle,heap'isatruncatedformationofanolderroot*bhedh-sko from
whichderivedbothRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhedh-2 :
:`tobow,bend'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhasko- :
`bundle,heap'(seebelow).Thealledgedroot*bhedh-sko derivedfrombhegh- [commonillyr.-gh>-dh-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:Maked.and(thesegenuinegr.vowelform),
Hes.;perhapsheregr.`leathersack';
lat.fascia`bandage,band,girdle,girth,strap,landstripe',fascisàlliance,bundle,parcel;thefasces
withexcellenthatchetasatokenoftheimperiouspower';
Maybealb.bashk`together,bound',bashkonj`puttogether,unite',bashk`fleece(abundleof
wool)'.
Note
Note:
Alb.provesthatfromanearlyroot*bhegh- [commonillyr.-gh->-dh-phoneticmutation]derived
Root/lemma: bhedh-2 :
Root/lemma:bhadh-sko- :
:`bundle,heap'(see
below).
mir.basc`collar,neckband',abrit.bascauda`brazenrinsingboiler'(perhapsoriginallyanearthenand
burntvesselformedaboutatwistedskeletongoodasbasket),cymr.baich`burden,load',mbret.
bech,nbret.beac'hds.;gallo-rom.*ambi-bascia`load',alyonn.ambaissi`kneaderforthesheaves'
(JudRom.47,481ff.).
References:
References:WP.II135f.,WH.I97,459f.
Page(s):
Page(s):111
Root/lemma: bh d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:good
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gut'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhadr-`joyful,gratifying,lucky,good',n.`luck,salvation',s-bhadra-`lovely,
superb,pretty,splendid'=av.hu-bara-`lucky';
got.batiza`better',batista`best',aisl.betre,betstr,ags.bet(e)ra,betst,ahd.bezzir(o),bezzist,nhd.
besser,best;inadditiondasAdv.ofKompar.aisl.betr,ags.bet(*batiz),ahd.baz(*bataz,congealed
Neutr.`benefit');
aisl.batim.ìmprovement,salvation',afries.batam.`benefit,advantage',mhd.bazzeds.;got.
gabatnanàcquirebenefit',aisl.batna`becomebetter',ags.batian,ahd.bazzends.;
withablautgot.btaf.`benefit',aisl.ags.btìmprovement,replacement',ahd.buoz(a)f.
ìmprovement,penance,atonement'.
References:
References:WP.II151f.,Feist83,103,174,J.WeisweilerBue(1930).
Page(s):
Page(s):106
Root/lemma: bhgh-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:elbow,arm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ÈllbogenandUnterarm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhu-m.àrm,esp.forearm;withanimalsforefoot',av.bzu-àrm',Gen.
bzv(arm.bazukfromdemIran.);
gr.,ol.-dor.èlbow,forearm',aisl.bgr,Akk.PLbguàrm,shoulder',ags.bg
`shoulder,arm;twig,branch',ahd.buog(nhd.Bug)`shoulder,hip,haunch,pointofshoulderof
animals';
toch.poke,paukeàrm'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):108
Root/lemma: bh g hGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mud,marsh'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.bhgh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):108
Root/lemma: bhg-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beech
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Buche'
Grammaticalinformation:f.
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.f.òak'(compareSpechtKZ.66,59);lat.fgusf.`beech';gall.
bgosinPNBgcon,Bgono-;ahd.buohha`beech'(bkn-,comparesilvaBcenis`resin'by
Caesarandmlat.Bcnia`Rhn-anareainGermany'),
aisl.bkf.,ags.bc,bce(bkjn-),inadditiongot.bkaf.àlphabeticletter',aisl.bk,ags.bc,
ahd.buohf.n.`book(asthewoodofrune-tablets)',ahd.buohstapàlphabeticletter',actually`beech
stickforscratching'.
Nisl.beykin.`beechforest'is(becauseofbkids.)writingvariantfrom*bki,alatecollectivetobk;
alsoistodefineperhapsnisl.beykir`cooper'.Unclearismiraisl.bukr,baukr`firstaidkit,medicine
box',afterCleasby-Vigfusson85baLw.frommlat.apotheka`bin,box,case,crib,tank,bucket'is
soil
Slav.*buza-:*bz-èlder'inruss.buzm.:slov.bz,russ.dial.bozstayawayprobably;alsokurd.
bzàkindofelm',goesbacktooldervz(fromidg.*uigs).
Mhd.bche,biuche`lye',biuchen,bchen`boilorwashinlye'belongsrathertorootbheug(h)`clean,sweep'.
idg.sidebysidefrombhug-(:bhug-:bhg-)andbhg-isextremelyunlikely;compareW.Schulze
KZ.27,428=Kl.Schr.55.
PerhapsafterE.Leumann(KZ.57,190)toav.baga-ìnterest,portion,lot,fate',also`fortunecookie
tree',becausemarkswerescratchedintoitbypilgrims.
References:
References:WP.II128f.,WH.I445f.,863f.,E.Passlerin`Frhgesch.underSprachw.`(Wien
1948).
Page(s):
Page(s):107-108
Root/lemma: bh-1 ,bh- ,bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,leuchten,scheinen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbh(incompound)`shine,light,lustre',bhti`shines,(he)appears',bhti-
`light',bhna-mn.`theshiners,apparition'(compareair.bn`white',ags.bnian`polish'),bhnu-
`light,ray,sun'(:as.banut),bhma-`light,shine';
av.b-`shine,appear,seem'onlywith-(avntm`theresembling,thesimilar'),fr(fraviti`shines
out')andvi-(vib-`gleam,shine',BenvenisteBSL.32,86f.),vsp-bm(y)a-àllgleaming',bmya`light,gleaming',bnu-m.`light,ray';
arm.banam(*bhn-)òpen,reveal,divulge,uncover,expose'(ifactually`point,allowtobecome
visible'),Aor.bat`si,comparegr.andalb.bj;
gr.`willappear',*bh-n-inpresent(*insteadof*-SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
694)`makesvisible,points',àppear,seem,shine,gleam'(,Aor.);
òbvious,apparent,clear',`torch';`risingofastar'(seealsounderbh-2),
,-àpparition,face,omen,sign'(compare);
,àpparent,manifest,obvious'(--);Hes.(to*=Old
Indianbhti);compare-,`glossywhite';
alb.geg.bj,tosk.bnj(=)`make,seem'(originallyprobably`bringtoanapparition');
Note:
Alb.usesatabooexplanationwhichreflectsthereligiousaspectofthecognate.
air.bn`white',obf.(*opi-bh)àpparition,beauty';
as.banut`touchwood,tinder';ags.bnian`polish'(i.e.`makegleaming'),ndd.(andoutofitnhd.)
bnen`scour,rub,clean,beans',mhd.benen`beans(*white)'(fromgot.bandwa,-w`mark,token,
sign',bandwjan,aisl.benda`giveamark,token,sign'herebelong-perhapsasu-derivativeof
participlebh-nt-`shining,seeming'-,isdoubtful.Lit.byFeist79f.);
osorb.baju,baso`burnindiscernibly,gleam',nsorb.bajom,bajase`gleam,flicker';
toch.Apa`clear,bright'(*bhno-),pai`beauty',peijods.(Duchesne-GuilleminBSL.41,164);
Apkr,pkri,a-pkrtseòpen,distinct';Ap-tsnk,pa-tsk`window'(-tsnketc`gleam,
shine'),VanWindekensLexique78f.;pate,Apt(incompound)àpparition'(*bhti-),PisaniRe.
R.1st.Lornb.78,2,28.
s-extensionbh-s-: OldIndianbhs-n.(ved.alsodisyllabic),Instr.bhs`light,shine,glory,
magnificence,power',subhs-`havingbeautifulshininess',bh-sati`glares,gleams',bhsant`gleaming',bhsan.`light';
gr.Hes.,`beginstoshine'areperhaps(from-)reshapedafter
,also`lustre,shine,shiner'
Doubtfulis,whethermir.basc`red',ags.basu,baso`purple'(*bhs-ko-,-uo-)aretobeconnected,to
got.weina-basi`grape',ahd.beri`berry',actually`redberry'InadditionthefullgradesMNahd.
Buoso,aisl.Bsietc
u -extensionbh-u-: OldIndianvi-bhva-,vi-bhvan-`radiating,shining,seeming';
gr.hom.(*F)`gleamed,appeared',,-`gleaming',-,Pind.`forthebrightpeopleshining',
(ol.,pamph.)att.kontr.,Gen.,,`light,salvation',whereof
*F-inlesb.,ion.,att.`gleaming',
hom.`gleams';àllowstoshine;points,shows,evinces;makeknown'.Different
SpechtKZ.59,58f.
Isgerm.*baukna-,inafries.bkenèmblem,landmark,mark,firesignal',as.bkan`mark,token,
sign,emblem,landmark',ags.bacen`mark,token,sign,banner,ensign,flag',ahd.bouhhan`mark,
token,sign'fromsuchgerm.*bau-shapedafter*taikna-`mark,token,sign'
References:
References:WP.II122f.,WH.I454f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I694,709.
Page(s):
Page(s):104-105
Root/lemma: bh-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianprobablyinsabh`congregation,meeting'(`*conversation,discussion';bh-in
OldIndianindeedotherwise-uptobhnati,seeunder-onlyinthemeaning`shine,appear,seem,
shine');
arm.ban(*bhnis),Gen.-i`word,speech,reason,judgement,thing',bay,Gen.bayi`word,
verbalism'(*bh-ti-s=gr.);bayparticle`(he,she)says'(=,alsobam=,bas=lesb.
from*bhsi);
gr.,dor.`say',,dor.`knowledge,shout,call,revelation'(=lat.fmaàreport,
rumor,saying,talk,tradition';,Hes.andonlywithApuleius
meetingaffmen`harangue,speech'needstobenooldequation);
`say,believe'(also,lat.fascinum,seeunder*babaonomatopoeicword),f.
`rumor',`language,speech,assertion,announcement';withablaut`voice';
lat.for,fr(from*fi(r)=ChurchSlavicbaju,ags.bian)`speak';
Note:commonlat.ph->f-shift.
Maybealb.geg.mefol`tospeak',fjal`word',tosk.flasÌspeak':lat.for`speak'[r/lallophones].
lat.fcundusèloquent,fluent,readyofspeech',ftumànutterance,esp.adivineutterance;hence
destiny,fate,thewillofagod',fmaàreport,rumor,saying,talk,tradition'(Denom.osk.faamat
perhaps`calls'),fbula`talk,conversation;atale,story,fable,drama,myth'(*bhdhl),fsactually
`divinecommandorlaw;sometimesfate,destiny;ingen.right,thatwhichisallowed,lawful',probably
from(ne)fsiswithinfinitivefs(s-stem)ìtis(not)tobepronounced'(differentEM333);
inadditiondisfstus`dayonwhichthepraetorcouldadministerjustice,court-days.Transf.alistof
thesedays,withfestivals,etc.,theRomancalendar;aregister,record;alistofmagistrates',fsti`the
listofthesedays,calendars';asderivativeofaparticiple*bh-t-s,lat.fateor,-r,fassus`toconfess,
admit,allow;toreveal,makeknown'=osk.fatum`speak',lat.Ftuus`speakingbyinspiration',
epithetof`foretellingFaunus';
Maybealb.(*fateor)fajtor`guilty(*confess,admitguilt)',thentruncatedalb.faj`guilt'.
aisl.bn,bn`request,prayer',ags.ben`request,soccage'(*bh-ni-s;orwith-gradationasgr.
);ags.bian`brag,boast'(aslat.frfrom*fir,slav.baj);
russ.-serb.-ChurchSlavicbaju,bajati`tell,discuss,heal,cure',ChurchSlavicbasn`fable,spell,
charm',OldChurchSlavicbalji,Gen.-j`physician,medicineman,magician'.
Atapresent*bhen-basedonOldIndianbhnati`speaks';auf*bhn-u-(oraufgerm.reshuffling
afterspannan)ahd.bannanredupl.verb.`summonbyproclamation(esp.toarms);curseordamn;
pronounceanecclesiasticalcurseupon',ags.bannanredupl.verb`summon,order',
aisl.bannaschw.Verb.`forbid',whereofahd.ban,PLbannaòrderunderpenalthreat'(nhd.Bann,
Bannwald),ags.gebann,aisl.bannn.`forbid,ban'.
Toch.Ap-,p-c-`beg'(VanWindekensLexique87f.).
AfterKuiper(.XII262)here(*bh-s-)OldIndianbhikti`heals',bhij-`physician,medicineman,
magician',jav.-bis-`healing';aboutav.biazjtcompareKuiperNasalpras.44f.
References:
References:WP.II123f.,WH.I437f.,450,458f.,525f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I674f.
Page(s):
Page(s):105-106
Root/lemma: bhso- orbhsoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofalargebirdofprey
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grereRaubvogelart'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhsa-àcertainbirdofprey';gr.hom.att.àneaglekind,probably
Vulturmonachus',waspossiblefrom*bhs-nor*bhs-n;also*bhn(tobh-1).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):111
Root/lemma: bht- :bhtEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,stoen'
Material:
Material:Lat.fatuus`foolish,idiotic,silly,awful,tastelessfromtaste'(*frombeatenthehead,dull);
gall.Lw.lat.battu,-ere,morerecentlybatt`tobeat,knock',outofitback-borrowedcymr.bathu
`strikecoins,mint',
Illyr.Battoàppellationforrebellionleaders',alb.batoj`rocktheboat'
comparealsogall.anda-bata`blindcombatant,gladiatorfightswithahelmetwithoutopenings'with:
russ.batòakenstick,cudgel,club',skr.btati`hit,knock',perhapsalso(with)russ.btat
`trample,swing'etc;
perhapsolderdn.bad`fight,struggle,damage,pity',mnd.bat`damage,pity,misfortune',nhd.
Blutbad.
Unclearistherelationshipto*bhu-t-(seeunder);itmustbeassumedinsteadof*bht-isperhaps
*bhut-,orliesaroot*bh-withvariantformantthebasic,whichisperhapspresentinlat.fmex,-icis
àbruise,contusion,bloodshot'(*haematoma,effusionofbloodresultedfromblow)
References:
References:WP.II126f.,WH.I46,99,452,464.
Page(s):
Page(s):111-112
Root/lemma: bh u -1 :bh Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:a)Withpresentformation--d -:
Lat.fstis(*bhdstis)àknobbedstick,cudgel,staff,club'(=gall.bstisinaprov.bust`treestump'
etc),fsterna`knot,burl,burr,stump,snag';
Note:commonlat.ph->f-shift,maybealb.fut,fus`hit,insert,copulate'
air.bibdu`culpable,fiend'(*bhe-bhud-uts),mir.balaim`hit'from*bhudl-...(or*boug-l-...tonhd.
pochenaboveS.98);probablyalsoair.bodar`deaf,stuns,dazes,deafens,baffles',cymr.byddar
`deaf'(*budaro-);
aisl.bauta(-aa)`hit,bump,poke',ags.batan(bot),ahd.boz(z)an(biezorschw.Verb)ds.,mhd.
boz,bz,bzm.`blow,knock',nhd.Ambo,ags.btel`hammer',
mnd.botelds.,mhd.bzel`beetle,hammer',aisl.bytill`penisofhorses';aisl.butr`shortpieceofa
treetrunk';withexpressivemtt:ndd.butt`dull,clumsy'(inadditionthefishnameButte),
mhd.butze`truncatedpiece,clump',ags.buttuc`bottom,pieceland',norw.dial.butt`stump,clot,
chunk'(alsowoodskid).Butags.bytt`flask,alargecaskorbarrel,usedesp.forwine,ale,orbeer'
derivesfromlat.buttis`barrel,vat,cask',alsocymr.both`flask';
aisl.beysta`knock,hit'(*bhaudsti-,comparelat.fstis);with-sk-suffixperhapsmhd.bsch`cudgel,
club,blow,knock'(*bhd-sko-),perhapsdifferentfrombsch`wad,bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;
roll;bulb',seeaboveS.101.
b)witht -formants:
Alb.mbt,mbs`suffocate,drown',skut.ms`slay,kill',compareprmism`downfallen';
Note
Note:
Commonalb.b>mbphoneticmutation
lat.conft,-re`tocheck,repress;byspeech,toputdown,silence',reft,-re`todriveback,
check,repress;torefute,disprove'(mitfrompreviouslyau),probablyalsoftu,-ere`havesexual
relationshswith(awoman),tosleepwith';
maybealb.(*ftu)fut`havesexualrelationswith(awoman),penetrate,insert,cheat'
air.fo-botha(*butt)`threatens',Verbaln.fubthad;got.baus`deaf,dumb,mute'.
References:
References:WP.II125ff.,WH.1259f.,573f.
Page(s):
Page(s):112
Root/lemma: bhu-2
Seealso:
Seealso:s.bh-1
Page(s):
Page(s):112
Root/lemma: bhebhru- ,bhebhroSeealso:
Seealso:s.bhr-`braun'
Page(s):
Page(s):113
Root/lemma: bhedh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topierce,dig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,especiallyindieErdestechen,graben'
Material:
Material:Lat.fodi,-ere,fd`todig;alsotodigout;toexcavate.Transf.toprick,prod,jog',fossa
`ditch,trench,channel',fodicre`stingrepeatedly,dig,jog';
gall.bedo-`canal,ditch,trench,channel'(WartburgI313),cymr.bedd,corn.bedh,bret.bz`grave';
gall.*bodca`fallowfield'(M.-L.1184);
got.badin.`bed',ags.beddds.,ahd.etcbetti`bed,agarden-plot(tobe)filledwithplants;aplace
whereosiers,willows,etc.,aregrown',an.berm.`bedspread,eiderdown'(idg.*bhodhio-),originally
àbedburrowedintheground',comparenhd.Flubett,Beet,engl.bedalso`gardenbed,garden
plot';
lit.bed,bedia,bsti`prick,bore,dig',bada,badti`prick,bump,poke',bdas`hunger',bdrf.
`pit,pothole',OldPrussianboadis`prick,sting',em-badusisi`he/shesticks';
OldChurchSlavicbod,bosti(s-or.bas)`prick',bodl'm.`thorn,backbone'(*bodl);
toch.Apat-,pt-`toplough';
perhapsalsohitt.pd-da-i(canalsobereadpdd-da-i)`makesaholeintotheearth',compare
PedersenHitt.77.
Perhapsheregr.,m.`pit,pothole',SchwyzerGr.Gr.I262,Zus.2.Different
PeterssonHeterokl.128ff.
Probablyinadditionkelto-germ.boduo-,-`fight,struggle'ingall.PNAte-boduus,-u,Boduo-gntus,
air.bodbf.`crow,battlegoddessintheformofacrow';
aisl.bof.(*badw),Gen.bvar,ags.beaduf.,as.Badu-,ahd.Batu-(inPN)`fight,struggle'.
References:
References:WP.I126ff.,188,WP.I99,521f.,866,Trautmann29.
Page(s):
Page(s):113-114
Root/lemma: bhedh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobow,bend
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`krmmen,beugen,drcken,plagen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbdhat`throngs,presses,plagues',Desid.bbhatsatìsshyofsomething,
feelsdisgust',ju-bdh-`bendingknee';
alb.bint,med.bindem`bebent(*beconvinced,pressured)',bashkr`together',bashkonjùnite,
assemble';
Note
Note:
Alb.provesthatfromanearlyroot*bhegh- [commonillyr.-gh->-dh-phoneticmutation]derived
Root/lemma: bhedh-2 :
:`bundle,heap'(see
above).
got.bida`prayer',ahd.betaf.`request',got.bidjan(sek.-bidan)`bid,beg,ask,pray',aisl.bija,ags.
biddan,ahd.bitten,aisl.kn-berm.`kneepad',ags.cnow-gebedn.`prayer'(compareOldIndian
ju-bdh-);
Maybealb.geg.meubetu`tovow',tosk.betohemÌvow,swear'
lit.bodsùnsavory,distasteful',bodtis`nauseatebefore';
toch.peti,Apoto`worship,veneration'.
References:
References:WP.II130f.,140,185,WH.I461,495,Feist89b;differentKluge1260.
Page(s):
Page(s):114
Root/lemma: bheg-,bhengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobreak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerschlagen,zerbrechen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhankti,Perf.babhja`break,rupture'(onlyafterwardsafterreshuffledthe
7thclass),bhaga-`break;billow'(comparelit.bang`billow'),bhaji-`diffraction,declension,
crookedway,sale,step,wave';
arm.bekanem`break',bek`broke';
butphryg.`bread',actually`crumb'()hasunexplainedk;
With-u-grade:alsoalb.(*beuka)buka`bread':phryg.`bread',actually`crumb'
Note:
FromanextendedRoot/lemma:
:èxpr.soundofhitting'derivedRoot/
Root/
lemma: bheg-,bheng- :
:`tobreak',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhenh-, bhn h-(Adj.bhn h-s )::`thick,
fat',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheug-1 :
:`toflee,*befrightened',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheug-2 ,bheugh- :
:`to
clearaway,free',Root/lemma:
:`tobow',Root/lemma:
:`to
enjoy,*consume,bite'astaboowords.
air.bongid,-boing`breaks,reaps,harvests,wins(*gains)'verbalnounbain(*bhog-ni-),encliticbach,-bech(*bhogo-m),ThurneysenGrammar447,461;Pass.preterit-bocht,perhaps=bocht
`poor';
droppingthenasalthepreteritbuichhasprobablysecondaryu(compareair.mag`field',Dat.muig<
*mages),sothatitisnotnecessary,togobackin*bheug(h)-`bend';
mcymr.di-vwngìnflexible';tomeaning`defeat,conquer'compareair.maidid`breakout'=`defeat'.
Togradepointatalsomir.boimm`morsel,bite,mouthful'from*bhog-smn;
lit.bang`billow,heap,lashings,peltingrains',prabangèxcess',lett.buogsàdensecrowd',in
additionlit.bangs`rash,hasty,violent'(frombrooksanddownpours),bings`gamy'(ofhorses),
bengi,bengia,begti`finish',pabangf.`termination';
pr.pobanginnons`moves,weighs';inthemeaning`finish,end'comeintobeingthroughablaut
derailmentformswithei,ai(compareEndzelinLett.Gr.60)inlett.begasPl.ènd,inclination,slope',
lit.pabaigds.,beigiandbaigiènd',lett.bidzuds.;
herelett.buogaalsostandsfor`stonyplace',herebelongsprobablyalsoruss.bga`floodedtractof
forest';differentaboutbeig-(tobhei-`hit')KuiperNasalprs.184.
Thefollowingformsaretobekeptawaybecauseoftheauslautsandbecauseofmeaningandto
indicateprobablyasonomatopoeicwords:
germ.*bang-`hit'inaisl.banga`hit',bang`din,fuss,noise',engl.bang`knock,hit',withablautmhd.
mnd.bungen`drum';ndd.bengel`club,cudgel,boor'=nhd.Bengel,engl.dial.bangle`gnarledstick',
anord.epithetbngull.
Inadditionwithintensiveconsonantincrease:
germ.*bank-inaschwed.banka,abl.bunka`hit,knock',obd.bunken`knock,bump,poke',mnd.
bunken,ndl.bonken`hit,thrash'.
Lett.bung`drum',bunga`blow,knock'deriveprobablyfromMnd.
Maybealb.bung,bungaPl.`kindofoak,Quercussessiflora(stickforbeating)'
References:
References:WP.II149f.,WH.I503,541,Trautmann26.
Page(s):
Page(s):114-115
Root/lemma: bhegEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`davonlaufen'
Material:
Material:Hindibhg-`flee';
gr.,`flee,beafraid',èscape,fear',`startles',`frightening,
timorous';
lengthenedgradelit.bgu,bgau,bgti`run,flee',bgas,bgism.èscape,run',lett.bgu,bgt
`flee',withablautkausat.bogin,bognti`fleesomething,togettherequckly';
slav.*bginruss.bgu(Inf.bt),klr.bih(Inf.by)`run',inadditionasneologismOldChurch
Slavicpribgn,pribgntietc`flee',aswellasOldChurchSlavicbe,beati`flee'etc;
toch.Apknt(pkt)`remote,distant,apart,separated'(VanWindekensLexique96).
References:
References:WP.II184f.,Trautmann29,MeilletSlavecommun2220,235,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I717.
Page(s):
Page(s):116
Root/lemma: bheidh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toadvise,force
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jemandemzureden,zwingen',med.`sicheinredenlassen,vertrauen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`letsmepersuade,follow'(Aor.,hom.,;Perf.
`trust'),Akt.(sek.),Aor.`persuade,convince',,-`persuasion',
(for*)`reliable,loyal,faithful,relying',,-,-`loyalty,reliance',hom.ìn
reassurance'(*--);
alb.bf.òath,vow,pledge'(*bhoidh=OldChurchSlavicbda`need'),ostgeg.per-bej`curse,hex'
(inadditionneologismbesef.`faith,belief,pact,covenant,loyalty');
Note:alb.bf.òath'derivedfromatruncatedalb.betimòath'
maybeTNillyr.Besoi:alb.besoj`believe,havefaith'
lat.fd,-ere,fsussum`totrust,believe,confidein'(fsusisto-participle),fdus`reliable';foedus
(*bhoidhos),byEnniusfdus(*bheidhos)n.`trusty,true,faithful,sure',fids`trust,confidence,
reliance,belief,faith',DiusFidius`thegodoffaith,asurnameofJupiter';umbr.combifiatu(*bhidhi-)
`youshalltrust,confide,relyupon,believe,beassured';aboutosk.Fiisiais,umbr.Fise,Fiso,Fisovios.WH.I494;
Note:
Alb.alb.f,fja`religion',fejonj`performengagementceremony(marriagevows)':ANfed,OFr.
feid,feit:lat.fides;
got.baidjan`constrain,oblige',aisl.beia,ags.bdan,ahd.beittenùrge,press,push,arrogate'=
abg.causativebdo,bediti`constrain,oblige',pobditi`defeat,conquer',bedaf.`need';
hereprobablyalsogot.beidan`wait,holdon',aisl.ba,ags.bdan,ahd.btands.,schweiz.beite=
ahd.beitten,butinthemeaning`wait,holdon'.basicmeaningàwait'from`trust'oròneself
constrain,oblige'.
References:
References:WP.II139f.,185f.,WH.I493f.
Page(s):
Page(s):117
Root/lemma: bheidh-2
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`binden,flechten'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.bhidh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):117
Root/lemma: bheidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprick,pierce
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spalten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhindmi(participlebhindnt-=lat.findns,bhinn-besidesbhitt-=lat.
fissus),bhdmi`split,carve,ruptureetc',bhidytìssplit';
probablygr.(redupl.Aor.hom.)`withwhicharestingy,avoidsparingly;spare;
avoidathing'(basicmeaningpartlyperhaps`separatemyselffromsomething=takemyselfaway',
aboveallbut`pinchoff,stingy,fromwhatcutoffoneselfonlyalittle');
lat.find,-ere,fid(probablyAor.asOldIndianOpt.bhidyam,ags.bite,ahd.bizzi`tosplit,cleave,
divide,halve'),fissum`split,cloven',fissumn.,fissraf.`cleft,fissure';
got.beitan`bite',aisl.bta`bite;penetrate(fromswordunderlikewise)',as.ags.btan,ahd.bzzan
`bite'(=OldIndianbhdati,gr.);Kaus.aisl.beitaàllowtobite,allowtograze',ags.btan
`rein,curb,restrain,hunt,chase',ahd.mhd.beizen`ds.,corrode',aisl.beizl`setofteeth,bridle,rein'
(*baitislan),ags.gebtuN.Pl.,gebteln.`setofteeth';aisl.bitim.,ags.bitam.`morsel,mouthful',
ahd.bizzom.,bizzaf.`morsel,mouthful,nip';got.baitrs`bitter'(`bittingfromtaste');
changingthroughablautaisl.bitr`biting,sharp,painful',ags.biter,bitter,as.ahd.bittar`biting,sharp,
bitter';aisl.beiskr`sharp,bitter'(*bait-skaz);got.beist`sourdough'(*bhei[d]-sto-);ags.bitela`biting',
bitel`beetle,chafer',engl.beetle;
Maybealb.bisk`branch,twig(*beam)'
aisl.beitn.`ship'(originally`hollowdugoutcanoe'toaisl.bite`balk,beam'),ags.btm.`boat',mengl.
bt,outofitborrowsnhd.Bootandperhapsaisl.btrds.;mnd.beitel,btel`chisel',mhd.beizel
`sting,prick'(:OldIndianbhdur,bhdir`thunderbolt').
Thefactisthatbheid-extensionto*bhei()-`hit'seemspossible.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):116-117
Root/lemma: bhei()- ,bh- (*bher- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen'
Material:
Material:Av.byente`theyfight,hit'(H.LommelKZ.67,11);
arm.bir`bigstick,club,mace,joint'(*bhiro-);
gr.m.`treetruck,woodenlog',m.`toggle,muzzle';
maybealb.(*bheir)bie`hit,strike',bie`fall,die',sub.bjeri`strike',bie(*bjer)bring:illyr.TNBoii
Alb.andarm.provethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhei()- ,bh- :
:`tohit'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bher1 :
:`tobear,carry'throughanillyr.-r>-jphoneticmutation.
ven.PNohiio-s-,ill.VNB`thecombatants,fighters'(:russ.boj),gr.-ill.PNB,VN
,kelt.-ill.VNBoii;messap.,Hes.;
lat.perfins`breakthrough,breakinpieces,shiver,shatter'Hes.;
air.ben(a)id`hits,knocks'(*bi-na-ti),ro-bth`washit',bthe`beaten',fobth`weel'(=ùndertheblow'),
mbret.benaff`cut,bite',acymr.etbinam`tomangle',withoutn-Infixabret.bitat`cutloose,cutoff',
cymr.bidio`cutahedge',bid`thornhedge',mir.fid(h)b(h)a`sickle'=acymr.uiidimm`lignite',ncymr.
gwyddyf`scythe,pruningknife'=gallo-lat.vidubium`hack,mattock,hoe'(*vidu-bion`woodhoe'),
comparemir.PNFal-be`(*weapon,magicwandforkillingwolves)wolfkiller'(*vailu-bios);air.binitf.
`rennet,cleaver'(ìncisive',*bi-n-ant),mir.bian`skin,fell,fur',air.bil`hatchet',acymr.bahell,
ncymr.bwyell,bwyallds.,mbret.bouhazlds.(*bhiili-),air.bimmn.`blow,knock'(*bhei-smn),corn.
bommends.,gall.*bili`treestump',frz.bille;
aisl.bldr`headofthearrow,bloodlettingiron'(*bhei-tlo-);ahd.b(h)al`hatchet'(*bhei-lo-),hence
probablygerm.*bilja-andnot*bila-inahd.ags.billn.,as.bil`sword',mhd.bil,billes`stone
mattock',nhd.Billef.`hack,mattock,hoe',mhd.billen`tohoe,chip,trim',ahd.bilthi,bilidi,nhd.Bild;
ahd.billaf.`sourdough';withformants-li-ags.bilem.`bill,beak,neb',additionalformtoengl.bill;
OldChurchSlavicbij(bjo)biti`hit',skr.bjmbti,russ.bjubitds.,therefromwithformants-dhlo:russ.-ChurchSlavicbilon.àlouserakeorcomb',skr.blo`thetransversepieceofwoodatthefront
ofawoodenrake(torakeleaveswith)',ech.bidlo`shaft,pole',russ.bo`beetle,hammer';btva
`fight,struggle,blow,knock'(:messap.),OldChurchSlavicbi`whip,scourge'(fromSlav.
nhd.Peitsche);inablautOldChurchSlavicu-bojm.`murder',skr.bj,Gen.bja`battle',russ.ech.
bojds.(:illyr.Boii).
References:
References:WP.II137f.,WH.I503f.,506,Trautmann33,LidnKZ.61,12,KarstienKZ.65,154
f.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.aboveunderbheid-.
Page(s):
Page(s):117-118
Root/lemma: bheigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen'
Material:
Material:Apers.*bigna-`lustre,shine'indenPNBag-bign-,-;
gr.`clean,gleaming',,`clean',`smudges'(*bhoig-o-),,
(*bhig-)ìmpure,unclean'.
Note
Note:
Typicalg>bgr.phoneticmutation
AboutcompareKretschmerGl.15,199.
References:
References:WP.II138,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I299.
Page(s):
Page(s):118
Root/lemma: bheiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bee
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Biene'
Note:
Note:withn-,k-ort-extension
Material:
Material:Theshortformstillinaisl.b-fluga,alem.b,bair.beij;besidesformswithn(barely
extractedonlytheweakDekl.),asahd.binin.`bee',ablaut.baf.(*bn-=ags.bo,engl.bee),bna
(nhd.dial.Bein);
OldChurchSlavicbela,belads.(*bhikel);cymr.bydaf`beehive',pr.bitte,lit.bt,bits,lett.
bite`bee'.
Gall.*bekos`bee'(M.-L.1014),air.bechm.`bee',gl.speach`prick,sting',cymr.begeg(y)r`drone'
deviateofvowel(taboocausingdistortion).
References:
References:WP.II184f.,WH.I555f.,SpechtDekl.46.
Page(s):
Page(s):116
Root/lemma: b(h)e1 andb(h)eh
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:outside,without
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:...àuer,auerhalb,ohne'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbahi(-)òutdoor,outward,outsidefrom'(m.Abl.);
OldPrussianbhe`without'(prepositionm.Akk.),lit.b`without'(prepositionm.Gen.,andnominal
prefix),lett.bez`without'(prepositionm.Gen.,andnominalprefix);
OldChurchSlavicbezetc(dial.alsobe)`without'(prepositionm.Gen.,andnominalprefix).Herealso
lit.be`still,yet'(`*inaddition'),bt`however,but'(formationasnet`but'),bs,lett.bst`possibly,
perhaps'(*bhe+est,EndzelinStud.balt.7,32f.).
Onaccountofhereair.bs`perhaps',vorton.from*bis<*bhe-esti
References:
References:WP.II137,Trautmann28,EndzelinLett.Gr.497f.
Page(s):
Page(s):112-113
Root/lemma: bh(e)lgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,ridiculous
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`schlaff,albern'
Material:
Material:*bhlg-or*bhlg-inwruss.bhyjèvil,bad,nasty'(henceborrowedlett.blgs,lit.blgas
`feeble,weak'),bai`romp',gr.,russ.blagjòbstinate,nasty',
dial.blanj`stupid',poln.bagi`bad,nothingworth';barelytogr.,Hes.,
becauseinheavyslav.word,whichpointsgr.lightbasis;seeunder(s)p(h)elg-.
Here(apparentlywithexpressiveGemination),however,lat.flaccus`flabby;ofmen,flap-eared'.
References:
References:WP.II183f.,680,WH.I507f.
Page(s):
Page(s):124
Root/lemma: bheldEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toknock,hit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`pochen,schlagen'
Note:
Note:perhapsoriginallyd-presentoftheonomatopoeicwordbhelMaterial:
Material:FromGerm.probablyinadditionmnd.bolte(n)`boltforadoor,dart,arrow',ahd.bolz,nhd.
Bolz,Bolzen,ags.bolt`boltforadoor,dart,arrow',schwed.bult`boltforadoor'(*bhld-),
perhapsalsonhd.Balz,Vb.balzenandbolzen,norw.mdartl.boltm.`maleforestbird;tomcat,malecat',nhd.Bolze`tomcat,male-cat';norw.mdartl.bolta`rumble,stormahead',
olderdn.bolte`curlup,rolloneself',schwed.bulta`knock',schwed.mdartl.bultra`wallow,romp',
norw.mdartl.bultra`rant,roister,romp',abl.norw.mdartl.baltra`wallow,romp';
lit.beld,-tiandbldiu,blsti`hit,knock',ablaut.bildu,bildti`din,drone,rumble',bldau,-yti
`knock,starkrumble',baldas`pestle';lett.belzt`hit'(perhapscontaminationfrom*belu=lit.bldiu
withtelz-`hit',Mhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-dt.Wb.278).
References:
References:WP.II184,WH.I560f.
Page(s):
Page(s):124
Root/lemma: bhelegEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhel-ds.
Material: bhelg-: OldIndianbhrgas-n.`radiativelustre,shine'(*bhelgos);Bhgava,Pl.`mythical
priestsoftheflashfire';lett.balgans`whitish';
perhapshereOldChurchSlavicblag`good',russ.(oldandmtdarl.)blogoAdv.`good',eig.`light'
(contrast`dark':`mad,wicked,evil');toch.ABplk-`burn,gleam,shine,gethot',Aplk,pilko`look',
Apolkts`stars'(:lit.blgans),empalkaitte`careless,neglectful'(Negation+*palk-`gleam,shine'
besidesplk-);
bhleg-: gr.`burn,singe,ignite',`singe,tosetonfire;intr.burn,beinflames',
n.`blaze;inflammation;mucus',f.ìnflammation,ignition;ferventness,passion;rutting',
Hes.(Adj.`fieryred'),`flame';
lat.flagr,-re`toblaze,burn,glow,flame,alsotoglitter.Transf.,togloworburnwithpassion;to
sufferfrom',whereforeprobablyflammaàflame,blazingfire;Transf.asourceoflight,torch,star,
lightning;luster,glitter;thefireorglowofpassion;devouringflame,destruction'as*flagm,osk.
Flagiuperhapsàninterpreteroflightning';
Maybealb.(*flagr)flegra`(*ardent,passionatebreathing)nostrils',flakrojÌshine',flak`fire';
besidesflg-(red.-grades*bhlegr-,*bhlegmorbecauseof,rather*bhlogm)stand
zerogradesbhl g - , lat.fulg-inlat.fulgandfulge,-re,fuls`toflash,tolighten;ingen.,toshine,
glittergleam;fig.,tobedistinguished,toshine',fulgor,-ris`lightning;ingen.,glitter,brightness;fig.,
brightness,glory,lustre,shine',fulgus,-urisàflashorstrokeoflightning;sometimesanobjectstruck
bylightning;ingen.,brightness',fulmen(*fulgmen)ds.;
mir.imblissiu`pupil(oftheeye);orb'(*mbhibhlgs-,VendryesRC.40,431f);
ahd.blecchen(*blakjan),mhd.blecken`becomevisible,allowtosee',nhd.blecken`showtheteeth';
ahd.blecchazzen,mhd.blecken`flash',mndl.nndl.blaken`flame,burn,glow',ags.blcern,blacern
`candlestick,flambeaux',aisl.blakra`blink,glitter,flash';hereprobablyas`burnt(comparend.blaken
fromblackeninglampflame),sooty',ags.blc`black',n.ìnk',ahd.blahds.;
nasalizedgerm.*blenk-,*blank-inmhd.nhd.blinken,mhd.blinzen(*blinkatjan),nhd.blinzeln
(besideswithgerm.golderdn.blinge`blink,glitter,flash'underlikewise,s.Falk-Torpunder
blingse);ahd.blanch,mhd.blank`blinking,gleaming,gleaming,white',nhd.blank,ags.blancam.
`steed'(eig.frombrightcolor,compare:)aisl.blakkr`sallow,paled',poet.`steed'(`dunhorse,grey,
*whitehorse'),aschwed.blakker`sallow,paled,dun(horse)',butalso`black,dark'(fromGerm.
borrowsfrz.blanc,ital.bianco).Fromthisnasalformalsopr.blingis`pallid';
lit.blgnytis`soberoneselfup;lightenup',alit.blinginti`shine'.
Avarianton--perhapsinlett.blzt`shimmer',blzma(bl-ma)`reflectionofmoonlightonthe
water'.
References:
References:WPII214f.,WH.I510f.865,PedersenToch.162,218,VanWindekensLexique17,
98,EM.398.
Seealso:
Seealso:Besidebheleg-standssynonymoustobhere-,seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):124-125
Root/lemma: bheleuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit;weak,ill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,durchSchlagenkraftlosmachen,schwach,krank'
Material:
Material:Acorn.balf.,pl.-ow`disease,malady',mbr.baluent;
got.balwa-wsei`wickedness,malice,cowardice',balwjan`torment,smite',ags.bealoèvil,mad,
wicked,evil',aisl.bl,Dat.blve`misfortune',ahd.balo,Gen.balawes`ruin';got.bliggwan(*bleuuan)
`hit',ahd.bliuwan,nhd.bleuends.,mengl.blowe`blow,knock',aisl.blegem.(*blauuian-)`wedge';
abg.bol`sicker',bolti`beill'.
Aboutnhd.Blocketcseeunderbhel-5.
References:
References:WP.II189,HirtIdg.Gr.II150,Feist79,100,SpechtDekl.133.
Seealso:
Seealso:Besidesarootformbhlu-:bhlu-:bhl-,seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):125
Root/lemma: bhelhEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen;Balg(aufgeblaseneTierhaut),Kissen,Polster'
Note:
Note:(extensionofbhel-ìnflate,bloat'etc)
Material:
Material:OldIndianbarh-n.`sacrificialgrass,(*sacrificialbedofstraw)'=av.barzi-n.`cushion,
pillow,cushion',npers.bli`pillow,cushion';OldIndianupa-brhaa-m,upa-brhaf.`cover,
cushion';
Note
Note:
Clearlyalb.bar`grass,straw'derivedfromIndianlanguages.Hencealb.isadirectdescendantof
Sanskrit.Clearlyalb.belongstosatemfamily.
WhetherwithAsp.-Diss.againstforms-ha-hereOldIndianbrjaha-ùdder'
ir.bolgaim`swell',bolgf.`bubble',bolgm.`sack,bag,belly,husk,trouser',mir.bolgachf.`swelling,
blister,bubble,blister;pox',bolgamm`gulp',cymr.bol,bola,boly`belly,sack,bag',
bul`seedcapsule,seminalshell'(PL.ofboly),bret.bolc'h`linenpod',vann.pehl-en(from*pehl-)ds.,
gall.bulga`leathersack'(outofitahd.bulga`watercontainermadeofleather');gall.Belgae`the
angry(*awarlikepeopleinthenorthofGaul)';
got.balgsm.`hose',aisl.belgrm.`strippedanimalskin,bag,belly',ahd.mhd.balg`bag,hose,
bellows,swordscabbard',ags.bielg,byl(i)g`sac,bag',engl.belly`belly',bellows`bellows'(germ.
*ali-m.,comparepr.balsinis;perhapshatalsoOldIndianbarhi-,av.barzi-idg.-i-s-as
extensiondiesesi-stem);
aisl.participlebolginn`swollen',Kaus.belgja`makeswellup',as.ags.belganstem-V.`beangry',
ahd.belgan`swellup',refl.`beangrywith',afries.participleovirbulgenàngers';
aisl.bylgja`wave',mnd.bulgeds.;*bul(h)stra-inaisl.bolstrm.`pillow,cushion',ags.bolstern.`pillow,
cushion',ahd.bolstards.,ndl.bolster`fruitskin,husk';
OldPrussianbalsinis`pillow,cushion'(*bholhi-nos),pobalso`featherbed',lett.pablstsm.`pillow'
(and`pad',seeaboveS.123);slov.blazna`pillow,cushion,mattress,adownyorfeatherbed;pad,
ballofthefootorballofthethumb,heelofhand[anat.]'(and`roofbeam,crossbeamofthesledge,
stake,stanchion',seeaboveS.123),skr.blzina`pillow,cushion,feather-bed';russ.blozenm.
`weal,callus,swelling,blister,clavus,corn'(butruss.dial.blozno`thickboard').
Hereprobablyasven.-ill.Lw.OldPrussianbalgnann.,alit.balgnas,lit.balnas`saddle'(probablyfrom
`pillow,cushion').Furtherbaltoslav.formsseeaboveS.123.
References:
References:WP.II182f.,WH.I122.compareaboutgr.`leathersack'VendryesBSL.41,
134f.
Page(s):
Page(s):125-126
Root/lemma: bhel-1 ,balto-slav.alsobhelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shining,white
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzend,wei',alsovonweilichenTieren,PflanzenandDingen,as
Schuppen,Hautetc
Note:
Note:tobh-1standinginthesamerelationship,asstel-tost-`stand',del-`split'to*d(i)-`divide'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhlamn.`lustre,shine,forehead',sam-bhlayati`glances'(lengthenedgrade);
balkàcrane'skind'withb-afterbak-àheron'skind';
arm.bal`pallidness,paleness';
Maybealb.bal`badger(animalwithwhitespotsinthesnout)',baloàdogwithwhitespotonthe
forehead'.
gr.`white'Hes.,Hes.,(F)`gleaming,white,white-fronted',,
dor.-ds.,,dor.-`coot(*bald-headed)',`bald-headed',
Note:dor.-`coot(*bald-headed)',`bald-headed'relatedtoalb.alb.bal
`forehead,(*shiningforehead,*boldasacoot)'
dor.`lookshylyaround';`white,itiswhite-mottled'isprobablyillyr.Lw.;
illyr.*balta`swamp,marsh,whiteclay',outofitlat.blateaf.,èxcrementlump',adalm.balta`sea
swamp';ligur.*bol`swamp,marsh'(M.-L.1191b),FlNDuriaBautica(from*Baltica),perhapshere
mareBalticum(ven.-ill.)`BalticSea'(Einhard,9.Jh),compareBonfanteBSL.37,7f.;
Note:clearlyillyr.AlbanoiTNderivedfromtheIEroot*bal`white'
alb.bal`forehead,(*boldasacoot)'(=OldPrussianballods.),balsh`whitehorseorox',baltf.,
baltm.`slime,mud,swamp,marsh,whiteclay';
maybealb.(*balakha)balluke`hairfringe'
lat.fulica(compareahd.belihha)andfulixf.`coot'(*bholik-withdial.u);butwhetherfls,-isf.à
polecat,cat,marten;henceathief'herebelongs,isdubiousbecauseofmls,-isf.`marten,badger';
kelt.belo-`luminous,white'incymr.beleu(*bheleuo-)`marten',air.obellm.`blaze,glow,heat'(f.
`spark,glowingcoal')=cymr.ufelm.`spark,fire'(*opibhelo-),mir.Bel-tene`festivalof1stMay'(=
beacon),gall.GN(Apollo)Belenos,(Minerva)Belisama(Superlat.),FlNBelen>frz.Bienne,
schweiz.Biel;afrz.baille`paleness'(outofitmbret.baillds.)couldonablaut.gall.*balio-goback,
comparefrzPNBailleuil<*Balio-ialon;gall.belsa`field'from*belis;
got.balam.`baldhorse,horsewithablaze'(fromBelisar'ssteed[BelisarwasaByzantine
commander]),engl.dial.ball`horsewithwhitepaleness'(outofitcymr.balds),mengl.balled,engl.
bald,dn.bldet`naked,bald,bleak',ahd.belihha(comparelat.fulica),nhd.Belche`coot',BergN
Belchen(tosuffixs.BrugmannGrundriII1,511,SpechtDekl.213f.),lengthenedgradeaisl.bl
`flame',ags.bl`pyres,funeralpiles'(*bhl-).
Whereasaregerm.*pl-inags.pl,engl.pool,ahd.pfuol`pool',ablaut.ndl.peel(*pali-)`morass',
ags.pyll,engl.pill(*pulia-,older*blio-)probablyfromVen.-IH.borrows(seeabove*bol);different
PeterssonHeterokl.205;
lit.blas`white'and`snowdrop',balf.`whiteanemone'andm.`swamp,marsh,moor,fen,pool',
bal,bala,blti`becomewhite';lett.lengthenedgradebls`pallid,pale,wan';OldPrussianballof.
`forehead'and*balo`swamp,marsh'inPN;
OldChurchSlaviclengthenedgradebel`white'(*bhlo-),f.`splintinwood',poln.dial.bielf.`marshy
wood,forest',russ.dial.bil`swamp,marsh';ablaut.bala(*bhl)inruss.bala-ruina`puddle,slop',
klr.balka`marsh';
lit.bltas(*bholtos),lett.balts`white',NorthSeaBaltinaezers;
slav.substant.neutr.Adj.*bolto-(*bholto-)`swamp,marsh,pond,pool,sea'inOldChurchSlavic
blato`sea',skr.blto`sea,ordure',russ.boto`swamp,marsh';
lit.b'lnas`white'(withglottalstop,idg.*bholnos),baladis`baptism',balndaòrache',russ.
lebed,serb.lobdads.;
slav.*bolnaf.(withtrailtone,idg.*bholn)inech.slov.blna`membrane,skin,cutaneously',russ.
boon`sicklyoutgrowthontrees,sap-wood,(dial.)lump',bonf.,`splintinwood',originally
identicalwithech.blana`meadow,grassland',poln.bof.,bonien.ds.,russ.boonjen.`deeply
situatedmeadows';
perhapstoch.palsk-,plsk,Apl(t)sk`cogitate'(*see,compareOldIndiansam-bhlayati);
whetherheregr.(*bhel-so-),`cork,oakcork',`rockyground',èven(*ofland,
ground,etc.:level,flat,nothillyorsloping;ofuniformheight)',`scale,flake(onesofreptile)'
References:
References:WP.II175f.,WH.I108f.,559f.,W.SchulzeBerl.Sbb.1910,787=Kl.Schr.111,
Trautmann25,29f.,SpechtDekl.116f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Herefurtherbhel-2;bheleg-;bhlei-,-g-,-k-;bhlendh-;bhles-;bhleu-,-k-,-s-;bhluo-;
bhlndho-;bhlido-.
Page(s):
Page(s):118-120
Root/lemma: bhel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:innamesofhenbane
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inBezeichnungenofBilsenkrautes
Note:
Note:probablywithbhel-1identical
Material:
Material:Gall.(illyr.)belinuntiaf.,n.`hyoscyamus',tonamesofApolloBelenos(see
abovebhel-1);
ags.beolone(*bhelun),as.bilene,zerogradeolderdn.bylne(germ.*buln-),blme,schwed.
bolmrt,nhd.dial.bilme;butahd.bil(i)saisprobablykelt.Lw.(compareaprov.belsa);
slav.*belena-,*beleninr.-ChurchSlavicbelenm.,russ.belenf.,slav.*belnm.inslov.bln,
aech.bln,zerogradeslav.*blninskr.bn.
References:
References:WP.II180,WH.I99f.,Trautmann30,KretschmerGl.14,97,SpechtDekl.140.
Page(s):
Page(s):120
Root/lemma: bhel-3 ,bhlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow,spread,swell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufblasen,aufschwellen,sprudeln,strotzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbha-n.`pot,pan,vessel'(*bhlnda);afterThieme(ZDMG.92,47f.)here
av.bar-s-man-`bundleofbranches',OldIndianbrsvam.Pl.`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;
bulb,gums'(Lw.fromav.*barsman`cushion');compareunderahd.bilorn.
Arm.beun`fertile'(:gr.),ben-awords.(:gr.),Adontz,Ml.Boisacq9.
Gr.,`penis'(from*bhlnsor*bhelns;compareair.ball,nhd.Bulle);
Maybealb.geg.pallosh`penis':gr.`penis'
inaddition(formationas),`whale'(comparethatprobablyborrowedthrough
illyr.mediationlat.ballaena;alsomhd.bullichcallsbigfishkinds;
identicalis`moth',aboutandsupplementaryseeaboveZ.1;aboutsee
belowphel-;afterPerssonBeitr.299also()Greatmullein,plantwiththickwoolly
leaves,as*bh(e)lomos
Probablyphryg.-,-`'Hes.,also`penis';thrak.VN-.
Lat.follisàleatherbag;apairofbellows;apurse;apuffed-outcheek'(*bhlnisor*bholnis,compare
thegerm.wordswith-ll-from-ln-);
cymr.blf.èlevation,rise,mountaintop'(*bhl);
zerogradeair.ballm.`limb,member,part,bodypart',then`deal,portion,place,spot,mark'(alsoin
thebody),henceperhapsalsocymr.ballèpidemic',balleg`sack,bag';changingthroughablautbol,
bollincymr.dyrn-fol`glove',arfolli`becomepregnant',ffroen-foll`withswollennostrils'(:);
Maybealb.bole`testicle'
zerogradewithformants-ko-andmeaningasahd.bald(seebelow):nir.bale`strong',cymr.balch,
bret.balc'h`stout,proud,hubristic,overbearing'.
bhl - (bh e l - )inaschwed.bulin,bolin`swollen',bulde,bolde,byld`hump,ulcer';aisl.bulr,bolrm.`tree

truck,trunk',mnd.mhd.bolef.`plank'(nhd.Bohle);aisl.boli`bull',ags.bulads.,bulluc`youngbull',
engl.bull,mnd.nhd.Bulle(as*bull-n=gr.*fromastem*bulla-=-);hess.bulle
`vulva';aisl.bollim.drinkingbowl'(`*sphericalvessel';mir.balln`drinkingvessel'probablyfrom
Nord.),ags.bollam.`bowl',hafodbolla`brainbox,cranium',afries.strotbolla`larynx',as.bollo
`drinkingbowl',ahd.bollaf.`vesicle,blister,fruitskinorknotoftheflax',mhd.bollef.`bud,spherical
vessel',ahd.hirnibolla`cranium',nhd.Bolle,Robollen,mhd.bullich,bolch`bigfishamongothers
cod'(compare),comparealsoahd.boln,mhd.boln`roll,throw,toss,fling'andwiththe
meaningswollen=`thick,big,large',schwed.mdartl.bl,bol`thickandlarge,strong,verydaring',
aisl.poet.bolmr`bear';hereprobablyaisl.bulki`shipload',schwed.dn.bulk`hump,nodules,
tubers';
inheterokl.paradigm()*bhelr,Gen.*bhelnsinterpretsahd.bilornm.f.`gums'(*bilurn`swelling,
bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb'),whethernotfrom*beluzn;
germ.*beln-alsoinhess.bille`penis'(:bulle),mnd.(ars-)bille,ndl.bil`buttock',schwed.fotabjlle
`ballofthefoot';
alsoalb.bili`penis',bole`testicle'
changingthroughablautahd.ballo,balla,nhd.Ball,Ballen,ahd.arsbellim.Pl.`buttocks',ags.bealluc
m.`testicles'(*bholn-),aisl.bllr`ball,sphere,testicle';aisl.balièlevationalongthetheedgeofthe
lakebank;smallriseongroundlevel';withformants-to-andthemeaning`swollen,inflated'=
àrrogant,bold',got.bal-abaAdv.`boldly',baleif.`boldness',aisl.ballr`dreadful,dangerous',
baldinn`defiant',ags.beald`bold,audacious',ahd.bald`bold,audacious,quick,fast',nhd.baldAdv.;
inadditionags.bealdor`prince,lord,master,mister',aisl.GNBaldr.
Withcoloringgradation*bhl-probablynorw.blìnheat,rutting,ofthesow'(changingthrough
ablautbala`rutting,beinheat').
rootformbhl-:
Gr.`gossip,talkative',-,-`betalkative';asfrombh-,Aor.
`bubbleout';
lat.fl,flre`toblow;intransit.,ofwinds,personsandinstru-ments;transit.,toblow,blowforth;to
blowonaninstrument;tocastmetals,tocoin'(probablyfrom*bhl-i),butflmina`varicoses'is
probablyLw.fromgr.;norw.dial.blma`blebontheskin,skinvesicle';aschwed.blmma
ds.;ahd.blt(t)ara,as.bldara`blister,bubble',ags.bldreds.,reduplication-stemaisl.blara
`vesicle,blister,bubble',ahd.etcblat`leaf';aisl.bl-inZs.èxcessive,very';withprevalentmeaning
`blow'ahd.io-presentbljan,blen`blow,swell,blowout',ags.blwan`blow'(herewfromPerf.),
ahd.blt,ags.bld`blow,breath,breeze,gustofwind',aisl.blr`gustofwind';with-s- got.
ufblsanìnflate,bloat',aisl.blsa`blow,pant,gasp,inflate,bloat;unpers.:`swellup',ahd.blsan
`blow',blsa`bubble',blst`blast,breath,breeze',ags.blst,aisl.blstr(*blstu-)`blast,breath,
breeze,snort,rage,fury';
Maybealb.plas`blow'
lett.blnas`prank'derivesfromruss.Lw.bldis`confidencetrickster,swindler'.
Maybealb.geg.blenjÌbuy,bargain,strikeadeal)'similarmeaningshiftaslat.c-re`hit,wound,
strike,smite;esp.,tostrikeabargain'
Hereperhapsgot.bl`blood',s.bhel-4.
References:
References:WP.II177f.,WH.I515,524f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Inadditionbhel-4`bloom'etcandtheextensionsbhelh-,bhld-,bhleg-,bhlei-,bhleu-`to
swell'etc
Page(s):
Page(s):120-122
Root/lemma: bhel-4 andbhl- ,bhl- ,bhlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leaf;bloom
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Blatt,Blte,blhen;ppigsprieen'
Note:
Note:probablyfrombhel-`toswell'insenseof`vegetablelushness'and`swelling=bud'
Material:
Material:Gr.`leaf'(*bhuliom),lat.foliumds.;mir.bilec`leaf'(from*bile<*bhelio-);
moreoverprobablyair.bilen.`tree';
Maybealb.(*)pyll`forest'[commonalb.shiftu>y]
bhl- , mostlybhl - in:lat.fls,-rism.àflower,blossom.Transf.,theprime,flowerofanything,the

best,thepride;ontheface,firstbeard,down';flre,-re`tobloom,flower.Transf.,tobeinone's
prime,toprosper,flourish,beinrepute;withabl.toaboundin,swarmwith';osk.Fluusa`thegoddess
offlowers,whosefestivalwascelebratedonthe28thofApril,oftenwithunbridledlicense',
FluusasiasòfthefestivalsofFlora',sabin.FlusareòforbelongingtothefestivalofFlora,ofthe
Floralia'.
Mir.blthm.`bloom,blossom,flower',cymr.blawd,acorn.blodon`bloom,blossom'(*bhl-t-),mbret.
(with-men-suffix)bleuzven,nbret.bleun(v)ennds.,withs-derivativemhd.bluost`bloom,blossom',
nhd.Blust,ags.blstma,blsma,blstm`flower,blossom',an.blmstrds.,ndl.blsen`bloom'(=
mnd.blsen`blush',seebelowbhles-`shine');
got.blmam.,ahd.bluomom.`flower,blossom',aisl.blomim.ds.,blmcollective`flower,blossom';
ahd.bluojen,bluowen,as.bljan,ags.blwan`bloom';ahd.bluotf.`blossoming,bloom,blossom'=
ags.bldf.`scion,shoot,twig,branch,flower,blossom,fruit';butgot.bln.,aisl.bl,as.ags.bld,
ahd.bluot`blood'probablyto*bhel-èffervesce'.
With:ags.bldm.`breath,breeze',n.`bubble',f.`bloom,blossom',ahd.blt`bloom,blossom'
(comparealsoags.bld,ahd.blt`life,breath,breeze'andbhel-ìnflate,bloat');
with:ahd.blat,as.blad,ags.bld,aisl.blan.`leaf';toch.A.pltds.
References:
References:WP.II176f.,WH.I518f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I351.
Page(s):
Page(s):122
Root/lemma: bhel-5 ,mostlywith-- (-k - )suffix:bh e l- ,bh e l-n-- ,bhele- ;bhl k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:balk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bohle,Balken'
Material:
Material:Basicbhel - inOldIndianbhurjuDu.àrms,armsorshaftsofthecart'spole';gall.
*balkon`(wall)projection',cymr.balog`pinnacle'(M.-L.890).
Withgutturalextensions:
Gr.,-f.`stem,balk,beam;battlerow,array',`planks,planking'(ifonlywith
secondarynasalrenderingfromothernounsin-,so*-=OldIndianbhurij-;yetperhapswith
bhel--onlyparallel-extensionfroman-stem*bheln-from);with-k-:m.`balk,beamplank
inship'.
Lat.fulci,-re,fuls,-tum(*bhlki)`topropup,support;tostrengthen,secure;morally,tosupport,
stay,uphold'(eig.`throughbalk,beam');fulcrum(*fulc-lom)`thepostorfootofacouch(prop,rack,
restcamp)'.
Perhapsalsosufflmenàbrake,drag,hindrance'(*flg-=idg.*bhl-smen);
aisl.bialki(*belkan-)`balk,beam';ablaut.(*balkan-):ags.balca,bealca;ahd.as.balko`balk,beam';
aisl.balkr`partitionwall,dividingoff,partitioningoff',blkr`dividingoff,partitioningoff';
zerogradeags.bolcam.`gangplank';butahd.bloh(h),mhd.bloch,nhd.(ndd.)Block`clot,chunk,
balk,plank'containsidg.u,alsofromidg.*bhluko-or,whetherwithgerm.consonantincrease,from
*bhlugo-,tomir.blog`piece,fragment',furtherperhapstogot.bliggwan,ahd.bliuwan,nhd.bleuen
`hit',fromidg.*bhleu-ono-;seeunderbheleu-.
Whereasbelongprobablyto*bhelh-`toswell'fromameaningmediation`thick,tumescent'from:
lit.balien`longbeamintheharrow',balenas`crossbar,crossbeam',lett.blins,blzinsm.
`prop',ostlett.blgzdsm.`propsconnectedinthewoodsledgelevel',lett.pablstsm.`prop,handle,
grasp,handleintheplow',blzt,pablstt`prop,sustain';
russ.mdartl.(Gouv.Olonez)blozno`thickboard',slov.blazna`roofbeam,crossbeamofthesledge,
stake,stanchion';kaub.bozno`therunnersconnectingthesledgeskids'.
References:
References:WP.II181f.,WH.I559,Trautmann25f.
Page(s):
Page(s):122-123
Root/lemma: bhel-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound,speak,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schallen,reden,brllen,bellen';Schallwurzel
Material:
Material:OldIndianbha`barking,baying'(*bhels-),bhat`talks,speaks,prattles';bhaat
(Dhatup.)`speaks,jeers,rebukes'(*bhelnd),bhati`talks,speaks'(*bhel-n)areafterKuiper
Proto-Munda32f.nichtidg.
aisl.belja`roar,bellow',mndl.belen`bark,bay';aisl.bylja,bulda`threaten,drone,roar',bylr`gustof
wind',ags.bylgan`roar,bellow',mhd.boln`cry,roar,bellow';
withgerm.ll(consonantincreaseintheonomatopoeicwords),ahd.bellan`bark,bay',ags.bellan
`roar,bellow,bark,bay,grunt';ahd.bulln`howl(fromthewind),bark,bay,roar,bellow',isl.-norw.
bulla`babble,chat';aisl.bjalla,ags.belle,engl.bell,mnd.belle`bell',nhd.(eigentl.ndd.)Bellhammel
`bellwether(withbell)';
withgerm.ld(probablyfromapresentdh-andperhapswithlit.bldutocompare,becauselatter
containsmostprobablyidg.dh)dn.baldre,norw.mdartl.baldra,schwedmdartl.ballra`rant,roister'
mnd.ndl.balderends.,dn.buldre,schwed.bullsa,mnd.ndl.bulderen,bolderen,mhd.buldern,nhd.
poltern;OldPrussianbillit`say,speak',lit.blstu,bila,blti`tostarttotalk',blu,biloti`talk',bilju,-ti
`say,talk',byl-a,-tids.,byl`speech,pronunciation,conversation,entertainment',lett.bilstu,bilu,
bilst(inZs.)`talk,address,speakto',bildtàddress,speakto';lett.billt(from*bilna)`weep,cry';
withformants-so-lit.balsas`voice,sound,tone';
toch.ABpl-,pl-`praise,laud'(VanWindekensLexique89).
References:
References:WP.II182,WH.I516,Trautmann25.
Seealso:
Seealso:Fromthisderived*bhl-`bleat'.
Page(s):
Page(s):123-124
Root/lemma: bhendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`binden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbadhnti,onlylaterbandhati`binds,fetters,captures,takesprisoner,put
together',av.bandayaiti`binds',participleOldIndianbaddh-,av.ap.basta-,OldIndianbndhanan.`ligation',bandh-m.`ligation,strap',
Note
Note:
Probablyfromav.ap.basta-n.`ligation'derivedalb.bes`pact,covenant,faith,belief,armistice',
previouslyillyr.TNBesoi[commonalb.shiftst>s];clearlyillyr.displayssimultaneoussatemand
centumcharacteristicssinceitwascreatedbeforethesplitofIndoEuropeanfamily.Becausethe
institutionofbesa isthemostimportantpaganmediumthatsurpassesmonotheisticreligionsinalb.
psyche,thatmeansalb.arethedescendantsofillyr.Onlyalb.andIndiclanguagesrelatetothefact
ofbloodbond.Theinstitutionofbesa markstheancientcodeofbloodrevengeandthevictoryof
patriarchyorthebloodlineofthefather.
av.banda-m.`band,manacle'(:aisl.as.bant,ahd.bantn.,nhd.Band;got.bandi,ags.bendf.ds.;
lit.band`cattle',seeunder);OldIndianbndhu-m.`kinsman,relative'(as).
Gr.`rope,hawser,rope,cable'(from*,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I287,compareBrugmann
IF.11,104f.,alsoforand),`father-in-law'(*`linkedbymarriage');
hereafterPedersen(REtIE.1,192)also`suffer'asìsbound,isentrapped',asalsolat.
offend`tostrikeagainst,knock;tohitupon,fallinwith;toshock,offend,displease;intransit.to
knock,strike;torunaground;tostumble,makeamistake,togiveoffence(withdat.);alsototake
offence',dfend`(*releasefromtheentanglement)torepel,repulse,wardoff,driveaway(2)to
defend,protect;esp.todefendincourt;inargument,tomaintainapropositionorstatement;to
sustainapart';(coverslate,butold),withsoundrearrangementhom.att.`crib'
(*bhndhn;underabasicmeaning`twisted,wovenbasket'askelt.benna`carriagebasket');
thrak.-`bind'(vglKretschmerEinl.236);alb.bes`pact,covenant,faith,belief,armistice';
illyr.TNBesoi
lat.offendimentum,offendix`theknotofaband,orthebanditself,chinstrapunderpriest'scap,apex
(aRomanpriest'scap),fastenedwithtwostringsorbands';
gall.benna`kindofvehicle',galat.,cymr.benn`wagon,cart'(outofitags.binn,and
throughroman.mediationnhd.dial.benne`carriageboxes',ndl.ben`basket,trough';basicform
*bhendh-n);mir.buinne`strap,bangle'(*bhondhi);
got.ags.bindan,aisl.binda,ahd.bintan`bind',got.andbundnanìsunfastened',got.bandietcsee
above;
lit.bedras`partner,comrade'(formantassociatedwithgr.),band`herdofcattle'(eig.`the
tied(down)cattle,theboundcattle').
Herealsogot.banstsm.`barn'(*bhondh-sti;compareinothermeaningafries.bst`matrimonial
union'from*bhondh-stu-`bond';
ndd.banse`silo,garner,barn',ags.*bs,engl.boose`cattleshed',ags.bsig`crib',aisl.bssm.
`roomforkeeping,cattlestall'(*band-sa-);
jt.bende`dividedoffroomincattleshed'erasesprobablyeverydoubtabouttherelationshipof
abovegroupwithbinden.
References:
References:WP.II152,WH.I102,Feist79,80f.,93.
Page(s):
Page(s):127
Root/lemma: bhendEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosing,rejoice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`singen,schnklingen,jauchzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhandat`receivescheeringshout,ispraised,glares,gleams',bhndiha-ìn
loudestcheering,shrilly,screaming,bestofallpraising',
bhandna-`cheering',bhandn`merrytintinnabulation,cheer'(doubtsthemeaningpartly);zero
gradeair.mir.bind`melodic',abret.bann`melodious,harmonious'.
References:
References:WP.II151f.
Page(s):
Page(s):126-127
Root/lemma: bhenh-, bhn h-(Adj.bhn h-s )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thick,fat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dick,dicht,feist'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbah-`dense,rich,much,alotof'`compoundsSup.bahyas-,bahiha-(=
gr.);
bahul-`thick,dense,vast,spacious,big,large,rich,much,alotof'(=gr.Adv.byAristot.,if
thesenotnewerformation);bhat(uncovered)ìncrease,multiply',bhhayat`clamps,fastens,
strengthens';
av.bzah-n.`height,depth',bnu-m.ds.,bal.bz`much,alotof',baz`dense';
gr.`thick,dense,fat,obese'(compounds),n.`thickness,fatness'(occursafter
for*=av.bzah-),`thick;thickness,fatness';
aisl.bingr`heap',aschwed.bingeds.,ahd.bungo`tuber,bulb',nhd.Bachbunge;inadditionwith
intens.consonant-sharpeningaisl.bunki`stowedawayshipload',norw.bunka(andbunga)`small
heap,swelling,blister',ndl.bonk`clump,lump'underlikewise;
Note:
Alb.bung`kindofedibleoakfruit':with-u-gradealb.(*beuka)buka`bread':phryg.`bread',
actually`crumb'provethatfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
:èxpr.soundof
hitting'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheg-,bheng- :
Root/lemma:bhenh-, bhn h-(Adj.
bhn h-s )::`thick,fat',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheug2 ,bheugh- :
:`toclearaway,free',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
bheug-4 :
:`toenjoy,*consume,bite'astaboowords.
lett.bezs`dense,thick',bezums`thickness,fatness';
lat.pinguis`fat;oily;rich,fertile;n.assubst.fatness,fat.Transf.thick,dense;heavy,stupid;easy,
quiet'hasperhapsoriginatedthroughhybridizationof*fingu-is=,bah-withthattoopmus,
respectivewords;
toch.pkante,pkatte`greatness,bulk,extent'(VanWindekensLexique96);
hitt.pa-an-ku-(panku-)àll,ingeneral'.
References:
References:WP.II151,CouvreurH177.
Page(s):
Page(s):127-128
Root/lemma: bhenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,wound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,verwunden';alsovondurchdenSchlagbserGeisterbewirkter
Krankheit(avest.;comparetodiesemAberglaubenHaversIF.25,380f.)
Material:
Material:Av.bnaynìtmakesmesick',banta-`sickens,wasteaway';
got.banja`blow,knock,wound,ulcer',aisl.ben,ags.bennf.,as.beniwunda`wound';aisl.banim.
`death;murderer',ags.bana,ahd.as.bano`killer,murderer',ahd.bano,mhd.bane,ban`death,ruin';
perhapsalsomhd.bane,banf.andm.`pathway,way,alley'as`*byallmeansthroughanwood,
forest'or`*a(well-)beatentrack,awayusedoften';mir.epitf.`scythe,pruningknife'from*eks-bhent;corn.bonyàxe';butcymr.bon-clust`slapintheface,boxontheear'containsbon`stick'.
Av.bata-,if`groundcoarsely,fromthegrain',couldberelatedas*bhnto-,butbecauseofthe
uncertainmeaningisonlytonamewithreservation.
References:
References:WP.II149,Feist80.
Page(s):
Page(s):126
Root/lemma: bheredhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut;board
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheredh- :
:`tocut;board'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhereh- :
:`high;mountain,
*sharp'[commonillyr.-balt-h->-dh-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:OldIndianbardhaka-`cutting,clipping',m.`carpenter',ata-bradh-na-`having100metal
points';perhapsgr.`destroy,smash',`destroy,smash,devastate';
bhredhos- inas.ags.bred`board',ahd.bretn.,therefromahd.britissa,nhd.Pritsche;
bhr d ho- ingot.ftu-bardn.`splint',aisl.bordn.`board,table,desk',ags.bordn.ds.,ahd.bortds.=
umbr.forfo-ds.infurfant`theylayontheboard';probablywithitidenticalaisl.borèdge,border,
ship'srim',ahd.mhd.bortds.(nhd.BordfromNdd.),ags.bord`board,edge,shield';ags.bordam.
èdge,ornament,decoration',ahd.borto,nhd.Borte;
bhordho- inaisl.barèdge,border',norw.dial.bardds.
Fromgerm.*bur-deriveskr.bdo,russ.brdoetc`weaver'sreed'andlett.birdef.`weaver'srack'.
References:
References:WP.II163,174,DevotoMl.Pedersen227f.,MeilletSlavecommun275.
Page(s):
Page(s):138
Root/lemma: bheregEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.tosound,roar,cry,etc.,*sharpvoice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallworten`brummen,bellen,lrmenunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:comparebher-ds.aswellasthatbybhreg-`break,rupture'and`crack,creak'encountering
onomatopoeicsounds
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhereg- :
:èxpr.tosound,roar,cry,etc.,*sharpvoice'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
bhereh- :
:`high;mountain,*sharp'.
Material:
Material:Ags.beorcanstem-V.,bearkian(*barkn),engl.bark`bark,bay',aisl.berkja`bark,bay,
rumble,rage,clamor';
lit.(em.)burgti`drone,grumble,quarrel,squabble,beunfriendly',burgsus`crosspatch,grouch';
presumablyalsoskr.brgljati`mumble,murmur,chat',brgalica`turtledove'.
Besidessimilarbhereq-: lett.brcu,brkt`cry',russ.bre,brecht`yelp,cry,quarrel,squabble,
lie',brechnjèmptygossip',skr.brm,brhati`pant,gasp,loudcough'(*bhreq-s-),brkm,
brktati`pant,sniff,snort'.
Somewhatdifferentbecauseoftheclearonomatopoeicwordsarethefollowingwords,whichintheir
partiali-andu-vocalisminthesebybher(e)-`roast'remindpresentvocaldifferences,whichare
explainedfromdifferentsoundimitation:
gr.àsmallbird'(transpositionfrom*:lat.frig-);
lat.frig,-ere`squeak(ofsmallchildren)',frigutti,-re`chirp,twitter(frombirds),lisp',laterfringuli,
fringultids.,frigul,-re`cry(fromthejackdaw)',fring(u)illa`finch,sparrow';
maybealb.(*fringuilla)frglloj`shiver,tremble(likeabird)'
russ.berglz`goldfinch',skr.brglijez`Sittasyriaca',ech.brhelÈurasiangoldenoriole,golden
oriole',mhr.`woodpecker',poln.bargiel`mountaintitmouse'.
Similarones,butindeednewonomatopoeicwordsarelat.merulusfrindit,lit.briz-gti`bleat,grouse,
drone,hum,grumble'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):138-139
Root/lemma: bherehEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:high;mountain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hoch,erhaben'
Note:
Root/lemma:
:`high;mountain'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bher- ,bhr- :
:`to
shine;white,*ashwood,ashen,birchtree,elm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianKaus.barhyatiìncreases',brhti`makesfat,obese,strengthens,uplifts',
presumablybarha-s,-m`tailfeather,tailofabird,esp.fromapeacock';brhnt-`big,large,high,
convex,elevated,noble,sublime',also`high,loud(ofthevoice)',fern.brhat(=ir.Brigit,germ.
Burgund),av.brzant-(npers.buland),f.brzait`high',incompoundbrzi-(:*brzra-),brz`high'and`height,mountain'(=npers.burzds.,ir.bri;theNom.av.barSubst.couldcontainar.-ar-,
butalsoar.-r-,BartholomaeIF.9,261),zerogradeav.uz-barzayeniÌshallallowtogrowup'(in
addition-ìmproveluck',iran.*barzana-),barzan-m.barzah-n.`height',barnu-m.
èlevation,height,sky,heaven,head',barzyah-`higher',barzita-`thehighest,themostsuitable';
npers.bl`height'(*barz-),burz(seeabove);
OldIndianbrhnt-standsforalso`big,large,vast,grand,thick,massive'andbrhati`makesfat,
obese,invigorates,strengthens,increases,furthers',bhAdv.`dense,tight,firm,strong,
proficient;very,absolutely',paribrha-`standingfirm,dense,solid'.
Arm.berj`height'inerkna-,lerna-berj`sky-,mountainous'(*bherhos),barjr`high'(*bhrhu-),(ham)banam(*barjnam,Aor.barji)`liftup'etc.
Berg-inPNtheMediterraneancountries:thrak.,maked.,ill.Berginium(Bruttium:
Bergae),lig.Bergomum,kelto-lig.Bergusia,hisp.Bergantiaetcaboutp-inkleinas.,,
maked.kret.suppositionsbyKretschmerGl.22,100f.,KraheZNF.19,64.
Lat.for(c)tis,alat.forctus,dial.horctus,horctis`physically,strong,powerful,robust;morally,brave,
courageous,steadfast,bold,audacious'(from*forg-tos,idg.*bhrh-tos=OldIndianbrh).
Cymr.bera`heap'(=nhd.Berg),acorn.bret.bernds.(-rh-n-s.PedersenKG.I105),gall.PN
Bergusia,zerogrademir.br,Akk.brig`hill'(seeabove),cymr.bry`high,above',fem.,cymr.corn.
bret.bre`hill',gall.Litano-brigaamongothersPN;gall.Brigantes,people'sname(either
`thesublime,noble'or`troglodyte,cavedweller,cliffdweller';OldIndianbrhant-),BrigantiaPN
`Bregenz(westernAustria)'andnameofafemininedivinity,air.Brigit(*bhrhnt)`nameofafamous
saintandgenerallywomen'sname'(alsoOldIndianbrhatisusedaswoman'sname,alsoahd.
Purgunt),cymr.braint`privilege,prerogative'(eig.`highness'),pl.breiniau,inadditionmcymr.
breenhin,ncymr.brenin`king',corn.brentyn,bryntynds.(*brigantnos).
Got.bargahei`mountainrange,mountainousregion',aisl.bjargandberg,ahd.as.berg`mountain',
ags.beorh,beorg`height,burialmound',engl.barrow`burialmound'(comparearm.-berj,cymr.bera,
OldIndianbarha-);
germ.*burgund(=OldIndianbrhat,kelt.*brigant,ir.Brigit)inBurgund,oldestnameofBornholm
(Danishisland)(eig.`thehigh-rising')andnameDanishandnorw.islands,ahd.Purguntwomen's
name,inadditionBurgundines,familyname.
Got.baurgsf.`town,city,tower',ahd.burgetc`castle'isgenuinegerm.equivalentofav.brz-,kelt.
brig-withthemeaning`fortifiedheightasrefuge';Withitiscoincidentthoughlat.burgus`castle,fort',
thatisborrowedfromgr.`tower',anorientalloanwordfromurart.burgana`palace,fortress'
derives(820v.Chr.,s.AdontzREtIE1,465),whereofwouldhavealsoderivedarm.burgn,aram.
burgin,burgon`tower'etc.afterKretschmerthoughgerm.Lw.
Maybealb.burg`prison'
Thiscontemplates*berh`save,hide,shelter',originallyostensibly`providingsancturayfor
someoneatarefuge'asretrogradederivativeto*bherh-`mountain'(Gl.22,113);s.aboveS.145.
OldChurchSlavicbrg`bank,border,shore,slope',skr.brjeg`hill,bank,border,shore',russ.
bregds.,isprobablynotgerm.Lw.,butratherven.-ill.origin;BrcknerKZ.46,232,PerssonBeitr.
927;
Maybealb.bregu`bank,border,shore,slope'.
fromlatterwithbrgasgenuineSlavicwordsrelatedklr.o-boh,ech.brah`haystack'etcbelongs
rathertoOldChurchSlavicbrg`care'(*preserve,save,hide,shelter),asstog:.
Maybealb.breng`care,sadness,sorrow',brengos`sadden,worry'
Withothervowelgradation*bhregh-perhapsinags.brego,breogo`master,mister,ruler,prince,
lord',aisl.bragr`best,mostexquisite,mostdistinguished,leader,chief,prince',mhd.brogen`rise,
directupwards,wantonbrag'.
Toch.ABprk-`rise',Aprknt,pirko`therising',Aprkr,parkre,prkre`tall';
perhapsAprkr,prkre`tight,firm,solid'(comparelat.fortis);hitt.pr-ku-u(parkus)`high'(:arm.
barjr).
Maybealb.(*parkus)pragu`threshold,elevationbeforethedoor':hitt.pr-ku-u(parkus)`high'
References:
References:WP.II173f.,WH.I124,535f.,853,Feist75f.,85f.,Trautmann30f.,VanWindekens
Lexique90,CouvreurH178.
Page(s):
Page(s):140-141
Root/lemma: bherem-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostickout;edge,hem
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hervorstehen,eineSpitzeorKantebilden;Kante,Spitze'
Material: bhorm-:
Aisl.barmrèdge,hem',eybarmr`theedgeofanisland',norw.dial.barmèxtremity,border,brim,
edge,rim'(e.g.inthesail),ndd.barm,bermeàledgeatthebottomofabankorcutting,tocatch
earththatmayrolldowntheslope,ortostrengthenthebank;anarrowshelforpathbetweenthe
bottomofaparapetandtheditch'.
bhrem-:bhrom- :
Perhapslat.frns,frondisf.àleaf,foliage;meton.,achapletorcrownofleaves'(*bhrom-di-,as
glnsfrom*glandi-);
an.brumn.`leafbuds',ahd.brom,brumds.,schweiz.brom`flowerbud,youngtwig,branch',ablaut.
brmeds.
Inabasicmeaning`bristly,thorn'goback:ags.brmm.`broom'(*bhrmo-),mnd.brm`blackberry
bush,broom',ahd.brmom.,brmaf.`briar,blackberrybush',brmberi,nhd.Brombeere,ags.
brmel,engl.bramble(protogerm.*brmil),ablaut.mnl.bremme,ahd.brimma`broom'andmnd.
brme,brummeds.
Withthemeaningèdge,border':mhd.brmn.`border,edging,edge',nhd.verbrmen,changing
throughablautmengl.brimme,engl.brimèdge'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):142
Root/lemma: bherem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuzz,drone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brummen,summen,surren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhramar-`bee';
gr.,-f.`zither',becauseofsuffixesloanwordInitialsoundvariant*brem- probablyin
`boom,blaster,sough,rustle,bawl,blaster',m.`noise,crackling',f.`thunder'
(*-);
lat.frem,-ere`roar,murmur,growl;withacc.tomurmuroutsomething,grumble,complain';frontsia
`thunderandlightning'isLw.fromgr.(to);
Maybealb.frym`breath,exhalation',frynj`blow'
cymr.brefu`bleat,roar,bellow';ahd.breman`drone,grumble,roar,bellow',ags.bremman`roar,
bellow',brymmn.`flood,sea',mhd.brimmends.,ablaut.brummen`drone,grumble'(inaddition
brunft`heat,rut,ruttingseason');mnd.brummenandbrammends.,ahd.as.bremo`gadfly,brake',
mhd.breme,as.bremmia,ahd.brimisse,nhd.Bremeand(fromdemNdd.)Bremse;
poln.brzmie`sound,clink,buzz'(*brm-),bulg.brm`buzz,drone,hum',brmkamds.,brmb-al,
-ar,-r`bumblebee,beetle,chafer'.
Maybealb.geg.diminutive(*brum-el)brumull,tosk.brumbull`bumblebee,beetle,bug'[commonalb.
m>mb phoneticmutation]
Asextensions*bhrem-perhapsheretheonomatopoeicwords:OldIndianbhrga-`giantblackbee';
poln.brzk`sound,tinkling,clinking;gadfly,brake',russ.brjkat`clang,clink,clatter',ech.brouk
`beetle,chafer';lit.brnkterti`fallchinking'etc;
lit.brenzgu,brengsti`clang,clink,knock',ablaut.branzgu,brangsti`sound,clink';slav.brzgin
russ.brjzgiPl.èmptygossip';russ.-ChurchSlavicbrjazdati`sound,clink'.
References:
References:WP.II202f.,WH.I544f.,Trautmann37.
Page(s):
Page(s):142-143
Root/lemma: bheresEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnell'
Material:
Material:Lat.festn,-re`tohasten,hurry;transit.,tohasten,accelerate',Denom.von*festi(n)-,n-`haste,hurry',Erweit.to*festi-(from*fersti-)incnfestimìmmediately,withoutdelay'(from*com
fest`withhaste,hurry');
mir.bras`quick,fast,stormy'(*bhresto-),cymr.brysds.(*bhrsto-),mbret.bresic,brezec`hasty';
lit.bruz-g-s`quick,fast',bruz-d-s`movable,nimble',besidesburz-d-lisds.,burz-dti`runtoand
fro';
slav.*brzinOldChurchSlavicbrzoAdv.`quick,fast',skr.brz`quick,fast',russ.borzj`quick,
fast,fiery',besides*brzdinwruss.brzdoAdv.`quick,fast',skr.brzdcaf.`rapids,speedin
stream'.
Perhapshereligur.FlNBersula,schweiz.FlNBirsig(KraheZONF9,45).
Maybealb.(*bersul)vrsul,`rushforward,attack',truncated(*vrsul)sul`rush,attack'[commonalb.
b->v-shift].
References:
References:WP.II175,WH.I259,488f.,Trautmann40,SpechtDekl.192.
Page(s):
Page(s):143
Root/lemma: bh(e)reu- :bh(e)r -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil,tobewild
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichheftigbewegen,wallen,especiallyvomAufbrausenbeimGren,Brauen,
Kochenetc'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombher-2.
Material:
Material:A.ablautbheru-(bheru-),bhr-:
OldIndianbhurvi-`restless,wild',bhurvn-ùncontrollablemovementofwater'.
Arm.bark`sharp,sour,cruel,savage'(barkanamÌgetangry'),whichisverymuchambiguous,itis
constructedherefromDumzilBSL.40,52as*bhru-,likewiseberkrimÌamglad'as*bheru-;very
doubtful!
Gr.,Hes.(*bher-u-)and`mixture,rubbish,chaff,crap,muck',
,`knead,jumble,mingle,sully,besmirch',probablyalso-`gestures,
behavesimpatiently(esp.fromwildhorses);berollicking,wanton'commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ssphoneticmutation.
Thrak.(seebelow).
Alb.brumm.,brumf.`sourdough',mbruj,mbrnj`knead'.
Lat.ferve,-re,ferv,-re`tobeboilinghot,toboil,seethe,glow.Transf.,tobeinquickmovement,
toseethe;tobeexcitedbypassion,rage'(aboutfermentums.bher-2 );dfrtum`leaven,yeast;a
kindofbeer.Transf.anger,passion'(:thrak.,,àkindofbarleybeer';from
thrak.*brti(gr.),derivesillyr.brsa`skinsofpressedgrapes',protoextensionalb.brsds.,
fromwhichserb.bersa,brsa,brza`mouldonthewine';lat.brsafromdemVenet.orMessap.).
Note
Note:
Notonlyalb.isthedirectdescendantofillyr.butAlbansinAlbaLonga
AlbaLongabroughttheirbeerformula
fromIllyricum(Albanoiillyr.TN)toItaly.Slaviclanguagesborrowedtheircognatesfromillyr.
Mir.berbaim`cook,simmer,seethe',cymr.berwi,bret.birvi`simmer,seethe,boil',bero,berv
`cooked,boiled',gall.GNBorvo(fromspa,mineralspring),comparewithothersuffixBormaboveS.
133;perhapsalsofrz.bourbe`slime,mud'fromgall.*borv`mineralwater';air.bruth`blaze,glow,
fury',mir.bruith`cook',enbruithe`broth,meatbroth'(toen-`water',seeunderpen-2 ),acymr.brut
`courage,spirit,vivacity;alsopride,arrogance',ncymr.brwd`hot'(cymmrwd`mortar'from*kom-bruto-,comparemir.combruith`simmer,seethe,boil'),brydio`seethe,froth',acorn.bredion`dealer,
broker'(Umlaut),abret.brot`jealousy',nbret.broud`hot,fermenting'.
Aboutgerm.bru-formsseeunderB.
B.ablautbhr u - and(partiallyagain)bhr - :
Atfirstinwordsfor`wellspring'=`bubblingover'(r/n-stem,perhapsbhru r ,, bhru n - , bhrun- );arm.
abiur,abeur(Gen.aber)`wellspring'(from*bhrw(a)r=)gr.,-`stream,brook'(*F,-,hom.,consigns);mir.tipraf.`wellspring'(maybefromair.*tiprar<*to-eksbhrur),Gen.tiprat(*to-eks-bhruntos);air.-tiprai`streamsagainst...`(*to-eks-bhru-t);fromstem
bhrun-thecaseobliquifromasen-stemprotogerm.*brun,*brun(e)n-,got.brunna,ahd.brunno,ags.
brunna,burna`well,waterhole,spring'(aisl.brunn),withmetathesisnhd.(ndd.)Born.
Maybealb.buronj`spring,originate',burimòrigin,source,spring,bubblingwater(asifboiling)':
russ.bruj`current';alsoalb.(*bruth)burth`Cyclameneuropaeum(burningofdonkey'smouth)'
where-thisadiminutivealb.ending.
Note:
Alb.showsthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bh(e)reu- :bh(e)r - :
:`toboil,tobewild'isanextendedRoot/
Root/
lemma: bher-2 :
:`toboil,swell;togethigh'(seebelow)whilethelatterrootevolvedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: bher-1
: `tobear,carry'.
Withsimilarmeaningruss.bruj`current',brut`rapidlyflowing,streamingin',wruss.brjiùrinate,
passwater'(thismeaningalsoinmhd.brunnenandinnhd.dial.brunzen,bair.brunnlenùrinate,
passwater'fromBrunnen),formalnexttolit.br(i)ujs,br(i)utis`pushforwardwithbruteforce'
(*bhru-),lett.braulgs`horny,lustful';alsoOldPrussianbrewingi`conducive,helpful'
bhre-n-u- (presentwithnasalinfix,comparenhd.brennen)withwithrespectonlickingflameslies
beforeingot.ahd.as.brinnan,ais.brinna,ags.beornan,birnan`burn',Kaus.got.brannjan,aisl.
brenna,ahd.brennan,ags.brnan`burn',whereforeamongothersahd.brant`blaze',brunst`burn,
blaze',aisl.bruni,ags.bryne`blaze',ahd.bronado,ags.brunaaìtchiness,heatinthebody',
schwed.brnad`rutting';
bhru - :bhruu - in:ahd.briuwan,ags.browan`brew',aschwed.bryggja(from*bryggwa)ds.;germ.
*brua-in:aisl.ags.bro,ahd.pro`broth'(:defrtum,air.bruth,thrak.;mhd.brodelen,nhd.
brodeln);
germ.*braua-in:aisl.brau,ags.brad,ahd.brt`bread'(fromtheferment);aboutahd.wintesprt
`storm;tempest,whirlwind's.Kluge11692.
References:
References:WP.II167f.,WH.I333f.,487.
Page(s):
Page(s):143-145
Root/lemma: bher- ,bhrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;white,*ashwood,ashen,birchtree,elm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,wei'
Note:
Note:equivalentwithbherk-,s.d.thegroupsbhere-,bherek-shine,appear,seemtobe
extensionstobher-`bright,brown'.Similartoextensionbheleg-besidesbhel-`shine'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrjat`glares,gleams,shines';Oldpers.brzaitids.(*bhr),npers.
barzdan`shine',barz`jewellery';
bsl.*brsk-frombhrg-sk-inlit.brkta,brko,brkti`break,(dawn),(fromtheday)',apbrkis
`timearounddaybreak';slov.brsk,ech.besk,poln.brzask`daybreak,dawn',poln.obrzaskn
`becomebright',brzeszczysiìtdawns,thedaybreaks',withAssimil.ofauslauts-sk-tothe
soundingwordanlautOldChurchSlavicpobrzg`dawn,twilight,daybreak',russ.brezg,poln.
brzazgds.
Withgradationbh(e)r-probablyschwed.brokig`varicolored',norw.mdartl.brkàyoungsalmon
withtransversebands(',alsoasbrkaf.`large-scalemottledanimal'.
Withlengthenedgradethe1.syllable:got.barhts`bright,gleaming,distinct',ahd.beraht,mhd.berht
`gleaming'(alsoinnamesahd.Bert-,-bert,-brecht),ags.beorht`gleaming,radiating'(engl.bright),
aisl.biartr`light,bright';cymr.berth`gleaming,beautiful',PNbret.Berth-walart,ir.Flaith-bertach;lit.
javabrt`thegrainbecomeswhite';probablyalsonorw.mdartl.bjerk`verybright'(comparenoch
berk`whitetrout',schwed.bjrknaÀbramisblicca').
reductiongradealb.barth(bardhi)`white'(*bhro-).
Note
Note:
Commonalb.-->-dh-phoneticmutation
Illyr.BardhylusÌllyrianking'acompoundofillyr.barth(*bher-)`white'+illyr.hyllus`sun,star'.
Innamesofthebirch
birch(slav.partlyelm
elm,lat.ashtree
ashtree):
OldIndianbhrj-m.àkindofbirch';osset.brz`birch';dak.PNBersovia;lat.farnusàsh
tree'(*fr[a]g-s-no-s,originallystuffadj.àshen',aswellas:)frxinusds.(tobeginprobablywith,
*bher-s-ens);twofolddevelopmentof-er-infarnusandfrxinuswouldbecausedbyoldaccent
differenceasinpalma=gr.*,comparedwithltus=;
Maybealb.geg.frashnàsh-tree':lat.frxinusàsh-tree';
ahd.birihha(*bher-i),ags.beorc,birce,aisl.bjrk(*bher)`birch';
lit.brasm.,Pl.brai`birch',ablaut.brtvaf.`birchforest';birliai`birchtwigs',lett.brzsm.,Old
Prussianberse`birch';russ.berza,skr.brza,ch.bieza`birch'(theoldcolormeaningstillin
bulg.brz`whitespotted'=norw.bjrks..,slov.brza`nameofawhitespottedcowornanny
goat');
Maybealb.brez`stripe'
withformants-to-(=got.barhts)andintonationchangeslav.*berstinruss.brestm.èlm,
framework',skr.brjest,ech.brestds.,butwiththemeaning`birch'againstruss.berstaf.,bersto
n.`birchbark',ech.bestaùpperbirchbark'.
Ahd.-brechtcould,ifthisvocalizationinsteadof-ber(h)tnotainnovationis,areappliedtobherek-,as
alsoingot.barhts,cymr.berth,hitt.parkui.
References:
References:WP.II170f.,WH.I458,510f.,544,Trautmann32,37f.,SpechtDekl.57.
Page(s):
Page(s):139-140
Root/lemma: bherk - ,bhrk -
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:equivalentwithbher-, bhr-ds.(seethere,alsobecauseofambiguouswords)
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrat`blazes,shines'(uncovered);
gr.,,Hes.,comparebutS.134;
perhapshereair.brecc`mottled,speckled,*tabby',cymr.brychds.,gall.PNBriccius(from*bhrk-,
withexpressiveconsonantstretch);
uncertainsuppositionsabouttheoriginofcymr.breuddwyd`dream',mir.bruatards.byPedersen
Litteris7,18,PokornyIF.Anzeiger39,12f.;whetherfrom*bhroghdh-eiti-,-ro-
mhd.brehen`suddenandstrongflash',aisl.brj,br(*brehn)`flash',braga,braga`sparkle,glitter,
flame,burn',brag`(*blink)moment',withoriginallybareprs.-dh-alsoaisl.brega,preteritbr
`quick,fastmove,swing,reproach',ags.bregdan,brdanst.V.`quick,fastmove,swing',engl.braid
`flax,wattle,braid',upbraid`reproach',ahd.brettan,mhd.bretten`pull,tear,twitch,weave'(in
additionahd.brdel,ags.brdel,olderbrigdels`bridle,rein');
withformants-u o - got.braininbraaaugins`,inaflash,atthemoment'
(compareaisl.augnabragn.`blink,winkingtheeyes')andlengthenedgradees*brhw,*brwin
aisl.brf.èyelash',ags.brw,braw,brgm.èyelid',as.brhaèyebrow',slegi-brwaèyelid',
ahd.brwaf.`brow',wint-prwaèyelash'(themeaning`brow'orientedfrom*r-`brow',idg.*bhr-);
thatinspiteofSchwyzerGr.Gr.I.350,4636andSpechtDekl.83,162ahd.brwacouldgonotback
to*bhru,isprovedthroughthegrammat.variationinAgs.,theformwith-ku-assumes(SieversBrunner200).
Hereprobablyakindoffishahd.brahs(i)a,brahsina,as.bressemo`bream,freshwaterbream',norw.
brasma,brasmeds.,ablaut.aisl.brosmaàkindofcodfish'.
Hitt.prkui(parkui)`clean,pure',pr-ku-nu-uz-zi(parkunuzi)`purified,clean'.
References:
References:WP.II169,Feist76f.,103f.,CouvreurH327.
Page(s):
Page(s):141-142
Root/lemma: bherhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohide,keep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bergen,verwahren'
Material:
Material:Got.bargan`save,store,keep',aisl.bjarga,ags.beorgan,ahd.bergan,as.gibergan
`save,store';changingthroughablautags.byrgan`bury',byrgen(*burgizn),byrgels,
as.burgisli`burial,funeral'andahd.bor(a)gn`spare,lookafter,entrust,borrow',ags.borgian`look
after,watchover,keep,borrow'.
Note:
Alb.-illyr.andcelt.-slav.languagesprovethatfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
`high;mountain'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bherh- :
:`tohide,keep'.Cognatesderivingfromthosetwo
rootsmarkofwaveofIEpeoplewhointroducedburialmoundsinEurope.
Maybealb.nasalized(*bergo)breng`concern,sadness(foradeadperson)',brengos`sadden':
OldChurchSlavicbrg,brti`care,worry'.
Slav.*berginOldChurchSlavicbrg,brti`care,worry'innebrti`neglect',russ.bereg,ber
`beware,preserve,protect,spare,lookafter,spare',skr.olderbrem,brijei`guard,watch,preserve,
protect,care,worry;holdfestivities';changingthroughablautklr.oboh,gen.oborha`haystack',
ech.brah`haystack,heap',poln.brg`barn,haystack'(outofitlit.brgasds.);zerogradeech.brh
`cave,cottage,tent';ostlit.birginti`spare'.
Perhapsheregallo-rom.(rht.-ill.)barg`coveredthatchedhut',whetherfrom*borg;TagliaviniZrP.
46,48f.,BonfanteBSL.36,141f.
References:
References:WP.II172,Trautmann31,Feist76.
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveS.141.
Page(s):
Page(s):145
Root/lemma: bher-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobear,carry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tragen,bringen'etc(alsoLeibesfruchttragen;med.`ferri
ferri'),alsoàufheben,
erheben'
Grammaticalinformation:Therootbher-,formstheexceptionalboththemat.andathemat.
present,becausethedurativerecognizesneitherAor.norPerf.inIdg.
Note:
Note:Besidebher-,withthem.vowelbhere- ,seesaheavybasisbher :bhr- .
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrati`carries',av.baraitids.(and`ride'),Oldpers.barantiy3.Pl.ds.(=arm.
berem,phryg.-,gr.,lat.fer,air.biru,alb.bie,got.baira,
OldChurchSlavicbero);OldIndianbhrti(alsoasgr.,lat.fertoldunthem.form),bibhrti,
bbharti,bibhrm,bibhrati(comparethatprobablywith=bibhrmederived-
`bringin,takein'),them.abibhran,bibhrama-andav.-bbarmi;
Perf.babhraandjabhra(hybridizationofbabhrawithjahrafromhrti);
participleOldIndianbhrt-,av.brte-;Supin.OldIndianbhrtum;Kaus.OldIndianbhryati=Iter.
av.braya-;
Sup.av.bairita-`hecherishesbest,cares,looksafter'(=gr.`mostsuperior,best',probably
`hecarriestherichest,mostfertile');
OldIndianbhrt`carrying,sustenance,livelihood,food,wage'=av.brtis`carrying'(=lat.fors,
got.gabars,arm.bard);OldIndianbhrty`food,nourishment,care,cultivation'(comparegot.
barei);
OldIndianbhrman-n.`preservation,nourishment,care,cultivation;load'(=gr.,OldChurch
Slavicbrm),heavybasisinbharman-n.ds.;bhartramàrm'(`*wherewithonecarries');
OldIndianbhra-àcquiring,carryingoff,profit,gain,booty;burden'
Maybealb.barr`burden':OldIndianbhr`bundle,work,load';
npers.bar`fruit'(=gr.,OldChurchSlavics-bor);OldIndian-bhar-`bearing,carrying,
bringingetc',av.-bards.(=arm.-vor,gr.-,e.g.=OldIndiandurbhara-);
maybealb.bar`grass,herb'relatedtonpers.bar`fruit'.
OldIndianbhraa-m`carrying,bringing,providing,support'(=Inf.got.baran);OldIndianbhrtar-,
bhartr-`bearer,provider',prbhartar-`carrier(ofthesacrifice)',av.fra-brtar-`carrierofthings,
secondarypriest'(comparelat.fertr-ius,umbr.arsfertur),fem.OldIndianbhartr,av.barr
`supporter,upholder,mother';lengthenedgradeOldIndianbhr`bundle,work,load',bhrin`bearing,carrying',bhrman-(n.)`bringing,attendance',bhrya-`tobear,carry,support,nourish'
(==ahd.brior=*bhrio-ingr.);ba-bhr-`bearing,carrying,borne'.
Arm.berem`bear,bring'(Aor.eber=,bharat),ben,Gen.bein`burden,load'(comparegr.
`dowry'),ber`yield,fruit,fertility'and`movement,run',-ber`bringing,bearing,carrying',e.g.in
lusaber`light-bringing,morningstar',secondaryinsteadof-vor,e.g.lusa-vor`light-bringing'(compare
lat.Lci-fer,gr.-);bari`good',barv-ok`good,best';bard`heap;compound',lengthened
grade*bhr-inbun`hand,fist;force,might';
phryg.()(also)`(injury,evil)cause,carry';
gr`bear'(onlypresentsystem,onceparticiple;Ipv.),med.`movesme
fast'(alsoOldIndianbharat,lat.ferr,compareabovearm.berandunderAlb.),Iter.`bear
etc'(=alb.mbaj);about`thebest,noble',Kompar.seeaboveS.128and
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I3002,535,538;abouts.Boisacqs.v.andS.132;
Note:
commonalb.b->mb->m-phoneticmutationasinalb.geg.maj`bear'
,withthem.Vok.`bier,stretcher'(lat.feretrumàlitter,bier'fromdemGr.);
`fruit,fieldcrop,agriculturalcrop,unbornchild;fruitofone'swomb,fetus';`dowry',ol.with
them.vowelf.ds.;`yield,tax',-`bearing,carrying',:`carrying,plentiful
yield,fullness,wealth';[]`means:container/vesselwithtwogrips/handles';
`burden,load,cargo';`quiver';-`thecharioteer'sandthecombatants'holdingpartof
thewarchariot';`thief'(=lat.fr),,.Hes.;fromderived
`spyonthethief',thengenerally`spyon,track',p:`housesearch';`boxforthe
storageofclothes'dueto*bhrios`wearable,bearable'.
Fromtheheavybasisbh(e)r- ():Fut.-,Aor.-,-joinedtogether(with-`let
pass',with-`letin,putin',with-`bringout,letout,unburden');paradigmaticwith()--
(seeabovetoOldIndianbibhrm).
Ligur.FlNPorco-bera`guidingfish',Gando-bera`guidingscree'.
Mess.maberan,berametc,tabara`priestess'(*to-bher),dor.-ill..
,Hes.(togr.`dowry'),doubtful,Hes.
Note:
Illyr.,Mess.andlateralb.displaysatemcharacteristicsthesameasOldIndianandav.Notonlyillyr.
shareswithOldIndianandav.thecognatesfor`bear'butalsotheinstitutionofpriesthoodandearth
fertility:Mess.maberan,berametc,tabara`priestess':av.fra-brtar-`carrierofthings,secondary
priest'(comparelat.fertr-ius,umbr.arsfertur),fem.OldIndianbhartr,av.barr`supporter,
upholder,mother';
Alb.[causativebjer]bie(*bher),2.Pl.bini`bring,bear,lead,guide',also`fall,fail,hit',ber,beronje
`dart,arrow';kompon.*dz-bier,vdjeretc`fall,lose,destroy',ndzjer`bringout',zbjer`fall,lose';also
bieinthemeaning`fall'(compareetc),whereforedzbor,vdoretc`snow'(prefixdz-,dand*bhreig.`thefallingdown,fallingoff');
iterative*bhoriintosk.mbanj,mbaj,oldermba,geg.mba,mbaj`keep,tend,lookafter,observe,
bear',nordostgeg.alsousedfromcarryingpregnantanimals,withrestoredralsombar,bar`bear,
drag';[commonalb.b->mb-phoneticmutation]
Note
Note:
Alb.(*nd-bor)dbor,dzbor,vdor,bdor,xbor,bor`snow'isatranslatedGermaniccognate.
Albaniannd-`below,low'+(*bher)`fallen'=Swedishnederbrd`snowfall'(nedan`below'+brd
`descent,fall(birth,descent,ancestry,lineage,parentage)'=Germanniederschlagsmenge(niederschlagsmenge).
Alb.abbreviated(*nde-bor)zbor`snow':rum.zbura`fly,flyout,flight,flit,tower,flash,career,
sweep,hover,sail,dart,dash,flee,fleet,slip,glide',zbor`flight,soar,soaring,fly,flying,race,
volitation,gliding,towering'.
Latvianbirt`tosnow(*fall,descend)':Latvian:brt`scatter'fromOldChurchSlavic:brati`gather,
select'[verb],ber:Polishzbr`(church)gathering':Russiansobr`church,assembly,meeting'
Alsoalb.bor`(fallen)snow':Latvianbirt`topour,fall,rain,snow,hail':Hungarianporhn.`snow'.
Altaicetymology:
Protoform:
Protoform:*pru
Meaning:
Meaning:`tosnow,rain'
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*boraMongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*borua
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*purKoreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*pora
Japaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*pr-
Note:
Note:Poppe21,Ozawa288-289,1,188-189,69.Cf.*boru,acontaminationwith
whichshouldexplainMong.*b-(onewouldexpect*h-withlowtoneandshortness).
Kaus.*bhreiingr.-alb.bonj,pass.bonemfrommatingofthemaresandcows,eig.`makebear,
makepregnant',anddzbonj(etc)`chaseaway,driveout,driveaway'(*`makefallaway,makeflee');
mbar`good,lucky',barr`load'(*bhorn,comparegot.barnn.`kid,child');mberat`pregnant',bark
`belly'etc,bar`grass,herb'(*bhoro-`yield');
Note:
Maybealb.(*brauk)barku`belly'derivesfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhreu-s-1 :
:`toswell'(seebelow).
bir`son'(*bher-,comparegot.baur`son'),bij,gr.cal.bil`daughter'(withdiminutivesuffix-l,-j)
:ags.byre`son';
Note:
Maybealb.l/raremereallophonesasinalb.gjarpn,gjalpr`snake'.
burr(*baur)`man,husband'(comparetomeaningahd.baro`man,husband';alb.basicform
*bhornos,reduplication-stembesidesgot.barn);presumablyalsomburr`praise',mburem`boast,
brag,beproud'.
Maybekurd.bereòffspring'
Lat.fer,ferre`tobear,bring,carry;tobringforth,produce;tobringtoaplaceoraperson,fetch,
offer;tobearaway,carryoff;tobearalong,moveforward,putinmotion.Transf.,tomove,impel,
carryaway;withoutobject,tolead,tend'(asgr.onlypresentsystem),umbr.fertu`youshall
bear'etc,volsk.ferom`bear,carry',marruc.ferenter`theyarecarried,theyareborn'(comparefrom
compoundad-,affer:got.atbara;effer:,air.as-biur);ferx`fertile';
Lat.ferculumàframe,litter,bier,tray;offood,acourseordish',praefericulum`wideofferingvessel';
*fertor`thebearer',assumedfromfertriusàsedanwhichservesforcarrying'and=umbr.a-fertur,
arsfertur`thepriestofsomeparticulargod';fertilis`fertile',pl.fertlidAbl.Sg.;-ferincompound
secondaryinsteadof-for`bearing,carrying,bringing';fordaf.`pregnant'(do-extensionofAdj.
*bhor-s`bearing,carrying',s.WH.I527);fr`thief'(=gr.,s.o.;tolat.s.WH.I569);
forsNom.(=idg.*bhrtis),forteAbl.`chance,luck'=pl.fortePl.`chance,hap,luck,fate,fortune';
fortna`chance,fate,lot,luck,fortune.Transf.,lot,condition,state,modeoflife;property,
possessions'(fromtu-stem*bhr-tu-s).
Note:commonlat.ph->f-shift.
Air.1.Sg.biru,-biur,3.Sg.berid`bear,carry',as-biur`tell',do-biur`give',cymr.cymeraf`take'etc;
mir.bertm.`bundle,load',f.`feat,dead,act,plan,birth'etc,birit`sow'=OldIndianbhranti`bearing,
carrying';
air.mir.brethand(eig.Dat.Akk.)brith,breith(Gen.brithe`carrying,parturition(Verbaln.tobiru);
birth;judgement'(*bhrt);cymr.bryd`thought,notion'(rather*bhrtu-as*bhrti-,s.Lewis-Pedersen
345),corn.brys`thought,notion',brys`womb';gall.uergo-bretusOfficetitle,whetherfor*-britos;
ir.barn`judge',cymr.bret.barn`judgement'(probably*bhornos,compareabovealb.burre;Pedersen
KG.I51nimmt-r-,i.e.er,an);
air.brth,gen.-o`court',cymr.brawd`judgement',corn.bresds.,bret.breutàddresstothejury;
summation;summingup;plea',Pl.breujou`theassizesofjustice,judgmentsofacourtoflaw',gall.
Brtu-spantiumPN,`fromjudgment'(*bher-tu-);gall.*com-boros`theamassed',outofit
mhd.kumber`rubble,heapofrubble',nhd.Kummer.
Got.baran`bear,carry,bring,beget,spawn,togivebirthtochildren'(brusjs`parents');
aisl.bera`bear,carry,bear,endure,bring,produce,givebirthtochildren',ags.ahd.beran`bear,
carry,beget,spawn,togivebirthtochildren',nhd.gebren;
got.aisl.ahd.as.barn,ags.bearn`kid,child';got.barms`breast',schwed.dan.barm`breast,lap',
aisl.bamr`bosom',ahd.as.barm`lap',ags.bearmds.(=gr.s.S.137);ahd.baro`man,
husband';
schwed.mdartl.bjre(*eron-),bare(*aron-)`(carrying,i.e.)luck-bringingmagicalcreature';aisl.Pl.
barar,barir,brur`barrow,bier',ags.bearwe,engl.barrow,ostfries.barwe,ndl.berrie`barrow,bier';
lengthenedgradeahd.-bri,nhd.-bar(e.g.fruchtbar=bearingfruit,bearing,carrying),ags.bre
(wstmre`fertile'),aisl.brr`capableforcarrying,bearable';
ahd.as.bra,ags.brf.`barrow,bier'(alsoaisl.bra,mengl.mnd.bre`wave'perhapshereas
`theliftingone',comparebelowthegroupfromahd.burian`soar,rise');
zerogradegot.bar`theborn',aisl.burr,ags.byre`son';got.gabarn.`moneycollectedfrom
people,(),tax',gabarm.`feast,festival'(togabaran`collect,gather'),mhd.urbor,urbarf.n.
ìnterestofaproperty',m.`tax-payer';ahd.borf.ùpperspace,height',ahd.inbor(e)àttheheight,
upwards',mhd.enbor(e),nhd.empor,ahd.burian,mhd.brn`raise,uplift';hereobd.borzen
òverhang'=ags.borettan`swing'(germ.*-atian),inadditionnhd.Brzelunderpurzeln;ahd.giburian,
mhd.gebrnòccur,happen,closejuridically,tobedue',as.giburian,ags.gebyrian,aisl.byrja`be
proper,befit,besuitable',aisl.byrjaalso`begin',eig.*`lift,raise';
Maybealb.buronj`begin,gush,spring,originate'
ags.byre,gebyrem.`favorableoccasion,opportunity',got.gabarjabaadv.`willing,fain,yearning',
gabarjus`lust,desire';fromtheconceptofàroused,lifted,high'arosefromthestrengthening
senseofahd.bora-,e.g.inbora-tall`verytall,veryhigh',nexttowhicho-gradeas.bar-inbarwirdig
`verysolemn,honorable,noble';presumablyalsoaisl.byrrm.,ags.byre`favorablewind',mnd.borelos`withoutwind'as`(theship)bearing,carrying'.
Got.gabarsf.`birth,parentage,ancestry,gender,sex',aisl.burrm.`carrying,parturition,birth',
byrf.`birth',ags.gebyrdf.,ahd.giburt,as.giburd`birth',also`fate,destiny'(=OldIndianbhrt-,lat.
fors);got.baurei`burden,load',ahd.burdf.`burden',*bhrtin-:-tn;aisl.byrdr,ags.byren,byrden
ds.
OldChurchSlavicber,brati(brati)`gather,collect,take',skr.brmbrtids.,russ.berbratds.
etc(slav.*bratiderivedfromanolder*brtiafterthepreteritestembsl.*bir-),OldChurchSlavic
brm`load,burden',skr.brme,russ.mdartl.bermja,a.biem(*bher-men-),OldChurchSlavic
s-bor`congregation,meeting';ChurchSlavicbrd`pregnant',russ.beraja`pregnant(fromthe
mare)',skr.brdads.fromcows(*bher-di),informssimilarlylat.forda;OldChurchSlavicbrano
`dish,nourishment,food'seeunderbhares-`barley'.
Lit.brnas`youngling;farmlaborer',alit.`kid,child',lett.brns`kid,child';probablylett.bars`heap,
bulk,mass'.
Herewithspecializationondeliveringtheseminalgrain:transitivelit.beri,bria,berti`strew,
distribute'(fromgrain,thenalsofromflour,ash,cinderetc),lett.beu,brtds.,inablautintransitivelit.
byr,bira,brti`strew,distribute,fallout',lett.birstu,biru,birt`fallout,falloff,drop',etc.
Toch.pr-`bear,carry,bring,get,fetch',perhapsalsoinAkos-pre`howmuch'ku-preìf',
tpreìf',tpr(k)`yet',whethertogr.-...-àslongas'(see129).
Abouthitt.bar-a-zi`hunts,scuds,chases's.PedersenHitt.185.
Spechtwillrestoreherealso(Dekl.148),withi-andu-forms,ags.brid,bird`youngbird',germ.brtis`wife,woman,bride',OldIndianbhr-èmbryo',lett.brana,ch.brnka(*bhru-nka)`placenta,
afterbirth'.S.butunderbh(e)reu-`gush,wellup,soak'.
References:
References:WP.II153f.,WH.I483f.,527,569,865,866,Trautmann31,E.HermannStud.Bait.
3,65f.
Page(s):
Page(s):128-132
Root/lemma: bher-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil,swell;togethigh
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwaàufwallen',vonquellendemorsiedendemWasser(alsovomAufbrausen
beimGhren,Kochen,aswellasvomfire)`sichheftigbewegen'
Note:
Note:oftenwithm- forms;alsoasheavybasisbher- :bhr - ,bh(e)ri- ,bh(e)r - .comparebher-6.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhurti(*bhr--ti)`moves,shrugs,jerks,flounces,flounders',Intens.jr-bhurti
ds.;also:`flickers,fromfire';bhurayti`shrugs,jerks,isrestless;setsinviolentmovement,stirs,stirs
up'withm- formsOldIndianbhramati,bhrmyati`wandersaround,turnsround',
bhram-`whirlingflame,whirlpool',bhmi-`movable,nimble;whirlwind'(seeunderaisl.brimietc);
bhri`violent,angry,irate,wild,keen,eager',mightbebasedas*bhrni-likewiseontheheavy
basis;
hereprobablyav.avabaraiti`streamsfrom',uzbarnte`theystreamforth()',barntiayn`during
oneday,whereitsqualls,storms'.
Fromgr.(*()`boilsup,surgeup,beinrestlessstir'(:OldIndianjrbhurti);
presumablyalso`mixup,mix'(iforiginallyfrombubblingupfromcooking;basicform*bhori
withu-colouringconditionedbythelabialofthereductionvowel),wherefore`chaos,ina
mess',`perplexity',`mix,mingle,stirchaos,knead,bewilder'.
Aboutlig.andven.namesseeunder.
Alb.burm`fullyripe'(*fullycooked)from*bhormo-.
Maybealb.burim`spring,bubblingup',buronj`tospring,bubble'
FromLat.probablyfretum-i`n.astrait,sound,estuary,firth,channel;theseaingen.,usuallyplur.;
fig.,disturbance,turmoil',fretus,-sm.àstrait;aninterval,difference(surgingofthesea,esp.strait,
stream,foaming,heat)',fretle`fryingpan';
fermentum`leaven,sourdough,yeast;akindofbeer.Transf.anger,passion,'(:ags.beorma,engl.
barm,nd.barme,fromwhichnhd.Burme`brewer'syeast');alsofervreS.144;
Air.topur,nir.tobar`wellspring'(*to-uks-boro-),mir.commar=cymr.cymmer`confluence'(*kombero-);lig.FlNComberanea;mir.fobar`wellspring,subterraneanstream,brook'=cymr.gofer
`stream,brook',bret.gouverds.(*u[p]o-bero-),cymr.beru`drip,trickle',mbret.beraff`flow',gall.FlN
Vober,frz.Woevre,Voivreetc;withm- formskelto-lig.aquaeBormiae,GNBorm,hisp.PN
Bormte,FlNBorma,dak.PN,ven.FlNFormi(butgall.GNBorvbelongstobhereu`boil').bermir.bro`flame'seeunder.
Ags.beormam.etc(seeabove);fromofarootform*bh(e)r- :bh(e)r-: ahd.brdamm.`breath,
breeze,heat',mhd.brdem`haze,mist',nhd.Brodem,ags.br`haze,mist,breath,breeze,blow'
(engl.breath),aisl.brr`stormy,hottempered,hasty',br`tarredwood,creosoted',brna`melt',
intrans.,ahd.brtan,ags.brdan`fry';ablaut.mnd.brien`singe,brood',mhd.brejen,bren,nhd.
brhen,ags.brdf.,engl.brood`brood,breed,breeding';mhd.bruotf.`heat,Brut',ahd.bruoten
`brood';unknownoriginareahd.brtom.`softeatablemeat'(Bratenpreviouslyarereinterpreted
mhd.timeto`roastedmeat'),nhd.Wildpret,anord.brdo`calf',latelat.borrowsbrdo`ham',ags.
brdem.,aisl.br`rawmeat'.
Besidetheveryproductiverootformbhereu- (seethere)hastoberecognizedprobablyalso
bh(e)r i - , bh(e)r - .ThesearebasedonOldIndianjar-bhur-ti,gr.*-,*-(see
above);
withm - formantpresumablygr.,`makesmeanxious,spring,snort'commongr.illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;
aisl.brimi`fire';mengl.brim`blaze,glow',probablyalsoaisl.brimn.`surf,surge,breakers',ags.brim
n.`sea';inbrhen,Brodem,bratenpresentmeaningcolouringturnsagaininnorw.primàkindof
cheesepreparedfromsourwheysunderstrongcooking'(alsonhd.Brimsenkse),mdartl.alsobrm
`ds.;alsocrust,sedimentofboileddownliquid'(nhd.bair.Brimsen,Brinzen`whatsettleswiththe
mushbrownedinthefryingpan');besideswithformant-uo-veryprobablyahd.bro,mhd.br(e),ags.
brw`porridge,mash'(as`*south,hot;cooked'),briwan`cook';moreoveralsomir.bro`flame'
(*bhriuo-).
Ans - extensionperhapsinOldIndianbhrati`wavers,staggers,sways',norw.mdartl.brsa`blaze,
flare,shine,showoff;setonfire',brs`fire,flame',briskàgile,lively,alert,awake,smart'.
Maybealb.brisk`sharp,smart,keen;knife'
References:
References:WP.II157f.,WH.I482f.,546,865.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparetherelatedrootformsbhereg-`cook',bhereu-`boil',bhreus-`toswell',bhrg-,
bhrg-`cook,fry'
Page(s):
Page(s):132-133
Root/lemma: bher-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscrape,cut,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`witheinemscharfenWerkzeugbearbeiten,ritzen,schneiden,reiben,spalten'
Material:
Material:OldIndian(gramm.)bhrnti()ìnjures,hurts,disables'=npers.burrad`cuts,slices';av.
tii-bra-`withwithsharpedge'(=arm.bir,comparealsoalb.borg();perhapshereOldIndian
bhrvati`chews,consumes'(av.baoirya-`whatmustbechewed',baourva-`chewing')from*bharatiis
transfiguredthroughinfluenceofOldIndiancrvati`chewsup'.
Arm.beran`mouth'(originally`cleft,fissure,orifice'),-bir-`diggingup'ingetna-,erkra-,hoa-bir
`digginguptheground,ransacking'(*bhro-),inadditionbrem(*birem)`digsout,hollowsout,drills
out',br-i`hack,mattock,hoe';bah,Gen.-i`spade'(*bhrti-,perhaps*bhorti-=russ.bort),bor,Gen.
-oy`scurf'.
Gr.*`split,cutup,divide'(vEM),`plow'=ahd.born),n.`plough,
plow()',m.=(*bheros),`plowedup',`cliffwithgaps,gorge,ravine,gulch'(in
additionrom.barranca`gorge,ravine,gulch',M.-L.693a),jon.n.`raggedpiece,deal,
portion';hereperhapsm.`mossvillus'as*-.Ak-extensionin`wrinkle',
`wrinkly'Hes.
Perhapshere(IJ.13,157n.100)mak.(compareHes.),basic
meaning`woolvillus',gr.lesb.thess.,dor.ds.,`shabbydress',lat.
burraf.`stragglygarment',respectively`wool',reburrus`woolwithbristlinghair'.
Alb.bie(2.pl.birni,Imp.bier)`knocks,hits,playsaninstrument;whether(hitthere)'.
Alb.brim`hole'(*bhrm),birds.(*bher),geg.brj,tosk.brnj`gnaw,argue';britm`September
andOctober'(ifeig.`harvest,autumn',dueto*bhrti-`thereaping');bres`bitterroot,chicory'(`bitter'
=ìncisive';-sfrom-ti,borg())`splinter,chip'(*bhr-m.form.-ig).
Maybealb.mbres`print,shock'[commonalb.b->mb-shift]
Lat.feri,-re`tostrike,knock,smite,hit;esp.tostrikedead,slay,kill;colloq.,tocheat'(seealsoWH.
1481toferentriusàlight-armedsoldier,skirmisher').Aboutforma`form,figure's.WH.I530f.
for,-re`tobore,pierce'(meaningasahd.born,butinablautdifferent;denominativeof*bhor`the
drilling'),formen`hole,opening,aperture';forus,-`thegangwayofaship;ablockofseatsinthe
theater;plur.,tiersofcellsinabeehive';butforum(alat.alsoforus)ànopensquare,marketplace'not
as`spacesurroundedbyplanks'here(umbr.furo,furu`forum');seeunderdhu e r- .
Mir.bern,bernaf.`cleft,gap,slit',bernach`cleft';
probablyalsomir.bairenn`cliffpiece'(inadditionbairnech`musselplate');air.barae,mir.bara(Dat.
barainn)`rage,fury',bairnechàngry,irate',cymr.bar,baran`rage,fury'.
Aisl.berja(preteritbara)`hit,bump,poke',berjask`fight',bardage`battle',ahd.berjan,mhd.berjen,
bern`hit,knock,knead',ags.bered`low-spirited'(germ.*arjan=slav.borj),afries.beràttack';
mhd.brf.`balk,beam,bar,gate,barrier,enclosedland'(:lat.forus,-um),engl.bar`bar,gate,
barrier',aisl.berlings-ss`balk,beam';germ.isprobably(differentWartburgI260)alsomhd.barre
`balk,beam,bar,bolt'androm.familyoffrz.barre,barrireetc(-rr-from-rz-);
*aru-ha,-ga-`castratedpig'(perhapswithslav.*borv-basedon*bhoru-s`castratedanimal'and
endingin-ha-:-ga-after*farha-`pork,pig'extended)in:ahd.barug,barh,nhd.Barg,Barch(Borg,
Borch);
Maybealb.bariu`shepherd,herdsman(ofpigs)'phoneticallyequaltolett.bau,bru,brt`scold,
chide'(seebelow)notatruncatedgr.`herdsman,shepherd'.
ags.bearg,bearh,engl.barrow,aisl.-brgràcastratedboar'(inadditionalsoaisl.val-bassi`wild
boar'as*barhsans.Falk-rpunderbasseN.);ahd.as.born,ags.borian,aisl.bora,-aa`bore'
(seeabove);ahd.bora`borer',ags.bor,byresds.;aisl.bora`hole'(auga-,eyra-bora).
Lit.bras,lett.bars`grainswath,stripofcutgrain';lit.bar(andbari),brti`scold,chide,vilify',refl.
`bequarrelsome',lett.bau,bru,brt`scold,chide'(==sl.borj);
Maybealb.(*brti)brtas`scold,yell,scream',mbaroj,èxtinguish,finish,end,makeashamed',alb.
geg.(*bar-)mbare,marre`shame,sthtobescolded',[commonalb.b->mb-shift].
lit.barns(Akk.barn)`quarrel'(=OldChurchSlavicbran);lit.burn`mouth'=bulg.brna`lip'(basic
form*bhorn,compareaboveir.bernandtomeaningarm.beran).
Herewithbalt.forms:lett.berzt`rub,scour,rub,clean',intrans.birzt`crumb,spall,crumble',brze
`sowingfurrow',lit.birsf.`fieldfurrow'.
Withofabasicmeaning`notch':lit.brtaiPl.`lot,fate,charm,spell'=lett.burts`mark,token,signthe
magician,alphabeticletter',lit.brti`conjure,performmagic',lett.burt`conjure,performmagic',
burtains`performwood-carvingnotch';gr.`remedy,magicalcure,magicpotion;philtre'
(probablynotidg.)hasnothingtodowithit.
OldChurchSlavicborj,brati`fight'(frequentreflexive),russ.borj,bort`subjugate,prostrate',refl.
`fight',poln.dial.brsie`wrestle,struggle';OldChurchSlavicbran`fight,struggle',aruss.boron
`fight,struggle',russ.bron`forbid',ech.bra`weapon,armament,armor'underlikewise,russ.zabr`fence,plankfence';
maybealb.(*bro)mbronj`defend',mburoj`shield,armour':poln.broi`defend'[commonalb.b>mb-shift]
(aslat.forusontheconcept`board'rejecting:compareruss.alt.zaborolo`woodentownwall,
scaffold,trestle',ech.zbradlo`handrail,parapet'underlikewise);russ.boron`harrow',andwith
slav.-zda-formsslav.*borzdainOldChurchSlavicbrazda,russ.borozd`furrow';
maybealb.brazda`furrow'aSlavicloanword.
russ.brov`hog,castratedboar,(dial.)boar,castratedbull',skr.brv`sheep,cattle',mdartl.
`castratedpig',slovak.brav`castratedpig',poln.mdartl.browek`fattenedboar,porker'(seeabove
germ.*aruha-);*brt`drilling,cavity'(*bhorti-)inruss.bort`thehollowofthetreeinwhatbees
havenested'etc.
References:
References:WP.II159f.,WH.I481f.,537,865,866,Trautmann27,Mhlenbach-Endzelin354.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparetherelatedrootformsbheredh-,bhri-(bhrig-,-k-,seetherealsoaboutbher-),
bhreu-,bhreu-q-,-k-`cut,clip',bhreus-`break,rupture',bherug-`gullet'.
Page(s):
Page(s):133-135
Root/lemma: bher-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toroar,buzz,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallworten`brummen,summen'underlikewise
Note:
Note:Anextensionatmostin*bherem-`drone,grumble'andtreatedonomatopoeicwordsunder
bherg-`drone,grumble'.
Material:
Material:Arm.bo,-oy`bumblebee,hornet',toredupl.OldIndianbambhara-(unbel.)`bee',
bambharli(unbel.)`fly',bambh-rava-`thebellowofthecows';
gr.`kindofwasp'(formationas,);similarlyalsoskr.bmbar
`bumblebee',klr.bombr`cockchafer'.
Maybealb.(*bmbar)bumballa`bumblebee'[commonalb.r>lshift]
Hereatleastpartly(withfracturedreduplication)alsothebsl.groupfromlit.barbti`clang,clink',
birbi,-iau,birbti`buzz',burbi,burbti`drone,grumble,bubble,seethe'underlikewise;
Maybealb.(burbut-)burbuqe`ladybug'acompound*burbi`bug'+kuqe`red'(lat.coccinus`scarletcolored')=ital.coccinella`ladybug,ladybird'
klr.borborsyPl.`sullentalk',skr.brblati`chat'underlikewise,inwhichindeedthemeaning`talk
indistinctly,stammer'wouldgobacktothegroupofOldIndianbarbaretc(see*baba).
References:
References:WP.II161f.,Trautmann39f.
Page(s):
Page(s):135-136
Root/lemma: bher-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shining;brown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzend,hellbraun'
Note:
Note:extensionsofbher-`shine,appear,seem',bhere-,bherek-`shine'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhalla,bhallakabhallka-`bear'(-ll-from-rl-);ahd.bero,ags.bera`bear'
(*bheron-),aisl.birnds.(*bhernu-,whoseuaslikefromOldIndianbhallka-fromthestem
*bheru-derivemight)=ags.beorn`warrior,chieftain';
aisl.bersi`bear'(sasinFuchs:got.fauh,Luchs:schwed.lo);ablaut.lit.bras,lett.brs`brown
(fromhorses)';
gr.Hes.(*[]aor*FIffinallyexactlyto:)Hes.,,
`toad,frog'(*`thebrownone'=ahd.brn);ifas`blanketofclouds'to7.bher-
nep.bhuro`brown'(*bhrro-);ahd.mhd.brn`gleaming,brown',ags.brn,aisl.brnnds.;russ.
mdartl.brynt`white,grayshimmer',changingthroughablautbruntds.(*bhrou-no-)and(from
*bhr-ono-,-eno-)russ.-ChurchSlavicbron`white;varicolored(fromhorses)',russ.bron(and
mdartl.bryn),klr.brety`becomedun(ofadullordingybrowncolour,dullgreyish-brown),ripen',
OldChurchSlavicbrnije(brenije)òrdure,excrement',slov.brn`rivermud';
OldIndianbabhr-`reddishbrown;giantichneumonkind',av.bawra-,bawri-`beaver';lat.fiber,fibr
`beaver'(alsofebers.WH.I491;probablyihaschangedfore,asalso)kelt.(onlyinnames):*bibros,
*bibrusingall.PNandFlNBibracte,abrit.VNBibroci,mir.VNBibraige(*bibru-rgion),PNBibar
(*Bibrus)besides*bebrosingall.FlN*Bebr,frz.Bivre;Bebronn,frz.Beuvronne,Brevenneetc;
ahd.bibar,ags.beofor(oldestbebr),mnd.bever,aisl.birrds.(urg.*eru-);comparealsonhd.FlN
Bever,oldBiverna;
lit.bbras,bbras,bbrusds.(dissimil.debrsunderlikewise),OldPrussianbebrusds.;aboutlit.
bruisetc`roach(lat.Leuciscusrutilus)',OldPrussianbrun-seds.s.SpechtDekl.120;
slav.*bebrinpoln.FlNBiebrza,russ.etcbobr(zuro-reduplications.Berneker47;besidesperhaps
*bbrinskr.dbar`beaver'andaruss.bebrjan`frombeaverfur').comparenochlat.fibrnusòfthe
beaver,beaver',volsk.Fibrnusbrookname,av.bawraini-òfthebeaver';ahd.bibarn,gall.bebrinus
(Schol.Iuv.),lit.bbrinisds.;
toch.Bperne,Aparno`luminous',therefromBperne,Apar`majesty,grandeur'.
References:
References:WP.II166f.,WH.I490f.,VanWindekensLexique93.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparefurtherbhel-1withsimilarmeaning.
Page(s):
Page(s):136-137
Root/lemma: bher-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toroast,cook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rsten,backen,kochen'
Note:
Note:withg-extensions,beforepartlyi-,u-vowels;itderivedfrombher-2`moveviolently,surge,boil,
cook'.
Material:
Material:1.formswithout-i-or-u-:bhereg - :
OldIndianbhurjanta`cooking'(*bhereg-);bhrjjti`roasts',bhra`roasted',bhrra-`fryingpan',
bharj(j)ayati`roasts,brt',bharjana-`roasting',
mpers.bartands.;presumablyis*bhra-(*bhora-inbhurjanta),*bhar-ar.rootformandind.-jj
onlyinpresent*bhr-sk,fromwhichderived*bhr()s,asgr.from*-.
Lat.fertumàkindofsacrificialcake',alat.ferctum(firctum,s.Ernoutl.dial.lat.165),participle
*ferg`bake',osk.fertalis`theceremonieswheresacrificialcakeswereneeded'.
Note:
commonlat.ph->f-shift.
Maybealb.(**ferg)frgonj`bake';alsotruncatedalb.(*fertalis)fli`sacrifice'.
Lit.brgelas`basic,simplebeer',lett.birga`haze,mist,fume,smoke,coalsmoke',OldPrussian
aubirgo`cookshop',birgakarkisàbigsoupladle'(withven.-illyr.g).
2.formswithi,ei:
Npers.biri-tan`fry',barzanòven',bal.brjag,brijag`fry',npers.biryn(*brina-)`roasted',pam.
(shifted)wirzam`roast'underlikewise(Iran.*brij-,*braij-).
Lat.frg,-ere`roast,dehydrate,desiccate',umbr.frehtu`cooked,boiled'.
3.formswith:bhr-:
gr.`roast,dry',`roasted;firebrand',`drywood',`vesselfor
roastingbarley'.
Itisextraordinarythatintheonomatopoeicwordsofgr.àbird',lat.frig`(*roast,parch)
squeak',poln.bargiel`mountaintitmouse',russ.berglz`goldfinch'thedistributionoftheformswith
u,withi,andwithouteither,isthesamelikeinthewordsforcook.
References:
References:WP.II165f.,WH.I486f.,548f.
Page(s):
Page(s):137
Root/lemma: bher-7
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,weben'
Material:
Material:Hom.=att.n.(*F)`kerchief,cloth,canvas,fabric,velum,cover';
(),Hes.;`pannier,mat';
lit.burvaàkindofgarment',lett.burvesPl.`smallsail'(-u-suffixasingr.*F),lett.burasds.,lit.
br`sail'.S.tovocalismWaldeStreitberg-Festschrift176.
References:
References:WP.II164,SpechtDekl.182.
Page(s):
Page(s):137-138
Root/lemma: bhes-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmear,spread
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbreiben,zerreiben,ausstreuen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbbhasti`chewsup',3.Pl.bpsati;bhsma-n.àsh'resultedthroughverbal
extensionsofps(i)- , ps/i/- , ps(i)- , ps- inOldIndianpsti`consumes',gr.,`rub',

ds.,`touch',`baldheaded',f.,dor.`pebble',`ruboff',
`grind,pulverize';
,`soot,smoke';f.`sand,beach,seaside'from*,compare
`frail,breakable'(*bhs-bh-)andlat.sabulum`coarsesand,gravel'(*bhs-bhlo-);
withalreadyidg.sporadicalterationofanlaut.bhs-tos-:gr.`sand'(=mhd.samt);through
variouscontaminationsandds.,inaddition`naked,bald,bleak,bare',
`drop'etc;
alb.fi,pi,mi`sweep,thresh';
Maybealb.feh,pef,mef`cover,hide,sweepaway'[commonalb.p->mp->m-phonetic
mutation].
lat.sabulum`sand'(seeabove),wherewithEM.881comparesarm.awazds.;
mhd.samt(*samatho-)besidesahd.sant`sand'(*samtho-,germ.sanda-,outofitfinn.santa);
toch.Aps-`diffuse,sprinkle'().
References:
References:WP.II189,Boisacq48,1074,Kluge11s.v.Sand,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I328f.,676;
SpechtDekl.255,325,VanWindekensLexique91.
Page(s):
Page(s):145-146
Root/lemma: bhes-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hauchen,blasen'
Note:
Note:probablyonomatopoeicwords
Material:
Material:OldIndianbbhasti`blows',bhstrf.`bellows,hose',bhastf.`rump',bhsasn.
àbdominalpart';
gr.-`blow'(tosuffixs.HirtIdg.Gr.3,256),`breath,breeze,soul'.
Hereprobably-`coolsoff'(originallythroughblast),`coldness',s`cold'etcinspite
ofBenvenisteBSL.33,165ff.;afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I329onomatopoeic,asalso`lisping'.
References:
References:WP.II69,WH.I477,Boisacq1075,UhlenbeckOldIndianW.186,198.
Page(s):
Page(s):146
Root/lemma: bheudh- ,nasal.bhu-n-dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeawake,aware
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsein,wecken,beobachten;geweckt,geistigrege,aufmerksamsein,
erkennen,orandereinadditionveranlassen(aufpassenmachen,kundtun,gebieten;darbieten)'
Material:
Material:Themat.presentinOldIndianbdhati,bdhateàwakened,awakens,isawake,notices,
becomesaware',av.baoaiti`perceives',withpait-`whereupondirectone'sattention'(=gr.
,germ.*biuan,abg.bljudo);Aor.OldIndianbhudnta(=),Perf.bubdha,
bubudhim(:germ.*bau,*buum),participlebuddh-àwakened,wise;recognized'(==gr.ìgnorant;unfamiliar');
maybealb.(*bubudhim)bubullim`thunder(*hear)'[commonalb.:lat.dh>llshift].
OldIndianbuddh-f.ùnderstanding,mind,opinion,intention'(=av.paiti-busti-f.`noticing',gr.
ìnvestigating,questions;knowledge,tidings');causativeinOldIndianbdhyatiàwakens;teaches,
informs',av.baoayeiti`perceives,feels'(=abg.bud,buditi,lit.pasibaudyti);ofstateverbinOld
Indianbudhytàwakes,becomesaware;recognizes',av.buiyeiti`becomesaware',frabuidyamn
àwakening';OldIndianboddhr-m.`connoisseur,expert'(:gr.-`questioning');av.
baoah-n.àwareness,perceptivity',Adj.`perceiving'(:hom.-ùnexplored,unacquainted;
ignorant');av.zani-bura-`keenlywatching'(:abg.bdr,lit.budrs);av.baoii-`fragrancy'(=Old
Indianbdhi-`plenarycognition');
gr.and(:lit.bund,air.ad-bond-)`tolearn;tofindout,perceive,watch'
(,,),`knowledge,tidings';,f.`question';
maybealb.(*peus)pyesàskquestions',pyetje`question':gr.,f.`question'.
Proto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:pytati:OldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:pytatièxamine,scrutinize'[verb],Russian:
Russian:pytt'
`torture,torment,tryfor'[verb],Slovak:
Slovak:pytat'àsk'[verb],Polish:
Polish:pytaàsk'[verb],SerboSerboCroatian:
Croatian:ptatiàsk'[verb],Slovene:
Slovene:ptatiàsk'[verb],Othercognates:
Othercognates:lat.putre`cutoff
branches,estimate,consider,think'[verb].
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheudh- ,nasal.bhu-n-dh- :
:`tobeawake,aware'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
peu-1 ,peu - :p - :
:`toclean,sift',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:peu-2 :
:`toresearch,tounderstand'(see
below).
cymr.bodd(*bhudh)`freewill,approval',corn.both`volition'(:aisl.bo),air.buide`contentedness,
gratitude';herealsoair.ad-bond-ànnounce,promulgate',uss-bond-`calloff,cancel,refuse'(e.g.
Verbaln.obbad);zerogradeair.robudàdmonishment',cymr.rhybudd`warning',rhybuddio`warn'(:
russ.probudtàwaken');
got.anabiudanòrder,dispose',farbiudan`forbid',aisl.bjaòffer,bid,giverecognition',ags.
bodan,as.biodan,ahd.biotanòffer,bid,proffer',nhd.bieten`gebieten,verbieten,Gebieteigentl.
`(areaof)command';aisl.bon.,ags.gebodn.,mhd.botn.`commandment',ahd.etcboto
`summoner',ahd.butil(nhd.Bttel),ags.bydel`summoner,courtservant';got.bius,-dis`table,
desk';aisl.bjr,ags.bod,ahd.beot,piot`table,desk;dish',eig.`whichisofferedontray'(in
additionalsoahd.biutta,nhd.Beute`kneadingordoughtrough;doughtray;hutch,beehive').
With(compareHirtIdg.Gr.II96):got.anabsnsf.`commandment'(*-bhudh-sni-),as.ambsanf.
ds.,ags.bysenf.`model,example',aisl.bysnn.`wonder,miracle'(from`*warning'),bysna
`foretoken,warn';
lit.bund,bsti`wakeup,arouse'and(withoutnasalinfix)bud,budti`watch',bdinu,-inti`waken,
arouse,revive',budrs`watchful,wakeful';causativebaudi,basti`punish,curse,chastise,
castigate';refl.ìntend,mean,aim'(*bhoudhi),badiava`socage,compulsorylabour',
lit.bausls`command,order',lett.baslis`command',lett.bauma,bame`rumor,defamation'
(*bhoudhm-),lit.pasibaudyti`rise,standup,sally',baudnti`tocheerup,livenup;gingerup,
encourage,arouse,awakenone'slust',OldPrussianetbaudints`toraisefromthedead,reawaken'.
Themat.presentinabg.bljudo,bljusti`lookafter;protect,beware,lookout',russ.bljud,bljust
òbserve,notice'(aboutslav.-jufromidg.eus.MeilletSlavecommun258).
causativeinabg.budo,buditi`waken,arouse,revive',russ.buu,budtds.(etc;alsoinruss.
bden`workday',probablyeig.`workingday'or`dayforcorve');stativeverbwith-suffixinabg.
bd,bdti`watch',perfective(withne-/no-suffixasingr.--,wo--from-nno-,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I700)vz-bnàwake'(*bhud-no-,shapedfromAor.oftypegr.,etc,s.
Berneker106f.;
Maybetruncatedalb.(*zbudzi)zgjojàwaken':OldChurchSlavic:ubuditiàwaken'[verb];v
zbuditiàwaken'[verb];phoneticallyequalalb.-gj-:poln.-dzi-soundsbudziàwaken,arouse'[verb],
perf.zbudziàwaken,arouse'.
alsoaboutskr.bdnjdn`ChristmasEve',bdnjk`woodenlogwhichonelaysintheinthefireof
ChristmasEve'etc),abg.s-na-bdti`';abg.bdr`;willing,ready',bdrds.,
russ.bdryjàlert,awake,smart,strong,fresh',skr.bdaràgile,lively'.
Toch.paut-,Apot`honour'(VanWindekensLexique87).
References:
References:WP.II147f.,Feist41,97,MeilletSlavecommun2202f.
Page(s):
Page(s):150-152
Root/lemma: bheug-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflee,*befrightened
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fliehen'
Note:
Note:afterKretschmer(Gl.30,138)tobheug(h)-2(av.baog-intheintransitivemeaningèscape')
Material:
Material:Gr.(Aor.,Perf.)`flee',f.(=lat.fuga)èscape,afleeing,flight,
runningaway',hom.(*)ds.,Akk.-`toflight,toflee'ofconsonant-stem*-;
perhapsinven.PN(Westdeutschl.)`refuge,escapecastle';
lat.fugi,fg,-ere`totaketoflight,runaway;topassaway,disappear.Transit.,tofleefrom,run
awayfrom,avoid;withinfin.,'fugequaerere',donotseek;ofthings,toescapethenoticeofaperson',
fugaf.`flight,runningaway;esp.flightfromone'scountry,exile,banishment.Transf.,swiftcourse,
speed;avoiding(withgenit.)';
maybealb.fugonj`run'
lit.bgstu,bgau,bgtiintr.`befrightened',kaus.baugnti`jemd.getafright',baugs`timorous'.
References:
References:WP.II144,146,WH.I556f.,KretschmerGl.30,138.
Page(s):
Page(s):152
Root/lemma: bheug-2 ,bheughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclearaway,free
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wegtun,reinigen,befreien';intrans.`sichretten'
Material:
Material:Av.baog-,bunja-`loosen,escape,theyescapebefore'(bunjainti`release,escape',
bjayamn`discarding',bunjayt`heescapes'),bjimAkk.`cleaning,purification',z-buj-`from
needofreleasing',baoxtar-`liberator';
Maybealb.(*bhujissa)bujis,bujisaaor.`bloom',buj`fuss':plibhujissa-`released,free'
pehl.paz.bxtanèscape,release',sdbal.bjagùnbolt,loosen,unbind',aspers.Lw.arm.buem
`heal,save,relieve',boi`healing,deliverance';pliparibhujati`purifies,cleans,sweepsfrom';but
plibhujissa-`released(frompreviouslyslave)'=OldIndianbhujiy-`free,independent'(Lex.,inthe
Lit.asèxploitable',Subst.`maid;maidservant,servant'),tobheug-4.
Illyr.PNBuctor,ven.Fuctor(:av.baoxtar-),Fugonia,vhuia,vhou-ontios,etc
Note
Note:
Hereillyr.Buctor:ven.Fuctor:av.baoxtar-`liberator'provesthatav.asatemlanguagecandisplay
centumcharacteristics.Alb.followsthesameillyr.-ven.patternin-tor,-tarsuffixes.Thetendencyin
illyr.-g->-ct-showstheintermediaryphasefromcentumtosateminlateralb.:commonalb.-g(h)->
-th-,-k->-t-phoneticmutationinthemiddleoftheword.
Got.usbaugjan`sweepup,sweepout,sweepaway',nhd.dial.Bocht`rubbish,crap,muck';moreover
probablyalsomhd.biuchen`cookinlye',originally`clean',bchef.`lye'(withsecondaryablaut).
Thedoublenessgerm.gh:ar.g-alsobybheugh-(nhd.biegen):bheug-(OldIndianbhujatietc)
`bend'.Probablyidenticalwithit.
References:
References:WP.II145,WH.I560,KretschmerGl.30,138.
Page(s):
Page(s):152
Root/lemma: bheug-3 ,bheughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobow
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhujti`bends,pushesaway',bhugn-`bent,curved',bhja-àrm',bhuj
`twist,arm',bhg`coilofasnake;ring'(:ahd.boug);nibhuj-`push',Pass.`flunk,escape;toget
away';
perhapsbierheralb.but`soft,flexible'from*bhug(h)-to-`pliable';
commonalb.-g(h)->-th-,-k->-t-phoneticmutationinthemiddleoftheword.
ir.fid-bocc`woodenbow',probablyalsobocc`tender'(`*pliable'),nir.bog`soft'(from*buggo-),KZ.33,
77,FickII4;forabret.buc`rotten,putrid;loose,crumbling,friable,flabby',pl.bocion`rotten,decayed',
nbret.amsirpoug`soft,mildweather',allowedtoexpectbrit.-ch-=ir.-gg-,PedersenKG.I161
considersborrowingfromIr.
InGerm.*bheugh-:got.biugan,ahd.biogan`bend',aisl.participleboginn`bent,curved';ablaut.ags.
bgan`bebent',withfram`flee';
Kaus.aisl.beygja,as.bgian,ags.began,ahd.bougen,nhd.beugen;aisl.bigr`bent,curved',ahd.
biugo`curve';aisl.bogi,ags.boga(engl.bow),ahd.bogo,nhd.Bogen(ahd.swibogo`Christmas
candlearcs(whichliterallymeansanarchedbuttress)'from*swi[bi-]bogo);perhapsinadditiongot.
bugjan`letout,lend,buy',aisl.byggiaòbtainawife',ags.bycgan,as.buggian`buy'(comparenhd.
dial.`bebentbysomething'=àcquire,take');inadditionprobablylett.baugaandbagurs`hill'.
Intensive(withintensification)germ.*bukjaninmhd.bcken,schweiz.bukche;mnd.bucken,afries.
buckia`tostoop,bendforward,benddown'(WissmannNom.postverb.171,181).
References:
References:WP.II145f.,WH.I556,Feist96.
Page(s):
Page(s):152-153
Root/lemma: bheug-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toenjoy,*consume,bite
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`genieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhukt(withInstr.,newerAkk.)ènjoys',comparebhunkti,bhujati`grants
pleasure,enjoys,consumes',bubhuk`hunger',bhga-ènjoyment';
aboutOldIndianbhujiy-seeaboveunderbheug-2;
commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
alb.bungf.,bunk,bungum.`kindofedibleoakfruit'(as`nourishingornutritioustree',post-verbal=
`foodgranter');
Note:
Alb.bung`kindofedibleoakfruit':with-u-gradealb.(*beuka)buka`bread':phryg.`bread',
actually`crumb'provethatfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
:èxpr.soundof
hitting'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheg-,bheng- :
Root/lemma:bhenh-, bhn h-(Adj.
bhn h-s )::`thick,fat',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheug2 ,bheugh- :
:`toclearaway,free',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
bheug-4 :
:`toenjoy,*consume,bite'astaboowords.
lat.fungor`tooccupyoneselfwithanything,toperform,execute,undergo,usuallywithabl.;absol.in
specialsense,tobeaffected,suffer',withAkk.,laterAbl.,dfungor`toperform,discharge,havedone
with,bringtoanend,survive',perfungor`toperformfully,execute,discharge;togothrough,endure'.
References:
References:WH.I565f.,WackernagelSynt.I68,JoklL.-k.Unters.179.
Page(s):
Page(s):153
Root/lemma: bheu- ,bheu - (bhu - ,bhu - ):bh u - :bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobe;togrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ursprnglich`wachsen,gedeihen'
Note:
Note:(probably=`toswell'),compareOldIndianprbhta-withOldIndianbhri-etcunder*b(e)u,bh(e)u-ìnflate,bloat,toswell',
fromwhichòriginate,become,be',farther`whereusuallyoneis,live';i o /- presentbhu - ii , bhu ii e -si, bhu - -si etcasverb`be'suppliesoftenparadigmofes-`be';extendedrootbheu -, bhu iMaterial:
Material:OldIndianbhvatiìs,thereis,happens,prospers,becomes'=av.bavaiti`becomes,
originates;happens;willbe',Oldpers.bavatiy`becomes';Fut.OldIndianbhaviyti,
av.byeitiparticiplebyant-`willcomeintoexistence'(latter=lit.bsiu,ChurchSlavicbyteje
`',
comparegr.);Aor.OldIndianbht(=gr.)andbhvat,Perf.babhva,participlePerf.Akt.
babhvn,f.babhv(:gr.,,lit.bvo,OldChurchSlavicbyvati),Inf.bhvitum,
Absol.bhtv(comparelit.btpassive`tobe',OldPrussianbtonInf.);
OldIndianbht-,av.bta-`become,being,OldIndianbht-mèntity'(:lit.bta`been',aisl.bf.
`dwelling',russ.bytèntity,wayoflife,lifestyle';withgr.,air.-bothònewas',bothf.
`cottage',lit.btas`house');pr-bhta-`rich,numerous',npers.Inf.bdan`be';
OldIndianbhti-,bht-f.`being,well-being,goodcondition,prospering;flourishing'(av.bti-m.
`namedava'=OldChurchSlavicza-,po-,pr-byt,russ.byt,Inf.OldChurchSlavicbyti,lit.bti;
withgr.).
Pass.OldIndianbhyate;kaus.bhvayati`bringsintoexistence;looksafterandnurtures,refreshes',
participlebhvita-also`pleasantlyexcited,ingoodmood'(=OldChurchSlaviciz-baviti`free,
release'),withders.lengthenedgradebhv-`being,development,becoming,affection'(:russ.zabvaf.`conversation,entertainment')besidesbhav-`development,welfare,salvation';
bhavtram`world'(ablaut.withgr.`nature,gender,sex'andlit.bkl`dwelling'etc,andwith
germ.*bula-and*bla-,nexttowhichwithformants-dhlo-ech.bydlo);bhavana-m`the
development,becoming;dwelling,house(:alb.bane,butmir.banùnwavering,steadfast'from
*bhou-no-),ablaut.bhvana-mèntity';
OldIndianbh-f.èarth,world',bhm,bhmi-,av.ap.bm-,npers.bmèarth',OldIndian
bhman-n.èarth,world,being'(=gr.),bhmn-m.`fullness,wealth,bulk,mass,wealth';prabh-`mighty,salient';
s-stembhavi-u-`becoming,thriving',bhati`makesthrive,strengthens',bhayati`bedecks,
blazons',bhana-màmulet,jewellery'.
The-basis*bh(e)u - , asitseems,inOldIndianbbhavtiIntens.andbhv-tva-`future';aboutiran.
b-formsseeunder.
Arm.bois,Gen.busoy`sprout,herb,plant',busanim`burstforth,springforth',furtherperhapsboin,
Gen.bunoi`nest'(*bheu-no-),zerogradebun,Gen.bnoi`stem'.
Thrak.PN-.
Gr.(lesb.asosk.fuia,seeunder),`beget'(Aor.),`become,grow'(compare
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I,686),probablyneologismstoAor.`was,became',besides(neologism)
;`growth,plant,kid,child,ulcer',`growth;nature,character',n.`plant,growth,
ulcer',`nature',n.`stem,gender,sex,kindof',`municipalityandfromitlocated
department'(:OldChurchSlavicbyl,l-participlebylje);lengthenedgrades*bh[u]lo-perhapsin
,`hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole,denofwildanimals',`sleepinacave',
àseafishwhichishiddeninthemud';butaisl.bln.àcampforanimalsandpeople',isnotfrombl
(probablyfrom*bla)`dwelling'miscellaneousword;inadditionzerogradeschwed.mdartl.bylja,
blja`smallnest'from*bulja.
As2.compound-partin,-[*F].Aboutseeunder.
Illyr.VNBuni,PNB(:alb.bun).
Messap.,Hes.(:ahd.br);
alb.buj,bj(*bunj)`stay,stayovernight,spendthenight',burr,burr(*buro-)`man,husband',ban
`dwelling,abode,residence,halfdilapidatedhouse'(*bhouon:OldIndianbhavanam),banoj`stay,
dwell';bun()`chalet'(*bhun);perhapsalsobtèarth,bottom,world,people'(*bhu-tor*bhut).
Note
Note:
Clearlyalb.ban,Illyr.VNBuni,PNB,Messap.,Thrak.PN-provethat
illyr.wasindeedasatemlanguagedisplayingalsocentumcharacteristics.Thecommonalb.shiftt>
nt>ninheritedfromillyr.andthrak.provesthecommonoriginofthoseBalkanlang.
Lat.fu(alat.f)Ìhavebeen'from*f-ai,rearrangementofolderAor.*fm(=gr.-,OldIndianbht`hewas'),fu-trus`future,abouttobe',forem`wouldbe',fore`willbe',alat.Konj.fuam,fuat`be'
(*bhuum;comparelit.bvo`was'from*bhu-ut),besides-bam(*bhum:osk.fu-fans`theywere',
air.-bÌwas')inleg-bametc,comparelat.-fal.-b(from*bhu)inam-b,alat.ven-b,fal.pipaf
etcwithdemir.b-future(do-rmiubÌwillenumerate'from*to-rm--bu),intensivefutvit`he/she
was';
osk.fu-fans`theywere',fu-fens`theywere',fusd=lat.foret,fust(=umbr.fust)`he/shewillbe'and
`he/shewillhavebeen',fuidKonj.-Perf.`he/shewillhavebeen';butaboutfutr`daughter's.VetterGl.
29,235,242ff.againstWH.I557,867;
umbr.fust`he/sheisgoingtobe',furent`theyaregoingtobe'(*fuset,*fusent),fefure`theywillhave
been',futu`youwillbe'(fuuetdorfu-td).
Aio/-presenttoroot*bh-:*bhu-iiliesbeforeinlat.f,feròfpersonsandthings,tobemade,
comeintoexistence;withpredicate,tobecome,beappointed;withgenit.,tobevaluedat;ofactions,
tobedone;ofevents,tohappen',theinsteadofiscorrelatedtofs,ft(*bhu--si,*bhu--ti);osk.fiiet
(*bhuiient)`theybecome,theyaremade',umbr.fito`gooddeeds,benefits',fuia`he/shewillbecome,
he/shewillbemade',fuiest`he/shewillmake'(*bhu-ibesides*bhuiiasinlesb.,seeabove);
lat.nominalformationonlyindubius`doubtful;act.,wavering;inopinion,doubting;uncertain;asto
action,hesitating,irresolute;pass.,uncertain,doubted,doubtful,dangerous,critical'(*dubhuiio-s
òfdoubleform,consistingoftwoparts',compareumbr.di-fue`splitintotwoparts'<*dui-bhuiom),
probus`good,excellent,fine;morallygood,upright,virtuous,right'(*pro-bhuos:OldIndianprabhu-
`salient,superb'),osk.amprufid`dishonest,lackingprobity',prfatted`hasshown,marked,
indicated,manifested,proven',umbr.prufeùpright,honest,proper';lat.superbus`haughty,exalted,
proud;arrogant,overbearing;brilliant,splendid'.
Aboutlat.moribundusseeNiedermannMl.Meillet104,BenvenisteMSL.34,189.
Air.ba`benefit'(*bhu-iom),ban`steadfast,good'(*bhouno-,inadditioncymr.bun`queen,wife,
woman');mir.baile`home,place'(*bhu-liio-);
air.buith`be'(originallyDat.of-stemboth<*bhut=cymr.bod,corn.bos,bret.bout=air.bothf.
`cottage',cymr.bodf.`dwelling':lit.btas`house';moreoveralsomir.for-baid`burialcloth,shroud,
barrow,bier'),Fut.-ba`willbe'(=lat.fiat),preterit1.Sg.b(*bhum),3.Sg.bo(*bhue),Pass.
preterit-bothònewas'(*bhu-to-);theparadigmoftheverbSubst.andthecopulaexistsfromforms
vones-andbheu-,e.g.hat1.Sg.presentKonj.air.bu(*bh-es)theanlautrelatedtobheu-;
air.-buÌcaretobe',mcymr.bydaf,corn.bethaf,mbret.bezaffds.(*bhuii=lat.f,besides*bhu-in
air.bth,mcymr.bit`([ImperativeFutureTense]youwillbe'=lat.ft);
gall.PNVindo-bios(*-bhuiios),comparecymr.gwyn-fyd`luck'(`weieworld',byd),air.su-b(a)e
`pleasure,joy'(*su-bhuiio-),du-b(a)e(du=gr.-)`mourning,grief';
got.bauan`stay,dwell,inhabit',aldbauan`leadalife',gabauanèrectahouse'(*bhu,vocalismas
inOldIndianbhvayati,bhva-,slav.baviti),
aisl.ba(bj,binn)`stay,dwell,bringingoodcondition,equip',ags.banandbuw(i)an(bde,
geben)`stay,dwell,farm'(besidesags.bgian,afries.bgia`stay,dwell',phonetictypebasedon
got.stjafrom*stwijandasinitialvowel),ahd.ban(bta,giban)`stay,dwell,farm',nhd.
bauen;aisl.byggja`liveataplace,farm,populate',later`construct,build'(from
*buwwjan*bewwjan);aisl.bn.`domicile,household',ags.bn.`dwelling'(Pl.byn.ofi-stem
*bwi-=aisl.byrm.`dwelling,residentialsite,court';similarlylit.bvis`permanentstay,residence'),
ahd.b,mhd.b,Gen.bwesm.,seldomn.`tillingofthefield,dwelling,edifice',nhd.Bau;
aisl.bf.`dwelling,tent,cottage';aschwed.b,mnd.bde,mhd.buodeandbde`cottage,tent',
nhd.Bude(*bh[u]-t);mnd.bdel`fortune',blèstate',ags.boldandbotln.`dwelling,house',
*byldan,engl.tobuild`tobuild',afries.boldandbdel`house,householdutensil,household
appliance,property'(*bla-fromidg.*bh[u]tlo-and*bula-,comparelit.bklandwestsl.bydlo),
alsoaisl.bln.`dwelling'[(seeabovealsotobl`den(ofanimals)'];
aisl.brn.`pantry,zenana(partofahouseforwomeninIndia)',ags.brm.`cottage,room',ahd.br
m.`house,cage',nhd.(Vogel-)Bauer,whereofahd.nhgibr,ags.nahgebr,nhd.Nachbar,engl.
neighbourandahd.gibr(o),mhd.gebr(e),thenbr,nhd.Bauer`farmer,peasant';
ags.boÌam'(*bhuii=lat.f,air.-bu),besidesbom,ahd.bimetcafter*imfrom*es-`be',as
ahd.bis(t),ags.bisafteris.
Perhapsgot.bagms,ahd.bum,ags.bam`tree'from*bhou()mo-`'andaisl.byggn.`barley',
as.Gen.PLbew`sowing,seed,yield',ags.bown.`barley'(*bewwa-)as`thetilled,thesown'.
Maybealb.(*bam)bim`plant',alb.geg.ba`ripen,become',bafshsub.`be!'
Lit.bti(lett.bt,OldPrussianbot)`be',btSupin.`tobe'(OldPrussianbtonInf.),participlebtas
`been',Fut.bsiu(lett.bu),preteritbvo`hewas'(comparealsobuv-ju,-ti`caretobe'andOld
ChurchSlavicIter.byvati);Opt.OldPrussianbousai`heis',preteritbi,be`hewas'(froman
expandedbasiswith-i-);
lit.bvism.`being,life',buvinti`stayhereandthereawhile',OldPrussianbuwinait`live!';
lett.bana`being,entity,condition',OldPrussianbousennis`state,condition';lit.btas,Old
Prussian(Akk.)buttan`house';
lit.bklas(*btla-)`nest,den,hideout,lairofwildanimals',pabklas`tool,utensil;apparition,ghost',
bkl,bkl`presence(ofmind),dwelling',ostlit.bklds.(seeabove;inadditionbukls`wise,sly,
cunning');
OldChurchSlavicbyti`become,be',lo-participlebyl`been'(therefrombylje`herb;healthyherb',
comparetomeaning),Aor.b`was'(*bhu-t);
Imperf.bae,Fut.participleChurchSlavicbyteje,byteje`',Kondiz.3.Pl.b(*bhunt),participleza-bven`forgotten',besidesmiscellaneousparticiple*byte.g.inruss.zabtyj
`forgotten',compareinadditionalsoSubst.russ.bytèntity,wayoflife,lifestyle'underlikewise,
apoln.byto`nourishment,food',OldChurchSlaviciz-bytkàffluence,remnant'underlikewise,
bytje`theexistence';
maybealb.mbetje`residue,leftover',mbetetìsleft',mbeturin`trash'[commonalb.b->mb-shift]
OldChurchSlaviczabytòblivion',pobyt`victory',prbytàbode,residence',russ.bytèntity,
creature;facts(ofthecase),facts(ofthematter),matteroffact';presentOldChurchSlavicbd
`become,',asFut.:`willbecome'(iflat.Adj.in-bundus);
maybereducedalb.(*bd)doFuture:`willbecome'
Kaus.OldChurchSlavicizbaviti`free,release'underlikewise(:OldIndianbhva-yati,compareto
vocalismalsogot.bauanandOldChurchSlaviczabava`stay,activity,pastime');ech.bydlo
`whereabouts,dwelling',poln.bydo`cattle'(from*`state,prosperity,possessions').
Maybealb.(*zabava)zbavitèntertain,(*pastime)'
Perhapshere(PedersenToch.2281)toch.pyautk-,Apyotk-,ABpyutk-`comeintobeing',med.
`bringabout'.
Fromthebasisbh(e)u -:
npers.Imp.bd`be!';Oldpers.Opt.b-yhisplacedbyWackernagelKZ.46,270=OldIndianbhy-,-t;
gr.n.`germ,sprout,scion,shoot'=,`produce,sow,plant';
lit.alt.bit(i)`hewas',alsoKondit.1.Pl.(sktum-)bime;lett.biju,bijaÌwas,hewas'(lett.bijextendedfromathemat.*bhu-);ablaut.OldPrussianbi,seeabove;
maybealb.bujis`germ,sprout,scion,shoot,bloom'
OldChurchSlavicKondit.2.3.Sg.bi`were,wouldbe'(*bhus,*bhu-t),whereforesecondary1.Sg.
bi-mwithprimaryending.
References:
References:WP.II140f.,WH.I375f.,504f.,557f.,865,867,EM.812f.,1004f.,Trautmann40f.,
Feist83f.
Spechtwillplace(KZ.59,58f.)undercitationofgr.F`light,salvation'=OldIndianbhava`blessing;benediction,boon,salvation',--etcunsererootas*bhau-,notas*bheu-.
seealsoaboveS.91.
Page(s):
Page(s):146-150
Root/lemma: bhgh- :bhghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toresist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`streiten'
Material:
Material:Gall.bgaudaeìnsurgentguerilla'(suffixasinalauda,bascauda),air.bgaid`fights,
brags,threatens',bgf.`fight,struggle',mcymr.bwyo(*bgi-)`hit',
kymwy(:mir.combgds.)`fight',-boawc=mir.bgach`warlike';whethercymr.bai`fault,error',beio
`rebuke'inadditionbelongs,itmustcontainidg.*bhgh-;
ahd.bgan,(bgn)`squabble,quarrel',aisl.bga,bgjaòppose,resist',ahd.bga`quarrel,fight',
as.bgm.`vainglory,boastfulness',mhd.bc,-gesm.`loudyelling,quarrel',aisl.bge,bgi
àdversary',bgr`difficult,hard,sullen,obstructive';itispresumedwhethergerm.familyisnot
borrowedfromKelt.,ablautgerm.:kelt.(idg.);
lett.buztis`beangry'(*bhgh-),EndzelinKZ.52,118;
russ.bazel`bawler,crier',bazgala`malicious'(ScheftelowitzKZ.54,242);
perhapstoch.pakwreèvil,bad'(Adverb),Apknt`hindrance'(*bhgh-),VanWindekensLexique
85,96.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):115
Root/lemma: bh 2 ,bh
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:PartikelespeciallytheBeteuerungandHervorhebung
Material:
Material:Av.b,bt,b,bit(thelatter,aslit.be,probablywithstrengtheningparticle*id)particles
oftheprotestationandemphasis,ba`yea,intruth'(ìfOldIndianbaham'BartholomaeWb.953);
Maybeemphasizingparticlealb.bahàbsolutelynot'[alb.preservedtheoldlaryngeal-]
arm.ba,bayemphasizingparticle;
got.baconditionalparticle(hereiba,ibaiìf,because'Konj.`thatnot',ni-ba,nibai`possiblynot
yet',Konj.ìfnot',ja-baiìf',ahd.ibu,oba,mhd.ob(e)ìf,whether'etc,s.Kluge11422);
lit.b`yes,ofcourse;certainly;sure',benàtleast,notonlybutalso',ostlit.b(=OldPrussianbhe),
be(seeabove)ànd',be,b,bs,bainterrogativeparticle,OldPrussianbeggi`for';OldChurch
Slavic(etc)bo`for',ibo`',uboàlso',nebon`forindeed';changingthroughablautklr.ba
`yes,ofcourse;certainly;sure',ech.poln.ba`trusted,yea,intruth'.
maybealb.poìf,whether,yes':poln.ba`yea,intruth'.
References:
References:WP.II136,Trautmann22f.
Page(s):
Page(s):113
Root/lemma: bh- :bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towarm,fry,*bath
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wrmen,rsten'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bh- :bh- :
:`towarm,fry,*bath':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhoso-s :
:`naked'derived
fromOssetic:bgng[adj]`naked'ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:nog- ,nogod(h)o- ,nog-no- :
:naked'
commonIndoIranianm-/n->bhphoneticmutation:gr.-illyr..
Material:
Material:Ahd.ben,bjan,nhd.bhen(*bhi)`warmwithcovers,bakebread',inadditionwith
idg.-to-suffixaisl.ba`steambath',as.bath,ags.b,ahd.bad`spa,bath';inadditionalsonorw.
dial.bara`cleanwithwarmwater',schwed.bara`warmup'.
Note:
Thecognatesaisl.ba`steambath',as.bath,ags.b,ahd.bad`spa,bath'arecreatedaccording
toalb.phoneticlaws-g>-th,-d;maybeeuphemisticalb.mbath`getdressed,wear',zbath`get
naked,getundressed(tohaveabath)'
Root/lemma:
:`naked'asin::Ahd.
bar`naked,bare'(*baza-),nhd.bar,ags.br,aisl.berr`naked,bare';lit.bsas,lett.bass,Old
ChurchSlavicbos`barefoot';arm.bok`barefoot'(*bhosogo-).
thereofwithg-extensionbhgingr.`roast,fry',ags.bacan,bc,ahd.bahhan,aisl.baka,-aads.,mhd.sichbecheln`bask,
getwarm,loungeinthesun';besideswithintensiveconsonant-sharpeningahd.backan,nhd.backen;
gr.-illyr.;Hes.(v.BlumentalIF.49,175);
Inadditionperhaps(as`burningdesire,ardentwish')russ.bat,bat`wish,want,whereupon
starve',ech.baiti,perf.zabahnoutiàskforsomething'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):113
Root/lemma: bhidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vessel,cauldron
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Topf,Kbel,Fa'
Note:
Fromanearlyroot*bhegh- [commonillyr.-gh->-dh-phoneticmutation]derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
bhedh-2 :
:`tobow,bend',Root/lemma:
:`bundle,heap'andin-igradeRoot/
Root/
lemma: bhidh- :
:vessel,cauldron(seeabove).
Material:
Material:gr.n.`barrel,vat,cask,winecask',,att.ds.,lat.fidlia(*fides-li)
èarthenwarevessel,pot,pan';presumablyaisl.biaf.`milktub',norw.biden.`buttertub'(*bidjan-),
bidnen.`vessel'.
Therefromlat.fiscusàbasket;henceamoney-bag,purse;thestatetreasury;undertheempire,the
emperor'sprivypurse',fiscinaàsmallbasket'(from*bhidh-sko-)maybereconstructedforitsfamilya
basicmeaning`twistedvessel',itbelongsprobablytoarootbheidh-`bind,flax,wattle,braid'.
References:
References:WP.II185,WH.I492f.,506.
Page(s):
Page(s):153
Root/lemma: bhili- ,bhiloEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:harmonious,friendly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èbenmig,angemessen,gut,freundlich'
Material:
Material:Mir.bil(*bhili-)`good',gall.Bili-inPNBili-catus,Biliciusetc,ahd.bila-`kind,gracious',
newerbili-,bil-in1.partofpeople'sname;ags.bile-wit`simple,just,innocent'=mhd.bilewiz,bilwiz
`fairydemon,ghost'(eigentl.`goodghost');ahd.bil-lch`proper';abstractnoun*biliinas.
unbilithungaùnconventionality',mhd.unbilde,unbileden.`wrong;injustice,theincomprehensible',
nhd.Unbilde,toadjectivemhd.unbilùnjust;unfair',substantivizedschweiz.Unbill.Aboutnhd.Bild
seeunderbhei()-`hit',whereforeR.Loewe(KZ.51,187ff.)willplacealsoUnbilde.
Gr.`dear,friend'etcplacesKretschmer(IF.45,267f.)aspreGreektolyd.bilis`be';againstit
LoeweaaO.,whichexplainsthestressofthefirstsyllablefromthevocative.
References:
References:WP.II185,Kluge11underBild,billig,Unbill,Weichbild.
Page(s):
Page(s):153-154
Root/lemma: bhlagh-menEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:priest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zauberpriester';originallyprobablyNeutrumÒpferhandlung'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhlagh-men- :
:`priest'derivedfromtheextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhla- :
:`tohit',
meaningAryanpriestsassumedtheywouldgainthegraceofgodsthroughimmolation.
Material:
Material:Air.brahmn-m.`magicpriest',brhman-n.`spell,charm,devotion';messap.
`priest';lat.flmen,-inism.`thepriestofsomeparticulargod,sacrificialpriest'(nottheold*-n).
BecauseofthenumerouscongruitiesinthereligiousterminologybetweentheItalicandIndicthisis
equationofthepreferredexplanationofflmenfrom*bhld-(s)men,angebl.`sacrifice,immolation'(to
got.bltan`worship',an.blta,ags.bltan,ahd.bluozan`sacrifice',an.bltn.`sacrifice,oblation'
[-es-stem,comparefinn.luote`chant,incantation'fromprotogerm.*bltes],ahd.bluostarn.ds.,etc).
comparealsoDumzilREtIE.1,377,stillcomparesarm.bajal`striveafter'.
Maybealb.lut`chant,pray':finn.luote`chant,incantation'
References:
References:WP.II209,WH.I512f.,865f.,Feist100f.,580a.
Page(s):
Page(s):154
Root/lemma: bhlaEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Lat.flagrum`whip,scourge',flagellumds.àwhip,scourge;thethongofajavelin;ayoung
sprout,vine-shoot;plur.thearmsofapolypus;fig.`thestingofconscience',withlengthenedgrade
probablyflgit,-re`toentreat,ask,demandearnestly;todemandtoknow;tosummonbeforea
courtofjustice'(originallyprobablywithblowsandthreats),flgitiumàdisgracefulaction,shameful
crime;shame,disgrace;meton.,scoundrel,rascal'(originally`publiccastigationandsuppression';
conflages`placesexposedtoallthewinds,placeblownbythewinds'PaulFest.35aappearsaspoil
forconflgs);
Maybealb.flak`hurl'
aisl.andnnorw.dial.blaka,blakra`strikebackandforth,fan,flutter,flap',aisl.blak`blow,knock',aisl.
blekkja(*blakjan)`hit'(norw.`flicker'),schwed.mdartl.blkkta(*blakatjan),mndl.blaken`fan,flutter,
shiver'(inGerm.phoneticcoincidencewiththefamilyofaisl.blakra`blink,glitter,flash'etc,seebelow
*bheleg-`shine';soise.g.norw.blakra`fan'aswellas`shine').
Lit.blakaandbloki(-k-from--sq-)`flingsidelong,travelhereandthere,runaroundhereand
there'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):154
Root/lemma: bhlegEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichaufblhen,schwellen'
Note:
Note:extensionv.ìnflate,bloat'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-f.`vein',Phot.;ahd.bolca,bulchunna(*bhlg-)à
roundswelling;inwater,abubble'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):155
Root/lemma: bhlei-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufblasen,schwellen,strotzen,berflieen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Norw.dial.bleime,aschwed.blma`blebontheskin'(comparenorw.blemads.under
bhel-,bh(e)l-);dn.blegn(e)`vesicle'(*blajjinn),ags.blegenf.,engl.blain,mnd.bleine,olderdn.
blen(e),aschwed.blena`vesicle'(*blajinn).
Thatgr.:`doorpillar,doorpost'eig.`(*tumid=)thickbalk,beam'isrequiredonlyofforeign
confirmation(Prellwitz2andBoisacqs.v.;basicform*bhl-uor-s);`haematoma,
effusionofblood'iscorruptedfromlat.flminaàbloodyswellingorcongestionofbloodaboutthe
ankles'.
bhleis-: aisl.blstra`blow,whistle'(comparegot.-blsanunderbhel-,bh(e)l--;newvariationwithi
totheimitationofthebrighttone);perhapsserb.blhm,blhati`flood;spit;havediarrhea';blhnm,
blhnuti`splash,spray',bulg.bli,blkn,blkvam`poursoutofme,flowsout'(ifnotasprotoslav.
*blychajtou-variantfromgr.etc).
bhleid- (presumablyd-present*bhlid).
Gr.òverflowofhumidity,thereofswellup',Hes.,
Hes.,Hes.,,-,-`ferment,seethe,boom,blaster',
`scum,froth,foam,slobber'(-=n`');presumablyalso`surgingofthesea,
thetumultoffighting',(*,formsafteronomatopoeicwordsas
,);commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation
perhapsheremir.bled`bellowing,braying,roar'(outofitcymr.bloeddds.);
engl.bloat`tobloat,bulge,swell'(*blaitn=);
lett.blstu,bldu,blztandbliu,-du,-st`growfat,putonweight'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):156
Root/lemma: bhleiqEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhli-(:bhel-)ds.,asbhli-.
Material:
Material:Ags.blge(*blaigin-)`gudgeon(typeoffreshwaterfish)';mnl.mnd.blei(g)andbleger,
nhd.Bleihe,Blei`fishnames';besidesmhd.blicke`carp',
nhd.Blicke(norw.dial.blekka,nhd.Blecke`dace(*whitefish)'fromthee-rootbhleg-);inother
meaningchange(`shine:glance,look')aisl.blgr`lookingstaringlyandrigidly',blgja`stare'
Inadditionruss.blknut`bleach,fade,wither,wilt',blklyj`sallow,paled,faint,languid,wilted;faded,
flaccid,withered',blkot`fool'sparsley,Aethusacynapium',poln.blakn`fade,expire'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):157
Root/lemma: bhlendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pale,reddish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fahl,rtlich';ùndeutlichschimmern';`trbeseinormachen'(alsodurch
Umrhrenofwateretc);ìrren,schlechtsehen';`Dmmerung'
Note:
Note:Itbelongsprobablytobhel-1 .
Material:
Material:OldIndianbradhn-(*bhlndh-no-)`reddish,dun';
germ.*blundaz(*bhlndh-o)inmlat.blundus,ital.biondo,frz.blond,fromwhichmhd.blunt,nhd.
blond;
got.blinds`blind',aisl.blindr`blind,undistinguishable',as.ags.blind,ahd.blint`blind',also`dark,
cloudy,dull,notobvious';got.blandansik`mingle,diffuse,intermingle',aisl.blanda`mix'(blendingr
`mixture'),as.ags.blandan,ahd.blantan,mhd.blanden`mix,tarnish'(nhd.Blendling`hybrid,
mongrel,halfbreed');togerm.acomparetheiterative-causative:ahd.blendan(*blandjan)`darken,
blind',ags.blendan`blind'(:blandtis,OldChurchSlavicblditi);aisl.blunda`closetheeyes',blundr
`slumber',mengl.blundren`stir,bewilder',nengl.blunder`begrosslymistaken,wander';
lit.blendi,blsti`sleep;stirflourintosoup,talknonsense,becomecloudy',lett.blendu,blenst`have
pooreye-sight,beshort-sighted';lit.blandas,-tis`lowtheeyesdown,beashamed',lett.bludties
`ds.;roam,beashamed',
Maybealb.geg.(*flenj)fl,tosk.fle`die,sleep';[rarealb.ph->f-phoneticmutation,foundingr.and
lat.]
lit.bladas`sleepiness,turbidweather,cloudiness',blands`dim,cloudy,thick(soup),murky;dark';
lit.blsta,blndo,blsti`dim,dusky,cloudy,becomedark;becomecloudy,fromwater',
prblind(andpriebland)`dusk,twilight';herealsoblid,blends,blnd`sallow';
maybealb.geg.bl,blini,tosk.bliri`lindentree'n/rstem
OldChurchSlavicbld,blstièrr;wander;',bld`gossip,prank',slov.bl-dem,blsti
`maunder,drivel,fantasize',aech.blsti(2.Sg.blede)`maunder,drivel';OldChurchSlavicbld
`debauchery,depravity,adultery',poln.bd`mistake,delusion',OldChurchSlavicbld,blditi
èrr,indulgeindebauchery',skr.bldm,blditièrr,wander,cheat,deceive,spoil,caress'etc.
maybealb.geg.bl,tosk.blenj`(*cheat),barter,buy'similarshiftofthemeaningingr.
`cheat,barter,exchange'.
References:
References:WP.II216,218,Trautmann34f.,EndzelinKZ.52,112,SpechtDekl.58,117.
Page(s):
Page(s):157-158
Root/lemma: bhlesEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note::
Note::uptonowonlyintheGerm.provableextensionfrombhel- `shine'
Material:
Material:Mhd.blas`naked,bald,bleak,pallid'(nhd.bla)n.`torch,burningcandle',ags.blse
`torch,fire',engl.blaze`blaze,glow;whiteforeheadspot',
ahd.blas-ros`horsewithwithabrightspot'(withabrightspotontheforehead),mnd.bles,blesse
(*blasj)`paleness',aisl.*bles-inblesttr`markedwithawhitespot'andincompoundon-blesi.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):158
Root/lemma: bhleu-(k)-,(-s-)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhel- `shine'.
Material:
Material:*bhleu-s-ingr.-`blazedbythefire',,`searall
around';aisl.blysn.`flame',ags.blysam.`flame,torch',mnd.bls`torch',ags.blyscon`blush',engl.
blush.
*bhleuk-inmhd.bliehen`burningluminously',ahd.bluhhen.
Thewestslav.formsasech.bltti`shimmer',blskati`shine'(besidesOldChurchSlavicbltati
etc,seebelow*bhlei-)areagainstitprobablyreshufflingafter*lyskati,poln.yska`flash,shine'etc
-meaningnotdirectaccordingly,respectivelyonlyfromaprimordialmeaning`shine'tojustify,
TrautmannGGA.1911,245compareswithmhd.bliehen:lit.blunk,blkti`becomepale,loseone's
color'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):159-160
Root/lemma: bhleusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,mild
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`schlaff'
Note:
Note:Perhapstobheleu-.
Material:
Material:Schwed.mdartl.bloslin`weak',norweg.blyr`mild,lukewarm',blyra`weakling,wimp',nhd.
schwb.blsche(n)`slow,idle':lit.apsi-blausti`despond,despair,becomesad'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):160
Root/lemma: bhleuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblow;toswell,flow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufblasen(schnauben,brllen),schwellen,strotzen,berwallen,flieen'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhel-`(inflate,bloat),swellup'
Material:
Material:Gr.(F)`tobefullof,toaboundwith,tobeburstingwith,tobebristling,bebrimful',
(*,lengthenedgrade),ephes.(*F)epithetofDionysosasavegetation
God;presumablyfromthelushnessofgrowthalsoatt.,jon.`reedplant';
(*F)`swell,tobefullof,toaboundwith,tobeburstingwith,tobebristling,beinbloom,
blossom',`growingexcessively'orèxceedinglysucculent',,èpithetof
DionysosandtheKoreasvegetationdivinities'probablyalso,`bark,husk';
changingthroughablaut`surgeup,bubble,chat;befruitful',Hes.
m.`gossip',`gossip,prank;buffoon';
lit.bliuju,bliviau,bliuti`roar,bellow,bleat',blivauti`roar,bellow',lett.bl'anu,bl'atds.;Old
ChurchSlavicbl'uj,bl'vati`spit,vomit'(basedonoldpreteritestem,comparelit.blivofromidg.
*bhluu-);inadditionperhapsalsoOldPrussianbleusky`reed'(wouldbecorrectinthemeaningtogr.
!).
Withas - extensionnd.blstern`violentblow,storm,pant,sniff,snort',engl.bluster`boom,blaster,
rant,roister'andskr.bljuzgati`streamnoisily,chatsillystuff';alsoskr.blhatietc(seeunderbhleis-).
Withdentalformant:mhd.bldern`chat,prate'(rathernewonomatopoeicword;compareKluge11
underplaudern);ratherschweiz.bloder`bigbubbleetc',blodernèffervesce,surge,boil',nhd.
Pluderhosen;perhapsskr.bltiti`speakabsurd,speakinappropriate',Berneker62;aboutahd.
blt(t)ara`bubble'(*bl-dr-)s.S.121;
with-d- (originallypresentforming):`flowsabout,dissolves,becomesoft',
`muddy,sludgy,slushy,squashy,squishy,slobbery,sloppily',`breakopen,fromulcers'.
g - extensionbhleug- (comparetherootformbhleg- ):
gr.-`wine-drunken';`tobubbleup,boilup,surgeup,overflow,alsowithwords';
,`bubble';but-`blister,shieldhump'staysaway;
lat.flu,-ere,flxi,flctum,newerflxum`toflow;ofasolidobject,toflow,dripwithanyliquid,
stream,pour;ofabstr.things,toproceed,issue,spread;ofcircumstances,totend;oflanguage,to
flow;tosink,droop',flctus,-s`current,wave,astreaming,flowing.Transf.,commotion,
disturbance',flmen(*fleugsmen)`flowingwater;henceariver,stream',conflgsalat.`confluence
oftwostretchesofwater',fluvius`river'(frompresentflufrom),flustraNom.PL`calm(atsea)'
(*flugstrom);ifhere(withnasalization)cymr.blyngu`becomeangry',blwngàngry,irate',bret.blouhi
`rebuke'
References:
References:WP.II213f.,WH.I519f.,Trautmann35;differentEM.372.
Page(s):
Page(s):158-159
Root/lemma: bhl d - ,bhl d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil;tochatter,boast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufsprudeln,heraussprudeln,alsovonWorten'
Material:
Material:Gr.`babbler',`gossip';Hes.;`bubble,
seethe,foam';moreoveralsoAor.(intrans.)`tear';comparetomeaninglat.fragorà
breaking;anoiseofbreaking,crack,crash';
withvaryinglengthenedgradebhld- air.indlidi`brags,boasts',indldud`boasting'(*ind-bld-`puff
oneselfupormakeinflatedwords')andlett.bldu,blzt`chat';
zerogradeahd.uz-ar-pulzit`boil,bubbleout';
nhd.platzen,pltschernareprobablycertainlyofnewonomatopoeicwordformation.
References:
References:WP.II210,216,WH.I515,518.
Seealso:
Seealso:tobhel-3.
Page(s):
Page(s):155
Root/lemma: bhl i - ,bhlEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhli-ds.,asbhleiqMaterial:
Material:Ags.blcan`shine',as,blkan`shine',ahd.blhhanst.-V.`becomepallid',mhd.blchenst.V.`shine,blush',aisl.blkja,bleikàppear,gleam,shine';
aisl.bleikr,ags.blc,ahd.bleih`pallid,pale,wan';ahd.bleihha`dace,roach',norw.bleikjaandblika
ds.;aisl.blikn.`brightlustre,shine;gold,goldplating',
ahd.bleh`(*shiny)thinmetalpanel',nhd.Blech,mnd.blickds.;ags.blikem.(*bliki-)`bareplace';
ahd.blic,-eches`quickhighlight,flash,lightning',mhd.blic,-ekes`lustre,shine,look,lightning',nhd.
Blick,ahd.blecchazzen(*blekatjan),mhd.bliczen,nhd.blitzen;as.bliksmo`lightning',aschwed.blixa
`blink',nschwed.also`flash'.
Lit.blizg,-ti`flicker,shine',blkiu,blykti`sparkle,glitter,shimmer,shine',blykt,blyka,
blkti`blanch,pale',ablaut.blaiktas,-tis`clearup,ofthesky';lett.blaiskums`spot,mark',melnblaiskai`darkgrey'.
Russ.-ChurchSlavicblsk`lustre,shine'(*bhloi-sko-);changingthroughablautOldChurchSlavic
blisk`lustre,shine'and*blskinech.blesk,Gen.oldblsku`lightning',OldChurchSlavicblt,
bltati`shine',Iter.bliscajo,bliscatis.
References:
References:WP.II21If.,EM.398,Trautmann34,MeilletSlavecommun2133,SpechtDekl.144.
Page(s):
Page(s):156-157
Root/lemma: bhl i -1 :bhli- :bhlEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen',alsovonNarben
Note:
Material:
Material:Germ.*blia-(*bhlei-tio-orrather*bhl-tio-)`light,cheerful,fair(ofsky,heaven,thenofthe
looks,appearance,themood:)cheerful'ingot.bleis`merciful,mild',
aisl.blr`mild(ofweather),friendly,pleasant',ags.ble`cheerful,friendly',ahd.bldi`cheerful,
blithe,glad,friendly',as.blthn,ahd.blden`beglad'.
As.bln.`paint,color',Adj.`coloured',afries.bl(e)n`paint,color',bli`beautiful',ags.blon.`paint,
color,apparition,form'(probably*blja-).
Onaccountofgerm.*blwa`lead'(ahd.blo,-wes,as.bl,aisl.bly)withlit.blyvas`purple,mauve,
violet-blue'correspondingcoloradj.withformants-uo-ofourroot(toacceptnhd.blaucongruent,
indeedunoccupiedkelt.*bluo-from*bhluo-aswellspring,wasconceivable),wouldbedebatable,
butthemostlikely.
Here(afterSpechtDekl.117)russ.bli-zn`threadbreak,flawinfabric',ech.poln.blizna`scar';
becauseoftheparallelformsunderbhlu-1barelywithWH.I517tobhl-.
Lit.blvas`purple,mauve,violet-blue';perhapslit.blavas`sober'(ifnotas*blaidvastorelated
*bhlido-s),blaivas,-tis`clearup,becomesober';perhapslett.blnt`lurk,afurtive(glance),blink'.
Toch.A.plyaske`meditation'(VanWindekensLexique97).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsounderbhlu-1andbhlido-s.
Page(s):
Page(s):155-156
Root/lemma: bhlu-1 :bhlu- :bhlEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen',alsovonweiemHautausschlag,Narben,Schinnetc
Note:
Note:derivativestobhel-1.
Material:
Material:Russ.blju-ìvy'(SpechtDekl.117);poln.bysk(*bhl-sk-)`lightning';sorb.bl'u-zn
`scar',wruss.blu-zn`weavingflaw';lett.blau-zgas,blau-znas,lit.bl-zganos`dandruff',lett.bl-zga
`peelingskin',blu-zga`smallparticles,drilldust'etc
Maybealb.bluanj`grind,mill'
References:
References:SpechtDekl.117.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparetheparallelformationunderbhli-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):159
Root/lemma: bhlu-2 :bhlu- :bhlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bad
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwach,elend'(probablyfrom`geschlagen')
Note:
Note:bh(e)lu-isapparent,manifest,obviousparallelformationtobheleu-`hit'.
Material:
Material:Gr.,(bothdissimil.from*)`slight,evil,bad';
got.blauianàbolish'(eigentl.`makeweak'),aisl.blaur`timorous',ags.bla`daft,shy',with
io-suffixas.bldi`shamefaced',ahd.bldi,mhd.blde`frail,breakable,shy,timid',nhd.blde;
besidesidg.*bhlu-to- standsad- extensioninaisl.blautr`mushy,softish,delicate,mollycoddle,
timorous',ags.blatàrm,woeful,wretched,miserable',mndd.blt,mhd.blz`bare',nhd.blo(ahd.
blowithstrangemeaning`stout,proud');
lengthenedgradebhlu- inags.un-bloh`fearless'(suffix-ko-),withgramm.variation;aisl.bljgr
`timid',blyg`thegenitals'(*leugi),changingthroughablautahd.blgoAdv.,mhd.blc,bliuc
`shy',ahd.blgisn,blchisn`doubt',ags.blycgan(*blugjan)`frighten'(trans.);comparelit.blktu,
-ti`becomelimp'.
References:
References:WP.II208f.,HirtIdg.Gr.II150,Feist99,SpechtDekl.133.
Page(s):
Page(s):159
Root/lemma: bhl-u o -s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcolour(blue,gold)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:vonlichtenFarben`blau,gelb,blond'
Note:
Note:alsobhl - u o -s ,bhl-ro-s ,bhl-ro-s ,derivativesfromtherootbhel-1,bhelMaterial:
Material:Lat.flvus`goldenbrown,red-yellow,blond',osk.FlaviiesG.Sg.òforbelongingtothe
collegeofpriestsfortheFlavianfamily'(fromidg.*bhl-),besidesfulvus`red-yellow,brown-yellow'
from*bhl-uo-s;flrus`yellow',alsoPN,from*bhlros=gall.*blros(Wartburg),mir.blr`forehead
withwhitespot,spot,field',cymr.blawr`gray',besides*bhl-ro-inmnd.blre`paleness,blessige,
whitespottedcow'.
Maybealb.blernj`blossom,begreen'(seebelowRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhlido-s :
:`pale')
Ahd.blo,nhd.blau(mhd.blalso`gold,yellow'),ags.*blwor*blw,aisl.blr`blue'from*bhl-uos;s.alsoS.155;
air.bl`yellowish'islateags.Lw.Aboutgerm.*blwa-`lead'seeunderbhlei-1.
Lit.blvas,lett.blvs`bluish,gold,yellow'aregerm.Lw.
References:
References:WP.II212,WH.I513f.,differentEM367.
Page(s):
Page(s):160
Root/lemma: bhlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohowl,weep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heulen,lautweinen,blken'
Material:
Material:Lat.fle,flre(*bhli)`toweep;todrip,trickle;transit.,toweepfor,lament,bewail;
flendus,tobelamented';
lett.blju,blt`bleat';
r.-ChurchSlavicblju,bljati`bleat'(besidesskr.bljm,bljati`bleat'etc,with);mhd.bljen`bleat'
(germ.*bljan=lat.fle);ahd.blzan,nnd.blssen,ags.bltan,engl.tobleat`bleat',ags.
blagettan,blgettan`cry',ndd.blagen.`kid,child';mhd.blren,blerren`bleat,cry';
Maybealb.(*blge-)blegrij`bleat'
nhd.plrren,plren(also`weep,cry'),ndl.blaren`bleat',engl.toblare`roar,bellow';changing
throughablautmhd.blrjen,blelen(*blljan),dissimil.brelen`roar,bellow';zerogrademhd.bral
`shriek',schwb.brall`cry'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparebhel-6andtheonomatopoeicwordsbl-.
Page(s):
Page(s):154-155
Root/lemma: bhlido-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pale
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`licht,bla'
Note:
Note:tobhli-`shine',fromextensionrootform*bhli-dMaterial:
Material:OldChurchSlavicbled`pallid,pale,wan'=ags.blt`pallid,livid';ahd.bleizza`paleness'.
Perhapslit.blavas`sober'(iffrom*blaid-vas;orfromtheanextensionrootbhlei-,s.d.),
blaivas,-tis`becomesober;clearup,fromthesky'.Alb.blernj`blossom,begreen'fromadj.*bler
from*bled-r(e=idg.aioroi),blhur`pale,wan,pallid'.
Inadditionprobablytheillyr.PNBlaedarus.
Note
Note:
Alb.isoneofillyr.dialects.
Alb.alsoshowsthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhlido-s :
:`pale',derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhl-u o -s :
:à
kindofcolour(blue,gold)'.
References:
References:WP.II217,Trautmann34,SpechtDekl.197.
Page(s):
Page(s):160
Root/lemma: bhl- (:*bhlig- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,schmeien'
Note:
Note:alsobhlu - (gr.kelt.),toindicatefromuo-present*bhl-u.
Material:
Material:ol.ion.`push,press,squeeze'(aboutseeunderdhlas-`contuse,squeeze');
cymr.blifm.`catapult,pallista',blifaidd`quick,fast';
lat.flg,-ere`hit,beatordashdown'(*bhl,oratmostwiththroughflxi,flctumassessesu-loss
from*fligu);
maybealb.(*bhl-)mbledh`squeeze(thehandintoafist)'[commonalb.->-dhshift]
lett.blazt`squeeze,clash,hit',blizt`hit';OldChurchSlavicbliz,blizAdv.`nigh,near'(eigentl.
àdjacent').
References:
References:WPII217,WH.I517,EM.369.
Seealso:
Seealso:aboutruss.bliznseeunderbhli-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):160-161
Root/lemma: bhlos-q- ;-gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallworten
Material:
Material:Ir.blosc,Gen.bloisc`din,fuss,noise'(bhlosko-);comparealsobroscds.under*bhres-;
lit.blzgu,-tiintr.`clatter',blzginti`clatter,rattle,clash'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):161
Root/lemma: bhl k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wool,cloth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Woll-orWergflocke,Gewebe'
Material:
Material:Lat.floccusàflockofwool'(*flcos)toahd.blahaf.`coarsebedlinen(esp.tocoversor
substratums)',nhd.Blahe,Blache,lt.dn.blaaòakum',nowblaar(eig.Pl.),schwed.blnor,blr
ds.,aschwed.blan,blads.(germ.*blahw-),an.blja(*blahjn-)`linen,sheet'.
Page(s):
Page(s):161
Root/lemma: bhogEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:runningwater
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieendesWasser,Bach'
Material:
Material:Mir.balf.`runningwater'(*bhogl),barm.`diarrhoea'(*bhogro-);protogerm.*baki-,
ahd.bah,nhd.Bach,besides*bakja-inaisl.bekkr,ags.beccm.ds.
WithregardtoOldIndianbhag-,lit.bang`billow'couldberelatedtotherootbheg-`shatter,
break,rupture'.
References:
References:WP.II149f.,187.
Page(s):
Page(s):161
Root/lemma: bhokEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flammen,brennen'
Material:
Material:Lat.focusàfireplace,hearth;meton.,house,family,home;sometimesaltar-fireorfuneral
pyre';presumablytoarm.bosor`red'(`*fiery'),boc`flame'(*bhok-s-o-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):162
Root/lemma: bholoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:smoke,steam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Dunst,Dampf,warmaufsteigenderGeruch'
Material:
Material:itisassociatedperhapsair.bolad,nir.boladhandbaladh`smell,odor'andlett.buls,bula
`mistymuggyair,heightsmoke,dryness';
itcouldformthebasisidg.bhol-(Irish):bhel-(lett.);perhapsiswithaboveetymologyalsoPeterssons
Etym.Miszellen34connectionofbulswithcombinablearm.bal`fog,mist,darkness'(iforiginally
`haze,mist')
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):162
Root/lemma: bhorgo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:unfriendly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`barsch,unfreundlich'
Material:
Material:Arm.bark`violent,angry,irate;herb,bitter,sharpfromtaste'(*bhrgos);air.borb,borp
`crazy';mir.borb(*burbo-,idg.*bhorgo-)`raw,ignorant',lett.bargs`stern,hard,unfriendly,pitiless';
schwed.mdartl.bark`willful,unfriendlyperson',barkun`rough,harsh'.
References:
References:WP.II188,Trautmann27.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsobhag-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):163
Root/lemma: bhoso-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:naked
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nackt'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
:`naked'derived
fromOssetic:bgng[adj]`naked'ofRoot/lemma:
:naked'
commonIndoIranianm-/n->bhphoneticmutation.
Material:
Avestan:LAv.mana-[adj]`naked'(<PIr.*magna-)
Khotanese:bnaa-[adj]`naked'(<PIr.*bagnaka-)
Sogdian:(Buddh.)n'k[adj]`naked',(Chr.)ny[adj]`naked'
MiddlePersian:brahnag[adj]`naked'(withsecondary-r-)
Ossetic:bgng[adj]`naked'
OtherIraniancognates:Khwar.nn'k[adj]`naked'
Ahd.bar`naked,bare'(*baza-),nhd.bar,ags.br,aisl.berr`naked,bare';lit.bsas,lett.bass,Old
ChurchSlavicbos`barefoot';arm.bok`barefoot'(*bhosogo-).
Maybealb.geg.(*bhas-)zbath-`barefoot',mbath`wearshoes'[commonalb.-s>-thshift]:lett.bass
`barefoot'.
Asgr.-probablytobhes-àbrade,scrape'(and`grind'),alsooriginallyfrombarren,(naked)
sharpplaces,compareKretschmerKZ.31,414.
References:
References:WP.II189,MeilletEsquisse38,Trautmann28.
Page(s):
Page(s):163
Root/lemma: bhoudhiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:victory
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sieg'
Material:
Material:Air.baidn.`victory',abrit.FNBoudicca`thevictorious',cymr.budd`profit,gain',buddig
`victorious'(*bhoudhko-)=air.badachds.;agerm.GNBaudi-hillia`victoryfighter'.
References:
References:WP.II186,GutenbrunnerGerm.Gttern.43.
Page(s):
Page(s):163
Root/lemma: bhoukos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofbuzzinginsect
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`summendesInsekt'
Material:
Material:Lat.fcus,-m.àdronebee'=ags.bawm.`gadfly,brake',ndd.bauds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):163
Root/lemma: bh g h- orbh g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lowland,swamp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlamm,Sumpf'
Material:
Material:Mnl.baggerm.`slime,mud',outofitnhd.baggern`drainthemud';russ.bagn`low,
marshyplace',ech.bahno`swamp,marsh,morass',poln.bagnods.
References:
References:WP.II187,PeterssonHeterokl.123f.
Page(s):
Page(s):161
Root/lemma: bhi- :bhi- :bh- (bhii-)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichfrchten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhyat`beafraid'(from*bhietai=slav.bojet),av.bayente,byente`theyare
infear',mpers.bsnd`theyareinfear'(uriran.*bai-sk-);OldIndianbibhti`beafraid',sek.toinitial
Perf.m.Prsensbed.bibhyaÌaminfear'(bibhyt,bibhtana,abibht,participlebibhvn=av.
biwiv`wereafraid');OldIndianbhiyn-`wereafraid';bh-f.,bhti-f.(:lett.Inf.btis)`fear',
bhm-`dreadful',bht-`wereafraid,horrified',bhr-`timorous,shy,coward'(ifr=idg.l,
changingthroughablautwithlit.bil,bails);npers.bk`fear'(from*bhyaka-);withidg.
simplificationofitobeforeconsonanthereOldIndianbhma-perhaps`fierceness,fury',
bhmit-`fierce,grim'.
Gr.,m.àpe'(from*ùgly',zerograde*bhidh-).
Lat.foedus(*bhoidhos)`foul,filthy,horrible,disgusting'.
Ahd.bibn,as.bibn,ags.beofian,aisl.bifa,-aaandbifra(theseinendingdirectedafter*titrn
`tremble')tourg.*iai-mi;*inisprobablyonlyaftertotheothercoexistencefrom-n-and-nsecondaryverbbesidesonefromthePerfectformdevelopedgrade*in.
Bsl.originallypresent*bhi-,preterit-stem*bhii-,Inf.*bhti;OldPrussianbitwei`fear,dread',
kausat.pobaiint`punish,curse';lit.bijas,bijtis(alsonotreflexive)`beafraid',lett.bstus,bijus,
btisandbijjus,bijtis`beafraid';lit.baijs`dreadful,terrible,hideous';baida,-ti`frighten',lett.
badu,badtandbidt`daunt,scare';
Maybealb.geg.mbajt`beafraid',nukmambanÌamafraid'
inadditionlit.bais`fright'(*baid-s-),baiss`terrible,horrid',baisiti`smudge,besmear'(andOld
ChurchSlavicbs`devil',*bd-s);lit.baim`fear';bilds.(bailus`timorous').
OldChurchSlavicboj,bojatis`beafraid'.
Furtherformation*bhii - es-, *bhs-inOldIndianbhysat`beafraid',udbhysa-`beafraidd',av.
Perf.biwivha(i.e.biwyha)`stimulatedfright,wasdreadful';OldIndianbhayat`frightens',
bhaa-`causingfright';
ahd.bsa`north-eastwind',bisn`runaroundmadly',br`boar'etcleadtoagerm.*bs-,*bz-`storm
aheadjumpily';compareWimannNom.postverb.78.
References:
References:WP.II124f.,186,WH.I522f.,Trautmann24,Kluge11underBiese.
Page(s):
Page(s):161-162
Root/lemma: bhrag- (betterbhr-g- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmell,scent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`riechen'
Material:
Material:Lat.fragr,-re`toemitasmell,esp.asweetsmell',denominative*bhrg-ro-s`smelling';
ahd.bracko(nhd.Bracke),mnd.mnl.bracke`beagle,sleuth,harrier,trackhound'(outofitital.bracco
etc),inadditionmlat.barm-braccus`lapdog';comparemhd.brhen`smell'(*bri);alsoanything
forrootbhr,aboveS.133.
Itremainsremotegall.brca`trouser';seeunderbhre-1`break,rupture'.
References:
References:WP.II192,WH.I540,Kluge11underBracke.
Page(s):
Page(s):163
Root/lemma: bhr t erMeaning:
Meaning:brother
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ÀngehrigerderGrofamilie,Bruder,Blutsverwandter'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrtar-,av.Oldpers.brtar-`brother';osset.rvd`brother,kinsman,relative';
arm.ebair,Gen.ebaurds.;(*bhrtr,*bhrtrs);
MaybeEtruscan(*rvad)ruva`brother'fromosset.rvad`brother,relative'
Illyr.bra`brother!(vocative)'>alb.bre`brother!(vocative)'
maybeKurdishbira`brother':turk.birader`brother'.
neuphryg.`brother';mys.-phryg.braterais=,gr.(ion.)Hes.,att.
,`memberofa(family,fraternity,brotherhood)';
ven.vhraterei`brother';
maybealb.vlla`brother':Estonianveli`brother':Lithuanian:
Lithuanian:brlis`brother'[mio]1;broterlis
`brother(dim.)'[mio];Latvian:
Latvian:brlis`brother'[mio];brtartis`brother(dim.)'[mio];OldPrussian:
OldPrussian:
brti(Ench.)`brother';brole(EV)`brother';bratrkai(Ench.)`brother(dim.)'[Nomp];
Alsoalb.tosk.(*vhraterei)vllazri`memberofa(family,fraternity,brotherhood)';
lat.frter`brother',osk.fratrm,umbr.fratrum,fratrom`brothers'etcaroundspteslat.frtruiss.
WH.I542);
air.brth(a)ir`brother,memberofabigfamily',cymr.sg.brawd,brodyr,acorn.broder,mbret.breuzr,
nbret.breur,Pl.breudeurds.;
got.brar,aisl.brir,ahd.bruoder,ags.bror`brother';
Shortformsinadditionahd.MNBuobo,mhd.buobe`boy',ags.MNBfa,Bja(>engl.boy),norw.
dial.boa`brother'etc;furtherahd.MNBuole,mhd.buole`kinsman,relative,lover',mnd.ble
`kinsman,relative,brother'etc(seeKluge11underBube,Buhle);OldPrussianbrti(Vok.brote)
`brother',lit.broterlis,shortformbrois,batis,brlis,lett.b(r)lis`babybrother',brtartis`dear
brother!';
OldChurchSlavicbratr,brat`brother',shortformserb.baa,ch.bt'ads.,russ.btja,bka
`father,priest'.
Alsoalb.geg.bac`father,leader':serb.baa`father,priest'.
comparenochOldIndianbhrtr-m`brotherhood';gr.,jon.ds.;OldIndianbhrtrya-m
:gr.,OldChurchSlavicbratrja,bratjads.,lat.frtria`wife,womanofbrothers'.
Toch.Apracar(Dualpratri),procer.
References:
References:WP.II193,WH.I541f.,866,SpechtKZ62,249,FraenkelREtIE2,6f.,RischMus.
Helv.1,118.
Page(s):
Page(s):163-164
Root/lemma: bhred(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towade,wander
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`waten',inBsl.also`plantschen,dieZeitvergeuden;Unsinnschwatzen'
Material:
Material:Thrak.PNB;lig.VNBrodionti;comparegall.FlNBredanna,frz.LaBrenne,PN
B(Bayern).
Alb.breth,Aor.brodha`(*wade)wander'.
Lit.bred(ostlit.brend),brida,brsti`wade',Iter.brada,-ti`wade',brast,brastv`ford(miry)',
brad`slime,mud',brdasm.`fishing'(=slav.brod),withsek.ablautbrdism.`wading,wayinthe
water',Iter.braida,-ti`wadearoundcontinuously';lett.brenu(mdartl.bredu=ostlit.brend),
bridu,brist,Iter.bradt`wade;treadwithfeet;speakfoolishly',braslism.`ford',brdism.`while,short
time';OldPrussianChucunbrast`throughthedevil'sway';zerogradeir=*rnochinlit.bird`wet
ordure',OldPrussianBirdaw,seaname.
Russ.-ChurchSlavicbredu,bresti`wadethroughaford'(zerogradepresent*brdinneprbrdom
`notwadingthroughwater',Aor.pribrde,compareaech.pbrde`willwade',poln.brnc`wade'
from*brdnti),russ.bred,brest`goslowly,fishwiththetrainnet',brdit`chatnonsense,
fantasize',bred,bredna`willow'(`standingthereofteninthewater'),r.-ChurchSlavic,russ.(etc)
brod`ford',iter.r.-ChurchSlavicbroditi`wade',russ.brodt`goslowly,slink,wanderaround;
ferment,seethe',skr.brditi`wade'.
References:
References:WP.II201f.,Trautmann37,Mhlenbach-Endzelin332f.
Page(s):
Page(s):164
Root/lemma: bhre-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brechen,krachen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangiri-bhrj-`burstingoutfromthemountains';
lat.frang,-ere,frgi(:got.*brkum),frctum`breakinpieces,dashtopieces,shiver,shatter,
fracture',fragilis`frail,breakable,easilybroken,brittle,fragile'etc(*bhreg-),fragorm.àbreaking;a
crashing,anoiseofbreaking,crack,crash,noise,din';with(afterfrctusetc):suffrgiumàvoting
tablet,avote,noisyapplause,approval;therighttovote,franchise;ingen.judgment;approval,
support';suffrginsf.`thehollowsoftheknee(suffragines,aresocalledbecausetheyarebroken
underneath=subtusfranguntur,thatis,theybenddownwardsandnotupwardslikethearm)',eigentl.
`bend,kink';
mir.braigid`farts',Verbaln.braimm,cymr.corn.bramm.`breakingwind,fart',mir.t-air-brech`crash,
blast';butgall.brca`breeches'(compareHes.)isgerm.Lw.,
air.brc`trouser'isags.Lw.
Maybealb.(*brca)brekùnderwear';
got.brikan,as.brekan,ags.brecan,ahd.brehhan`break,rupture'(lat.frgimus=got.*brkum,nhd.
brachen),ablaut.got.brakja`wrestlingmatch';lengthenedgrademhd.brachef.`breakinginthe
ground,unbrokenrecumbentunsowedlandaftertheharvest',ags.-brcian`pressin',ahd.prahhen,
brahhen,mhd.braechen,nhd.prgen(*brkjan),Causativetobrechen;zerogradegot.gabrukaf.
`piece,fragment,gobbet'(*bhreg-)==ags.brycem.`thebreak,lump',ahd.bruh`break,cracked';
ags.brocian`press',broc`woefulness';withgeminationahd.brocco`broken',nhd.Brocken;
hereperhapsnorw.brakem.`juniper'(asbriskds.tobhres- `break,crack,cracking'),mhd.brakem.
f.`twig,branch',engl.brake`brushwood,thornbushes,fern',ablaut.norw.burknem.`fern',compare
alsonorw.brukn.`shrubbery,bush';
anasal.forminnorw.dial.brankn.àffliction,defect',brankaìnjure,break,rupture';withthe
meaning`din,fuss,noise'hereaisl.braka`crack,creak',brakn.`row,din,fuss,noise',mhd.ags.
brachm.ds.,ahd.mhd.as.braht`din,fuss,noise,clamor',withchangedmeaningnhd.Pracht;ags.
breahtmm.àrgument,quarrel',as.brahtum`din,fuss,noise,clamorousmass';
germ.*brk-`rump',newer`trouser'inags.brcPl.`buttocks',engl.breechds.,aisl.brk,Pl.brkr
`thigh,trouser',ags.brc,ahd.bruoh,nhd.Bruchds.,schweiz.bruech`pubicregion';geminatedags.
etcbraccas`britches';
here(rathertobhres-)belonglit.brak,brakti`crack,creak'(*bhre-sk),lett.brakkt,brakstt
ds.
Aparallelroot*bhre(n)gh-seeksWood(KZ.45,61)inOldIndianbrhti`wrenches,tearsfrom',aisl.
branga`damage'.
OldIndianbrgala-m`piece,gobbet,lump'isnotidg.(KuiperProto-Munda49).
References:
References:WP.II200,WH.I113f,539f.,541,Feist104ff.,176,WimannNom.postverb.11,
58,123,181.
Page(s):
Page(s):165
Root/lemma: bhre-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`steifemporstehen'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombher- `standup,edge,bristle'etc,seeksPerssonBeitr.22f.A.2in:
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhraj-`stiffness(ofthemember),rigor()';isl.norw.brok`stiffgrass,grass
bristles';quitedubiousalsoinaisl.brkr(*bhoru-s),mnd.borke,
nhd.(eig.ndd.)Borke`rough,outerbark'(fromtheroughangularitySimilarisgr.`hard,
roughskin,esp.pig'sskin'tounextensiontoplacerootbher-).
Ananalogeg-extensionfromofai-basisbhrei- couldatmostexistinnorw.brikja`stickuphigh,to
showoff,shine',brikàtallwomankeepingherheadhigh',briken`fresh,agile,lively;showy,
gleaming,pleasant',brikna`glory,magnificence,lustre,shine,pleasure,joy'(WoodKZ.45,66),ifnot
perhaps`shine,shineout'isthebasisofthismeaning.
Brikenaillyr.PN
Abhri-k- presumablyingr.,-`shuddering,quiver,stare',,-,`stareup;
shiver(*flicker)'commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation;cymr.bret.brigàcme,apex'
(*bhrko-).
Maybealb.(*,)frik`shuddering,fear',older(*)friksoj`makeshiver,scare'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):166
Root/lemma: bhrendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell,sprout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufschwellen;schwanger,Fruchtkernansetzend'
Note:
Note:OnlyforKelt.tocoverToch.andBalt.-Slav.
Material:
Material:Air.probablyinbrenn-(*bhrendh-u-)`springup,bubble,effervesce',e.g.bebarnatar3Pl.
preterit,withto-ess-:do-n-eprinn`gushesforth',mir.to-oss-:toiprinnitìnteriorflow,flowinto',Kaus.
mir.bruinnidàllowstogushforth,streamsout'etc;comparealsoThurneysenGrammar461;
Maybealb.brenda,prbrendaìnside,inward,(*inwardinflow)',brendsiìnside,entrails':Old
Prussianpobrendints`weighted'
lit.brstu,brndau,brsti`swell,ripen',participlebrnds`ripening',brstu,brndau,brsti`gush,well
up(e.g.frompeas)',brand`ripeness,richharvest',brands`grainy';lett.bristu,briu,brist
`gush,wellup,toswell,ripen',brus`thick,strong';OldPrussianpobrendints`weighted',sen
brendekermnen`pregnant',i.e.`withbodyfruit';
slav.*brdinaech.ja-badek,apoln.ja-brzd`twig,branchofgrapevine'(besidesoneverschied.
slav.*brdinkaub.bod`fruit-tree');relationshiptobher-(bhren-)òverhang,protrude'is
absolutelyagreeable;
toch.Apratsak,Bpratsk-`breast'.
References:
References:WP.II205,Trautmann35f.,VanWindekensLexique99.
Page(s):
Page(s):167-168
Root/lemma: bhrenk- ,bhronkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bringen'
Material:
Material:Cymr.he-brwng`bring,glide,slide,guide,lead'(*sembronk-),hebryngiad`guide,leader',
acorn.hebrenchiat`leader',mcorn.hem-bronk`willguide,lead',hem-brynkys,hom-bronkys`guided',
mbret.ham-brouc,nbr.am-brouk`guide,lead';
got.briggan,brhta,ahd.bringan,brhta,alsoas.(woalsobrengian),ags.bringanandbreng(e)an
preteritbrhte(from*branhta)`bring';
toch.Bprak-,ABprnk-`depart'.
Angebl.contaminatedfromdenrootbher-andenek-;finallyE.FraenkelKZ.58,2861f.;63,198.
Maybealb.gegmepru,aor.prura`tobring'
References:
References:WP.II204,Lewis-Pedersen40,Feist105,VanWindekensLexique99.
Page(s):
Page(s):168
Root/lemma: bhre(n)k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toerr
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`toFallekommen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrate,bhrayate`falls,overthrows',participlebhra-,bhraa-`fall,
loss',butinRV.onlyfromnasalbasisbhryan(Kaus.),mbhraat(Aor.),ni-bhra-`not
succumbing';alsobhraa-withoriginallybarepresent,thenfurthergrownexuberantlynasalization
orolddoubleformsAir.brc`lie,falsity'(*bhrenk)isthehalfmeaningnotsocertainwithOld
Indianbhras-tocompare,thatchoseninthelattersense.
Kuiper(Nasalpras.141f.)builds*bhrek-minextto*bhre-n-k;nevertheless,hisetymological
comparisonsarenotpersuasive.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:Tobhre-1
Page(s):
Page(s):168
Root/lemma: bhren-to-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:herdsman,*wanderer,horn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geweihtrger,Hirt'
Material:
Messap.(from*)`'Hes.,`deerhead'Hes.,brundads.,shortform
(besidesBrenda)toPNBrundisium,
older`Brindisi',illyr.VN;ven.FlNBrinta`Brenta';stilltodayinital.mountain
namesandplantnames(BertoldiIF.52,206f.);
compareinadditionalb.br,brni`horn,antler'(*bhr-no-),Plur.geg.brena;raetorom.brenta
`pannier';
maybealb.brinja`rib,bone'
Note:
Clearlyalb.isanillyr.Dialect;alb.bredh`wander'suggeststhatthereisalinkbetweenRoot/
Root/
lemma: bhred(h)- :
:`towade,wander'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhren-to-s :
:`herdsman,*wanderer'.
nschwed.dial.brind(e),norw.(withgfromd)bringe`maleelk'(*bhrents),ablaut.norw.brund`baby
malereindeer'(*bhrnts);
lett.bridis`deer,deerstag',whetherfromofaidg.additionalform*bhrendis,mustbetheoriginoflit.
bredis,OldPrussianbraydism.èlk';ifgerm.Lw.
Note:
Balticlang.werecreatedbeforeSlaviclang.hencethevocabularysharedbyBalticandalb.isofillyr.
origin.
Perhapstobhren- òverhang,edge';differentSpechtDekl.120.
References:
References:WP.II205,WH.I116f.,551,852,A.MayerKZ66,79ff.,KraheFestgabeBulle191f.
Page(s):
Page(s):168-169
Root/lemma: bhrenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostickout;edge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hervorstehen;Kanteunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:asbher- ds.
Material:
Material:Ir.braine`frontpartoftheship;guide,leader;edge,border',corn.brenniatds.
Withformantst:lat.frns,-tism.,newf.`theforehead,brow,front';aisl.brandr`sword'(*bhron-t-);
inwidermeaning`stick,board;sword'againstitprobablyfrom*bhrondho-tobherdh-`cut,clip'.
Withformantsd:
d:ags.brant,aisl.brattr`high,sharp'(*bhrondos),lett.brudin`ridgeoftheroof'.
bhren-q- :germ.*branha-inaschwed.br-,nschwed.br-`sharp'inPN;aisl.bringa`breast,thorax,
breastboneofbirds',nisl.bringr`smallhill';
maybealb.(*bhren)brinj`rib,chestbone,hillside'
Note:
Alb.provesthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhren-to-s :
:`herdsman,*wanderer,*horn'derivedfroman
extendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhren- :
:`tostickout;edge'.
lit.brank`theswelling',brankti,branksti`jutoutstiffly(ofbones,laths)';ablaut.brnkstu,brnkti
`toswell';slav.*brkn,*brkntiinruss.nabrjknut`tobloat,bulge,swell'etc.
bhren-g- perhapsinaisl.brekka(*brinkn)`steephill',olderdn.brink,brankùpright',mengl.nengl.
brinkèdge,border,bank,shore',mnd.brinkèdgeofafield,fieldmargin,meadow',mndl.brinc,nndl.
brinkèdge,grassstrip,borderofgrass,grassfield'.
References:
References:WP.II203f.,WH.I551,Trautmann36.
Page(s):
Page(s):167
Root/lemma: bhresEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bersten,brechen'and`krachen,prasseln'(asbeimBrechen)
Material:
Material:Mir.brosc,broscarm.`din,fuss,noise';comparealsobloscunderbhlosq-;
ahd.brestan`break,crack,break,rupture',unpers.`lack,defect',ags.berstands.,aisl.bersta`break,
crack,creak';ahd.brest(o)`disability,defect',
nhd.Gebresten;ahd.brust`break,defect',ags.byrstm.`damage';ahd.brastn`crackle',aisl.brasta
`rant,roister,brag,boast';without-t-norw.brasn.`clatter,brushwood';
with-k-:norw.brisk`juniper';mhd.braschen`crack,creak,cry,brag,boast';
lit.braktietc,seeunderbhre-1.
References:
References:WP.I206.
Page(s):
Page(s):169
Root/lemma: bhreu-k - (-k- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrike;tothrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`streichen,streifen'
Note:
Note:onlybalto-slav.,probablyextensionfrombhr u -1 .For-k-compareaboveS.18Anm.
Material:
Material:Lit.braukibraukiabrakti`whisk,stroke;moveslowly';lett.brucubruubrukt`move';
ablaut.lit.brukbrukabrkti`waveflax,wedge',lett.brukt`crumble',brucintàbrade,strokethe
scythe';
Iterat.lit.braukti,lett.bract`stroke'(withunoriginalintonation)andlit.brkism.`stripe,line',lett.
brcef.`scratch,scar',inadditionlit.brkn,bruknsf.,lett.brklenef.`cranberry';
slav.*bru*brusiti(originallyiterative)inbulg.brsja(brusich)`shakeoff,getridof,beatoff,chop,
cut,reject',skr.brsimbrsiti`whet',ech.brousitids.,inadditionOldChurchSlavicubrus
`veronica(theimpressionofthefaceofJesusbelievedbysometobemiraculouslymadeonaheadclothwithwhichStVeronicawipedhisfaceashewenttohiscrucifixion;theclothusedforthis)',skr.
brs(Gen.brsa),russ.brus(Gen.brsa;mostlybrusk)`grindstone,whetstone';russ.etcbrusnka
`cranberry'(`lightlystrippable');ablaut.r.-ChurchSlavicbrsnuti`scrape,shave',russ.brost(dial.
brokt),brsit`throw',brsnut`peelflax',brosòffal'etcinablauttobulg.br`ruboff'.With
theiterativegrade:OldChurchSlavics-brysati`scrape',brysaloàpainter'sbrushorpencil;style'.
Perhapshereskr.-ChurchSlavicbrut`nail',bulg.brutds.as*brukt,comparetomeaninglit.brkti
`putbyforce',toformlett.braukts`knifeforcleaningtheflax'.
Maybealb.(*breuks)pres`cut,peel',mpreh`whet,sharpen',mbreh`harness,yoke,putbyforce'
[commonalb.p->mp-,b->mb-shift],mbres`bruise,beat'.
Perhapsheretheillyr.VNBreuci,PNBreucusandthegall.PNB-,todayBrumath
(Alsace);inadditionplacesKrahe(Gl.17,159)illyr.VN:Breones(from*Breuones).
Note:
Illyr.VN:Breones(from*Breuones)evolvedaccordingtoalb.phoneticlaws-t>-nt>-n
hence*Breuones<*Breuontes.Butonlyalb.displaysthecommon-k>-th,-tshiftfoundinillyr.VN
Breuci:illyr.VN(from*Breuones),hencealb.isadialectofillyr.Bothalb.andolderillyr.
displaycentumandsatemcharacteristics.
Finallygall.PNB-,todayBrumath(Alsace);hasevolvedaccordingtoillyr.alb.phonetic
laws-g>-thasalb.(mag-)math`big'.
Aboutruss.brykt`kick,reject'etcs.Berneker93.
References:
References:WP.II197,Trautmann36f.,PokornyUrillyrier119.
Page(s):
Page(s):170
Root/lemma: bhreu-s-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen;sprieen'
Note:
Note:(compareabovebhreu-)
Material:
Material:Air.brf.,Gen.bronn`belly,body'(*bhrus[n]:-nos),brach`big-bellied'(*bruskos),
cymr.brum.`venter,uterus'(*bhreuso-);
Maybealb.bark,barku(*bhrauk)`belly':air.brach`big-bellied'
air.bruinne`breast'(*bhrusnio-),acymr.ncymr.bronnf.`breast',bret.bronn,bronds.(*bhrusn)in
placenamesalso`roundhill',mcymr.brynn,ncymr.brynm.(*bhrusnio-)`hill'(fromKelt.derivesgot.
brunjf.`(breast)-armor',ahd.brunja,brunna`coatofmail');
Maybealb.brinj`rib,side,hillside':got.brunjf.`(breast)-armor'
Alb.provesthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhreu-s-1 :
:`toswell'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhreu-k - (-k- )::
`tostrike;tothrow'.Hencecentumlanguagespredatesatemlanguagebecauseofthe-k>-h>-s
phoneticmutations.
air.brollach`bosom'(*bhrus-lo-withformants-ko-);mir.brasach`withlarge,widebreast'(from
bhreus-to-=as.briost).
Mhd.briustern`swellup',aisl.-brysturf.Pl.`beestings'(alsobroddrds.from*bruz-da-z),schweiz.
brieschtds.(besidesbrieschds.from*bhreus-ko-);as.briostN.Pl.,ags.brost,aisl.brist`breast',
zerogradegot.brustsf.Pl.,ahd.brust,nhd.Brust;as.brustian`bud'(slav.*brst`bud'),nhd.Brschen(frommd.)`mammaryglandofcows',schwb.Brste,bair.Brsel,Briesel,Briesds.,dn.
brissel,schwed.kalfbrss,withk-suffixdn.bryske,engl.brisket`breastoftheanimals'.
Aisl.brisk`gristle',mhd.brsche,nhd.Brausche`swelling,blister',nhd.dial.brausche,brauschig
`swollen;ofstyle,turgid,bombastic,torose',brauschen`swellup'.
Maybealb.(*brausch)bark`belly'
Russ.brjcho`lowerabdomen,belly,paunch',dial.brjchnut`yield,gush,wellup,tobloat,bulge,
swell',ech.alt.buch,bucho,nowadaysbich,bicho`belly'etc(*bhreuso-s,-m);
herealsoklr.brost`f.dial.brostm.`bud',bulg.brs(t)m.`youngsprouts',skr.brstm.ds.,brstina
`foliage,leaves'.
Maybealb.bisht(n)aj`legume,pod',bisht`tail(shoot)'
hereklr.brost`f.dial.brostm.`bud',bulg.Brs(t)m.`youngershoots',skr.br^stm.ds.,brstina
`foliage'.
References:
References:WP.II197f.,Feist107f.,108f.
Page(s):
Page(s):170-171
Root/lemma: bhreu-s-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerbrechen,zerschlagen,zerkrmelnunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombhr u -1 .
Material:
Material:Alb.breshn,breshr`hail',ifeig.`granule,mica'(e=idg.eu);lat.frustumàbit,piece,
morsel,gobbet'(from*bhrusto-);
air.bru`shatter,smash'(*bhrsi,gall.brus-,frz.bruiser),mir.brire,brile`piece,fragment',bruan
ds.,bruar`fragment,brokenpiece',brosna(*brus-tonio-)`faggot,brushwoodbundle',gall.*bruski
ùndergrowth,brushwood',afrz.broceds.,mir.brusc`tinybit'etc;air.bronnaim`damage'
(*bhrusnmi)(subjunctiverobriafrom*bris-`break,rupture'borrows,seeunderbhri- );
mcymr.breu,ncymr.brau`frail,easilybroken',mcorn.brew`broken'(*bhruso-);mbret.brusun`tiny
bit'(*broust-);
ags.briesan(*brausjan),brysan(*brsjan)`break,rupturetrans.,shatter',engl.bruiseìnjure',
probablyalsoahd.brsma,mhd.brsem,brseme,brsme`bit,flake,crumb';ags.brosnian
`molder'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):171
Root/lemma: bhreus-3 ,bhr s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil;tosound,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brausen,wallen,rauschen,hervorquellenor-sprieen,sichbauschen,Bschel,
Gestrppunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:esp.ingerm.words;perhapstobhreu-s-1 ;alsoanewonomatopoeicwordcouldhavehelped
(similarlyakr.brjm,brjiti`buzz,humfromanswarmofbees',Berneker89).
Material:
Material:Mhd.brsen`boom,blaster,roar',brs`theboom',ndd.brsen`boom,blaster,simmer,
seethe,boil;behasty(frompeople);spreadout,grownewshoot(fromplants);sprinkle,besprinkle'
(comparenhd.Brause)(outofitdn.bruseds.),ndl.bruisen,previousbruischen`foam,froth,bubble,
roar,boom,blaster',ndd.brskends.,mhd.brsche`douche,shower,spray,sprinkler',aschwed.
brsa`stormahead',norw.mdartl.brsa`stormgust',aisl.brusi`he-goat,billygoat',isl.bruskr
`tussock,besom',engl.brush`bristlebrush,paintbrush,brush,tail(offoxes)',brushwood`shrubbery,
bush,shrubbery',mengl.bruschen,engl.tobrush`combwithabrush',norw.dial.brauska,bruska
andbrausta,brusta`makeroom,rushoutforcefully';schwed.bruska`rustle,rant,roister'.
Withgerm.*bruska-z`brushwood',*bruskan`crackle,rustle'(-sk-couldbeidg.zg)onecomparesthe
baltoslav.groupslit.brzgaiPl.`brushwood',briauzg`babbler',bruzg,-ti`rustle',russ.brjuzgju,t`mumble,murmur',brjut`drone,grumble,murmur,growl'etc;yetaretheverbperhapsare
onlybaltoslav.onomatopoeicwordformation.Becauseofthegerm.meaning`spray'isperhapson
theotherhandtobecomparedwithruss.brzgaju,-at`spray,sprinkle,bubble'etc.
References:
References:WP.II199f.,Trautmann38.
Page(s):
Page(s):171-172
Root/lemma: bhreu- ,bhreu-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell,sprout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprieen,schwellen'
Material:
Material:Lat.frutex,-icism.àshrub,bush;asatermofreproach,blockhead'basedonprobablyon
aparticiple*bhrts`sproutedout';air.brothàwn,hair';hered-present:mhd.briezen,brz`bud,
swell',ahd.mhd.broz`bud,sprout'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparebhreu-s-1`toswell',bhrughno-`twig,branch'.
Page(s):
Page(s):169
Root/lemma: bhri- ,bhr Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topierce,cutwithsmth.sharp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withscharfemWerkzeugschneiden,etc'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombher-.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhrnti`behurt'(Pf.bibhryaDhtup.),av.pairibrnnti`becutallaround',
brir-taa-`dashingsharply',mpers.brn`determined,fixed'.
Maybealb.geg.pre-`pierce,cut'
Thrak.()`barber'.
Lat.fri,-re`rub,grind,crumb,spall,crumble',fric,-re`torub,rubdown,ruboff'(from*fri-co-s
`rubbing,scraping'),refrvafaba`groundbean',frvolus(from*fr-vo-s`triturated'),`breakable,trifling,
worthless;n.pl.assubst.sticksoffurniture'.
Maybealb.(**frico-)frkonj`rub'possiblelat.loanword.
Withfrvolustobecomparedcymr.briw`broke;wound';briwo`break,rupture,injure';
withss-extensionheregall.-lat.brsre`break,shatter',frz.briseretcgallorom.*briscre`curdle,
coagulate,harden',schweiz.bretschids.(Wartburg),air.brissid`breaks'(fromparticiplePert.*bristo),mir.bressf.`din,fuss,noise,fight,struggle',breissemds.,air.PNBres-(u)al(*bristo-ualos),corn.
mbret.bresel`fight',bret.bresa`quarrel',mir.brise`frail,breakable',br.breskds.;comparethe
parallelformationunderbhreus-2.
Hereuponprobablyalsocymr.brwydr`fight,struggle',air.briathar`word,*argument'as*bhrei-tr
`quarrel,argument'(tocymr.brwyd`torn,perforates'),comparelit.brti`scold,chide',refl.`be
quarrelsome',OldChurchSlavicbrati`fight',s.bher-2.
Maybealb.geg.brit,tosk.brtas`toscold,chide,quarrel,yell':lit.brti`scold,chide'.
Herepresumablymndl.brne,nndl.brijn,mengl.brne,nengl.brine`saltedwater,saltbrine'(fromthe
sharptastelikepartlyslav.brid).
OldChurchSlavicbritva`razor',russ.-ChurchSlavicbriju,briti`shave,shear',bri`razor';Old
ChurchSlavicbrid`',russ.-mdartl.bridkj`sharp,cold',skr.bridak`sharp,sour';OldChurch
Slavicbrselije`shards',russ.-ChurchSlavicbrselije,brsel`shard'(protoslav..also
probably*brsel)as*bhri-d-selo-.
Maybealb.brisk`razor'
-extensionbhrei-- presumablyinlit.briu,brti`scratch,scrape',Iter.brai-,-tids.,andaisl.
brkf.`board,lowwoodenwall,lowbar';comparewith*bhrei--parallelg -extensiontheeinf.root
bher-inlett.beriu,berzu,bert`rub,scour,clean'andgr.s.andaufak extension*bhrei-k- traceablegr.s.;brtinotbetterwithidg.b-toags.prica
`point',mnd.pricken,mhd.pfrecken`prick'etc,besidesthatwithotherrootauslautnorw.mdartl.prisa
`prick,stir,tease,irritate',preima,preina`banter,stir,tease,irritate'etc(aboutageandorigingerm.
wordsnothingiscertain).
References:
References:WP.II194f.,WH.116,549,VendryesRC29,206.
Page(s):
Page(s):166-167
Root/lemma: bhr u -1 ,bhr Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topierce,break
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withscharfemWerkzeugschneiden,abschabenetc',especiallygerm.
`zerschlagen,brechen'
Note:
Note:extensionfrombherMaterial:
Material:OldIndianbhr-mèmbryo'(namedaftertheburstcaul);
mhd.briune,brne`lowerabdomen,vulva';ahd.brdi`frail,breakable'(*bhrou-tio-),aisl.broma
`piece,fragment'(*bhrumn);at-presentinags.breoan`break,rupture';probablyd-presentbased
ongerm.familyofags.brotan`break,rupture',aisl.brita`break,rupture',brotim.`heapoffelled
trees,barrier',brautf.`way,alley'(comparenhd.Bahnbrechen,frz.routefromrupta),breyta
(*brautjan)àlter,change,modify',breyskr`frail,breakable,brittle';ahd.bruz,bruzz`fragileness';
aisl.brytia=ags.bryttian`divide,share,allot,distribute';aisl.brytim.`colter,ploughcoulter,prepruner,i.e.themostdistinguishedofthefarmhands;kindofestatemanager,landagent'=agsl.brytta
m.`dispenser,distributer'.
Togerm.*reutanperhapsalsoair.fris-brudi`reject'.
Lett.brana,braa`scurf,dandruff,flake,scale,abandonedskinorshell,caul,entrails'(basic
meaning`scrapings',vglslav.brsnti`scrape,stripe'underbhreu-k-);
ech.br-n-ka(*bhrun-)`placenta,afterbirth'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:S.theextensionbhreu-k-,bhreu-s-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):169
Root/lemma: bhru-2 ,bhrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:edge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kante,scharferRand'
Note:
Note:Thegroupisextendedfrombher-`standup;edge'.
Material:
Material:Air.brèdge,bank,border,shore',bruachds.(*br-ko-);
aisl.brnèdge',whereofbryna`whet',bryni`whetstone';ags.mhd.brn`sharp'(fromweapons).
Lit.briaunèdge,border,cornice'(*bhrun),ablaut.withaisl.brn.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):170
Root/lemma: bhroisqo- ,bhrisqoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bitter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`herbvonGeschmack'
Material:
Material:Russ.-ChurchSlavicobrzgnuti,obrzgnuti`becomesauer',ech.besk`sharptaste',
poln.brzazgùnpleasant,sharptaste;badmood',
russ.brezgt(oldbrzgati)`nauseate,feeldisgust';
Maybealb.geg.(prezi-)przi`tonauseate,feeldisgust'
atfirsttonorw.brisk`bittertaste',brisken`bitter,sharp';probablytobhri-`cut,clip'(asmndl.brne
`saltwater,brine').
Maybealb.brisk,brisqePl.`sharp,bitter;razor',brisqePl.`razors'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):172
Root/lemma: bhrugh-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zweig,Stengel'
Note:
Note:perhapsinrelationshiptobhreu-`sprout'
Material:
Material:Cymr.brwyn-enf.`bulrush',acorn.brunnengl.`juncus,bulrush',bret.broenn-ennds.(from
urk.*brugno-);ags.brogn(e)f.`twig,branch,bush',norw.dial.brogn(e)`treebranch,cloverstalk,
raspberrybush'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):174
Root/lemma: bhrgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fruit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Frucht;genieen,gebrauchen'
Note:
Note:perhapsoldest`tocutofforpeelofffruitforeating'andthento*bhreu-`cut,clip'(compare
theretomeaningOldIndianbhrvati`chews,consumes',alsobsl.*bhreu-q-,-k-`grazeover,chip')
Material:
Material:Lat.frx,-gisf.`fruit'=umbr.AkkPl.frif,fri`fruits',lat.frg(Dat.*ùseful,honest,discreet,
moderate'=)`fruitful',fruor,-i,frctusandfruitussum`relish'(from*frgor,whichhasenteredfor
*frgor),frniscor`relish'(*frg-nscor),frmentum`corn,grain',osk.fruktatiuf(*frgettins)
`frctus'.
Maybealb.(*frg-)fruth`measles,breakingoftheskin(diseaseoffruitandhumans)',frut`fruit'
[commonalb.-k,-g>-th,-dhshift]
Got.brkjan,ahd.brhhan,as.brkan,ags.brcan`need,lack',got.brks,ahd.brhhi,ags.bryce
ùsable'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):173
Root/lemma: bhr-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:brow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àugenbraue'
Note:
Note:partlywithinitialvowel,idg.o-ora-(fullrootform);afterPerssonBeitr.17liesadark
compositionpart*ok-èye'(with.consonant-Assimilation)before.
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhr-f.,Akk.bhrvam`brow',av.brvat-f.(Du.)`brows',npers.ebr,brds.
(HbschmannIA.10,24);
gr.,-f.`brow',figurative`raisededge,hilledge'(afterMeilletBSL27,129f.withgr.vocal
prosthesis);maked.`'(changedfromKretschmerEinl.287inF;heldon
fromMeillet,s.Boisacq733Anm.3,becauseoftheotherwisestatedformandbecauseofav.
brvat-);
Note:
Accordingtogr.phoneticmutations-k>-p,-g>-b;henceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:tosee;eye>gr.
--èye'.Fromtherederivedmaked.,gr.,-f.`brow';commongr.l>r
phoneticshift.
Maybezerogradealb.(*:*vrenkula>vetullaf.`brow':vrenjt(*vrenk-)`frown'commonalb.
-kh>tphoneticmutation.:Khotanese:brrauka-l`brow':Sogdian:(Buddh.)r'wkhèyebrow'(*brk-):OtherIraniancognates:Khwar.(')rwc[pl.tantum]èyebrow';San.vrcèyebrow'.
mir.bradGen.Du.,bri,briNom.Du.f.`brows'(todiphthongs.ThurneysenGrammar199),air.
forbruAkk.Pl.(*bhrns:Akk.),forbrGen.Pl.èyebrows';uncleararemir.Pl.abrait(*abrantesor*abrant)èyelids,brows',likewisembr.abrant`brow',cymr.amrantèyelid',Specht(Dekl.83,
162)wouldliketoputtolat.frns`theforehead,brow,front';butvocalismandmeaningdeviate;
ags.br,aisl.brn,Pl.brynn`brow'(conservativestem,from*ruwn-).
lit.bruvsm.`brow',em.alsobrnsPl.,OldPrussianwubrif.èyelash'(seemsatranspositionfrom
*bruwi);
abg.brv(originallyNom.*bry,askry:krv),skr.-ChurchSlavicobrv,skr.brvaetc`brow'.
Ane-Abl.bhru-withsyllabicbecomerregardsTrautmannKZ.44,223inlit.birwe=bruvs.
Toch.Aprwn-,prwne(Dual)èyebrows'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):172-173
Root/lemma: bhr-2 ,bhruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beam,bridge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Balken,Prgel';alsoasbergangabouteinGewsser:`Brcke'
Material:
Material:Aisl.brf.`bridge';aisl.bryggia`wharf,pier'ndd.brggeds.,ahd.brucca,as.-bruggia,
ags.brycg`bridge',bair.Bruck`BretterbankamOfen',ags.brycgian`pave'(originallywiththrashed
wood),schweiz.brgi(ahd.*brug)`woodscaffolding',brgel`woodenlog',mhd.brgel`cudgel,
club',nhd.Prgel(`bridge'isalso`balk,rod;trackmadeofbeams');
gall.brva`bridge'(*bhrua);
abg.brvno`balk,beam',skr.brvf.`balk,beam,bridgemadeofbeams'(etc,s.aboutslav.forms
Berneker92).
Unclearisthegutturalinthegerm.forms:*brug-from*bruu-,ork-suffixS.Kluge11under`Brcke
=bridge'andSpechtDekl.2113f.,acceptstheconnectionwithbhr-1.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):173
Root/lemma: bhudh-m(e)n
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bottom
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Boden'
Note:
Note:single-linguisticinpartto*bhudh-mo-,partlyto*bhudh-no-,besideswithalreadyidg.
metathesis*bhundho->*bhundo-
Material:
Material:OldIndianbudhn-`ground,bottom';av.bnds.(*bhundhno-),outofitborrowsarm.
bunds.,duringarm.an-dund-k`àbyss'from*bhundh-seemsassimilated.Fromprotoiran.*bundhas
derivestscherem.punda`bottom,ground'.
Gr.(*-)m.`bottom,sole,baseofavessel',m.ds.(forafter
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I71,333).
Maked.PN(*bhudhn),dissimil.
Lat.fundus,-m.`ground;thebottomorbaseofanything;afarm,estate'(*bhundhos),profundus
`deep'=mir.bond,bonnm.`sole,foundation,groundwork,basis,pad,prop'.
maybealb.(*fundus),fund`bottom,end',fundos`sink(tothebottom)'
Ahd.bodam,nhd.Boden,as.bodom,ags.*bom>mengl.bothemm.besidesags.botmm.>
engl.bottomandags.bodan`bottom,ground',
Maybealb.(bod-)bot`bottom,ground,earth,world'
an.botn`bottom',ags.byme`bilge,floor,bottom'besidesbytme,bytneds.,aisl.bytna`tocometo
thebottom',withuncleardentalchange;itseemstolieabasicprotogerm.*buma-,probablyistobe
explainedanalogically;comparePeterssonHeterokl.18,Sievers-Brunner167,Kluge11undersiedeln.
Aboutnhd.Bhne,originally`woodenfloor(madefromfloorboards)',angebl.fromgerm.*bun,idg.
*budhni,s.Kluge11underBhne.
References:
References:WP.II190,WH.I564f.,867,PorzigWuS.15,112ff.(againstitKretschmerGl.22,
116);comparealsoVendryesMSL.18,305ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):174
Root/lemma: bh o-s ,nicknamebhukko-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bock'
Grammaticalinformation:(fem.In-`goat,nannygoat')
Material:
Material:Zigeun.buzni`goat';av.bzam.`he-goat',npers.buz`goat,he-goat;billygoat';
arm.buz`lamb';
mir.bocc,pocc,nir.boc,poc,cymr.bwch,corn.boch,bret.bouc'h`he-goat;billygoat',inaddition
mir.boccnach`ghost,bogeyman';
germ.*bukka-(afterPedersenLitteris7,23f.borrowedfromKelt.)inaisl.bukkr,bokkr,bokki,ags.
bucca,nengl.buck,ahd.mhd.boc,-ekes,nhd.Bock.
TheaberrantconsonantinOldIndianbukka-`he-goat'(uncovered)isprobablyfrombukkati`barks'
(seeunderbeu-1,bu-)influencedhypocoristicreshuffling*bhja-=av.bza-.Alsonpers.dial.boa
`younggoat',pm.bu,bseemtobearesultofsimilarreorganization.
References:
References:WP.II189f.,PedersenLitteris7,23f.,MartinetGmination182.
Page(s):
Page(s):174
Root/lemma: bh e rug- ,bhrug- ,bhorgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:throat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlund,Luftrhre'
Material:
Material:Arm.erbuc`breast,brisketofkilledanimals'(*bhrugo-);gr.,-,later(after
),-`windpipe,gullet';lat.frmenn.`(agruelorporridgemadeofcorn,andused
insacrifices)larynx,gullet'(*frg-smen);withoutuaisl.barki`neck'(bhor-g-,formallycloserto
`cleft,gap,abyss')
Similartolit.burna,arm.beran`mouth'(eigentl.òrifice')tobher- `cut,clip'underconception`cleft,
gap=gullet'.
References:
References:WP.II171,WH.I482,551f.,866,LidnMl.Pedersen92,SpechtDekl.162.
Page(s):
Page(s):145
Root/lemma: bis-(t)liEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gall
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Galle'
Material:
Material:Lat.blis(*bislis,older*bistlis)f.`gall,bile';cymr.bustlm.,acorn.bistel,bret.bestl(*bistlo-,-tli-)`gall';gallo-rom.*bistlos(Wartburg).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):102
Root/lemma: blatEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`plappernunderlikewiseSchallbedeutungen'aswellashnlicheSchallworte
schwerbestimmbarenAlters
Material:
Material:Lat.blater,-re`chatter,babble,emptygossip;alsofromshoutofthecamel,ram,frog',
blati,-re`babble,prattle';
mndd.plad(d)eren`chat,prate',nndd.pladdern`splash,besprinkle',schwed.pladder`loosegossip',
dn.bladre`spreadlosegossip',olderalso`splash',lackingofconsonantshiftinonomatopoeicword.
Similartoonomatopoeicwordsarendd.plapperen(nhd.plappern),mhd.plappenandblappen,
ahd.blabizn`babble'andmndd.plderen`babble'(mhd.pldern,nhd.plaudern).
comparewithpartlysimilarmeaningbhld-`tobubbleup,chat',bhel-`sound'andbal-,balbal-under
baba-(e.g.lit.blebntiwithnhd.plappernsimilarformation).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):102
Root/lemma: blEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobleat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blken'
Note:
Note:imitationofthesheepsoundwithdifferentgutturalextensions;intheGerm.withconsonant
shiftomittedasaresultofcontinualnewimitation.
Material:
Material:Gr.`bleat',`thebleating';russ.(etc)blekati(old),blekott`bleat';mndd.
bleken,blken`bleat,bark,bay'(outofitnhd.blken),norw.mdartl.blkta(*blkatjan)`bleat';alb.
bl'egrsds.
Note:
Commonalb.n>rrhotacism.Alb.showsthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhl- :
:`tohowl,weep'derived
Root/lemma: bl- :
:`tobleat';hencethesupportfortheglottaltheorybh->b- .
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsobhl-`howl'etc
Page(s):
Page(s):102
Root/lemma: blou- (bhlou- ),plouEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Floh'
Note:
Note:Withk-ands-suffixesandtabootranspositionandanlautalteration.
Material:
Material:Withp: OldIndianpli-,arm.lu(*plus-),alb.plesht,lat.plex(*pusl-ex),idg.*plouk-in
ahd.flh,ags.flah.
Note:
Commonarm.(oftenalb.)initialpl->l-phoneticmutationalsocommonlat.plou->pule-phonetic
mutationsincelat.prefersinitialconsonant+vowelorder.Lat.phoneticshiftcanbeexplainedtonly
throughglottaltheoryphlou->pule[ph>pu]
Withb (orbh ):afgh.vraa,gr.(*blusi),balto-slav.*blusinlit.blus,lett.blusa,pr.PN
Blus-kaym,russ.-ChurchSlavicblcha,skr.bha,russ.boch.
References:
References:MeilletMSL.22,142,539f.,Trautmann35,SpechtDekl.42f.,203,235.
Page(s):
Page(s):102
Root/lemma: bolEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tuber
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Knolle,rundeSchwellung'
Material:
Material:Arm.bok`radish',gr.ònion,bulb'(also,dissimilatedatt.`crap,
muck,dung',,ifpossiblyoriginallyfromnannygoatsorhorses),
,`clodofearth';OldIndianblba-ja-Èleusineindica,atypeofgrass',if`nodules
comingoutfromtheroot',lat.bulbusònion,bulb,tuber'isborrowedfrom.
Redukt.-gradeorwithAssimil.inVok.the2.syllablearm.palar`pustule,bubble'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):103
Root/lemma: brangh-,brongh-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hoarse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heiser'
Material:
Material:Gr.`hoarseness',`behoarse',air.brong(a)ide`hoarse';butgr.Aor.
`cracks'probablystaysaway.
References:
References:WP.I683f.,II119.
Page(s):
Page(s):103
Root/lemma: breuqEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojump,*throw,thrust,poke,touch,run
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,schnellen'
Material:
Material:Perhapscombinedsogr.,(),`locust,
grasshopper'(probablyafter`cruncheswiththeteeth',andsloven.brknem,bkniti,
brkam,bkati,bcati`bumpwiththefeet,kick,shootthewayupwiththefingers,touch';
MaybeIllyr.TNBreuci:sogr.`locust,grasshopper(mythologicalmonster)';
alb.(*breuk)prek`touch,frisk,violate',pres`cruncheswiththeteeth,cut'[tabooword]:Slovene:
Slovene:
bsati`lead,touch':Lithuanian:
Lithuanian:brkti`poke,thrust,press,scutch(flax)'[verb];Russian:
Russian:brost'
`throw,(dial.)scutchflax'[verb];brokt'(dial.)`throw'[verb];Serbo-Croatian:
Serbo-Croatian:bcati`throw'[verb];
russ.brykt`kickwiththebackleg',klr.brykty`friskmischievously,run'etc
Note:
MaybetheoriginalcognatewasofBaltic-Illyrianorigin:Lithuanian:
Lithuanian:braktas`woodenknifefor
cleaningflax'[mo],braktièrase,scutch(flax)',brkti`poke,thrust,press,scutch(flax)'[verb]
References:
References:WP.II119,SpechtIdg.Dekl.251f.
Page(s):
Page(s):103
Root/lemma: bronkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinschlieen,einengen'
Material:
Material:Got.anapraggan`press'to*pranga-`restriction,constriction'inaschwed.prang`narrow
alley',mengl.prange`narrowness',engl.dial.proug`menufork',
Maybealb.pranga`restriction,fetter,chain,handcuff':germPranger`pillory'
mndd.prangen`press',pranger`pole',mhd.pfrengen`wedge',ahd.pfragina`bar,gate,barrier',tolit.
braktasm.`poleforhanging(*gallows)',lett.brankti(lit.Lw.)`fittingtightly'.
References:
References:WP.II119,677f..Feist43,Kluge11underPranger.
Page(s):
Page(s):103
Root/lemma: buEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lip,kiss
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lippe,Ku'
Note:
Note:asanimitationofthekisssound,burstingofthesuckinglipfastenerfrominside,thusactually
differentlyfrombu-,bhu- ìnflate'withnormalsprayingafteroutside.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bu- :
:`lip,kiss'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ku- ,kus- (*kukh-)::`tokiss'common
Celtic-Greekk->p-phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:Npers.bsdan`kiss';alb.buz`lip';
Maybealb.(*pus)puth`kiss'[commonalb.-s>-thshift]:schwed.puss`kiss'.
mir.bus,pus`lip',busc,pusc`kiss'(inadditionpresumablygall.PNBussumrosandbuutton
`mouth,kiss');
nhd.Buss`kiss',bussen`kiss',Busserl`kiss',engl.buss,schwed.(withregularconsonantshift)puss
`kiss';lit.buioti`kiss',butheonomatopoeicword,soundofthekissdentalinterjection.poln.buzia
`mouth,face;kiss'.
Note:
Thesamephoneticconstructionforpoln.buzia`mouth,face;kiss':alb.buz,buza`lip':rum.buz
`lip':ital.bacio`mouth,face;kiss',olderlat.basiatio-onisf.`kissing,akiss'.
References:
References:WP.I113f.,WH.II98.
Page(s):
Page(s):103
Root/lemma: dak r uEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tears
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Trne'
Material:
Gr.,,`tears';outofitborrowsaltlat.dacruma,lat.lacruma,lacrimads.(with
sabin.l);
Note:
Commonlat.dh->ll-,d->l-phoneticmutation.
Maybealb.(*lac-)lag`tomoist,damp,wet'[taboowordasinalb.lagensyt`crysilently']:abret.
dacr-(lon)`moist,damp,wet'
Alsoalb.(*lok-)lot`tear'[commonalb.-k>-th,-tphoneticmutationsimilartoalb.(*mag-)math`big'.
air.drn.,cymr.deigr(couldgobacktoPl.*dakrtheo-Dekl.),Pl.dagrau,abret.dacr-(lon)`moist,
damp,wet',corn.dagr`tears'(Island-Celtic*dakrom`see,look'ThurneysenKZ.48,66f);germ.*thrandtagr-:got.tagrn.`tears',anord.trn.(from*tahr-),ags.thher,tear,teagorm.,ahd.zaharm.
(nhd.ZhrefromdemPl.;whetherinGerm.stillfromoldu-stemorithaschangedoutofito-stem
hasgoneout,isdoubtful).
Idg.*dakruisprobablyfrom*drakrudissimilatedbecauseofahd.trahan,as.Pl.trahni`tears',mnd.
trnds.and`(fromfatofsqueezedoutdropsthroughcooking:)fishoil',mhd.traherds.(-erprobably
afterzaherhaschanged)andarm.artasuk`tears',Sg.artausrfrom*drakur.
OntheotherhandonesearchesconnectionwithOldIndianru,ara-m`tears',av.asrazan`pouringtears',lit.aar,ara`tears',lett.asarads.;probablysheerrhymeword,so*akro-àcer,
sharp,bitter'asepithetofthetears(`bittertears')partiallyusedinplaceofdakru,wherebyittookover
itsu-inflectioncomparealsoMhlenbach-EndzelinI142f.
Note:
FromearlyItalic,IllyrianpeoplethecognatefortearspassedtoAltaiclanguages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*lg(*-)
Meaning:
Meaning:toweep,cry
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*jg-(la-)
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*ligiReferences:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.23underakru.
Page(s):
Page(s):179
Root/lemma: diu r ,Gen.daiu r s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:brother-in-law
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`theBruderofGatten,Schwager'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandvr-,arm.taigr,gr.(*F),lat.lvir(inendingreshapedaftervir;thel
fordprobablySabine),ahd.zeihhur,ags.tcor(presumablythroughhybridizationwithanequivalent
fromlit.ligonas`brotherofwife'),lit.dievers(for*diev=OldIndiandvr-;olderconservativeGen.
dievers),lett.diveris,OldChurchSlavicdver(i-,io-andconservativestem).
Note:
TheBalticcognatelit.ligonas`brotherofthewife'provestheBalkanoriginofBalticlanguages
inheritinglat.d->l-phoneticmutation.
References:
References:WP.I767,WH.I787,SpechtKZ62,249f.,Trautmann43.
Page(s):
Page(s):179
Root/lemma: du- ,du- ,d Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`brennen',2.`verletzen,qulen,vernichten,feindselig'
Note:
Note:uncertainly,whetherinbothmeaningoriginallyidentical(possiblypartlyas`burningpain',
partly`destroybyfire,burndownhostilesettlements')
Material:
Material:OldIndiandunti`burns(trans),afflicts',dn-`burnt,afflicted',Pass.dyat`burns'(intr.),
kaus.dvayati`burns'(trans),dv-(withablautchangedav)`blaze',df.àffliction,pain',
doman-`blaze,agony'(-u-asin);
Note:
OldIndianandalb.provethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du- ,du- ,d - :
:`toburn'derivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: dheu-4 ,dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,
dissipate,blow,*smokeetc.`.
arm.erkn(to)`throesofchildbirth';
Note:commonbalt.-illyr.d->zerophoneticmutationreflectedinarm.
gr.(*F-)`setonfire,inflame',Perf.`beinflames,beonfire'(:OldIndiandudva),
participle(Hes.,Hes.),n.,,-f.
`torch'(to:vonatt.,s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I266),èasilyignitable=todry'(*
from*F-),`burningpieceofwood'(*F=lakon.);`hostile',dor.
(Trag.),àfflicted,woeful,wretched,miserable';hom.`slay,kill,murder'(att.
`ds.,devastate'),,-`tumultofwar,fight,struggle',hom.Lok.ìnthebattle'(toNom.
*,idg.*dusSchwyzerGr.Gr.I578),-`killedinthefight';probablyàffliction',
`fallinthemisfortune'(,Od.),ùnlucky'.
About(mostlyPl.),ol.Akk.Pl.`pain',`causepain,afflict,sadden'seeunder
ed-èat';perhapshere(`stormy,hottempered')Hes.
Alb.dhun(*dusn-)àffliction,pain,force,violence,horribleaction;disgrace,insult'(dhunon`revile,
violate';dhun`bitter',originallyùnpleasant'orassl.gork`bitter':gorti`burn')with*du-s(presumablyaszerogradeof-es-stem=orasgr.(F));tosk.der`bitter'(*deu-no-);
lat.presumablyduellum,bellum`war,fight'(WH.I100f.),withunclearsuffix.
Note:commonlat.dw->b-phoneticmutation
air.dm`singe,burn'(aboutair.dm`get,exert'seeunderdeu()-),Verbalnom.dud=OldIndian
davathu-`blaze,fire';atd`kindle,inflame'from*ad-douth,cymr.cynneu`kindle,inflame'under
likewise,alsobret.devi,cymr.deifio`burn'(withvfromwbeforei)here(ThurneysenKZ.61,253,
LothRC.42,58);air.Gen.condid,mir.connad,condud`firewood',cymr.cynnud`firing',corn.kunys,
bret.keuneud`firewood'(PedersenKG.I108,II39,basicformperhaps*kom-dauto-);cymr.etewyn
`firebrand'(*ate-dau-ino-),bret.collectiveeteods.
ahd.zuscen`burn';after:braunherealsoags.tosca`frog',schwed.mdartl.toskds.;perhaps
(with*eu,seeunder)anord.tjnn.`damage,wrong;injustice,derision,ridicule',ags.tonam.,tone
f.`damage',as.tionoèvil,harm,wrong;injustice,enmity',whereofanord.tyna`destroy,lose',ags.
tenan`plague,anger,slander',as.gitiuneanàctwrongagainstsomebody'.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*)InspiteofOsthoffIA.1,82haskeptawaythefamilyofnhd.znden,got.tundnanìsignited',
tandjanìgnite,setonfire',mhd.zinden,becauseofthatiandawouldnotbeprobablyfirstablaut
neologisminu;afterThurneysenIA.83,32ast-andjantoair.ad-and-`kindle,inflame'.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BernekerIF.10,158placesherealsolit.diuti`placedowninordertodry',lett.aut`dry,burn
incense,smoke'as*du-ti,asalsoalb.andgerm.eu-formscancontainidg.u;therelationshipof
this*du-to*du-isunclear;ortodieu-`sky,heaven'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):179-181
Root/lemma: dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow;river
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flssig,flieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiand-na-n.`liquidflowingfromthetemplesoftheelephantfortherutting',d-nun.f.èverydrippingliquid,drop,dew',av.dnu-f.`river,stream',osset.don`water,river';russ.FlN
Don,(Greek)skyth.FlN;
Alsotypicalintensivereduplicationillyr.(*don-don)DodonaEpirus
russ.FlNDnieprandDniestr,oldDanaprisandDanastiusfromskyth.*Dnuapara`backriver'and
*Dnunazdya-`frontriver';
av.VNDnavPl.`riverinhabitant'(becomeinRgvedawaterdemons,fem.GNDnu-),skyth.
nomadicpeople,alsoinGreece,hence()gr.VN,gypt.Danuna;withformants-mo- arm.
tamuk`humid,wet,moist',tamkanam`wet,mositen;ofwater,collectinpools,andofsolids,tobe
liquefied;wet,moistened,soaked'andpresumablygr.(protogr.or)`fatofanimalsand
people',wherewithalb.dhjam`fat,bacon,tallow,suet'isnotconnectedinaclearedwayyet;thefat
canbenamedaswiththeroastliquidlygrowingones(compareOldChurchSlavicloj`softfat,lard,
grease':lijati`pour').Herealsokelt.Dnuvius`Danuberiver',
gall.ONCondte`theconfluenceoftworivers;asaplace-nameConfluentes';sixengl.FlDon
(*dnu-),cymr.FlNDonwy(*dnuui).
Benvenisteplacestoarm.tam-ukyethett.dame(n)k-`falllikerain'(BSL33,143).
References:
References:WP.I763,M.FrsterThemse145f.,KretschmerGl.24,1ff.,15ff.,Ml.Pedersen76
ff.,BenvenisteBSL33,143.
Page(s):
Page(s):175
Root/lemma: d :d- anddi- :di- :d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshare,divide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`teilen,zerschneiden,zerreien'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyathemat.Wurzelprsens.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandti,dyti`clips,cuts,mows,separates,divides',participledin-,dit-,
composesava-tta`cropped,truncated,cutoff',dti`thedistributing',
dnam`theabscission,trimming',dnmn.`distribution,deal,portion',dtun.`deal,portion',dtrm.(=)`reaper,mower',dtrmàllottedshare',dtramn.`sickle',npers.dra`remuneration',
ds`sickle';OldIndianday`communion,concern,commiseration'=dyate(*di-etai)`divides,
possesslot,haspity;destructs'.
Maybenasalizedforminalb.(*dyate)ndanj`cut,separate,allot,share'.
gr.med.`divide,allot,share'withprobablyafterFut.andandthefollowingwords
preserved(phoneticlawsKonj.375ìsdestroyed');,-,,
hom.also,-`share,meal,sacrifice,oblation'(:OldIndiandtu);`guest'(as
`servingthemeal'),`colter,ploughcoulter,pre-pruner.`(:OldIndiandtr-),`share'(:
OldIndiandtrm;thisofthesegr.wordsispartlyaccordingtophoneticlaws-i,i-partly
analogical,asinkret.Perf.to,comparealsokret.`division',
`distributoroffruit'),`host',probablyalsom.`god,goddess;fate,destiny,personslot
inlife'(actually`prorating;or`godofthedeadasacorpseeater',PorzigIF.41,169ff.,Kretschmer
Gl.14,228f.;aboutofArchilochos`'seebelow*dens -`highmentalpower');,
Fut.-,Aor.-`divide,carve,slit,destroy'(dueto*F-`sliced,destructed'),-
Hes.,n.ìnterest,usury'(duetoaparticiple*d-n-s=OldIndiandin-,compare
);
gall.arcanto-danos`minting'as`distributingsilver'.
Withformants-mo- :dmos f.`people':gr.,dor.m.`(people'sdivision)people,area;
thesingleregioninAthens',air.dmf.`retinue,troop,multitude,crowd',acymr.dauu`boy,serf,
servant',ncymr.daw,dawf`son-in-law';apparentlyolderfem.o- stem;inadditionhett.da-ma-a-i
(dama)ànother,foreigner,stranger',from`*foreignpeople',originally`*people',PedersenHitt.51
ff.
Withformants-lo- perhapsOldChurchSlavicdl`deal,portion'(*di-lo-)(seeunder*del- `split');
aboutair.fo-dlimetcs.justthere.Herebelongsprobablyalsogot.dails`deal,portion',runeninschr.
da[i]liun`divide',aisl.deill,ags.dl,ahd.teilm.`deal,portion';
Maybealb.dallonj`separate,distinguish'
aisl.deilaf.`division,disunion',ahd.teilaf.`division';aisl.deila,ags.dlan,ahd.teilan`divide'etcIt
couldhardlyderivefromSlav.,probablyitderivesfromVen.-Illyr.,becausetherootform*di-is
attestedinsdillyr.PNDae-tor.Anadditionalformidg.dhi-besidesdi-wouldbeunplausible.
Withzerograded- :arm.ti,Gen.tioyàge,years,days,time'(*<d-t(i)-or*d-to-,*d-t),ahd.ztf.
(n.Isidor),as.ags.td,anord.tf.`time,hour'(*t-,idg.*d-t-,ursprgl`periodoftime'),inaddition
anord.trùsual,ordinary,frequent,often',ags.tdanòccur',anord.taàspire,strive';anord.t-na
`topicktopieces,takeapart,weed,takeout,remove,clean';
Aboutgot.til`fitting'etcseeunderad-2 ,butgot.dailsunderdel-3 ;hereagainstitahd.zila
`sequence,row,line',westfl.tle`sheafrow',nhd.Zeile,probablyfrom*t-l-.
p- extensiondp- , dp- ; dp-no- , -ni- `sacrificialmeal':

OldIndiandpayati`divides';arm.taun(*dap-ni-)`festival';gr.(*)`tear,rend,mangle,
lacerate,disassemble',withintensivereduplication`tear,rend,()squander,
dissipateinluxury',f.èxpenditure,esp.arisingfromhospitality(:daps)',
`lavish,wasteful',`consume'(outofitlat.dapin`serveup(asfood),providefor'),
(Empedokles),`(*wasteful)exuberant,rich,generous';lat.daps`(*share)a
sacrificialfeast,religiousbanquet;ingen.,meal,feast,banquet',damnum`loss,damage,defect,
fine',damnsus`ruinous'(*dap-no-:,differentPedersenHitt42);
maybeillyr.Epidamnos(Eppi-'*horse'+*dap-no'*sacrifice'),alsoalb.geg.dam(*dap-no)`damage':
lat.damnum.
anord.tafn(*dap-no-)`sacrificialanimal,sacrificialmeal',comparedengerm.GNTanfana(Tacit.),if
from*tafnana,MarstranderNTS.1,159.
FromGerm.onestilladdsalot,whatwasameaning-developmentfrom`splitup,cutup,divide'to
`tear,pluck,shortlytouch,makeshortclumsymovement'underlikewisewouldassume;infollowing
themeaningfrom,damnumderivesaschw.tappaandtapa`putanendto,lose',aisl.tapa
ds.;afries.tapia`pluck',ags.tppef.`clothstripes',mengl.tappen(engl.tap)`hitlightly',mnd.
tappen,tpen(lengtheninginopensyllable)`pick,pluck';anord.tpr`barelytouching',isl.tpta
(*tpatjan)`justtouch',norw.mdartl.tpla`touchlightly,treadquietly';butnorw.mdartl.taap(e)m.,
dn.taabe`fool,rogue,awkward;clumsyperson',norw.taapen`weak,feeble,ineligible',tpen.
ìnsignificant;unimportantthing',anord.tpiligr`concise',withotherlabialgradesschwed.mdartl.
tabb,tabbe`gawk',tabbetòafish',areprobablyonomatopoeicwords,alsoasndd.tappe,schweiz.
tpe,nhd.Tappe`paw',aswellastappen,tppischetc;s.alsounderdhabh-1 .
Likewisearetobekeptawayahd.zabaln,nhd.zappeln,aswellasahd.zapfo,nhd.Zapfen,
ags.tppads.(germ.*tappon-);alsoonlygerm.wordswithiandu(compareSpechtDekl.152
f.):mengl.tippen,engl.tip`touchquietly,bumpquietly',nhd.tippen,mhd.zipfen`(inswiftmovement)
trip,scurry',anord.tifask`walkontiptoe;trip',mhd.zipf`tip,cusp,peak',nasalizedmnd.timpef.`tip,
end',ags.timplian`holdwithnails';ontheotherhandnorw.mdartl.tuppa,nhd.zupfen,anord.
toppr`tuftofhair,summit,acme,apex',ags.toppm.`cusp,peak,crest,summit,tip',toppam.
`filament',ahd.zopf`pigtail,braid,plait,endofathing';mnd.tubbe,tobbe`spigot',tobben`pluck,
rend',sddt.zfeln`waver'(aszapfeln);perhapsherealsoahd.zumpo`penis',mhd.zumpf(e),nhd.
Zumpt,whereatunderdumb-.
Heretoch.Atpàte',VanWindekensLexique187.
t - extensiond-t- (comparebutdasparticipled-t-s ):
gr.`divide,tear,rend,consume'(Fut.,Aor.hom.,att.),
wherefore`division',`lot',commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation
`dividing,splitting'(thiscertainlyfrom*-:OldIndiand-tr-`reaper,mower'),
ùndivided';isgr.neologism(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I676)andnotidg.*d-t-;
got.ungatass`disarrayed,disorderly'(compare-),mndl.getes`besubmitting,suitable';ahd.
zetten`(distributing)strew,outspread',nhd.verzette(l)n,probablyalsoanord.tejaòutspreaddung',
tan.`(*outstretched)dung';ahd.zota,zataf.`tuftofwool,hairhangingdowntogether,filamentor
wool'(therefromzaturraàharlot,prostitute'),ags.tttec(expressivestt)`scrap,shred,tatter,rag',
an.tturr`scrap,shred';altdn.tothae,olderdn.anddn.mdartl.tde,taade`,retard,delay,
hinder'.
Besideswithu-Vok.anord.toddi`smallpiece',holl.todde`scrap,shred',ahd.zota,zotta`topknot',
nhd.Zotte,Zote;mhd.zoten`goslowly',nhd.zotteln,ostfries.todden`pull,tear,drag'underlikewise;
aboutnhd.zauderns.Kluge11704.
toch.Att-k`divide,carve,slit'.
s - extensiond-es-:
OldIndiandsyati`sufferslack,swelters,languishes',upadsyati`goesout,isexhausted';
norw.dial.tasa`wearout',schwed.dial.tasa`pluckwool,outspreadhay',ndd.tasen`pluck',nhd.
Zaser,olderZasel`fibre,filament',norw.dial.tasem.`weakperson',tasma`languish',tasa`become
feeble';ablaut.dn.mdartl.tse`workslowly',ndd.tsen`workheavily',identicalwithnorw.dn.
tse`disentangle,wearout,pullout';compareinsimilarmeaningnorw.tasse`goquietly',taspa`go
slowlyandsluggishly',mhd.zaspen`scratch,gosluggishly',ahd.zascn`seize,snatch,tearaway'
(actually`drag')=nhd.dial.zaschen,zschen`drag,pull,tear,workslowly',zschenf.àtraininthe
dress';aboutahd.tasca`pouch,pocket's.Kluge11612.
Maybetruncatedalb.geg.(*zascn)mezan`toseize,snatch,tearaway'
hitt.te-`keeponeselfawayfrom'(3.Sg.preteritti-e-a-a).
Maybealb.geg.(*te)teshaPl.`clothes,belongings,rags',tesh`speckofdust,littlesplinter,torn
piece'
Besideswithi-vocalism(idg.*di-sasextensiontod-Oronlygerm.neologism):
schwed.dial.teisa,tesa`pulltopieces',dn.dial.tese`pluck(e.g.wool)',ags.tsan`pulltopieces',
ahd.zeisan,zias`ruffle;tousle,pluckwool';ostfries.holl.teisteren`rend',ags.tsel,ahd.zeisala
`teasel',norw.mdartl.test`willowfibre,ringlet,hairlock',withnorw.tst`fibre,filament',tsl
`shrubbery',withmhd.zispen`gosluggishly'(aszaspen),probablyalso()ags.teoswian`plague,
disparage',teosoìnsult,deceit,malice'.
Finallywithu-vocalism:norw.dial.tosa`rub,wearout,pluck',also`flub,workslowly',tose`frail
person',tos`fibers,raggedrigging',tossa`strew,distribute,outspread',mengl.ttsen`tousle,ruffle',
mnd.tsen`rend,pull',ahd.zirzsn`tousle,ruffle',mhd.zsach`brushwood',zsef.`brushwood,
hairlock'underlikewise;perhapstolat.dmusàthornbush,bramblebrushwood,shrub'(*ds-mo-s)
andair.doss`bush'.
FromPIEthisrootpassedtoAltaic:
Protoform:
Protoform:*dma
Meaning:
Meaning:ill,sick,bad
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*jAman
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*damJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*dmNote:
Note:DespiteSKE75thereisnoreasonatalltosupposeaChineseoriginoftheTurkicform(MC
ja-mn'savage,barbarian'istoodistantsemantically;theusageofPT*jamanforabaddisease,
sicknessisveryclosetoJapaneseandmaysuggestthattheoriginalmeaningoftheroot
was'ill(ness),sick(ness)').
References:
References:WP.I763ff.,WH.I322,323f.,859;SchwyzerGr.Gr.I676.
Seealso:
Seealso:outatleastbasicallyasextensionsfromd-`cut,split'agreeablerootdel- `split',del`whereuponitissplitapart',der- `split,flay'seeunderseeunderitsownheadwords.
Page(s):
Page(s):175-179
Root/lemma: deihEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprick;tick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`prickeln,kitzeln'`zwickelndesInsekt'
Material:
Material:Arm.ti`tick';
mir.dega,Akk.degaid(*digt-)`Hirschkfer';
germ.*tkan-,withintensivesharpening*tikkan-,inags.ticiam.(liestiicaorticca),engl.tikeandtick
`woodtick,sheeplouse',mnd.Zeckem.f.`woodtick',nhd.Zecke;besidesamediationform*tkaninmnd.teke,mhd.Zeche,engl.tekeds.;
norw.dial.tikka,ndd.ticken`stumblelightly',mhd.zickends.;ahd.zechon`pulsate,banter,skirmish';
engl.tickle`titillate';nasalizedags.tindiands.
Aconnectionwithdhig-`prick'isnotprovable.
References:
References:WP.I777.
Page(s):
Page(s):187-188
Root/lemma: deik Englishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:toshow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zeigen'
Note:
Note:fromwhichlat.andgerm.partly`pointtosomethingwithwords,say',developedpluralalso
`showtheright,pointtotheculprit,accuse'
Material:
Material:OldIndianddei,diti,dayati`shows,pointat',av.das-Aor.di-`show'(dasayeiti,
disyeiti,dadit)`show;assignsomethingtosomebody,adjudge',participleOldIndiandi-(=lat.
dictus);diiìnstruction,regulation',av.diti-`directive,doctrine'(=lat.dicti,ags.tiht
àccusation',ahd.in-,bizihtds.,nhd.Verzicht),OldIndiandi-f.ìnstruction,direction',di
`direction'(=`right,justice',fromwhichprobablylat.diciscausa`forform'ssake,forthesakeof
appearances'),de`(direction),region'=an.teigrseeunder;
gr.,secondary`points,shows,evinces',kret.-`',`the
display'(withsecondarylengthenedgrade),seeabove,,,;thePerf.Med.
,andàverment,proof,example'notwithidg.g,butgr.innovation;
lat.dcere`toindicate;toappoint;mostcommonly,tosay,speak,tell,mention;inpass.withinfin.,to
besaidto;tomention,speakof,tellof,relate;toname,call;tomean,referto',dcreànnounce
solemnly,award,consecrate,dedicate,setapart,devote,offer',osk.dekum`say',umbr.teitu,deitu
`(Fut.Imper.)youwillsay,declare',changingthroughablautosk.dicust`willhavesaid',umbr.
dersicustds.,osk.da-dkatted`ddcavit',lat.dci`power,sovereignty,authority',indcreìndicate,
display,show,offer',indexàninformer;asign,token;theforefinger;atitle;atouchstone'(asalso
OldIndiandein`forefinger'),idexàjudge;inplur.,apanelofjurors',vindex(vindicre=vim
dicere),causidicus;abouturir.*Ekuo-decas,Lugudec(c)as(Gen.Sg.)seeunderdek - 1 .
got.gateihanìndicate,promulgate',anord.ta,newerti`show,depict,represent,explain,
announce',ags.tonìndicate,promulgate',ahd.zhanàccuse,blame',zeihen`;
maybealb.zihem`quarrel,argue'
whereforeanord.tgenn`(*show,pointout,reveal,advise,teach)noble',tgnf.`rank;nobleman,
husband';ahd.zeign`show',whereofzeigaìnstruction';inzihtetcseeabove;furtheranord.teigrm.
`linearpartofmeadow'(`*direction'=OldIndiandes`region,place,land'),changingthrough
ablautags.tg,th`meadow,pasture',mnd.t(g)m.publiccollectiveplaceofavillage',ahd.zch
`forum'.
Herepresumablywiththemeaning`finger'(=`*pointer')andsecondary,butalreadyold`toe',ahd.
zha,ags.the,t,anord.t`toe'(*diku),mnd.twe,nhd.andsdd.zweds.(*doik-u),andthat
probablyfrom*dicitusthroughdissimilationagainstthetonelesstresultedlat.digitus`finger,toe'.
Hitt.tek-ku-a-nu-mi`makesrecognizable,points,shows,evinces'hereafterSturtevantLang.6,27
f.,227ff.;doubtstheformationbecauseofE.ForrerbyFeist204.
Besidesidg.doi- ingot.taiknsf.`mark,token,sign,wonder,miracle',taiknn.ds.,ahd.(etc)zeihhan
n.`mark,token,sign',ags.tcan,engl.teachìnstruct',anord.teikna`show,signify,designate',ahd.
zeihhonn`draw,depict,sign',got.taiknjan`show',ahd.zeihinends.
Fromgerm.*taiknaderivesfinn.taika-òmen,sign'.
Whetherdeik-anddei-fromdei-`brightshine'(also`see')areextendedasàllowtosee,allowto
shine'
References:
References:WP.I776f.,WH.I348f.,351,860,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I696f.,Feist204,472.
Page(s):
Page(s):188-189
Root/lemma: dei-1 ,dei - ,d- ,di Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;day;sun;skygod,god
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hellglnzen,schimmern,scheinen'
Note:
Note:(older`*dartrays')
Note:
TheoriginoftheskygodwasAnatolia,wheretheSumeriansungodUtuwascalledfathergod:Utu+
Root/lemma: pt(r) Gen.ptr-s ,-s :
:`father'-`fatherUtu
Utu':LuvianDUTU-wa-az:107iii8;
KBoXXIX25ii6*,DUTU-wa-za`sungod'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiand-d-ti`seems,shines',3.Pl.ddyati,Impf.3.Sg.ddt,Imper.2.Sg.didh,
su-d-t-)`havingnicebrilliance',Kaus.dpyatiìgnites,illuminates',dpyate`blazes,shines,seems'
(aboutdvyatiseeunder),ddi-`shining,seeming'(duetofromd-de-ti);similar*doi-d-o-(broken
Redupl.)inanord.teitr`cheerful,blithe,glad'(eigentl.`radiating'),ags.ttn`caress',tt-(innames)
`blithe,glad',ahd.zeiz`tender,graceful'(compareheiterand`clear,bright'as`blithe,glad';
UhlenbeckOldIndianWb.126);perhapsherealsolit.ddis`big,large'as`handsome,considerable';
gr.hom.(Imperfect)`hesaw,discerned,perceived',,Hes.,arkad.
Konj.,hom.Aor.`toappear',Konj.,comparedwitharkad.Aor.[]
withafter,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6816;commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation
Maybealb.(*)diel`(*bright)sun'[commonalb.-e->-ie-shift].
hom.`visible'(*;withmetr.lengthening),ds.(from*,from
whichalsoHesychs;hom.`verydistinct,clear,bright'(from*-);
*doilo- presumablyinags.sweo-tol(from*tl)àpparent,manifest,obvious,distinct,clear,bright'
andinmir.del`beetle,chafer'(`shiningblackinsect')aswellasinir.rivernamesDaol(*doil)as
`theshining'.Hereprobablyalsolit.dails`dainty,pretty',dilinti`smooth,adorn'.
Withformants-tlo- presumablyherebeingfoundonlyinthecompoundgerm.*tla-:zdal-,nhd.
Zeidel-,nd.tl-`honey'('clearness,shine-clearhoney').
AgainstPedersensraisingfromhett.te-e-a-`dream'(Murilis69)s.CouvreurH53andaboveS.
178.
u - extension:dei e u- (:di u- , diu - , di u - )`bright,divinereveredskyandbrightday:

Diphth.stemNom.di us (dii us ),Akk.di um , Vok.di u, Lok.di u i anddi u, Dat.diu i, Gen.
diu - s , -s ; di us-ptr `skyfather,heavenlyfather'.
OldIndiandyu(diyu)`sky,heaven',Akk.dym,Lok.dyv,div,Dat.div,Gen.div(and
dy),Instr.Pl.dy-bhi;
gr.(=dy-),Akk.Z(=dym),Vok.(*diu),Gen.(F),Dat.(Lok.)(F)(
lengthened,,Z;aboutbyPherekydesofSyross.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I5774);the
Gen.*diuesinthess.-,prien.-(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I547);
Mayberum.zeu`god':alb.zot`god':rum.zei,zeitate,zn`goddess':alb.zanaf.`nymph,
goddess',zotaf.m.`gods':gr.[commonalb.n>nt>tphoneticmutation].
inLat.theoldparadigmhassplitintwowhichdesignatethenameoftheuppermostGodandthe
`day';similarlyintheOsk.andUmbr.:
Note:commonlat.illyr.d->l-phoneticmutation:
lat.IuppiterfromI-piter,umbr.JupaterVok.=,toNom.OldIndiandyupit`fatherofthe
sky,heavenlyfather',,Dat.umbr.Iuvepatre,illyr.(Hes.)-;lat.Gen.Iouis
(altlat.alsoDiovis,alsoasNom.),osk.Dive`Jove',uvilam,olderdiuvilam`*iovilam',ivilas
`*iovilae'etc,compareGentilNlat.Ilius(*Iovilios);
Maybe[fromillyr.(Hes.)-]thecompoundalb.(*-)diel`sungod,sun',older
diel`Sunday(dayofthesun)',wherealb.followslat.paradigmwhichdesignatesthenameofthe
uppermostGodandthe`day'.
Alsoalb.(*Jove-di,*jeudi)enjte`Thursday'similartofr.jeudi`Thursday',ital.jovedi`Thursday'.
lat.Dispiter(whereofDilis`relatingtoJupiter;'(flamen)dialis',thepriestofJupiter')withAkk.d(i)im
haschangedafterNom.dis,otherwisewouldprevailinthemeaning`day',whiletothenameof`sky
God'theablautgrade*diou-from*dieu-wouldbeaccomplishedunderthepressureofVok.*dieu-(up
toDispiter,alsoumbr.Di,Dei`[mascacc.sing.]god,[neutvoc.sing.]god',contractedfromdi-,so
thatDi(m)=*dim);theoldNom.*disfrom*diusstillstandinginadditiontoVdiovis,Viovis,Vdisòld-rm.UnderworldGod';
inthemeaning`day'lat.disseeabove(m.;asf.inthemeaning`date,daymonthyear(accordingto
thecalendar),period,time'presumablyafternox),yetbesidestheolderNom.di us stillinnu-dis
tertius`nowisthe3.day',furtherdi`byday'(Lok.*diuor*diu),`foralongtime',àlongtimeago'
outofit`long'.
diminutivelat.diculaàlittleday,ashorttime',osk.[d]ikls`days',zicolom.`day';
Maybealb.diel`sun',diel`Sunday,(dayofthesun)'arediminutiveillyr.forms.
air.de,procliticda`day'(fromaftertheAkk.*diimhaschanged*diis),cymr.dydd,corn.deth,
dyth,bret.deiz`day'(also);air.in-du`today',cymr.etche-ddyw`today'(atfirstfrom*-dii,probably
=lat.di).
Fromtheablautgradediu - inthemeaning`day';
OldIndiandv`duringtheday',divdiv`daybyday'(divmNom.otherwise`sky,heaven'),
naktdivam`nightandday',sudivmàniceday',sudiv-`havinganiceday',arm.tiv`day',gr.
ìnthemiddleoftheday(appearing)'(dueto*F,compare);lat.dius,interdiusòf
theday,inthedaytime,byday'(withlat.syncopefromGen.*dius);bi-,tri-duum(*diuom)`periodof
two,threedays';
es- stemdiu e s- presumedfromOldIndiandivas`day',formaltodak.`commonmullein,

hightaper',probablyfrom*diuesem`luminousplant'(Detschev,Dak.Pflanzenn.14ff.);butgr.
(*-F)`clear,cheerful',older`clearweather',toOldIndiansu-divm(above);
compareSommerNominalkomp.73ff.
*diu i os inOldIndiandivy-,divi-`celestial',divyni`theheavenlyspace',gr.(from*F,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I472a)`divine,heavenly',lat.dus`divine,god-like;hencefine,noble;also
(apparently)outofdoors,intheopenair'(differentfromdvus!),dumòpenspaceofheaven',sub
do;Dinaderivingfrom*Divina,`thevirgingoddessofthemoonandhunting'*Divi();compare
etr.Tiv`moon',tives`months',afterKretschmerGl.13,111f.fromital.*divi,andorph.
`Selene(goddessofthemoon)'from*-Fàllkindsofilluminators'.
ablautgradedi u - inOldIndiandyu-mnm`splendorofthesky',dyu-mnt-`bright,light',verbaldyut`gleam,shine'indytat,Aor.ved.dyaut`shines'(withtprobablyaftersvit-`bebright');compare
alsoOldChurchSlavicdd`rain',russ.dod',aech.de,etc,from*dusdiu-`badweather',
TrubetzkojZ.sl.Ph.4,62ff.
Note:
ProbablyfromafusionofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu e s- ,dhu s - ,dheus- ,dh s - `todissipate,blow,etc.
*scatter,dust,rain,breathe,perish,die'+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dei-1 ,dei - ,d- ,di - :
:`toshine;day;
sun;skygod,god'derivedslav.(*dus-diu-):OldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:dd`rain'[mjo](seebelow).
o- stemdiu o -s `god,thedivine':
OldIndiandv`god'(dv`goddess'),av.dava-`demon';
lat.deusanddvus,byoffromtheparadigm*deiuos(>deos),Gen.*deiu(>dv);osk.deva
`goddess'(osk.deivinais=lat.dvnis;umbr.deueia`[fem.Acc.sing.]ofadeity,goddess';
maybealb.dif`giant'
osk.deiuatud`toswearanoath'=lett.dievtis`swear,vow';lat.dves`rich,wealthy;withabl.or
genit.,richin',eigentl.`standingundertheprotectionoftheGods',asslav.bogat,s.SchulzeKZ.45,
190);
gall.GNDvona,PNDvo-gnta,air.dia,Gen.d`god',acymr.duiu-(tit)`goddess,deity',mcymr.
ncymr.duw,acorn.duy,bret.dou`god';
anord.tvarPl.`gods'(*deius)aswellasanord.Tyr(agerm.teiwaz)`thegodofwar',ags.Tg,Gen.
Twes`Mars',ahd.Zo,Zio;
apreu.deiw(a)s,lit.divas`god'(deiv`goddess,ghost'from*deiui,divosnliai`sonsofthe
sky',finn.Lw.taiwas`sky,heaven'),lett.devs(verbalderivativeliesbeforeinlit.deivtis`say
farewell',lett.dievtisseeabove),compareTrautmann50,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI484,485f.
AgainstitareOldChurchSlavicdivm.`wonder,miracle',divo,-esen.ds.(-es-stemprobably
previouslyafterudo,-eseds),divn`wonderful',didn'tderivefromconcept`god,deity',but(as
from)positionitselftoklr.dyvl',dyvtysja`see,look,show',ech.dvamse`look,
see,observe',whichbehavestoOldIndiand-de-ti`shines'inthemeaningase.g.mhd.blick`lustre,
shine,lightning'and`lookoftheeyes',nhd.glnzen:slav.gldati`see,show'.
en- stem*deien- (thematicdeino- , dino- )onlyinthemeaning`day':

Note:
Theextensionen- stem*deien- (thematicdeino- , dino- )isofIllyrianorigin.Theattributenounsthat
derivedfromadjectivesinillyr.alb.take-ta,-ntasuffixwhichwasthenreducedtocommonalb.n>nt
>tphoneticmutation.(seealb.numbers)
originallyconservativestillinOldChurchSlavicdn,Gen.dne`day';OldIndiandna-m(esp.in
compounds`day',lat.nundinae`themarket-dayheldduringeveryninthday',
maybealb.(*dna)dita`day':OldIndiandna-m(esp.incompounds`day'[commonalb.n>nt>t
phoneticmutation]
air.denusàperiodoftime',trdenus`threedays'time,threedays';alb.gdhinj`makeday'from
*-dini;
maybealb.gdhinj`thedaybreaks'isacompoundofzerograde*egoÌ'+dnaÌmaketheday'.
zerogradelit.dien,lett.dena,OldPrussianAkk.f.deinan`day'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI432f.,
BgaKalbair.S.227f.);got.sinteins`daily,perpetual,everlasting';perhapshereahd.len(gi)zin
`springtime'from*langat-tinas`havinglongdays'.
Kretschmerleadsbacktogr.T-`sonsofZeus',etr.Tin,Tinia`Juppiter'ofapre-GreekTin`Diespiter(Zeusfather)',respectivelyital.*Dinus(idg.*din-`day,sky,heaven')(Gl.13,111;14,303
ff.,19,207;s.alsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I65);buttheolderformis!
r- extensiondi-ro- , d-ro- in:

germ.*tra-(*di-ro-)and*tra-(*dro-)inahd.zri,ziari`precious,lovely,delightful,nice,superb,
pretty,splendid,beautiful',ziar`beauty,ornament,adornment',ziarnàdorn,embellish',mnd.tr
`lustre,shine,fame,prospering;flourishing,goodconstitution',treandtre`habit,kindandway',ags.
as.tr`honour,fame',anord.trrds.;norw.dial.tràlertness,lookout,peering,light,lustre,shine',tra
`peek,sparkle,glitter';
inadditionlit.dyrti,droti`gawk,lurk',dairtis,lett.dartis`stareabout',OldPrussianendyrtwei
(underlikewise,seeBgaKalbair.s.227f.,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI432f.)`watch,see'(butbulg.
d`search,seek'absents,s.Berneker201);
toch.Atiri`kindandway'.
Abouthitt.iwat-`day',iwanni-`god'(from*diu-),hierogl.-hitt.tina-`god',ijriàppears'(*di-)
s.PedersenHitt.57,175f.
ToOldIndiandvyati`plays,shows,throwsdice'(supposedly`throwstheeye')comparewithother
ablautdytm`dicegame',furtherdvanam`thegame,dicegame',andabovedytate`shines',
dyuti`lustre,shine',dyumnt-`bright,light'.Whetherherealsoav.-dvyeinti`bestironeself,strive
for'as`whereuponitissplitapart'compareWackernagel,Berl.Sbb.1918,396f.
Thefactthatourrootas`vibratinglight'originallyonehasbeenfromdei- `hurry,whirl',seems
conceivable.
Note
Note:
Alb.cognate(*tiwali)diel`sun'correspondstoLuvian:tiwali(ya)-òftheSun-(god)'andHitt.diu
`(sun)god'.
Hitt.diu`(sun)god',LuvianDiwata-`Sun-god'Attestations:[VSg]Di-wa-ta:KBoXXII137iii8.
Commentary:HittitizedversionofLuvianDTiwat-;tiwali(ya)-òftheSun-(god)'Attestations:[VSg]tiwa-a-li-ya:45ii18,ti-wa-li-ya:48ii11;XV35i21;KBoVIII69,5.
Commentary:AsperStarke,StBoT31.147,iyo-adj.toTiwat-with-l-for-d-.Seealsotiwari(ya)-.
Luvian:tiwari(ya)-òftheSun-(god)'Attestations:[N-APlNt]ti-wa-ri-ya:KBoII3iii40.
Commentary:AsperPopko,KZ97.228f,andStarke,StBoT31.147,iyo-adj.toTiwat-with-r-for-d-.
LuvianDTiwat-`Sun-god'Attestations:[N/VSg](D)Ti-wa-az:68,16;91,8,DUTU-wa-az:107iii8;KBo
XXIX25ii6*,DUTU-wa-za:78,9;48ii19;107ii12,DUTU-az:127,9();133ii13;IX31ii30;KBo
XXIX40,6;HT1ii6,DUTU-za:45ii25.26;74,9,[VSg]ti-wa-ta():19,12(bis);XXXII70,6(),ti-u-wata():KBoVII68iii3,[ASg]DUTU-an:KBoIX143iii(!)10,[DSg]DUTU-ti-i:107iii10,DUTU-ti:36,6;
KBoXXII254Vo7,[GenAdj][NSgC]DTi-wa-d[a-a-i-i]:108,5,[DSg]DUTU-a-an-za-a[n]:90,7
(sic!).
Commentary:OnthelastexampleseeMelchert,GsCarter.Cf.also107iii11andXXXII13,11*.The
assignmentofthetiwataformshereistentative.Cf.thesolutionofStarke,StBoT31.149!
Note
Note:
TheskygodoriginatedinAnatoliawherehehadthreeeyeswhichsignifiedthesun,themoonand
Jupiter.Ancientpeopledidn'tmakeacleardistinctionbetweenthebrightestplanetsandthesun.
Actuallythemoonwasasungoddess.Hergenderwasdeterminedbymooncyclesidenticalwith
women'smenstrualcycles.TheoldestcognatesfortheskygodarefoundinAnatolianlanguagesand
Albanian.ThosetonguesmakenodistinctionbetweenJupiterandthesun.AncientIndoEuropeans
believedthattherewereseveralsunsnotjustone.Asthebrightestcelestialbodyatnightsky,Jupiter
wasidentifiedastheaspectofthesunatnight-orjustanothersun.Becauseoftheirextremeluster
JupiterandoftenMarswereallconsideredminorsungods.Thisisthereasonwhythebrightest
planetbecameknowninillyr.-`fathergod'.ProbablyAnatolianlanguagesborrowedthe
sungodcognatefromSumerianUtu
Utu`sungod'.
References:
References:WP.I772f.,WH.I345f.,347,349f.,355,357f.,727,732,860,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
576f.
Page(s):
Page(s):183-187
Root/lemma: dei -2 (di - ,di - ,d- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswing,move
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichschwingen,herumwirbeln(balt.andpartlygriech.);eilen,nacheilen,
streben'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandyati`flies,hovers';gr.m.`whirl,whirlpool;roundvessel,roundthreshing
floor',(Hom.),ol.(compare,HoffmannGr.D.II484)`whirl,whirlpool',
,,ol.`spininwhirlorcircle,swing,brandish';intr.`turnmebydancingincircles';
pass.`roamaround,reelaround,roll(theeyes)whirl(fromriver),spindancingaround',ol.
`thresh';hom.`flee',`chaseaway'(withostentatiousdistributiontheintr.andtr.
meaninginactiveandMedium),hom.`tohurry',`flee',`rush',()
`fleeting'(after,:tothematicanalogicalinsteadof*neologism),
`pursue'(contaminatedfromFand,MeilletMSL.23,50f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I702);
hom.(Fut.hom.)`strivefor,betroubledabout,search,seek',nachhom.also
ìnvestigate'(*--),nexttowhichdueto*--att.`strivefor,letmebeconcernedwith';
herewithoriginally*di-:`storm,violentmovement,particularlyofthesea',`whirlpool,
violentmovementofwater'
compareaboutgr.wordscontainingtheSchwyzerGr.Or.I330,833.
Air.dan`quick,fast',dne`quickness';lett.deju,dit`dance',dedelt`goidly'.Aboutlit.dain`folk
song'(todej`lamentation')compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI432withLit.
Quitedoubtfulcymr.dig`mad,wicked,evil',russ.dkij`wild',lit.dkas`minxish,wanton,bratty,
unengaged,leisured,unemployed,idle,lazy',lett.dks`freeofwork',OldChurchSlavicdivj`wild'
(Berneker203f.,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI478,Trautmann54).
Notheregr.`reed'(newion.andoccasionaldor.metr.lengtheningSchulze
Qunderep.205,Boisacq196),`shake',`roveaboutinthesea'andlett.duonis,dui
`reed,bulrushes'.
References:
References:WP.I774ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):187
Root/lemma: dek - 1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totake,*offerasacrifice,observeacustom
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nehmen,aufnehmen',daher`begren,Ehreerweisen'.Austhemeaning
ànnehmen,gernaufnehmen'flietdiemeaning`gutpassend,geeignet,sichschicken,ziemen,es
jemandemrechtmachen;asunannehmbardarstellen,etwaseinemgutshining,seemingmachen,
lehren,lernen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandaasyti`proveshonour,veneratesagod,isgracious'(Denomin.of*daas-=
lat.decus),daf.`state,status,fate,destiny';av.dasmn.`property,belongingspiece';OldIndian
Desiderat.dkatìsconsecrated',dk`consecration'(*di-dk-s-withsecondary),dkatiìs
proficient,makesitright,iscompliant',dka-`proficient,skilful'(butav.dax-ìnstruct,teach,
instruct',npers.dax`business,toil'stayawaybecauseoftheGutturals),lengthenedgradeOld
Indiandnti,di,datiòfferasacrifice,give,proveshonour,grants',dvs-`honoringthe
Gods,godly,pious';av.dta-`receive,obtains,attains'(participle);
afterFriskEtymaArmen.25f.herearm.ncay`gift'from*nd-tisti-(urarm.-tis-from*dk-);
whethertesanemÌbehold'(compareunder);differentMeilletEsquisse135;
gr.(ion.ol.kret.)`takein,accept',att.,athemat.hom.3.Pl.(after*,
Infin.),Aor.,participle,compareHes.(insteadof
);ispreservedin`[absorption]beam',Hes.(outofitlat.dogaàsortofvessel
(perhapsameasure)'),Hes.,`tocaptivate,fascinate,beimpressive',
-`thetakeofpresents',(participleAor.)`watercontainer,watercarrier',`distinguished'(metr.lengthening);nasalpresent*v(:OldIndiandnti)in
participle`renderinghomage,honoring,greeting',to`togreet';intensive
ds.,-`greet'(for*-()-afterthepresentauf-);-couldbe
read-(idg.),-also-,and-couldbemetr.lengtheningfor-(SchwyzerGrGr.I
648,697);causative(=lat.doce`toteach,instruct(withacc.ofpersonorthing);withclause,
toinformthatorhow;'docerefabulam',toteachaplaytotheactors,tobringout,exhibit',ìt
seemstome'(ìssuitabletome');f.òpinion,fame'(*-),n.`decision',
`respectable,approved';`tosee,discern,perceive,observe;tothink,suppose,imagine,
expect',-ànticipate,expect';aboutseeunderdens-1 .
Maybealb.geg.doke`custom,ritual,tradition(observed)',(*deuk-)dukemàppear,seem'.
Alb.showsthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dek - 1 :
:`totake'derivedthenasalizedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:tong-1
(*teng- )::`tothink,feel'.
alb.ndieh`tofeel'(*dek-sk-);ndesh`find,encounter'probablyslav.Lw.S.underds-;
lat.decet,-reìtisproper,itisfitting(physicallyormorally)',decus,-orisn.`distinction,honor,glory,
grace;moraldignity,virtue;ofpersons,pride,glory',dignus`worthy,deserving;esp.ofpersons,
usuallywithabl.orgenit.ofthings,worthhaving,deserved,suitable,fitting'(from*dec-nos,eigentl.
àdornedwith');umbr.ticitdecet`(seeinadditionEM.257);causativedoce,-reìnstruct'(`lets
acceptsomething');disc,-ere,didci`tolearn,gettoknow;'discerefidibus',tolearntoplayonthe
lyre;ingen.,toreceiveinformation,findout;tobecomeacquaintedwith,learntorecognize'(from*dielk-sk);
air.dech`thebest'(=lat.decus);alsoinPNEchuid(*ekvodeks),Gen.Echdach,Luguid,Gen.
Luigdech(urir.Lugu-deccaswithcc=k),whetherdoesnotstandforeforolderi;thentodeik-`point',
inthemeaningòrder'.
Perhapsheregerm.*tehuninags.teohhian,tiohhian`mean,decide,define,ordain,determine',
teohh,tiohh`troop,multitude,crowd,groupofpeople',ton(*tehn)`decide,define,ordain,
determine',ahd.gizehn`bringinorder',mhd.zecheàlignment,guild,brotherhood,colliery,
association',nhd.Zeche,mhd.zesem(*teksma-)ùninterruptedrow',whereforeperhapswith
lengthenedgrade(*t-u)got.twaòrder',gatwjan`dispose';s.abovealsounderdeu - `move
spatiallyforward'.
DoubtfulOldChurchSlavicde,desiti`find',skr.dsmdsiti`meet',refl.`meetsomebody',ech.
po-desitiandu-desiti`catchup,catch';changingthroughablautruss.-ChurchSlavicdositi`find,
meet';s.alsounderds- .
Toch.Atk-àdjudicate,decide,determine';dubiousAtskm(*tkskm)`similar',Van
WindekensLexique137;PisaniR.R.1st.Lomb.76,2,30.
Fores-stemOldIndiandaas(yti),lat.decusthewordsstandfor`right'(SpechtKZ.62,218).
dek s - withvariantsuffixes:
OldIndiandkia-,dakia-òntheright,tothesouth,skilful',av.daina-`right',lit.dinasds.,
dein`therighthand',OldChurchSlavicdesn`right';gr.=lat.dexter,-tra,-trum
(compoundsdexterior,Superl.dextimus),osk.destrst(abbreviatedfrom*destrust)ìtisontheright',
umbr.destrameòntherightside';gr.`right,heraldingluck,skilful,adroit'(from-with
formants-Fo-,comparegall.Dexsivadea);(thesuffix-uo-probablyafter*laiuos,skaiuos`links')
air.dessòntheright,tothesouth',cymr.deheu(*deksovo-)ds.,got.tahswa,ahd.zeso`right',got.
tahsw-ahd.zes(a)wa`therighthand';alb.djatht`right'(thatfromG.MeyeridenticalwithitChurch
Slavicdestisprobablycorruptionfordesn,s.Berneker187).
Note
Note:
TheetymologyofG.Meyerseemserroneousbecauseofthecommonalb.-k->-th-phonetic
mutationsimilaraslat.dexter,-tra,-trumisasuffixedformofoldPIERoot/lemma:
:`to
take'.The-ter,-trasuffixhasbeenattestedinav.illyr.alb.andlat.Hencebefore-tra,-tersuffixthe-kbecomesusually-ks-inalltheabovementionedlanguages.Hencealb.(*dek-)djath-t`right'evolved
fromthecommonalb.-k->-th-phoneticmutationlikeinalb.(mag-)math`big'while-tisthe
commonalb.suffixasinalb.maj-t`left'fromlat.male`badly,ill,wrongly,wickedly,unfortunately,
extremely'.
References:
References:WP.I782f.,WH.I330f.,346f,,Trautmann53,54,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I648,678,684,
697,WistrandInstrumentalis14ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):189-191
Root/lemma: dek - 2 (:dok - ,dk - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reien,zerreien,zerfassern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandas`protrudingsheetfilamentsattheendoffabric,fringes';ir.dal`lock,curl
ofhair'(*doklo-);got.tagln.`singlehair',anord.tagln.`thehairinthehorse'stail',ags.tgl(engl.tail)
m.`tail',ahd.zagel`tail,sting,prick,malemember,rod';
got.tahjan`rend,pull,tear,tug',distahjan`scatter',isl.teja,ta`teasels',norw.dial.tja(*tahjan)
andtaa(*tahn)`fray,tear';
anord.tg,Pl.tgerandtgarf.`fibre,filament',mhd.zch,zhef.`wick,slowmatch(wick)';in
othermeaning(`tugging-lugging,pullingout')norw.mdartl.taag`slowandenduring',
maybealb.tegel`sewing'
mnd.tge,ostfries.tge`stringy,tenacious'andahd.zag`hesitating,undecided,shy,timid'
whereforezagn`bedesperateandundecided';
perhapshereas`fromwhichonetearshimself'or`ragged,rimosepiece',mhd.zackem.f.,nhd.
Zacke,mengl.takke`fibula,clasp,alargenail',engl.tack`peg,smallnail',withotherfinalsound
tagg,taggem.`juttingcusp,peak,prong,spike';orbelongsZacketolett.dgums`nose,shoepoint'
Maybealb.tak`shoeheel(spike)'
perhapshereasìnwhichonetearshimself'or`ragged,crackedpiece',mhd.zackem.f.,nhd.
Zacke,mengl.takke`fibula',engl.tack`pencil,smallnail',withotherfinalsoundtagg,taggem.
èxcellentpoint,point';orZacketolett.degumshear`nose,shoepoint'
References:
References:WP.I785.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsounderdenk - .
Page(s):
Page(s):191
Root/lemma: dek m ,dek m - t ,dek u - (*du e -k m - t )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ten
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zehn'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dek m ,dek m - t ,dek u - (*du e -k m - t )::`ten'isanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du (u)
(*du e i- )::`two'.Thesubsequentroots*u -k m t - :
:`twenty'andk m t m `hundred'aremutatedforms
oftheroot*du e -k m - t :
:`ten'.Theybothreflectthecommonillyr.-baltd->zerophoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:OldIndianda,av.dasa;arm.tasn(afterMeilletEsquisse42from*dek-,asruss.
(tri)dcat`30'from(tri-)dseti),gr.,lat.decem(dn`perten'from*deknoi;PNDecius=osk.
Dekis,Gen.Dekkieis),osk.deketasi,Nom.Pl.degetasis`managerofthetithes'(*deken-tsio-),
umbr.desen-(duf)`twelve',air.deich,cymr.deg,corn.bret.dek,got.tahun(-nasinsibun,niun),an.
tiu,ags.tien,tyn,as.tehan,ahd.zehan(aprobablyfromdencompounds,BrugmannII2,18),
toch.Ak,Bak;finn.deksan`10'isafterJoklPr.ling.BaudouindeCourtenay104borrowsfrom
Idg.).
Inthesubstantivenumberdek m - t(i) , eigentl.`decade',goback:
OldIndiandaat-,daati-f.`decade',alb.djet,gr.,-(tos.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I498,597),
got.tihun-thund`hundred'(actually`tendecades'),anord.tiundf.ds.,apreu.dessmpts`ten',lit.
dimt,olddimtis,lett.olddesimt,metath.desmit,olddesmits(comparedesmitem.f.`ten');Old
ChurchSlavicdest(conservativestemin-t,MeilletSlavecomm.2428);
dek u - probablyinlat.decuriaàbodyoftenmen;aclass,division,esp.ofjurors;aparty,club'(out
ofitborrowsnhd.Decher..`tenpieces';latelat.*teguriaisassumedthroughschweiz.Ziger`ten
poundsofmilk';probablyidenticalwithmhd.ziger`curd')=umbr.dequrier,tekuries`decuries,feastof
decuries';compareosk.-umbr.dekvia-inosk.(va)Dekkviarim`(away)appropriatetoadecury',
umbr.tekviasàwaytoadecury';inadditionprobablygerm.*tigu-`decade'ingot.fidwor-tigjus`40',
aisl.fjrer-tiger,ags.fower-tig,ahd.fiorzugds.OlderexplanationsbyWH.I327f.andFeist150.
seealsounderundercenturiaunderKluge11underDecher.
Maybealb.tekòddnumber'
Changingthroughablaut((d ) k m t - (Dual),(d)k m t- (Plur.)infiguresoften(onlyformationsupto50
areprovableasidg.),e.g.OldIndiantrit`30',av.riss,arm.ere-sun,gr.(from*;furtherdetailsbySchwyzerGr.Gr.I592),lat.tri-gint(withunexplainedg),gallo-lat.Abl.Pl.
TRICONTIS,air.trcho(withaftertr`3'),bret.tregont(*trikomtes),acymr.trimuceint(intheending
afteruceint`20');s.alsounderu-kmt`20'.
ordinalsdek e mo-s anddek m - to-s:
dek e mo-s inOldIndiandaam-,av.dasma-,osset.dsm;lat.decimus,therefromdecumnus

òfthetenth.(1)relatingtotheprovincialtaxofatenth;m.assubst.thefarmerofsuchatax.(2)
belongingtothetenthlegion;m.pl.assubst.itsmembers.(3)belongingtothetenthcohort',later
`considerable',osk.Dekm-annis`*Decumaniis`,comparealsoENDecumius,outofitentl.etr.
tecumnal,latinizedbackDecumenus;gall.decametos,air.dechmad,mcymr.decvet,corn.degves.
dek m - to-s ingr.(seealsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I595);got.tahunda,anord.tunda,ahd.

zehanto,zehendo,ags.teogea;apreu.dessmts,lit.deimtas,lett.desmitais,olderdesimtai;Old
ChurchSlavicdest;toch.Aknt,Bkante,kace(linguisticsinglesarm.tasn-erord,alb.idhjet);
Note:
Anatolianlanguagesshowapatternsimilartoalb.SoLycianaitta(*okt(u)ta)èight':alb.teta
èight';Lycianutta`nine':alb.nanda`nine'.Thereforealb.shtata`seven'derivedfroma
truncated*sa(p)tata`seven'laterOldIndiansapttha,av.haptaa-,as.sivotho,ags.seofoa,lit.
septitas;alsoOldIndiansaptat-,av.haptiti-70;inalb.-ta,-tareattributeendingsthatwere
solidifiedinAnatolianandIndiccognates.Theattributeta(usedinthegenitiveandadjectives)is
uniquetoalb.languagealone.
Thereforealb.tetaèight'isazerogradeofLycianaitta(*okt(u)ta)èight'.Itwasinitiallyanordinal
numberusedasanattribute[comparelat.octugint`80'].
Alb.tosk.nanta,geg.nanda`nine'derivedfromLycianutta`nine'.
Alb.gjashta(seks-ta)`six'[commonalb.s->gj-phoneticmutation]:OldIndian`six',ah`sixth'wasinitiallyanordinalnumber.
Hencealb.die-ta`ten'derivedfromaprotoRomancecognate*die+commonalb.-tasuffixusedin
attributenouns;similarlyin:Portuguese
Portuguesedez,Galiciandez,Spanish
Spanishdiez,Ladinodies,Asturian
diez,Aragonesediez,Auvergnatdi,Limosindie,RumantschGrischundiesch,Sursilvandiesch,
Valladerdesch,Ladindesc,Italian
Italiandieci,Venetiandieseetc.
Herek m t m `hundred'from*(d)km t m `(ten)dekades':
OldIndianatm,av.satm(outofitfinn.sata,krimgot.sada);
gr.,ark.(fromdissimil.*smkmtomàhundred'compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I592f.),
abbreviated*in*-etc(in,400',`fourhundred');
Note:
Gr.(*hekaton)<*(d)km t m `(ten)dekades'iscrucialtocrucialfortracingthecauseofold
laryngealappearanceinIE.Hencelaryngealswerecreatedafterthelossofinitlald-inIE.Gr.and
Anatoliantonguesreflectthecommonillyr.-baltd->zerophoneticmutation.
lat.centum(inadditionducentum,ducent`200',compareOldIndiandvi-atamfrom*dui-kmtm;
trecent`300',quadringent`400',etc;centsimus`thehundredth'aftervcsimus,trcsimus
from*uei-,*tr-kmt-temo-s);
air.ct,cymr.cant,bret.kant,corn.cans;
got.as.ags.hund,ahd.hund`100'(incompoundsfrom200),butan.hund-ra(togot.raian`count')
`120pieces(10dozens)'(`120'),outofitags.hundred;mhd.nhd.hundertfromas.hunderod;
lit.imtas,lett.smts;
OldChurchSlavicetcstoisbarelyiran.Lw.(MeilletSlavecommun.263);
toch.Aknt,Bknte.
Alb.geg.d,tosk.di`two'hencealb.(*hnt)alb.nj-qindòne-hundred'[commonalb.>iphonetic
mutation],hencealb.displayscentumcharacteristicswhilerum.sutàhundred'displaysthesatem
natureofrum.
Inadditionar - derivativeinlat.centuriaf.àdivisionof100;acompanyofsoldiers;acentury,apart
oftheRomanpeople,asdividedbyServiusTullius'(asdecuria),an.hundari,ahd.huntarin.à
divisionof100,administrativedistrict',abg.storicads.,lit.imteripas`characterizedbyahundred',
imtr-gis`hundred-year-old'.
References:
References:WP.I785f.,WH.I200f.,327ff.,859,Feist150,471f.,Trautmann53,305.
Page(s):
Page(s):191-192
Root/lemma: del-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputby;tocount,tell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zielen,berechnen,nachstellen',also`listigschdigen'and`zhlen,erzhlen'
Material:
Material:Perhapsarm.to`line,row',toem`lineup';
gr.àrtifice,bait',òutwit,circumvent',`smalldaggeroftheassassinator'(about
`sprit'seeunderdel-3 );
fromGr.havebeenborrowedlat.dolusàdevice,artifice;fraud,deceit,guile;atrapartifice,
deception',dolàpike,sword-stick,asmallforesail',osk.Akk.dolom,Abl.doludàdevice,artifice;
fraud,deceit,guile;atrap';
maybealb.(*tl)tall`tease,trick':anord.tlf.`deceit,guilefulness'.
anord.taln.`bill,account,invoice,calculus,reckoning,calculation,number,speech'(ags.tln.
`calculation,row',gital`number'),therefroman.telja`recount,narrate,relate',ags.tellan,ahd.zellen
(Fem.anord.tola`speech,number,bill,account,invoice,calculus,reckoning,calculation'),ags.talu
`narration,row',ahd.zala`number,report,account'(therefroman.tala`talk',ags.talian`reckon,
consider,think,tell',ahd.zaln`calculate,count,pay');g-extensioninengl.talk`talk';froms-stem
*talaz-n.:got.talzianìnstruct',untalsìndocile,disobedient',inadditionags.getl`rash,hasty,
quick,fast',as.gitalahd.gizal`quick,fast';withtheindolusàdevice,artifice;fraud,deceit,guile;a
trap'presentcoloringofmeaninglengthenedgradeanord.tlf.`deceit,guilefulness',ags.tlf.
`reprimand,slander,derision',ahd.zla`pestering,temptation;snare,danger',zln`tearaway,rob';
zerogradeags.tyllanàllure,entice'(*dln-).
Originalresemblancewithdel-`split'isdoubtful;perhapsfromthehatchetbeingaimedatthewoodto
besplitorfromthetechniqueofrunes(numbermarksasincision)
About*dil-ingot.ga-tils`fitting',etc,seeunderad-2 ;probablybarelyfromofanadditionalform
*dail-here.Anassociationwith*del-Perssonattemptedrootextension115,PedersenKZ.39,372,
whilethey,derivingfromd-,di-`divide',*del-and*dail-,d-l-graspedasparallelextensions.
References:
References:WP.I808f.
Page(s):
Page(s):193
Root/lemma: del-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wackeln,schwanken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandulf.`thewavering',withsecondarylengthenedgrade:dlayat`swings,
sways',-ti`swings,whirlsup',dlita-`fluctuating,movesbyoscillating';lit.delsti`tarry,hesitate',
dulintiàmble,bum';
withd - extensiondoubtful()OldIndiandui-f.àsmallturtle,tortoise'(`waddling'),ratherags.tealt
`doubtful,uncertain,wavering',tealt(r)ian`waver,wobble,sway,bedoubtful,uncertain',engl.tilt
ìncline',mndl.touteren`waver,wobble,sway,swing',norw.mdartl.tylta`treadquietly,likeontoes',
schwed.tulta`walkwithsmall,insecuresteps,likechildren';
witht - extensionahd.zeltri,mhd.zelter,md.zelder`pacesetter,goingonatrot,trotting',nhd.Zelter,
anord.tjaldarids.(influenceoflat.toltrius`pacesetter,goingonatrot,trotting';compareisl.tlta
`marchinstep,matchintempo'from*talutn;therelationshiptothatmentionedbyPliniusspan.
wordsthieldones`pacesetter,goingonatrot,trotting'isunclear),anord.tjaldr`Haematopus
ostralegus,Eurasianoystercatcher'(`thetrudger');butratherwith-ll-from-ln-anord.tolla`hang
loose',tyllast`toddle,walkontiptoe;trip'.compareFalk-Torpunderkjeld,tulle.
Maybealb.tul`bonelessmeat,pulp,legmeat(alsomeathanginglose)'
References:
References:WP.I.809.
Page(s):
Page(s):193-194
Root/lemma: del-3 (dol- ),delEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosplit,divide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spalten,schnitzen,kunstvollbehauen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandlyati`splits,makesbreak,crack',dlati`cracks'(meaninginfluencedby
phlati`brokenintwo',GntertReimw.48),dalit-`split,pullapart,blossomed,flourished',
dalamn.`deal,portion,piece,half,leaf',dalf.`clodofearth';butPrakr.l,-`bough',probably
alsoda-,-m`stick,bludgeon,beating,punishment'areafterKuiperProto-Munda65,75notidg.;
arm.probablytaìmprinting,impression,mark,token,sign,stave',taem`stamps,brands'
(ScheftelowitzBB.29,27;*del-);
gr.,`wroughtartificially',Intens.-`workskillfully,decorate'(dissimil.
from*--,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I647);(changingthroughablautkypr.)`(*writing
board)awriting-tablet'(`woodfissure,smoothlyslammedwoodboard',s.Boisacq174m.Lit.andto
meaningesp.SchulzeKZ.45,235;comparetotheformundernhd.tent);perhapshere`sprit,
smallsail'(outofitlat.dolm.àpike,sword-stick;asmallforesail');quitedoubtfulwhereas-,`cakesoftheflourofroastedbarley'--as`crushed,coarsely
ground'(=`*split'Prellwitz2104between);lengthenedgrade`destroy,smash,damage'
(nottolat.dle`toblotout,efface;ingen.,todestroy,annihilate');reducedgradeion.
ànnihilated',-`disturbedsenses'Aisch.;el.-withel.from(seeBoisacq
182;againstitWackernagelGl.14,51);withthemeaningchange`(theheart)tear,maltreat,cause
pain'gr.Hes.(*deli),(.,
);comparealsolett.dlt`torment,smite,agonize'andlat.dole`tosufferpain,physicalor
mental,tobepained,togrieve;ofthings,tocausepain',dolor`pain,physicalormental;esp.
disappointment,resentment.Transf.,causeofsorrow;rhet.,pathos';
alb.dalloj`separate,distinguish,divide',djal`kid,child,offspring(*offshoot)'(*delno-;comparemir.
del`rod');
lat.dol,-re`tohewwithanaxe,toworkroughly',dolbraàpick-axe,mattock,hoe',lengthened
gradedliumàwine-jar,cask,barrel,vat'(asprotoslav.*dly`barrel,vat,cask'seeunder);dole,
dolorseeabove(butdleisbecauseofPerf.dlviprobablynewformationfromdlvi`has
erased,effaced,obliterated,blottedout');
air.delbf.`shape,form',acymr.delu,ncymr.delwìmage,figure,effigy',corn.del,aswithcausative
ablautair.dolb(a)id`shaped',doilbthidàworkerinclay,potter'(tokelt.*delu,*dolu-,comparestemslav.dly);perhapsair.fo-dlim`discern,separate,exclude'(etc,s.PedersenKG.II502f.),
acorn.didaul`havingnopartin,notsharingin;wantingin,destituteof'(compareOldIndianandbalt.slav,wordsfor`deal,portion'),perhapsair.fo-dlim`discerno,sejungo'(etc.,seePedersenKG.II502
f.),acorn.didaulèxpers'(compareOldIndianandbalt.-slav,wordsfor`part'),cymr.gwa-ddolà
portionordowry'aso-formsbesides(justaswellbutas*dl-correlateto*d(i)-`divide');
probablymir.del`staff,rod'(as`splitpiecewood'),corn.deleàntenna'(ortoidg.*dhl-,
whosecertainattachmentsindeedpointonlya-vocalism;withmeaning-transferalb.djal`kid,child,
youth,youngling'seebelowdhl-);
mnd.tol,tolle`pointoftwig,branch',holl.tol`spinningtop'(`*peg,plug'),mhd.zol(l)m.,zollef.
`cylindricbitofwood,clot,chunk,block,toggle',zolasmeasurementoflengthìnch',s-zolleìcicle',
anorw.horntylla`yoke,woodpiececonnectingthehornsoftwooxengoinginthebottomplate'(*dln-);butmhd.zulle,zlle,nhd.Zlle`riverboat,barge'isprobablyinspiteofPerssonBeitr.174not
genuinegerm.,butLw.fromdemSlav.,s.Kluge11underZlle`riverboat,barge';otherformations
holl.tolk`stick,rod,chopstick',schwed.tolk`wedge',mhd.zolch`clot,chunk,block,(*blockhead),
lubber'(whetheranord.tlknn.`gilloffish'as`thesplit'Falk-Torpundertkn);with-dndd.talter
`rag,scrap,shred'(HolthausenAfneuereSpr.121,292);
witht-suffixgerm.*telda-`*stretchedtentpole'(:gr.)inanord.tiald`curtain,cover,rug,tent',
ags.teldn.`tent',ahd.nhd.zelt,actually`stretchedcover';inadditionahd.zelto,nhd.Zelten,
Zeltkuchen;orbetteras`shredded,ground'(seeabove)totoch.Btselt-,tslt-`chew';from
Germ.LidnaaO.stillranksaschwed.tialdra,tildra`cairn'in(*telrn-or-rn`*shaft,pole,peg,
plugasasaboundarymarker');
lit.dyl,dlti(delu,dilti),lett.dlu,dilstu,dilt`wearout,polish'(from`*toplane'),dlt`wearout,
torment,smite';lit.ps-dylis(mnuo)`mooninthelastquarter',deli`decreasingmoon',causative
lett.dldt`wearout,liquidate,ruboff,destroy',diluot`skive,abrade,polish';
outofitderivedtheconceptofsmoothnessjustifiedprobablythetransferencethereoflit.dlna(by
Juszkiewiczalsodna),lett.delnaìnnerflathand',OldChurchSlavicdlan`palm',russ.olddolon,
nowadaysreconvertedladn`palm;flatplaceonthethreshingfloor,threshingfloor'(Berneker208,
Trautmann51,differentMhlenbach-EndzelinI454);
lit.dals,ostlit.dali`deal,portion,inheritance;alms'(=OldIndiandal-`clodofearth'),dalij,dalti
`divide',lett.dalà`deal,portion,lot',dalt`divide',OldPrussiandellieis`divide,share!',dellks`deal,
portion'(efroma,TrautmannOldPrussian100),russ.(etc)dlja`deal,portion,lot'(inadditionOld
ChurchSlavicodolti`defeat,conquer'=`*have,obtainthebestpart',Berneker206).compare
Mhlenbach-EndzelinI435.
DoubtfulOldChurchSlavicdl`deal,portion':eitheras*dlo-shere,orratherwithidg.aias*dai-lotorootd(i)-`divide';aboutgot.dails,nhd.Teilseeaboveunderd-,di-.
Protoslav.-stem*dly,Gen.*dlve(:air.delbfrom*delu)inruss.-ChurchSlavicdelvi(*dlvi)
Lok.Sg.,N.Pl.`barrel,vat,cask',mbulg.dli(*dly),Lok.Sg.dlvi`barrel,vat,cask',nbulg.delva
(*dlva)`bigclayvesselwithtwohandles';
toch.Atlo,Btallwoùnlucky',VanWindekensLexique136();ratherBtsalt-,tslt-`chew',
PedersenToch.Sprachg.18f.
extensiondel-gh-, dl-egh-;dolgho- etc`sickle,blade'.
Indo-iran.*dargha-(dolgho- )isassumedthroughmordvin.Lw.tarvas`sickle';comparepamirdial.
lrgds.;
air.dlongid`hesplits',dluige(*dlogio-)`thefissured',mir.dluigim`split';
anord.telgja`hew,cutout',talga`thecutting,carving',talgo-knfr`sliceknife',alsoanord.tjalga`thin
twig,branch,longarm',ags.telgam.`twig,branch,bough',telgorm.f.,telgram.`twig,branch,scion',
mhd.zelge,zelch`bough,twig,branch',ahd.zuelga`twig,branch'(whosezw-probablypreviouslyis
takenoverfromzwig);
aboutlit.dalgis,Gen.-iom.,lett.dalgs,OldPrussiandoalgis`scythe'seeunderdhelg-;
dolgh inserb.dlaga`boardforthesplintofbrokenbones',poln.mdartl.doka`flooringfrom
planks',ech.dlha(dlaha)`board,splint,baseoftheground',dliti(dlaiti),dlditi`pave,hitthe
screed'(Berneker207).
Asfor*del-`whereuponitissplitapart'isalsoforthatwithitperhapsoriginallyresemble*del-`split'
giventhepossibility,thatdel-isanextensionfromd[i]-`divide,share'.
References:
References:WP.I809ff.,WH.364ff.,LidnKZ.56,216ff.,PedersenToch.Sprachg.18f.
Page(s):
Page(s):194-196
Root/lemma: del-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trpfeln'
Material:
Material:Arm.te`heavyrain',team,-em,-um`torain,shower,sprinkle,irrigate',tim(*teim),
Gen.tmoi;
mir.deltm.`dew';alsoFlN;bret.delt`humid,wet,moist';
germ.*dol-k-or*dol-gho-indan.schwed.norw.talg`tallow,suet',ags.*tealg,mengl.talgh,engl.
tallow,nnl.talk,nhd.Talg(fromNdd.);ablaut.anord.tolgr(*tl-k-)ds.
Note:
mir.deltm.`dew';bret.delt`humid,wet,moist'displayalb.-illyr-k>-th,-tsubsequentphonetic
mutations.
References:
References:PeterssonHeterokl.198f.,differentKluge11under`tallow,suet'.
Page(s):
Page(s):196
Root/lemma: del-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:long
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lang',verbalìndieLngeziehen'
Note:
Note:toputawaymoreconfidentlyonlyforSlav.,butprobablythebasisforthewidespread
extensiondelgh- and(d)longho- (seefinallyPerssonBeitr.889,903Anm.1)
Material:
Material:Perhapshereanord.talma`hinder',mnd.talmen`loiter,beslowintalkingandatwork,
stupidtalk',norw.mdartl.tla`hesitate,wait,holdon',tle`rogue,fool'(PerssonBeitr.889);
OldChurchSlavicpro-dliti`',russ.dlit`protract,hesitate',dlinf.`length',ech.dlef.
`length',dlti`hesitate',etc(Berneker252);perhapsvdalj`far,aloof'(MeilletMSL.14,373;
Berneker177besidesothersupplements).
delgh- , dgh-:
zerogradeOldIndiandrgh-=av.darga-,dara-,Oldpers.darga-`long',zerogradecompounds
Superl.drghyas-,drghiha-`longer,foralongtime',av.drjyAdv.`further',drjitmAdv.
`longest',npers.dirz(actuallycomparative)`long',OldIndiandrghimn-,drghmn-m.`length,
duration',av.drjn.`stretch,length';
gr.`continuous,persistent,enduring'(`*dragout'),`continue',`long'(toi
s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I278,differentSpechtDekl.126),`thelongracecourse';
aboutalb.glatetcseeunder;
Note:
Clearlyalb.(*da-lu-ga-a-ti)glat`long'derivedfromhitt.da-lu-ga-a-ti(dalugasti)n.`length':Old
ChurchSlavicdlgota`length'(=OldIndiandrghat):protoslav..*dlgost,poln.dugoetcds.
Alb.andbalt.formsagreeindroppingtheinitiald->zero,whichmeansthatbalt.cognatesoriginated
fromprotoillyr.:
Alb.(*da-lu-ga-a-ti)glat`long,tall,high':lit.lgas,f.ilg,lett.ilgs,OldPrussianilgaandilgiAdv.
`long';alb.istheonlyIElang.where(*da-lu-ga-a-ti)glat`long'meansalso`tall,high'hencethe
nameAlbaLongacapitalofEtruscansettlersisanalb.conceptofbuildingfortressesonhilltopsof
futureRome.
lat.presumablyindulge`tobeforbearing,patient,indulgent;togiveoneselfupto,indulgein;grant,
allow,concede'(:,basicmeaningthen`bepatienttosomebodycomparedwith,holdon
patiently')from*en-dolgh-ei.
cymr.dal,dala,daly`hold,stop',bret.dalc'h`possession',derc'hel`hold,stop'(rdiss.froml,compare
participledalc'het)presumablywithders.meaning-developmentasnhd.àfterwhichlast'to`long'
(basicform*del()gh-;ZupitzaBB.25,90f.,PedersenKG.I52,106);
maybenasalizedalb.ndal`hold,stop'.
got.tulgus`tight,firm,steadfast'(`*long,persistent,enduring'),as.tulgoAdv.`very',ags.tulge,
compoundstylg`better,rather',Superl.tylgest`best';
balt.withunexplainedd-loss(seeunder):lit.lgas,f.ilg,lett.ilgs,OldPrussianilgaandilgiAdv.
`long';
OldChurchSlavicdlg,serb.dg,aech.dlh,russ.dgij`long'(=OldIndiandrgh-),inaddition
serb.df.`length';OldChurchSlavicdlgota`length'(=OldIndiandrghat);protoslav..*dlgost,
poln.dugoetcds.;
hitt.Nom.Pl.da-lu-ga-e-e(dalugaes)`long',da-lu-ga-a-ti(dalugasti)n.`length'.
/d/longho-s:
a)mpers.drang,npers.dirang`long'(butalb.glat,gjat,gjat`long'atfirstfrom*dlaght-);
b)lat.longus`long;'navis',aman-of-war;poet.,spacious;oftime,long,oflongduration;esp.toolong,
tedious;ofpersons,prolix,tedious',got.laggs,ags.ahd.nhd.lang(ahd.langn`becomelong,seem
long,long,want',etc);butair.etclong`ship'seemstobeborrowedfromlat.(navis)longa;
nevertheless,becauseofsecondmeaning`vessel'andmir.coblach`fleet'(*kom-uo-log-or*-lug-)
thoughLoth(RC.43,133f.)holdsthatwordforgenuineCeltic;comparealsoabrit.FlN(Ptol.)
andgall.VN-
-(Aude);anlaut.dl-remainspreservedotherwiseCeltic.Inthe
groupb)woulddisplayanalreadycommonwestidg.simplification,mightbeconnectedwiththed-loss
ofbalt.ilgas.comparealsoSpechtDekl.126.
MaybeAlbaLonga(Rome)capitalofillyr.-Etrus.:illyr.AlbanoiTN
References:
References:WP.I812f.,WH.I694f.,820f.,Trautmann55,PedersenHitt.34f.
Page(s):
Page(s):196-197
Root/lemma: demelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:worm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wurm'
Material:
Material:Epidaur.f.Akk.Pl.,Hes.;
perhapsalb.dhemj`caterpillar,inchworm'(couldstandfor*dhemli),dhmze,dhimz`meat
maggot'.
Note:
Inalb.dhmze,dhimz`meatmaggot'-zisalb.diminutivesuffix.
References:
References:WP.I790.
Page(s):
Page(s):201
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dem- ),dom- ,d o mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totame
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zhmen,bndigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandmytiìstamed;tamed'(*dm-ieti),dt-`tamed'(*dm-ts);Kaus.damyati
`tames,overmasters'(*domei),participledamita-;damitr-`tamer';damitv`taming',damyti
`tames'(*domio=lat.domo);dam-`domesticating',dma-`taming';
osset.domun`tame',npers.dam`domesticatedanimal';afterPisaniCrest.Indeur.2113here(as
*dm-so-s)ds-`fiend,non-Aryan',eigentl.`slave',butbecauseoftheincrediblestemformation;
gr.,ion.-,Aor.-()(for*-)`tame',varioussecondaryreshaped,as
etc,`theall-subduer,all-tamer',dor.`tamed'(*dm-ts),hom.
and,-ùntamed,unrestrained,unwed,unmarried',ion.Perf.,`tamer',
`taming,domestication';
formswithrootvoweloaremissinginGr.;
lat.dom(*domi=damyti),doms(*domsi=ahd.zams)`todomesticate,tame,break,
subdue,master',Perf.domu(from*dom-uai),participledomitus(reshapedafterdomuanddomitor
from*dmtos,idg.*dm-to-s),domitor`tamer'(=OldIndiandamitr-);domitus,-sm.`taming'
(compareOldIndiandamitv);
air.damnaim`bind(tight,firm),tame(horses)',Verbalnom.damnadanddomnad(probably=
gr.);phoneticmixturewithdamnaimfromlat.damn,alsotheunruledmhasprobablyarisen
fromparticipledammainti;air.dam-àcquiesce,endure,grant'(e.g.daimidàdmittedto'probably=
OldIndiandmyti,composesnidaim`notenduring,notsuffering';Perf.dmairfromlengthened
grade*dm-),withad-àdmit'(e.g.3.PLataimet),withfo-èndure'(e.g.1.Sg.fo-daimim),cymr.
addef,bret.asavàdmit',acymr.niceinguodeimisauchGl.`havenotenduredwell',ncymr.goddef
`suffer,endure,allow',corn.gothaf`bear,endure',bret.gouzav,gouzavus.(butcymr.dofi`tame',
acymr.dometic`domesticated',ar-domaul`docile',cymr.df,bret.doff`tame,domesticated'stems
fromlat.domre,sothatnativeformswithowereabsentinKelt.);
got.ga-tamjan,anord.temja,ags.temian,mnd.temmen,ahd.zemmen`tame'(Kaus.*domi=Old
Indiandamyati);ahd.zamnds.(=lat.dom-re),anord.tamr,ags.tam,ahd.zam`domesticated,
tamed,subdued,mastered'(unclear,whetherback-formationfromverb,orifthepass.meaninghas
arisenfrom`domestication=thetamed',sothatinhistoricconnectionwithOldIndiandma-
`taming').
BecauseofOldIndiandamya-`totame'and`youngbull,whichstillshouldbetamed'andbecauseof
gr.ontheonehandòvermastering,taming'(,Anakreon),ontheotherhand`young
(stilltobetamed)bull',wherefore`youngcow',`ds.`;also`younggirl',`calf',
isprobablyalb.dnt,dhnt,geg.dhnt`smallcattle,sheepandgoats,sheep'(*demtor
*demtos,respectively*domt,-tos),dem`bovineanimal,cattle,youngbull'(=OldIndian
damya-),aswellasalsogall.GNDamonaf.andair.damòx'(*damos),damallaid`deer'(`*wildox'),
aswellascymr.dafad,acorn.dauat,bret.davat`sheep(then=gr.-)toadd(originally
appellationofdomesticatedbovineanimal);lat.dammaordmaisprobablyborrowedfromKelt.or
fromelsewhere;unclearisags.df.`roedeer'(outofitacorn.daàfallow-deer,chamois,antelope'),
engl.doe,alem.tds.,compareHolthausenAltengl.etym.Wb.68;fromafrz.daim`fallow-deer'
derivesbret.demds.;germ.additionalformss.byFalk-Torpunderdaadyrm.Lit.;correspondingto
niedersterr.zamer,zamerl`youngox'(MuchZfdA.42,167;protogerm.*aor*o).
Hitt.da-ma-a-zi`thronged',preterit3.Pl.ta-ma-a-ir,PedersenHitt.95f.
MaybethosecognatesderivedfromTumuzitheshepherdinSumerian.
References:
References:WP.1788f.,WHI367f.,861,MeilletBSL.33,110.
Page(s):
Page(s):199-200
Root/lemma: dem- ,demEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuild;house
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bauen',originallyprobably`zusammenfgen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`build',fromtheheavybasisparticiplePerf.Pass.,dor.(Pindar)
`newlybuilt',
n.`physique,shape'(,att.inschr.-`spanningcrossbeamsinthemiddleofthe
building',yet[]couldalsobesuffix).
Themeaning`settle,fit'ingot.ga-timan,as.teman,ahd.zeman`suit,fit',whereforelengthened
gradegot.ga-tmiaAdv.`befitting',mnd.be-tme`fitting',ahd.gi-zmi`proper'andabstractzero
gradesahd.zumft,mhd.zumft,zunft`propriety,rule,association,guild'(*dti-)=mir.dt
`disposition,temperament'(air.dtlae`bold,daring'),mcymr.dant`temperament,character'(mostly
Plur.deint),basicform*d-to-,LothRC46,252f.comparemcymr.cynnefin`trustful'(*kom-damno-).
ro -stemaisl.timbr`timber',as.timbar,ags.timber`timber,edifice,building,building',ahd.zimbar
`timber,building,dwelling,chamber',whereofgot.timrjan`build',anord.timbra,ahd.zimberenand
zimbaron`build,docarpentry,dowoodwork'.
rootnounsd m -, d m -, dm -, d - `house'.
OldIndianptirdn`householder',av.dngpatoi`masterof(*lordofthehouse)'withGen.*dem-s,
asalsogr.-`master,mister'(seeRischIF.59,12,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I547f.),OldIndian
dmpati`lord,master'(newshiftingtogetherfrom*dnpati-[=av.dngpati-],lessprobablywith
Lok.ar.*damas`masterinthehouse');
av.Lok.dm,dmiìnthehouse',Lok.Pl.dhv,Nom.-dfromprotoar.*-dsinui-nameofa
mountainrange(`havingone'shousebytheaurora'),whereforeprobablyav.ha-dmiLok.ìnthe
samehouse';
arm.tunNom.Akk.`house'(*dm),Instr.tamb(*dbhi),whereuponGen.Dat.tan;
gr.-Lok.,originallyìnsideinhouse'(alsoreshapedto-,-,),perhapsalso
(*d[m])asNom.Akk.Sg.n.orLok.;,originallyAkk.Sg.mask.*dm-withstructure
inNeutr.afterunderlikewise;derivative,,(`mistressofthehouse');
as1.compositionpartin-`wife'(*dm-rt`governingofthehouse'),`floor(originallyof
thehouse)'from*dpedom(outofitaftertheconcurrentof-and-asintensiveprefix;
soperhapsalsoion.`templemaleservant,templefemaleservant'for*-)=schwed.
tomt,aisl.topt`placeforedifice,building'innorw.Mdarten`loam'(germ.*tumfetiz,idg.*dped-),
comparealsolit.dimstis`courtyard,property;courtyard'(2.part*sto-sto*st-`stand').
o- stemdomo-s: OldIndiandma-`house,dwelling',gr.`house'(ètcHes),
-(*-)`builder',lat.Lok.dom`toahouse'(=OldIndiandmìnahouse,toa
house'),dominus`master,mister'from*domo-no-s.
u- stemdomu-s (BrugmannGrdr.II21,180presumesanadv.Lok.*domasoriginator):lat.domus,
-sf.àhouse,dwelling-house,building,mansion,palace'(outofitismir.dom-,dam-liacc`stone
house',aur-dam`pronaos(thespaceinfrontofthebodyofatemple,enclosedbyaporticoand
projectingside-walls)'undertakenwiththethingtogether);
OldChurchSlavicdomm.`house',russ.dmaàthouse'(*dom[u]);*domov:aruss.domov
àfterthehouse';presumedlyalsothroughOldIndiandm-nas-`housemate'andarm.tanu-tr
`householder';
Maybealb.dhoma`room':OldIndiandma-`house'.
astem*dmu-inion.,Gen.`prisonerofwar,farmlaborer',`bondmaid',kret.
f.`peopleinslavery,populationinserfdom';
ar.*dmna-inav.dmna-,nmna-n.`house',alsoOldIndianmna-èdifice,building,dwelling';
lit.nmas,Pl.nama`house,dwelling'isdissimilatedfrom*damas,incompoundsasnam-dars
`homemaker',s.WH.I861.
Note:
Itisacommontraitofalb.andlit.todroptheinitialda-asinRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:del-5 :
:`long':balt.with
unexplaineddloss(seebelow):lit.lgas,f.ilg,lett.ilgs,OldPrussianilgaandilgiAdv.`long';alb.
glat`long'BalticandAlbanianlanguagesoftendroptheinitialda->zero.Thisisacommonbalt.-alb.
phoneticmutation.Hencelit.nmasderivedfromanasalizedform*ndmas.
Air.damnae`material',cymr.defnydd,mbret.daffnezcouldhaveoriginallysignified`timber'.
Toch.Btem-,Atam-,ABtm-`create,beget,beborn'andBtsam-,ABtsm-,Aam-,m-,perhaps
afterPedersenToch.Sprachg.217here;
inadditionalsoBc(o)mel,Acmol(*cmelu)`birth',VanWindekensLexique51.
Anoldbranchingoftherootisdem-`tame',originallyprobably`tieupinthehouse,domesticate'.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dem- ,dem- :
:`tobuild;house'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei-2 :hi- :heimen-, *heimn- ::`winter;snow'.Buttheh > dphoneticmutationhasbeenrecordedinillyr.alb.
alone.Thismakesprotoillyr.theoldestIEbranch.
References:
References:WP.I786ff.;WH.I367,369f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I480,524,547f.,625,Trautmann
44.
Page(s):
Page(s):198-199
Root/lemma: denk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobite
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beien'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:denk - :
:`tobite'derivedfromillyr.derivativeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:embh- ,m b h- :
`tobite;tooth'commonillyr.->d-phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandati`bites'(*dnkti),Perf.dada(thereafteralsoapresentdati),Kaus.
dayate`makesbite',da-`bite,gadfly,brake',
daana-m`thebitting',dara-,dstr`sharptooth,fang'=av.tii-dstra-`withsharpteeth,
toothed'(for-dtra-s.BartholomaeAiran.Wb.653);
gr.`bite'(*dnkn),Aor.(=Impf.OldIndiandaam),whereforeFut.(aberion.
),Perf.,(aswellas`bite')withablautneologism(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
770);,`bitinganimal';inadditionprobably`withbitingteeth',perhapsoriginally
`tooth'or`bite'(Liddell-Scott,differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.I620,723),probablyhybridizationof*
`biting'with,therefromderived(withAssimil.ofoin),etc`scratch,itch',
`thescratch';
alb.geg.dan(*donkn),tosk.dar`pliers';
ahd.zangar`biting,sharp',mnd.tanger`ds.,vicious,strong,fresh';anord.tng(Gen.tengrand
tangar),ags.tang,tange,ahd.zanga`pliers'(*donk),i.e.`theclenchingoftheteeth';withfurther
shiftingto`topress(lips)together',probablyas.bitengi`movingcloseto,oppressive',ags.getang
ds.,getenge`nearto,closeto,oppressive,thronging,pressing',ahd.gizengi`passingby,moving
nearby',Adv.gizango,whereforeanord.tengja(*tangjan)`join',ags.tenganàssail,urge,press,
push,aspiretomoveforward',getengan`makeadhere,beobedient'(ags.intingam.`weary,weak',
sam-tingesàtonce',getingan,st.V.,`pressin'afterFickIII4152neologism);
besidesingramm.variationgerm.*tanhu-àdjoiningtightly,appendant,tough'inags.th`tough';
mnd.tàbiding,tough',ahd.zhi,nhd.zh;anord.tn.`stampedplacebeforethehouse'(finn.Lw.
tanhua`corral,pen,fold');
perhapsoriginallydifferentfromtheroot*dk-`tear',although*denk-perhapsasnasalizedformto
*dkand`bite'couldbeunderstoodas`tearwiththeteeth'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):201
Root/lemma: dens-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:talent,forceofmind;tolearn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hoheGeisteskraft,weiserRatschlu';verbal:`lehren,lernen'
Material: densos n.:OldIndiandsas-n.`powerfulwonder,wisefeat'=av.dahah-`dexterity,
adroitness'(inadditionOldIndiandasu-`powerfulwonder',da-`verypowerfulwonder'=av.
dhita-`verywise,thewisest');OldIndianpurudsas-`richinmiracles'(=gr.
`much-counselling'Hes),dsana-m,dasn`magicpower,witchcraft';ingr.after
zerogradeformswith*[]-=*ds-to*unvocalized:hom.N.Pl.`piecesofadvice',
Sg.byHesych,(dor.)(-)Hes.=(ion.),Adv.
Chios.
ds-r-s `sensible,verywise':OldIndiandasr-`miraculous'=av.dara-`skilful';doubtfulgr.
epithetofPersephone,perhaps`theknowingorthepowerofwonder';`havingclever
sense'toholdas*[]-toOldIndiandas-r-as-to--,ifitnotoriginallyifit
hasnotsignifiedoriginallyonly`thesensedirectedonthefight'(compare-`killedinthe
battle',:ìnthebattle';s.finallyBechtelLexil.92)andonly,afterthisthemeaningwasforgotten,
theambiguousconnectioncamethroughin,seeunder,tocomeintousageinsenseof`wise'.
ds-mo-: OldIndiandasm-`powerofwonder(fromGods)'=av.dahma-èxpert,inauguratedin
religiousquestions'.
Maybealb.dasma`wedding,ceremony(religiousrite)'
Verbalforms:partlyreduplicated`handleknowledge,instruct,teach':
av.ddaihÌaminstructed'(inadditionzerogradedstvf.àpprenticeship,doctrine,dogma');
perhapsgr.Aor.`taught',Aor.Pass.,`learn',participlePerf.èrudite,
expert,skillful',316èxamine,question',(Soph.)ìgnorant,wherein
inexperienced';inaddition(Hom.)`sensible,wise',ìgnorant,wherein
inexperienced',Hes.ByArchilochosfrg.3,4isunclear()`skillful,
experienced'.
DebrunnerMel.Boisacq1,251ff.hasshownthatìnstruct,teach'belongstoandnot
tolat.disc`tolearn,learntoknow,acquire,becomeacquaintedwith'(seeaboveunderdek-).The
factthatalso-(as*ds-)istobeputtooursroot,canbeexplainedbestofallbythefactthatone
accepts,from(*--)hasbeenabstractedanerroneousroot*-(M.Scheller
briefl.);
comparefinallySchwyzerGr.Gr.I307andseeunderdens-2.
References:
References:WP.I793.
Page(s):
Page(s):201-202
Root/lemma: dens-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dense
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dicht'
Material:
Material:Gr.`dense':lat.dnsusds.;thedirectderivationfrom*dnssdoesnotcontradict
theexplanationof*from*dns(seeaboveunderdens-1);indeedfromW.Schulze(Kl.Schr.116
f.)thestatedexamplesof--fromidg.-ns-areabsolutelynotproving.Ontheotherhand
`coverwithdensevegetation'couldgobackto-(:),butetcwouldbarelybe
formedbyabstractionto-`(*densely)shady'(*-).MeilletMSL.22,63willdefinein
asexpressivegemination()commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss-phoneticmutation.Aboutphok.
PNs.WH.I468.
Aboutalb.dnt`makedense',etcseeunderdhen-3.
Note:
Alb.geg.dend(*den-)`makedense'commonalb.n>ndphoneticmutation.
Lat.dnse,-re(Perf.dnsonlybyCharisiusGr.-Lat.I262,4)`tomakethick,condense,press
together',denominativeofdnsus`dense'(*densosor*dnsos,event.*dnsuos).
Hitt.dassu(Dat.Sg.ta-a-u-u-i)`strong(*thick)'.
References:
References:WP.I793f.,WH.I341f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I307.
Page(s):
Page(s):202-203
Home
Root/lemma: dephEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostamp,push
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stampfen,stoen,kreten'
Material:
Material:Arm.topèl(-em,-eci)`hit';gr.`knead,drum;tumble',argiv.`fuller',with
s-extension(Aor.participle)`knead;tan,converthideintoleather'(outofitlat.deps
`toknead'),`tannedskin';`leather'(*);serb.dpm,dpiti`bump,poke,hit',
poln.depta`tread'.
maybealb.dboj`driveaway'
Note:
Root/lemma:deph- :
:`tostamp,push'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dh b h-1 ,
nasalizeddhamb(h) -::`toastonish,bespeechless'
References:
References:WP.I786,WH.I342,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I298,351.
Page(s):
Page(s):203
Root/lemma: derbhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towind,puttogether,*scratch,scrape,rub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`winden,zusammendrehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrbhti`joined,patchedtogether,winded',participlesndrbdha-`groupof
shrubsplantedtogether',drbdh-f.`convolution,concatenation,daisychain',av.drwa-n.`bundle
ofmuscles'Pl.`flesh(ofmuscles)',OldIndiandarbh-m.`hassock,clumpofgrass,grass',darbhaan.`netting';
Maybetruncatedalb.dredha`convolution',dredh`curl':OldIndiandrbdh-f.`convolution',av.
drwa-n.`bundleofmuscles'Pl.`flesh(ofmuscles)'.
arm.ton`,funiculus,anoose,halter,snare,trap'(*dorbhn-);
gr.`basket'iscontaminatedfrom*andds.(GntertIF.45,347);
ags.tearflian(*tarbaln)`rolloneself',ahd.zerben,preteritzarptarefl.`turn,turnround';e-grademhd.
zirbenschw.V.`turnincircles,whirl',nhd.mdartl.schweiz.zirbelnds.,nhd.Zirbeldrse,Zirbelwind
(probablyalsoZirbel`pineal',seeunderderu- );zerogradeags.torfian`throw,lapidate'(compare
drehen:engl.throw),asanord.tyrfa`coverwithturf',anord.torfn.`turf',torfaf.`peatclod',ags.turff.
`turf,lawn',ahd.zurba,zurff.`lawn'(nhd.TorffromNdd.);ags.ge-tyrfan`tostrike,afflict';
maybealb.diminutive(*turfel)turfulloj`snort,blow':ags.ge-tyrfan`tostrike,afflict'.
wruss.drob`basket,carton,box',russ.oldu-dorobf.`pot,pan',dial.u-doroba`lowpot,
pan'(`*wickerworkpotcoatedwithloam'),wruss.dorb'i`crook,bend';zerograde*drbainruss.
derb`Rodeland,Neubruch',derbovt`cleanfromthemoss,fromthelawn;uprootthegrowing',
derbt`pluck,tear,rend',serb.drbcati`scrape,scratch',ech.drbmanddrbu,drbati`scratch,
scrape,rub;thrash',withlengthenedgraderuss.derbit`pluck,rend'(perhapshatsichinlatter
familyabh-extensionfromder- `flay',slav.derdratieingemischt).S.Berneker211,254withLit.
References:
References:WP.I808.
Page(s):
Page(s):211-212
Root/lemma: der(ep)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee,*mirror
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrpana-m.`mirror';gr.,`see'(withlengthenedgrade2.
syllable).
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:der(ep)- :
:`tosee,*mirror'couldhavederivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:derbh- :
`towind,puttogether,*scratch,scrape,rub,polish'
References:
References:WP.I803;toforms-ep-compareKuiperNasalpras.60f.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealso`sehe'andderk -`see'.
Page(s):
Page(s):212
Root/lemma: der- ,drEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towork
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àrbeiten'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*)`make,do',Konj.,ol.3.Pl.,Aor.att.,hom.
`worker,servant',àction',,...Hes.,ìnactive,
ineffective,weak';
Maybealb.nasalizedformnder(*der-)`hangloose';
hom.`makeonlylesspowerful,fainting,unconscious';hom.andion.(seeBechtel
Lexil.104)`do';
lit.dar(i)au,darti,lett.dart`do,make';inspiteofMhlenbach-Endzelins.v.dartnottolit.derti`be
usable',lett.dertàrrange,employ,engage'etc,becausethemeaningdeviatestoostrongly.
References:
References:WP.I803,SpechtKZ.62,110,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6757,694.
Page(s):
Page(s):212
Root/lemma: derghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograsp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen'
Material:
Material:Arm.trcak`brushwoodbundle'(probablyfrom*turc-ak,*turc-from*dorghso-,Petersson
KZ.47,265);
gr.,att.`grasp',`griping',`handful,fascicle,sheaf',
`bindsheaves',,ark.el.,gortyn.(i.e.v;s.alsoBoisacq109)`drachma'
(`*handfulofmetalsticks,'),,-f.`hand',Pl.Hes.;
mir.dremm,nir.dream`troop,multitude,crowd,dividingofpeople'(*drgh-smo-),bret.dramm
`bundle,fascicle,sheaf'(falseback-formationtoPl.dremmen);
ahd.zarga`sideedgingaroom,edge',anord.targaf.`shield',ags.targef.(nord.Lw.)`smallshield'
(actually`shieldbrim'),elsss.(seeSutterlinIF.29,126)(ks-)zorgm.`vessel,patenonthreelow
feet'(=gr.-);
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):212-213
Root/lemma: derk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blicken'
Note:
Note:punctual,whereforeinOldIndianandintrinsicinIr.linkedsuppletivelywithacursivepresent
otherroot
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:derk - :
:tolookderivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:her-3 undher- ,hr- :
:toshine,
shimmer+zerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:tosee;eye
Material:
Material:OldIndian[presentispyati]Perf.dadra`haveseen',Aor.adarat,adrkt(drk),
participledr-,kaus.daryati`makesee';av.dars-`behold',Perf.ddarsa,participledrta-;
OldIndiand-f.`sight',ahard-`lookingday',upa-d-f.`sight',di-f.`sight',av.aibdrti-ds.
(Gen.Sg.darti),OldIndiandarat-`visible,respectable',av.darsa-m.`sight,gaze,look';
gr.`look,keeptheeyesopen,bealive',,,`vision'(withachanged
lengthenedgradecomparedwithOldIndiandri-),`sight',`look,gaze',-
`heavytobehold'(=OldIndiandarcata-),Adv.ònelookingupfrombelow'(*-=Old
Indiandrc-,orfrom*--),n.èye',,-`dragon,snake'(frombanishing,
paralyzinglook),fem.;
alb.drit`light'(*drkt);
Note:
Accordingtoalb.phoneticlawsalb.drit`light'derivedfrom(drika)not(*drkt)becauseofthe
commonalb.-k->-th-phoneticmutations,-tcommonalb.suffix;
maybealb.(*darcata-),dark`supper,eveningmeal,evening';(*drech-),drek`dinnermeal,midday':
air.an-dracht`loathsome,dark'.
afterBonfante(RIGI.19,174)hereumbr.terkantur`seen,discerned,perceived'(d.h.`shallbeseen,
discerned,perceived');
air.[presentad-cu]ad-con-darc`haveseen'(etc,s.PedersenKG.II487f.;presentadrodarcar`can
beseen'),dercèye',air-dircìllustrious',bret.derc'h`sight',abret.erdercèvidentis',zerogradeir.
drechf.(*drk)`face',cymr.drychm.(*drksos)`sight,mirror',cymr.drem,trem,bret.dremm`face'
(*drk-sm),air.an-dracht`loathsome,dark'(an-neg.+*drecht=alb.drit);
got.ga-tarhjan`makedistinct'(=OldIndiandarayati);germ.*tora-`sight'(==OldIndiandr-)in
norw.PNTorget,Torghattenetc,idg.to-suffixingerm.*turhta-:ags.torht,as.toroht,ahd.zoraht,
newerzorft`bright,distinct'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapswithder(ep)- (aboveS.212)remote,distantrelated.
Page(s):
Page(s):213
Root/lemma: der-1 (:dr- ,d e r -)ordr- :drEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:handspan,*hands
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`SpannederHand'
Material:
Material:Gr.`palm,spanofthehand'(measurementoflength),`thedistance
fromthewristtothefingertip',hom.`16spanslong',zerogradeark.Akk.
Hes.(lak.Hes.isfalsespellingfor,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I506);
alb.(*duor-)dor`hand'from*drom(M.LaPianaIF.58,98);[conservativestemofpluralforms(alb.
phonetictrait)]
Phoneticmutations:alb.(*duor-)dor`hand':gr.`palm,spanofthehand':lett.(*duor-)dre,
dris`fist';protoillyr.alb.duo->do-,gr.duo->do-,lett.duo->d-.
Note
Note:
ClearlyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:der-1 (:dr- ,d e r -)ordr- :dr- :
:`handspan'derivedthroughRoot/
Root/
lemma: hesor-1 ,hesr- :

:`hand';Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesto-2 :
:`hand,arm'throughillyr.
intermediary.Thephoneticshiftkh>t,h>disauniquealb.phoneticmutation.Hencealb.dor
`hand'derivedfromtruncatedhesor.ThesourceofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:der-1 (:dr- ,d e r -)ordr- :
dr- :
:`handspan'isofIllyrianoriginandthenitspreadtootherlanguages.
ThatmeansHomericIliadisatranslationofIllyrianIliad.TheGreektranslationleftmanyillyr.
cognatesoftheIllyrianIliadunchanged.Thereisnodoubtthatgr.`handspan'isasuffixed
illyr.dora`hand'consequentlyIliadwasbroughttoBalkanlanguagesbyIllyrians.
aisl.tarraòutspread',terrads.
Onlyunderabeginningduer-:dur-ordur-:dur:dur-tojustifymajorkey-phoneticalcomparison
withkelt.dur-no-inair.dorn`fist,hand',cymr.dwrn`hand',dyrnod(mcymr.dyrnawt)`slapintheface,
boxontheear',dyrnaid(mcymr.dyrneit)`handful',bret.dorn`hand',dournek`whohasbighands';
however,thesewordsalsostandoffinthecoloringofmeaning`pursed,clenchedhand,fist,fisticuff,
punch'sofarfromgr.thattheydonotdemandanassociationwiththem.
Ontheotherhandforkelt.*durno-oneconsidersrelationshipwithlett.dre,dris`fist';thisistolett.
duu,dru,durt`prick,bump,poke'toput(comparepugnus:pungo);ifsoalsokelt.dur-no-
compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI529andseeunderder-4 .
Note:
Fromalb.geg.(*dur),dorhand,(*dur),duerPl.`hands'itseemsthattheoldestrootwasalb.Pl.
(*dur),duerPl.`hands'[conservativestemofpluralforms(alb.phonetictrait)].Hencetheoriginalof
protoillyr.-gr.ideawasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du (u) :
:`two'meaningtwohands.ThatmeansbothRoot/
Root/
lemma: der-1 (:dr- ,d e r -)ordr- :dr- :
:`handspan,hands'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du (u) :
:`two,
*twohands'derivedfromolderAnatolianlanguagesRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesor-1 ,hesr- :
:`hand'
becauseofthecommonalb.h->d-phoneticmutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):203
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(der-2 ),redupl.der-der- ,dr d o r- ,brokenredupl.dor-d- ,dr - dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomurmur,tochat(expr.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`murren,brummen,plaudern';Schallwort
Material:
Material:OldIndiandardur-`frog,flute';air.deirdrethar`raged',PNDeirdriuf.(*der-der-i);bulg.
drd`babble;grumble',serb.drdljati`chatter',sloven.drdrti`clatter,burr';
Maybealb.drdllit`chatter,prattle',derdh`pourout(*talkalot)'
AlsoDardanoi(*dardant)illyr.TN:gr.Hes:lit.dardti,lett.dardt,drdt`creak'
probably`talkindistinctly';commonillyr.alb.n>nt>tphoneticmutation.
withfracturedreduplication:gr.Hes.,ir.dord`bass',fo-dord`growl,bass',an-dord
`clearvoice'(`not-bass'),cymr.dwrdd`din,fuss,noise'(cymr.twrdd`din,fuss,noise't-hastaken
overfromtwrfds.),air.dordaid`bellow,roar'(fromdeer);lit.dardti,lett.dardt,drdt`creak';toch.
Atsrt-`wail,weep,cry'(PedersenToch.Sprachg.19),withsecondarypalatalizationert-(Van
WindekensLexique145).
References:
References:WP.I795,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI447.
Seealso:
Seealso:Thekelt.,tochar.andbaltoslav.wordscouldalsobelongtodher-3 .
Page(s):
Page(s):203-204
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(der-3 ),dr- ,dreb- ,drem- ,dreuEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen,treten,trippeln'
Material: dr- :
OldIndiandrti`runs,hurries',Intens.dridrti`wandersaround,ispoor',dri-dra-`wandering,
beggarly';
gr.-`runaway',Fut.,Aor.;,ion.èscape',
`strivingnottoescape',`fugitive',`runaway,splits,separatesfrom'(compareto
--OldIndianKaus.drpayati`bringstorun',Aor.adidrapat[uncovered]`runs');
ahd.zittarm(*didrmi)`tremble(*readytoflee)',aisl.titra`tremble,wink'(originallyperhaps`walk
ontiptoe;trip,wrigglerestlessly');
perhapshereslav.*dropy`bustard'(MachekZslPh.17,260),poln.ech.drop,olderdrop(i)aetc,out
ofitmhd.trap(pe),trapgans.
dreb-:
Lit.dreb,-ti`tremble,quiver';
poln.(etc)drabina`ladder';
ags.treppan(*trapjan)`tread',mnd.ndl.trappen`stomp',ndd.trippen,nhd.(nd.)trappeln,trippeln,
mhd.(nd.)treppe,trappef.,nhd.Treppe,ags.trppef.`trap',nhd.Trappel,ostfries.trappe,trap
`trap,splint,staircase,stairs';
throughemphaticnasalization,asinnhd.patschen-pantschen,ficken-fiencken(seeW.Wissmann
Nom.Postverb.160ff.,ZdA.76,1ff.)todefine:
got.ana-trimpanàpproach,beset',mnd.trampen`stomp',mhd.(ndd.)trampelnàppearcrude',engl.
tramp,trample`tread',mhd.trumpfen`run,toddle'.
drem-:
OldIndiandrmati`running',Intens.dandramyat`runstoandfro';
gr.Aor.,Perf.`run',`run';
ags.trem,trym`Futapfe',an.tramr`fiend,demon'(seeabove),mhd.tremen`waver',dn.trimle
`roll,fall,tumble',schwed.mdartl.trumlads.,mhd.trame`rungofaleader,stairs';
hereprobablynhd.FlNDramme(Gttingen),Dremse(Magdeburg),from*Dromiand*Dromis
(probablynordillyr.),inadditionpoln.(illyr.)Drama(Silesia),bulg.Dramatica(thrak.);s.Vasmer
ZslPh.5,367,PokornyUrillyrier3,37,127;
Maybealb.dromc`piece,chip(ofablow)'
insecureisWoodsKZ.45,62appositionofserbdmati`shake',dmnutiùpset,allowtoshake',
sloven.dmati`shake,jiggle',drmiti`jigglefromthesleep',drmpatiùngentlejiggle';
maybealb.dremit`sleep',drrmonjèxhaust,tire,destroy'
Alb.provesthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:der- ,heavybasisder- ,dr- :
:`tocut,split,skin'derived
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(der-3 ),dr- ,dreb- ,drem- ,dreu- :
:`torun'.
ech.drmlati`flit,stir;movethelips,asifonesucking',drmoliti`takeshortsteps'(theseinthegood
suitablemeaning;`shake'from`stumblewiththefoot'),drmotiti`chat,prate'(probablycrossingof
meaningwiththeonomatopoeicwordrootder-der-2 ,seethere).
Maybealb.onomatopoeic(*der-der-)drdr`stupidtalk';
dreu- (partlywithaszerograde,probablybecauseof*dreux-),FlN(participle)dr(o)u(u ) ent/i :

OldIndiandrvati`runs,alsomelts',FlNDravant,drut-`hurrying',av.drvaya-`run'(beingfrom
davischen),draoman-n.àttack,onrush',amdrt(a)-`callingfromAsma,sendstoattack'(very
doubtfulOldIndiandrvia-m,drvias-n.`blessing,fortune',av.draonah-n.`beider
BesitzverteilungzufallendesGut,Vermgensanteil'perhapsas`travelingfortune');
illyr.-pannon.FlNDravos(*drouos),outofitserbokr.Drva,compareapoln.Drawa(illyr.Lw.);idg.
*drouent-`hurrying'>illyr.*drauent-(:aboveOldIndianDravanti),outofitdial.*trauent-inFlN
-(Bruttium)>ital.Trionto;idg.*druuent-,illyr.*druent-inpoln.FlNDrwca,nhd.Drewenz;ital.
*truent-inFlNTruentus(Picenum);
maybealb.(*druent-)Drinosrivername`hurryingwater'commonalb.nt>nphoneticmutation.
gall.FlN(fromdemNordillyr.)Druentia(frz.laDrance,Drouance,Durance,schweiz.laDranse);
*Drutos,frz.leDrot;Drut,frz.laDroude;
lit.seaname*Drv-intas(wruss.Drywiaty);apreu.stream,brookDrawe.
Aufdreu-, participle*dru-to- basedonperhaps(seeOsthoffPar.I372f.Anm.)got.trudan`tread',
anord.troa,trads.;ags.tredan,ahd.tretan`tread'(byOsthoffsoutlookofablautneologism),ahd.
trata`tread,spoor,way,alley,drift,trailing',as.trada`tread,spoor',ags.trodn.,troduf.`spoor,way,
alley'(engl.trade`trade'isnord.Lw.),ahd.trota,mhd.trottef.`wine-press',Intens.ahd.trottn
`tread';nhd.dial.trotteln`goslowly'.
Herealsogerm.root*trus-inostfries.trseln`lurch,stumble,gouncertainlyorstaggering',trsel
`dizziness,giddiness',ndl.treuzelen`tobeslow,dawdle,loiter',westfl.trseln,truseln`rollslowly',
mhd.trollen(*truzln)`moveinshortstepsconstantly',nhd.trollen,schwed.mdartl.trsale`fairy
demon,ghost',norw.mdartl.trusalìdiot,fool',trusk`despondentandstupidperson';
Maybethroughmetathesisalb.(*trusal)trullos,trallis`maketheheaddizzy',tru`brain'
aswellas(as*truzl-)anord.trolln.`fiend,demon',mhd.trol,trollem.`fairydemon,ghost,fool,
uncouthperson'(compareunserTrampelinsamemeaning;theWandalscalledtheGoths,
LoeweAfdA.27,107);itstandsinsamethewaybesidesgerm.tre-m-(seeunder)anord.tramr
`fiend,demon'.
InGerm.furthermorewithi-vocalismmnd.trseln,westfl.triseln`roll,lurch',holl.trillen`tremble'
(fromwhichital.trillare`quiver,trillhit')etcagainstassociationofOldIndiandrvatiwithav.dvaraiti
`goes'seeunder*dheu-, *dheu e r-`flee'.
References:
References:WP.I795ff.,KraheIF.58,151f.,Feist45.
Page(s):
Page(s):204-206
Root/lemma: deru- ,d r u- ,dr(e)u- ,drou- ;dreu - :drEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Baum',probablyoriginallyandactuallyÈiche'
Note:
Note:seetotheprecisedefinitionOsthoffPar.I169f.,HoopsWaldb.117f.;inadditionwordsfor
variouswoodtoolsaswellasfor`goodasheartwoodhard,fast,loyal';Specht(KZ.65,198f.,66,58
f.)goesthoughfromanominalizedneuterofanadjective*dru`dasHarte',fromwhichpreviously
`tree'andòak':dru n.,Gen.dreu-s, dru-n-s
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrun.`wood'(Gen.dr,dra,Instr.dr,Lok.drui;dravya-`fromtree'),
dru-n.m.`wood,woodtool',m.`tree,bough',av.duru`treetruck,bitofwood,weaponfromwood,
perhapsclub,mace,joint'(Gen.drao),OldIndiandru-`hard,rough,stern'(actually`hardas
wood,lumpy'),dru-incompoundsasdru-pda-`klotzfig',dru-ghn`woodax'(-woodenrod),su-dr`goodwood';dhruv-`tight,firm,remaining'(dh-throughfolketymologyconnectionindhar-`hold,
stop,prop,sustain'=av.dr(u)v,Oldpers.duruva`fit,healthy,intact',compareOldChurchSlavicsdrav);av.drvana-`wooden',OldIndiandruvya-`woodenvessel,boxmadeofwood,thedrum',
dra-m`bow,sword'(uncovered;withnpers.durna,baludrn`rainbow'),dru`bucket;pail',
dra-m`woodentrough,tub';drum-`tree'(compareunder);
OldIndiandrvi,darv`(wooden)spoon';
arm.tram`tight,firm'(*drrmo,PedersenKZ.40,208);probablyalso(LidnArm.stem66)targal
`spoon'from*dru-or*deru-.
Gr.`treetruck,wood,spear,javelin'(Gen.hom.,trag.from*F,,
att.from*Fn,whoseniscomparablewithOldIndiandra);
kret.(*F)`balk,beam'(=lit.lett.darva);
sizil.`boar'(afterKretschmerKZ.36,267f.*--For-F`standingfirmto
thespear'),ark.dor.-,dor.bot.-underlikewise,`Dorian'(of
`timberland');
Note:
WhowereDoriantribesDorianswereCeltictribeswhoworshippedtrees.InCeltictheywerecalled
Druids,priestsofancientGaulandBritain(alsoGreeceandIllyria).ThecasteofDruidsmusthave
worshipedthedominantthundergodwhosethunderboltusedtostrikesacredtrees.Druidsmust
haveplantedthereligionaroundthesacredoakatDodona.
,òak,tree'(fromn.*druor*deru,*dorug.*druusbecomeafterothertreenametoFem.;
asaresultofthetendencyofnominativegradation),-`fruittree',-`woodchopper',
`fromtheoak,fromoaktree',`dryad,treenymph',òldtreetruck',
.Hes.(*sm-,Lit.byBoisacqs.v.),Hes.
Hom.n.Pl.`wood,forest',nachhom.ds.(thelatterwithpreviouschangedlengthafter
);`tree'(Hom.;outofitatt.),fromredupl.*e(=)-F,Demin.
;compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I583;
F-inarg..Hes.,Hes.,
(*F-),`woodentub,trough,coffin'(probablyfrom*F,comparelastlySchwyzer
KZ.62,199ff.,differentSpechtDekl.139);Hes.(diss.from*F),
nexttowhich*druio-in.Hes.
PN:lit.Drktenis,OldPrussianDrutenne(E.Fraenkel,Pauly-Wissowa16,1633);
invocalismstillnotexplainedcertainly`shrubbery,bush,thicket';maked.f.òak'Hes.
(*deru-,compareair.daur);butHes.,liesF(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I4955);
alb.druf.`wood,tree,shaft,pole'(*druu,compareOldChurchSlavicdrvan.pl.`wood');drush-k
(es-stem)òak';ablaut.*dr-indriz`tree',drni`woodbar';
Note:
Alb.definiteformNom.dru-ni=alb.Gen.dru-niòfwood':OldIndiandrun.`wood'(Gen.dr,
draòfwood';butapureSlavicloanwordisalb.druvar`woodcutter,woodchopper'
thrak.-`sycamore',PN,(*darant-)ÈichstttadistrictinBavaria',
,`Zeus'sgrove',VN---,,Dru-geri(dru-`wood,forest');
MaybeVN---:Etruria(Italy)
fromLat.perhapsdrus`hard,harsh;tough,strong,enduring;indemeanourortastes,rough,rude,
uncouth;incharacter,hard,austere,sometimesbrazen,shameless;ofthings,hard,awkward,difficult,
adverse'(butaboutdrre`tomakehardorhardy,toinure;intransit.,tobecomehardordry;tobe
hardorcallous;toendure,holdout;tolast,remain,continue'seeunderS.220),ifafterOsthoff111f.
as`strong,tight,firmas(oak)tree'dissimilatedfrom*dr-ro-s(*dreu-ro-s);
Maybealb.durojèndure,last',durim`patience'.
butlat.larix`larchtree',Lw.isfromanidg.Alpinelanguage,idg.*derik-s,isconceivablebecauseof
heavyl;
Note:
Commonlat.d->l-phoneticmutationhencelat.larix(*derik-s)`larchtree'.
MaybePelasgianLarissa(*dariksa)
air.derucc(gg),Gen.dercon`glans',cymr.derwenòak'(Pl.derw),bret.deruennds.,gall.place
nameDervus(òakforest'),abrit.Derventi,placename,VNDervciunderlikewise;air.drb`safe';
reducedgradeair.daur,Gen.daroòak'(deru-),alsodair,Gen.darachds.(*deri-),air.daurdeand
dairdeòaken';derivedgall.*d(a)rulliaòak'(WartburgIII50);maked.f.òak';zerograde
*dru-inintensificationparticle(differentThurneysenZcPh.16,277:òak-':dru-ingalat.`holyoakgrove'),e.g.gall.Dru-talos(`*withbigforehead'),Druides,DruidaePl.,air.dri
`Druid'(`thehigh;noble',*druuid-),air.dron`tight,firm'(*drunos,compareOldIndiandru-a-m,
dru--,dr-a-m),withgutturalextension(compareundernhd.Trog)mir.drochta`(*wooden)
barrel,vat,cask;barrel,tub',drochat`bridge';herealsogallorom.drtos`strong,exuberant(:lit.
drtas)',gr.PN,air.drth`foolish,loony'(:aisl.trr`juggler,buffoon'),cymr.drud`foolish,
loony,valiant'(cymr.uderivesfromroman.equivalent);
deru-ingerm.Tervingl,Matrib(us)Alatervs,anord.tjara(*derun-),finn.Lw.terva,ags.teorun.,
tierwef.,-am.`tar,resin'(*deruio-),mnd.tere`tar'(nhd.Teer);anord.tyrvi,tyri`pinewood',tyrr`pine'
(doubtfulmhd.zirwe,zirbel`pinecone',thereperhapsrathertomhd.zirbel`whirl',becauseofthe
roundspigot);
dreu-ingot.triun.`wood,tree',anord.tr,ags.trow(engl.tree),as.trio`tree,balk,beam';inbtr.
meaning`tight,firm-tight,firmrelying'(asgr.`tight,firm':`showfirmly,relyon
whereupon,trustin'),got.triggws(*treuuaz)`loyal,faithful',ahd.gi-triuwi`loyal,faithful',an:tryggr
`loyal,faithful,reliable,unworried',got.triggwaàlliance,covenant',ags.trow`faith,belief,loyalty,
verity',ahd.triuwa,nhd.Treue,comparewithders.meaning,butotherablautanord.trf.`religious
faith,belief,assurance,pledge',ags.trwam.,mnd.trwef.ds.,ahd.trwa,aisl.trf.,besidestrr
`loyal,faithful';derivedanord.tra`trust,holdfortrue'=got.trauan,andags.trwian,as.trn,ahd.
tr(w)n`trust'(comparen.OldPrussiandruwis);similarlyanord.traustr`strong,tight,firm',traustn.
`confidence,reliance,whatonecancounton',ahd.trst`reliance,consolation'(*droust-),got.trausti
`pact,covenant',changingthroughablautengl.trust`reliance'(mengl.trst),mlat.trustis`loyalty'in
afrnk.`law',mhd.getrste`troop,multitude,crowd';
maybealb.trs,trys`press,crowd'
(st-formationisoldbecauseofnpers.durut`hard,strong',durust`fit,healthy,whole';norw.trysja
`cleantheground',ags.trs`deadwood',engl.trouse,aisl.tros`dross',got.ufar-trusnjan`disperse,
scatter'.
*drou-inags.trg,engl.tray`flattrough,platter',aschwed.tràcertainmeasurevessel'(*trauja-,
compareabove),anord.treyju-sull(alsotryju-soll)àkindoftroughshapedsaddle';
*dr-inaisl.trr`jester',ags.tr`merrymaker,trumpeter'(:gallorom.*drto-s,etc)
*dru-inags.trum`tight,firm,strong,fit,healthy'(*dru-mo-s),withk-extension,respectivelyforms-ko(compareabovemir.drochta,drochat),ahd.nhd.trog,ags.trog,troh(m.),anord.trog(n.)`trough'
andahd.truha`footlocker',norw.mdartl.trygjen.àkindofpacksaddleorpacksaddle',trygjaàkind
ofcreel',ahd.trucka`hutch',nd.trgge`trough'andwiththeoriginalmeaning`tree,wood'ahd.harttrugil`dogwood';
maybenasalizedalb.trung(*trgge)`wood,tree'
bsl.*derua-n.`tree'inOldChurchSlavicdrvo(Gen.drva,alsodrvese),skr.dial.drvo(drjevo),
sloven.drv,aech.dvo,russ.drevo,klr.drevo`tree';inadditionasoriginallycollectivelit.
derv,(Akk.derv)f.`chipofpinewood;tar,resinouswood';ablaut,lett.darva`tar',OldPrussianin
PNDerwayn;lengthenedgrade*dru-i-inlett.doref.`woodvessel,beehiveintree';*su-dorua-`fit,
healthy'inOldChurchSlavicsdrav,ech.zdrv(zdrav),russ.zdorv(f.zdorva)`fit,healthy',
compareav.dr(u)v,Oldpers.duruvads.
balt.*dreui-f.`woodbeehive',substantiv.adj.(OldIndiandravya-`belongingtothetree'):lit.drv
anddrev`cavityintree',lett.dreveds.:inablautlit.dravsf.,lett.dravaf.`woodbeehive',inaddition
OldPrussiandrawinef.`prey,bee'sload'andlit.drav`holeintree';furthermoreinablautostlit.
drvanddrovf.ds.,lett.drava`cavityinbeehive';
protoslav..*druua-Nom.Pl.`wood'inOldChurchSlavicdrva,russ.drov,poln.drwa(Gen.drew);
*druuina-n.`wood'inklr.drovno,slovz.drvn;
slav.*drminruss.drom`virginforest,thicket',etc(=OldIndiandrum,gr.,adjekt.ags.
trum);
lit.su-drusàbundant,fat(fromthegrowthoftheplants)'(=OldIndiansu-dr-`goodwood');
balt.drta-`strong'(==gallorom.*drto-s,gr.PN)inlit.drtas,dritas`strong,thick',Old
PrussianinPNDrutenne,PNDruthayn,Druthelauken;belongstoOldPrussiandruwism.`faith,
belief',druwif.,druwt`believe'(*druwti:ahd.tren),na-po-druwsnan`reliance,hope'.Besidelit.
drtasalsodrktas;seeunderdher-2 .
InablauthereOldChurchSlavicdrevlje`fore,former,ofplaceortime;higherinimportance,atfirstor
forthefirsttime',aech.dve,russ.drvleàgesbefore';adverbofcomparativeoraffirmative.
hitt.ta-ru`tree,wood',Dat.ta-ru--i;
herealsoprobablytoch.ABor`wood'(falseabstractionfrom*toddor,K.SchneiderIF.57,203).
Note:
Theshiftd->zeroisabalt.-illyr.phoneticmutationinheritedbytoch.
References:
References:WP.I804ff.,WH.I374,384ff.,765f.,Trautmann52f.,56,60f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
463,518,SpechtDekl.29,54,139.
Page(s):
Page(s):214-217
Root/lemma: der- ,heavybasisder- ,drEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,split,skin(*thetree)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schinden,dieHautabziehen,abspalten,spalten'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:der- ,heavybasisder- ,dr- :
:`tocut,split,skin(*thetree)'derivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: deru- ,d r u- ,dr(e)u- ,drou- ;dreu - :dr- :
:`tree'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandar-`break,makecrack,split,burst',presentthelightbasisdri,adar,drt,n-
presenttheheavybasisdrti`bursts,cracks',Opt.dryt,Perf.dadra,participledra-,oftheheavy
basisdr-,Kaus.drayati,Intens.dardirat,drdarti(compareav.dardar-`split';ech.drdm,
drdati`pluck,pickoff,remove'),dardarti`splitup',dara-m.,darf.`holeintheearth,cave'(:gr.
`hose',lett.nudaras`drossofbast',ChurchSlavicrazdor),di-m.`bag,hose'(=gr.
,got.gatars,russ.dert),darmn-m.`smasher'(:gr.n.),nexttowhichfromthe
heavybasisdrman-`destruction';-dri-`splitting'(=gr.),dra-m.`crack,col,gap,hole',
draka-`ripping,splitting',dar-indardar-ti,dar-man-withfori=(compareWackernagelOld
IndianGr.120),barelyafterPerssonBeitr.779ofthei-basis;npers.Inf.diran,daran,jd.-pers.
darnin;
Maybealb.(*dras)drras`board,plank(cutwood)',drrmonj`destroy,break,exhaust,tire'.
Dardaniillyr.TN
Note:
ThenameDardaniillyr.TNand[Latintranscription:
Latintranscription:Dries]Greek:
Greek:,att.-derive
fromthesameroot.
Dardanus
byMichaF.Lindemans
ThesonofZeusandElectra.HesailedfromSamothracetoTroasinaraftmadeofhides.He
eventuallymarriedBatea,thedaughterofKingTeucer,whogavehimlandnearAbydos.Therehe
foundedthecityofDardania(thelater,ill-fatedcityofTroy).
HencethenameDardanellesforwhatwasoncecalledtheHellespont.
DARA
DARA(Dara,Ptol.vi.8.4).1.AsmallriverofCarmania,atnogreatdistancefromthefrontierof
Persis.TherecanbelittledoubtthatitisthesameastheDoraofMarcian(Peripl.p.21)andthe
DarasofPliny(vi.25.s.28).Dr.Vincentconjectures(VoyageofNearchus,vol.i.p.372)thatitisthe
sameastheDara-binorDerra-binofmoderncharts.
2.AcityinParthia.[APAVARCTICENE]
3.AcityinMesopotamia.[DARAS][V.]
DARADAE
DARADAEthenameofEthiopiantribesintwodifferentpartsofAfrica;oneaboutthecentralpart,in
Darfour(Daradnethnos,Ptol.iv.7.35),theotherintheW.,ontheriverDARADUSalsocalled
AethiopesDaratitae.(Polyb.apPlin.v.1;Agathem.ii.5.)[P.S.]
DARADAX
DARADAX(Daradax),aSyrianriver,mentionedonlybyXenophon(Anab.i.4.10).Ithasbeen
identifiedwiththeFar,asmalltributaryoftheEuphrates.Atthesourceoftheriverwasapalaceof
Belesis,thensatrapofSyria,withalargeandbeautifulpark,whichweredestroyedbyCyrusthe
Younger.(Anab.l.c.)[G.W.]
DARADUS
DARADUS,DARAS,orDARAT(DaradosDaras,Ptol.iv.6.6),ariverofAfrica,fallingintothe
AtlanticontheW.coast,nearthePortusMagnus,andcontainingcrocodiles(Plin.v.1);probablythe
GambiaorDiod'Ouro.[P.S.]
DARAE
DARAEaGaetuliantribeintheW.ofAfrica,onamountainstreamcalledDara,ontheS.steppesof
M.Atlas,adjacenttothePharusii.(Plin.v.1;Oros.i.2;LeoAfr.p.602.)[P.S.]
DARADRAE
DARADRAE(Daradrai,Ptol.vii.1.42),amountaintribewholivedintheupperIndus.Forbiger
conjecturesthattheyarethesamepeoplewhomStrabo(xv.p.706)callsDerdae,andPlinyDardae
(vi.19),andperhapsastheDadicaeofHerodotus(iii.91,vii.66).Itispossible,however,thatthese
latterpeoplelivedstillfurthertotheN.,perhapsinSogdiana,thoughtheirassociationwiththe
Gandarii(SanscritGandhras)pointstoamoresouthernlocality.[V.]
DARANTASIA
DARANTASIAaplaceinGalliaNarbonensis.
DARAPSA
DARAPSA[BACTRIANAp.365,a.]
DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE(Daradrai,Ptol.vii.1.42),amountaintribewholivedintheupperIndus.Forbiger
conjecturesthattheyarethesamepeoplewhomStrabo(xv.p.706)callsDerdae,andPlinyDardae
(vi.19),andperhapsastheDadicaeofHerodotus(iii.91,vii.66).Itispossible,however,thatthese
latterpeoplelivedstillfurthertotheN.,perhapsinSogdiana,thoughtheirassociationwiththe
Gandarii(SanscritGandhras)pointstoamoresouthernlocality.[V.]
DARDANI
DARDANI(Dardanoi),atribeinthesouth-westofMoesia,andextendingalsooverapartofIllyricum.
(Strab.vii.p.316;Ptol.iii.9.2;Caes.Bell.Civ.iii.4;Liv.xl.57;Plin.iii.29;Cic.p.Sest.43)
AccordingtoStrabo,theywereaverywildandfilthyrace,livingincavesunderdunghills,butvery
fondofmusic.[L.S.]
av.dardar-(seeabove)`split',Inf.drnm(:OldIndiandrti),Iter.draya-,participledrt(=
OldIndiandrt-);
arm.teem`skin,flay,makecallous'(becauseofprobablyforrootform*der-s-,PerssonBeitr.779
Anm.1);doubtfularm.tar`foreignland',tara-`besides,without,afar',tarayAor.`taketoone'sheels,
madeoneselfscarce'(PerssonBeitr.778a2);
gr.`skin,flay',io-presentds.(aslit.derbesidesdiri),Aor.Pass.,participle
,(=OldIndiandrt-);`hose'(=OldIndiandara-,lett.nu-daras);`the
skinning'(=OldIndiandti-),nexttowhichwith(haschanged)lengthenedgradeatt.,-
`skin,leatherydress,cover';*,diss.`themembranewhichcontainsthebowels';
,-n.`skin,fur'(heavybasis),n.,n.,`fell,fur';lengthenedgrade,(poet.)`fight,struggle'(=OldIndian-dri-);hereprobablyalso-`bedraggle'insteadof
*-(:OldIndiandr-dar-ti)
cymr.corn.bret.darn`piece,part'(=OldIndiandr-);
got.dis-taran(=gr.)`break,pullapart',ga-taran`tear,destroy',ags.teran`tear',ahd.zeran,
fir-zeran`tear,destroy';mhd.(ver)zern,nhd.(ver)zehren`consume',mengl.,mnd.terren`quarrel,
squabble',ndd.terren,tarren`stir,tease,irritate,banter',ahd.zerren`pull';got.intrans.dis-,gatarnan`tear'(:OldIndiandrti),holl.tornenùnstitch,unpick,takeapart',comparenominalags.as.
torn,ahd.zornànger,fight,violentdispleasure'andinoriginalmeaningholl.torn`cleavage,
separation'(=OldIndiandr-,cymr.darn;alsoOldIndiandr-isnamedbesides`split'also
`confused,putindesperation');nexttowhichzerogradeanord.tjrnf.(*dern),tjarnn.(*dernom)
`smallsea',originallyprobably`waterhole'(compareOldIndiandara-,dar`holeintheearth');
causativeistrodtoga-tarnan(iterative)gatarnjan`mug,rob'(butahd.uozurnen`despise'Denom.of
*uo-zorn);got.gataram.`crack',gatarsf.`destruction'(=OldIndiandrti-,gr.);anord.torincompounds,ags.tordn.òrdure'(*dr-tm`separation',comparelett.drstu,drst`defecate',dirsa
`buttocks',Mhlenbach-EndzelinI470,andofagutturalextensionmhd.zurch,zrchm.ànimal
excrements');
Maybetruncatedalb.dhjes`defecate':lett.drstu,drst`defecate'.
besidesoftheheavybasisanord.trn.`batten,lath,supportfrompoles'(*dr-to-m),mhd.truoderf.
`slat,pole,fromitmanufacturedrack';ahd.trda`fringe'(nhd.Troddel),mhd.trdel(for*trdel)
`tassel,woodfiber';
actuallytoder-(e)u-(seeunder)withnasalinfixbelong*drnuinmhd.trnnef.`runningshoal,
migration,swarm;surge',ahd.abetrunnig,abtrunneàpostate',ant-trunno`fugitive',and*dren-u
intrinnan`secludeoneself',mhd.trinnen,trann`beseparatedfrom,departfrom,runaway',nhd.
entrinnen(*ent-trinnen),Kaus.germ.*trannianinmhd.trennen`cut,clip',nhd.trennen,holl.(with
transposition)tarnen,tornen`separate'(thelatter,inanycase,moredirectlytoderivefrom*der`split';nnofgerm.*trennanfrom-nu-);certainlyhereschwed.mdartl.trinna,trenta`splitfencerack',
furtherwiththemeaning`splittrunkpieceasadisc,wheel'ahd.trennila`ball',trenniln`roll',mnd.
trint,trent`circular',trentm.`curvature,roundness,circularline',ags.trindef.(ortrindam.)`round
clump',mhd.trindel,trendel`ball,circle,wheel'underlikewise
Withfracturedreduplicationorformant-d-(comparegr.andech.drdati)andfrom`tear,
tugunkindly'explainablemeaningprobablyheregerm.*trat-,*trut-inags.teart`stern,sharp,bitter',
mndl.torten,holl.tarten`stir,tease,irritate,challenge,defy',mnd.trot`contrariness',mhd.traz,truz,tzesòbstructiveness,animosity,contrariness',nhd.Trotz,Trutz,trotzen,bair.tratzen`banter';with
themeaning-development`fray'-`thin,fine,tender'perhaps()mnd.tertel,tertlk`fine,dainty,
mollycoddled',dn.trtet`squeamish'(perhapsalsonorw.mdartl.tert,tart`smallsalmon',terta
`smallplayball');ahd.nhd.zart(thelastfrom*dort-,comparempers.dartàfflicted',npers.derd
`pain'WoodKZ.45,70);
lit.diri(:),em.der(:),drti`flay,cutoffthegrassorpeat'(heavybasiscomparedwith
OldIndiandti-,gr.,got.gatars),nudrtas`flayed',lett.nudara`polewithcutbranches,
breadslice',Pl.-as`dross,esp.ofbast'(:Mhlenbach-EndzelinII772,OldIndiandara-,gr.),
lit.dern`board,plank,balk';withu-coloredzerogradelit.duri,drti`prick'(preteritdriau)=serb.
-drim(-driti)`hit'(russ.udyrt`hit'withiterativegradeto*dr-,comparelit.driau,Berneker179
f.).Againstitarelit.durnas`frenzied,stupid',lett.durnsborrowedfromSlav.;compareMhlenbachEndzelinI519.
Slav.*derand*diriinOldChurchSlavicder,drati`rend,flay'and*dr(serb.zdrm,ech.
dru);u-darj,udariti`hit'(*dr-,compare*dr-ingr.),withiterativegraderaz-dirati`tear',serb.
z-diratièxertoneself,(maltreatoneself);clearoff,passaway,disappear'(inadditionOldChurch
Slavicdira`crack';s.Berneker201,whereasalsoaboutthemeaning-developmentofprobably
relatedfamilyserb.dra`hole,crack',bulg.drà`trackofapersonoranimal,orfromwheels',dr`
`search,seek,feel,pursue');about*dr-inserb.-drimseeabove;
nouns:with-gradesloven.u-dr`blow,knock',witho-gradeOldChurchSlavicrazdor`crack,
cleavage'(=OldIndiandara-,gr.,lett.nuo-daras),serb.-doracàttack,withzerograde(idg.
*drto-):serbChurchSlavicraz-drt`lacerate',klr.drtyj`torn,flayed'(=OldIndiandrta-);idg.*drti-:
russ.dert`residueofcrushedgrain,bran;clearedland'(=OldIndiandti-etc);russ.(etc)drn
`lawn,meadow'(:OldIndiandrn-etc,meaningasinlit.dirti`cutthelawngrass');
Maybealb.(*derm)drrmojèxhaust'.
russ.derm`ragsstuff,theunusable,rubbish,dirt'(*drossbysplitting,peeling),drkij`rash,hasty,
fast',dranf.`shingle,lath',drjan=`derm`,drka`brawl',dra`nailpuller,toolusedtoremove
nails',o-drnyPl.`chaff'etc.
Withl-extendedlit.nudrlioti`peeltheskin',serb.drljm,dljati`harrow',drljm,dljiti`divest'
(Berneker255);
toch.ABtsr-`separate,split',tsrorye`cleft,fissure,crack'(PedersenToch.Sprachg.19).
d(e)r- (:*deri- )onlybarelycovered(seeesp.PerssonBeitr.779f.):

Gr.-`(incisive,splitting)piercing,sharp,herb,bitter'(probablyafterreshapedfrom*or-),lett.drsme`crack,scratch',perhaps(ifnotderailmentofablauttolit.dreskibecause
ofwhosezerogradedrisk-)fromlett.drksna(*drskna)`scratch',draska`tearer',compare
Mhlenbach-EndzelinI488f.,500;
remainsfaroff`bloodsucker,leech,penis',eigentl.`theswollen',toHes.
(M.Schellerbriefl.).
Withu- formsofthelight(der-eu- )andheavybasis(der-u- , dr - u- )`tear,(theland)break,burst,
erupt':dor-u : dr-u`speciesofgrain',deru-,de-dru- etc`lacerateskin'.
Mpers.drn,drdan`reap';
aboutgerm.formswithnasalinfixseeaboveS.207;
hereanord.trjnaf.(*dreunn-)`proboscisofthepig'(`bursting,burrowing'),trynin.ds.,mhd.triel
(*dreu-lo-)m.`snout,muzzle,mouth,lip',
maybealb.geg.(*tryni)turini,tosk.turiri`mouthofanimals,snout'
norw.mdartl.mle-trjosk,-trusk(*dreu-sko-)`horsemuzzle'(Falk-Torpundertryne).Becauseofthe
meaninginsecureisFalk-Torpsappositionundertrgandtrygleofanord.traua`lack,comeshort',
traulaAdv.`barely',traur`querulous'and-withg-extension-ags.trcian`beabsent,lack,come
short'(nengl.dial.totruck`tofail',mnd.trggelen`beg,cheat,deceive');
lett.drugt`diminish,collapse'(ir.droch,cymr.drwg`penurious,evil,bad'fromk-extension,
Mhlenbach-EndzelinI505).
OldIndiandrv`milletgrass'(dr-u);
comparegr.delph.f.,thess.m.`bread'(*dr-),maked.ds.;
gall.(lat.)dravoca`ryegrass'(*dr-u-);bret.draok,dreok,cymr.drewgds.areborrowedfromRoman.
(KleinhansbeiWartburgIII158);
mndl.tanve,terwe,holl.tarwe`wheat',engl.tare`weed,ryegrass,vetch'(germ.*taru,idg.
*doru);
lit.drva`farmland'(*dr-u,withintonationchangethe-stem),eigentl.`freed,cleared',dirvnas
`virginsoil,land'(comparetomeaningruss.mdartl.dor`newtillage,cultivatedland',rzdert`land
madearable'),lett.druva`thetilledfarmland,sownfield'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI470,505),russ.(see
Berneker186)dervnja`village(withoutchurch);landproperty',mdartl.`pieceoffield',pet
dervnju`tillsthefield';
withthemeaning`skinrash'(`splittingoffskinflakes,crackedskin'):
OldIndiandar-dru-m.`kindofskinrash',dar-d-m.(uncovered),dadru-m.,da-dru-ka-m.`leprosy';
lat.derbitaf.`lichen'isLw.fromgall.*dervta(comparealsomir.deir,air.*derfrom*der`lichen'),to
cymr.tarwyden,tarwden(Pl.tarwed)(besidesdarwydenthroughinfluenceoftheprefixgrouptar-,
PedersenKG.I495),mbret.dervoeden,nbret.deroueden`sickoflichen'(*deru-eit-);
germ.*te-tru-inags.teter`skinrash',ahd.zittaroh(*de-dru-ko-s=OldIndiandadruka-),nhd.Zitterich
`skinrash';
lit.dedervin`rashresemblinglichen'(Trautmann47,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI450;compareinsimilar
meaningoftherootform*der-ech.o-dra,Pl.o-dry`pricklyheat,miliaria,heatrash',poln.odra
`measles',oftheg-extensionbulg.drgn-se`rubmyself,itchmyself,becomescabby');
dereg - :
Mndl.trekenst.V.`pull,tear'and`shudder',ahd.trehhan`push,poke,intermittentlytear,scrape,
coverscraping',*trakjaninmnd.trecken`pull,tear(tr.intr.)',ags.trglian`topluck',wherewith
becauseofthesamevocalpositionmaybeistobeconnectedtolett.dragt`pull,rend,upset,shake',
draguls`shiveringfit',drgaàstrongangryperson,rendersanddemandsalot';lett.drigelts,
drigants,lit.drigntas`stallion'areLw.frompoln.drygant;compareBgaKalbairs.128,
deregh- (seePerssonrootextension26,Berneker254and212m.Lit.):
Ags.tiergan(germ.*targian)`banter,stir,tease,irritate',mnd.tergen,targen`pull,stir,tease,irritate',
holl.tergen,nhd.zergen`pull,tear,anger',schwed.mdartl.targa`tugwiththeteethorsharptools',
norw.mdartl.terga`banter';lit.drginu,drginti`flurry,irritate,stimulate,excite,pull(thetriggerofa
gun)';russ.drgat`pluck,pull,tear,rend'(etc),s-doroga`cramp'.
derek -:
nameofforelandinKos(aspluralasnameofforelands,BuggeBB.18,189),
,(actually`teartheskinopen'asanalogousmeaning
)Hes.;
gr.m.,n.`supper'(*dork-+uo-forms)=alb.dark`supper,evening'(unclearthe
ablautrelationindrek`lunch,middleoftheday';comparePerssonBeitr.8591);perhapsto
(nordillyr.)PN(leg.)inWurttemberg,as`placetorest';
Note:
Thisseemswrongetymologysincealb.drek`lunch,middleoftheday'seemstohavederivedfrom
Root/lemma: derk - :
:`tolook,light';gr.`look,keeptheeyesopen,bealive',,
,`vision',`sight',`look,gaze',-`heavytobehold'(=Old
Indiandarcata-),Adv.ònelookingupfrombelow',n.èye',,-`dragon,
snake'(frombanishing,paralyzinglook),fem.;alb.drit`light'(*drkt);
Accordingtoalb.phoneticlawsalb.drit`light'derivedfrom(drika)not(*drkt)becauseof
commonalb.-k->-thphoneticmutations;
maybealb.(*darcata-),dark`supper,eveningmeal,evening';(*drech),drek`dinnermeal,midday,
lightoftheday':air.an-dracht`loathsome,dark'(seeabove).
sloven.drkam,drem,drkati`glide,slither,ontheicetrail;run,trotrun'(probablyfrom`clearoff,run
away,leave'),ech.drkati`bump,poke,jolt',bulg.drcam,drcn`pull,riffleflax,hemp'(Berneker
255,PerssonBeitr.85,359).
deres- :
Arm.teem(seeaboveunderder-);
mir.dorrànger',dorrach`rough,coarse'(seePerssonBeitr.779Anm.1);presumablyags.teors,
ahd.zers`penis',norw.ters`nail';alsoanord.tjasnaf.`kindofnail'from*tersnn-,norw.trase`rag,
clout',trasast`becomeragged',tras`deadwood',traskòffal,deadwood';
Maybealb.trast`bag,(raggedcloth)',tras`pull(aboatonthecoast):rum.trage`pull'
sloven.drsati`disband,separate',ech.drsati`scratch,scrape,stripe',drasta,drsta`splinter,
scrap,shred;garment',draslav`rough,jolting',zerogradedrsen`rough',drsnat`jolting'(compare
abovemir.dorr).
dre-sk :
lit.su-drysk,-driska,-drksti`tear',dreski,dreskia,-drksti`rend',draskau,drasktiiter.`tear',
lett.drasktds.,draska`rag',lit.drkstnlent`craftyslat,thinlysplitwood'(LeskienAbl.325,
Berneker220,224).,bulg.drskam,drt(*dra)`scratch,scrape;fittightly',perfectivedrsn
(*draskn);drska`scratcher,crack';ech.oldz-dies-katiand(withassimilationofauslautanda
soundinganlaut)z-diezhati`break,rupture',dieska,diezha`splinter,chip,splinter',nowadays
dzha`chip,splinter';poln.drzazga`splinter';
Withformant-p-:
drep-, drop- :
OldIndiandrpm.`mantle,dress',drapsm.`banner()'(=av.drafa-`banner,ensign,flag,
banner'),lit.drpanosf.Pl.`householdlinen,dress',lett.drna(probably*drpn)`stuff,kerchief,
cloth';gallo-rom.drappus`kerchief,cloth'(PNDrapp,Drappus,Drappes,Drapnus)isprobably
ven.-ill.Lw.;thea-vowelfromidg.oor,asdas-pp-,expressive;
gr.`breakoff,cutoff,pick',,`sickle',also(outofitalb.drapn
`sickle'ds.),thatisdefinedthroughassimilationofto*;o-grade
Hes.(=serb.drpljm),,-`Pechpflaster,umHaareauszuziehen',`pullthe
hairout';anord.trfn.Pl.`fringes',trefrf.Pl.ds.,trefja`rub,wearout',mhd.trabef.`fringe';
*drp-inruss.drjpa-ju,-t(withunclearja),dial.drpat,drapt`scratch,rend',serb.drpm,
drpljm,drpati`tear,wearout;scratch,scrape',poln.drapa`scratch,scrape,scrape,rub,flee';
drp-,slav.*drp-inbulg.drpam,perfectivedrpn`tear,pull,drag',serb.drpm,dpatianddpm,
dpiti`rend';bsl.dreb-,drob-`scrap,shred,dress'inlett.drbef.`stuff,dress,laundry',lit.drbf.
`canvas,fabric',drbanasm.`rag,scrap,shred',drabis,drobism.`dress';osorb.drabym.Pl.
`dressstuff',ech.-mhr.zdrabym.Pl.`rag,scrap,shred'haveprobablythroughinfluencetheroot
*drob-(seeunderdhrebh-)`carve,slit,dismember'-b-insteadof-p-;
drip- :
Gall.(ven.-ill.)PNDrippia,Drippnius(compareaboveDrappusetc);
Note:Alb.drapn`sickle':(ven.-ill.)PNDrippnius
bulg.drpa`rag,scrap,shred',sloven.drpam(drpljem),drpati`tear,havediarrhea',ech.dpa
`scrap,shred',dpati`rend,tear';
drup- :
Gr.`scratch',,-(withsecondaryinsteadof,s.PerssonBeitr.859)
`scrub,flayofftheskin',`scratching,peeling',àkindofthorn'.
Forvariationofa:i:uin`popularwords'compareWissmannNominapostverbalia162ff.
References:
References:WP.I797ff.,WH.I342f.,373,861,Trautmann51f.
Page(s):
Page(s):206-211
Root/lemma: des- ,dsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`finden,nachspren'
Material:
Material:Gr.w`becomefind'(futur.gebrauchtespresent),Hes.;
alb.ndesh`find,encounter',ndieh(*of-sk)`feel,find';perhapsalsoOldChurchSlavicde,desiti
`find',ablaut.russ.-ChurchSlavicdositi(udositi)`find,meet',whethernottodek-;whereasisOld
Indianabhi-dsatiìshostile,attacked'ratherDenomin.ofds-`slave,fiend'.
Aboutalb.ndeshs.alsoaboveS.190.
References:
References:WP.I783,814,Trautmann54,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I780.
Page(s):
Page(s):217
Root/lemma: deukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrag
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen'
Material:
Material:Gr.-Hes.(*--withintensivereduplicationas-).
InadditionperhapsalsoHes.,whereforehom.ìnconsiderate';unclearis
`dervielsorgende'(butisdissimilatedfrom*,Bechtel),andwith
zerograde`keen,eager,painstaking'.Themeaning`care,worry,beconsiderateof'arose
from`pull,drag'perhapsabout`bringup';similarlystandsforanord.tja(*teuhn)`help'(seeFalkTorp1315f.).
Somewhatotherspiritualchangeofpositionshowslat.dcereas`todraw;todrawalongoraway;
hencetoshapeanythinglong,toconstruct.Transf.,tocharm,influence,mislead;toderive;todraw
in;tolead;inmarriage,tomarryawife;tocalculate,reckon;toesteem,consider'.
Alb.nduk`pluck,tearoutthehair',dial.also`suckout'.
Mcymr.dygaf`bring'(*dukami);aboutair.to-ucc-(cc=gg)`bring'seeundereuk- .
Lat.dc(altlat.douc),-ere,dx,dctum`todraw;todrawalongoraway;hencetoshapeanything
long,toconstruct.Transf.,tocharm,influence,mislead;toderive;todrawin;tolead;inmarriage,to
marryawife;tocalculate,reckon;toesteem,consider'=got.tiuhan,ahd.ziohan,as.tiohan,ags.
ton`pull,drag'(anord.onlyinparticipletoginn).
verbalcompounds:ab-dc=got.af-tiuhan,ad-dc=got.at-tiuhan,con-dc=got.ga-tiuhan,etc.
rootnouns:lat.dux,ducism.f.àguide,conductor;aleader,ruler,commander'(therefromducre
`bringup,educate,rise';linguistic-historicalconnectionwithformallyequalanord.toga,ahd.zogn
`pull,drag'doesnotexist),trdux`(hereguided)vine-layer'.Isas.etcheritogo,ahd.herizogo`military
leader',nhd.HerzogreplicationofcompareFeist479.
ti-stem:lat.ductim`bydrawing;inastream',lateducti-`duct'(besidestu-stemductus,-s`direction,
leadership,duct,conduction')=nhd.Zucht(seeunder).
SpeciallyrichdevelopmentforminGerm.,so:iterative-Kaus.anord.teygia`pull,drag,pullout'=ags.
tegan`pull,drag'(*taugian);ahd.zuckan,zucchen,mhd.zucken,zcken`quick,pullfast,wrest,
drawback'(withintensiveconsonantstretch;therefrommhd.zuc,Gen.zuckesm.`twitch,jerk');
anord.togn.`thepulling,rope,cable',mhd.zoc,Gen.zogesm.`pull',whereofanord.toga,-aa`pull,
drag',ags.togian,engl.tow`pull,drag',ahd.zogn,mhd.zogen`pull,drag(tr.,intr.),rend,pull',
compareabovelat.()-ducre;ags.tygem.i-stem`pull',ahd.zug,nhd.Zug(*tugi-);ahd.zugil,zuhil,
mhd.zugil,nhd.Zgel,anord.tygillm.`band,strap,strip',ags.tygel`rope';anord.taugf.`rope',ags.
tagf.`band,strap,manacle,paddock'(therefromags.tegan`bind',engl.tie);withzerogradeanord.
togn.`rope,hawser';anord.taumrm.`rope,cable,rein',ags.tamm.`pairofharnessedoxen,yoke,
bridle,parturition,progeny'(therefromteman`proliferate,bepregnant',engl.teem),ndl.toom`brood',
afries.tm`progeny',as.tmàstraporthongofleather;plur.,reins,bridle;scourge,whip',ahd.
mhd.zoumm.`rope,cable,thong,rein',nhd.`bridle,rein'(germ.*tauma-from*taum-);ahd.
giziugn`bearwitness,prove'(actually`zurGerichtsverhandlunggezogenwarden'),mhd.geziugen
`provefromevidence',nhd.(be)zeugen,Zeuge,mnd.betgen`testify,prove',getchn.àttestation,
evidence';furtherwiththemeaning`bringout,bringup,generate'ahd.giziug(*teugiz)`stuff,device,
equipment',nhd.Zeug,mnd.tch(-g-)n.`stuff,device'and`penis',mhd.ziugen,nhd.zeugen;got.
ustahts`consummation',ahd.mhd.zuhtf.`raise,upbringing,breed,breeding,progeny',nhd.Zucht
(=lat.ductusseeabove);therefromnhd.zchtig,zchtigen,ags.tyhtm.ùpbringing,breed,
breeding',afries.tucht,tochtàbilitytoprocreate'.
SpeciallybecauseofZucht`progeny',bair.also`breedingpig'underlikewiseonedrawsahd.zha,
mnd.tle(*thila),nhd.schwb.zauche`bitch',neuisl.ta`vixen'totheroot;yetcomparemhd.zpe
`bitch',norw.dial.tobbe`mare,smallfemalecreature'andgerm.*tkand*ti`bitch'.
Asimplerootform*den-`pull,drag'perhapsinanord.tjrn.(*deu-trom)`tether,bandagerope'=
mengl.teder-,teerds.,ahd.zeotar`shaft',nhd.bair.Zieter`frontshaft'(alsoags.tdor,tuddorn.
`progeny');butOldIndianrakam`rope,strap'isdravid.Lw.(KuiperProto-Munda131).
References:
References:WP.I780f.,WH.I377f.,861.
Page(s):
Page(s):220-221
Root/lemma: deu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplunge,topenetrateinto
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinsinken,eindringen,hineinschlpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianup-du-`togointo,(ofclothes),toputon,towear,assumethepersonof,enter,
pressinto,coveroneself,wear';
Thecauseof-(e)s-stemseemstobelongto:OldIndiando,newda-èvening,darkness',av.
daoatara-,daoastara-`situatedtowardsevening,tothewest',npers.d`theformeryesterday
night';
gr.(moreproperly)èvening'(metr.lengtheningfor*fromoriginally
Adj.`vespertine',asstillinhom.);gr.(att.:,ep.),trans.`sink,dive,swathe'(only
incompounds:`sink'),intrans.(insimplexonlyinparticiple;Aor.)`divein,
penetrate(e.g.,),slipin,pullin(clothing,weapons;soalso,,
),sets(fromthesunandstars,dive,actually,inthesea)',alsomed.and(hom.
isoldaugmenttensetothefuture,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1788);,Kallimachos`sinkinthe
sea'(unclear,s.Boisacqs.v.;preposition*[a]p[o]);`dip,dive,sink'(after);
`theplacewhereonemaynotenter',`disappearing,dive,nook,hideaway,settingofthesun
andstars',`towardsevening',Pl.`settingofthesunandstars';unclear
,`coupled's.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I589;afterFriskIndog.16f.herealso
`shrine'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):217-218
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(deu-2 ordou- ):duEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toworship;mighty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`(religis)verehren,gewhren,verehrungswrdig,mchtig'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandvas-n.òffering,worshipinstruction',duvasyti`honors,reveres,recognizes,
recompenses',duvasy-,duvy-`venerating,respectful';altlat.duenos,dannduonos,klass.bonus
`good'(Adv.bene,Demin.bellus[*duenelos]`pretty,cute');
Note:commonlat.du->b-phoneticmutation.
probably=air.den`proficient,strong',Subst.`protection';lat.be,-re`tobless,enrich,make
happy',betus`blessed,lucky'(*dui,participle*duenos);inadditionas.twthn`grant',mnd.
twden`please,grant',ags.langtwdig`grantedlongago',mhd.zwden`grant',md.getwdic`tame,
domesticated,compliant'(*dueito-;WoodMod.Phil.4,499);
afterEM2114perhapsstillheregr.--`haspower'.
Perhapsalsoheregerm.*taujan`make'(from`*bemighty')ingot.taujan,tawida`make',urnord.
tawidsÌmade',ahd.zouuitunèxercebant(cyclopesferrum)',mhd.zouwen,zuwen`finish,prepare',
mnd.touwen`prepare,concoct,tan,converthideintoleather',whereforeags.getawaànimplement,
utensils,tools,instruments'(therefromagain(ge)tawian`prepare',engl.taw`makeready,prepare,or
dress(rawmaterial)foruseorfurthertreatment;spec.make(hide)intoleatherwithouttannin')and
(withoriginalprefixstressinnouns)ags.geatwef.Pl.àrmament,armor,jewellery,weapons'=
anord.gtvarf.Pl.ds.,afries.touw,tow`tool,rope,hawser',nfries.touw`theshortcoarsefibresof
flaxorhemp,tow',mnd.touwe`tool,loom',touwe,tou`rope,hawser'(outofitnhd.Tau),ahd.gizawa
`householdfurniture,apparatus'(butalso`succeed',seeabove),mhd.gezuwen.àppliance'(outof
itwithbair.-dial.vocalizationmhd.zwe),nhd.Gezhe(seeabouttheseformsPsilanderKZ.45,281
f.).
Inadditionwith(PsilanderaaO.expoundedalso*taujanthroughprotogerm.abridgementfrom
*twjan)perhapsgot.twaòrder,row',gatwjan`dispose',ahd.zwa`coloring,paint,color,dyeing',
langobard.zwa`row,divisionofcertainnumber,uniting',ags.l-tweàltogether,wholly,entirely
well,sound,whole,healthy,well'(aboutpossibleoriginofgerm.*twfrom*t-wseeunder*dek`take';thenitwouldbenaturaltoseparatefromtaujan);withgot.taui,Gen.tjisàction',ubiltjis
èvildoer,wrongdoer',anord.tn.ùncleanedwoolorflax,linenthreadmaterial'=ags.tw`the
spinning,theweaving'intw-hs`spinnery',tw-crft`skillfulnessinspinningandweaving',engl.
tow`theshortcoarsefibresofflaxorhemp,tow';withl-suffixanord.tln.`tool',ags.tln.ds.
(*twula-),verbalonlyanord.tja,tyjaùtilize,makeusable',actuallyàlign',denominativeto*twjaafterPsilanderaaO.,whileFalk-Torpseeksundertiethereinbelongingtogot.tiuhan*tauhjan,
*tiuhjan.
Thurneysenplaces(KZ.61,253;62,273)got.taujantoair.dodèxert,troubled';thefactthatthis,
howeverwithdod`catchesfire'isidenticalandthemeaning`make'hasdevelopedfrom`kindlethe
fire,inflame',seemsunlikely.
Aboutotherinterpretationsoftaujans.Feist474f.
References:
References:WP.I778,WH.I111,324f.,852.
Page(s):
Page(s):218-219
Root/lemma: deu-3 ,deu - ,du - ,dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomoveforward,pass
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`sichrumlichvorwrtsbewegen,vordringen,sichentfernen',outofitspter
2.`zeitlicheErstreckung'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandr`remote,distant,wide'(mostlylocally,however,alsochronologically),
av.dra,Oldpers.duraiyàfar,farthere',av.drtàtadistance,far,farthere,faraway',
compoundsSup.OldIndiandvyas-,dviha-`moredistant,mostdistant';ved.duvs-`moving
forward,strivingout',transitiveav.duye`chaseaway',avifr-avaite`carryawayitself(fromwater)';
OldIndiandt-,av.dta-`summoner,delegator';perhapshereOldIndiandoam.`lack,fault,
error'(*deuso-);
gr.dor.att.,ol.hom.(not*-,but*F-)`lack,err,miss',Aor.,;
unpers.,,participle,att.`theneedful';Medium,hom.`lack'
etc,hom.`staybehindsth,fallshort,failtoattain,beinsufficient',att.`please,longfor';,hom.
`destitute,lacking',`request';inaddition`followinthedistance,thesecond
one',inadditionSuperl.hom..
Perhapsinadditionwith--s - extension(seefurtheraboveOldIndiandoa)germ.*tiuzninags.
torian`cease,languish'(*staybehind),engl.tireèxhaust'.
comparefurthermd.zwen(strong.V.)`moveinthefront,move,proceedthere',ahd.zawen
`proceed,goahead,succeed',mhd.zouwen`hurry,somewhathasten,proceed,goahead,succeed',
zouwef.`haste,hurry'.
2.Apers.duvaitamAdv.`foralongtime',av.dbitmAdj.`long,extended'(temporal);aboutOld
Indiandvit,av.daibit,Oldpers.duvit-paranamseeunderdu u `two';
arm.tevem`last,endure,hold,holdoff',tevèndurance,duration',itev`longtimethrough',tok
`duration,endurance'(*teuoko-,*touoko-),ablaut.erkar`long'(temporal)from*duro-(=gr.
),erkain`long'(spacial);
gr.(el.dor.Hes.)`long,longago'(*F),(*F)`long'(accusativeof*F,*F
`duration'),,dor.`longlasting'(*F-),`long',therefrom`hesitate,stay
long',Hes.(*F-);aboutcompareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I482,7;
lat.d-dum`sometimeago;alittlewhileago,notlongsince;alongwhileagoorforalongtime'(to
formseeWH.I378).Herealso(inspiteofWH.I386)drreèndure'becauseofair.cundrad`pact,
covenant'(*con-drad);butcymr.cynnired`movement'remainsfaroffinspiteofVendryes(BSL.38,
115f.);herealsolat.dum,originally`shorttime,ashortwhile',seeaboveS.181;
lengthenedgradeair.do(*duio-)`slow';
OldChurchSlavicdavèrstwhile,former',davnàncient',russ.davn`sincelongago',etc;
hitt.tu-u-wa(duwa)`far,away',tu-u-wa-la(Nom.Pl.)`remote,distant'from*du-lo-,BenvenisteBSL.
33,143.
References:
References:WP.I778ff.,WH.I378f.,861,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I348,595,685.
Page(s):
Page(s):219-220
Root/lemma: deup- (:kteup- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofthuddingsound,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dumpferSchall,etwaasvoneinemSchlag';Schallwurzel
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.`dullnoise,din;soundofthekicks';`tosoundheavyordead';
theinhom.,`loud-thundering'(...Hes.)revealed
treadingoriginalanlaut-ismaybeparallelwith`blow,knock'besidesoriscopiedto
it,sothatnocertaintyistobeattainedaboutitsage;afterSchwyzerwouldbe()intensiveto
zerograde-;serb.dpm,dpiti`hitwithnoise',sloven.dpam(dupljem)dpati`punchon
somethinghollow,rustlethuddingly',dupotti,bulg.dp``givethespurstoahorse',lett.duptis
`dullsound'(bsl.d-fromgd-orolderasgr.-);
Maybeonomatopoeicalb.dum(*dump)`thuddingsound'[commonalb.p>mp>mphonetic
mutation]
afterVanWindekensLexique138heretoch.Atp-àllowtosound,announce'(*tup-)inInfin.tpssi,
participlePass,cacpunder
References:
References:WP.I781f.,EndzelinKZ.44,58,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI518,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I7183.
Page(s):
Page(s):221-222
Root/lemma: de- ,doEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ademonstrativestem
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Demonstrativstamm,partlyich-deiktisch;GrundlageverschiedenerPartikeln
Material:
Material:Av.vasmn-daùptheretothehouse';
gr.-in-,-,-`thathere,this'(I-deixis),-,-,-,hinterAkk.the
direction,e.g.-,,,(*-),asav.vasmn-da(arkad.
Hes.,reshufflingof-afterdoubleformsas:),alsoin-(emulated
Pl.)`here',lat.quande,quamdeàslike'=osk.pan,umbr.paneàs',alsoosk.pn,umbr.pon(n)e
àswellas'(*quomde),lat.inde`thence,fromthere'(*imde),un-de`whence,fromwhere';gr.
`but';gr.`just,now,just,certainly',-àlready',-`since,whereas,because';after
interrogativewords`(what)then';
idg.*deputalsoinair.articleind(*sindos,idg.*sm-de);
ital.-*dminlat.qu-dam,quon-dam,umbr.nersaàslongas'(probablysolidifiedAkk.f.*ne-dm
`notatthesametime';besidesm.orn.in:);
lat.dum(*dom)`still',asKonj.`while,duringthetimethat;solongas,providedthat;until',originally
demonstratives`then',compareetiamdum,interdum,nndum,agedum(:gr.),manedum,
quidumàsso'underlikewise,theninrelative-conjunctionalmeaning,asalsoindummodo,dumn,
dumtaxat;osk.sdum`thesameas'however,istobedisassembledins-d-um,asalsoin.lat.dem,
quidem,tandem,tantusdem,totidemisnottoberecognizedwithdumfrom*domthechangingby
ablaut-dem;d-emfrom*idem=OldIndianidm`justthis',compareosk.s-d-um,asquid-em
from*quid-om=osk.pd-um,andasaresultofthesyllableseparationidemwouldbesensedasdemanidentityparticleandwouldgrowfurther);
buttheprimarymeaningofdumisàshortwhile',whereforeuperhapsisold(compareddum)and
dumbelongstorootdeu-(EM2288f.).
idg.*d originally`here,overhere'inlat.d-ni-cum(archaically),dnec(*d-ne-que),forLukrezalso
donique`solongas,tillthat,to,finally',butalso`then'(d-equalmeaningwithad-,ar-inumbr.ar-nipoàsfaras'from*ad-ne-qom)andinquand`when'=umbr.panupei`whenever,asoftenas;indef.
atsometimeorother';air.do,du,acymr.di(=i),corn.e`to'from*d(ingall.du-ciànd'),
ThurneysenGrammar506;ags.t,as.to(te,ti),ahd.zuo(za,ze,zi;theabbreviatedformsarein
spiteofSolmsenKZ.35,471nottounderstandaspreviouslyprotoidg.ablautvariants),nhd.to(got.
du`to'withDat.andpreverb,e.g.indu-ginnan`begin',seemsprocliticdevelopmentfrom*t(),is
markedfromBrugmannII2,812asunresolved);alit.doprepositionandprefix`to';OldChurchSlavic
da`so,and,but;that'(meaning-development`*inaddition'-`still,and',fromwhichthenthe
subordinatinglink);differentPedersenToch.5.
Besidesidg.*d inOldChurchSlavicdoùntil,to'.
Lit.da-,perfektivierendesverbalprefix,andlett.daùntil-to',alsoverbalprefixe.g.indaiet
`hinzugehen',derivefromdemSlavischen.
en-do :alat.endo,induìn',lat.onlymoreascompositionpart,e.g.indi-gena,ind-les,other
formationsinhom.--(right)ìntestines,entrails',mir.inne`ds.`(*en-d-io-);againstit
wirdair.ind-prepositionandprefixìn'vonThurneysenGrammar521asafterin-umgefrbte
Entsprechungvongall.andecontemplatesandfurthervonPedersenKG.I450withgot.andùntil',
OldIndiandhiconnected;andgr.-ìndoors,in,within',-`frominside'arereshapedas
lesb.dor.after-,-,-from-,s.*dem- `tobuild';hitt.an-daìn'to*en-do(or
*ndo),PedersenHitt.166.Whereasitistheadverbial-andpredicatecharacterofnounsair.in(d),
abret.in,mcymr.ynprobablyinstrumentalofarticle;s.furtherThurneysenGrammar239.
d (asdprobablyanInstr.extension)inlat.d`prep.withabl.inspace,downfrom,awayfrom.
Transf.,comingfromanorigin;takenfromaclassorstock,madefromamaterial,changedfroma
previousstate;ofinformation,fromasource.intime,followingfrom,after;inthecourseof,during.
aboutasubject;onaccountofacause;accordingtoastandard',falisk.de(besidesosk.dat`d'(for
*dd,withtafterpost,pertetc;osk.-umbr.*ddisprobablyreplacementfor*dafterehtrdetc,
respectivelyaftertheablativetransformedinInstr.-(d),(d):d);aspreverbinda[da]d`giveaway,
giveup,surrender,deliver,consign,yield,abandon,render',dadkatted`dedicate,consecrate,set
apart',umbr.daetomàfault,crime';inadditioncompoundslat.dterior`lower,inferior,poorer,
worse',Sup.dterrimus,dmum(altlat.alsodmus)òftime,atlength,atlast;inenumerations,
finally,inshort;'iddemum',thatandthatalone'(`*tolowest'-`lastly,finally'),dniqueàtlast,finally;in
enumerations,again,furtherorfinally;inshort,infine';
air.d(besidesdefromidg.d,wherewithperhapsgall.-`fromajudicialsentence'istobe
equated),acymr.di,ncymr.y,i,corn.the,bret.di`from-down,from-away',alsoasprivativeparticle
(e.g.acymr.di-auc`slow,tardy,slack,dilatory,lingering,sluggish,inactive,lazy',aslat.dbilis;
intensifyingair.d-mr`verylarge'aslat.dmagis`furthermore,verymuch')
Themeaning`from-down,from-away'thesewithgr.,formallythesameparticleprobablyis
onlyacommoninnovationofCelticandItalic;alsoGerman(HolthausenKZ.47,308:ahd.zdal
`poverty,need'from*d-tlom,of*d`from-away',aswdal`poor,needy':lat.vènclitic,or,or
perhaps').
Theendingofthefollowingadverbialgroupsalsobelongstothisroot:OldIndiantad`then',av.taa
`then',lit.tad`then';OldIndiankad`when',av.kad,jav.kaa`when',lit.kad`when';Old
Indianyad`when,as',av.yad,jav.yaa`when',OldChurchSlavicjeda`when'(vglalsoOldIndian
yadiìf',Oldpers.yadiy,av.yei,yeiiàssoonas'andav.yat`whence');OldIndianid`now,
yet';alsotheslav.formationsasruss.kud`whereto,where';
Maybealb.ku-do(*kud)èverywhere,anywhere',nasalnga-do(kd)èverywhere'
OldChurchSlavickdu,kd`whence',nikda-e`never',poln.dokd`whereto,where',OldChurch
Slavictd`fromthere',sdu`fromhere'underlikewise,butitcouldcontainalsoidg.dh.
Acognatestem*diperhapsinenklit.iran.Akk.av.Oldpers.dim`her,she',av.ditès',diPl.m.f.,d
Pl.n.,andOldPrussianAkk.Sg.din,dienìhn,sie'(etc);comparebutMeilletMSL19,53f.
References:
References:WP.I769ff.,WH.I325f.,339f.,370f.,694,859,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I624f.
Page(s):
Page(s):181-183
Root/lemma: dgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`packen'
Material:
Material:Got.tkan`touch';
Maybealb.takonj`touch'
Additionalcognates:[PNtaka=WFris.take,EFris.tken,MDu.tkengrasp,seize,catch,rel.by
ablauttoGoth.tkan]
withablautanord.taka,(engl.take)`take';toch.Btek-,tak-`touch',Btetekaàssoonas'.
Maybealb.takonj`touch':got.tkan`touch';
References:
References:WP.I786,WH.I351,VanWindekensLexique138,139(comparesalsolat.tang`to
touch'),PedersenToch.2071.
Page(s):
Page(s):183
Root/lemma: d- :d- anddi- ,dEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:d- :d- anddi- ,d- :
:`tobind'derivedfromdu a i ,du e i- ,stemsofRoot/
Root/
lemma: du (u) :
:`two'meaning`bindintwo'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandyti(with-,ni-,sam-)`binds'(dy-zerogradeof*di-,from3.Pl.dynti,
compareav.n-dy-tm3.Sg.Med.inpass.meaningìthasmadesoilholdback',--extensionfrom
thezerogradedi-,BartholomaeAiran.Wb.761),OldIndianparticipledit-`bound'(=gr.),
dman-n.`band,strap'(=gr.-),ni-dtr-`binder';
gr.(hom.att.)(*j)`bind',`bound',`shavingstiedtogetherasatorch,faggot,torch,
fetter,sheaf'(-foridg.*d-as:),`sheafbinder',`thefastening,
binding',`band,strap',-`headfascia',Pl.`bedstead';hom.present
`bind'istoafter:`neologism';-(compareOldIndiandman-)`sandal',
àbandorfillet,turban,diadem';
alb.duai`fascicle,sheaf'(about*dn-fromidg.*dn-),del`(*band,strap),sinew,tendon,vein'
(idg.*d-lo-).
References:
References:WP.I771f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I340f.,676,688.
Page(s):
Page(s):183
Root/lemma: dh-m-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schief'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjihm`slantwise,slant,skew'(urar.*ihm-assimil.from*dihm-),gr.
,`slant,skew'(assimil.from*).
References:
References:PedersenKZ.36,78,WP.I769.
Seealso:
Seealso:Otherpossibilitiesseeundergei- `turn,bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):222
Root/lemma: dhabh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:proper,*fitting,dainty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`passendfgen,passend'
Material:
Material:Arm.darbin`smith'(*dhabhr-ino-);
lat.faber,fabr`craftsman,artist',Adj.ìngenious,skilful',Adv.fabr`skilful',affabr`skillfully',
contrastinfabr,fabrica`dexterity,workshop'(plign.faberislat.Lw.);perhapsherelat.(Plaut.)
efffiltusèxposed',Denom.from*ffilla,`*acquiescence'(fdial.);
Note:
commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation;
alb.tosk.thembr`heel,hoof(whereasmithwouldattachahorseshoe)'[commonalb.f->thphoneticmutation.
got.ga-dabanòccur,arrive,reach,happen,besuitable',Perf.gadb`tobeclearlyseen,tobe
conspicuous',Adj.gadfisìtissuitable,proper,fitting'=ags.gedfe`fitting,mild'(*ga-dbja),
gedafen`proper',gedafnian`befitting,suitable'=anord.dafna`proficient,proper,becomestrong,
prosper,thrive',ags.gedfte`fitting,mild',gedftan`sort,order,arrange';
OldChurchSlavicdobr`good,beautiful,beauteous,fair'(=arm.darbin,lat.faber),dobj,doblj`the
best,assayed,examined,tested,strong',doba(olderr/n-stem)`fitting,applying,opportunity',podoba
òrnament,adornment,decorousness,decency',udobn`light',u-dobAdv.`light';lit.dab
`quality,nature,habit,character',dabntiàdorn',dabns`dainty'etc.
Maybealb.idobt(*udobn)èmaciated,dainty,elegant,(beautiful)',dobi`profit,advantage'.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhabh-2 :
:`proper,*fitting,dainty'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dh b h-1 ,nasalized
dhamb(h) -::`toastonish,bespeechless,*hit'[seebelow]
References:
References:WP.I824f.,Trautmann42f.,WH.I436f.,863.
Page(s):
Page(s):233-234
Root/lemma: dhanu- ordhonuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindoftree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èineBaumbezeichnung'()
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhnvan-n.,dhnu-m.,dhnu-n.`bow',dhanvana-m.àcertainfruittree':
ahd.tanna`fir,oak'(*danw),mhd.tanne,and.dennia`fir'.
References:
References:WP.I825.
Page(s):
Page(s):234
Root/lemma: dhauEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wrgen,drcken,pressen'
Material:
Material:Av.dvaid1.Du.Prs.Med.`wepress',davs-in(couldstandforduvs-)àlthough
pressingoneselffurther';phryg....Hes.(therefromthepeople'sname
,D-ci),lyd.-(`-ÌndianHemp,dogbane(plantpoisonoustodogs)'),
compare-,nameofthrak.godofwar,illyr.PNCan-davia;dhauno-s`wolf'as`shrike'inlat.
GNFaunus(togr.Hes.)=illyr.Daunus(therefromVN,inhabitantofapul.
regionofDaunia;comparethrak.);gr.Zi.e.`shrike'(thessal.;s.alsoFick
KZ.44,339),withablautgr.,(F)`jackal'(i.e.`shrike');
Maybealb.dac`cat':phryg.
got.af-dauis`rended,mangled,afflicted';
OldChurchSlavicdavlj,davitièmbroider,choke,strangle',russ.davt`pressure,press,choke,
crush',dvka`crush'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:berdhu-`beastonished,marvel'seebelowdhei - .
Page(s):
Page(s):235
Root/lemma: dh b h-1 ,nasalizeddhamb(h) -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toastonish,bespeechless,*hit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`staunen,betreten,sprachlossein'
Note:
Note:presumablyas`beaten,beconcerned'fromabasicmeaning`hit'
ProbablycommonoriginofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dh b h-1 ,nasalizeddhamb(h) -::toastonish,be
speechless,*hit;Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhebh- ,dhebh-eu- :
:`toharm',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dhembh- ),
dhm b h- :
:`todig',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhem- ,dhem- :
:`tosmoke;toblow'.
Material:
Material:Gr.n.àstonishment,surprise',Perf.ep.ion.,participleAor.
àstonish',,(`gazeinwonder=)flatter'(seeBoisacqs.v.),nasalizedn.
àstonishment,amazement,fright',`marvel,astonish,frighten';tocompareSchwyzerGr.
Gr.I333,833;
got.afdbn`becomesilent!'.
Underprerequisiteabasicmeaning`hit'canthefollowinggerm.familybeadded:anord.dafla`splash
inthewater',norw.dial.dabba`stamp,treaddown,trample,makeablunder';
Maybealb.geg.zhdp`beat,strike'
anord.an(d)dfa`holdonaboatagainstwindandstream',mengl.dabben,nengl.dab`hitlightly',
ostfries.dafen`hit,knock,bump,poke',mhd.beteben`stun,wanderabout,press',ndd.bedebbert
`reprimand,flog,embarrassed',nhd.tappen,Tapp`flick',mhd.tpe`paw'(germ.,butnottousefor
statementofidg.vocalism),mndl.dabben`tap,splash'underlikewise.However,seealsoPerssonIF.
35,202f.,severalofthesewordswithmhd.tappe`clumsy,awkward;clumsyperson'etccorrelatesin
agerm.rootdabb-,db(b)-,da-,dap-`thick,lumpy',fromwhich`clumsy,stupid,doltish',under
comparisonwithlett.depisswearword,perhaps`fool',depe`toad'(`*theawkward'),depsis`small,fat
boy'[maybealb.djep`cradle(forababy)']
andgerm.words,asschwed.mdartl.dabb`toughlumpofmucus',dave`puddle,pool,slop'(:an.
dafla`splash')etc(lett.dep-isperhapsaachangeformto*dheb-inOldChurchSlavicdebel`thick'
etc,compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI455);itistobecountedonmergerofdifferentwordcognatesin
Germ.(seealsounderdi-,dp-`divide');
afterEndzelin(KZ.51,290)placesengl.dab`tap'tolit.dbiu,dbti`beattodeath',lett.dbiu,dbt
`hit'.
maybealb.dboj(*dobt)`chaseaway',idobt(*udobn)èmaciated,dainty,elegant,
(beautiful)',dobi`profit,advantage'.
Note:
Alb.provesthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhabh-2 :
:`proper,*fitting,dainty'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
dh b h-1 ,nasalizeddhamb(h) -::`toastonish,bespeechless,*hit'[seeabove]
References:
References:WP.I824.
Page(s):
Page(s):233
Root/lemma: dh l -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblossom,begreen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blhen,grnen'
Material:
Material:Arm.dalar`green,fresh';
gr.`blossom,begreen,flourish',Perf.,dor.,whereofpresent,dor.
ds.,n.`youngscion,shoot',`sproutinglusciously',,dor.`sprouting
orblossominglusciously',`youngscion,shoot,youngtwig,branch',`bloom,blossom,
blossomingprosperity,esp.Pl.festivejoy,feast'.
Alb.dal(*daln),Aor.doa(*dl-)àrise,sprout,rise,extend',participledal(*dalno-)etc(aboutdjal
`kid,child,youngling'seeunderdel-3 ).
ThereAlb.onlyarrangesoriginal-vocalismandhencealsoingr.diegradeisnotperceivedas
neologismofablautin,whichcouldbedevelopedinitselffromlaretobecoveredatbestbya
parallelroot*dhel-:
perhapsarm.de`physic,medicine'(whetherfrom`*herb');
cymr.dail`leaves'(analogicalSg.dalen),acorn.delen`leaf'etc(i-umlautofo),mir.duille(*dolni)
collective,f.`leaves',gall.`fiveleaves'(Dioskor.):leg.*pimpe-dola.
maybealb.(*dalni)dlinj`juniper'
Essentiallyisunsatisfactoryappositionfromgerm.*diljainags.dile,as.dilli,ahd.tilli,dilli`dill,
stronglysmellingplantumbel',changingthroughablautags.dyle,olderdn.dylle,nhd.mdartl.tlle
ds.,withothermeaninganord.dylla`SonchusarvensisL.,sowthistle';atleastverydoubtfulofahd.
tolaàcluster,esp.ofgrapes',toldom.`treetoporcrownofaplant,umbel',nhd.Doldeùmbel'.
Maybealb.dyll`wax'
Acognatebeingfaroffthemeaningofthefamilyistheformags.deallìllustrious',seedhel- `gleam,
shine'.
References:
References:WP.I825f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I302,703,714,720,WH.I524.
Page(s):
Page(s):234
Root/lemma: dhebh- ,dhebh-euEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toharm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beschdigen,verkrzen,betrgen'
Note:
Note:thenasalizedforms(*dhembh-)areasproportionalneologismstointerprettherootafter
containingn-.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandabhnti`damages,disables,cheats,Pass.getsdamaged'(*dhebh-n-u-ti),
Perf.dadbhaand(changed)dadmbha,participlePerf.Pass.dabdh-and(fromtherootformonu:)-dbhu-ta-Adj.`wonderful',actually`*theinaccessibledeception,untouchable';dambhyati
`makesconfused,frustrated'(dambh-`deceit'),Desid.dipsati(=av.diw-,seeunder),dabhr-à
little,slightly,poorly';
av.dab-`cheat,defraudsbofsth':daviyG.Sg.f.`thecheating',davayeintiN.Sg-.f.`the
dishonest',dbnaot2.Pl.present(ar.*dbhanau-mi,idg.*dbh-en-eu-mi),Inf.diwaidyi(without
moredesiderativemeaning,but=OldIndiandipsa-ti),participlePerf.Pass.dapta-(innovation);dbvayat`heshallbeguile,infatuate'(rootform*dbheu-),-dbaoman-n.ìnfatuation';osset.dawin
`steal';hitt.te-ip-nu-èsteemslightly',PedersenHitt.144.
Inadditionveryprobablygr.`damage,rob,cut(),bewilder,deceive',Pass.Ìam
robbed',with-probablyfrom*-,*sm-andwithtothesameconsonantrelationshipasbetween
:OldIndianbudh-n-.
References:
References:WP.I850f.,KuiperNasalprs.147,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I333.
Page(s):
Page(s):240
Root/lemma: dhebEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fat,heavy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dick,fest,gedrungen'
Material:
Material:Ahd.tapfar`burdensome,filled;heavy,weighty',mhd.tapfer`tight,firm,thickset,full,
weighty,signifying',late`valiant(tight,firminthebattle)',ahd.tapfare`mole',tapfarf.`moles',mnd.
dapper`heavy,weighty,vast,grand',ndl.dapper`valiant;much,alotof',norw.daper`pregnant',
anord.dapr`heavy,elegiac,dismal,sad'.
Perhapsan.dammr,nhd.Damm,mhd.tamds.,got.fardammjan`damup,hinder',asdhobmhere
OldChurchSlavicdebel`thick',russ.mdartl.deblyj`corpulent,strong,tight,firm',abl.doblyj
`strong'(etc,s.Berneker182);OldPrussiandebkan`big,large';perhapsalsolett.dabl'underdbls
`luscious',dablìaudzis`lusciouslysprouted',dabl'gs`luscious'(BernekeraaO.;afterMhlenbachEndzelinI428nevertheless,arelett.wordsprobablytobeconnectedwithOldChurchSlavicdobr);
toch.Atsopats`big,large',tppo`courage',tpr`high',Btappre,tpr-ds.,PedersenToch.243,
Toch.Sprachg.23,27,29,VanWindekensLex.135,148.doubtfully.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):239
Root/lemma: dheghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,*day
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhati,av.daaiti`burns'(=lit.deg,OldChurchSlaviceg,alb.djek),
participleOldIndiandagdh-(=lit.dgtas),Kaus.dhyati;dha-`blaze,heat',nidgh-`heat,
summer',npers.d`burnbrand'(inadditionsptgr.,-`red-brownhorse');av.daxa-m.
`blaze';
gr.Hes.(`kindled';==lit.dgtinas`whoorwhatistobeburned'),àsh'
(*dheghr);
alb.djekìncinerate,burn',Kaus.dhez,n-dezìgnite'(basicform*dhoghi=lat.fove);
Note:
Commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation:
lat.fove,-re`tobeboilinghot,toboil,seethe,glow.Transf.,tobeinquickmovement,toseethe;to
beexcitedbypassion,rage',fculumàsacrificialhearth,fire-pan,brazier'(*foue-clom),fmentumà
poultice,fomentation.Transf.,alleviation'(*fouementom),fmes,-itis`touchwood,tinder'(*fouemet-,
Bedeut.aslett.daglis),favilla`glowingashes,esp.ofthedead;aspark'(probablyfrom*dhogh-lol);favnius`zephyrus,thewarmwestwind'(from*fovnios):febris`fever'(*dheghro-;after
LeumannGnom.9,226ff.diei-inflectionaftersitis).
Mir.daig(Gen.dega)`fire,pain'(from*degi-);aboutmbret.deuiff,nbret.devi,cymr.deifio`burn'see
under*du- `burn';cymr.de`burning';go-ddaith`blaze'(from*-dekto-);butair.ded-l`breakof
dawn'afterMarstranderDict.Ir.Lang.I213actually`partingdrink,thelastdrink';nir.dogha`burdock'
(:lit.dagysseeunder);
aboutgot.dags`day'etcseeunder* her- S.7;
Note:
Note:fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhegh- : `toburn,*day'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: her -, hen -,
hes - (orher etc)::`day'thesameasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak r u :
Root/lemma:
dak r u- :
:`tears'.Thephoneticshiftda->a-,zeroisacommonBalticphoneticmutation.Compare
Root/lemma: del-5 :
(dalugasti)n.`length'.ThisisasoundproofofAryanmigrationfromtheBalticregiontoNorthIndia.
lit.deg,dgti`burn'(trans.andintrans.),dgtas`burnt',dgtinas`whatistobeburned',degtnf.
`brandy,alcohol',ablauteuddags,dgis`thistle'(lett.dadzis);dgas`theburning;summerheat;
harvest',dag`harvest',OldPrussiandagis`summer';lit.dglas`tobrand',dglas`torch,cresset,
brand;black-dappled';lett.daglasf.Pl.`scorch',daglis`tinder';lit.nuodgulis`firebrand',dgis
`burner;burning';ablaut.ato-dogiai()m.Pl.`summerwheat,summercrops';
sloven.dgniti`burn,warm',ech.olddehna`devil',ablaut.dahnti`burn';russ.dgot`tar'(from
`*woodrichinresin'),aslit.degtas`birchtar';withAssimil.()von*degto*geg:OldChurch
Slaviceg,eti`burn',ablaut.russ.iz-gga`pyrosis,heartburn'(seeMeilletMSL.14,334f.,
differentBrugmannII23,120).
Maybealb.zheg`summerheat'
Toch.teki`disease,malady'(=ir.daig);Atsk-,tsak-`burn',tsafterablaut.tsk-(*dhgh-)
`gleam,glow';ABcok`light'(from`pinewoodtorch'):bsl.*degut-`tar'(seeabove).
References:
References:WP.I849f.,WH.I466f.,469,471f.,864,Trautmann49,PedersenToch.Sprachg.
23.
Page(s):
Page(s):240-241
Root/lemma: dheihEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tokneadclay;tobuild
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lehmknetenanddamitmauernorbestreichen(Mauer,Wall;Tpferei;dann
alsovonanderweitigemBilden);alsovomTeigkneten(Bckerei)'
Note:
Note:s.toSachlichenMeringerIF.17,147.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhmi`coat,cement'(3.Sg.dgdhiinsteadof*dhi),alsoparticipledigdh-,
dha-m.n.`body,structure',dhf.èmbankment,dam,curve,bay',av.pairi-dazayeiti`walledall
around'(=OldIndianKaus.dhayati)uzdita3.Sg.Med.`haserected(adam)',participleuz-dita-,
uz-daza-m.`pile,embankment',pairi-daza-m.ènclosure,park'(outofitgr.àroyal
parkorpleasureground,aPersianwordbroughtinbyXen.;usedforthegardenofEden,Paradise'),
Oldpers.did`fortress'(from*diz-,rootnom.in-),npers.diz,dzds.;
arm.dizanem(Aor.3.Sg.edz)`pileup',dizanim`bepiledup',dz`heap';
Maybenasalizedalb.(*dheih-)deng`heap'[commonlat.-h->-g-phoneticmutation].
thrak.-,-`castle'(:Oldpers.didor*dhih-i);also,PN,Burto-dexion,Burtudizos;(:lat.fing);pannon.VNAn-dizetes`castleinhabitant';
Note:
Illyr.pannon.VNAn-dizetes`castleinhabitant'displayssatemcharacteristics[commonalb.-h->-d-,
-z-].
gr.n.,m.(formal=OldIndiandha-)`wall';,Aor.`touched'(meaningas
lat.fingerealso`shaped,fashioned,formed,molded;arranged',voiced-nonaspiratedgpreviously
originalfromthenasalizedpresentform);
Note:
Commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation:
lat.fing,-ere,finxi,fictum`toshape,fashion,form,mold;alsotoarrange,putinorder;torepresent,
imagine,conceive;tofeign,fabricate,devise,makeup;touchstrokingly',figulusàworkerinclay,
potter'(:germ.*iulaz),flum(*figslom)`shape',effigis`(molded)image,animage,likeness,effigy;
ashade,ghost;anideal',figra`form,shape,figure,size;anatom;shadeofadeadperson;inthe
abstr.,kind,nature,species',ficti`forming,feigning;assumption',fictilis`shaped;henceearthen,
madeofclay;n.assubst.,esp.pl.earthenware,earthenvessels'(tolat.ginsteadofhs.Leumann
Lat.Gr.133;afterlatterderivesfromformsasfictusalsokfromaltfalisk.fifiked`touched,handled',
osk.fifikusperhaps`youwillhavedevised');probablyumbr.fikla,ficlamàgruelusedatsacrifices,a
cake,offeredtothegods',lat.ftillaàgruelusedatsacrifices'(withdial.tfromct);osk.fehss`walls'
(*dheiho-);
aboutlat.flum(identicalwithflum`filament')compareWH.I497,ontheotherhandEM2360;
air.digen`tight,firm'(`*kneadedtightly,compact');air.*kom-uks-ding-`tobuild,erect'in1.Sg.
cunutgim,3.Sg.conutuincetcandperhapsalsodingid,for-ding`putdown,oppressed',seeunder1.
dhengh-`press,cover'etc;
got.ammadigandin`thekneading',kasadigana`clayvessel',gadigis(meaningforgadikis,
ànythingmoulded,animage,figure,shape,construction',es-stem,similarlyàwall');daigsm.
`dough'(*dhoihos),anord.deig(n.),ags.dg,ahd.teigds.;anord.digr`thick,corpulent'(meaning
asir.digen),got.digrei`density,thickness,bulk,mass',mhd.tiger,tigereAdv.`fully,entirely',norw.
mdartl.digna`becomethick',diga`thick,softmass'besidesmnd.norw.dger;ahd.tegal,anord.
digull`glazepot,crucible,skillet'seemstobeagenuinegerm.word(*i..laz),however,thishas
spongedinthemeaningoflat.tgula(fromàfrying-pan,saucepan');
Maybealb.tjegula`roof-tile':lat.tgula`tile,roof-tile'[conservativedefinitiveformsversusindefinite
forms(alb.phonetictrait)].
lit.deti,dti`flay,flog'(`*knead,smearonedown'),lett.diezt`convince,offer'(`*tohumbugsb');
aruss.da,klr.diaetc`kneadingtrough,form,mould'(*dhoih-i-;Berneker198,MhlenbachEndzelinI487).
Maybealb.(*dhoih)dhoga`plank'
Anadaptedform(*heidh-)isprobablylit.iediu,isti`form,mould',alit.puod-idysàworkerin
clay,potter',OldChurchSlaviczido,zdati`tobuild',zd,zid`wall'(BgaKalbairs.184f);
toch.Atsekeipekei`figure,shapeorpainting'(W.SchulzeKl.Schr.257f.,idg.*dhoihos).
Aparallelroot*dheig-seeksWoodMod.Phil.4,490f.inmhd.tchen`make,createetc';ags.
diht(i)an`tosayoften;tosayover,dictateathingtobewritten;hencetogetwrittendown',ahd.tihton
ìnventandcreate;versify'derivefromlatelat.dictre`tosayoften;tosayover,dictateathingtobe
written;hencetogetwrittendown'.
References:
References:WP.I833f.,WH.I501f.507.
Page(s):
Page(s):244-245
Root/lemma: dhei - :dhi - :dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee,show
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sehen,schauen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianddht`helooked',Pl.ddhima,Med.ddhy,ddhta,Konj.ddhayat
(perhapsconvertedtopresentPerf.,comparePerf.ddhaya);dhy-ti,dhy-ya-ti(io-present)`looksin
spirit,d.i.thinks,reflects',participledhy-ta-anddh-t-,dhy`thethinking,meditating',dhy-tar`thinker',dhy-na-n.`meditation,contemplation',dhyman-n.(Gr.)`thought,notion';dh-,Akk.dhyam`thought,notion,imagining,discernment,understanding,religiousmeditation,devotion',dh-tàwareness,thought,notion,devotion',dhra-`seeing,smart,wise,skilful',avadhrayati`disdains
(despicit),rejects,despises',prakr.herai`sieves';s-formationOldIndiandhiyasn-àttentive,
observant,heedful';presumablyalsodhia-if`sensible,wise,smart',dhiayant-ifòbservant,
pious',dhiInstr.Adv.if`withdevotion,zeal,orlust',yetcompareontheotherhandthatbelongto
lat.fstus,fnum,idg.dhs-`religious',dhya-`devout,religious';
av.d(y)-`see',e.g.-di'ti`contemplates',daiyantNom.Pl.participle`theseeing'(etc,s.
BartholomaeAiran.Wb.724);participlepaitidta-`beholds',-dti-f.`thebeholding',da-`sensible,
smart'(lengthenedgradeas-di'ti),-d(y)-,-d-f.as2.compositionpart`vision,look;discernment,
intention';-dman-ìntention';daman-n.èye,eyeball;look',dira-n.èye',dan`religion'and
ìnternalbeing,spiritualI';npers.ddan`see',dm`face,cheek';
gr.,dor.`mark,token,sign,Kennzeichen,Merkmaletc'(*dhimn=OldIndiandhyman-;
Lit.byBoisacqs.v.,compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I322;afterE.Leumann[Abh.Kunded.Morgenl.20,
1,S.96]rathertoSakischma`mark,token,sign'),`machedurcheinZeichenkenntlich
etc';
alb.dtur,dtme`wisdom,learning',dinak`cunning'.
Alsoalb.diÌknow,discern'
Itgoesbacktoasynonymous*dhu- :
Gr.`whatexcitesadmiration,astonishment;veneration,astonishment'(*dhu-mn)
`besurprised,astonish,venerate,admire',nexttowhichwithgradation();comparebot.
,dor.(Lit.byBoisacqunder;aboutHes.probablyF,s.
Boisacqunderm.Lit.);att.`looking,sight;show'from*F,comparesyrak.,
ion.,dor.`consider'(att.reshapedafter),etc,s.Boisacqunderand
(tolatterstillEhrlichKZ.40,354Anm.1).Exceptgr.equivalentsareabsent.
References:
References:WP.I831f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I349,523.
Page(s):
Page(s):243
Root/lemma: dhelbhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobury
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`graben,aushhlen;herausschlagen;stick,Stange(originallyasWerkzeugto
ditch,trench,channel);Rhrenknochen(gehhltorasGrabwerkzeugbenannt)'
Note:
Note:Onlygerman.andbaltoslav.
Material:
Material:Ahd.bi-telban,-telpan(participlebitolban)`bury',as.bi-delands.,mndd.ndl.delven,ags.
delfan`dig,bury',flm.delv`gorge,ravine,gulch,ditch,trench,channel';inadditionschweiz.tlpen
`hit,thrash',tirol.dalfer`slapintheface,boxontheear,blow,knock',ndd.dlben`hit';
bsl.*dilb`dig,hollowout':inlit.dlbaanddlbaf.`crowbar',lett.dilbaf.,dilbism.`hollowbone,
epiphysis,shinbone',delbsùpperarm,elbow',dalbsm.,dalbaf.`fishingrod,hayfork';perhapslit.
nu-dilbinti`lowertheeyesdown';
slav.*dlb,*deltiinskr.dbm,dpsti`hollowout',dbok`deep,etc(ablaut.*deltiinskr.dial.dlisti
`chisel,cut',comparedlijto`chisel');ech.dlubu,dlubati`hollowout,poke',ablaut.*dolb-inech.
dlabati`chisel,cut',dlab`seam'(=lett.dalbs),aruss.nadolobm.,nadolbaf.`townenclosure';*dolbto-`chisel,sharpiron'inOldPrussiandalptan`presscopy,impactbreak',slav.*dolto`chisel'inbulg.
dlat,russ.-ChurchSlavicdlato,russ.dootds.
maybetruncatedalb.(*dolto)dalt`chisel'
References:
References:WP.I866f.,Trautmann54,Mhlenbach-EndzelinI434.
Page(s):
Page(s):246
Root/lemma: dhelgh- ,dhelg- ()
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Ags.dolgn.,ahd.tolc,tolg,dolgn.`wound'(`*blow,knock'),anord.dolgn.ènmity',dolgr
`fiend',dylgjaènmity',whereforeprobablyndd.dalgen,daljen`hit'(borrowsnorw.mdartl.dalgads.),
nhd.(hess.-nassauisch,ostpreu.)dalgen,talken`thrash,hit',mhd.talgen`knead'.AfterHaversKZ.
43,231,IF.28,190ff.wasalsoforgr.ènchant,beguileetc',,,
`charming,tempting',ènthrallment'(idg.*dhelg-besides*dhelgh-)thebasicmeaning
ènchantmentthroughablow'probably,aswellasalso,demonsweredamaging
throughblowsthehealthofthepeopleandatthesametimethesmiths.
Everythingquiteuncertainly.Rathertoch.Atalken.,telki`sacrifice,oblation'couldstillbelongtoit.
References:
References:WP.I866.
Page(s):
Page(s):247
Root/lemma: dhelgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;needle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,Nadel'
Material:
Material:Air.delgn.(es-stem)`thorn,clothneedle',corn.delc(i.e.delch)ànecklace,collar[for
horsesandotheranimals]',mcymr.dala,dal`bite,prick,sting';
anord.dalkr`needletofastenthemantleabouttherightshoulder;spinalcolumnoffish;dagger,
knife',ags.dalcm.`clasp,hairpin'(nhd.Dolch,olderTolch,ndd.dolk,afterMikkolaBB.25,74the
originofech.poln.tulich,sloven.tolih,isnamelyborrowedatfirstfromlat.dolàpike,sword-stick;
asmallforesailsword-cane',butperhapsreshapedaftergerm.wordsasags.dalc);
lit.dilgs`pricking,burning',dlg,dilglf.`nettle',dlgstu,dlgti`getburnedbynettle';dalgis`scythe'
here,nottoS.196!
Note
Note:
BothRoot/lemma:
:`spear,pike'are
reducedrootsofanolderroot*he-elcreatedthroughmetathesisfromRoot/lemmna**hela.This
olderrootwassolidifiedbyChurchSlavic:
ChurchSlavic:(*he-el)igla`needle'[f]
Slaviclanguagesinheritedthecommonda->zerophoneticmutationfromtheolderBaltic-Germanic
languages.Thephoneticshiftda->zeroisacommonBalticphoneticmutation.CompareRoot/
Root/
lemma: del-5 :
HencefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhelg- :
:`tostick;needle'derivedanalledgedBalticRoot/lemmna
*hela
fromwhichChurchSlavic:
ChurchSlavic:(*he-el)igla`needle'[f],thenBothRoot/lemma:
`sharp;stone'andRoot/lemma:
:`spear,pike'.
Theillyr.-balt.d->zerophoneticmutationcausedthebirthofoldlaryngealinIElanguages.
Finallyalb.geg.gjilpann.f.`needle'isacompoundof*gjil-`needle'+peni`thread';alb.common
zerograde*ilga>*gil-`needle'phoneticmutationcorrespondstozerogradeinLowerSorbian:
LowerSorbian:ga
`needle'[f].
Note:
commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation:
Hereperhapslat.falxàsickle,bill-hook,pruning-hook;asickle-shapedimplementofwar',after
NiedermannEssais17ff.regressivederivativefromfalcula,thatderivesfromligur.()*alkla
(*dhaltla),alsoassizil.,`Messina'(:).
maybeillyr.TNDocleatae
However,onederivejustaswellfrom*dhalgtl;ifinthatital.dialektwouldhavebecomeidg.ltoal,
thea-vowelcanbealsoexplained.
Sptlat.daculum`sickle'couldbeinadditiontheligur.equivalent.AgainstitTerraciniArch.Glott.Ital.
20,5f.,30f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):247
Root/lemma: dhel-1 ,dholoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:curve;hollow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wlbung'and`Hhlung'(from`Biegung')
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hel-1 (andghel- ),alsoasi- ,u- orn- stem;hel- :hl- ,hl- :hl- :
`toshine;green,gold,blue,*sun'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhel-1 ,dholo- :
:`curve;hollow',Root/
Root/
lemma: dhel-2 :
:`light,shining',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhel-3 :
:`totremble'[commonalb.-illyr.h->dphoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`dome,cupola,domedroof,roundbuilding(sudatorium)';sizil.,lak.
(Hes.)`roundsummerhat',m.`situatedintheinteriorofhouseroom,bedroom,
pantry',`cave,den(ofanimals)',-èye'(*-`*eyesocket');
cymr.dolf.`valley',bret.DolinPN;
anord.dalr`bow';got.dalsm.ordaln.`valley,pit,pothole',as.dal,ags.dl,ahd.taln.`valley',
anord.dalrm.`valley';got.dala`downwards',dalaaùnder',dalar`frombelow'(hereas
*Daliernz`valleyinhabitant'theDaliterniofAvienus,GermanAlpsinValais,afterR.Much,
Germanist.Forschungen,Wien1925),afries.tdele`down',as.tdale,mnd.dale,nnd.dal`down,
low',mhd.zetalds.;ags.dell,mhd.tellef.`gorge,ravine,gulch'(*dalj);changingthroughablaut
anord.dllm.`valleyinhabitant'(*dlja-),norw.dial.dl`smallvalley,longgullyresemblingdent'
(*dlj)=ahd.tuolla,mhd.tele`smallvalley,dent',mnl.doel`ditch,trench,channel';anord.dla
`gully'(*dlj),dld`smallvalley'(*dli);ndd.dole`smallpit,pothole',mhd.tol(e)f.`drainage
ditch'(ahd.dola`gully,ditch,trench,channel,duct,tube,pipe'probablyactuallyndd.),ahd.tulli,mhd.
tlle,ndd.dlle`shortduct,tube,pipe'(alsondd.dalstandsfor`duct,tube,pipe');
OldChurchSlavic(etc)dol`hole,pit,pothole,valley',dolu`downwards',doleùnder'.
References:
References:WP.I864f.,LothRC.42,86.
Page(s):
Page(s):245-246
Root/lemma: dhel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:light,shining
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,hell'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/
lemma: dhel-2 :
Root/lemma:dhel-3 :
Material:
Material:Perhapsarm.dein,Gen.denoy`yellow,sallow,paled,pallid'(*dheleno-);
mir.dellrad`radiance';ags.deall`stout,proud,bold,illustrious',anord.GNHeimdallr;Mardll
èpithetofthelightgoddessFreyja',Dellingr`fatheroftheday',mhd.ge-telle`pretty,good'().
Maybealb.(*dell)diellsun'[commonalb.e>iephoneticmutation].
References:
References:WP.I865.
Page(s):
Page(s):246
Root/lemma: dhel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totremble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zittern,trippeln'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/
lemma: dhel-2 :
Root/lemma:dhel-3 :
Material:
Material:Arm.doam`tremble';norw.andschwed.dial.dilla`swing,swerve',norw.dial.dalla,dulla
`walkontiptoe;trip',nd.dallenàmble',norw.dilte`trot,walkontiptoe;trip',dalteds.
Doubtful;s.Falk-punderdilteaddendum.
References:
References:WP.I865.
Page(s):
Page(s):246
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dhembh- ),dhm b hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`graben'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andarmen.
Material:
Material:Arm.damban`grave,Gruft;Grabmal',dambarands.;
gr.(*dhmbh-i),Aor.Pass.`bury,entomb',ùnburied',m.`funeral,
obsequies;grave,burialmound',`funeral,grave',(*dhmbh-ro-s)f.`ditch,trench,
channel';butOldPrussiandambof.`ground'isamendedindaubo(see268).
Maybealb.dhemb`pain,saddness'
Note:
ClearlyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dhembh- ),dhm b h- :
:`todig'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhem- ,
dhem- :
:`tosmoke;toblow'whichmeansthatAryansinitiallyburntthedeadwhiletheritualofburial
wasbornmuchlater.
References:
References:WP.I852.
Page(s):
Page(s):248-249
Root/lemma: dhem- ,dhemEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmoke;toblow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stieben,rauchen(Rauch,Dunst,Nebel;nebelgrau,rauchfarben=dster,
dunkel),wehen,blasen(hauchen=riechen)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhmati`blows'(dhami-yati,-t-anddhmt-,Pass.dhamyatand
dhmyt),av.dmainya-`puffingup,swelling,offrogs',npers.damdan`blow',dam`breath,
breath',osset.dumun,dmn`smoke;blow';
Maybealb.tosk.tymn.`smoke':alsoalb.geg.dhem,alb.dhemb`hurt,ache',dhimbje`pain'
[commonalb.shiftm>mb].
Note:
ClearlyfromRoot/lemma:
:`tosmoke;toblow'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,
dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,dissipate,blow,etc.
`.
gr.,,`somber,dark-looking'(:ahd.timber`dim');
mir.dem`black,dark';
norw.daam(*dhmo-)`dark',daamem.`cloudhaze',daamm.`taste,smell,odor'=anord.dmr
`taste';
withGutt.-extension:dhengu o -, dhengu i -`misty'inanord.dkkf.`dentinthelandscape'=lett.
danga(*dhongu)`faecalpuddle,slop,swampyland,seamud',furtheranord.dkkr,afries.diunk
`dark'(germ.*denkva-);zerogradeas.dunkar,ahd.tunkal,nhd.dunkel(originallyandwiththe
meaning`misty-humid,wet'norw.andschwed.mdartl.dunken`humid,wet,dank,muggy',engl.
dank,mdartl.dunk`humid,wet');inadditioncymr.dewm.(*dhenguos)`fog,smoke,sultriness'etc,
deweint`darkness'(mistakenlyLothRC42,85;43,398f),hitt.da-an-ku-i-i(dankui)`dark,black'
(BenvenisteBSL.33,142);
anord.dy`slime,mud,ordure,morass'from*dhmkio-,comparewithgramm.variationdn.dyng
`damp,humid,wet',schwed.mdartl.dungen`humid,wet';
withgerm.-p-:mhd.dimpfen,dampf`steam,smoke',ahd.mhd.dampfm.`vapor,smoke',mnd.engl.
damp`vapor,dampfog',ndd.dumpig`dull,humid,wet,musty',nhd.dumpfig,dumpf(also=
confused,scattered,sprayed);kaus.ahd.dempfen,tempfen,mhd.dempfen`stewthroughsteam,
stew';
withgerm.-b-:schwed.dial.dimbast.V.`steam,smoke,spray',dimba`vapor',norw.dambn.`dust',
anord.dumba`dust,cloudofdust'(besideswith-mm-anord.dimmr`dark',afries.ags.dimmds.,
norw.mdartl.dimma,dumma`lackofclarityintheair,fogcover',schwed.dimma`thinfog'),ahd.
timber,mhd.timber,timmer`dark,dim,black';
towhatextentofbackgroundthes-formsschwed.mdartl.stimma,stimba`steam',norwmdartl.
stamma,stamba`stink'idg.havebeennewlycreatedoronlyafterconcurrenceofahd.toum:ags.
stam,dt.toben:stieben(seeunderdheu-,dheu-bh-`scatter,sprinkle'),isdoubtful;
lit.dumi,dmti`blow',apdmti`blowwithsandorsnow(ofwind)',dmpls`bellows',dmpiu,
dmpti`blow'(probablywithp-extension),OldPrussiandumsle`bladder';
OldChurchSlavicdm,dti`blow'(tobsl.vocalisms.Berneker244f.m.Lit.,MeilletSlavecomm.2
63f.,164,Trautmann63).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):247-248
Root/lemma: dhengh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress;tocover
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drcken,krmmeln,bedecken,woraufliegen'
Material:
Material:Air.dingid,for-dingòppressed'(seealsodheih-);comparePedersenKG.II506;
lit.dengi,degti`cover',dang`cover',dangs`sky,heaven',inadditiondigti`disappear'(from
`*becovered'),slav.*dga`bow'(:lit.dang)inruss.dug`bow',old`rainbow',bulg.dg,serb.
dga,poln.dial.dgads.,probablyto:
aisl.dyngia`dunghill,houseintheearthwherethewomendidthehandwork',ags.dynge,ahd.tunga
`fertilization',as.dung,ahd.tung,mhd.tunc`thesubterraneanchamberwherethewomenweaved'
(originallywinterhousescoveredwithfertilizerfortheprotectionagainstthecold),ags.dung`jail',
ahd.tungen`depress,fertilize',ags.engl.dung`manure',nhd.Dung,Dnger.
Maybealb.dengu`heap'
References:
References:WP.I791f.,854,Trautmann44f.
Page(s):
Page(s):250
Root/lemma: dhengh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toget,gripe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrreichen,festzugreifen,fest,krftig,schnell'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandaghnti(Aor.dhak,daghyetc)`reachesupto,achieves',-daghn-`reaching
uptosomething'(*dhngh-);
gr.`quick,fast',Kompar.(*dhngh-);
air.daingen`tight,firm,strong'=cymr.dengynds.(*dangino-or*dengino-);
slav.dg:dg`strength,power,luck'inruss.-ChurchSlavicdjag`strap,leatherbelt',russ.djga
`leatherbelt',djglyj`strong,fit,healthy',djgnut`grow,becomestrong';ablaut.abulg.ne-dg
`disease,malady'(butruss.dij`strong'belongsrathertodheugh-,underS.271);themeaninghas
takenplaceafterprobablyaninterminglingwithslav.tg-`pull,drag,draw'(BrcknerKZ.42,342f).
References:
References:WP.I791f.,Berneker190,217f.
Page(s):
Page(s):250
Root/lemma: dhen-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun,*flow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen,rennen;flieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhanyati`runs,setinmovement',npers.dandan`hurry,run',OldIndian
dhnvati`runs,flows',Oldpers.danuvatiy`flows',OldIndiandhnutar-`running,flowing';
messap.rivernameardannoa(*ar-dhonu-)`situatedinthewater'(),apul.PNArdaneae=Herdonia
(KraheGl.17,102);
lat.probablyfns,-tisàspring,fountain;freshorspringwater.Transf.spring,origin,source';
perhapshybridizationofto-stem*fontosandti-stem*fentis(*dhn-t-);
Note:commonlat.initiald->f-shift.
toch.tsn`flow',tsee`current,gush',tsnam`flow'.
References:
References:WP.I852,CouvreurBSL.41,165.
Page(s):
Page(s):249
Root/lemma: dhen-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:surfaceofhand/land,etc.(*dryland)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`FlchederHand,ofErdbodenes,flachesBrett'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-1 :
:`torun,*flow'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-2 :
:`surfaceof
hand/land,etc.(*dryland)'meaningàridflatarea'.
Material:
OldIndiandhnu-n.,dhnvan-m.n.`dryland,mainland,beach,dryland,desert',dhnu-,dhan-f.
`sandbank,seashore,island';
maybealb.(*dhent)det`(*seashore,flatsurfaceofthesea)sea'[commonalb.n>nt>tphonetic
mutation]
gr.n.`palm,sole,alsofromthesurfaceoftheseaorfromdeepeninginthealtartothe
admissionoftheoffering',òpisthenar,backofthehand'(*),ahd.tenarm.,
tenraf.(*denar-),mhd.tenerm.`flathand',Curtius5255(samtOldIndiandhnu-,seebelow).
Inadditionvlat.daneaàrea'(ReichenauerGl.),ahd.tennin.,mhd.tennem.f.n.,nhd.Tenne`barn
floor,threshingfloor,flattenedloamgroundorwoodenfloorasathreshingplace,hallway,ground,
place,surfacegenerally',ndl.denneàrea,apavementoftiles,brick,stone;floored,boarded;n.as
subst.afloor,story;aroworlayerofvines';as`smoothlytroddenplacegoodasthreshingfloor'can
bealsounderstoodmeeklenb.denn`troddendownplaceinthegrainlayer',mnd.denne`lowland,
depression'(and`valleyforest'seebelow),mndl.denne`denofwildanimals'(and`valleyforest',see
below),dan`waste,fromshrubberysurroundedplace,placegenerally,land,scenery'(and`valley
forest',s.under),ags.denn`cave,wildden',nengl.den`cave,pit,pothole',ofries.dann(e)`bed,
gardenbed,gardenplot'.
Aboutlit.dnism.`deckboardofasmallboat',lett.denisds.(germ.Lw.)s.Trautmann51,
References:
References:WP.I853.
Page(s):
Page(s):249
Root/lemma: dhen-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,push
Germanmeaning:
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-1 :
:`torun,*flow'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-2 :
:`surfaceof
hand/land,etc.(*dryland)'meaningàridflatarea',thenfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-2 :
:`surfaceof
hand'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhen-3 :
:`tohit,push'.
Material:
Material:Onlyinextensions(almostexclusivelygerm.):
d-extension:anord.dettast.V.`falldownheavilyandhard,hit'(*dintan,comparenorw.dial.datta
[*dantn]`knock':denta`givesmallpunches'),nfries.dintje`shakelightly',norw.deise`falltumbling,
glide'(from:)ndd.dei(n)sen(*dantisn)`reelback,flee';ostfries.duns`fall'(sfrom-dt-or-ds-),anord.
dyntr,ags.dyntm.(=anord.dyttr),engl.dint`blow,knock,shove';
alb.g-dhent`hewwood,plane,beat',geg.dhend,dhnn`cutout,cut'.
maybe(*g-dhent)gdh`pieceofwood',alb.tosk.dnd`hit,beat'.
Gutt-extension:anord.danga(*dangn)`thrash':aschwed.diungast.V.`hit',mengl.dingen`hit,
bump,poke',nengl.ding(skand.Lw.),mhd.tingelen`knock,hammer',norw.dingle(anddangle)
`dangle';Kaus.anord.dengja,ags.dengan,mhd.tengen(tengelen)`hit,knock,hammer(nhd.
dengeln)';ahd.tangalm.`hammer'.
Labial-extension:schwed.dimpa(damp)`fallfastandheavily',ndd.dumpen`hit,bump,poke',engl.
dial.dump`hitheavily'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):249-250
Root/lemma: dherghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topull;todrag
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,amBodenschleifen'
Note:
Note:equalmeaningwithtr g h- (seed.).
Material:
Material:Anord.draga,got.underags.dragan,engl.draw`pull,drag',anord.dragn.`baseofa
pulledobject',norw.drag`draught,washofthewaves,watercourse,towingrope',dial.drogf.
(*drag)`shortsledge,roadtrackofananimal,valley',anord.dregill`band,strap',drgf.`stripe',
aschwed.drgh`sled',ags.drgef.`seine',mnd.dragge,nnd.alsodregge`boatanchor',engl.
dredgeds.;changingthroughablautnorw.dorgf.(*durg,idg.*dhrgh)`fishingline,whichonepulls
upbehindtheboat';withthemeaning`bear,carry'(from`drag',s.Berneker212),ahd.tragan`bear,
carry',sih(gi)tragon`bearoneself,conductoneself,behave'.
Maybealb.geg.(dhergh-)trhek`pull,drag'[commonalb.-g->-h-shift]
Probablyheresl.*drgin:serb.-ChurchSlavicdraga`valley',russ.dorga`way,alley,journey',dial.
`fishingrod';
maybealb.(*do-rga)rruga`way,alley,journey'[commonalb.de->zerograde]similarformationto
hitt.Nom.Pl.da-lu-ga-e-e(dalugaes)`long':alb.(*da-lu-ga-e-e)glat`long';alsoalb.(*dorga)
drgonj`sendinatrip'.
Thephoneticshiftda->a-,zeroisacommonBalticIllyrianphoneticmutation.CompareRoot/
Root/
lemma: del-5 :
serb.drga`valley',poln.droga`way,alley,road,journey',russ.dorit`hollowout',ech.driti
`makearabbetorafurrow,hollowout';perhapsalsoech.z-drhatise`refuse,decline',poln.wzdragasi`toflinchfromdoingsth,flinch,shudder'(as`protract,draw')andOldChurchSlavic
podrag`hemline,edgeofadress'underlikewise(differentunderdergh- `catch').
Lat.trah`totrail,pullalong;todrag,pullviolently;todrawin,takeup;ofair,tobreathe;todrawout,
hencetoleng-then;todrawtogether,contract.Transf.todraw,attract;totakeinoron,assume,
derive;toprolong,spinout;toascribe,refer,interpret',traha`sledge,drag',trgum`seine',trgula
`ds.,smalldrag,aspeciesofjavelin'couldgobackthroughSpirantedissimilation(*ragto*drag)
indhrgh-,butalsoidg.t-have(:air.traig`foot'etc,s.tr g h- ).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):257
Root/lemma: dherbh- (dherbh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towork
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àrbeiten'
Material:
Material:Arm.derbuk`rough,stiff,rude';
ags.deorfanst.V.`work;perish,die',gedeorfn.`work,hardship',afries.for-derva,mnd.vor-derven,
mhd.verderben`die,perish',alsoKaus.`spoil';
lit.drbu,drbti`work',drbas`work',darbs`laborious'.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dherbh- (dherbh- )::`towork'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dherebh- :
:`to
harden'.
References:
References:WP.I863,II631,Kluge11101,649.
Page(s):
Page(s):257
Root/lemma: dherebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toharden
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gerinnen,gerinnenmachen,ballen,dickflssig'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandraps-m.`drip';
gr.,`curdle,coagulate,harden,befirm',,dor.`makecurdle,
coagulate,harden(;),nourish(*makethick,fat,obese),bringup'(,)
`nourishing',f.`wetnurse',`thenourished,fosterchild,child,breedinglivestock',`fat,
obese,strong,big,large',,-`freshcheese,coagulatedmilk',`dense',Pl.
n.`thicket',()`firmland';
maybetruncatedalb.(*)trash`fat,obese,strong,big,large,coagulated'.
nasalizedandwithidg.b(idg.Articulationvariationinnasalsurroundings)`coagulatedmass
(frommilk,bloodetc)',`coagulate',`clots';
as.deri(*aria)`strong,mad,wicked,evil',afries.mnd.derve`strong,just,rightful'(differentfrom
ahd.derbùnleavened'=anord.jarfr),ablaut.anord.djarfr`gamy,bold'(theoldermeaningstillin
norw.dial.dirnafrom*dirfna`putonweight,recover,regainone'sstrength');anord.dirfaèncourage';
nasalizedprobablyanord.dramb`lavishness'(*bethick),nisl.drambr`knotsinthewood';anord.
drumbr`clot,chunk',mnd.drummel`sturdyperson'.
Note:
Probablyfrom(as.thervi,ahd.derbiùnleavened',nhd.bair.derbàrid,dry,thin')Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
(s)ter-1 ,(s)ter- :(s)tr- :
:`stiff,immovable;solid,etc.`derivedtheextendedrootRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
dherebh- :
:`toharden'[commonst->t-PIEphoneticmutation]
References:
References:WP.I876.
Page(s):
Page(s):257-258
Root/lemma: dhereghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thorn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inNamenbeerentragenderstrauchigerPflanzen,especiallyalsovonsolchen
Dornstruchern,fromwhichpartly`Dorn'
Note:
Note:withformants-(e)s- and-no- .Dubiousequation.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrk`grape';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
gallorom.*dragenos`thorn',air.draigenm.`blackthorn',cymr.draenm.,nbret.dran`briar'(kelt.
*drageno-from*dhregh-);
perhapsalsoahd.tirn-paumaòfthecornel-tree',tyrn,dirnbaumàcornelcherry-tree',nhd.dial.
di(e)rle,dirnlein`Corneliancherry(dogwood)',schweiz.tierli,whetheritisnotborrowedfromSlav.in
veryoldtime;
lit.drgnsPl.,lett.drienes`blackhenbane'(compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI498),whetheritisnot
borrowedfromSlav.;
russ.dren,dern`Corneliancherry(dogwood)',skr.drjen,ech.dnds.,poln.(old)drzon
`barberry',kaschub.dn`prickle',polab.dren`thorn'.
Germ.-sl.basicformcouldbe*dherghno-andwouldstandadmittedlyinitsmeaning`sprout,twig,
branch',Pl.`youngshrubbery,bush'considerablydifferentlycoloredgr.(Hes.,anthol.),
(Maximus),kypr.jveryclose.
References:
References:WP.I862f.,PedersenKG.I97,M.-L.2762.
Page(s):
Page(s):258
Root/lemma: dhereh- (dhr h-n- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towind,turn,*release,discharge,disband
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden,wenden'(also`spinnen,nhen')
Material:
Material:Npers.darz,darza`suture',darzmn,darznn`filament',darzan`needle',pehl.darzk
`tailor';
arm.danam(*darjnam),Aor.darjay`turnover,revolve,turn;return',dan`bitter,sharp'(compare
underlikewise),darj`turn,reversal,return',Kaus.darjucanem`turnround,turnaway,
whirlround,return';
alb.dreth(stem*dredh-),Aor.drodha`turnround,turntogether,twine,spin',alb.-skutar.nnriz
`diaper'(n-dred-z);afterPedersenHitt.123,125,Toch.Sprachg.20herehitt.tar-na-a-iÌpocket,
letin',toch.Atrn-,trk-,preteritAcrk,carka`let,allow,disband,release'().
Maybesecondarymeaningalb.dreth`perturb,terrify'
alsonazalisedalb.ndriz`band,bandage',ndrydh`twist'.
maybeanolderformalb.(*dhereh-)derdh`pour,release,discharge,disband,pocket,deposit
(liquid,turnover),ejaculatesemen'[commonalb.-h->-d-phoneticmutation]:toch.Atrn-,trk-,
preteritAcrk,carka`let,allow,disband,release'().
Note:
TheoldestIEformisactuallyhitt.tar-na-a-iÌpocket,plugin,letin':alb.(*dhereh-)derdh`pour,
release,discharge,disband,ejaculatesemen'.ItseemsthattheoldmeaningofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
dhereh- (dhr h-n- )::`towind,turn,*release,discharge,disband'derivedfromtheactof
intercoursewhichbecameataboowordinpatriarchalsociety.
Root/lemma:dhereh- (dhr h-n- )::`towind,turn,*release,discharge,disband'
derivedfromtheextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dher-1 ,dher- :
:àkindofdepositordreg,*ordure,
defecate',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dher-4: )dhor- :dh e r- :
:`tojump,jumpat,*stream,ray,drip,sperm'
becominganeuphemisticroot.Theintermediarybridgerootbetweenthetwowas::*dhere-gh- : Gr.
,att.(Perf.hom.intr.)`bewilder,perturb',`perplexity'foundin
secondarymeaningalb.dreth`perturb,terrify,twist'.
References:
References:WP.I863,LidnArm.stem101ff.,MeilletEsquisse2111,KuiperNasalprs.151.
Page(s):
Page(s):258
Root/lemma: dher-1 ,dherEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofdepositordreg
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inkons.extensions`trberBodensatzeinerFlssigkeit,alsoallgemeinervon
Schmutz,Widerlichkeit,vonquatschigemweather,vontrbenFarbentnenetc;verbal:Bodensatz
andSchlammaufrhren,trben'
Note:
Note:Originallywithdher-5 òrdure,defecate'
Material:
Material:a.dhere-gh-:
Gr.,att.(Perf.hom.intr.)`bewilder,perturb',`perplexity',,
att.-`bewilder'(*dhergh-i:lit.drgtiseeunder);,ion.`rough,uneven'(probably
originallyfromdirtcrusts;--herefromsog.r,i.e.*dhergh-s);Hes.(vowelgradation
as:lit.sprgti);
Note:commonlatd->f-shift:
lat.fracsf.`(brokenbits,fragments;hence)groundsordregsofoil',fracre`berancid'from
*dhrgh-;ciscoveredprobablyfromfacs,floccs,there*dherk-otherwiseistestifiedonlyinBaltic;
inthemeaning`lees,dregs,yeast':alb.drf.,geg.dr-ni`residuumofoil,fromabundantbutter;
tartar'(basicform*drafrom*drag,*dhrgh);
anord.dreggf.,Pl.dreggiar`yeast'(outofitengl.dregs);
alit.drags(*dhrghis)Pl.,OldPrussiandragiosPl.`yeast',lett.(EndzelinKZ.44,65)dradi
`residuumfromboiledfat';slav.*droskafrom*dhrgh-skinmbulg.drotijaPl.n.`yeast',klr.dri
ds.,otherwiseassimilatedto*troska(sloven.trska`residuum,yeast')andmostly*drozga(Old
ChurchSlavicdrodjPl.f.`,yeast'etc;s.Berneker228);
herealsogallorom.*drasica`drymalt'(M.-L.2767),thisanyhowfromolder*drasc(=slav.*drosk)
or*drazg(==slav.*drozg)transfiguredseinwird;
withst-formants:ahd.(*trast,Pl.:)trestir`whatisleftofsqueezedfruit,dregs,pomace',ags.drst(e),
drstf.`dregs,yeast'(germ.*rasta-,SverdrupIF.35,154),drsds.;
withsn-formants:ags.drsnef.,drsnam.`yeast,smut',ahd.druosana,truosana`yeast,residuum';
hereprobablylit.drgia(drgti)ìtisbadweather',drgana,drga`weather,badweather'(glottal
stop,comparediegr.rootformsandlit.drgnas,drgns`humid,wet');inadditionaruss.padoroga
probably`thunder-storm',sloven.s-draga,-drag,-drga`hailwithsmallgrainsize;frozensnow
lumps,graupel';lit.dargs`nasty,dirty,filthy';alit.drgesis`filthyperson',alit.dergti`hate',lett.
derdztis`quarrel,squabble'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI456m.Lit.),OldPrussianderg`tohate';lit.
drgti`becomedirty,getdirty',dargti`revile',drgaf.`rainyweather,defilement,contamination,
vituperation';
b.dherg - in:mir.derg`red';mhd.terken`befoul',ahd.tarchannen,terchinen`(darken)conceal,hide',
mnd.dork`keelofwaterdepth',ags.deorc`swart',engl.dark;ags.eorcung`dawn,twilight'probably
withafterostor`dark',geuxod`dark'.
Maybealb.darkèvening,eveningmeal,supper',drek(*derk-)`dinner,midday'.
c.dherk- in:lit.derkti`nastymake,befoul',darkti`vilify,inveigh,deform',darks`nasty',Old
Prussianerdrkts`poisoned',lett.drks,drci(*darkis)`pinto'Mhlenbach-EndzelinI448(seethe
kinshipbyLeskienAbl.361);ortomhd.zurchòrdure',zrchen`defecate'ZupitzaGutt.170under
accentuationofintonationdifferenceofderkticomparedwithdrgesisetc;
hereprobablytoch.ABtrkr`cloud'(FriskIndog.24);
WP.I854ff.
d.dherbhdherbh-:dhrbhdhrbh-:dhrbh-.
Doubtfulav.riwi-(*dhrbhi-)`stain,birthmark';
mir.drab`grapemarc,yeast'(*dhrbho-),drabar-lug`base,vulgarpeople';
aisl.draf,engl.draff`berm,yeast',mnd.draf,ahd.trebirPl.`grapemarc',anord.draflim.`fresh
cheese',drafna`todisband',norw.drevja`softmass';geminatednl.drabbe`berm,residuum',ndd.
drabbe`slime,mud';schwed.drvn.`residuum'(*dhrbho-),ags.drf,ahd.truobi`cloudy',got.
drbjan,ahd.truoben`tarnish,bewilder',ags.drfanàgitate,tarnish'(identicalmeaning-Verh.as
betweengr.andanord.dreggiar).
Anasalizedformwithbalt.uaszerogradevowelofadissyllabicbasis(causedbyalimitednasalm)
seemslit.*drumb-inlit.drumstas(couldstandfor*drumpstas)`residuum',drumsts`cloudy',
drumsi,drumsti`tarnish'(Schleiftoncausedbyaheavygroupmpst).
References:
References:WP.I854f.,WH.I538f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I715.
Page(s):
Page(s):251-252
Root/lemma: dher-2 ,dherEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohold,support
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`halten,festhalten,sttzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhar-`hold,stop,bear,carry,prop,support,receive,holdupright'(present
mostlydhryati;Perf.dadhra,dadhr;dhrt-;dhrtum)Pass.àreheldback,besteady,behave
sedately',av.dar-`hold,seize,restrain;whereofadhere,observe(alaw);holdfastinthememory;
perceivewiththesenses,grasp;sojourn,while,stay'(drayeitietc,participledarta-),p.draymiy
`hold',npers.Inf.dtan,osset.Inf.darun,daryn;
OldIndiandhraa-`bearing,carrying,preserving',dhara-`holding,supporting;n.foundation,
prop',dhraa-`holding;n.theclamps,therestraining'=av.drana-n.`meansforwithholding',Old
Indiandhartr-anddhritar-m.`holder',dharitr`girder,bearer',dhartr-n.`support,prop'=av.
darra-n.`thegrasp,understanding',OldIndiandhrma-(=lat.firmus)m.`firm,strong,stout;
lasting,valid;morallystrong',dharmn-m.`holder',dhrman-n.`support,prop,law,custom',
dhrmaniLok.àfterthestatute,accordingtocustom',dhraka-`holding;m.container',dhrti-f.`the
holdingon,determination',dr-dhr--`tenacious',s-dhr(orsadhrm)Adv.`holdingoutonapurpose,
holdingontoapurpose',sadhry-c-`bedirectedbyapurpose,beunited,together';didhr`the
intentiontosupporttosupport',av.didarat`hecomposeshimselffor,hegetsreadyfor';
aboutOldIndiandhra-`tight,firm's.WackernagelOldIndianGr.I25;
arm.perhapsdadar(redupl.)àbode,residence,rest'(`*adherence,abideby,stay',compareav.
meaning`while,stay,behavequietly'),dadaremàbate(fromthewind)',compareunderags.darian
`theside,flank;ofpersons',ndl.bedaren`becomequiet(fromthewind,weather)';
gr.withthemeaning`propthemselvesup,forceopen'(fromtheheavyrootform)m.`bench,
footstool',hom.(ion.),-`footstool,thwart',ion.,bot.,-`stool'(place
anearlyprotogr.*-,whichwouldcontain--from-r-,i.e.-er-),ion.Inf.Aor.`sit
down'(protogr.-);duetothethematicrootform*dher-:-m.`seat';kypr.lak.-
Hes.;withthemeaning`graspthroughthesenses,observe'and`holdoncustom,a
religiouscustom',-,Hes.(compareunderlit.derti`beusable'),
Hes.(fromthethematicrootform*dhere-;againstitfrom*dher-:)Hes.
(ion.),()Hes.,ion.,Koine`worship',`religious,
godly,pious',òbservetheofficiallawofgod'.
Isòbservekeenly'uptozerogradenthepreposition*en(or-=*sm-)tocompare
afterwardswith(Lit.byBoisacqs.v.)Probablyhere,`concentrated,crowded
together,gathered'(comparetomeaningOldIndiansadhryac-;Lit.byBoisacqs.v.,inaddition
BrugmannIF.38,135f.).
Mit.OldIndiandhraka-`container'iscomparedwith,-`breastplate;trunk;vagina'.
Lat.fr-tus`relyingon,confidingin',umbr.frite`leaning,supported,relying,depending,trusting,
daring,confident;trust,confidence,reliance,assurance',lat.frnum`bit,bridle,rein'and`rein',if
originally`holder'(standtogr.aspl-nustoOldIndianprn-);withameaning`tenacious,
tight,firm:fast'perhapsfer`closely,almost,nearly',ferm(*fermd,Sup.)`quiteapproximately,
nearly',aswellasfirmus`firm,strong,stout;lasting,valid;morallystrong'(withdial.i).
Acymr.emdritòrderly',cymr.drydèconomical'(*dhrto-).
Ags.darian`hidden,concealed,secret,unknown'(`*restrain,holdthemselvestogether,'or`keepshut
soonedoesnotseesomehow'),ndl.bedaren`becomequiet(fromthewind,weather)',inadditionas.
derni`hide,conceal',ags.dierne`hide,conceal,clandestine',ahd.tarni`lyinghid,hidden,concealed,
secret,unknown',tarnen,mhd.tarnen`coverup,conceal',nhd.Tarnkappe.
Lit.deri,dertièmploy,engage(*belay),buy',der,derti`beusable',Kaus.daru,darti`make,
do',dorf.`theuseful',lett.deru,dertèmploy,engage,hireout,arrange',Kaus.dart`make,create,
originate';
perhapswithformants-go-:lett.drgs`dear,expensive,precious',OldChurchSlavicdragds.,russ.
drog,skr.drgds.;
hitt.tarah-zi(tarzi)`can,beable,defeated'(*dhr-)belongsrathertoter-4 .
gutturalextensions:
dheregh- `hold,stop,holddown;tight,firm':
Av.draaite,Inf.drjahe`hold,stop,containoneself,guide,lead',upadaruvainti`theyholdout,
persist=accomplish,finish',whereforeOldIndian-dhrk(onlyNom.)incompounds`bearing,
carrying';thisform(*dhrghs)testifiesforanlautdh-thear.andhenceprobablyalsoslav.family;
OldChurchSlavicdr,drati`hold,stop,contain'(etc,s.Berneker258);russ.drog`woodenbar
ormetalstripunitingthefrontandtherearaxisofacart,centrepole',Dem.drkiPl.`light,short
carriage',hencenhd.Droschke.
Asnasalizedformsinadditionav.drnjaiti`solidifies,strengthens,hardens',-drnjayeiti
`determines',Desiderativddraaite`looksforprotectinghimself';participledraxta-;alsoav.
drnjayeiti,ddrjoi,participledraxta-`learntbyheart,murmuredmemorizedprayers'(compare
ChurchSlavictvrditi`moor':russ.tverdit`learnbyheart');mir.dringid`heclimbs',drimm`climb'
(`*holdingonclimbing');kymr.dringo`rise,climb';anord.drangr`highcliff',drengr(*drangja-)`thick
stick,column'(andbertr.`youngman,husband'),OldChurchSlavicdrg`shaft,pole,turnpike';
differentSpechtDekl.139.
dhereh - `holddown,tight,firm':
OldIndiandhyati,drhati(drhti)`makestight,firm',participledrh-`tight,firm',drahyt`proficient',av.darzayeiti`bindstight,fetters',Desid.ddraiti,darza-m.`thefastening,binding,
snatch,griffin',drz-f.`band,manacle',drzra-`tight,firm',probablyalsonpers.darz`suture'and
similartoiran.wordsfor`sewfilament';
thrak.GNDarzales;
probablylit.diras`strap',dirmas`strong',OldPrussiandrstlan`strong,stately',dirtu,dirti
`becometenacious,hard';
lit.daras`garden',lett.drz`garden,courtyard,enclosure,fencedarea'couldbereconvertedfrom
*ardas(comparelit.ardis`Rogarten',rdas`hurdle')(differentMhlenbach-EndzelinI448f.),but
todiras(above)andahd.zarge,mhd.zargef.`border,side,vergeofaspace,edge';
slav.*drz`bold,foolhardy'inOldChurchSlavicdrz,sloven.drz,ech.drz,russ.drzkijds.and
OldChurchSlavicdrzn,drznti`havetheaudacity,venture',russ.derzntetc.
dhereugh-:
awnord.drigr`withstanding,strong,full',drigum`very',aschw.drygher`respectable,strong,big,
large',nordfries.dreegh`tight,firm,persistent'(buttodhreugh-1 belongags.dryge`dry',drahnian
`dryup,strain,filter',-withhinsteadofg-,anord.draugr`witheredtreetrunk',ahd.truchan`dry');
maybenasalizedalb.trung`treetrunk'
hereas`withstand'and`holdtogether-assemble'got.driugan`domilitaryservice'(ags.drogan
`withstand,commit'),ags.gedrag`troop,multitude,crowd',ahd.truht-f.`cohort,troop,multitude,
crowd',as.druht-,ags.dryht,anord.drttf.`cortege',got.drahti-wit`(*lawsofwar=)military
service',gadrahts`warrior',anord.drttinn`prince,lord,master,mister',ags.dryhten,ahd.truhtn
`master,mister'(suffixasinlat.dominus),ahd.trust(*druhsti-)`warrior'stroop';
lit.dragas`travellingcompanion',OldChurchSlavicdrug`fellow,otheretc',druina`';
OldPrussiandrktaiAdv.`tight,firm',podrktinaiÌconfirm',lit.em.drktas,driktas`thick,bulky,
strong';
air.drong`troop,multitude,crowd',abret.drogn`meetingtogether,union,assembly',drogàparty,
group;esp.apoliticalparty,faction,side'are,aslatelat.drungus`troop'borrowedfromGerm.(see
undertrenq-1 ).
References:
References:WP.I856ff.,WH.505f.,536,Trautmann45,59f.
Page(s):
Page(s):252-255
Root/lemma: dher-3 ,dhereu- ,dhr n Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.(topurr,murmur,etc.),onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzel`murmur,brummen,drhnen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`woozynoise',`makeanoise,bewilder',`grumble,
murmle',Hes.;m.`murmur,din,fuss,noise',`murmle,babble';
(*-F-)`cryloudly',èmptygossip,subtleness',`makeemptygossip'
(seeBoisacqs.v.),,`loudcry',`shout,letbecomeloud';
as.drm,ags.dramm.`makingagladnoise,jubilation'(differentKlugeKZ.26,70:as`*troop,
multitude,crowd',*rauma-,togot.drahts);ags.doram.`bumblebee'(*uran-),engl.dorr`cockchafer';
redupl.lett.duduris`big,giantgadfly,brake,wasp',dederis()`weepingknave,boy'(MhlenbachEndzelinI455).
Alsoforkelt.andbalt.-slav.words,arementionedunderder-`murmur',idg.anlautdh-comesin
question.
dhren -:
OldIndiandhrati`sounds'(Dhtup.);
gr.m.`funeralsong,lament,dirge',`lamentation',(drone)Hes.,`hornet',-(*-)`forestbee';as.dreno,ahd.treno`drone',lengthenedgrade
as.drnds.,alsoags.drndrnf.`drone';zerogradegot.drunjus`clangor',norw.drynn.`low
shout',drynja`lowroar,bellow',nd.drnen`makenoise,talkslowlyandmonotonously'(outofitnhd.
drhnen).
Ananlautdoubletmaybeliesinlit.trnas,OldChurchSlavic*trt,*trd`drone'before;compare
Trautmann326.
s-extensioninmir.drsacht`creakyorsqueakingnoise',gall.-lat.drns,-re`cry(ofswan)',ndd.
drunsen`lowroar,bellow',ndl.drenzeln`whimper',hess.drensen`groan',nhd.dial.trensen
èlongatedroar,bellow'(fromcows).
AGutt.-extensionprobablyinarm.dnim`blowthehorn,toot'(*dhrnk-)andair.drcht`song,tale'
(*dhrenkt),protoslav..*drk(*dhrnk-)insloven.drok`pestle'etc;
perhapstoch.Atrk-,trek-`speak'.
References:
References:WP.I860f.,WH.I374,MladenovMl.Pedersen95ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):255-256
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(dher-4: )dhor- :dh e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojump,jumpat,*stream,ray,drip,sperm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,bespringen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhr`stream,ray,drip,sperm';
gr.(ion.),`manlysperm',àbsorbsperm',poetically,att.,
Fut.,Aor.`spring',`protrusion,hill'(-from*dher-,becauseofofthe
secondaryformsisdevelopedto*dhore-,dhor-,-);
fromabasedhereu-:,`spring,jump'(oprobablyAeolianinsteadoffrom)
compare..Hes.,Hes.;`stormy,boisterous'
probablyfrom*F(BechtelLexil.167);
mir.dar-`spring,jump',Impf.no-daired,preteritro-dart,Verbalnom.dir,Gen.dra,myth.PNDire
(*dhrio-s),der`girl',cymr.-derig`rutting,inheat'.
References:
References:WP.I861,WH.I528,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I696,708.
Page(s):
Page(s):256
Root/lemma: dher-5 ,dhrei-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todefecate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ùnrat,cacre'
Note:
Note:(whetherrelatedtodher-1 `muddyresiduum'anddher-4 )
Material:
Material:Lat.foriaPl.`diarrhea'(byVarroofpigs),fori,-re`defecate';
gr.(*dhrd-)Hes.,afterFickKZ.44,339Macedonian,eitherfrom--with
fracturedreduplicationorfrom--withthesameformant-d-asthei-extensiondhr-ei-d-;very
dubious;
lit.der-k-iderkti`soilwithfeculence,defecate'.
maybetruncatedalb.(*derkti)dhjet,dhjes`defecate':alb.derth(*der-k-)`releasesemen,pour'
[commonalb.-k->-th-,-g->-dh-phoneticmutation]
dhr-ei-d-:
anord.drta(dreit),ags.drtan,mndl.ndd.drten,ahd.trzan`defecate',o-gradeanord.dreita`make
defecate',zerogrademengl.nengl.dirt(from*drit),aisl.drit,flm.drits,trets`filth,faeces',westfl.
drit`scaredshitless,thedefecated';
russ.dial.dristt`havediarrhea',bulg.drskam,drt`havediarrhea',serb.drskati,drkati,ech.
dstatids.(slav.*drisk-,*drist-from*dhreid-sk-,-(s)t-,Berneker224).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):256
Root/lemma: dhersEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wagen,khnsein',lteràngreifen,losgehen'
Note:
Note:(alsowith-i-,-u-extended)
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhr--ti,dhr-atiìsaudacious,courageous,ventures',dhr-(Gramm.),
dhrat`hearty'(=av.darat),dhr-`bold,valiant,gamy,audacious,cheeky',dhr-ìnsolent,
cheeky',dhrita-`bold,gamy',ddhri-ìntrepid,bold',withobjectdharayati`venturesin,makesa
mistake,overcomes',dharaa-n.àttack,maltreatment',dharaka-àttacking,assaulting';av.
daramAdv.`violent,very',dari-,daryu-,darita-`bold',Oldpers.adarnau`heventured',
ddarsi-EN;
gr.lesb.n.`courage,boldness'(hom.`bold,cheeky'),withfromAdj.displacedzero
gradeion.altatt.(att.)ds.,att.n.`courage,boldness;audacity,brashness',
,`begamy',(rhod.,ther.hqh),`bold,gamy;
foolhardy,cheeky'(=OldIndiandhr-),lesb.Adv.,`courageous,confident,
trusting'(*-);
lat.infestusàggressive,hostile,dangerous',infestre`toattack,disquiet'andmanifestus`palpable,
clear,visible,evident;caughtout,detected'(*dhers-to-);
got.ga-dars(:OldIndianPerf.dadhra`hashadtheaudacity'),Inf.gadarsan,Ìventure',as.
gidurran,ags.dear,durran,ahd.(gi)tar,(gi)turran`venture,risk',ahd.giturst,ags.gedyrstf.
`boldness,audacity'(=OldIndiandr-`boldness');
Maybealb.(*(gi)tar)guxoj`dare':ahd.(gi)tar,(gi)turran`venture,risk'.
lit.nasalizedlit.drs`dare,venture'(*dhrens),drst,drsti(dhrns-)`venture,risk',drs(*dhrons-)
`forwardness',drss=lett.dros`gamy,brave'(*dhrons-;alit.stilldrssanddransniaus);without
nasalizationOldPrussiandrstlan`stately'anddyrsos`proficient'(*dirsu-);
hereperhapstoch.Atsr`rough',tsrai`strong',tsiraue`strength'.
References:
References:WP.I864,WH.I698f.,Trautmann60,VanWindekensLexique147.
Page(s):
Page(s):259
Root/lemma: dheubh- ,dhubhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spike,wedge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pflock,Keil;schlagen'
Note:
Note:uncertain,becausealmostonlygerm.
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.
diminutivemhd.tbel,mnd.dvel`clot,chunk,peg,plug,spigot,nail'(nhd.Dbel,Dbelwithmd.
anlaut),ahd.tubila,-i`spigot',engl.dowel-pin`peg,plug,pin';mnd.dvicke,ndl.deuvik`spigot';
schwed.norw.dubb`peg,plug',tirol.tuppe`bigpieceofwood',mnd.dob(b)el,mhd.top(p)el`dice,
cube'.Besidesgerm.wordsthemeaning`hit':ostfries.dufen,duven`bump,poke',ndl.dof`shove,
stroke',aisl.dubba,ags.dubbian`knight,makeamanaknight',ostfries.dubben`bump,poke';there
italsogivesgerm.*a-`hit'(seebelowdh b h- `marvel'),couldbeanewvariantof*u-(perhaps
comeaboutunderthehelpofwordsfor`peg,plug,spigot').
References:
References:WP.I848.
Page(s):
Page(s):268
Root/lemma: dheu-b- ,dheu-pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:deep,*black,bottom,darkwaters
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tief,hohl'
Note
Note:
Theshiftg->-b-, k->-p-isacommongr.phoneticmutationhenceallotherIEtonguesborrowed
Root/lemma: dheu-b- ,dheu-p- :
:`deep,dark'fromrespectivelyprotoillyr.gr.dheu-g- , dheuk- . Butprotoillyr.gr.dheu-g- , dheu-k- isanextenstionofanolderroot.AfterJokl(EbertsRL.
13,286f.)herethrak.PN(*dhubr-),(*dheubr)itseemsthatBalticlanguages
derivedtheconceptof`deep'fromillyr.`black,dark',hencefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,dheu (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,dissipate,blow,*smoke,
dark,gray,deepetc.`derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-b- ,dheu-p- :
:`deep,*dark'.
Material:
Material:formsin-b:
gr.,ion.m.`depth(ofthesea)',probablyreconvertedfrom*dhub-;
maybealb.(*byssa-h),bytha`buttocks,backsidehole':gr.,ion.m.`depth(ofthesea)'
[commonalb.-s->-th-phoneticmutation]thesameformationaspoln.dupa`buttocks,backside
hole',skr.dpe,Gen.-eta`buttocks'.
afterJokl(EbertsRL.13,286f.)herethrak.PN(*dhubr-),(*dheubr);
Alsoalb.PNDibra
illyr.(KretschmerGl.22,216),alsoinalb.tosk.FlNTubra,Droveetc(Pokorny
Urillyrier99);
air.domain,fu-dumain,cymr.dwfn,corn.down,bret.doun(i.e.dun)`deep(*dhubni-),gall.dubno-,
dumno-`world'(Dubnorxeig.`worldking'),air.domunds.,acymr.annwf(y)n,ncymr.annwn`God's
kingdomandtheunderworld'(*an-duno-eig.ùnderworld,outsideworld'asaisl.t-garr);s.also
underS.268slav.*dbno;
maybealb.(*diep)djep`(*deep)cradle,hollowedwood':poln.dziupon.,dziuplaf.`treehole'.
got.diups,aisl.dipr,ags.dop,as.diop,ahd.tiof`deep';got.daupjan,ags.depan,as.dpian,ahd.
toufen`baptize'(eig.`dive'),aisl.deypa`dive';with-pp-:norw.duppa`dive'andj-formation,ags.
dyppan`dive;baptize',ndd.dppen,ahd.tupfen`bathe,wash';withgemin.spirantfaer.duffa`swing'
(frombarge);withgemin.voiced-nonaspiratednorw.dubba`benddown',dobbe`marshyland'
(compareWissmannNom.postverb.170,186);nasalizednorw.dumpm.`dentintheearth',dn.
dial.dump`cavity,lowland,depression',engl.dump`deepholefullwithwater',ahd.tum(p)filo
`whirlpool',mhd.tmpfel,nhd.(fromNdd.)Tmpel`deepplaceintheflowingorstandingwater;
puddle',engl.dimple`cheekdimple',ndl.domp(el)en`dive,sink';
lit.dubs`deep,hollow',inadditionFlNDb,DubingandDubsa(=cymr.FlNDyfifrom*Dubs,
PokornyUrillyrier46f.),dgnas`bottom'(probablybecauseoflett.dibensfrom*dbnas=slav.
*dbno,gall.dubno-;s.dieLit.byBerneker245f.);alsotheFlNwruss.Dubna(=lett.Dybnja)`the
deepriver'anddiepr.PNDum(p)nis,Dubnashowstillbn;dumbu,dbti`becomehollow,sinkin',
daub,dauburs`gorge,ravine,gulch',dobti`hollowout',duob`cave'(lett.dubs,dubj`deep,
hollow',dobe`pit,pothole,grave'withuofromu),dubu,-es`basin',duburs,dburs,duburkis
`pitfullofwater,hole,pool',nas.dumburs`deepholefullwithwater',dumblas`slime,mud,morass'
(yetseeaboveS.261);lett.dubns(besidesdibns)`ground,bottom'(compareMhlenbachEndzelinI465under509),dubt`becomehollow,sinkin',dublìPl.m.òrdure,morass';OldPrussian
padaubis`valley'anddaubof.`ground'(compareaboveS.249);
abg.dbr(andoutofitdbr)`,gorge,ravine,gulch'(:lett.dubra`puddle,slop');Church
Slavicdno(*dbno)`ground,bottom';aboutdenFlNpomerell.Dbras.S.264.
formsin-p:
ahd.tobal,mhd.tobel`narrowvalley',nhd.Tobel;aschwed.dvaprobablyst.V.`dive',aisl.dfa
`pressdownwards',dyfa,deyfa`dive',ags.defan,dfands.,engl.dive,mnd.bedven`flooded,be
coated',bedoven`sunkdown';
slav.*dupaf.insloven.dpa`burrow',ech.doupa`hole',abg.dupina`cave',mbg.russ.-Church
Slavicdupl'`hollow,light',russ.dupn.`cavityintreetruck',skr.dpe,Gen.-eta`buttocks',dplja
`treehollow',olddupan`cave'etc;ablaut.poln.dziupon.,dziuplaf.`treehole'etc
Note:
Fromslav.languagesRoot/lemma:
:`deep,*dark,bottom'passedtoAltaic
languages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*tpè(*tipì,*-)
Meaning:
Meaning:bottom
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*dp
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*dowNote:
Note:ATurk.-Mong.isogloss.TherelationshiptoTM*d-'tositdown(ofbirds)',suggestedin1,
211,isunclear;ifitexists,wemaybedealingherewithanarchaiccaseof*-p`-suffixation.
fromhereas*dheug-:germ.*d-k-,*du-kk-`tauchen=dive,sichducken=crouch'
References:
References:WP.I847f.,WH.I565,867,Trautmann45f.
Page(s):
Page(s):267-268
Root/lemma: dheughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totouch,press,milk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berhren(sichguttreffen),drcken,ausdrcken,melken,reichlichspenden'
Material:
Material:Indo-iran.*dhaugh-`milk'inOldIndianduhti,athematicdgdhi`milked',thedesirablecow
Kma-duh()`theplentifullybestowing'(=gr.),pers.d,dxtnetc,Oldpers.han-dug
`proclamation'(comparelat.pro-mulgre);
gr.(,,,)`meet,find,meetbychance;achieveapurposeor
anaim;intr.tofindoneself,andbeclose',`success,luck,destiny,lot',goddessT(probably
originallyathedesirablecow);(,Aor.,hom.,Med.,
-withsek.k-,Perf.,,)`makesuitable,make,produce,arrange,produce',
`tomake,makeready,prepare',n.àllmade,ware,pottery,stuff,esp.armament,
militaryequipment,weapons;shipinstrument;pot,vessel';
ir.danàpoem,ode,song'(*dhughn),dal`fitting'(*dhughlo-);
aisl.Inf.duga,presentdugi,preteritduga`beuseful,besuitablefor,succeed',preteritpresentgot.
daug,ags.dag,as.dg,ahd.tougìtisgoodfor,isuseful',Kaus.mnd.dgen`withstand',as.dgian`ds.,sort,order,arrange',ags.gedegan`bear,endure,comethrough';ahd.tuht`skillfulness,
power',mhd.thtec,nhd.tchtig=ags.dyhtig`stalwart'(aboutgot.dauhts`feast's.Feist116);
lit.dag`much,alotof',dugintiìncrease,intensify';russ.dijetc`strong'.
References:
References:WP.I847,BenvenisteBSL.30,73f.,PisaniREtIE.1,238ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):271
Root/lemma: dheu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun,*stream,flow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen,rinnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhvat`runs,streams',lengthenedgradedhvatids.,dhutf.`wellspring,
stream,brook';mpers.dawdan`run,hurry',pm.dav-`run,rush';
Maybealb.(*dhoueti)dti`sea':nasalizedgr.-illyr.(*dh(o)uenti)Hes.:mir.de`sea'
commonalb.attributenounssuffixedin-tformant.[seealb.numbers].
gr,ep.also,Fut`run';lak.Hes.;`quick,fast',-àufeinen
AnrufschnellzurHand,helfend',inaddition(insteadof*)`help',`movein
quickdashingmovement;scoot,movefast';
gr.-illyr.Hes.;
anord.dgg,Gen.dggwar(*daww),ags.daw,as.dau,ahd.tou,nhd.au(*dawwa-);
doubtfulmir.de`sea'(*dheui)as`theviolentlymoving';
Maybeillyr.TNTau-lanti(wetland,swamp):nhd.au(*dawwa-)
hereprobably*dhu-ro-inthrak.FlN-(*ndhur-)andinnumerousven.-illyr.FlN,soillyr.
Duria(Hungarian),nhd.Tyra,Thur,olderDura(Alsace,Switzerland),oberital.Dora,Doria,frz.Dore,
Doire,Doron,iber.Durius,Turiaetc(PokornyUrill.2,10,79,105,113,127,145,160,165,169f.);
Note:
FinallytheancientDoriantribethatoverrunMycenaeancivilizationwasofIllyrianorigin.Theirname
meant`riverpeople'sincetheyspreadveryrapidlytravelingonfastriverboats.Theirmigrationtook
Mycenaeancitiesbysurprise.TheDorianexpansionwassimilartotheVikingrapidexpansion
hundredsofyearslater.
maybeillyr.(*Durra-hion)Dyrrhachium-i,n.aportinIllyria.
afterRozwadowski(Rev.Slav.6,58ff.)heretheFlNDna,west-slav.Dvina(*dhuein),borrowedas
finn.vin`wideriver',estn.vin(a)`straits',syrj.`dynèstuary'.
References:
References:WP.I834.
Page(s):
Page(s):259-260
Root/lemma: dheu-2 ,dhu - iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tovanish,faint,die
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinschwinden,bewutloswerden,sterben'
Material:
Material:Got.diwans(*dhu-ono-)`perishable,mortal',ablaut.ahd.touwen,as.dian`die',anord.
deyja,d(*dw),dinn`die';got.daus`dead',alsoafdauisàfflicted',ahd.tt,ags.dad,anord.
daur`dead',got.dauus`death',ahd.td,ags.da,anord.daur,-aranddaue`death';
air.duine(*dhu-n-io-),Pl.dini(*dheuenio-),cymr.dyn,corn.bret.den`person'(`mortal,human
being',BrugmannZfceltPh.3,595ff.);s.alsounderhem- ;
perhapslat.fnus(fnus)n.àfuneral,burial.Transf.,thecorpse;death;destruction,ruin;acause
ofruin',whetherfrom*dheu(e)-nosìndeath';formally,nevertheless,exactly=air.n.s-stemdn
`fortress',probablyoriginally`hillcastle'(seeunderdheu-4 S.263);
Note:commonlat.d->f-shift.
afterMarstranderPrs.nasaleinf.151hereair.-deda`dwindlesaway'from*dhedhut;
comparealsoaboveunderdh-3 ;
inGerm.alsothemeaningìnsensible,becomeunconscious',awnord.d(*dawa)ùnconsciousness,
faint,swoon',preteritdalso`becamenumbed'(oflimbs),aschwed.dna`faint,passout',norw.
daana`becomestiff,becomelame(fromlimbs),faint,passout'(Ableit.fromparticipledinn),isl.doi
ìnsensibility',dona`becomeunfeeling,becamenumbed',got.usdaus`notindolent,diligent,
active,quick,unwearied,indefatigable,energetic,eager',ahd.tawaln`todwindle,todie',ndl.
dauwel`sluggishwoman';furtheranord.dalso`delightofthesoul'(`*anesthetization'),d(*dawn)
àdmire,venerate';anord.dnf.`death'.
extensiondhu - i-: dhu - - in:
arm.di,Gen.dioy`deadbody,corpse',air.dth(*dhutu-)ènd,death';ags.dwnan(st.V.)àbate,
dwindle',besidesdemnn-Verbanord.dunaandduenads.;ags.dwscanànnul,annihilate'
(*dwaiskjan),lit.dvsti`die'(BgabyEndzelinKZ.52,123).
maybealb.tosk.(dvsti)vdes,geg.dek`die'[commomalb.-s->-k-shift].
Root/lemma:dheu e s- ,dhu s - ,dheus- ,dh s - :
:`todissipate,blow,etc.*breathe,
breatheoutthespirit,perish,die'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-2 ,dhu - i- :
:`tovanish,faint,die'.
Aslit.dvsti`die':lit.dvesi,dvesia,dvsti`breathe,breatheoutthespirit,perish,die'(seebelow);
References:
References:WP.I835,WH.I451,568.
Page(s):
Page(s):260-261
Root/lemma: dheu-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shining,toshine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blank,glnzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhaval-`gleamingwhite',dhvati`makesblank,purifies,cleans,swills',av.
fraavata`rubbedoff(cleaning)';
gr....,...Hes.,Ps.-Hsd.,
.Hes.(Kontr.from*F).
References:
References:WP.I835,SchulzeKZ.29,260f.=Kl.Schr.369.
Page(s):
Page(s):261
Root/lemma: dheu-4 ,dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreel,dissipate,blow,*smoke,dark,gray,deepetc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stieben,wirbeln,especiallyvonStaub,Rauch,Dampf;wehen,blow,Hauch,
Atem;hencedampfen,ausdnsten,riechen,stinken;strmen,inheftiger,wallenderBewegungsein,
alsoseelisch;inheftige,wirbelndeBewegungversetzen,schtteln'
Material:
Material:Withm -formant:
OldIndiandhmm.`smoke,vapor',dhmyati`smokes,steams'=lat.fmre`smoke,steam,
reek,fume',formalalso=ahd.tmn`turnincircles';
gr.`breath,life,soul,heart,spirit,courage,mind,temper,will,anger,wrath'(stillpurely
sensually`smoke,fumigate';-`charcoalpile',àrdent',`rageagainst'etc);
lat.fmus`smoke,steam,vapor'(fmreseeabove);
lit.dmaiPl.`smoke',lett.dmiPl.,OldPrussiandumisds.;
OldChurchSlavicdym`smoke';
maybealb.tosk.tym`fume'[commonalb.d->t-shift.]:alsoalb.geg.dhem,alb.dhemb`hurt,ache',
dhimbje`pain'[commonalb.shiftm>mb].
Note:
:`tosmoke;toblow'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,
dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,dissipate,blow,etc.
`.
with:mir.dumachaPl.`fog'(nir.dumhachfrom*dhumuko-`misty,dark');gr.,-`thyme'
(strong-smellingplantasalso,`SaturejathymbraL.`s.Boisacqm.Lit.;after
NiedermannGl.19,14toruss.dubrvka,dubrvka`PotentillaTormentilla',thatafterBerneker215to
OldChurchSlavicdmbòak'[seeunderS.264]belongs).
maybetruncatedalb.(*dhumusk-)dushkòak':lett.dumksnis`swamp,marsh':OldChurchSlavic
dmbòak'notfromalb.drushkòak',dru-`tree,wood'becausealb.dr->d-shiftisnotcommon.
Lat.fimus`crap,muck,manure'(as*dhu-i-mosduetogrowingfromsuffio,-re);
withidg.ou:ahd.toum`vapor,haze,mist,Duft',as.dmian`steam'.
Inadditioncoloringadjectivethemeaning`smoke-color,fog-gray,dismal':OldIndiandhmr`smoke-color,gray,puce,cloudy,dull(alsofromthemind)',dhmala-`smoke-color,puce';
lit.dumblas`slime,mud,mooronthebottomofpond',lett.dubl'i`slime,mud,ordure'(presumably=
OldIndiandhmra-;comparebutunderS.268andMhlenbach-EndzelinI509),lett.dmal'`swart,
brown',dmans`smoke-color',dumj,fem.dumja`darkbrown,paled,cloudily(fromtheeyes),
stupid',dumksnis`swamp,marsh',dumbrazeme`blackmoorland',dumbris,dumbrs`spring,
fountain,moor,morass'(compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI514;indetailaboutsuchmoornamesafter
thecolorSchulzeKl.Schr.114);
comparewithdemcoloringnamesuffix-no-:lett.di,dasPl.`slime,mud';
with-ko-,respectivelyoftherootextensionwith-k-:lett.dksne,dkste`swamp,marsh,pool,
morass':dkansàred-brownhue,swart';
with-g-:lett.duga`theglutinousmucuswhichswimsonthewater',dugainsdensìmpurewater',
dugainsuguns`dark,cloudedflame',dungansàred-brownhue'(iflatternotfrom*dumgans,
comparebalgans`whitish',salgans`sugary');
with-t-toch.tute`yellow'
Withl -formant:
OldIndiandhli-,dhlf.`dust,dustysurfaceoftheearth,pollen',dhlik`fog',alb.dlnj`juniper'
(as`woodsmokingchips',from*dhlnio-);
Maybealb.dyll`wax,beewax':lit.dlism.,lett.dljs,dljs`smoker,smokingincenseincenseto
driveawaythebees'(seebelow).
Note:
Thecommonalb.a>shiftsuggeststhatalb,cognatefor`juniper'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
dh l - :
:`toblossom,begreen':alb.(*dalni)dlinj`juniper'andnotfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,
dheu - : `toreel,dissipate,blow,etc.`.
lat.flgo`soot;powderfordarkeningtheeyebrows'
Note:commonlat.d->f-shift
mir.dil`wish,desire'(*mindboiling,as`thesoul'),lit.dlism.`smoker,smokingincense
incensetodriveawaythebees',dlk`mote,speck';lett.dljs,dljs`moresmokingthanburning
torchtotakethehoneyfromthebees';lit.dulsvas`smoke-color,mousegrey';changingthrough
ablautruss.dlo`barrel(ofagun,acannon'),dlce`mouthpieceofawindinstrument'(etc,s.
Berneker237;previouslyslav.derivativesvonduti`blow').
Verbsandandsingle-linguisticnominalformation:
Note:
OldIndianandalb.provethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du- ,du- ,d - :
:`toburn'derivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: dheu-4 ,dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,
dissipate,blow,*smokeetc.`.
maybealb.dhunoj`violate,rape',dhun`violence';
OldIndiandhnti(dhunti,dhuvti)`shakes,movestoandfro,ventilates',Fut.dhaviyati,Perf.
dudhva,Pass.dhyte,participledhut-,dht-`shaken,agitated',mpers.dt`smoke';OldIndian
dhunti`movestoandfro,shakes',participledhnna-,dhni-f.`theshaking',dhnayati`movesto
andfro,shakes',dhavtramn.`flabellum,whisk',dhavitavy-`fan,ventilate';av.dvaid`weboth
beset'(*du-vaid);KuiperNasalprs.53placeshereOldIndiandhvajati(Dhp.7,44),av.dvaaiti
`flutters'(inadditionOldIndiandhvaj-`banner,ensign,flag')from*dhueg-();
arm.de-dev-im`sway,swing'(comparethatlikewiseredupl.intensivedhvaj-OldIndiand-dhavti);
gr.(),lesb.`stormalong,roar,rave,smoke'(*dhu-i,:from,,asalso
inOldIndianPass.dhyteandanord.dyja`shake'neologismis;inthemeaning`rage'maybefrom
*dhusi,s.dheues-),,ds.,`storm'(seeS.269unterdheues-),ep.`roam,
thereforeblow,rage'(*F),ds.(*F),,,Hes.withthe
meaning`smoke(smokeoffering),smell':(),`sacrifice',`sacrifice,oblation',
`sacrificialanimal',n.ìncense(hencelat.tsìncense,frankincense'),oblation,sacrifice,
oblation'(therefrom`mortar'[alb.thuk`mortar',thyenj`break,grind']s.Boisacqm.Lit.),,
`ladenwithincense,odorous,fragrant',àtreewhosewoodwasburnedbecauseofits
fragrance',,ànAfricantreewithscentedwood',òblation'(:ion.:att.
,*F-:*:-,s.BechtelLex.168f.,Boisacqs.v.),`sacrificialaltar,altar'.
Onthebaseofthemeaning`(together)whirl',`heap,sandpile,esp.dune,sandbank,heaps
generally',from*F-,shapedas-,-,-,-,comparegr.`heap'(Hes.),to
meaningundernhd.Dne;barelywithSchwyzerGr.Gr.I5702toOldIndiandhya-`litterputon
earth';
alb.geg.dj,tosk.dnj`fuddle',Med.`dwindleaway,melt'(*deuni,comparegot.dauns`fume,
haze,mist'),djet`flows,melts';
Maybealb.dje`vein(wherethebloodflows)',dufàirblow,anger,impatience,rage':ags.dofian
`rage':lat.suffio-ire`tofumigate'(seebelow),alsoduplicatedalb.(*duh-duh)dud`gum'.
lat.suf-fi,-fre`tofumigate,perfume;towarm'(suffmentumìncense';aboutfmusseeabove)from
*-dhuii,asfioòfpersonsandthings,tobemade,comeintoexistence;withpredicate,tobecome,
beappointed;withgenit.,tobevaluedat;ofactions,tobedone;ofevents,tohappen'from*bhu-ii,
foeteo,-reèvilsmell,stink'duetoaparticiple*dhu-oi-to-s(asptefrom*ptos);
Note:
commonlat.d->f-shift.Clearlylat.suffio-ire`tofumigate'derivedfromanillyr.alb.duf`blow'.
here(as*piledup)gall.,urir.,latin.dnum,air.n.s-stemdn(:lat.fnus,s.S.260)`castle'
(*hill),acymr.din(ncymr.dinas)ds.;air.d(a),arch.d`bulwark,rampart,wall'(*dhuio-);air.
dumaem.`hill',gall.GNDumiatis;alsoair.df.Gen.dad`smoke',mir.dethachds.(*dhuiiat-);
ags.dnm.f.`height,mountain',engl.down`sand-hill,dune',mnl.dne,mnd.dne,outofitnhd.
Dne;comparetomeaningklr.v-dma`dune'toslav.dm`blow';whereasisgerm.*t-na-`fence,
apreservedplace'(aisl.ags.tnds.,`town,city',nhd.Zaun)probablykelt.Lw.;
anord.dyja`shake'seeabove;
got.daunsf.`sweetscent,smoke'(*dhou-ni),anord.daunnm.`fetidness'(vglalb.dej;aboutahd.
nhd.dunstseeundertherootform*dheues-);anord.dnnm.`downfeather(*fan)'(outofitmnd.
dne,whereofagainnhd.Daune`softloosefluffyfeathers,asonyoungbirds';comparemndl.donst
`downfeather(*fan),dustpowder(*ash)'=dt.Dunst;s.Falk-punderdun);as.dununga`delusion'
(or);aisl.dni`fire';
lit.dujf.`mote,speck',duj`downfeather(*fan)';dvlas`black,black-headed',ablaut.dlas
`grayish';
slav.*dujo,*duti(e.g.russ.dju,dut)`blow',changingthroughablaut*dyjinsloven.djem,dti
`blow,smell,breathequietly';OldChurchSlavicdundunti(*dhoun-)`blow'(changingthrough
ablautwithOldIndiandh-nti,-nti,gr.);
toch.Atwe,tweye`dust'.
comparestillperhapsidenticalprotoroot*dheu-`run,flow'.
Rootextensions:
I.bh -extension:dheubh - `fly,smoke;misty,darkens,alsofromthemindandthereflection'.
Gr.(,)`smoke,vapor,fume,makesmoke;burnslowly,singe;Pass.smoke,give
offvapor,gleam',m.`smoke,steam,densesmoke;wooziness,folly,sillypride';
Maybepoln.duma`pride',dumny`proud'.
`bebrainless,conceited,haughty',,-or-`whirlwind,thunderstorm',
,-`disastrousfire',,`feeble-mindedage';`blind,dark,
stupid',`blind',`blind',`becomeblind'.
Air.dub(*dhubhu-)`black',acymr.dub(*dheubh-),ncymr.du,acorn.duw,mcorn.du,bret.d`black',
gall.Dubis`LeDoubs(easternFrance)',i.e.`black,darkwater';probablyalsomir.dobur`water',
cymr.dwfr,corn.dour(i.e.dowr),bret.dour(i.e.dur)ds.,gall.Uerno-dubrumrivername(àlder
water')arenamedafterthesameobservation;
however,maybetherearekelt.wordswithidg.bwhichmustbeassumedthatbelongtodheub`deep'(underS.268),because`deep'and`black'couldbeslightlyidentical.
Socanthepomerell.FlNDbra(*dbra)beidenticaljustaswellwithlett.dubra,ChurchSlavicdbr.
Note:
AfterJokl(EbertsRL.13,286f.)herethrak.PN(*dhubr-),(*dheubr)itseemsthat
Balticlanguagesderivedtheconceptof`deep'fromillyr.`black',hencefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,
dheu - (presumably:dhu - ,comparetheextensiondhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,dissipate,blow,
*smoke,dark,gray,deepetc.`derivedRoot/lemma:
:`deep,*dark'.
Got.daufs(-b-)`deaf,obdurate',anord.daufr`deaf,idle',ags.daf`deaf',ahd.toup(-b-)`deaf,
obtuse,foolish',anord.deyfa,mhd.touben`deafen,stun,makefeeble',changingthroughablautnd.
duff`muggy(air),dim(color),muted(sound)';
Maybealb.dufàirblow,anger,impatience,rage':ags.dofian`rage'.
ndl.dof,mhd.top`senseless,brainless,crazy',
Maybealb.topis`stun';
-Verb:ahd.tobon,as.dovn`bemad',ags.dofian`rage',-Verb:ahd.tobn,nhd.toben,aswellas
(asparticipleast.V.)anord.dofinn`dull,limp,half-dead',whereforedofna`limp,becomestale';
anord.duptn.`dust',norw.duft,dyftf.ds.,mhd.tuft,duft`haze,mist,fog,dew,hoarfrost',ahd.tuft
`frost',nhd.Duft`finesmell,odor'(orzurrootformdheup-,seeunder);got.(hraiwa-)db,anord.
dfa,ags.dfe,ahd.tba`dove,pigeon'(afterthedarkcolor).Nasalizedgot.dumbs,anord.dumbr,
ags.dumb`dumb',ahd.tumb`silent,stupid,incomprehensibe',as.dumbòafish'.However,a
*dhumbhos`dark'seemstobesupportedalsobySlav.(seebelow).
Maybeexpressivealb.tosk.dudum`dumb'
Perhaps(Berneker215)OldChurchSlavicdbòak,thentreegenerally'as`treewithdark
heartwood'aslat.rbur.Againstitcanbebylett.dumbrazeme`blackmoorland'etcbEinschublaut
betweenmandr,seeabove,alsobylit.dumblas`slime,mud'(mhd.tmpfel,nhd.Tmpel,Prellwitz
KZ.42,387,rathertonhd.tief,mnd.dumpelen`submerge',s.SchulzeSBpr.Ak.1910,791=Kl.Schr.
114).
Besidesdhp- in:OldIndiandhpa-m.`smoke,incense',ahd.tvar,tbar`phrenetical'(alsoin
Duftseeabove).
2.dh
dh-extension:dheudh - `whirl,shake,confusethroughanother'.
OldIndianddhat-`stupefying,vehement,raving',ddhi-,dudhra-`boisterous',probablyalsoddhita(epithetvontamas`darkness')perhaps`confused,thick';
gr.Hes.(*),`tassel',hom.`festoonedwithtasselsor
fringes'from*(*dhudhia=lett.dua`bundle'),,,`squid'(`misting,muddling
thewater');
germ.*dud-,geminated*dutt-and*dudd-:dn.dude,olderdudde`ryegrass,darnel'(butaboutisl.
dona`becomeinsensitive'seeaboveS.260),nd.dudendop,-hop`drowsyperson',afries.dud
ànesthetization',norw.dudra`tremble',ags.dydrian`deceive';with-dd-:engl.dial.dudder`bewilder',
dodder`tremble,wobble,sway',engl.dodderànyplantofthegenusCuscuta;anyofvariouschoking
orclimbingweeds';with-tt-:mndl.dotten,dutten`becrazy',mnd.vordutten`bewilder',mhd.
vertutzen,bettzen`becomedeaf,butgetcollectedness',isl.dotta`fallasleepduetotiredness,nod
becauseofexhaustion';
maybealb.vrtit`bewilder,turn'
similarly,onthebasisof*dhuedh-:ostfries.dwatje`stupidgirl',dwatskòafish,eccentric',Jtischdvot
`sufferingfromCoenuruscerebralis';schwed.dodra,mhd.toterm.`yellowplant,dodder',mengl.
doder,nengl.dodderànyplantofthegenusCuscuta,comprisingleaflessthreadliketwiningplants
withparasiticsuckers;itattachesitselftosomeotherplantastoflaxetc.anddecayingattheroot,is
nourishedbytheplantthatsupportsit',ndl.(vlas)-doddreds.AfterFalk-Torpunderdodderiftheword
wastransferredasanameforcertainplantswithyellowthredlikestems:as.dodro,ahd.totoro,ags.
dydringègg-yellow'(-ingprovethederivativeofplantname);ratherhasbeenforit`clump'=`thick
mass'incontrasttomeltingeggwhitethemediativemeaning(Persson)orcomparenorw.dudra
`tremble'theelasticshiveringofthiscolloidrockingcore;compareaisl.dor-kvisaàbird'.
3.kk-extension:dhu k- , dh k - anddheuk-:
OldIndiandhukat,dhukayatiwithsam-`blownupthefire,kindled,animated',dhka-m.
(unleashed)`wind';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lit.dvkti,dvkoti,dvkterti`breathe,pant,gasp',dvkti`stink',dvkas`breath,breeze,breath',
dksas`sigh',dkst,dkti`becomeraving,rage',dkis`fury',lett.dcu,dkt`roar,rage',ducu,
ductit.`roar',dku(*dunku),duku,dukt`becomemat';colornamesaslett.dkans`swart'(see
above)hitpresumablythebridgeto:
ahd.tugot`variegated',tougan`dark,concealed,mysterious,miraculous',n.`mystery,miracle',as.
dgalnussi`mystery,hidingplace,nook',ags.dagol,degle`clandestine',ahd.tougal`dark,
concealed,secret';alsoags.dagf.`paint,color,redorpurpledye;redorpurplecolor;rouge;in
gen.,paint,dyeofanycolor;bee-glue',dagian`dye',engl.dye.
4.ll-extension:dh(e)u e l- (compareinadditionabovethel-nounsasOldIndiandhli-)`whirlup,cloud
(water,themind);murky,dark,spirituallyweak'.
Gr.`slime,mud,smut,esp.frommurkywater,thedarkjuiceofthecuttlefish'(=got.dwals),
Adj.`cloudy',`cloudy',`muddy,cloudy,eclipse;verwirrt,beguile';
,nameofDionysosbythePaeones(Hes.)`theraving',illyr.[]'Ì
(Hes.);
maybealb.dal`goout,moveout,wanderaimlessly',nasalizedndal`stop,hinder,delay':anord.
dvelja`hinder,delay',as.bidwellian`hinder',anord.dvlf.`delay',ags.dwalam.àberration'.
air.dall`blind',clas-dall`deaf'(ùnabletohear,blind'),cymr.corn.bret.dall`blind'(about*duallos<
*dullosfrom*dhulno-s);
got.dwalsòafish',anord.dvalaf.`coma,doze,stupor';changingthroughablautas.ags.dol
`clownish,crazy',ahd.tol,tulisc`crazy,nonsensical',nhd.toll,engl.dull`stupid,tasteless,weak(also
fromcolors)',anord.dulf.`concealment,illusion,arrogance',dylja`negate,conceal'andontheother
handanord.dlskr(*dwliska-)`crazy';as.fardwelanst.V.`miss,fail',afries.dwilithèrrs';ags.
participlegedwolen`wrong,mistaken',ahd.gitwean`bedazed,tarry',anord.dulinn`conceited,
arrogant';Kaus.anord.dvelja`hinder,delay',as.bidwellian`hinder',ags.dwelian`misguide',ahd.
*twaljan,twallen,mhd.twel(l)en`hinder,delay';anord.dvlf.`delay',ags.dwalam.àberration',ahd.
gitwoloìnfatuation,heresy';got.dwalmn`crazy,bephrenetical',ags.dwolma,as.dwalm
ànesthetization',ahd.twalmànesthetization,narcoticsmoke,smoke',anord.dylminn`thoughtless,
frivolous',dn.dulme`drowse'.
5.n -extension:dhu e n()- `scatter,sprinkle,bemovedviolently;whirlingsmoke,fog,cloud;
befogged=dark,alsofromthedarkeningoftheconsciousness,thedeath'.
OldIndiandhvant`heburntout,wasextinguished,dwindled'(ofanger,actuallyèvaporated,
sprayed'),Kaus.dhvnayati`darkens',participledhvnt-`dark',n.`darkness';
av.dvan-withpreverb`fly'(apa-dvsaiti`machtsichaufzumDavonfliegen',upa-dvsaiti`goesflying
there',Kaus.us-dvnayat`heallowstoflyupwards');dvnman-n.`cloud',aipi-dvnara-`cloudy,
misty',dunman-`fog,cloud';
gr.`death',`perishable'(*dhuentosand*dhunts),dor.`die',reshapedafter
thepresentin-att.(-,-),lesb.ds.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I362,
709,770);
lett.dvans,dvanums`haze,mist,vapor',dviga`haze,mist,coalsteam'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI
546).
6.rr-extension:dheu e r- (dhu e r -, dheur - )`whirl,attack,hurry;vortex=dizziness,folly'.
OldIndian(unleashed)dhraa-n.`trot',dhrati`trots'(=sl.dur-,seeunder);perhapsdhurAdv.
`violent,forcible';dh`raid,nightraid',ifmind.developmentfrom*dhvrt`Heranstrmen';
perhapsgr.-(*-=nìn'+*)`play,Iamuse',`play,toys;jewellery,ornament
things'(if`play'from`spring');
lit.padrmaiAdv.`withimpetuosity,stormy',OldPrussiandraiNom.Pl.`shy';russ.dur`folly,
fatuity,stubborness',durt,`losethemind',durt`makepranks',durk`fool',dra`fool,clown',
durnjèvil,bad,ugly',dial.ùnreasonable,furious',durnca`henbane,ryegrass,darnel',klr.dur,dura
ànesthetization,dizziness,tomfoolery',serb.drm,dritise`flareup,foam'etc;
toch.Ataur,tor`dust'
References:
References:WP.I835ff.;WH.I499f.,561f.,57If.,865;Trautmann62f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I686,
696,703.
Page(s):
Page(s):261-267
Root/lemma: dheu e s- ,dhu s - ,dheus- ,dh s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todissipate,blow,etc.*scatter,dust,rain,breathe,perish,die
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stieben,stuben,wirbeln(nebeln,regnen,Dunst,Staub;aufsseelischeGebiet
angewendet:gestoben,verwirrtsein,betubt,dsig,clownish),strmen(vomWindandaufgeregtem
Wesen),blow,wehen,hauchen,pant,gasp(Hauch,Atem,Geist,ghost,animal;smell,smell,odor)'
Note:
Note:extensionofdheu - 4 ;alsoexpressionsfor`darkcolors'seemtobesupposedtobeaddedas
`fog-gray,dust-color'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhvasati`sprays,sprinkles,disintegrates,goestopieces',participledhvast-,
aus.dhvasyati,dhvasyati`powdered,destroyed',dhvasmn-m.òbscuration',dhvasir`powdered,sprayed',dhvasr-`powdered,indistinguishable',dhvsti-f.`thespraying'(=ahd.tunist,
dun(i)st`wind,storm,breath,smoke',ags.afries.dst`dust'),dhsara-`dust-colored';toformation
(*dhu-s-mi,Konj.dhusbesides*dhunsmi,Konj.*dhu-n-s-)compareKuiperNasalprs.
41;
gr.()`blow,storm,surge,smoke,sacrifice'as*dh-i(:from,)toeinf.root
*dheu-(seeS.262),however,maybeinthemeaning`rage'from*dhs-i,asf.`female
bacchant',àmadorinspiredwoman,aBacchante'ds.(`begraspedbybacchanalian
dizziness')probablyfrom*dhsiabecauseofHes.andtheimplementsof
Bacchus,thethyrsiandtorches',epithetofBacchus;
Note:commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation:
lat.fur-ere`torage,rave,bemad'couldbe*dhus,sothatFuriae=gr.;comparealsov.
BlumenthalIF.49,172to;Hes.;butàfuriousstorm,
hurricane'probablyfeminineof*`storming,raging',probablyfrom*F;ànger,
soul'is=àir,acurrentofair,breeze,breath,wind'andnotbecauseoflett.dusmasànger'
leadbacktoavariousbasicform*;compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI521;
Ablautform*dhues-inhom.and(withmetr.lengtheningto),att.`sulphur
steam,sulphur'(*F-()).
Perhapshere`god'becauseoflit.dvasi`ghost',mhd.getws`ghost'andformsasgr.`spokenfromgod',,`divine'as*Ffrom*dhuesosafterHirtIndog.Gr.I
195,PisaniREtIE.1,220ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I450,458,WH.I102;Lit.byFeist122;
alb.dashÀries,ram,sheep(*animal),afterJokl(L.-k.Unters.240)from*dhuosi-;
lat.perhapsfur,seeabove;fimbriaf.`fringe,border,edge'maybefrom*dhuensri;withtheablaut
formdhus-:febru,-re`clean,expiatereligiously'fromfebruum`religiouspurification'(sabin.after
Varro),asalsoFebrurius`thecleansingmonth',onthebasisof*dhues-ro-`fumigating';frlis
`relatingtothedead,funereal;deadly,fatal;mournful;n.pl.assubst.thefestivalofthedead,in
February'probablyalsohere;
Note:
Commonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation.
whetherbstia,blluaànanimalwithoutreason,abrute,beast,largeanimal;asatermofreproach,
monster'belonghereas*dhuesti,*dhuslou,itisextremelydubiousbecauseofanlautsinspiteof
WH.I102;
Note:
Commonlat.dw->b-phoneticmutation.
gallorom.dsiusìmpure,fouldaemon,incubus',outofitlad.eng.dischl,nhd.westfl.ds,bask.
tusuri`devil';comparePedersent.celt.1,171;air.dsacht`fury',distirimmumÌbecomeraving'
(*dhust-,ablaut.withags.dwsetc);air.dìdle',perhapsas*dhousio-tonhd.dsig;
ags.dws`stupid,crazy',mnd.dwsds.,mhd.tws,dwsm.ìdiot,fool,villain',getwsn.`ghost;
foolishness'(comparetotheformermeaningmhd.tustern.`ghost';tolengthenedgradeair.dsaid);
ablaut.ags.dysig`clownish',engl.dizzy`giddy',mnd.dsich`benumbed,giddy',nd.dsig,dsig,
ahd.tusic`sluggish',mnd.dsen,dosen`passawaythoughtlessly',engl.doze`doze',nhd.(ndd.)
Dusel(inthemeaning`lightdrunkenness'comparenhd.mdartl.dusen`carouse'andmhd.tsen
`rant,makeanoise,whizz');
inaddition:norw.dsa`doze',anord.dsa`behavequietly',ds`calm',dra`sleep',mhd.trmen`be
dizzy,reel,lurch'etc;
withgerm.au:mhd.dsen`behavequietly,slumber,drowse',treìnsane,fool',nhd.Tor,tricht,
mnd.drem.`fool,crazyperson';
Maybealb.geg.torr`fool'
withthemeaning`spray,getdusty,scatter':mhd.tsen,dsen`scatter',verdsen`destroy'(from
*dausjan),norw.mdartl.dysa`lump,pileup',probablyoriginallyfrom`dustheapsandwasteheaps',
underwhichmediummeaningcanbeaddedalsoanord.dysf.`frompoutingstonesofburial
mounds',norw.mdartl.dussa`messyheap';
withthemeaning`scatter,sprinkle,dustrainunderlikewise':norw.duskregn`dustrain',duska,dysja
`rainfinely,trickle',engl.dusk`cloudy,dim',nhd.bair.dusel`dustrain';westgerm.*dunstu`transpiration'(seeaboveS.263)inahd.tun(i)st`wind,storm',mhd.tunst`fume,mist',ags.afries.
dstn.`dust'(anord.dustn.`dust'ismnd.Lw.),dn.dyst`flourpowder',mnd.nnd.dustm.`dust,
chaff,husk';
withthemeaning`breathe-animal':got.diusn.`wildanimal'(*dheus-),anord.dyrn.`Vierfler,wild
animal',ahd.tiorànimal',ags.dor`wildanimal',Adj.`violent,wild,valiant';
lit.dvesi,dvesia,dvsti`breathe,breatheoutthespirit,perish,die';
maybealb.(*dves)vdes`breatheoutthespirit,perish,die';
Root/lemma:dheu e s- ,dhu s - ,dheus- ,dh s - :
:`todissipate,blow,etc.*breathe,
breatheoutthespirit,perish,die'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-2 ,dhu - i- :
:`tovanish,faint,die'.
Aslit.dvsti`die':lit.dvesi,dvesia,dvsti`breathe,breatheoutthespirit,perish,die'(seeabove);
Note:
Aryanscreatedthestormgod,skygodDeusPaterfromtheritualofburningthedead.Hencethevery
spiritofthedeadwasidentifiedwiththebreathinthecold,smokeinheaven.Animalfatwasburned
toappeasetheskygodhenceanimalswerenamedafterthefathergod.
lett.dvselef.`breath,soul,life',ablaut.(*dhuos-),lit.dvasasm.,dvasif.,Gen.dvsios`ghost',
`breath',lett.dvaaàir,breath,smell'(:russ.dvochat,idg.*dhuos-);zerograde(*dhs-),lit.dsas
`sigh'and`haze,mist'(=klr.doch),dstu,dsti`runoutofbreath',lett.dust`pant,gasp',dusmas
ànger',lit.dsi,dsti`takeadeepbreath,sigh,gaspheavily',dsautids.;lit.dasosf.Pl.(*dhous)`theupperair,paradise',dausnti`ventilate,air';
russ.dvchat,dvocht`pant,gasp'(seeabove);OldChurchSlavic(vs)dchnti`takeadeep
breath,heaveasigh',klr.doch`breath,breeze'(*dch),OldChurchSlavicdychaj,dy,dychati
`breathe,exhale,blow',duch(:lit.dasos)`respiration,breath,spirit',dua`breath,soul'(*dhousi),
du,duchati`breathe,blow,fromwind'etc
maybealb.(*dychati)dihas`breatheheavily'.
wordsforsombrecolors(`dust-colored,fog-gray'):
OldIndiandhsara-`dust-colored'(seeabove);lat.fuscus`dark-colored;ofthevoice,indistinct'
(*dhusqo-),furvus`dark-colored,black'(*dhusuo-);
ags.dox(*dosc)`dark',engl.dusk`cloudy,dim;twilight'(=lat.fuscus;comparealsonorw.dusmen
`misty'),withformants-no-ags.dunn(kelt.Lw.),as.dun`chestnut-colored',anord.dunna`the
commondomesticduck',as.dosan,ags.dosen`chestnut-colored',ahd.dosan,tusin`paleyellow'
(westgerm.Lwislat.dosinusàsh-colored');mir.donn`dark',cymr.dwnn`subfuscus,dark-colored,
blackish',gall.PNDonnosetc(*dhuosnos).
Note:
:`toshine;day;
References:
References:WP.I843f.,WH.I102,386,472f.,570ff.,Trautmann64f.
Page(s):
Page(s):268-271
Root/lemma: dhig- :dhig- :dhgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick,plant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,stecken,festsetzen'
Material:
Material:Lat.fg,-ere`tofix,fasten,makefast,attach,affix;esp.withoculos,tofixthegaze;to
thrusthomeaweapon,etc.soastofixfast;totransfix'(urlat.,comparefgierS.C.Bacch.),alat.
fv,umbr.fiktu`youshallfix,fasten,drive,thrustin,attach,affix,post,erect,setup',afiktu`he/she
shallfasten,implant,drivein,affix';probablyinadditionas`pinned'alsofnis`boundary,limit,border;
summit,end;object,aim;inpl.enclosedarea,territory'(=lit.dgsnis`prick,sting'),comparefni,-re
also`tobound,limit,enclose,restrain;todefine,determine,appoint;toputanendto,conclude,
finish;esp.tofinishspeaking,ortodie;pass.,toend,cease';
ags.dc`drainageditch,canal',ndd.dk,aisl.dk(i)n,mhd.tch,fromwhichnhd.Deich,Teich
(actually)`thedigging'.
lit.dgstu,dgti,lett.dgt`germinate'(actually`jut.stickout,protrude',lit.dygs`spiky,prickly'),in
additiondygiu,dygti`feelpiercingpain',dygls`thorn',dg`gooseberry',OldPrussiandigno`the
hiltofasword'(asnhd.Heft`thehandleofacuttingorpiercinginstrument,asaknife,spear,etc.;the
hiltofasword,dagger',d.h.`whereinthebladeisfixed,tofix');zerogradelit.degiu,degti,lett.digt
`prick',lit.degas`germ,sprout',OldPrussiandeicktas`site,place',originally`point,dot,prick,sting';
withi:lit.digas`germ,sprout,seedling',diktas`point,dot;thing',daignti`makegerminate';
References:
References:WP.I832f.,WH.I495f.,865;Trautmann49f.
Page(s):
Page(s):243-244
Root/lemma: dh(i)- (besidesdh-ei- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`saugen,sugen'
Note:
Note:(:dhi-,dh-anddh-,dh-)s.esp.SchulzeKZ.27,425=Kl.Schr.363.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhya-`nourishing,nursing',dhyas-n.`thesucking',dhy-`thirsty',dhtav
`tosuck',Fut.dhsyati,Aor.dht`hesucked',su-dh`juice,sap,nectar',dhtr`wetnurse,mother',
dhn-f.`producingmilk'=av.danu-`femaleoffour-footedanimals',OldIndiandhn`milker',
ablaut.dht-`sucked',Perf.Plur.1.3.da-dhi-m(i=),da-dh-;redupl.nounda-dh-an-,Nom.ddh-i,Gen.dadhns`sourmilk'(:OldPrussiandadan,alb.djath);
fromstemdhi-: dhyati`sucks'(*dhieti:Kaus.*dhoi-ie-tiinslav.dojiti,got.daddjan)anddhinti
`nourishes';
arm.diem`suck'(i==idg.orrather,sothat=anord.da),stn-di`(suckingbreast=)suckling',dal
fromdail`beestings'(dhi-li-),dayeak`wetnurse'(from*dayi-=idg.dh-ti-);
gr.`hesucked',`milk',`milk',`wetnurse'(shortformunderlikewise,
whereatdifferentFalk-Torpundertaate),`suckingmilk',-`tame,domesticated,
well-bred';
alb.djath`cheese'originally`curdmadefromsourmilk'(:OldIndianddhi),gr.-alb.dith`cheese';
Note:
Spectacularlyalb.djath(*das),gr.-alb.dith`cheese'derivedfromasolidifiedillyr.root*dh-ei-s
`curdmadefromsourmilk'becauseofcommonalb.-s>-thphoneticmutation.
lat.fmina`wife,woman'(`*thenursingone');aboutflx,fecundusseeunder;
air.dnu`lamb',dth`he/shehassucked'(=idg.or),denaid`hesucks'(*di-na-ti),bret.denaff
`suck',cymr.dynu`suck';
got.daddjan=aschwed.dggja`suckle'(protogerm.*ajjan,compareOldIndiandhyati,Old
ChurchSlavicdoj;dasgerm.*ajj-hasoriginatednormallyfrom*dhoi-eie-),aschwed.da,dn.
norw.die`suck',mhd.den,ten`suckle;breastfeedababy'(compareo.arm.diem),zerogradeahd.
ten,presenttju(=lett.dju`suck'),westfl.dierrn`nourishacalfwithmilk';
lett.dju,dt`suck',at-diene,at-dienteàcowthatcalvesinthesecondyear',lit.dienf.`pregnant'(=
OldIndiandhn-),diends.(=OldIndiandhn`cow'),OldPrussiandadan`milk'(=OldIndian
dadhan-);OldChurchSlavicdoj`suckle'(OldIndiandhyati),doilica`wetnurse',with(=idg.or
i)dtf.`children,kids.`,dva,dvica`girl,virgin'(replacedby`*woman'=`thenursingone,the
onewhosuckles',s.Berneker197).
Withl-formant:OldIndiandhr-`sucking'=gr.`nourishing(),lactating,female'(fem.
and),,`wetnurse',`suckle,suck',`brisket',alb.dele
`sheep'(*dhiln-),delmds.,dhall`sourmilk',illyr.dalm-`sheep'inPN,,VN
Dalmatae,Delmatae,messap.PNGen.m.dalmaihi,fem.PNdalmaoa;lat.fl,-re`suckle',flius
`son'(`*suckling',from*flios)=umbr.feliuf,filiu`givemilk,givesuck';
Note:
Commonlatd->f-phoneticshift
mir.del`teat'(*dh-lo-),delech`milker',dn.dl`mammaryglandsorudderofthesow',schwed.
mdartl.delm.`teat',ahd.tilaf.`femalebreast',ags.deluf.`nipple,teat',anord.dilkr`lamb,baby,
youngling';lett.dls`son',dle`bloodsucker,leech',lit.dlds.,pirmdl`thefirstborn',pirmdls
`whohasjustbeenborn';lett.dle`suckingcalf',dlt`suckle'.
Identicalalb.djal`son':lett.dls`son'.
fromgr.(*)`tofeast',`feast'(from*-)withgradationsuithere,is
doubtful;ifand(dor.)`'as*-pointstoalightroot*dhi-(alsothen;
alsocouldbe-)
Lat.flx`fertile,lucky'toflregoesbacktoafem.Subst.*fl-c-`thenursingone=fertile',after
Specht(KZ.62,237)from*fluks,Femin.toOldIndiandhru-,gr.;lat.fcundus`fertile',
ftus,-s`(1)pregnant;fruitful,fertile;teemingwith,fullof.(2)thathasbroughtforth,newlydelivered;
(3)m.thebringingforthorhatchingofyoung;ofthesoil,bearing,producing.Transf.,thatwhichis
broughtforth;offspring,brood;ofplants,fruit,produce,shoot',fta`filledwithyoung,pregnant,
breeding,withyoung',also`whatisborn',effta`pastbearing,exhausted,wornout,weakafteralot
ofparturition',fnus,-oris`yield,interestonmoney,usury',perhapsalsofnum`hay'(as`yield')
definethemselvesthroughaspecialapplicationfromdhi-`suckle'for`befertile';
inadditionbutnot*dhn-`corn,grain':OldIndiandhnf.Pl.`grain,seeds',dhny-n.`corn,
grain',np.dna`corn,grain',av.dn-kara-ànantkind',i.e.`towinggrain(=anant)',toch.tno
`corn,grain'andlit.dona,lett.dunaf.`bread'(originally`corn',alit.`provisionforretiredfarmers,
retirement,settlementonretirement');dor.-illyr.(kret.)...EM.,
(*dh-k-i-)Hes.;differentJoklbyWH.I475;
References:
References:WP.I829ff.,WH.I474ff.,864,Trautmann51.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoabovedh-1,dh-dh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):242
Root/lemma: dh-1 ,redupl.dh-dh()Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:childwordfor`grandparents'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:LallwortderKinderspracheforltereFamilienglieder
Material:
Material:Gr.ùncle',àunt'(*-,-),`grandmother'(from*-),ital.(venet.)
dedaàunt'(),gr.àunt'(inadditionGN);illyr.deda`wetnurse'(KraheIF.55,121f.),
alsoprobablyoriginallyzurrootdh(i)-`suckle';lit.dde,ddisùncle'(butdidas`graybeard,old
man,elder'fromwr.ddds.),OldChurchSlavicdd`grandfather';similarlynhd.deite,teite,
schweiz.dddi`father,elder',russ.djdjaùncle'.
Note:
Turk.dayiùncle'derivedfromruss.djdjaùncle'whilealb.dajan.f.ùncle'couldhaveexisted
beforeturk.dayiùncle',however,alb.cognateisphoneticallyidenticalwithothercognates:alsoturk.
hala`paternalaunt':alb.halla`paternalaunt',turk.teyze`maternalaunt':alb.teze`maternalaunt'.
References:
References:WP.I826,Trautmann47,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I193.
Page(s):
Page(s):235
Root/lemma: dh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toput,place
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`setzen,stellen,legen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianddhti,av.daiti`heplaces',Oldpers.Impf.Sg.adad`hehasinstalled',Old
IndianAor.-dh-mÌplaced',Med.3.Sg.-dhita(=gr.);to-participleOldIndianhit
(-dhitinved.compounds)`set,settled'(=lat.con-ditus,ab-ditus,crditus,probablyalsogr.
`sedate,calm,settled,placed,set;havingposition;takenasone'schild,adopted'),withfullgradeav.
Oldpers.dta-(=lit.dtas`sedate,calm,settled',OldPrussiansen-ditansAkk.Pl.f.`folded',alsogr.
Hes.,eig.`setraisedplatform,placedstand');Inf.OldIndiandh-tum(=lit.dtSupin.,
OldChurchSlavicdt`toplace':lat.[late]conditus,-sm.`pickled,preserved;ofcorpses,
embalmed;ingen.,seasoned,savory',Supin.-um,-,comparealsoOldIndiandhtu-),m.
`component,set',av.vtu-n.`grounds,rationale,steadyacquiescence');io-presentOldIndian
dhyat`placesforoneself'(=lett.dju,dt`place,layeggs',djudt`soldertogether',OldChurch
Slavicdj`lay,place',aech.dju`make');Perf.OldIndiandadhu,dadhim,av.3.Sg.daa(:gr.
,lat.-did,osk.pr-ffed,ahd.tetaetc).
Arm.edAor.`heplaced'(=OldIndian-dht;1.Sg.edi,2.Sg.edir),presentdnemÌplace'(*dinem,
idg.*dhno-,compareruss.dnu`sit,put,lay,place',skr.djnm`do,put,lay');
Maybenasalizedalb.geg.mendenj`tosit,while,stay',ndej`hanglose,place'
phryg.`hasplaced'(*e-dh-es-trather=hitt.da-a-i);
gr.`put'(Aor.-seeunder-,,,Fut.,participle);
messap.hi-pa-of`hasplaced'(*hi-po-dhs-t,J.B.HofmannKZ.63,267);
lat.abdere`putaway,remove,setaside,stowaway',con-dere`toputtogether,makebyjoining,
found,establish,build,settle'(inadditionCnsus[*kom-d-to-]anancientdeity,godofsecretplans),
perdere`tomakeawaywith,destroy,ruin,squander,dissipate,throwaway,waste,lose',crdere
`believe,trust'(seebelow*kered- `heart');abouttheinterferenceofdarewithrespectiveformss.
WH.I362;Perf.condidetc,osk.pr-ffed`hasplaced'(*-fefed).
Note:
Commonitalic.-lat.d->f-shift.
Witheinerk-extensionlat.faci,-ere,fec(:),factum`tomake,form,do,perform;offeelings
andcircumstances,tocause,bringabout',osk.fakiiad,umbr.facia`he/shemakes,constructs,
fashions,frames,builds,produces,composes',fakurentFut.II[subjunctive]`theywillhavemade,
constructed,fashioned,framed,erected,produced,composed',praen.(passionateinscription)
FheFhaked`he/shehasmade,constructed,fashioned,framed,erected,produced,composed',osk.
fefacitKonj.Perf.`lethe/shehavemade,constructed,fashioned,framed,erected,produced,
composed',fefacustFut.II`he/shewillhavemade,constructed,fashioned,framed,erected,
produced,composed';
with*fk-umbr.feitu,fetu[Imperative]`he/shewillhavemade,constructed,fashioned,framed,
erected,produced,composed':
facilis`(feasible)easytodo;easytomanage,convenient,favorable',umbr.facefeleds.;facis
`shape,form,figure,outwardappearance;esp.face,countenance.Transf.,character,nature;
seeming,pretence',facinus,ponti-fex,arti-fexbeneficusunderlikewise;tomeaningofinterfici`to
putoutoftheway,destroy,bringtonaught,slay,kill'(`*allowtodisappear')compareOldIndian
antarhita`vanished'.
Thesamek-extensionbesidesingr.alsoin`receptacle',OldIndiandh-k-`container'
andphryg.-àfflicts,causesdeath',Med.-;ven.vhaso`he/shemakes,
constructs,fashions,frames,builds,erects,produces,composes'(*faksto,thefprobablyfrom
Ital.);hitt.dak-ki-e-zi(dakkeszi)`makes,placesdown'(:lat.facess),dak-u-ul(daksul)`friendly'(:
alat.facul);perhapstoch.AtkÌwas,became',Btakwds.(differentPedersenToch.194);
gall.dede`he/shehasplaced';comparelat.con-,ab-,cr-did,ahd.tetaÌmade,did';air.-tarti
`gives,yields'(*to-ro-ad-dtfrom*dht),Perf.do-rat(*to-ro-ad-datfrom*dh-t),ThurneysenGr.35;
ahd.tm,tuom,as.tn,ags.dm`do',Inf.ahd.tuon,as.ags.dn(*dhm)`do',preteritahd.tetaÌ
made,did'(2.Sg.tti,Pl.ttum;reshapedafterthetypeofgot.stum),as.deda(2.Sg.deds,3.
Pl.ddun,dedun),ags.dyde<dudi(seeabovetoOldIndiandadhu);particlePerf.Pass.ahd.
gitn,ags.dn`done'from*dh-no-=OldChurchSlavico-dn`wrapped,dressed';
intheendingofreducedPrter.(got.salb-ddunetc)onetriestoseekmostlytherootdh-,
whereasingot.kuna`granted',mustcontaintheidg.-t-,toacceptanotherformation.compareHirt,
Idg.Gr.IV,99,SverdrupNTS.2,55ff.,Marstrander,NTS.4,424f.,SpechtKZ.62,69ff.,
KretschmerSbb.Wien,225.Bd.,2.Abh.,6f.
lit.dti`lay,place,put',present2.Pl.olddeste(*dhe-dh-te),Sg.dem,desie-s,dest(i)(compare
BgaKalbairs.158,213),neologismded;lett.dt(seeabove);
OldChurchSlavicdti`lay,place'(also`say'),presentded(*dedi)anddj(seeabove);dj,
djati`lay,place,do';-va-iterativeOldChurchSlavico-dvati`(toput),dress',russ.dvt`setdown,
do,place';
inadditionprobablylit.dvi,dvti`wearadress';aformantualsoingr.*Fand(assim.)
*F,compare`sit,put',ion.(hom.writtenfor[F])`seat',
Hes.,att.alsods.,hom.`sit',att.poet.ds.(seetogr.group
BechtelLexil.161f.,Boisacq335);comparealsothrak.-dava`settling,settlement'from*dhuor
*dhu;probablyreshufflingaftertheconcurrent*d-:*dou-`bestow,give';
Note:
Thesuffix-dava`settling,settlement'frequentlyscatteredoverthethrak.territoryandcitynamesis
absentinillyr.toponyms,henceillyr.-alb.andtrak.weretwodifferentpeople.
hitt.daai(di)`setzt,legt',1.Sg.te-e-i(tehhi),3.Pl.tianzi(PedersenHitt.91,112f.,166),
preterit3.Sg.da-a-i;perhapsalsodak-ki-e-zi(seeabove);
toch.At-,ts-,tas-,Btes-`lay,place'(*dhs-PedersenToch.186f.);
lyk.ta-`lay,place'(Pedersen.Lyk.andHitt.30f.).
Rootnouns(incompositions):e.g.OldIndianvay-dh-ìmpartingvitality',sa-dhf.`pact,
agreement,promise'(:lit.arkld`stable'),sa-dh--màssociation'(:lit.sam-das),ratna-dh--
ìmpartingtreasure',nidhm.`container,treasure,tribute',sam-dh--m.àssociation,covenant,
fusion',av.gao-i-`milkcontainer';lit.samdas`rent,rental',idas`vessel',nuoda`poison',(old)
nodia`debt,blame,offense',pdis`thehenlaysanegg';
OldPrussianumnode`bakehouse',lit.peld,lett.pelude`chaffcontainer',OldChurchSlavicob-do
n.`',s-d`,';compareBerneker193ff.,Trautmann47f.;ifsoalsoaisl.oddr,
ags.ord,ahd.ort`cusp,peak'as*ud-dho-s`pointedup'
nominalformation:
OldIndiandhtar-m.ìnstigator,founder',dhtr-`creator,god'(comparealsoOldChurchSlavic
dtel`perpetrator'),gr.,lat.con-ditoràfounder;hence,ingen.,contriver,composer,author';
compare*dh-tlo-inair.dl,acymr.datl,ncymr.dadl,abret.dadl`congregation,meeting',nbret.dael
`contest,quarrel'(comparetomeaningphryg.);
*dh-ti-inOldIndian-dhiti-f.`stead',dv-hiti-`God'sstatute',gr.f.`statute,order',lat.conditi-f.ànagreement,stipulation,condition,compact,proposition,terms,demand';*dh-ti-sinav.
ni-iti-f.`layingdown,puttingaway,hiding',got.gadds`deed,position,place',aisl.d
`skillfulness,deed,act',ags.dd,ahd.tt`deed,act',lit.dtis`load,burden',Pl.dtys`layofthe
chicken,thegoose',OldChurchSlavicblago-dt`Grace,blessing,gratitude';*dh-t-inthrak.PN
,alb.dhat(*dh-t)`site';*dh-t-inav.dami-d-t`thecreatedcreature',lat.sacer-dsà
priest,priestess'(*sacro-dht-s).
OldIndiandhna-m`container',el.()`pact,covenant',ahd.participlegitn,ags.dn
`done',OldChurchSlavico-dn`(completed),vested';OldIndiandhnam`sacrifice,offering,price
incompetitionetc',nidhnam`layover,stay,inhabitationetc',gdhana-m`cattlepossession',av.
gao-ana-n.`milkcontainer'.
OldIndiandhman-n.`statute,law,dwelling,troop,multitude,crowdetc',av.dman-,dman-n.
`site,creature',gr.-ànythingdevotedtoevil,anaccursedthing',-`somethingput
on,alid,cover;statueonagrave',m.`heap';`probablykeepingtidy,keepingin
order';thrak.plantname-(Dioskor.)from*ka-dhmn`watersettlement',PN
Uscu-dama;secondary(after)gr.n.`thatwhichisplacedorlaiddown:moneydeposited,
deposit;also,ofgrain;treasure,pile,ofloaves,coffer,position,situation,nativity,commonburialplace,commonland,privateburial-ground,somethingproposedasaprize,caseproposedfor
discussion,themeofanargument,proposition,premise,arbitrarydetermination,primary(nonderivative)elementorform,ofthepresenttense,modeofreductionofanirregularsyllogism',
comparealsoInf.;av.dmi-f.`creation',Adj.(alsofem.)`constituting,originating,creator,
god';gr.`thatwhichislaiddownorestablishedbycustom',Gen.originally`*allowedby
thelawsofGodandmen,righteous'asGoddess'sname,then`right,law,custom',Pl.`the
foundationofabuilding;theinnermost,core',`thefoundation-stones',hom.(
metr.lengthening)`thefoundations,lowestpart,bottom,ground';
Alb.themel`thefoundationofabuilding;theinnermost,core':hom.(metr.lengthening)
`foundation,ground'[probablyaloanword];themn`heel,bottomofthefoot'.
zerograde:`*massed;frequent,often',`frequent,often,massed',hom.,femin.
Pl.`thepiledup,tightlypacked,crowded,close-set,thick'(from*),`thicket,
shrubbery,bush,shrub';ina*dh-mo-`settlement,branch,dwelling'(compare,,
Hes.[*dhmio-],alsoOldIndiandhman-`dwelling')or`heap,troop,multitude,crowd(the
servant)'correlatesoneperhapsrightlyalsowithlat.famulusàservant,amaleslave,attendant',
familiaàhousehold(ofslaves),establishment',osk.famelàservant,amaleslave,attendant',
fameloàhousehold(ofslaves),establishment',umbr.fameiasàhousehold(ofslaves),
establishment';
Note:
Commonlat.d->f-shift
-gradegr.`heap,barn,haystack';phryg.ànassembly,meeting,congress,aliving
together',lat.ab-dmen`lowerabdomen'asìntimate,hidden,secretpart',compareahd.intuoma
`thechiefinternalorgansofthebody,significantorgans'(wouldbelat.*indmen),mnd.ingedme,
bayr.ingetumds.,got.dmsm.`judgement,fame'(dmjanàdjudicate';fromdemGerm.russ.dma
`thought,notion,care;councilmeeting'etc,s.Berneker237),ags.dmòpinion,sense,mind,
judgement,court',ahd.tuom`judgement,feat,deed,act,custom,state,status',lit.dom,domess
àttention,directingofthethoughtandwillonsomething',alsolit.dm`spotuponwhichattentionis
directed'etc,dmtis=domtis`wonder,care,concern,follow,go,takeinterest'.
Aisl.dllèasytodo,easy,withoutdifficulty'(*dh-li-s);compareurnord.dalidun`theydid'(preteritof
germ.*dlian),lit.pa-dls`nest-egg(thehenlaysanegg)',priedl,predlisìnclosure',abg.dlo
n.`work',wherefore(seeBerneker195f.,Trautmann48)OldChurchSlavicdlja,dljmam.Gen.
`becauseof',lit.dl,del,dliai,lett.dl`withGen.`becauseof,forthesakeof'.
MaybefromSlavicne`not'+OldChurchSlavic:dlo`work,matter'=Bulgarian(nedel'a),
Serbiannedelja,Czechnedle,Polishniedziela`Sunday,holiday=nowork':Lithuanian:dlioti`put
down,away':Albaniandjel`Sunday,holiday'.
Anoccasionalformationcomparestillgr.(Pind.),(lak.etc),(att.)`statute'after
Thurneysen(KZ.51,57)toair.dedm,cymr.deddf(*dhedhm)ds.(differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.I
49212);,att.:`punishment'.Verydoubtfulas-extensionwouldbeattributedtoaisl.des
(*dasj)`haystick,hayrick'(Lw.fromdemAir.),air.dais(*dasti-)`heap,hayrick',wherewithE.
Lewy(KZ.52,310)comparesratherosset.dasun`pileup,lump'.
References:
References:WP.I826ff.,WH.I266,362f.,439ff.,863,Trautmann47ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I492,
686,722,725,741,PedersenHitt.141ff.,192.
Page(s):
Page(s):235-239
Root/lemma: dh-3 ,dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todisappear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinschwinden'
Material:
Material:Lat.famsf.`hunger',adfatim,affatimàdlassitudinem,zurGenge',fatg`hetzeab,
ermde',fatsc,-or`geheauseinander;ermatte';
air.ded-(presentrudeda,Fut.Plur.dedait,preteritcon-ro-deda)`vanish,passaway,dieaway,
disappear,dwindle,wasteaway,melt,decay';ags.demm`damage'(*dh-mi-s);
with-sanord.dsiìdle'(germ.*ds-),mhd.dsic`still,uncommunicative,stupid',changingthrough
ablautnorw.dial.dase`flabbyperson',dn.dase`bedecayed';anord.dsa(sk)`swelter,decay',
dasask`gobad,getworse';mengl.dasen`stun'(engl.daze),dasewen`bedark'.
Inallpartssomedubiousconnections.Aboutair.ded(a).comparePedersenKG.II504f.(fromPerf.
*dhe-douefromtogot.diwans`perishable's.dheu-`disappear',wherealsoaboutair.dth,arm.di).
Thegerm.familyfinallyremindspartlyunder*dheues-`whisk'discussedfromndd.dsigandhave
beendirectedpartlyafterthisnotonlyinthes-extension,butalsointhemeaningitself;atleast,isto
bereckonedonanoldrelationshipfromanord.desasketc.andir.-deda.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):239
Root/lemma: dhs- ,dhsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:arootusedinreligiousterms
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inreligisenBegriffen
Material:
Material:Arm.di-k``gods'(PL*dhses);
lat.friae(alat.fsiae)`daysofrest,holidays,festivals',fstusòfholidays,festive,festal,solemn,
joyful,merry,originallyfromthereligiouscelebrationtodevoteddays',osk.fsnamAkk.ànopen
placeforobservation,placemarkedoffbytheaugur'sstaff',umbr.fesnaf-eìnashrine,sanctuary,
temple';zerogradelat.fnum(*fas-no-m)àshrine,sanctuary,temple'andOldIndiandhiya`devout,godly,pious,holy'(insecuredhiayant-underlikewise,seeunderdhei-`see');aboutgr.
`god'seeunderdheues-,aboutlat.fs,fstusaboveS.105f.
References:
References:WP.I867,WH.I453,3f.;EM2333,347f.
Page(s):
Page(s):259
Root/lemma: dhlas- ordhelB-(:dhl s - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosqueeze,press
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`quetschen,drcken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhrd-`millstone';
gr.`squeeze,crush'(idg.*dhlas-or*dhls),,;
ech.dlasmati`press'(*dhlsmo-or*dholsmo-);
`'ishybridizationofwith,asontheotherhandthroughhybridization
withisalsotransfiguredto.
References:
References:WP.I877,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I676.
Page(s):
Page(s):271
Root/lemma: dhl g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:debt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schuld,Verpflichtung'
Material:
Material:Air.dligim`beentitledto,earn',mcymr.dlu,withepenthet.voweldylyu`withheld,kept
back',corn.dyllyds.,mbret.dellitds.,air.dligedn.òbligation,law,right'(*dhlghito-m),cymr.dled,
dyled,me.d(y)lyetf.òbligation',besidesdlitèarnings'(*dhlght);got.dulgs`debt'(inmoney);Old
ChurchSlavicdlg`debt',russ.dolg,skr.dg(Gen.dga),poln.dug,ech.dluhds.
Got.dulgsandtheslav.wordshaveprobablycommonorigin.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):271-272
Root/lemma: dh[u]- :dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rope
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Strick'
Material:
Material:Gr.(),-f.`rope,cord,band,strap,stringofthebow'(placesahead*--or);
lat.fnisàrope,sheet,line,cord';ablaut[u]-:-,iflat.notatmostdial.developmentfrom;after
J.Duchesne-Guillemin(BSL.41,178)ostensiblyheretoch.ABtsu-,tsaw`tounite'().
References:
References:WP.I868,WH.567f.comparealsoPeterssonHeterokl.169f.
Page(s):
Page(s):272
Root/lemma: dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosharpen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schrfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhr`cuttingedge,sharpness,blade',av.drf.ds.,tiidra-`withsharp
edge',gr.`sharp,sharp',Ìsharpened,sharpen'(*-Fuo-participle,ase.g.*-F
`sliced'in;for*dh-toocompare:-).
fromheredueto*dh-ro-`pointed'(:OldIndiandh-r)alsoags.darom.`spit,pike,spear,lance',
ahd.tartm.`spit,pike',anord.darra-rm.,darrn.`spit,pike'Andatmostinadditionas`woundwith
apike'furtherdiegerm.familyofas.ags.derianìnjure,hurt',ahd.terrenbesidestarn,-n`harm,
injure',ags.daruf.`damage,pity,injury',ahd.taraf.ìnjury'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):272
Root/lemma: dhrebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrush,grind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerbrechen,zermalmen'
Material:
Material:Got.gadraban`cutout,';anord.drafn.,ags.drfn.òffal',anord.drafna
`separateinsmallparts',bl-drefjarm.`bloodstain';
OldChurchSlavicdroblj,drobiti`crush,break,rupture,grind',russ.drobf.`break,piece,fragment',
russ.-ChurchSlavicdrobn,bulg.drben`small,little',nexttowhichwithablaute:bulg.drbends.,
dreb`secessionofwool,byripplingtheflax;liver',russ.drbezg`shards,debris';FickBB.2,199,
Berneker225-226(m.furtherLit.).
Withgot.hlaiw,ateiwasgadrabanusstainacomparesHoffmannBB.18,288Hes.,
sothattheapplicationofourrootto`quarryingoutofstones'wouldbeold.
Asimilartorootdhreb- in:
Anord.drepa`prick,bump,poke,slay',ags.drepan`slay,meet',mnd.drepen`meet,fight',ahd.
treffan`meet,touch',anord.drepn.`blow,knock',ags.gedrepds.,mhd.trefm.n.`prank,blow,club,
meeting',ags.drepem.(*drapi-)`manslaughter',anord.drpn.ds.;presumablyaskvidrepit
stefjum:anord.drpaf.ònefromseveraldistinguishedpartsofexistingpoembysog.stef;usuallya
praisesong'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):272-273
Root/lemma: dhregh-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen'
Material:
Material:Arm.durgn,Gen.drgan`potter'swheel'(afterMeilletBSL.36,122from*dhrgh-);
gr.(dor.),Fut.,`run',(:air.droch)`wheel',`run',
`runner,summoner',`sandpiper';barely`nape,neck'PedersenIF.5,56,
Zup.KZ.36,57;
air.droch`wheel'(*drogon);
Itshowsinpalatalwhereaslett.dru,drzu,drzt`quick,fastrun',lit.padrtids.,buttosaythe
leastcouldbeconsideredjustaswellasavariantinpalatalbesidesdhergh-`pull,drag'.Yetare
likewiselit.(pa)drtiasalsolett.drzt`runquickly,fast'identicalwithlit.drti,lett.drzt`carve'
(seedhre-).Theprimarymeaningis`carve'.Allnumerousotherinterpretationsaretobeexplained
bycasualuse.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):273
Root/lemma: dhregh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topain,tosuffer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`qulen,reizen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrghat(Dhatup.)àfflicts,plagues,strivesitself';
osset.w-drzin`stir,tease,irritate'(E.LewyKZ.52,306);
ags.dracuf.`plague,agony',dreccan`stir,tease,irritate,plague'(withexpressivek);
OldChurchSlavicraz-dra,-draitiènrage,irritate',serb.drm,driti`stir,tease,irritate';
Maybealb.trazonj`stir,tease,irritate'.
einni-abstractnoun*dranìrritation'liesruss.draznt`stir,tease,irritate,banter'thebasic,z
insteadofafterthesynonymousforms-zn.
Alsoaroot*dhrgh-or*dhrgh-:*dhrgh-:*dhrgh-wremglich.
References:
References:WP.1875.
Page(s):
Page(s):273-274
Root/lemma: dhreEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topull
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen;dahinziehen,gleiten,streifen'
Note:
Note:synonymouswithtr g h- (seethere)
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhrjati`glides,slidesthere',pr-dhrajati`hurries',dhrjas-n.,dhrajati-f.`the
pranks,pull',dhrj-perhapsàttraction',dhrji-,dhrj-f.`pull,urge,desire';
anord.drkf.`stripe'(:OldIndiandrj-);nasalizedinadditionperhapsgot.drigkan,aisl.drekka,ags.
drincan,ahd.trinkan`drink'(`makeagoodgulp,drawfromdrinking-vessel');
Maybealb.dreka,drek`dinner',dark(*drak)`supper'
lit.dreti`smoothdown',dras,druo`streaky',also()lit.dr-iu,-ti`rend',nudrti`pulldown,
destroy'(Jukevi346);inadditionprobablydrti`carve,hit,gehen'etc,lett.drztds.;seeunder
dregh-1 ;
Lett.dragt`pull'againstitpresumablytomndl.trecken`pull,drag',s.der-4 (dergh-,dreg-)`flay'and
Mhlenbach-EndzelinI488m.Lit.
References:
References:WP.I874.
Page(s):
Page(s):273
Root/lemma: dhreibhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrive,topush
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treiben,stoen'etc
Material:
Material:Got.dreiban`drive,push,bump,poke',anord.drfa`comepulling,pull,drag,stream'etc,
ags.drfan`drive,push,hunt,chase,overthrow',as.dran`bemoved,dispelled',ahd.trban`beat,
strike,knock,push,drive,hurl,impel,propel,expel'(zerogradeschw.Verbtribn`setinviolent
motion,driveonward,move,impel,urge',uolatribn`thrustthrough,piercethrough,transfix');anord.
driftf.`drive,impel,drift,propel,push,thrust,snowdrift',drifn.`whatfloatsthroughtheair,snowfall',
ags.drifn.`drive,impel,drift,propel,push,thrust,thedriven',drff.`drive,impel,drift,propel,push,
thrust,drift,herd',mhd.triftds.,nhd.Trift`pasture,herd';
lit.drimb,drbti`laggard,clodhopper,lubber,looby,hobbledehoy,lummox,squab,dub,lug',snigas
drimba`thesnowfallsthickly'(=anord.drfrsnr);fromdrib-,towhichcouldbelonglikewisetheiasthee-series,thetransferhasoccurredinthee-series:drebi,drbti`pour,makestainswith
viscousliquid'.
References:
References:WP.I872,876,WissmannNom.postverb.68f.,SpechtKZ.68,41.
Page(s):
Page(s):274
Root/lemma: dhreugh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totremble,shake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zittern,(sich)schtteln,einschrumpfen'
Material:
Material:Ags.dryge`dry'etc,seeaboveS.254f.underdhereugh-;
lit.drugs`fever;butterfly',lett.drudzis`coldfever;fever',drudzint`neighafterfodder'(`*toshake'),
perhapsOldPrussiandrogis`reed'(iffordrugis,s.TrautmannOldPrussian323m.Lit.,MhlenbachEndzelinI502);perhapslett.drugt`collapse,diminish',Berneker231between;s.alsounderS.279;
poln.dr,drec`tremble',oldalso`haveafever',drga,perf.drgn`tremble,quiver;flounder,
twitch',russ.dro,-t,perf.drgnut`tremble,quiver'(etc,s.Berneker231).Dissyllabicrootform
*dhereugh-or*dhereug-onesupposesingr.Hes.,
Hes.and,ds.Hes.
Maybealb.geg.(*dhereugh-)dredh`tremble,twist',dridhem`tremble,quiver,haveafever'[common
alb.-gh->-dh-phoneticmutation].
References:
References:WP.I873f.,Berneker231.
Page(s):
Page(s):275
Root/lemma: dhreugh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todeceive,harm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trgen,listigschdigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrhyati`seekstoharm,harms'(Fut.dhrkyti,participledrugdh-);common
OldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
Oldpers.Imperf.adurujya(=OldIndianadruhyat)`lied',av.druaiti`lies,cheats',OldIndiandrgha-,
drha-m.ìnsult,damage,betrayal',av.draoga-`fallacious',m.`lie,falsity,deception',Oldpers.
drauga-`fallacious',OldIndiandrh-ìnjuring',f.`damage,fiend,ghost',m.`fiend,demon',av.druj-f.
`lie,falsity,deception;impersonatingthelie,falsity';
mir.aur-ddrach(afterthesoundsfrom*druag=OldIndiandrgha-)`ghost';
as.bidriogan,ahd.triogan`deceive',anord.draugrm.`ghost';zerogradeas.gidrogn.`delusion',
mndl.gedrochds.,ahd.gitrogn.`deceit,devilishphantasmagoria';anord.draumr,ahd.troum,as.
drm,engl.dream`dream'(germ.*rau()ma-`delusion').
Idg.dhreugh-isveryprobablyrelatedwithdhuer-`bringtotrapthroughdeception',whiletozero
grade*dhru-gh-from*dhur-gh-adjusteditselftoanewzerogradeidg.*dhreugh-,*dhrough-.Withthe
extendingghwouldbeidenticalwithnhd.Zwerg,ifthiswordnotgoebacktoamiscellaneousidg.
dhu e rgh- `dwarfish,crippled'(seethere).
References:
References:WP.I874.
Page(s):
Page(s):276
Root/lemma: dhreuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrumble,grind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:withkons.extensions`zerbrechen,zerbrckeln'
Note:
Note:withitareprobablylinkedfromintransitive`crumble'explicablewordsfor`tumble,falldown,
trickledown'
Material:
Material:1.dhreus-, dhru-sdhru-s-:
Gr.(,)`rupture,crunch',,(*-),
(Hes.)`frail,breakable',,`piece,fragment,wound',(Lyk.),
(Eur.)`shatter'(pointat*[]-,s.Boisacqs.v.m.Lit.);(Hom.),
(Lyk.)`break,rupture,shatter',Hes.(*from*--;gr.-and-:-aretobeinterpretedaszerogradeandlengthenedgradeofdhrus-,nexttowhichdhreus-;
s.BechtelKZ.46,164);
cymr.dryll`piece,fragment'(*dhrus-lio-),gallorom.Pl.drullia`dross'(KleinhansbeiWartburgIII163);
got.drauhsnsf.Pl.`gobbet,crumbs';probablyasrearrangementfrom*dhrs-knawithnearest
connectablebalt.druska;interferencetonhd.trocken,ags.drahnian-s.dher-2,dhreugh- `hold,
stop'-respectivewordswouldpermittolookatmostatbothtraditionalformsasreallyspoken;but
comparebesidesgot.drausnsds.;
got.driusan`fall,tumble,falldown',as.driosan,ags.drosan`fall',norwdial.drysia`trickledown';
Kaus.got.gadrausjan`prostrate',ahd.trren`drip,trickle,makedrip,moult';inadditionas`collapse,
bend'withlautsymbolischgedehnterzerograde:ags.drsian`besluggish(fromage)',engl.drowse
`besleepy';ahd.trrn`beknockeddown,mourn;lowertheeyes',mhd.trrec`sad';ags.changing
throughablautdrorig`grieving';anord.dreyrim.(*drauzan-)`theblooddrippingfromthewound',as.
drrm.`blood'(ags.changingthroughablautdrorm.ds.),mhd.trrm.`dew,rain,blood';
lett.druska`crumb',lit.drusk`salt'(*crumb),OldPrussiandruskinsèarwax'(consignsdmskins);in
additionbsl.*druzga`smallpiece'inlit.drzgasds.,sloven.drzgati`crush',etc
Labialextensions:
dhreubh-: gr.()`grind,crumb,spall,crumble;enfeeble,soften,makefragile',
andn.`piece,fragment',`softness,luxuriance',`mushy,softish,
delicate,mollycoddle'(seealsoBoisacqs.v.);
lett.drubaa`Trumm',drubazas`splinterofwood'.
dhreup-: as.drn,drvn`begrieving';lett.drupu,drupt`zerfallen,inTrmmergehen',drapt
`crumb,spall,crumble';compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI505.
dhreub-: anord.dripa,as.driopan,ags.dropan,ahd.triofan`drip,drop',o-gradeschw.Verb,ags.
drapian`drip,trickledown',e-gradedropiands.,anord.drpa(*-n)`berhangen,droopdown,
benddown',anord.dropim.`drip',ags.dropa,as.dropods.;Intens.ags.dryppan,droppian,ahd.
tropfn`drip',tropfo`drip';aisl.dreypa,ags.drepan`drip,trickle';
air.drucht`drip'(*dhruptu-s).
References:
References:WP.I872f.,WH.I553f.,WissmannNom.postverb.21,104,136,140f.,182,
Trautmann61f.,Kluge11s.v.Trauer.
Page(s):
Page(s):274-275
Root/lemma: dhrigh- (ordhreikh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair,bristle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haar,Borste'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhrigh- (ordhreikh- )::`hair,bristle'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhereh(dhr h-n- )::`towind,turn,*release,discharge,disband'.
Material:
Material:Gr.,f.`hair,bristle',therefrom,att.f.àfishwithfinefishbone',
,ds.;
mir.gairb-driuch(*drigu-or*driku-)`bristle'(garb`rough');
fromgr.derivesprobablyital.-lombard.trissa`burbot';outofitprobablylikewiseschweiz.
Trische(11.Jh.trisca);
whetherbsl.*draika-`stretchedlong'as*dhroiko-herebelongs,alsolit.drikti`distend,takeoff(a
thread)',drkti`hangdowninlongthreads',slovak.driekm.`stem',drieny`stocky',abg.drkol
`shaft,pole',etc,couldourrootbeplacedas*dhreikh-.
Maybealb.(*dhreikh)derth,derdh`hangdown,pour',(*dhreikh)dreth,dredh`twist,curl(hair)',
dredh`lock,curledhair'commonalb.-k>-thphoneticmutation.
References:
References:WP.I876,JudBullGlPat.SuisseRom.11,82,Trautmann58f.,Berneker223,232.
Page(s):
Page(s):276
Root/lemma: dhronoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:multicoloured
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bunt'
Material:
Material:Forgr.Pl.`flowerdecorationsingarments(byalexandrin.poetsfor,
charm,spell,sorcery,necessitatedmedicinalherbs),coloredgarments,coloredanimals'infer
HoffmannBB.15,86,LidnStud.67f.abasicmeaning`varicolored'.
UnderthesebasicmeaningcomparesLidnaaO.alb.dr-ri,geg.dre-ni-m.`deer'(Animalslikethe
deerandroearenamedoftenas`dappled,varicolored'),thereforeanillyr.basicform*drani-(idg.
dhroni-)throughtheprobableillyr.Hesychexplanation(-recommendedfor-)is
advisable.
StokesMl.Kern[RC24,217]supposedforèmbroidery'becauseofmir.druineds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):276-277
Root/lemma: dhug(h)terEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:daughter,*thingirl
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tochter'
Note:
Note:gutturalaswitheg(h)om Ì',seethere.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhug(h)ter- :
:`daughter'derivedfromdh
dh-suffixedroot:dheudh - `shake,confuse'
ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dheu-4 ,dheu - (:dhu - ),dhu-k-,dhu-s-)::`toreel,dissipate,blow,etc.
èarlierRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:deuk- :
:`todrag,pull,attract'.
Material:
Maybefrom*dhuedh-:ostfries.dwatje`stupidgirl',dwatsk`simple,unusual',jtischdvot`sufferingof
dizziness'
Note:
meaninglat.alb.geg.(*vargha)varza,toskvaj`girl,virgin':lat.virga`thinbranch,rod'(from*uizg),virg`girl,virgin';
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e r-3 :E.u e r-h- (*su e rh- )::`toturn,press,strangle'<rhotacisms/rofRoot/
Root/
lemma: u e is-2 :
:`toturn,bend'.
OldIndianduhitr-(duhit),av.dugdar-,duar-(from*dughter-),npers.duxtar,duxt,arm.(withs
fromkafteru)dustr,Gen.dster,(dowstr)
gr.(shiftofstressasin,butstillas),osk.futr,Dat.fu(u)tre(Vetter
Gl.29,242);
MaybeLyciancbatru,kbatra`daughter':toch.Ackcar,tkcer`daughter'.
got.dahtar,anord.dttir(run.Nom.Pl.dohtriR),ahd.tohter,lit.dukt,-ers,OldPrussianduckti,Old
ChurchSlavicdti,-ere,toch.Ackcar,tkcer`daughter'.
Note:
OldChurchSlavic:dti`daughter'[fr],dtere[Gens]
Russian:do'`daughter'[fr],deri[Gens]
OldCzech:dci`daughter'[fr],dcee[Gens]
Serbo-Croatian:k`daughter'[fr],kri[Gens];`daughter'[fr],ra[Gens]
Slovene:h`daughter'[fr],hre[Gens];h`daughter'[fr],hre[Gens]
Nte:
Alb.tosk.(*do)goc`daughter',geg.cuc`daughter'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):277
Root/lemma: dhu e n- ,dhunEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohum
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drhnen,tnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhvnati`sounds,soughs',dhvan-m.`sound,echo,thunder,word',dhvan-m.
`sound,acertainwind',dhvanita-n.`sound,tone,echo,thunder',dhni-`soughing,roaring,
thundering',dhunyati`soughs';
anord.dynrm.`resonance',ags.dynen.ds.,engl.din,ahd.tunids.;anord.dynia(preteritdunda)
`din,drone,rant,roister',ags.dynnan,as.dunnianmhd.tnen`din,drone';germ.extensions
therefromseemanord.dynkr`din,fuss,noise,blow,knock',mengl.dunchen,engl.dunch`strikewith
ashortrapidblow,jogwiththeelbow'andndd.dunsen`din,drone,stomp',schwed.dial.dunsa
`crack,creak,hit'.
Interferenceofnewsoundimitations(onomatopoeicwords)comesforgerm.wordsjustasforlit.
dundti`violentknock,hit,din,drone'inquestion.
References:
References:WP.I869.
Page(s):
Page(s):277
Root/lemma: dhu e r- ,dhu e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toruinbydeceiving
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`durchTuschung,HinterlisttoFallbringen,schdigen'
Note:
Note:(:dhur-:dhru-)
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhvrati`damages',participledhrut-,-dhrut(and-dhvrt),dhrti-f.`deception,
seduction',*dhvar-`deceiving'indhvars-f.(Nom.-)àkindoffemaledaemon';dhrvati`brings
downthroughdeception,damages'(zerogradeofaheavybasisdhuer-),dhrta-`deceitful',m.
`cheater',dhrt-f.`deceitfulinjury,damage';
lat.fraus,-disf.`deceit,cunningdeception,damage,punishment',frausussum(Plaut),umbr.
frosetom`cheated,beguiled,defrauded,robbed',lat.frstra(newerfrstr)ìndeception,inerror,in
vain',therefromfrstror,-ri`deceive,cheat'belongprobablyasd-extensionourroothere(seeabove
underdhreugh-);unclearisonlya(popularsayingEM382;incredibleWH.I543);
hereprobablyhitt.du-wa-ar-na-a-u-un(dwarnaun)Ìbroke'.
References:
References:WP.I869f.,874,WH.I543f.
Page(s):
Page(s):277
Root/lemma: dhu e rgh- :drughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:low(instature),crippled
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zwerghaft,verkrppelt'
Material:
Material:BartholomaeIF.12,131Anm.connectsav.drva-(i.e.druva-),whichisreckonedunder
othernamesofphysicalailmentsandperhapsstandsfor`dwarfish,crippled',withanord.dvergr,ags.
dweorg,engl.dwarf,mnd.dwerch,nnd.dwarf,ahd.twerc,mhd.twerc,-ges,nhd.Zwerg,wherefore
zerograde*durginanord.dyrgja`dwarf,midget',ndd.dorf;afterKrogmann(KZ.62,143)inaddition
lett.drugt`sinkdown'(seeabovedhreugh-1 ).
Otherwiseforgerm.theinterpretationwouldderiveas`creatureofdeception'withregardtotoOld
Indiandhvars-àkindoffemaledaemon',rootdhuer-`bringdownthroughdeception';
itcouldhavederivedfromdhuer-thenwiththesame-gh,whichagreesalsowiththerootformdhreugh-(dhuer-gh-:dhurgh-:dhrugh-,dhreugh-);alsolatterderivingfromappellationforpuckishcreature
ofdeception.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):279
Root/lemma: dhu r - ,dhu r - ,dhur- ,dhu r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:door
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tr'
Note:
Note:besidesthisconservativestem,theprotoformofpluralanddualofsuchameasure(see
below),woudprobablyfittoacertaindegreealreadyprotoforms-o-and--extensionspartlywithto
supposedcollectivemeaning,partly(asneuter)inthepositionas2.compositionparts.
Material:
Material:OldIndianNom.Pl.dvra,Akk.Pl.dur,dra,Nom.Du.dvr(u)`door'(lossof
Aspirationoriginallyindenbh-casethroughinfluenceofdvu`two'),dur-n.`dwelling,homeland'
(-no-derivativeofLok.Du.ar.*dhuru);o-stemdvramn.(new)`door'incompoundsatdura-n.
`secretiveplacewith100doors';av.Akk.Sg.dvarm,Lok.dvar`gate,courtyard',Oldpers.
duvarayàtthegate';
arm.Pl.dur-k`,Akk.zdurs(*-ns)`door',idursòutofdoors,forth,out,outside',Sg.dun,Gen.dran
`door,gate,courtyard'(n-Dekl.derivefromAkk.Sg.in-m),drand`doorpost,doorsill'(*dhur+
*ant,seethere);
gr.presumablyfromconservativestemstillHes.;òutthroughthedoors,
outofdoors,forth,out'(i.e.-,eitherOldIndiandura,arm.dursorfrom-stem,sothat
from-about-),as1.compositionpartperhaps`habemeinenAufenthaltan(vor)
derTre,lagereimFreien'from-(butitcouldhavederivedalsofrom),veryarchaic
`therevolvabledoorpost'(also`Wagenachse,EckpfostendesWagenkastens'from*dhur-io-);
o-stemin`roombeforethedoor,vestibuleofthehouse'(:OldIndianat-dura-n.);
-stem`door'(hom.mostlyPl.),att.òutside',hom.-,-;comparestill
`Trchen'(:OldIndiandr(i)ya-`zurdoororzumHausgehrig'),,-`window'(eig.
`Trchen')`door',`Trstein;groerlongshield',`Vorhalle,vestibuleinHaus'
(:got.darnsf.Pl.`zweiflgligesgate',yetbarelyinhistoricconnectionwithit);
alb.(dhuer-)derf.`door',Pl.der(conservativestem*dhur-);
Note:conservativestemofpluralforms(alb.phonetictrait)
Phoneticmutations:Alb.alb.(dhuera)derf.`door':gr.(dhuera)`door':Proto-Slavicform:[dv
rSeealso:dvor-PageinTrubaev:V171-172]OldChurchSlavic:dvr`door'[fi]:Russian:
dver'`door'[fi]
Thereforeprotoillyr.gavealb.dhue->de-,gr.dhue->du-,slav.dhue->dve-.
lat.Plur.forsf.`folding-doors'(olderconservativestem*dhuor-reshapedtoi-stem);theSg.foris,-is
issecondary;-steminforsòutthroughthedoors,outofdoors,forth,out',forsànopenspace,
publicplace,court,market-place'(thevowelafterfors);inadditionforumn.ànopenspace,public
place,court,market-place';umbr.furo,furu,ànopenspace,publicplace,court,market-place';about
lat.forusseeaboveS.134;
cymr.abret.corn.dorf.`door'(*dhuror*dhuor;lattervowelgradationcertainlyinair.dorusn.
`door',in-dorus`before'fromkelt.*duorestu-;withitphoneticallynotcompatiblecymr.drws`door',
fromThurneysenIA.33,25placestomir.drut,druit`shut',nir.druidimÌclose'from*druzd-);o-stem
gall.doro`door',Duro-,-duruminPN,air.dorm.ds.;acorn.darat,mcorn.daras`door',bret.Pl.
dorojou,dial.doredou(LothRC20,355)from*dhuorato-;comparegall.*doraton`grille,latticedoor'
ingallorom.*doratia(or*duratia),KleinhansbeiWartburgIII139;unclearisgall.dvorico(HolderI
1390),GN;
ahd.turi,anfrnk.duri`door',anord.dyrr`doorway',fem.Pl.(Nom.Pl.*dhures);ags.duruds.
(extendedafterAkk.Pl.*dhurns,germ.*durunz,alsoahd.Dat.Pl.turun,-on);o-stemgot.darn.,
ahd.tor,as.dor,dur,ags.dorn.`gate'(*dhurom);got.daurnsseeabove(:);aisl.for-dyrin.
`vestibule';
lit.dursAkk.Pl.drGen.Pl.,dial.andolddresNom.Pl.(theni-inflection:Nom.Pl.drys),lett.
duris,drvis,OldPrussiandaurisf.Pl.`door'(auerror);however,lackslit.dvras`grange'because
ofdvrtiùnbolt,unlock'(alsodrys`door'from`*aperture')itisnotcertainlypoln.Lw.;
OldChurchSlavicdvri`door'(*Akk.Pl.in-ns;rootstemdhur-fromthereducedcasewith
consonant-endinge.g.Lok.*dvrch);o-stemOldChurchSlavicdvor`courtyard';
toch.twere`doors'.
References:
References:WP.I870f.,WH.I529f.,Trautmann63,EM377f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6251.
Page(s):
Page(s):278-279
Root/lemma: dighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:digh- :
Root/lemma:deih- :
:`toprick;tick'.
Root/lemma:deih- :
Root/lemma:ai- :
:`goat'and
Root/lemma: - :
Material:
Material:Gr.-thrak..(*dighia),comparethrak.PN-(as-to
Hes.);ahd.ziga`goat',withhypocoristicconsonantincreaseags.ticcen,ahd.zick,
zickn`younggoat,kid'(butaboutnhd.Zeckeseeaboveunderdeih- );hereperhapsnorw.dial.
tikka`sheep'(event.hybridizationofschwed.dial.takka`sheep'withnord.equivalentofZicklein),
tiksa`sheep,bitch',tikla`youngsheeporcow',aswellasanord.tkf.`bitch'=mnd.tkeds.
Arm.tik`hosefromanimalskin'itisputherebyLidn(Arm.Stud.10f.,Don.nat.Sydow531)as
originally`goatskin',mustgobackto*dig-(taboodistortion).
References:
References:WP.I814,WH.I632,868.AfterRisch(briefl.)perhapsoriginallyLockruf.
Page(s):
Page(s):222
Root/lemma: d p -ro- ,d p - e r
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cattle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Òpfertier,Vieh'
Material:
Material:Arm.tvar`ram,herdofcattle'(*tivar<*dper);got.tibròblation'(melioratedfromaibr),
ahd.zebar`sacrificialanimal',ags.tfer,tberds.,sptmhd.ungezbere,unzver,nhd.Ungeziefereig.
ìmpure,animalnotsuitedtothesacrifice'.Afrz.(a)toivre`draftanimal'derivesfromGerm.
Maybealb.(*dber)dorbria`heardofcows'.
References:
References:WP.I765,WH.I323,Feist19b,477a.
Page(s):
Page(s):222
Root/lemma: dl k - ()
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sweet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`s'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`sweet',,Hes.(--from-ku-),
(late)`must,stum'(ablautneologism);frombecauseoffolg.;--from--afterfolg.
;aboutlate`must,stum',`sweet's.WH.I380;
lat.dulcis`sweet,mellifluous,gentle'(from*dlkui-s).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):222
Root/lemma: dn h ,dn hu
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tongue
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zunge'
Note:
Note:oftenreshapedthroughanlautchangeandrearrangements
Material:
Material:OldIndianjihvf.,av.hizvds.(vorar.*ihufrom*dahuwithifromlih-`lick'orfrom
jih-`turndown';iran.*sizvprobablythroughsounddissimilation);
MaybeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dn h ,dn hu :
:`tongue'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dhereh- (dhr hn- )::`towind,turn'.
besides-steminOldIndianjuhf.`tongue,spoon'(withuafterjuhti`pourintothefire',different
Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII192),av.hizm.ds.;with-n-for-Oldpers.hizbna-,mpers.huzvn
ds.,nordar.binm.`tongue,discourse'(*vihvnafterE.LeumannNordar.Spr.127f.);
arm.lezu,Gen.lezviplacesinending-ghuawayfrom*dnghu,thefirstsyllableprobablyinfluenced
byleih- `lick';
Note:commonlat.d->l-phoneticmutation;alsocommonItalic-Latind->f-shift.
alat.dingua,lat.lingua(withl-fromlingere);osk.fangvam(VetterSertaHoffilleriana153;
Maybealb.(*dnghu)gluha`tongue,language'notfromlat.linguaforalb.haspreserved-h-in
contrasttolat.Hencealb.d-.l-mutationisgenuine.Alb.(*dnghu)gluha`tongue'issimilarto
formationalb.(*dlaght-)glat,gjat,gjat`long'.
air.teng(-stem)andtengae,Gen.tengadwitht-aftertongid`swears';butair.ligur`tongue'tolat.
ligurri;unclearismcymr.tafawt,cymr.tafod,acorn.tauot,mbret.teaut,bret.teod,whereforecorn.
tava,mbret.taffhaff,bret.tanva`taste'(kelt.*tamto-);
got.tuggf.,an.as.tunga,ags.tunge,ahd.zunga,with-n-insteadof-;asablautneologism
perhapshereanord.tangi`clutchpieceoftheblade',mnd.tange`sandshiftbetweentwomarshes';
bsl.in-m.inOldPrussianinsuwis;lit.lievis(afterliti`lick');OldChurchSlavicjzy-k,skr.
jzik,poln.jzyk,russ.jazk;tocontractionofanlaut.d-s.J.Schmidt,Krit.77;
Note:
Commonillyr.-balt.d->zerophoneticmutation.
toch.Akntu,Gen.kntwis,Bkntwo,Obl.kntwasa(*kantwa,reconvertedfrom*tankwa,idg.
*dnhu).
References:
References:WP.I1792,WH.I806f.,Trautmann104,SpechtDekl.83,HaversSprachtabu123f.
Page(s):
Page(s):223
Root/lemma: dousEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:arm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àrm'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dous- :
:àrm'derivedfromanarchaicroot*heus `hand,arm'(seebelow).Butshe
shifth->d-isauniqueOldpers.,balt.,celt.,illyr.-alb.phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:OldIndiand-n.(m.),Gen.do`forearm,arm,lowerpartoftheforefootwithanimals',
av.dao-m.ùpperarm,shoulder',npers.d`shoulder';air.do(*dous-nt-s),Gen.doatàrm';lett.
pa-duse(zerograde)Àchselhhle;BusendesKleides';sloven.pzduha,pzdihabesidespzuha,
pzihaàrmpit',andwiththesamed-loss(einErklrungsversuchbyBerneker233f.)abg.etc
pazucha`'.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:dous- :
:àrm'derivedfromanarchaicroot*heus `hand,arm'(seebelow).Butshe
shifth->d-isauniqueOldpers.,balt.,celt.,illyr.-alb.phoneticmutation.
Twootherroots,respectivelyRoot/lemma:
:`hand'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
hesto-2 :
:`hand,arm'derivedfromanextendedarchaicrootheus +reducedformofthecommon
PIEsuffixvariants-tar,-ter,-tra,-tre.:OldIndianhsta-m.`hand',av.zasta-,Oldpers.dasta-ds.;
ThekeylinkbetweenRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dous- (*heus- )::àrm'derivedfromanarchaicroot*heus
`hand,arm'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesor-1 ,hesr- (*heus- )::`hand'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesto2 (*heus- )::`hand,arm'arebalt.:lett.pa-duse(zerograde)àrmpit':lit.pa-ast,pa-astsf.
`placeunderthearm,armpit'.
Note:commonbalt.-illyr.h->zphoneticmutation:Oldpers.,av.,illyr.-alb.-celt.h->z,dphonetic
mutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):226
Root/lemma: d- :d- ,alsod-u- :du- :duEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geben'
Grammaticalinformation:(perfective)Aoristwurzelwithsecondarypresentdi-d-mi .
Material:
Material:OldIndiand-d-ti(Aor.-d-m,Opt.dym,Fut.dsyti,Aor.Med.dita=gr.,Inf.
dman:gr.,comparelat.damin`handover,deliver,giveup,render,furnish,pay,
surrender',whetheroriginallyinfinitive)`gives'(pli.dinnatoapresent*didti),av.daditids.,Old
pers.Imp.dadtuv`heshouldgive';rootnounsOldIndiand[s]stu`beagiver';Infin.dtum(:lat.
Supin.datum);participledit(uncovered),secondarydatt-,zerogradeintt,pr-t-ta-
`devoted',ablaut.intv-dta-`yougavefrom',av.dta-;toFut.OldIndiandsymi(:lit.dosiu)s.
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I78811;
arm.tam`d',tamk``wehandover,deliver,giveup,render,furnish,pay,surrender'(*d-ie-mi),
Aor.etu(=-d-m,idg.*edm);
gr.--`give',Aor.,Opt.(*doiim).Fut.,Aor.Med.,participle,
Infin.hom.andhom.thess.etc(locativewithoutsuffix);
ven.zoto`he/shehashandedover,delivered,givenup,rendered,furnished'=gr.;zonasto
`he/shehasgivenasapresent,presented,bestowed,granted,vouchsafed,confered'maybefrom
*dn-s-tofromadenom.*dni(*dno-m:lat.dnum);mess.pi-do(*dt:OldIndiana-dt);
alb.(*dhuo-sm)da-shAor.Ìgave'(*d-sm);:alb.subjunctivedhasht`lethimgive'
lat.d,ds,dat,dmus(*d-ms),dtis,dnt(secondaryfur*dentfrom*(di)-d-ti),alat.danunt;
ded,dtum,dre`give,grant,bestow',refl.`betakeoneself'(dswithafterst-for*d=lit.du,
do-k[SpechtKZ.55,182],gr.hom.--);
vest.di-de-t`delivers,givesup,renders,furnishes,pays,surrenders',pl.dida`he/sheshould
deliver,giveup,render,furnish,pay,surrender',umbr.dirsa,dersa,tea`he/sheshoulddeliver,give
up,render,furnish,pay,surrender'(*didt),tetu,dirstu,titu`he/sheshalldeliver,giveup,render,
furnish,pay,surrender'(*di-de-td),tete`he/shehasbeengiven'(*di-da-ter),a-tea-fust`he/shewill
havehandedround'(*am-de-da-fos-t);osk.da[da]d`he/sheshouldgiveaway,giveup,surrender,
deliver,consign,yield,abandon,render'(*dd(-di)-dd),dadid`he/shewillhavedelivered,givenup,
rendered,furnished,surrendered'(*dd(-de)-dd),di-de-st`he/shewillhandover,deliver,giveup,
render,furnish,pay,surrender',dedet,umbr.dede`he/shehashandedover,delivered,givenup,
rendered,furnished,surrendered'(=lat.d-d-t,olddedet),umbr.teust,dirsust`he/shewillhave
handedover,delivered,givenup,rendered,furnished,surrendered'(*dedust),etc;fal.porded`he/she
hasstretchedout,spreadedout,putforth,reachedout,extended'(*por(-de)-ded);
redupl.presentital.*did()inlat.redd(reddid,redditum,reddere)`giveback'from*red(i)-d()
isostensiblythemat.rearrangementfrom*didmi;othercompoundsared-d,d-d,d,prd,tr-dand*ven-d;
participlelat.dtus`bestowed'=falisk.datu`given,delivered,givenup,surrendered',vest.data
`beendelivered,givenup,surrendered',pl.datas`beendelivered,givenup,surrendered'(:gr.
);Supin.datum(:OldIndianInfin.dtum);
hereperhapsinspiteofWH.I193lat.ce-d`gofrom,giveplace,remove,withdraw,goaway,depart,
retire!'Pl.cettefrom*ce-dte(:gr.);
lit.domi(nowadayssecondarydodu,lett.dudu,basedonneologismtoalit.Ipv.duodifrom
*ddhi-,ostlit.domu),2.Sg.dosi,3.Sg.dost(i)`gives',OldPrussiandstds.,afterKonekListy
filol.65,445andSzemernyiEt.Slav.Roum.1,7ff.(compareE.FraenkelBalt.Sprachw.11f.)not
onolderreduplication(angebl.*d-d-mi,bsl.*ddmi,3.Sg.*d-d-ti,bsl.*ddti>*dsti),butonan
unreduplicatedathemat.inflection(*dmi,Pl.*dms);lit.dosti,abg.dastareimitationsfromlit.
stièats'etc,whichliebesideslit.*(d)mi,abg.jam(from*dm-),wheredwouldbeperceivedas
suffixoftheroot;toFut.lit.dosiuseeaboveS.223.
ThesamewouldbeassumedfromOldChurchSlavicdamÌwillgive',3.Pl.dadt(afterjadt
etc);OldChurchSlavicdada`gift'isananalogicalformafter*dja`food,eating',wheredwas
perceivedagainaformant.
Infin.lit.doti,lett.dut,OldPrussiandt(*dti-)=OldChurchSlavicdati,serb.dti,russ.dat.
Forpreteritlit.davia,lett.devu`gave'seeunder.
participle*d-na-inOldChurchSlavicpr-dan,serb.dn,ech.dn,klr.dnyj`bestowed';*dtads.inOldPrussiandts,lit.dotas,lett.duts;einzelsprachl.innovationsareserb.dial.dt,ech.
dt;inadditionlit.duotina`nubile,marriageable',russ.-ChurchSlavicpodatn,russ.podtnyj
`generous';Supin.*dtun`togive'inOldPrussiandaton(Infin.);lit.dot,OldChurchSlavicotdat,
sloven.dat;compareslav.*datkinsloven.dodtk,poln.dodatek,russ.dodtok`bonus,
addition';
hitt.d-`take',1.Sg.da-a-i(dai),3.Sg.daai(di),wouldbeplacedherebyPedersen
(Murilis68)andKretschmer(Glotta19,207)(`give'-`forgivetooneself'-`take');againstitCouvreur
206ff.
nominalformation:OldIndiandtar-,dtr-`giver',gr.,ds.,zerograde,,
lat.dtor,datrx.-OldIndiandtr-,av.dra-n.`gift'.
*d-tel-inOldChurchSlavicdatelj(*dteliu-)`giver',ech.udatel`bighead',russ.dtel`giver'.
OldIndian*dti-`bestowal,gift'indti-vra-àllottingwillingly,generous',havya-dti-`procuringthe
offering,presentingthesacrifice',av.diti-`grant,gift,impartment',gr.Hes.(andconservative
stem*dt-in)`gift',-,-,lat.ds,-tis`dowry';
lit.Inf.doti:slav.*dat`gift'(e.g.inOldChurchSlavicblagodat`',russ.pdat`tax'),Inf.dati;
zerogradeOldIndiandti,gr.`gift',lat.dati-,-tinis(old*-tnes)`thebestowing'(suffixasin
gr.`gift');withzerogradationinencliticOldIndianbhga-tti-`luckbringer'.
OldIndiandna-n.`gift'(substantiviertes-no-participle)=lat.dnum,osk.etcdunumds.(duunated
`he/shehaspresented,bestowed,granted,vouchsafed,confered');cymr.dawnds.,air.dnm.`gift,
present,practicalskill,innatequality,nature,temperament(faculty,talent)',compareslav.*dan-k
inserb.dnak`tribute,tax'etcandden-ni-stemOldChurchSlavicdan`tribute,tax,toll',lit.dunis
`gift';zerogradealb.dhn`bestowed',f.`gift,tribute,tax',geg.dhn;(*dhuon-)
Alsoalb.(*dhuonti)dhunti`gift,faculty,talent'.
gr.`gift'(-ro-inpass.value,comparee.g.clrus),OldChurchSlavicdar`gift'(m.as
*dank),arm.turds.;
Maybealb.(*dhuonata)dhurata`gift,faculty,talent'rhotacismn/r;darsm,dasm`wedding':lat.
ds,-tis`dowry';
OldIndiandy-`giving',dy-m.`gift',apreu.dianAkk.`gift',serb.pr-daja`sale'(etc,Berneker
176).
Maybenasalizedalb.ndanj,shprndanj(*shpr-ndanj)àllot,give,separate':lit.pridas`bonus,
addition,wageincrease'.
As2.compositionpartOldIndian-d-e.g.inavad-`horsegiving,horseoffering',slav.with
structureino-Dekl.,e.g.russ.dial.p-dyPl.`tributes,taxes',serb.pr-d`DraufgabebeimTausch';lit.
pridas`bonus,addition,wageincrease'.
d - u- liesbeforeinOldIndiandvn`togive'(alsoPerf.dadu`havebestowed'),av.dvi`to
give',kypr.F`hemaygive',Inf.F(aboutark.participle-s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
745f.),contractedhom.-att.;
lat.duim,dusetcÌ,youshouldhandover,deliver,giveup,render,furnish,pay,surrender',Fut.IIdu,containanAorist-stem*du-from*dou-;duimisfromOptat.*-doumoriginatedincompounds
(pr-duintfrom*prdouint,etc),thenalsobycompoundsfrom*dh-:perduim,etcForital.optative
*doumprobablytrodonlysecondaryinUmbr.andFal.apresent*douiinfal.doviad`maygrant'(it
seemstobereducedincompoundshencelat.duametc*dovim),umbr.pur-dovitu,pur-tuvitu,-tuetu
`stretchout,spreadout,putforth,reachout,extend',purtuvies`stretchout,spreadout,putforth,
reachout,extend',umbr.purditom(*-d(o)uitom)`stretchedout,spreadout,putforth,reachedout,
extended',purtiius(*d(o)uus)`youwillhavestretchedout,spreadout,putforth,reachedout,
extended',purtifile`*stretchedout,spreadout',fromsynkopiertem*por-d[o]u-withalterationfromdu
tod;inpurdovituImper.itwashinderedsyncopethroughIndik.*pr-dovt;
lit.daviaÌgave',dovanf.`gift',lett.dvanaf.`gift',iterativedvt,dvintòffer,give',OldChurch
Slavic-davatiàllot'(thepatternformsfortheIterativein-vati).
Aboutas.twthn`grant'etcseeunderdeu-2`friendlygrant'.
References:
References:WP.I814ff.,WH.I266,360ff.,371f.,861,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6868,722,741,794,
806ff.,Trautmann56ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):223-226
Root/lemma: drehEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:unwilling,displeased
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnwillig,verdrossen'
Note:
Note:orperhapsoriginally`beslack,tough'
Material:
Material:Got.trigo`mourning,grief,repulsion',anord.tregim.`mourning,grief,hindrance',tregr
ùnwilling,averse',treginn`grieving',ags.tregam.`mourning,grief,affliction';as.tregom.`pain',
tregan(onlyInf.)withDat.`beafflicted',mndl.tregen`losethecourage',anord.trega=ags.tregian
àfflict,sadden';comparewithaprobablyoldconcretemeaning`zhe,zhehaftend'norw.mdartl.
tregalso`persistent,firm',trege`toughfibre,filament,sinew,hardskin',schwed.trgen`fatigueless';
lengthenedgradeahd.trgiìdle,slow,querulous',as.trgèvil,bad',ags.trgf.àffliction,
wickedness',as.ahd.trgf.`sluggishness,displeasure';
lit.dry-t,dria,drti`faint,languid,slackbecome'(BgaKalbair.s.219),drinti`slackmake';to
lit.ricompareHirtIdg.Gr.II83.[commonillyr.-balt.-h->-d-shift]
Maybealb.treth`castrate,clip'[commonalb.-g>-thshift](seebelow)
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:tr-eu-d- :
:`topress,push,*displeasure'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dreh- :
ùnwilling,displeased'[commonillyr.-balt.-h->-d-,illyr.alb.-g>-thphoneticmutation.
References:
References:WP.I821f.,PerssonBeitr.46f.
Page(s):
Page(s):226-227
Root/lemma: dr- :dr- ,extendeddr- m Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosleep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlafen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandrti,drya-ti,-tàsleep',ni-dr`sleep';inadditionzerogradeni-drita-
`sleeping,dozedoff';
arm.tartam`slow,sleepy'(*derd-,PedersenKZ.39,416);
gr.hom.Aor.(*e-dr-dh-om),new`slept',secondary`dozedoff';
lat.dormi`sleep,drowse'(*drmi);
slav.*drmi`drowse'inChurchSlavicdremljudrmati`drowse',serb.drjemljmdrijmati`have
sleepdesire',etc
maybealb.dremit`drowse'.
AbouttheformalVerhltnisses.EM.284,to-em-extensionalsoPedersenGroupement22.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):226
Root/lemma: dumb- (-bh)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:penis,tail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`penis,Schwanz',perhapsactually`Stab'
Material:
Material:Av.duma-m.`tail',npers.dum,dumb(*dum(h)ma-),ahd.zumpfo`penis',mhd.zumpf(e),
zumpfeln(StterlinIF.4,93);inadditionperhapsav.dumna-n.`hand()'(*dumbna-),s.
ScheftelowitzIF.33,142withnumerousparallelsforthemeaning-development`shaft,pole,staffpenis,tail'and`staff-arm,hand'.Probablytomnd.timpe`cusp,peak,acme,apex',ags.timplian
`providewithnails',nasal.formfromgerm.*tippa`tip,tail'inengl.tip`cusp,peak',mhd.zipf(el);germ.
*tuppa-`pigtail'inanord.topprds.,ags.toppm.àcme,apex',mhd.zopf`plait,tress',withbb:mnd.
tobbe,tubbe`spigot',comparelett.dubaàssignedsheaf';germ.*tappan`spigot'inags.tppam.
(engl.tap),mnd.tappem.,ahd.zapho,mhd.zapfem.apparently`popularsaying'withintensive
consonantincrease,nasalizationandvowelchangea:i:u;compareaboveS.221drop- :drip-:
drup-.
References:
References:WP.I816,FickIII155,164,168,PeterssonHeterokl.70f.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsoaboveS.177.
Page(s):
Page(s):227
Root/lemma: dusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bad,foul
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bel,mi-'as1.compositionpart
Material:
Material:OldIndiandu-,dur-,av.du-,du-`dis-,wrong,evil',arm.t-ùn-',gr.-`dis-,de-,evil',
lat.indifficilis`difficult,hard',air.do-,du-ds.(constructionaftertheexamplefromso-,su-),got.tuz(intuz-wrjan`doubt'),anord.ags.tor-,ahd.zur-ùn-',slav.inabg.dd(*duzdjus`badweather'
=)`rain',russ.dod,poln.deszcz,aech.d,Gen.dandanalogicaldete.connectionwith
deus- `lack'isveryprobable.
Note:
:`toshine;day;
Onlyind.fromdu-hasevolveddyati`goesbad,goesoff',dua-`spoiled,evil,bad',dyati
`spoiled,disabled'.
References:
References:WP.I816,E.FraenkelMl.Pedersen453.
Page(s):
Page(s):227
Root/lemma: du e iEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frchten'
Material:
Material:Av.dva`menace';
arm.erknimÌfear',erkiu`fear'(anlautasinerku`two':*duuMeilletMSL.8,235);
gr.hom.`dread'(*-F-),Plur.(i.e.F),att.(thereafterthenewSg.
hom.,i.e.F,att.),Aor.hom.(i.e.F),hom.`dreaded';reshaped
from*FPerf.hom.,att.,kret.FHes.(Hs.),inaddition
Hes.`timorous';to(afterhom.)`terrify'(*-F--)wouldbeshaped
secondary,whereofpreviouslyatt.,hom.;hom.`timorous'
(*F);n.`fear'(*F),`godfearing'(*-F),n.,m.`fear',
`terrible',,`timorous,fearful;unlucky,lamentable'(*F);`tofear,dread'
(*F-);
lat.drusìll-omened,ominous,boding,portentous,fearful,awful,dread'(fromServiustoAen.III235
alsoassabin.andumbr.statedword,sothatdi-insteadofbi-from*dui-asadialectalsound
development),withformants-ro-`beforewhatoneisafraid',ascl-rusàudible,distinguishable'.
s-extensioninOldIndiandvi`hated,ishostile',dvi-`detested',dva-m.,dvas-n.`hate',
av.dva-,tba-`behostileto,mortify',participletbita-,dvaa-,tbaa-`hostility',mpers.b
àffliction,mischief',probablytodu i s- S.232.
References:
References:WP.I816f.,WH.I353f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I7106,769,774.AfterBenveniste(briefl.)
belongstherootas`beindoubt'toconsecutivedu (u) `two'.
Page(s):
Page(s):227-228
Root/lemma: du (u) (*du e i- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:two
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zwei'
Grammaticalinformation:m.(grammaticaldoubleformduu u ),du a i f.n.,besidesdu e i- ,du o i- ,
du i Note:
Note:comparethesummarybyBrugmannII22,6-82passim.
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianm.dvau,dv(ved.alsoduvu,duv)=av.dvam.,OldIndianf.n.dv(ved.
alsoduv)=av.baf.andn.`two';
Instr.Dat.Abl.OldIndiand(u)vbhym(haschangedwith),av.dvaibya(witholdi-diphthong,as
lit.dviemetc),Gen.Sg.OldIndiand(u)vyo;bycompressionofOldIndiand(u)v-:d(u)vdaa`12'
(==gr.);
arm.erku`two'(=OldIndiandv);
gr.hom.(F)(*Fin-),Gen.Dat.ion.att.,nexttowhichuninflectedhom.att.dor.
etc(F)(toforms.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I588f.;torudimentidg.*dus.MeilletBSL.21,273,dueto
arm.erko-tasan12,lat.du-dn,OldIndiandva-k-`thetwotogether',butitcouldbedirectedafter
compositionswitho-stemsinthefirstpart,aswellasfromgot.anord.as.ags.afries.wi-t`wetwo',
anord.it,as.ags.git`youtwo');
alb.dm.,djf.`two'(*duu,respectively*duuai);
lat.duo(from*du),f.duae(neologism),umbr.(onlywithplur.inflection)durNom.m.`two'(*dus,
*dur),desen-dufAkk.m.(12),duir`two',tuvaAkk.n.;
air.du,dNom.Akk.m.(=OldIndiandvu),beforeSubst.d(procliticform),fem.d(=OldIndian
dv),neutr.dn-`two',acymr.bret.masc.dou,fem.cymr.dwy(etc);gall.VNVo-cor-ii,Vo-contii
(compareTri-corii)with*u-besidesdu-;compareThurneysenGr.182;
got.m.twai,f.tws,n.twa,anord.tueirm.,turf.,tuaun.,ags.tm.,twf.(=OldIndiandv);ahd.
zwnem.,zw,zwf.,zwein.etc(ahd.zweio`totwo'Lok.Du.=lit.dvejau,dvejaus);
lit.dm.(from*dvo=OldIndiandv),dvf.(=OldIndiandv);lett.divim.f.(from*duwif.n.),Old
Prussiandwaim.f.;OldChurchSlavicdvam.,dvf.n.;
toch.Am.wu,f.we,Bm.f.wi(neologism);compareabovegall.vo-;hitt.taaan(tn)`secondly,
second',taaiugaa(tyuga)`twoyearsold'(:lit.dveigs`twoyearsoldanimal').
Aboutthefirstpartfrom,vgintetc(olddissimilationfrom*du-,*dueidkmt)s.u -k m t -
`twenty'.
Note:
Thefollowingdw-,vd->b-isoriginallyalat.-italicphoneticmutation.
Incompoundidg.du i - andfromitunderunclearconditiondevelopeddi- :OldIndiandvi-(e.g.dvipd-`bipedal'),av.bi-(e.g.bi-mhya-`lastingtwomonths'),arm.erki(erkeam`biennial'),gr.-(e.g.
;da`curulechair,seat'wasnot-,ratherF-,ifnotperhapsdissimilatorylossof
Fisnotagainstthefollowing,alsoforother-formationtoconsiderfromidg.*dui-),alat.dui-,lat.
bi-(e.g.duidens,bidens;aboutformsasdienniums.WH.Iunderbiennium,SommerHdb.3223;
umbr.difue`cleft,parted,split'probablysoundpatternfromdui-),anord.tve-(alsotv-,seebelow),
ags.twi-,ahd.zwi-(e.g.ags.twifte`bipedal',ahd.zwi-houbit`bicipital'),lit.dvi-(e.g.dv-gubas
`twofold',OldPrussiandwi-gubbus).
Ital.du-inlat.dubius,-plus,-plex,-pondius,-cent,umbr.tuplakAkk.Sg.n.`twofold',du-pursus
`bipedibus'isinnovationafterbeingperceivedasdu-stemfromduo;alsoistodefinedu-inumbr.duti
àgain,asecondtime,oncemore,anew',plidutiyam`forthesecondtime';aboutlett.du-celes
`zweirderigerWagen'compareTrautmann125,Mhlenhach-EndzelinI509,EndzelinLett.Gr.358.
Zerogradesdu e i- incompoundsistobeadmittedforKelt.(e.g.air.d-riadàspanofhorses,pair,
twohorsesharnessedtoanopencar',dabul`twofold',cymr.dwy-flwydd`twoyearsold';air.das
`dualityofpersons'probablyfrom*dueio-stho-)andforGerm.(e.g.anord.tu-faldr`twofold'besides
tufaldr;got.tweifla-,probablyn.,ahd.zwfaln.besidesgr.-,lat.duplus).
du o i- inags.getwfan,twman`separate,cut,clip'<*twaifjan,*twaimjan;perhapsalsofortheAr.
(av.barzufraah-`twofingerswide',dvapa-n.ìsland'orratherfromduaii-,asprobablyOld
Indiandvdh`twofold,(*divided)intwoparts',comparedvp-ìsland'aboveS.51);perhapsphryg.
GN,Gen.-(*duoi-nt)`twin'.
Slav.dvo-,dvu-,dve-incompoundss.Berneker247.
2.ordinals:OldIndiandvitya-,av.bitya-,dabitya-,Oldpers.duvitiya-`second';underdutiàgain,a
secondtime,oncemore,anew'(probablyreplacementfor*ditifrom*duitiomafterdu-,seeabove);
arm.erkir,erkrord`second';alb.i-dte;allnewneologisms.
3.Multiplikativadverb:du i s `twice':OldIndiandv(ved.alsoduv),av.bi,gr.,alat.duis,lat.
bis,mhd.zwir`twice'(butnir.fo-d=OldIndiann.dv,PedersenKG.I301,II127),germ.myth.PN
Tuisto`hermaphrodite';
Maybealb.dshìntwo'
throughu-formsextendedav.bivat,anord.tysuar,tuisuar,ahd.zwiro,zwiror(zwiron,zwiront),with
voicedz-reductionags.twiwa,twiga,twia,tuwa,twie,afries.twia,twera,as.twio(totheseforms
lastlyLoeweKZ.47,98-108,remindedintheformsinOldIndiankrtvas`male');
therefromwithformants-ko-ahd.zwisk,as.twisk`twofold'(seebelow),probablyalsoarm.erkics
`twice';
withl-formsags.twislian`bisect',twisla`confluenceoftwostreams',nhd.Zwiesel`bifurcation'
(perhapsrestrictedto*duisinthemeaning`divided',seebelow);
witht-formsOldIndiandvit`twofold,double'(therefromdvit-m`Dualitt'),ap.duvitparnamìntwo
Linien',gthav.daibitàgain()'.
4.multiplicative:gr.,,lat.duplus,umbr.dupla`double,twiceaslarge,twiceasmuch',
air.dabul(*duei-plo-;seealsoabovegot.tweifls),whereforeperhapsav.bifra-n.`comparison,
affinity'(:rootpel- `fold',comparewitht-extension:)
gr.(*plt-io-),ion.`wavedwithbothhands',ahd.zwifaltds.
Gr.,lat.duplex,umbr.tuplakn.`duplex'(:rootplk- `flat,spread');fromAdv.z.B.duv-dh,
dv-dh(probably*dvaii-dh,thattobereadintheoldesttexts3-syllable)`twofold,intwoparts',
wherewiththeendingfromair.dde`dualityofthings'seemstobeconnected,aswellasthefrom
and.twdi`halb',ags.twde`twothirds',ahd.zwitaran`hybrid,mongrel,halfbreed',nhd.Zwitter.
Gr.`twofold,dividedintwoparts'(afterhom.,),nexttowhich(throughhybridization
with*-toOldIndiandvdh)hom.`',therefromion.`twofold'(*or*),
and,att.ds.(*,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I598,840);abouthitt.dak-a-an`Halbteil's.
PedersenHitt.141.
Herealsoalb.deg`twig,branch,bough,brushwood'(*duoigh);
ahd.zwg`twig,branch'(*dueigho-),ags.twig`twig,branch'(*duigho-);as.tg(o),mnd.toch,ahd.
zuog(o)`twig,branch'arereshapedaftercardinalformswithtw-;
lit.dveigsm.`zweijhrigesanimal',serb.dvzk`zweijhrigerAries,ram',olddviz`biennial'(:hitt.
dyugas,seeabove).
5.collective:OldIndiandvay-`double'(dvaym`twofoldcreature,falsity',nachved.`pair'),Dat.f.
dvayyi=hom.;dvandvm`pair'(fromved.duv-duvèverytwo');
gr.hom.,`double,two'(withpreservationof--throughinfluenceof*F[F]),ìn
doubt'(ir.dasfrom*dueio-stho-);
got.Gen.Pl.twaddj(comparewithotherendingOldIndianGen.Dualdvyos,lit.Gen.dviej),
anord.tueggia,ahd.zweiio,ags.m.twgen,f.tw,n.t`two'(seeaboveSievers-Brunner264),
Nom.Akk.Pl.ahd.zwei(*duei),nexttowhichfromidg.*dueio-ahd.mhd.zw,g.zwesm.n.`twig,
branch'(then-stemanord.tyja`doubt'presumablybalancedfromNom.*tvja,Gen.tyju);
bsl.dueia-andduuaia-inlit.dvej,f.dvjos`two'(thesubstantivaln.Sg.indvjatek`twiceas
much');
OldChurchSlavicd()vojiAdj.`twofold,two',d()vojen.Subst.`twothings'(therefromderivativesas
russ.dvojnj`double',dvjni`twins',dvjka`pair',dvojnk`zweidrhtigerFaden',dvotìnzweiTeile
teilen,zweiFdenzueinemzusammendrehen',etc,s.Berneker247).
With-no- (partlyduetofromduis):
arm.krkin`double'from*(r)ki-rki-no-,idg.*dui-duis-no-()(L.MarisREtIE.1,445);
lat.bnèverytwo'(distributive)and`two'(collective)from*duis-no-(=germ.*twizna-);
germ.*twi-na-inahd.zwinal,zwenel`borntogether,twin-born,twin-',zwinilingm.,mhd.zwinilnn.
`twin',*twaina-inas.twne`two',ahd.zwneds.(ithassubstitutedwithinsteadofeiafter*zw=
got.twai),ahd.zwein-zug,as.twn-tig,ags.twn-tig`20'(`Doppelzehn');
Maybealb.20,nj-zetòne-ten',40,dy-zet`double-ten'
germ.*twiz-na-inanord.tvennr,tvinnr`twofold',Pl.tvenner`zweizusammengehrige'(tvinna
`redouble'),ahd.zwirnn,-n`zweifachzusammendrehen',mhd.zwirn,mnd.twern`doppelt
zusammengedrehterFaden'probably=ags.twn,holl.twijn`linenthread,linen'(ags.getwinneèvery
two',getwinnas`twins'isledbackthento*twinja-).Besidesdueto*twha-,idg.*duei-ko-,got.
tweihnai`two',ags.Dat.twonum,betwonum,engl.between`between';
lit.m.Pl.dvyna,russ.dvjni`twins'.
With-ko- :
OldIndiandvik-àuszweienbestehend,zweifach'(dvak-ìnpairs,bypairs'connectedafter
kak-);
ahd.zwe(h)o,as.twe(h)o,ags.twom.`doubt',ags.be-twih,-tweoh`between',midunctwh
`betweenusboth'(compareabovegot.tweih-nai);
fromduis-from:ahd.zwisk,as.twisk`twofold',Pl.`both'Dat.Pl.ahd.(undar,en)zwiskn,nhd.
zwischen;inadditionags.getwisam.,as.gitwiso,mhd.zwiselinc`twin'.
Withduis-`twice'identicalisduis-`divided,asunder'ingot.twisstandan`todivide'andden
derivativesanord.tvistra`separate',mnd.afries.twist,mhd.zwist`discord(split)'andmengl.twist=
anord.kvistr`twig,branch'(asalsobair.zwist),furtheranord.kvslf.`splitbranchortools,armofa
river'(thesewithidg.ei);furtheranord.tvis-var`twice',tvistr`dichotomous,sad'(=OldIndiandvihaàmbiguous',gr.*in`doubt',idg.*dui(s)-sto-:rootst-,atmostduis-to-withformantto-),ags.twislaàrmofariver',twislian`bisect',ahd.zwisila,nhd.Zwiesel`dividedobject,twig,
branch',mhd.zwisel`double';hereveryprobablyar.dvi-`hate'(seeunder*duei-`fear,dread').
Maybealb.mdyshàpart,intwo',dyshi`two'
6.Idg.additionalformdis- inlat.dis-,as.afries.te-,ti-,ags.te-,ahd.zi-,ze-(newzir-through
amalgamationfromzi-andir-)`dis-',got.dis-àpart'(probablyborrowedfromLat.,barelypreceding
from*tis-=lat.dis-),alb.tsh-e.g.intshk'epùnpick',gr.(i.e.afteretcfilledin*[]),e.g.
-`through':lat.discindo`totearasunder,cutapart,cleave,divide,rend,tear'(`*splitinthe
middle'),asprefixalso`throughandthrough,thoroughly,allthrough'=`very'(ol.-).
References:
References:WP.I817ff.,WH.I104ff.,354f.,381ff.,860,861,Feist484ff.,Trautmann64,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I588f.,Wackernagel-DebrunnerOldIndianGr.Ill,342f.
Page(s):
Page(s):228-232
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(ebhi ):obhi :bhi
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:around,fromto,etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àuf-to,aufetwashinandesberwltigend'
Material:
Material:OldIndianabhi-prefix`from-to',abhprepositionwithAkk.`to',gthav.aib,jav.aiwi,avi,
aoi,Oldpers.abiyasprefix`to,around-',asprepositionm.Akk.`to-toward',withLok.àbout,in
regardto'(inAr.abhiliesalsopartly*mbhi`before',seeaboveS.34);
lat.ob`towards,to'appearsonlyinthefunction,butnotthesoundsaccordingtothepartial
successorsfromidg.obhi(seeunderepi );
got.bi,ahd.etcbi,b`from-to(got.),withregardto,about'withAkk.;àn,by'withDat.(Lok.),also
withInstr.,prefix`be-',s.alsounderambhi ,aboveS.34,whichcontainsinfinalsoundidentical
element;
OldChurchSlavicob,baspreverbàround-,about-,to-'inb-stojatiorb-stojatièncircle',in
compounds,asobdon.`treasure,tribute',inderivatives,asobt,russ.-ChurchSlavicb
`common'(*obhitio-);intensifiedformobi-inruss-ChurchSlavicobichoditi`towalkaround,
perambulate';theformo,obcontainsprevious*op-(lit.ap),seeunderepi .
References:
References:WP.I124,Trautmann1,MeilletSlavecomm.2155f.
Page(s):
Page(s):287
Root/lemma: edh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fence,paling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zaunstecken,ZaunfromPfhlen'
Material:
Material:Doubtfulgr.`stall,hurdle'(*odh-tro-)
Ags.eodorm.`hedge,fence,dwelling;prince,lord'(ablaut.mnd.ader`fencepost'),ahd.etar,nhd.
Etter`fence,edge'(ifinadditionbair.ester,schweiz.ester`penstock'),aisl.jur-r,jaarrèdge,
upperfencepole',perhapsags.ediskm.`fencedpasture',bair.iss(e)ènclosedmeadow'
(*edhsi);abg.odr`bed',odrina`stall',russ.odr`scaffoldingboard',ech.odr`picket,pole',skr.
odar,odrinaèncirclinggrapevine'.
References:
References:WP.I121.
Page(s):
Page(s):290
Root/lemma: edh- (*he- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp
Note:
Fromanolderroothe-elderived:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
i k - : k - :
:`spear,pike',finallyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:edh- (*he- )::`sharp'[commonillyr.-balt.h- > dphoneticmutation.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spitz'
Material:
Material:Lat.ebulus,-f.and-umn.`dwarf-elder(danewort,afetidEuropeanspeciesofelder,also
dane'sweed,dane'sblood[saidtogrowonspotswherebattleswerefoughtagainsttheDanes]';
Note:commonlat.->b-phoneticmutation,hencelat.ebulus<*he-elwhere-el,-ulare
diminutiveformants.
ablaut.(withk-suffix)gall.andgallorom.odocos`dwarfelder';
ahd.attuh,attah,as.aduk`dwarfelder'(borrowedfromKelt.);
bsl.*edl-and*edli-f.`fir'in
OldPrussianaddle(*edle),lit.gl(outofitdial.gl),lett.egleds.(secondary-stem;-g-from-d-);
Note:commonillyr.-balt.h- > d-phoneticmutationhence-g-from-d-iswrongetymology.

moreoverprobablyIterat.lit.adti`prick',lett.adt`knit',comparelit.data`sewing-needle';
ChurchSlavicetcjela(*edl),russ.jel,aech.jedletc(*edli-).
References:
References:WH.I14,388f.,Trautmann66.
Seealso:
Seealso:fromzumFolgenden(edh-2 )
Page(s):
Page(s):289-290
Root/lemma: ed- (*heh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toeat,*tooth
Note:
Fromanolderroot(*heh- )derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ed- (*heh- )::`toeat,*tooth'andRoot/
Root/
lemma: embh- ,m b h- :
:`tobite;tooth'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èssen'
Note:
Note:originallyathematic,butmostlythematicchange
Note:
Commonillyr.-balt.h->d-,z-,OldPrussian-illyr.h->zz-,ss-,s-phoneticmutation
Material:
Material:OldIndianathematicpresent1.Sg.dmi,3.Sg.tti`youeat',Perf.dim(:lat.dimus,
got.etum);themat.inMediumadasva;
av.3.Sg.Konj.aiti;
arm.utemèat',themat.(*d-);
gr.hom.Infin.,Fut.(olderKonj.)--,Imper.originally*(:OldIndianaddh),
thereaftersecondary()èat';secondarythemat.(afterparticiple-andthe
thereafterresultedin3.Pl.),Perf.hom.--,(after-),att.;
lat.ed,s,stetcèat'(lengthofeitheroldorafterthesog.Lachmann'sruletodefine;ifoldin
participlesusandpassives(s)um);Perf.d;osk.Infin.edum,aboutumbr.ezariafseeunderS.
288;
air.Konj.ci-niestaràlthoughhedoesnoteat'(*ed-s-tro),Fut.ss-(*ieds-),Perf.dofaid(*deu(p)o-od-e),participleesseèaten'(*edtio-);cymr.ys`youeat'(*ed-ti);
got.themat.itan(Perf.1.Pl.tum,ahd.zumetc:alat.dimus),anord.eta,as.ags.etan,engl.eat,
afries.ta,ahd.ezzanèat'(=OldIndiandanamàctofeating',gr.`dish,food');withprefix
fra-(*pro-):got.fra-itan`consume',ags.fretan`gnaw',ahd.frezzan`devour';kaus.got.fra-atjan;
anord.etiaàllowtoconsume',ags.ettanàllowtograze',ahd.azzen,ezzen`givetoeat,allowto
graze',nhd.tzen,actuallyàspicydishthatcanbeeaten';
Maybealb.geg.etun`thirsty',etje`thirst'
bsl.*dmiin:
lit.du,diau,sti(alt.[d]mi,3.Sg.st)èat,devour',Supin.st;lett.mu(older*mi)anddu,
stds.,Supin.stu;OldPrussianst,stweièat';OldChurchSlavicjam(*m),3.Sg.jast(*st)
idg.*dti),3.Pl.jadt(idg.*dnti),Infin.jasti(oldsti),Supin.jast,aech.jst;
lit.participleds,OldPrussianduns,OldChurchSlavicjad`havingeaten';
hitt.et-èat',Imper.eit(et),1.Sg.presenteitmi(etmi),3.Pl.a-da-an-zi(adanzi);thefirsta
throughassimilation,s.FriedrichIF.41,371;differentPedersenHitt.128;
incompounds:gr.-(*-dtom)`breakfast';withlengtheningincompound
`mealtime',`timeforsupper,eveningmeal,evening'(comparealsohom.`Rohes
essend':OldIndianmd-ds.);gr.,-isarrangedfrom*,*after(as
from*).
nominalformation:
1.Lengthenedgrade:
di o - , di : inOldIndiandy-èdible'(dyna-`voracious'isderivedfrom*dyu-èatingfood,');
anord.trèatable'(comparealsogot.aftjam.èxcessiveeater');
lit.diosf.Pl.`Raufe',di`devourer'(originally`foodfedtolivestock'),dism.`dish,food',msdis`carnivore,familyofmeat-eatinganimals';OldPrussiandism.`food,eating';russ.j`food,
eating,dish,food'(underlikewise;s.Berneker271f.);
aboutlat.india`fast's.WH.393.
do- , d: inanord.tn.`ravenousness,dish,food'(alsotaf.`ravenousness,nourishment,food'),
ags.tn.,as.tn.,ahd.zn.`dish,food'(comparealsogot.uztam.`crib,manger'),lit.daf.`the
eating'(=anord.ta),lett.dasf.Pl.`foodfedtolivestock',OldPrussiandaif.Nom.Sg.`theeating',
OldChurchSlavicbd`repast,meal'(perhapsalsojad`poison',s.Berneker271f.),russ.jdf.
`breakfast,dish,food'.
di-: inOldChurchSlavicjad`dish,food',medv-d`thebear'(honeyeater,compareOldIndian
madhv-d-ds.).
d-to-: inlit.stasèaten',OldPrussianSubst.Dat.Sg.stai`food,eating',mbg.jasto`servingof
food',etc.
des-: inlit.desis`dish,food',skf.àppetite',old`foodfedtolivestock,carrion'=lat.sca
(*dsk)`dish,food,foodfedtolivestock,carrion',lett.ka`wolverine';ahd.as.s`fleshofa
deadbody,bait,carrion',ags.s`carrion'(*d-s-om);OldChurchSlavicjasliPl.m.`crib,manger,
manger'(*dsli-);ifumbr.ezariafstandsfor`food',itcanbemaybeexplainedfrom*des-sio-;
differentaboutlit.skEM2295.
Maybealb.eshk`driedmushroomsforkindlingthefire'
With:gr.f.,Pl.`throesofchildbirth',`beinlaborpains'(FriskEtymaArmen.13);
--`dish,food'(compare);inadditionlit.odas,lett.udsm.`mosquito'(SchulzeKZ.
43,41=Kl.Schr.627;fromZubatAfslPh.16,407,BrugmannGrundr.I2337placedtowruss.
wadzenàgad-fly,horse-fly,breese').
2.Fullgrade,e.g.:
OldIndiandman-n.`dish,food'(:);-advan-èating';
arm.erkn`birthpain,laborpains'(*edun),erk`plague'(*eduo-);
hom.,-n.`nourishment,food'(i.e.F,compareHes.),,
`dish,food';
lat.prandiumàlatebreakfast,luncheon'(*pramediom),edulus`trencherman'(seealsoWH.I
underacrdula,ficedulaandmondula),edlisèatable'(possiblybecauseoffromFickIII424,Falkrpunderjtteas*etuna-`voraciouseater'or`cannibal'ourrootformaddedtoanord.jtunn
`giant',ags.eoten`giant',olderndd.eteninne`witch'anolderu-stemedu-isadded);
3.o-grade:(ol.but)`pain'(comparelat.craeedcs),`lament,bewail,
mournfor,feltpain'etc.(influencedfrom`flow,run,trickle,cry,weep').
edont-, dont-, dn t -`tooth',probablypreviousparticiplepresent

OldIndiandnm.,Akk.dntam(*dont-),Gen.dat(=lat.dentis)`tooth'(secondarydnta-m.);av.
dantan-m.ds.,dtf.ds.;
arm.atamn,Gen.-man`tooth'(*ednt-mn);
gr.(ion.att.),-`tooth'(att.neologismafter()),ol.(assimilatedfrom*-),èdentulate,toothless'for*after:under
likewise;
lat.dens,-tism.(*dnts);osk.dunte[s]isablaut`teeth';
air.dtn.,cymr.bret.dant,corn.dans`tooth'(*dnt-);
ahd.zand,ags.t(Dat.Sg.,Nom.Pl.t,conservativestem),anord.tnn(Nom.Pl.ter,tennr,
conservativestem);zerograde(fromtheweakcase),got.tunus(fromdemAkk.tunu=lat.
dentem)`tooth'(derivativeags.tsc`fang'from*tun-ska-);
lit.dants,Gen.Pl.dant(dial.alsodani)`tooth';
slav.probablyinpoln.dzigna`stomatitis,inflammationofthemouth,mouthdecay,inflammationof
thegums'(*dt-gna,s.Berneker190).
formswithe-gradedon'tstandfirmaccordingly;anord.tindr`cusp,peak,crag',mhd.zint,-des
`prong,spike,tine',ags.tindm.ds.,ahd.zinna(*tindj)`pinnacle',ahd.zinko(*tint-k)`tine'belongto
air.dind`hill,lifting',phryg.mountainname,illyr.VN.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):287-289
Root/lemma: egnis :ognis
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fire
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:egnis :ognis :
:`fire'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ong- (betterang- )(*heng-)::coal
<Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:`tosee;eye'
Grammaticalinformation:m.
Material:
Material:OldIndianagn-m.`fire'(=hitt.Agnis,HroznZA.38,185,afterLaroche,Recherchessur
lesnomsofdieuxhittites119,takenoverfromHurrians);
lat.ignis,-ism.`fire,flame,light,blaze,glow'(*egnis);
lit.ugnsf.(alit.alsom.,SpechtKZ.59,2782),lett.ugunsm.f.ds.;uderivesfromaschwed.ughn
òven';
OldChurchSlavicognm.`fire'(*ognis;i-stem,secondaryio-stem),ech.ohe(ohne),russ.ogn
(ognja);aboutech.vhef.`flue,chimney,smithy',skr.vganjm.`blacksmith',withquiteunclear
anlaut,s.MeilletSlavecomm.285,lastlyJ.HolubStrunslovniketym.jazykaeskoslov.341.
Maybealb.vigan`giant':skr.vganjm.`blacksmith'[atranslationofCyclopswhoweregiant
blacksmiths;theygottheirnameforcoveringoneeyeasaspareifonegotdamagedfromsparksof
meltedmetal,thatiswhyRoot/lemma:
:`fire'derivedfromanextensionofRoot/
Root/
lemma: ok- :
:`tosee;eye'];commonalb.protheticv-beforebareinitialvowels.
References:
References:WP.I323,WH.I676,Trautmann334f.
Page(s):
Page(s):293
Root/lemma: egEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:alackofsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mangel'
Material:
Material:Lat.ege,-re`want,beinneed;withgenit.orabl.tobeinwantof,tobewithout,notto
have;alsotodesire,wishfor,want',egests`poverty,indigence,need;withgenit.,wantof',egnus
(*egesnos)`needy,destitute;withgenit.orabl.,inneedof'.Hereuponalsoosk.egmof.àthing,
object,matter,affair,circumstance;possessions,property,wealth;interest,advantage,benefit;
cause,ground,reason;amatterofbusiness;alawsuit,action'(tomeaningdevelopmentcomparegr.
:);
anord.ekla`lack',ekla`barely',ahd.ekordo`bare,only',ekrdi,eccherode`thin,weak'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):290
Root/lemma: ehero- (*hehero- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lake,innersea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Landsee'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehero- :
:`lake,innersea'derivedRoot/lemma:
:`water
current':Illyr.pannon.VN[commonalb.-illyr.-balt.-h-
h- > -d-, -z-;OldPrussian-illyr.
-h-
h- > ss-, s-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:Maybeillyr.TNOseriates(Osseriates)[commonitalic-illyr.-h-
h- > ss-, s-phonetic
mutation].
Dercomparisonfrombsl.*eera-n.`seashore'inOldPrussianassarann.`sea',lit.erasm.(outof
itdial.alsoeras),lett.ezersm.,OldChurchSlavic(j)ezero,russ.zerods.,with:
balt.*eif.`borderline'inOldPrussianasy,lit.e,lett.ea;slav.*m.inserb.-ChurchSlavic
jaz`canal',aech.jz`waterweir',aruss.z,russ.jaz`fishweir',isdoubtful,alsothewithpannon.
VNintheflatseasurface(becauseof.ofitmustbethrak.),andwith:
gr.,-,riveroftheunderworld(therefromandàbele,white
poplar'),whose(insteadofor)couldindeedderivefromàtrembling,quaking,shaking,
terror,anxiety,fear,dread,alarm';
bsl.formscouldgobackparticularlyperhapsalsoto*aera-,inwhichcaseonecouldplaceidg.
*ahero-.
References:
References:WP.I1841,Trautmann73,KretschmerGl.14,98,JoklEbertsReal-lex.6,39.
Page(s):
Page(s):291-292
Root/lemma: ehi- (*ehi-no-s )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hedgehog(*serpenteater)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ìgel'
Note:
Note:probablyshortformtoehi-no-s òftheserpent,serpenteater'(seeaboveS.44).
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehi- (*ehi-no-s )::`hedgehog(*serpenteater)'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
ang(h)i- (*eghi-,oghi- andehi- )::`snake,worm,(*hedgehog=snakeeater)'
Material:
Material:Arm.ozni`hedgehog';
phryg.`hedgehog';
gr.`hedgehog';
Maybegr.`hedgehog'(=lat.r,risds.,rcius,rinceus,hrinceusds.)
ahd.igil,mhd.igel,mnd.egel,ags.igil,igl,l`hedgehog',anord.igull`seaurchin'(withahd.alsogil,
byLutherEigel,anord.alsogull);
lit.es,lett.ezis`hedgehog';
ChurchSlavicje(*ehios)ds.(inadditionruss.jeevka,ona`blackberry',oka`bulrush'etc.,s.
Berneker267).
Hereprobablyfollowingbalt.-slav.appellationofperch(pricklyfish):
OldPrussianassegism.`perch',lit.egs,eegs,egls,alit.klis,jklis`chub';
lengthenedgradeslav.*zg,outofit*d,ch.jedk`perch',poln.jad,jaszcz(alsojazgarz)
`chub';basicformperhaps*h(e)-g(h)ios`hedgehog-like'.
Maybealb.(*eh)esh`hedgehog',accordingtotheshift[commonOldPrussian-illyr.h->z-,ssphoneticmutation].
maybelat.(*essecus)ericius-i,m.`hedgehog;milit.,chevauxdefrise':alb.iriq`hedgehog'[common
lat.-s->-r-rhotacism].
References:
References:WP.I115,Trautmann73,SchwyzerGr.Gr.4912.
Page(s):
Page(s):292
Root/lemma: ehs (ehz )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:of,out,from
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`from'
Note:
Note:Aspirataerwiesenthroughgr..
Material:
Material:Maybenasalizedzerogradealb.(*ha)ngaòf,out,from'
Gr.(dial.,beforeconsonant,)`from',prefixandprepositionm.ablative,(genitive)and(ark.kypr.,pamph.)dative;ion.att.òutof'(afterwithfor,compare:)lokr.(from+
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326)epidaur.to,reshaped,òftheextreme,last'(based
on*-from*ezgho-,older*ehs-ko-),lesscertainly`fiend,detested',originally
`Landflchtiger'or`foreigner,stranger'from*ehstros,whereforewerecreatedafter-:-,,-further,,,also,,etc.;
lat.ex(outofitbeforeb,d-,g-,l-,m-etc.,ecbeforef)`from',prefixandprepositionm.Abl.,osk.umbr.(about*es)-,e.g.osk.ehpeilatasset`*arepillaged,areassigned',umbr.ehe-turstahmu
`driveout,driveaway,expel,exile,banish';lat.exterusòutward,foreign,strange;compar.exteriorius,genit.-oris,outer;superl.extremus-a-um,outermost;n.assubst.outeredge,extreme;intime,
last;n.assubst.,anend;'ex-tremum',acc.,forthelasttime;'adextremum',totheendorattheend;
indegreeorquality,extreme;esp.lowest,worst;'extremumbonorum,malorum',thehighestgood,
evil;superl.extimus-a-um,out-ermost'(exterior,extrmus,externus,extr,extimus),becauseofin
*ek-t-indicatingosk.ehtradòutside;except,unless;prep.withacc.,beyond,outsideof,without;
exceptfor',umbr.apehtre`*abextrim',air.echtar,cymr.eithyròutside;except,unless;prep.with
acc.,beyond,outsideof,without;exceptfor',acymr.heitham,ncymr.eithaf(:extimus)itsxpreviously
wasrestoredfromex;
air.ess-,precedingass-,a,cymr.eh-,gall.ex-(e.g.inExobnus`fearless':air.essamain,mcymr.
ehofyn),beforeconsonantec-,prefixand(ir.)prepositionm.Dat.(-Abl.);
OldPrussianesse,assa,ass(withanunclearextension),esteinu`fromnowon';
withhardi:lit.i,,lett.iz,is,OldPrussianis,OldChurchSlaviciz,iz,is`from',prefixand
prepositionm.Abl.(-Gen.),probablyalsopartlyrealGen.;afterMeilletSlavecomm.2155,505zero
gradebsl.*i();s.alsoEndzelinLett.Gr.33,aboutlett.z507.
WH.I423placesalsoarm.preverby-(e.g.y-anemùpliftsme':lat.ex-orior`tocomeout,come
forth,springup,rise,appear')andtheprepositionwithAbl.i`from'here(doubtful);alsodubiousis
Meillets(MSL.18,409)explanationthetoch.A-Postposition-`notatall'from*-k.commonOld
Indianh->k-phoneticmutation
Maybealb.negativeparticles'`notatall':toch.A-Postposition-`notatall'
Aboutverbalcompoundsinseverallanguages,ase.g.gr.-,lat.effer`tocarryout,takeout,
bringforth,takeaway,remove',air.asbiur`say,express,*takeout'(*eks-bher),gr.-,lat.exe`togoout,goforth,goaway,depart,withdraw,retire',lit.i-eti,OldChurchSlaviciz-itids.etc.,s.
WH.I423f.
Maybenasalizedalb.nxjerr`bringout,takeout':lat.ex-orior`tocomeout,comeforth,springup,
rise,appear'
References:
References:WP.I116f.,WH.I423ff.,Trautmann105,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326.
Page(s):
Page(s):292-293
Root/lemma: e- ,e(h)om ,e
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:I
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìch'
Note:
Note:-h-besides--isensuredonlyforOldIndian,thusprobablysecondarilyafterDat.mhyam.
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehem ,eheu ,eho (*eh-)::ìnterjection,*anexclamationofjoyfulsurprise'
derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:e- ,e(h)om ,e :
:Ì'
Material:
Material:OldIndianahm,av.azm,Oldpers.adam(*e(h)om);
Note
Note:
Theshift(h)>d,tisrecordedinalb.andOldpers.aloneseebelow.
arm.es(from*ec,idg.ebeforeconservativeanlaut);
gr.,,boot.,;lat.egasgr.haschangedfrom*egom,perhapswhile*
stretchedafter,egfer,and*aredirectedafter*`gave'etc.(aboutlat.egomet
Ìmyself's.WH.I396)fal.eko,ego;probablyalsoosk.vÌ';s.finallyKretschrnerGl.21,100,
SommerIF.38,171ff.;
venet.eoÌ'(comparemeo`me');
got.ik,ahd.ih(ihh-Ìmyself'withtheparticle-),as.ic,urnord.ek,ik,anord.ekandencliticurnord.
-ika(*eom),wgerm.also*k(lengtheningafter*t)inags.c,nhd.frnk.aich,anord.alsok(proto
germ.*kan,fromwhichprocliticek,ik,enclitic*ka);
lit.,olde,lett.es,OldPrussianes,as(*e);
OldChurchSlavicaz(quiteseldomjaz)from*ghom,nsloven.russ.poln.ja(toexplanationof
anlautvowelss.lastlyWH.I862,MeilletSlavecomm.2452);
Note
Note:
Maybe:OldChurchSlavicjazderivedfromSwedishjagÌ'
toch.ukÌ'afterPetersenLang.11,204;
hitt.-uk(uk)withuafteram-mu-uk`me,I',secondaryÌ',thatagainstuhasrelatedfromthe2.Sg.
tu-uk`you(dat.)you'.
Maybereducednasalizedalb.(*unk)unÌ':alb.ArbreshuthÌ'[commonalb.-k>-thphonetic
mutation]
Note
Note:
Thecommonshifth>dalsokh>tisfoundonlyamongPersiantonguesandAlbaniandialects.With
regardtoRoot/lemma:
:Ì'theshift(h)>dinOldpers.[av.azm,Oldpers.
adam(*e(h)om)]correspondstoalb.h>th[eukham->uthaÌ']ofalb.Arbreshwhichistheoldest
cognate.Itwasthennasalizedinalb.ArbreshuthaÌ'>alb.tosk.(*unta)unÌ'[commonalb.
phoneticmutationt>nt>n].
Alsoimportantisthefactthathitt.languageusestheendingsbeforethewordlikelat.whilealb.uses
theendingafterthewordlikeIndianandPersiantongues.Butclearlyillyr.markstheintermediate
periodbetweensatemandcentumlanguages.Alb.Arbresh[eukham->uthaÌ']istheonlycognate
similartohitt.-uk(uk)Ì'withuafteram-mu-uk`me',andtoch.toch.ukÌ'.
Inarchaicalb.theendingofthewordactuallystoodbeforethewordlikeinhitt.
Idg.e(h)omispresumablyafterJ.Schmidt(KZ.36,405)neuter;whichactuallystandsfor`(my)
hereness'andithasevolvedfromthePron.-steme-whichisconsideredworthunder*ghe,*gho
encliticparticles.
References:
References:WP.I115f.,WH.I395f.,862;SchwyzerGr.Gr.I209,602,6042,Trautmann72,
PedersenHitt.73f.
Page(s):
Page(s):291
Root/lemma: ehem ,eheu ,eho (*eh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjection,*anexclamationofjoyfulsurprise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausrufe
Note:
Note:mostlyindependentneologisms
Material:
Material:Ved.ha,OldIndianahah,ah,ah,hamhetc.;
lat.ehem,hem(anexclamationofjoyfulsurprise),eheu,heu(:OldIndianah)àch,oh!',eho`hey
there!';
nhd.hem,hum,hm(:lat.hem);comparenhd.aha,oho!;
forOldIndianah-,lat.eh-onecouldplaceidg.*eh-.
References:
References:WP.I115,WH.I396andaboveS.281,.
Page(s):
Page(s):293
Root/lemma: eibh- (:oibh- ),i e bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocopulate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`futuere'
Note:
Note:probablyataboowithrearrangementofanlaut
Material:
Material:OldIndianybhati`copulated';
gr.,`copulate';òbscene';
dor.-illyr.mythicalPNòforbelongingtoone'sbirth';
perhapsgerm.*ai`family,adistrict,canton,province,region'inlangob.-aib(Antaib,Burgundaib),ahd.-eiba(Weter-eiba,Wingarteiba);
slav.*ieb`copulate'inruss.jeb,jet,skr.jbm,jbati(withnewlyformedinfinitive),etc.
References:
References:WP.I198,SpechtKZ.59,1212,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I7221(siehtingr.-einpreverbe,
o,aboveS.280).
Page(s):
Page(s):298
Root/lemma: eig- ,oigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocomplain,entreat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lautjammern,klglichbitten'
Material:
Material:Gr.`pity,compassion,thelamenting',`pitiable,inpiteousplight,lamentable,
wretched',(ol.)`havemercyon,bemoan';
inadditionverb*eigiinmir.igid`screams',igemf.`cry',to-formationinlachtaid`groans,shouts';
got.aihtrnàsk,cadge'(denominativeofgr.correspondingnounagentorratherofneuter
*oiktrom).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):298
Root/lemma: ei-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:multicoloured;reddish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Farbadjektiv`rtlich,bunt'
Note:
Note:extended(e)i-u o - ,(e)i-u `yew'etc.
Material:
Material:Arm.aigi`grapevine'(*oiuii);
gr.,,`service-tree,rowantree'(*oiu)=lat.vaàgrape,berryofthevine';
gall.ivo-,urir.iua-,air.om.,cymr.ywenm.,acorn.hiuin,bret.ivinm.`yew';
ahd.wa,mhd.we,mnl.ijf,nhd.Eibef.,ags.wm.,aisl.yr`yew'(*eiuo-),namedafterthered-brown
wood;
besides*ei-ko-inahd.go,as.Pl.chas,schweiz.che,ge,ags.h,oh`yew';
lit.iev,jievf.,lett.(withirregularintonation)ivaàlderbuckthorn,alderdogwood'(*eiu),Old
Prussianiuwis`yew'(*iua-),namedafterthered-brownwood;
russ.-ChurchSlaviciva,skr.va(=lett.iva),russ.va`Weide',aech.jva`yew,sallow';
OldIndianta-`glimmering,varicolored',m.`steed,bird,antelope'etc.,urind.PN(14.Jh.)Aitaggama`ridingonaram'(KretschmerKZ.55,93),f.n,inaddition(withfornafterhari,Femin.to
harita`yellowish',comparealsohari-`gazelle'):a-m.`kindofantelope'(SchulzeKl.Schr.123).
References:
References:WP.I105f.,165,Trautmann68,Kluge12s.v.Eibe,SpechtDekl.63,205.
Page(s):
Page(s):297-298
Root/lemma: ei-4 :oiEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:pole;thill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange',dann`Deichsel'
Note:
Note:extendedthroughs- orl- ,n- ,r- stem;oi - es- :s- :ois- `shaft'
Material:
Material:OldIndian`shaft';
gr.`rudder,helm',att.,-ds.;gr.*[]corresponds:
balt.*aisaswellspringfromfinn.wotj.(etc.)aisa`shaft,poleofthehelm,thill';
ei-el-inlit.elekstisf.`Deichselstange',lett.ieluki,ablaut.ilkss,ilkmisds.;lit.ail`shaft,pole',em.
ilisàknottybranch,roughstick,cudgel,club',lett.ailis`shaft,pole';
ei-en-inlit.enaf.`thillpole';
oi-er-inaisl.ags.r`helmpole',thataccordingtotheLw.finn.airandlett.ar-is,are,lit.varas
`rudder'basedonprotogerm.*air;
oi-es-alsoinsloven.skr.ech.oje`shaft'(Gen.sloven.ojese).
References:
References:WP.I167,LidnStudien60ff.,SpechtDekl.101.
Page(s):
Page(s):298
Root/lemma: eis-1 (*euis)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomoverapidly,*iron
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(sich)heftig,ungestm,schnellbewegen;antreiben=anregen,erquicken;also
ofEntsenden,SchleudernvonGeschossen,Pfeilen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianiti,yati`setsinmotion,swings,shootsup(squirtsout),comesfloating;it
hurries,pressesforward',ati`glides'(-`hurrying',a-`therush'),at`hurriesaway'(Adv.t
àpproaching'),iaat`hecamefloating',iayti`comesfloating,stimulates,animates',iaytiìs
fresh,astir,strong;refreshed,animated',-f.`refreshment,invigoration'(alsoin-krti-`healing'),
iir-(:,Isara)`strong,active';
Maybealb.alb.(*euse)ethef.`fever'seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:eus- :
:`toburn'
av.a-`setinhastymotion'(presentstemia-,iya-,aaya-,Oldpers.aiaya-),av.ama-m.
ànger';
gr.dor.(:OldIndianiir-),att.(r:er,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I482),lesb.ion.(*isros)
`strong,lively';furthergr.,(ifreadwith:,sothatisdeduciblefrom*-,-)`send
away,empty,drain;pourout',Med.èmptyoneself'(compareOldIndianiti);,(,
,-,,)`meine,kommemitmeinenGedankenworauf,verfalleworauf',
byHom.with:eitherthroughmetr.lengtheningfrom*-[]-orfrom*-[]:,afterhom.o(from
);
withablaut.oi:
`stormyattack,rush',`tearoff',beidesfrombirdofprey,asved.atialsofromshooting
outthebirdofpreyonhisnest(gr.basicform*,compareav.ama-);herealsostill
`thegadfly,breese,aninsectwhichinfestscattle;asting,anythingthatdrivesmad;thesmartofpain,
agony;maddesire,insanepassion;madness,frenzy'
Maybelat.asilusàgad-fly,horse-fly'
next-relatedtolit.aistrìntenseferventness,passion',aistrsàrdent'(notbetteraboveS.12);in
similarmeaning;
ifgr.`heal',`physician,medicineman,magician'herebelong,isdubious;att.forms
withoutAsperspeakratheragainstintervocalic-s-andagainstanlaut.ei-;itisnotsurprisingbya
culturalwordwouldbeofforeignorigin;Theander(Eranos21,31ff.)derivesfromthesacredname
from,whichwouldalsodefinetheswayingquantityof(dieHeilgtterÌ,Ìf.,Ì,I
m.etc.,perhapsalsotherootnameÌ(F),compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I80,as-Rufer);
`warm'hasandrequiresfurthermoreinspiteofSchwyzerGr.Gr.I681,694,700itdoesn't
belongtoit;seeaboveS.11andW.SchulzeQunderep.381ff.;afterWissmannNom.postverb.203
shouldexplainthesound-symboliclengthenedzerogradetherooteis-,itdidnotneedtobe
separatedofthequantitydifferencebecauseof;
lat.ra,Plaut.eira(*eis)ànger';
perhapsheregall.Isarno-PN,isarno-doriàdoormadeofiron',air.rn,mir.arannn.,cymr.haiarn
(required-),acorn.hoern,bret.houarnìron'as`strongmetal'incontrasttosoftbronze;
maybeoldlaryngeal-inalb.(*eur)hekurìron':Spanishhierro:engl.iron[(Du.ijzen,GEisen),
PNsarn,Goth.eisarn,f.Gmc,prob.f.Celt.andrel.toLaes,aisbronze,OEaroren.1,Sktayas.]
germ.*sarnann.,got.eisarn,ahd.as.anord.sarnìron'isbecauseof-maybeborrowedfromven.illyr.*eisarnonbeforegerm.alterationfromeito;compareven.FlN'I,latersarcus,nhd.
Eisack(Tirol);
inadditiontheurir.PNI(s)aros,air.r,balkanillyr.iser,messap.isareti(KraheIF.46,184f.);
furtherperhapskelt.-ligur.-ven.-illyr.-balt.FlNwordIs-inkelt.FlNIsar,nhd.Isar,Iser,frz.Isre;
*Isi,frz.Oise;*Isur,engl.Ure,etc.(PokornyUrillyrier114f.,161);
nhd.FlNIll,Illach,Illercouldalsogobacktoprotogerm.*Is-l-andbecomparedwithlett.FlNIsline,
Islcis,wruss.Isa(itcouldnotbegenuineslav.becauseof-s-)etc.;thenametheIller:*Illurcould
becomparedwithVNtheIllyrii;
thefullgrade*Eis-besidesinsarcusstillinmanybalt.FlN:*Eisi,lit.Iesi,*Eisl,lit.Iesl,lit.Eisra,
etc.(BgaRSl.6,9f.,RozwadowskiRSl.6,47);whereasBgaintroducesbackwruss.Istra,lett.
SeanameIstra,lit.FlNIsra,OldPrussianFlNInstrutisÌnster'andthrak.Ifrom*Instr-;yetone
couldexplainIfrom*Is-ro-s;
from*ois-gobackwruss.Jesa(urlit.*ais),lit.As;Itisunclear,ifdefiesanlauts(Bruttium),
ven.Aesontius>Isonzo,umbr.Aesis,Aesinusmaybeplacedhere;
anord.eisa(*ois-)`stormalong',norw.FlNEisand,whereforeags.ofost,as.oast`haste,hurry,
eagerness'from*o-aist-;
herealsoOldIndianu-,av.iu-m.àrrow';gr.ds.from*isu-os,comparetomeaning;
etrusk.aesar`god',ital.*aiso-,*aisi-ds.aretobekeptawayandbarelyequatewithgr..
References:
References:WP.I106f.,WH.I717f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I282,4825,491,6797,681,694,700,823.
Page(s):
Page(s):299-301
Root/lemma: ei-s-2 ,ei-n- (*euis)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èis,Frost'
Material:
Material:Av.isu-ìcy',axa-n.`coldness',pmir.`coldness',osset.yex,ixìce',afghan.asai
`frost'(iffrominchoativeformation*issk-;differentSpechtDekl.18,201,234);
anord.ss,Pl.ssarm.ìce',ags.sn.,as.ahd.mhd.sn.ìce';
bsl.*inia-m.and*niia-m.`hoarfrost'inChurchSlavicinej,inij`snowflurry',russ.nejm.andaech.
jnien.`hoarfrost',lit.nism.(alsofem.i-stem).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):301
Root/lemma: eiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togo
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gehen'
Note:
Note:extendedei-dh- ,ei-gh- ,i-t- andi - - ,i - - :i - :i Material:
Material:OldIndianmi,ti,im,ynti`go',av.aiti,yeinti,Oldpers.aitiy`goes',themat.Med.Old
Indianya-tetc.(apparentlengthenedgradeofOldIndianiti,av.iti`goesto,comesto,comesup
to,approaches,drawsnear'is*-aiti,withprefix);
gr.hom.`willgo',(*eisi),(dor.),Pl.,,(neologismfor*insteadofh,
*h,idg.*i-enti,OldIndianynti);Impf.att.(neologismfor*=OldIndianyam);Konj.
(insteadof*,idg.*ei,OldIndian3.Sg.yat);Opt.(insteadof*,idg.*iit,OldIndianiyt),
Imper.-(lat.,lit.e-k),(OldIndianih,hitt.iit);
Maybealb.ik-i:lit.e-k`go'
lat.e`go'(*eiforathemat.*eimi),s,it,Pl.mus,tis(neologismaslit.eime),eunt(*ei-ontifor
previous*ienti),Imper.(*ei),particlepresentinsinsteadof*ins=OldIndianyn,Gen.yat-
(*intes,comparegr.),alit.ent-(insteadof*jent-);Perf.(*iiai:OldIndianiy-y-a),
secondaryv;
pl.eite=`yougo,walk,ride,sail,fly,move,pass',umbr.etu=`togo,walk,ride,sail,fly,move,pass'
(amprehtu,apretuàmbit,circuitousroute',enetu=in-t),etutu`he/sheshallgo,walk,ride,sail,
fly,move,pass',eest,est`he/shewillgo,walk,ride,sail,fly,move,pass'(*eiseti),ier`begoing
away'(demonstratesaPerf.*ied),etc.;osk.etuns(set)`theywillbegone'(*eitnes);
cymr.wyfÌam',actuallyÌgo'2.Sg.wyt(differentaboutwytSternZfceltPh.3,394Anm.);
got.iddjaÌwalked'probably=lat.,OldIndianiy-y-a;s.dieLit.byFeist288;ags.ode`walked'is
unexplained;
OldPrussianit`goes',isei`yougo',perimai`wecome',Inf.perit;
alit.emi,esi,eti,Pl.eime,eit,andeim,eis,et(i),Pl.eme,ete;Dualeiv,eit,preteritjau,Inf.
eti;Supin.et(=OldIndiantumInf.);lett.emu(older*emi),imu(secondaryeju,*ietu,lit.dial.
eitetc.);Inf.it,it;Supin.itu;
OldChurchSlavicInf.iti(==lit.eti),presentid,Aor.id,neologismtoImper.*idhi>*id>idi,as
alsolit.eiduÌgo'toImper.*eidi;
toch.Ayms`wego',yam`hegoes',usuallyno-presentyanem`theygo',etc.;
hitt.Ipv.i-it(it)`go!'(=gr.-),mediale-u`come!';pa-a-i-mi(paimi,withpreverb*pe-)Ìgoaway',3.
Pl.pa-an-zi(*-ienti,OldIndianynti),etc.;s.PedersenHitt.129f.;
unclearistheidg.basicformofavoicedstopi-ja-at-ta-ri(ijattari)`goes,marches';compareCouvreur
H101;
-io-`going'as2.compositionpartingr.amongothers,s.W.SchulzeLEN.4353.
t -formations:OldIndianit-f.`gait,alteration',ity`gait',dur-it-(av.duita-)`hardlyaccessible',
prtar-tvan-`frhausgehendoderauskommend',itvara-`going',vt-(*viita-)seeunder;ta`hurrying';Infin.tum;
Maybealb.tosk.veteÌgo',geg.mevajt`togo'
gr.-`mobileforcarriage',,`(brave=)pert,foolhardy',-Àntrittsopfer';ograde`fateofpeople,destiny'(compare`courseoftheworld',s.differentaboveS.11);
lat.exitium,initium(:fem.OldIndianity);iti`goingoutoraway;hencedestruction,ruin;alsoa
causeofdestruction'(:OldIndianit-);iter,itinerisn.`way,alley'(comparetoch.Aytrf.,ytryef.
`way,alley',hitt.i-tar,Gen.innas`thegoing',air.etharm.`scow,ferry-boat'),originallyr/n-stem;comes,-itis`companion';itus,-sm.`gait',nexttowhichzerogrades*eitusprobablyasbasefromosk.
eituam,etiuvam`property,riches,wealth,*incomings'(comparetomeaningèntrance,incomings,
returning,return,'or`movingproperty');
air.Pass.ethae`goneaway,departure',ethaid`goes',ad-etha(*-it-t)`seizes';perhapsair.eth
òath',acymr.an-utonou,mcymr.an-udon`perjury'=got.ais,anord.eir,ags.,as.th,ahd.eid
òath'(formal=gr.,meaningperhapsevolvedfromòathway,steppingforwardtotakingofan
oath',compareschwed.ed-gng,s.butaboveS.11.);
asachs.frthiàpostate,fleeting',ahd.freidi`fleeting,bold,foolhardy'(from*fra-iya-,*pro-itios`the
thegoneaway,thedeparted',compareOldIndianprti-f.`leave,escape,departure',inaddition
prtyaàfterthedeath,ontheotherside');
Maybealb.geg.meprit(*pre-ita)`tohost'
probablyanord.vr`capacious,wide,vast,spacious',ags.as.wd,ahd.wit,nhd.weitfrom*ui-itos
`goneapart'(compareOldIndianvt-`gone,dwindled,missing,without',vta-bhaya-`fearless',vti-f.
`goaway,passover,depart,secludeoneself'andlat.vtre,seeunder).
iterativei-t- ingr.,el.--,lat.it,-re,air.ethaid`goes',umbr.(with
secondarylengthenedgradeprobablyaftereitu,eite)etatu,etato`havegone,willgo';uncleargr.
`gohereandthere'(withprefix*,togot.ahd.bi-),lat.vtre`toshun,seekto
escape,avoid,evade'=`(byPlaut.m.dative)gofromtheway,gofromsb';doubtful,ifherelat.tor
(alat.oetor,oitile)`touse,makeuseof,employ,profitby,takeadvantageof,enjoy,serveoneself
with',pl.oisaaetate`getusedtoanenjoyinglife',osk.ttiufùsufruct',withprefixo-,originally
àpproach,wherewithdealwith'(ttiufstilldistinctwithcorrespondinglat.iti;stillitremainstobe
clarified,ifthepresentfrom*o-itrwouldbetransferredinthewayoftherootverb);
if`willcarry'as`gouptosomething'or`gowithsomething'asbasedontorfrom*o-+*it-
AfterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I7529ratherfrom*ois-;compareunder.
dh -formations:gr.n.`gait',èntrance';doubtful,att.inschr.I`narrow
access,tongueofland,promontory,isthmus;neck'(basicform*idh-dhmosatleastthewayofthe
penetrationfromwouldnotbeclearinolder*);compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I49212;
anord.eiìsthmus';
lit.Instr.edineìnamble,easypace'(ofhorses),OldChurchSlavicid`go'(seeabove).
m -formation:
OldIndianma-m.`gait'(butgr.,`gait'to,s.uei-`');lit.eism`gait,Steige'
withlit.-sm-suffix.
u -formation:
OldIndianva-m.`run,departure,way,consuetude,custom';OldIndiandur-va-òfbadkind,mad,
wicked,evil';ahd.wa(*oiu)f`law,norm,covenant,matrimony',as.u,om.,ags.w,f.`law,
sacredcustom,matrimony'(forresemblancewithuaèternity,perpetualness'pleadsWeigand-Hirt
s.v.);comparealsogot.aiwaàs,like'(iffrom*qiuosfrom*qo-oiuos;soalsogr.under
likewise,seeunderqo );
e-gradelit.preiva,preivis`landloper',afterSpechtKZ.65,48fromAdj.*ejs,toved.upyàpproaching'.
l -formationprobablyinintensiveas.lian,ahd.llan`hurry,rush'(from*ijilian;*eieli,formationaslat.
sepeli);atmost,yetverydoubtful,norw.dial.eilf.`gullyresemblingadent',schwed.dial.elads.,lit.
eil`row,furrow',lett.ailisàrea,row'.
gh -extensionin:
arm.j`descent',ijanem(Aor.j)`climbdown,godown',ijavank`Pl.ìnn',ijavor`guest';
Maybealb.geg.hyjènter'[alb.preservestheoldlaryngeal-]
gr.Hes.,`goaway,beaway',`go,come',perhapsalso,
`footprint'(as`tread,step');
air.egi,Gen.-ed`guest';
lit.eigf.`gait'.
i - in:
OldIndianyti`goes,travels',av.yitids.,OldIndianynam.`pathway',n.`gait,vehicle',av.yhn.`crisis,(turningpoint),verdict'(s-stem);
gr.`-`pressed,squeezed,beingupon'(with-nt-suffix),epithetofDemeter(:OldIndianyat
`thegoing');
lat.Jnusàltital.Godofthedoorsandthebeginningoftheyear;hehadasmalltempleintheForum,
withtwodoorsoppositetoeachother,whichintimeofwarstoodopenandintimeofpeacewere
shut',jnua`doors';
air.`pivot,axle,cart'(idg.*i),th`ford'(*itus;brit.supplementaryassumesPedersenKG.I322
f.);
lit.jju,jti,lett.jju,jt`ride',lit.jdyti`ridecontinually';
OldChurchSlavicjad,jachati(s-extension*is-)`drive,becarried,conveyed',particlePass.prjav,jazda`thegoing,riding',jato`herd,flock'(seetoslav.formsBerneker441f.,v.d.Osten-Sacken
IF.33,205,BrcknerKZ.45,52,PerssonBeitr.348f.);inadditionslav.FlNJana(Nowgorod),Janka
(Vilna),Jana(Bulgaria),nhd.Jahna(Saxony);s.RozwadowskiRSl.6,64.
Perhapsalsoherelett.Jnis(throwntogetherwithchristl.Johannes)asaruleroftheskygate;
compareaboveE.FraenkelBalt.Sprachwiss.134;
toch.Ay`hewalked',yatsi`go',withp-extensionyopsa`heentered',etc.(PedersenToch.231);
compareOldIndianypyatiàllowstoreachto'.
i - ini ro-: i ro-: i ro-`year,summer':

OldIndianparyr-(pari-yr-)`calvingafteroneyearonly'();
av.yrn.`year';
gr.`season,daytime,hour,righttime',`time,year';
perhapslat.hrnusòfthisspring,thisyear's',ifbeingbasedon*hirìntheseyears',compare
ahd.hiuru`thisyear'from*hiujru;
protokelt.*iar(*ir),cymr.bret.iar`hen',gall.PNIarilla,mir.eirn`chicken'(air.*airn);incorrect
O'RahillyEriu13,148f.;
got.jr,anord.r,ags.ger,as.ahd.jrn.`year';
russ.-ChurchSlavicjara`spring',russ.jar`summerharvest'(etc.,s.Berneker446,therefrom
derivativesforone-year-oldanimal,e.g.russ.jrecòne-year-oldbeaver',jrka`sheeplamb',bulg.
jrka`youngchicken');
againstitcertainlyheremhd.jn`row,way',nhd.Jahn`way,rowofmowedgrain',schwed.mundartl.
nds.
References:
References:WP.I102ff.,WH.I406ff.,658f.,668f.,723,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I674.
Page(s):
Page(s):293-297
Root/lemma: ek u o -s (*hek u o - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:horse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pferd'
Note:
Horseswereoftenconsideredthemostprecioyssacrificefortheseagod.ThatiswhyfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: ak- (correctk ):k- :
:`water,river'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ek u o -s :
:`horse'.
Material:
OldIndianva-,av.aspa-Oldpers.asa-`horse';aboutosset.yfsseeunder;
gr.ds.m.f.(originallywithoutAsper:-etc.);
thrak.PN,,Autesbis,Esbenus,lyk.;aboutlyk.esbedi`cavalry'
(phryg.Lw.)s.PedersenLyk.andHitt.51,67(*ekuiio-m);
lat.equusàhorse,steed,charger'(compareosk.namesEpius,Epidius,Epetnus,yets.SchulzeEN
2204,355);
air.ech,gall.epo-(inEpordia,Epona`TheCeltichorsegoddesswhoseauthorityextendedeven
beyonddeath,accompanyingthesoulonitsfinaljourney',etc.),cymr.corn.ebol`foals'(*eplo-);
ags.eohm.,anord.ir`horse',as.inehu-skalk`groom,stableman',got.inaa-tundi`briar'(`*horse
tooth');
toch.Ayuk,Gen.yukes,yakwe`horse'withprothet.y(asinosset.jfs,neuind.dial.yspds.);out
ofitborrowedtrk.etc.jk`horse'sload',fromwhichruss.juk`Saumlast'etc.
Aboutlat.asinusànass',hinnus`mule',gr.etc.s.WH.I72f.,647,849.
fem.OldIndianv,av.asp-,lat.equa,altlit.av,eva`mare'(theformationheldbyMeilletBSL.
29,LXIVrightlyforsingle-linguistic,LommelIdg.Fem.30f.forpreviouslyprotoform);
OldIndianv(i)ya-,av.aspya-,gr.òfahorse,ofhorses';lat.equnusòfahorse,ofhorses',
OldPrussianaswinann.`kumys,maremilk',lit.avenism.`stallion',comparealsoFlNAvin,Av;
gr.-èquestrian,horseman':lat.eques,-itism.dsàhorseman,rider'.(letzteresfrom
*eqot-).
Thegr.wordcouldexistbecauseoftarent.epid.illyr.Lw.;comparepannon.PNEcco,Eppo,
maked.PN-,thebuilderoftheTrojanhorse,VNinillyr.Elis,etc.(Krahe
FestgabeBulle203ff.);neithertheAspernorcanbeexplainedbygr.,yetthevarioustreatments
fromku-ingr.werenotsurprising,becausealsothelabiovelarsaretreateddialecticallydifferently
there(Rischbriefl.).
Maybelat.caballa`mare',caballusànag,pack-horse,hack,jade'
Ru.kobla`mare',thenCz.komo`horse'finally:
OldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:kon'`horse'[mjo]
Russian:
Russian:kon'`horse'[mjo]
Czech:
Czech:ku`horse'[mjo],kon[Gens]
Slovak:
Slovak:k`horse'[mjo],koa[Gens]
Polish:
Polish:ko`horse'[mjo]
Serbo-Croatian:
Serbo-Croatian:knj`horse'[mjo]
Slovene:
Slovene:knj`horse'[mjo]
Indo-Europeanreconstruction:
Indo-Europeanreconstruction:kab-n-io-{1}(kom-n-io-){2}
Maybealb.patkonjPl.`horseshoes',alb.geg.potkoi`horseshoe':rum.potcoav`horseshoe'<russ.
(podkova)`horseshoe'[slav.*podùnder'+ital.cavallo`horse'folketymology]
Spanishcaballo,Frenchcheval,ital.cavallo,Alb.kal,rum.cal`horse'.
References:
References:WP.I113,WH.I412f.,862,Trautmann72,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I68,301,351,499.
Page(s):
Page(s):301-302
Root/lemma: elgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:miserable,poor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àrmselig,drftig'
Material:
Material:Arm.akak`miserable,poor,small,evil,bad';ahd.ilki`hunger';lit.elgtis`beg',elgeta
`beggar'(LidnArm.stem99f.);kinshipwith*elk-`hungry;evil,bad'isbutquitedoubtful;seethere.
References:
References:WP.I160.
Page(s):
Page(s):310
Root/lemma: elkos-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:boiln.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geschwr'
Material:
Material:OldIndianras-n.`hemorrhoid';
gr.n.`wound,esp.pustulatingwound,ulcer'(Spir.asperafter),Hes.,
Ìamwounded';
lat.ulcus,-erisùlcer'(*elkos);tolat.ulcusprobablyalsoulciscor,ultussum`toavengeoneselfon,
takevengeanceon,punish,recompense'as`collectbitterness,rancoragainstsomebody'.
ThelatterwouldbeplacedagainstitfromPedersenKG.I126incredibletoair.olc,elc`bad,evil,
wicked,ugly,unlucky',s.*elk- `hungry;evil,bad'.
References:
References:WP.I160.
Page(s):
Page(s):310
Root/lemma: elk- ,elkGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hungrig,schlecht'()
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.307(el-7,el- )
Page(s):
Page(s):310
Root/lemma: el-1 ,ol- ,e lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:red,brown(innamesoftreesandanimals)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Farbwurzelwithdermeaning`rot,braun',bildetTier-andBaumnamen
Note:
Note:mostlyi-,u- andn- (alsom-)stem,rarefromthebareroot,whichseemsextendedthenwithg
ork.Innamesofswanandotherseabirdsthemeaningis`white,gleaming',asinal-bho-`white'
refinednames(aboveS.30f),thusbothrootsareprobablyidenticaloriginally.
Material:
Material:A.Adjektiva:
OldIndianaru-`reddish,golden',aru`fire-color',av.aurua-`white';
germ.*elwa-`brown,yellow'inahd.elo(elawr),mhd.el(elwer);
comparealsogall.VNHelvii,Helvetii,perhapsalsoschweiz.FlNIlfis(*Elvisi).B.el- intreenames
foràlder',èlm'and`juniper':
1.àlder'
Lat.alnusàlder'(from*alsnosor*alenos;theanlautalgoesbacktoolderel-);
maked.(illyr.)(*elis)àbele,whitepoplar';
afterBertoldi(ZfceltPh.17,184ff.)placesprotogall.*alisàlder'inmanyPNandFlN;besidesdie
laterdominantmeaning`servicetree'in*alisia,frz.alise,nhd.Else;illyr.-ligur.originisprovedthrough
frequentoccurenceinCorsica(FlNAliso,Alistroetc.,alzoàlder');comparegall.PNAlisia,FlN
Alisontia,frz.Aussonce,Auzance,nhd.Elsenz,etc.;
forGot.isaccordingtospan.alisoàlder'ein*alisaàlder'mustbeassumed;ahd.eliraandwith
metathesiserila,nhd.Eller,Erle,mndd.elre(*aliz),else(*alis),ndl.elsds.,altn.elrin.,elrirm.;alr,
lr(*aluz-)ds.,ags.alords.;idg.erootisguaranteedthroughaisl.jlstr(*elustr)àlder'andilstri
`willow,Salixpentandra'(*elistrio-;mhd.dial.hilster,halsterds.withsecondaryh,asschwed.
(h)ilster);anadj.formationisahd.erlnòfalder';perhapstocomparealsoags.ellen,ellern,engl.
elderèlder';
Itistobecomparedfurtherlit.alksnis,elksnis,lett.lksnis,ostlett.lksnis,ostlit.alksnis,Old
Prussianalskande(Hs.abskande)àlder',yetonewillhavetoassumevariousbasicforms*alsnia,
*elsnia(withablaut)and*alisnia(TrautmannBsl.Wb.6,yetcomparev.d.Osten-SackenIF.33,192).
ThesuffixfromOldPrussianalskanderemindsafterTrautmannanslav.*jagnd`blackpoplar';
alsotheSlavicshowsolde/o-ablaut;gobacktoslav.*jelcha(*elis):abg.jelchaàlder',bulg.
(j)elhds.;onslav.*olcha(*olis):poln.olcha,russ.lchaàlder'(dial.alsolcha,elcha,
volcha);
Maybealb.(*vel)veràlder':russ.dial.alsolcha,elcha,volchaàlder'[commonalb.protheticv-:
slav.j-beforebareinitialvowels].
slav.*jela,respectively*olaliesbeforeinskr.dial.jla(comparejljeàlderbush'from
*jelje),sloven.ja,dial.a,jads.,russ.dial.ola,olna,elnaandlena(compare
PedersenKZ.38,310,317).
AsderivedAdj.appearsbalt.-slav.*al(i)seina-:lit.alksnnis,ostlit.alksninis,abg.jelin(compare
ahd.erln).
2.èlm':elem-.
Lat.ulmusànelm,elm-tree'goestoidg.*ol-mo-sortozerogrades*l-m-sback;fullgrade(buts.S.
309)inmir.lemèlm'(*lemos).There,oneputsgall.Lemo-,Limo-etc.;cymr.llwyfèlm'fallsoutof
theframe,thatduetothebasicform*leimmustbeplacedprobablytoeli-`bend'(see309).
Comparefurtherahd.lmboumèlm',altn.almr(witho-grade),mnd.ags.elmds.;nhd.Ulme,mhd.
ulmboumshouldderivefromLat.(Kluge),whatisnotsureatall,becausecompareags.ulmtrow,
mnd.olm,sothatpossiblytheGerm.containsallthreeAbl.-gradescontains;russ.lim,G.l'maetc.
derivesfromGerm.
3.juniperandotherconifers:el-eu- , el-en-.
Arm.eevin,Gen.eevni`cedar';
perhapsgr.`fir,spruce'(*el-n-t);
lit.gliusm.(for*lusaftergl`fir')`juniper',lett.pa-eglef.ds.;
slav.*lovc`juniper'inech.jalovec,russ.jovecds.,besidesn-formsinwruss.jel-en-ecetc.
C.el- inanimalnames:
1.`deerandsimilartoanimal.`
a.withk -forms(germ.slav.olk i s ):
Ahd.lho,lahoèlk',ags.eolh,engl.elkds.;witho-gradation(*olks)anord.elgrds.;fromaninitial
stressedformgerm.*lisderiveslat.alcs,alcf.andgr.f.èlk';russ.los,ech.los,poln.
o,osorb.osèlk'(from*olkis);zerograde:OldIndianra-ya`maleantelope',pam.rus`wild
mountainsheep'.
b.stemel-en- , el-n - (eln `hind');zerogradel- n -:
Arm.en,Gen.ein`deer';
gr.m.f.`deer'(*eln-bho-s),`youngdeer'(*elno-s);
cymr.elain`hind'(*eln=abg.alni,lanids.),air.elit`roedeer'(*eln-t)perhapsalsomir.ellf.`herd'
(*eln);ablaut.*lon-ingl.lonm.èlk';gall.monthnameElembiu(:gr.);
lit.lnisandlnias,alit.ellenism.`deer'(outofitmhd.elent,nhd.Elen),lett.alnisèlk';
OldChurchSlavic(j)elen`deer'(olderconsonant-stem),russ.olnetc.
Femin.*eln-and*aln-`hind'in:
lit.lnandlnds.,OldPrussianalneànimal';
abg.alni,lani`hind'(=cymr.elain),russ.(withjunctionindie-Dekl.)lan,ech.lanetc.;
inadditionfurtherveryprobablyas*l-on-bho-s(withthesamesuffixas)alsogot.lamb
`sheep',anord.lamb`lamb,sheep',ahd.lamb`lamb'(mostlyneutr.-es-stem,whatappearsbasic
germ.innovationaftercalf);
Asrearrangementfrom*elen-understandsNiedermannIA.18,78f.gr.Hes.;lat.
(h)inuleusborrowedoutofit.
2.waterfowl:el- , ol- , withgutturalextensionorr- andu- stem.
Gr.1.f.àkindofowl,asmallmarshbird'(ton.`swamp,marsh');2.`rotfiger
Stelzenlufer'(notquitesupportedword,leg.);
lat.olor`swan'(*elr);
air.elae(*elouio-)ds.,withk-suffixacorn.elerhc,cymr.alarch(a-frome-,s.PedersenKG.I40);
olderschwed.andschwed.mdartl.alle,al(l)a,al(l)(finn.Lw.allo),schwed.written-linguisticalfgel
`long-tailedduck',norw.mdartl.hav-al,-ella;withidg.g - derivative:anord.alka`blackandwhiteNorth
Atlanticauk,razorbill,penguin';alkacouldalsobelongtoonomatopoeicwordrootsel-,ol-`cry'(see
306);
Maybealb.geg.alka,alk(*alkha)`whitecream,dirt,spot,fatofwool'.
becauseidg.-k(o)-suffixiscommoninanimalnames(abovecorn.elerhc),couldbealsoadded
perhaps:gr.`kingfisher'(lat.alcdoseemsreshapedoutofit),schweiz.wss-elgandbirchilgefromvariantkindsofduck.
3.`polecat'
Perhapsherethe1.componentfromahd.illi(n)tso,nhd.Iltisandahd.elledso(nhd.dial.elledeis),
ndd.llek`polecat',iffrom*illit-wso(tonhd.Wiesel);germ.*ella-from*elna-,becauseoftheredyellowhair;differentseesKluge11thereinahd.ellenti(fromelilenti,seeaboveS.25)`strange'.
References:
References:WP.I151f.,154f.,WH.I28,31,SpechtDekl.37,58f.,116,Trautmann6,68f.,
PokornyUrillyrier137f.
Page(s):
Page(s):302-304
Root/lemma: el-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolie
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ruhen'
Material:
Material:AfterPerssonWortf.743hasdefendedaidg.rootel-`rest'andbase*el-withconsecutive
pattern:OldIndianilyati`standsstill,getssomepeace'(iyatishouldbefaultyspelling),an-ilaya-
`restless,notstill',whereforeprobablyOldIndianalassìdle,tired,dull'(tos-stem*alas-`tiredness'
asrajass:rjas-;afterUhlenbeckWb.15belongsthoughalas-asa-lasa-`notawake,not
animated,notblithe'tolsati,s.las-`greedy,insatiable'),lit.als`tiredness',ilst,ilsti`becometired',
ilsios,ilstis`rest',tilsis`relaxation'.Thedissyllabicbasispoints,shows,evincesgr.`lie,
rest,bepowerless,hesitates,stops'.Thewholeconstructionisverydubious;compareabout
lei-2`crouch'andli-`slacken'.
References:
References:WP.I152.
Page(s):
Page(s):304-305
Root/lemma: el-3 :olEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`modrigsein,faulen'()
Note:
TheextensionofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:el-3 :ol- :
:`torot'intoelkh- causedk>p,bthenb>mb>m
phoneticmutations.
Material:
Material:Arootwithvariantdeterminativeroot.
withoutconservativeextensionseemstobethezerograderootinnorw.ul`becomemoldy',dial.also
`fillwithdisgust',schwed.ul`rancid'etc.,holl.uilig`decayed'(fromwood);derivedverbsarenorw.
schw.ula,altn.norw.schw.ulna.IfOldIndianla-n.,laka-(*l-n-ko-)`poison'belongshere,it
remainsdubious.
mabealb.helm`healingdrug,posion,medicine,herb'similartoSanskritla-`poison'.obviouslyalb.
haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
clearlyalb.showsthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:al-2 :
:(togrow;tobear;grove)derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
el-3 :ol- : (torot,poison).
gutturalextensionliesbeforein:
OldIndianrj-`viscous,smooth,slippery',lat.algaf.`seaweed,kelp'from*elg(compareags.
ws`slime,mud,dampness':engl.woos`seaweed')andverynumerousgerm.,esp.skand.-isl.
forms,as:norw.dial.ulka`fester,disgust',refl.`starttorot',ulka`mildew,adhesivemucus;repulsive,
uncleanwoman',etc.hereuponalsodn.ulk`bullhead',norw.ulk`toadfish',furthernorw.dial.olga
`feeldisgust,nausea',elgja`wanttovomit'etc.,isl.alsola(*alhian);norw.dial.alka`pollute,litter',
ndd.alken`touchimpurethings,stepondirt';-skshowdn.dial.alske`pollute',ndd.alschen,fries.
alsk,lskìmpure,unclean,spoil'etc.
Maybealb.alka`floatingcream,woolfat,dirt,stain'
Thatlat.ulva(*oleu)`swamp-grass,sedge'moreoverbelongs,isveryprobably;lit.lksna`puddle'
couldgobackto*olg-sn.
Dentalextensionappearsin:
arm.at(*d-)`smut,filth',atiur,etiur(underelteur)`damplowland,depression'.Inadditionaltnord.
ldna`mildew',ahd.oltar`dirtcrumb',probablyalsoanord.ylda`mustinesssmell'.
m -formantisfoundin:
norw.dial.ulma`mildew',ndd.ostfries.olm,ulm`decay,esp.inwood',mnd.ulmich`frettedfrom
decay',mhd.ulmicds.;lit.elms,almens`theliquidflowingfromthecorpse'.
bh-extensionliesinarm.ab`filth'before.
References:
References:WP.I152f.,WH.I28f.,PeterssonHeterokl.165f.
Page(s):
Page(s):305
Root/lemma: el-4 ,olEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expressiveroot,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzel
Material:
Material:Arm.amuk`din,fuss,noise,agitationetc.`(*lmo-),alavt`-k`ìmploration',olb`lament',
olok`ùrgentrequest';
gr.`lamenter,effeminateperson',`wailing,lament',`lamenting',
`lament';perhapsalson.`dirge',m.,latern.`pity';
asl.jalmr`din,fuss,noise',jalma`shout,makeaharshnoise,hiss,whiz,rattle,crack,creak,rustle,
clatter,tinkle,jingle,chink',norw.mdartl.jalm,jelm`clangor',schwed.mdartl.jalm`scream,harsh
sound';norw.mdartl.alka`startstocomplain',ostfries.ulken`drivetoconfusion,cry,mock,scoff'
(nhd.ulken),schwed.dial.alken`begintogrowl';
lit.nualdti`sound',algti`summon,name';
perhapsbelongalsothenamesforwaterfowlfromarootel-,ol-here(yets.S.304);somewhat
differentisthesensationvaluefromul-.
References:
References:WP.I153f.,PisaniArmen.8f.
Page(s):
Page(s):306
Root/lemma: el-5 ,ol- (*hel -)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todestroy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vernichten,verderben'
Material:
Material:Arm.een,Gen.eean`misfortune';oormùnlucky';
gr.`spoil'(*-:-),Fut.,Perf.(olderintrans.)etc.,afterSchwyzer
Gr.Gr.I747-insteadof*-afterthecausative*;`destroy',m.`ruin';
afterLoth(RC40,371)herembret.el-boet`hunger'(toboet`nourishment,food'),bret.(Vannes)olbuid`lackoffood',ol-argant`lackofmoney'etc.,perhapsalsoair.el-tes`lukewarm'(tes`heat');
aboutlat.abole`todestroy,abolish,efface,putoutoftheway,annihilate's.WH.I4f.;ifel-liesasa
basisforrootselg-,elk-
possiblyhitt.hu-ul-la-a-i`hedefeats,destroys',CouvreurH134f.,differentHendriksen,
Laryngaltheorie27,47.
References:
References:WP.1159f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I361,363,696,747,PeterssonHeterokl.159.
Page(s):
Page(s):306
Root/lemma: el-6 ,el- :l- ;el-eu-(dh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrive;tomove,go
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treiben,inBewegungsetzen;sichbewegen,gehen'
Material:
Material:Arm.eanimÌbecome',Aor.1.Sg.e(*eei),2.Sg.eer,3.Sg.eeu-,elanemÌriseup,
climb,ascend,comeout,emerge',3.Sg.Aor.el;inadditioneluziÌmadespry,animated'(*el-oughe-),thereaftereluzanemÌmakecomeout';
gr.-inImper.koisch,Fut.(*),Aor.andpoet.`drive';
suppletiveto(seeunderkelt.el-),Fut.att.,Aor.;mostly`drive,travel'(froma
noun*--,BrugmannGrundriII,1,321);
withdh -extension`come':Aor.(from),outofitdor.etc.;Perf.hom.,
att.;Fut.ion.;aboutPerf.(*elu-),adj.-`someonewho
comes',,-ds.,s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I7042,7697;
oneplacesstillhere`send,throw,cast'(*i-el-i),Aor.hom.,dor.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
648,717);butOldIndianyarti`heexcites,stirs'belongsrathertoer-1 ;
air.luid`walked'(*ludh-e),3.Pl.lotar(*ludh-ont-r);asinGr.issuppliedinKelt.a-`drive,push'byel,however,partlyalsotherootpel- `tobeat,strike,knock,push,drive,hurl,impel,propel'has
coincided(seethere),socertainlyinair.Fut.eblaid`willdrive,push'(from*pi-pl-s-e-ti),Fut.sek.dieblad`wouldwrest';
el-appearsinBrit.onlyinsubjunctive:present1.Sg.mcymr.el(h)wyf,3.Sg.el,Corn.1.Sg.yllyf,3.
Sg.ello,mbr.3.Sg.meayelÌwillgo'(isremovedhiatus;lhandllgobacktol+intervocalics);
perhapsherediegall.FlNElaver>Elaris>frz.Allier(*l-uer-:*el-uen-,seeabove)and
Elantia>nhd.Elz;
perhapsinadditionasno-participle()ags.lane,-uf.àlley,way',anord.ln`lineofhouses',etc.
Aboutanord.elta`press,pursue,driveaway'(*alatjan)s.Falk-pm.Nachtr.
References:
References:WP.I155f.,MeilletBSL.26,6f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I213,507,5214,681f.
Page(s):
Page(s):306-307
Root/lemma: el-7 ,el- ,with-k- extensionelk- ,elkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hungry,bad
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hungrig,schlecht'()
Material:
Material:Air.elc`mad,wicked,evil'(butolcds.,Gen.uilcplaces*ulko-ahead!);aboutlat.ulciscor
`toavengeoneselfon,takevengeanceon,punish,recompense'seeunderelkos- ;
perhapsanord.illr`mad,wicked,evil'(*elhila-);
lit.lkti,lett.alkt(besidess-alkt)`starve'(*olk-),OldPrussianalkns,lit.lkanas`sober';
OldChurchSlaviclaandal,lakatiandalkati,sloven.lkati`starve',ech.lakati`long,want',
wherethestemslav.*lkaderivesfromPrter.;inadditiontheadjectivesOldChurchSlaviclan,
aln,ech.lan`hungry'andOldChurchSlaviclakom`hungry',ech.lakom`greedy',etc.
Maybealb.lakmi`desire,hunger'.
References:
References:WP.I159f.,Trautmann6f.
Page(s):
Page(s):307
Root/lemma: el-8 ,el i - ,l i Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobow,bend;elbow,*rainbow
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:A.Herenamespositionthemselvesatfirstforèlbow'andùlna,ell':
Gr.èlbow',,-ds.;(from-throughremotedissimilation,
compareBrugmannBer.d.schs.Ges.d.W.1901,31ff.)`thepointoftheelbow';
Hes.;
lat.ulna(from*olin)èlbow,arm;anell';
air.uilennèlbow',mir.uillindèlbow'(-ll-from-ln-thesyncopatedcase,comparePedersenKG.II
59),cymr.elin,acorn.elin,bret.ilinèlbow'(*oln);
Got.:aleinaùlna,ell'showsthesamelongmiddlevowel,however,germ.formshaveremainingshort
middlevowel:ags.eln(engl.ell),ahd.elina,mhd.elline,elne,nhd.Elle;Altnord.showsform
variegation:aisl.seldomalen(anorw.alsoalun)withpreservedmiddlevowel,otherwiseln,eln(ln,
ln);
simpleroot*l-inOldIndianaratn-m.èlbow',av.arna-ds.fr-rni-ùlna,ell',Oldpers.
aranids.;
inalb.lrgeg.lansàrmfromelbowtowrist,ell'(*len;yetcomparePedersenKZ.33,544)lacks
theanlautvowel.
Note:alb.geg.lansèll'derivedfromzerogradeof*alana èlbow'
B.Thesamerootplacedfurthermorein:OldIndianm.`pin,legpartabouttheknee'(*rni-,idg.
*lni-or*lni-),arla`bent,curved',rtnèndofcurve',probablyalsoinalaka-`hairlock',perhaps
inlavlam`VertiefungumdieWurzeleinesBaumes,umdasfrdenBaumbestimmteWasser
einzufangen';
arm.on(Gen.oin)`dorsalvertebrae,backbone,spine,shoulder',ulu`backbone,spine,shoulder'
(fromidg.*olen,respectively*len);furtherarm.aen(Gen.aean)`bow,rainbow',il(Gen.iloy)
`spindle,arrow,Spille'(*lo-),ilikds.;
cymr.olwyn(*olein)`wheel';
germ.ablaut.*luni-inahd.as.mhd.lunàxlepin,linchpin',nhd.Lonnagel,compareahd.luning
`linchpin',ags.lyni-bor`borer',nexttowhichas-derivativeags.lynis,aschs.lunisa,mnd.lns(e),
nhd.Lnse;
lit.lusàxlepin'(SpechtDekl.100,125,163);
abg.lanita`cheek'(*olnita).
C.furtherformations l - q -:
1.Innamesforelbow,arm,nowandthenalsootherbodyparts:
Arm.olok``shinbone,leg'(*eloq-or*oloq-);
gr.[],Hes.;
lit.olektisf.,lett.ulektsèll'(originallyconservativestem*lekt-);
Maybealb.ulok`lame':mir.losc`lame'
OldPrussianwoaltis,woltisùlna,ell,forearm'(*lkt-);lit.alkn,elknf.,OldPrussianalkunis
èlbow',lett.lksn.lkuonsds.,abg.lakt,russ.lkotùlna,ell'(*olk-t);russ.dial.alik()
ànkle,anklebone;heel'.
2.Gr.`bent,dislocated,slantwise'(mir.losc`lame'),`slant,skew,quer'(*-),
`quer',`quer'(diss.from*,SaussureMSL.7,91,HirtIF.12,226;whoseiof
thefirstsyllableprobablyratherfromassimilatedaswith=e,asindeed:)Hes.besides
`theprongsofdeerantlers',,Hes.,asìncurvation,trough'n.,,
`trough,platter';
cymr.llechwedd`slope,inclination',gall.Lexovii,LixoviiVN;mir.losc`lame';
lat.licinus`bentorturnedupward,havingcrookedhorns'(from*lecinos),lanx,-cisàplate,platter;
thescaleofabalance'(probablyalsolacusetc.,s.*laqu-);
quitedubiousistheinterpretationfromabg.lono`bosom,lap'etc.from*loq-s-no-ìncurvation',also
frombulg.lnecetc.`pot,pan'fromloq-s-no-(seeBerneker732).
D.Tol i - `bend'belongalso:
Perhapsgot.undarleija`lowest,faintest';
lett.leja`valley,lowland,depression',lej`situatedlow'.
1.Withm -suffixes:
presumablygr.`meadow'(`*lowland,depression,indentation'),`harbor',thess.`market'
(`*bay'),`sea,pond,pool'(`*immersion,depressionbentinwards,dent');
cymr.llwyfèlm'(*leim),nir.PNLiamhain(to*lamhds.),perhapszerogrademir.lemds.(*limo-),
nir.PNLeamhain(whethernotfrom*lemo-,seeunderel-1 );
lat.lmus`sidelong,askew,aslant,askance;anaproncrossedwithpurple;slime,mud,mire',lmesitisàpath,passage,road,way,track',osk.limtmàpath,passage,road,way,track',lmen
`doorsill'(`*crossbar,crossbeam');
anord.limr(u-stem)f.`limb,member,thintwig,branch'(`*pliable'),limf.ds.,limn.`thefinebranches
whichcarrythefoliage',ags.limn.`limb,member,twig,branch',zerogradeanord.lmim.`trunk,
Krperstatur'(lit.liemum.`treetruck,Krperstatur',originally`roundtimber,curvature').
Maybealb.geg.(*lemes)lamsh`ballof(pliable)wool,globeofearth,pool,spellet'.
2.Withr -suffix:perhapsalb.klirt`valley'fromprefixk+lir.
3.Witht -suffixes:
lat.lituusàcrookedstaffbornebyanaugur,augur'scrook,crosier,auguralwand'(beingbasedon
*li-tu-s `curvature');
got.lius`limb,member',anord.lir(u-stem)`joint,limb,member,curvature,bay',ags.li,liou-m.,
as.lith`joint,limb,member',ahd.lid,mhd.lit,lidesm.n.`ds.,part,piece'(s-stem),whereforeanord.
lia`bend,bow',ags.liian`dismember,separate',ahd.lidn`cutinpieces'aswellasanord.liugr
`(flexible)alittlebitmovable,free,unhindered',mhd.ledecàvailable,single,free,unhindered';
toch.ABlit-`goaway,die,tumble,falldown'.
E.gutturalextensions:
Lat.oblquus`sidelong,slanting,awry,oblique,crosswise,skew'(-uo-couldbesuffix,compare
curvus),liquisds.(probablywith),lciumìnweaving,thethrumorperhapsaleash;ingen.,athread,
acrossthread;plur.,thewoof'(`*weft'),lixulaeàroundpancakemadeofflour,cheese,andwater';
perhapscymr.llwyg(*lei-ko-)`balkyhorse',bret.loeg-rinànaskancelook'(LothRC42,370f).
References:
References:WP.I156ff.,WH.I744,761,798.
Page(s):
Page(s):307-309
Root/lemma: e-3 ,ei- ,i- ,fem.- (*e(h)om)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:this,etc.(demonstrativestem);one
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:e-3 ,ei- ,i- ,fem.- :
:`this,etc.(demonstrativestem);one'derivedfromthereduced
Root/lemma: e- ,e(h)om ,e :
:Ì'.Indiclanguagesdisplay-->-y-,Germanic-->-g-,Italich->-cc,kk-,Slavic-h->-d-phoneticmutation.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:paradigmatischverbundenePronominalstamme`the,er'
Note:
Note:(e,iprobablyoriginallydemonstrativeparticle).Toi-isjoinedtherelativestemi o -.
Summarizingrepresentationofferesp.BrugmannDem.32ff.,BSGW.60,41ff.,Grundr.II22,324ff.,
PedersenPron.dm.311ff.
Material:
Material:A.case-by-caseusedforms:
OldIndianaym`he'=gthav.m,jav.am(afterahmÌ'widenedar.*ai=idg.*ei;idg.*eiofstem
e-,as*qo-iofstemko-,notlengthenedgradetoi-);OldIndianidmìt'(withoutthesecondary-amextensionOldIndiant,av.itasemphasizingparticle),OldIndianiym(extendedfrom*-)=av.m
(i.e.iym),Oldpers.iyam`she',Akk.Sg.m.OldIndianimm(extendedfrom*im)=Oldpers.imam
(thatafterf.immetc.),Gen.m.n.asy,sya=av.ahe,fem.OldIndianasy=av.aih,Dat.m.
n.asm,smi=av.ahmi,Gen.Pl.m.n.m=av.am,Dat.Abl.Pl.m.OldIndianbhy=
av.aibyetc.;gthav.as[-it],eachoncen.Sg.m.;ofstem-Pl.fem.Gen.OldIndiansm=av.
hm,Dat.Abl.bhy=av.byetc.
Maybealb.(*aym)ay,ai`he',ayo,ajo`she':OldIndianaym`he'
Kpr.`him,her'(seemsalsoin,blocked,s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6081);herelesb.thess.hom.
(*ii)òne,asingle'(originally`justthis,onlythis'),hom.,,thereafteralson.hom.;
differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.I588(*s[m]is).
lat.is`he',idìt'Nom.Sg.m.(oldalsos,inschr.eis,eisdem,providedeitherwith-sidg.*ei=Old
Indianay-m,asoneconsidersalsoforumbr.ereandcertainforir.(h)`he'suchabasicform
*eis,orreshuffledofisaftereiius,e(i));Akk.altlat.im(=gr.)andem,doubledemem`thesame,at
thesametime'(fromtheparallelsteme-)=Adv.em`then,atthattime,inthosetimes'and*imin
interimàtthesametime,meanwhile,inthemeantime',inde`fromthatplace,thence',Dat.Abl.Pl.
bus(:OldIndianbhy);osk.iz-io`he',idic,dkìt'(theaffix-k,-icisitselfthesolidifiedadverb
fromn.*id+*ke),osk.s-d-um`thesame'andesdumds.,umbr.er-e`he'ers-eer-eìt',umbr.Dat.
Sg.esmei,esmik,Gen.Pl.osk.eisun-k,umbr.esom(=OldIndianm);
thereoutastem*eiso-wouldbededucedbesidesinNom.-Akk.-forms,e.g.osk.eizois`withthem',
umbr.eruku`withit',however,itistobereckonedafterallwithanoldn.*ed,comparelat.ecce
`behold!lo!see!'(probablyfrom*edke)=osk.ekk-um(*ed-ke-um)`likewise,besides,also,further,
moreover,too,aswell',andperhapsAkk.md,td,sd,iffrom*m,*t,*s+ed,althoughthis
assumesonlyamoresolidifiedadverb*ed;
ital.eo-,e,inOsk.-Umbr.onlyinNom.(besidesSg.m.n.)andAkk.,inLat.mainlyinalmostallcase
oblique(onlyeiusfrom*esio-s,thereafterDat.eistandsapart),e.g.lat.ea`she',eam`her',osk.ik,
ioc`she',ionc`him',undeream`her',havederivedfromOldIndianNom.ay-mcorrespondingform
*e(i)om,becauseoftheirending-omwouldbeperceivedasAkk.andentailedeam`her'etc.
iambyVarro1.1.5,166and8,44probablyspellingmistakefoream`her'.-FromLat.hereipse`self,
inperson'from*-ispse(becauseofalat.fem.eapse),is-te(however,ille`that,thatyonder,thatone;
emphatically,thatwell-known;theformer,(sometimesthelatter)'onlyafterwardsreshuffledollus),
compareumbr.estu`thatofyours,thatbesideyou';
air.(h)`he'(probably*eis),seeabove;ed(hed)ìt'(from*id=got.ita,wherewithformal
identicalOldIndianid`now,yet';butlit.tad`then'requiredbecauseofostlit.tadanauslautin
nasal);Nom.Pl.(h)m.f.n.=mkymr.wy(hwynt-wy)probablyatleastpartlyfromidg.*ei
(additionalinformationbyThurneysenGr.283),Akk.Sg.bret.en`him,it'(prefixed),cymr.e(also),ir.
-an-(also),-i(suffixedafterverbs;afterprepositionspartlyalso,e.g.airifrom*ari-enònhim',partly
onlymoreashavingalastingsofteningeffect,e.g.foirfrom*uoren),Gen.Sg.*esio,f.*esis`his,
her',proklit.a,olderpartlystille,;cymr.*ei-aftertheexampleoftheconjugatedprepositionto
differentiatedmcymr.eidaw,f.eidi,wherewithidenticalair.a`his,its'(len.)and`her'(geminated),
cymr.corn.y,bret.e,etc.;aboutair.accentuatedi,e`his,her'andDat.Pl.-ibs.ThurneysenGr.
285;
got.is`he',Akk.ina,neutr.ita(seeabove)ìt'(inadditionnewformedpluralforms:got.eisfrom
*eies,Akk.ins,Dat.im,ahd.as.im)ahd.er,ir,Akk.in-an,in;n.iz;as.ina,n.it;anord.Relative
particlees,er,run.eR;ofsteme-:Gen.Sg.got.m.is,f.izos,ahd.m.n.es(is),f.ira(iru),as.es(is),
era(ira);Gen.Pl.got.ize,izo,as.ahd.iro;Dat.Sg.f.got.izai,ahd.(withotherending)iru;m.n.got.
imma,ahd.imu,imo,as.imu;ofstem-got.Akk.ija(ahd.siaetc.withs-suggestionafterNom.s),
whereuponnewformedpluralforms,got.Nom.Akk.ijs(ahd.sio);
lit.js`he',Akk.j(toanl.j-s.BrugmannGrundr.II22,331),fem.j,Akk.j(js,jaetc.);
butOldChurchSlavicAkk.Sg.f.j,Nom.Akk.Pl.f.j(abouttheothercases.BrugmannaaO.),
Akk.Sg.m.-(j)invidity-j`seeshim',v-`tohim'etc.(aboutfurtherslav.supplementary,e.g.jak
ìnterrog.ofwhatkind;relat.ofthekindthat,suchas;indef.havingsomequalityorother.Adv.
qualiter,as,justas',jelikìnterrog.howgreat;exclam.howgreat!;interrog.howmuch;exclam.
howmuch!;relat.asmuchas;forhowmuch,atwhatprice;byhowmuch',s.Berneker416f.)rather
fromidg.io-;
accordingtoPedersenHitt.58f.shouldcontainthePron.-a`he'etc.einoinablauttoidg.*esioetc.
();sincestemi-hasprobablypreservedn.itìt'inassociationwithnettaàndasyou'(*nuitta)
(FriedrichHeth.Elem.I27);comparehierogl.hitt.is`this',Akk.jan.
B.Relativestemi o -:
OldIndianys,y,yd,av.y,gr.,,`who,what,which,theonethat',phryg.()`whoever',
slav.*ia-inie,f.jaeetc.,balt.underslav.inthesolidifiedformofadjective,e.g.lit.gers-is,Old
Prussianpirmann-ien,-in,OldChurchSlavicdobry-j(seeBerneker416f.,Trautmann105f.).
Dubious(lit.je`whatif,when',got.jabai`whatif,when')s.byBrugmannII22,347f.(Lit.);Celticby
PedersenKG.II235,ThurneysenGr.323,however,cymr.acannotbelongtoit.
comparativeOldIndianyatar-,av.yatra-,gr.(kret.gort.)òneortheotheroftwo';compare
OldIndianyvat,gr.,dor.(*:F)àslongas',OldIndianydìnasmuch,as'=gr.às';s.
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I528,614f.
C.particlesandadverbs:
Aboutthenominalandadverbialparticle,seeaboveS.280f.
e-,e-,-Augment(`*then,atthattime')OldIndiana-(also-,e.g.-vrak),av.a-,arm.e-(e.g.e-lik`=
-),gr.-(also-,e.g.hom.F).
e- inOldIndiana-su`that'(besidesav.hu),a-d`that;there',a-dy,a-dy`today(thispresent
day)'(stemcompound),ha`certainly,yes';
arm.etè(besidestè)`that,intheeventthat';
gr.-,-,-(besides);
osk.etanto,umbr.e-tantu`,ofsuchasize,sogreat;as,sofar;forsomuch,worthsomuch;byso
much',osk.pl.e-co`this,thisone;thispresent;here;inthisplace,inthismatter;hereupon',osk.
exo-(*e-ke-so)`this,thisone;thispresent;here;inthisplace,inthismatter;hereupon';
OldChurchSlavic(j)e-se`behold!lo!see!'(besidesseds),aruss.ose,russ.-to`there,that,that
here',-tot`thathere,that,this'(besidestot`that');serb.bulg.e-to`there,that'(etc.,s.Berneker259
f);
Maybealb.a-t`that,theonethere',a-tof.`they',a-tam.`they',a-tje`there'aìnterrogativeparticle';
encliticparticleofgen.and(attribute)adj.m.i(fromhe),f.e(fromshe).
insecuregot.ibai,ibainterrogativeparticle,ahd.ibu,oba,as.anord.efìf'and`whether',ags.gif,
engl.ifds.;
about*eno-ingr.etc.seespecialheadword.
Toe-alsothecomparativeformationav.atra-`this,theonefromthetwo,theother',ds.,alb.jt()r
òther',umbr.etro-òther',lat.incterus`theother,therest;Acc.n.sing.asadv.otherwise,
moreover,but',OldChurchSlaviceter,jeter`whoever',Pl.jeteri(ji)`some,few',nsorb.wtery.
Note
Note:
Alb.andSlavicusej-forthelostlaryngeal-.
ed (Nom.Akk.Sg.n.):aboutlat.ecce,mdseeabove;av.attotheemphasisoftheprecedingword
(asit,seeunder;BartholomaeAltiran.Wb.67);probablyalsoinOldChurchSlavicjed-in,-
`someone'as`*just,onlyone';whetheralsoChurchSlavicjede,kyjàcertain,akindof,asone
mightsay'fromdoubled*ed-edorafterideinattachedending*ed(Berneker261,disputedfrom
BrcknerKZ.45,302,compareMeilletSlavecomm.2444.)
d andd (Abl.):OldIndiant`therefore,next;and;(insubsequentclause)so',av.at`next,
therefore,then;and;but;since',ostlit.àndbut'(OldChurchSlaviciànd'israther*ei),lit.ànd,
but'=OldChurchSlavica`but'.
ei (Lok.):gr.`*so,if,whether'(-`then,next',-`wouldthat!',-(compareel.-)àfter
that,after,since,when',-`thereupon';besidesdial.,Lok.off.stem,andInstr.ìf';Old
ChurchSlaviciànd,also'(comparetiànd'ofstem*to-;fromBrcknerKZ.46,203placedagainstit
=lit.te),got.-eirelativeparticle(compareeiofstem*to-insamemeaning),e.g.sa-ei`who,what,
which,theonethat',afterJunkerKZ.43,348alsoarm.Abl.-ending-.Seealsounder-.
em (alat.em,seeaboveS.282)liesbeforeingr.`there,tothere,atthattime',rel.`where,
whereto,where,whence',`there,fromthere,fromwhere'etc.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I628);about
air.andseeaboveS.37andcomparekypr..
e-tos :OldIndianta`fromhere'(seeundereti).
i:probablyinLok.inidg.-i;furtherthebaseofthecomparativeformation*i-tero-:OldIndianitara`theother'(neuiran.equivalentbyBartholomaeIF.38,26f.);
lat.terumàgain,asecondtime,oncemore,anew';furtherinOldIndianivaàs'(compareaboveFàs');ingr.-ànd'(compare-).
i-dha andi-dhe:
OldIndianih,prkr.idha,av.ia`here';
gr.`(*borninlawfulwedlock,legitimate;bornhere',hence:)inborn,lawfullyborn'(about
s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I448);
lat.ibìnthatplace,there'(thesounddevelopmentdhtof,bafterub;inauslautdirectedafterthe
locativetheo-stem),umbr.ifeìnthatplace,there',ifontìnthesameplace,inthatveryplace,just
there,onthespot'(ar.andital.formscouldcontainthemselvesalso-dhe,compareOldIndianku-ha
=OldChurchSlavick-de`where'[alb.kudoèverywhere'],s-de`here'andSchwyzerGr.Gr.I
6274);
mcymr.yd,ncymr.yddverbalparticle,corn.yz,yth-,bret.ez-(seePedersenKG.II234,LewisPedersen243,ThurneysenGr.324f.);inadditionalsoair.prefixed-id-from*id(h)eor*id(h)i.
i-t(h)-: OldIndianitth,itthd`here,there',av.i`so',OldIndianitthm`so'andwith-t-(-tor-ti)
OldIndianti`so';lat.ita`so',itemàlso,likewise',umbr.itekìnthismanner,inthiswise,insucha
way,so,thus,accordingly,ashasbeensaid',mcymr.preverbyt-,ncymr.yd-,e.g.inyryd-wyfÌam';
lit.dial.it`byallmeans;as',t,t`completely,verymuch',lett.it,itin`surely,just'.
(stressedtothestrengtheningofadeixisword,unstressedbehindarelativelyusedword):
OldIndian(alsom),av.emphasizingpostpositive,afterrelativeinved.yad-;
gr.-,-(=OldIndianmorpreviouslynewextensionfrom-),-:,el.-;
umbr.probablyinpo-eiìnterrog.adj.whichwhatwhatkindof;exclam.,what!;indef.any,some;
relat.who,which,what,that;interrog.inwhatmannerhow;relat.wherewith,wherefrom;indef.
somehow'(etc.),lat.inut`how(interrog.andexclam);relat.as,inwhateverway;as,asbeing;as
when,while,since,when;where;how;othat;grantedthat;sothat,namelythat;final,inorderthat;
that,to;that...not'(from*uta-);
air.(h)deixisparticleandparticlebeforerelativeclauses;
got.-eiRelativeparticleinsa-ei,izei,ik-eiwhereasprobablyidg.*ei,seeabove;
OldChurchSlavicintensifyinginto-i(seeBerneker416),OldChurchSlavicei`yes,indeed'(
Berneker296).
Alsoin1.partfromOldIndian-drc-`lookingso,resemblingso',lit.-paiai`particularly,specially,
especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably',y-pats`lonely,only,apart,
peculiarly'.
Doubtful,iffromidg.*eior:ags.dgesòfthesameday',sies`tosametime',lca(*-lca)`the
same',wherewithperhapsanord.dag`today'(althoughunderstoodaspreposition)andrefined
afterwardsgr`yesterday',fjràyearago,lastyear'interrelate;
Itisuncleari(Lok.fem.inadverbialsolidification)inOldIndianimaadv.`thisyear',meaning
`justthisyear-thesame'asgr.,s.SchulzeKZ.42,96=Kl.Schr.5396,HolthausenKZ.47,
310,JunkerKZ.43,438f.,withOldIndianwordsalsoarm.aimcombinedfrom*aiam.Thesame
asmentionedbeforearm.demonstrativesais,aid,ai-ncontain*iinconjunctionwithPron.-stem
*ko-,*to-,*no-(Junker.);compareBenvenisteOrigines129ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I548f.
i m (=Akk.Sg.f.):lat.iam`now,bynow,already;offuturetime,immediately,presently,soon;
henceforth;further,moreover;just,indeed',got.ja,ahd.jìndeed';withtheendingofLok.Sg.in
*-ou-theu-stem:*iou,*iuàlready'(fromKretschmerKZ.31,466placedagainstitto*ieu-`new'):lit.
jaàlready',lett.ju,OldChurchSlavicjuàlready',zerogradegot.ahd.as.ags.juàlready'(the
formationissimilartogot.au,au-h,ags.ea-h,OldIndiant`but'tostem*to-).
i i (==Lok.Sg.f.):got.jai`yea,intruth,indeed',nhd.j(jeh),umbr.ieperhaps`now,bynow,
already;offuturetime,immediately,presently,soon;henceforth;further,moreover;just,indeed'in
iepru,iepi;butcymr.ie(disyllabic)`yes,indeed'frommcymr.-ef`this(is)it'.
D.compositionsandderivatives(notclassedabovethusfar):
OldIndian,-,-tt,av.-,ata-`hehimself'(*ei-so,-to-,whilearm.aidfrom*i-to-,see
above;osk.umbr.eiso-,ero-againstitfromGen.Pl.*eism);
(m)arm.isa,ita,inaDemin.from*ei-ko-,-to-,-no-(JunkerKZ.43,346f.);
OldIndian-v,-v-m`so',whereforewiththemeaning-development`justinsuchaway,justhimonlyhim-only,one';
av.ava-,Oldpers.aiva-òne,solely,only',gr.,kypr.F`byhimself,only'(idg.*oiue,*oiuos);
s.alsoaboveS.75.
oi-nos: OldIndianna-`he'(couldalsobe*ei-no-);
arm.-intheidentityadverbandrnìbid',astn`justhere',perhapsalsotheidentitypronounso-in
`thesamehere',do-in`thesamethere',noin`thesamethere'(`justhim,oneandthesame';*oino-s
atfirstton,stillinthemeaning`god',d.h.`theone',andinso-inetc.weakenedto-in,JunkerKZ.
43,342;forso-inhealsoconsiders*ko-+nos);differentMeilletEsquisse88;
gr.,òneinthedice';
lat.nus,oldoinos;
air.enòne';cymr.bret.corn.unòne,a(alsoindefinitearticle)';
got.ains,ahd.ein,anord.einn(herebelongsaltnord.einka`particularly,specially,especially,
particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably'andfurtherekkja`widow',ekkill
`widower');
OldPrussianains(f.ain)òne',ablaut.lit.nasandnas`surely,really';besideswithprfig.particle
():
lit.venas,lett.vinsòne'(becauseoflit.vivenelisàllalone,completely'from*einos),ablaut.lett.
vi`he'(*vinias;compareskr.nfrom*ino-);s.Trautmann3,EndzelinLett.Gr.356,381f.
Maybealb.(*vinias)vet`hehimself,sheherself;self,inperson',vetmòne,aloneunique'[common
alb.n>nt>tphoneticmutation].
OldChurchSlavicinòne;onlyone;oneandthesame'andànother,other,different',ino-rog
ùnicorn',vinònandon,always',inokàlone,only,single,sole'(=got.ainaha`solely,unique',
lat.nicus,anord.einga,ags.nga,ahd.einac,as.nag,nhd.einig),nexttowhichOldChurch
Slavicjed-in(to1.part,probablyidg.*ed,seeabove)òne',fromwhichbyshorteninginlonger
inflectionformse.g.jednogo(inscribedjednogo),russ.odin,odnogo.
Note:
Thisisallwrongetymology.Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:e-3 ,ei- ,i- ,fem.- :
:`this,etc.(demonstrativestem);
one'derivedfromthereducedRoot/lemma:
:Ì'.Indiclanguagesdisplay-->
-y-,Germanic-->-g-,Italic-h->-cc,kk-,Slavic-h->-d-phoneticmutation.
OldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:jedinòne'[numo];jednòne'[numo]derivedfrome(h)omn [common
balt.-illyr.-h->-d-phoneticmutation.CommonprotheticSlavicj-,BalticIllyrianv-standforthelost
laryngeal-.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*(h)omn )njòne'similartoalb.njoh(*n-sk)`know'.
Withformants-ko-(asOldIndiandvik`consistingoftwo')OldIndianka-òne;onlyone;oneand
thesame',katya`theone',urind.(inhitt.Text)aikavartanaàspin,onerotation'(KretschmerKZ.
55,93);aboutlat.nicus,got.ainaha,OldChurchSlavicinokseeabove
Maybecompoundalb.geg.(*nieuka)nuk,tosk.nuku,nuk`(*notone)no,not'
Withformants-go-got.ainakls`single,spouseless'(alsoaboveanord.einkaetc.),ChurchSlavic
inog`solitary,ofmalebeastswhichhavebeendrivenfromtheherd:hence,savage,ferocious,a
griffinordragon';s.Feist22f.
Similarrevertingtogetherwithe-(e.g.OldIndianasu)andi-(OldIndianima,arm.ainetc.)
seeabove.
ItseemsthatrootlemmafornumberonespreadspreadfromIndoEuropeantoDravidian,thentoto
Semitic:
Indo-European
Germanic:
Germanic:OldGermanic+*ainaz,Western:OldEnglish+n,MiddleEnglish+an,English
Englishone,
Scotsane,OldFrisian+en,W.Frisianien,Frisian(Saterland)aan,Dutch
Dutcheen,W/SFlemishin,
Brabantsin,LowSaxoneen,Emslandein,MennonitePlautdietscheen,Afrikaans
Afrikaanseen,German
German
eins,CentralBavarianoans,Swabianoes,Alsatianeins,Cimbrianan,Rimellaais,Rheinfrnkisch
ns,Pennsylvaniaeens,Luxembourgeoiseent,SwissGermaneis,Yiddisheyns,MiddleHigh
German+ein,OldHighGerman+ein,Northern:Runic+inn,OldNorse+einn,Norwegian
Norwegianen(Ny.
ein),Danish
Danishn,Swedish
Swedishen,Faroeseein,OldIcelandic+einn,Icelandiceinn,Eastern:Gothic+
ains,Crimean+ene,Italic:
Italic:Oscan+uinus,Umbrian+uns,Latin+u:nus,Romance:Mozarabic+uno,
Portuguese
Portugueseum,Galicianun,Spanish
Spanishuno,Ladinounu,Asturianuno,Aragoneseun,Catalan
Catalanun,
Valencianu,OldFrench+un,French
Frenchun,Walloononk,Jrriaisieune,Poitevinin,OldPicard+ung,
Picardin,Occitan
Occitan(Provenal)un,Lengadocianun,Gasconun,Auvergnatvun,Limosinun,FrancoProvenal(Vaudois)on,RumantschGrischunin,Sursilvanin,Valladern,Friulianu~ng,Ladinun,
Dalmatian+join,Italian
Italianuno,Piedmontesen,Milanesevun,Genoveseun,Venetianon,Parmesan
von,Corsicanunu,Umbrianunu,Neapolitanun,Sicilianunu,Romanian
Romanianunu,Arumanianunu,
Megleniteunu,Istriotur,Sardinian
Sardinianunu,Celtic:
Celtic:Proto-Celtic+oinos,Gaulish+*nos,Brythonic(PCeltic):Welshun,Cardiganshiren,Breton
Bretonunan,Vannetaisunan,UnifiedCornish+un,Common
onan,Modernon,Devonian+un,Goidelic(Q-Celtic):OldIrish+en,Irishaon,ScotsGaelicaon,
Manxnane,Hellenic:
Hellenic:MyceneanGreek+e-me(*hemei),ClassicalGreek+hei:s,Greek
Greekna,Cypriot
nas,Tsakonianna,Tocharian:
Tocharian:TocharianA+sas,TocharianB+sse,Albanian:Albanian
Albanian:Albaniannj,
Gheg(Qosaj)n',Tosk(Mandritsa)ni,Armenian:
Armenian:+ClassicalArmenianmi,Armenian
Armenianmek,Baltic
Baltic
West:OldPrussian+ai:ns,East:Lithuanian
Lithuanianvenas,Latvian
Latvianvins,Latgalianvi:ns,Slavic
SlavicEast:
Russian
Russianodn,odn,Belarussian
Belarussianadzn,adzn,Ukrainian
Ukrainianodn,ody'n,West:Polish
Polishjeden,
Kashubianjeden,Polabian+jan,Czech
Czechjeden,Slovak
Slovakjeden,Westjeden,Eastjeden,Upper
Sorbianjedyn,LowerSorbianjaden,South:OldChurchSlavonic+jedinu,Bulgarian
Bulgarianedn,
Macedonian
Macedonianeden,Serbo-Croat
Serbo-Croatjdan,Slovene
Sloveneena,Anatolian:
Anatolian:Hittite+*a:nt-,Luwian+*a-,
Lycian+sta,Indo-Iranian:
Indo-Iranian:Proto-Indo-Iranian+*aiwas,IranianEastern:
Eastern:OssetianIroniu,Digor
ieu,Avestan+ae:uua-,Khwarezmian+'yw,Sogdian+'yw,Yaghnobii:,Bactrian+io:go,Saka+s's'au,
Pashto
Pashtoyaw,Wakhii:,Munjiyu,Yidghayu,Ishkashmiuk,Sanglechivak,Shughnyi:w,Rushaniyi:w,
Yazgulamiwu,;Sarikoli(Tashkorghani)iw,Parachizhu,Ormuriso:,Western
WesternNorthwest:
Parthian+'yw,Yazdiya,Nayiniyak,Natanziyk,Khunsariyg,Gaziyeg,Sivandiy,Vafsiyey,
Semnanii,Sangisariyk',Gilakiyek,Mazanderaniyak,Talyshi,Harzanii,Zazazhew,Goraniyak,
Baluchi
Baluchiyek,Turkmenistanyak,EHillyak,Rakhshani(Western)yekk,Kermanji(S)Kurdish
Kermanji(S)Kurdishyak,
Zaza(N)Kurdish
Zaza(N)Kurdishe:k,Bajalaniikke:,Kermanshahiyk',Southwest:OldPersian+aiva,Pahlavi+
e:vak,Farsi
Farsiyak,Isfahaniye(k),Tajik
Tajikyak,Tatiy,Chalii,Farsyek,Lariyak,Luriya,Kumzariyek,
Nuristani:Ashkunach,Wasi-weriip:n,Katiev,Kalasha-alaew,Indic:Sanskrit+ka,Prakrit+
ekko:,Ardhamagadhi+ege,Pali+eka,Romany(Gypsy):
Romany(Gypsy):Spanishyes,Welshyek',Kalderash
yek(h),Syriane:k,Armenianjku,Iranianyek,Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhalese
Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhaleseeka,Vedda
ekamay,Maldivianeke,NorthernIndia:
NorthernIndia:Dardic:Kashmiri
Kashmiriakh,Shinak,Brokskate:k,Phaluraa:k,
Bashkarikak,Tirahiek,Torwaliek,Wotapuriyek,Maiyaak,Kalashaek,Khowari,Dameliek,Gawarbatiyok,Pashaii:,Shumashtiyk,Nangalamiyak,Dumakiek,Western:Marathi
Marathiek,Konkani
Konkanik,
Sindhi
Sindhihiku,Khatrihakro,Lahnda
Lahndahikk,Central:Hindi/Urdu
Hindi/Urduek,Paryayek,Punjabi
Punjabiyk,Siraikihik,
Gujarati
Gujaratiek,Rajasthani
Rajasthani(Marwari)e:k,Banjari(Lamani)ek,Malvi
Malvie:k,Bhili
Bhilie:k,Dogriik,Kumauni
Kumauni
e:k,Garhwali
Garhwalie:k,WPaharie:k,Khandeshi
Khandeshie:k,EastCentral:Nepali
Nepaliek,Maithili
Maithiliek,Magahi
Magahiek,
Bhojpuri
Bhojpurie:k,Awadhi
Awadhi(Kosali)e:k,Chattisgarhi
Chattisgarhie:k,Eastern:Oriya
Oriyaek,Bengali
Bengalik,Assamese
Assamese
ek,Mayanga:
Dravidian
Northwest:Brahuiasi,Northeast:Kurukh
Kurukhont
nta:,Maltoort,Central:Kolamiokkod,Naikiokko,Parji
o:kuri:,Gadabaokur,Telugu
Teluguokatti,Gondi
Gondiundi:,Koyaorro,Kondaunri,Mandaru,Pengoro,Kuiro,
Kuviro:nd
ndi,South:Tulu
Tuluonji,Koragaonji,Kannada
Kannadaondu,Badagaondu,Kodaguond,Kurumbaond
nde,Toda
Todawd,Kota
d,Kotavodde,Tamil
Tamilonrru,Malayalam
Malayalamonnu,Irulavondunder
Burushashki
Hunzahik,Yasinhek
Etruscan
Etruscan+thu(n)
Semitic
East:
East:Akkadian+ishte:n,Central:
Central:Arabic
Arabicwa:hhid,Kashka-Daryafad,Saudiwaahhid,Yemeniwaahhid,
Syrianwa:hhed,Lebanesewhhad,Cypriotxen,Iraqiwaahhid,Egyptianwa:hhid,ELibyan`wahhad,N
African(Darja)wa:hhed,Moroccanwahhed,Sudanesewa|ahhid,Nigerianwa:hid,Zanzibariwa:hhi,
Maltesewieh=ed,Phoenecian+'-hh-d,Ugaritic+ahd;
Moabite+:ClassicalHebrew+'ahhat,ModernHebrew
Hebrew'axat,ClassicalAramaic+xadh,ModernAramaic
hhad,ClassicalSyriac+hhadh,Syriackha,Vanhhe;
South:
South:OldS.Arabian+'-hh-d,SouthArabian(Harsusi)t'a:d,(Sheri)t'ad,Socotrat'ad;
NEthiopic:Geez+ah=adu,Tigreworot,BeniAmirorot,Tigrinyah
Tigrinyahade;
SEthiopic:Amharic
Amharicand,Argobbahand,Harariahhad,EGuragead,Gafat+ajj,Soddoatt
Goggotquna,Muherat,Masqanat,CWGurage
Gurageat,Ennemoratt.
References:
References:WP.I95ff.,WH.I368f.,399f.,409,671,720ff.,869,Trautmann3,65,72,105,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I548,588,608,613f.,628f.,651.
Page(s):
Page(s):281-286
Root/lemma: embhi- ,empiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofmosquitoorbee
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stechmcke,Biene'
Note:
Note:Withtaboovariationbh:p
Material:
Material:Gr.,-àmosquito';
ahd.imbi(oldestevidenceimpipano),mhd.imbe(*embio-)`swarmofbees,beehive',previously
late-mhd.`bee',nhd.Imme,changingthroughablautags.imbe(*umbia)`swarmofbees'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):311
Root/lemma: em- ,e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nehmen'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyathematischespresent
Material:
Material:Lat.em,-ere,m(lit.mia),emptum(=lit.imtas,pr.imtf.,abg.jt)`take(onlyin
compounds),buy',osk.pert-emest`totakeawayentirely,annihilate,extinguish,destroy,cutoff,
hinder,prevent',pertemust`takenawayentirely',per-emust`hastakenwholly,seizedentirely,taken
possessionof,seized,occupied'(toPerf.*emed),pert-umum`shalltakeawayentirely,annihilate,
extinguish,destroy,cutoff,hinder,prevent'(assil.from*pertemom);umbr.emantu(r)`betaken
withouteffort,received,got,accepted'emps`takenout,takenaway,removed';
air.em-inar-fo-em-`take,receive',Verbaln.airitiu(:lat.empti,lit.i-imtsèxception'),d-em`shield',etc.;
lit.im,preteritmia,imti`take',ostlit.presentjemu,OldPrussianimtds.;lett.jmu,jmu,jemtand
jemt,besidesemu,mu,emt(probablythroughcontaminationanequivalentoriginatedfromgot.
niman`take',Endzelin,Lett.Gr.564);
OldChurchSlavicim(m,comparevz-m`takeaway',etc.)jti`take'(perfective),besides
imperfect:jemlo,imatids.,andas`have':stativeverbimam,imjo,imti(*em-,*em-);
besidesidg.em-formanttherhymerootsjem-andnem-,probablyoriginallydifferentandonly
secondarynowandthenadapted;
hitt.u-emijami(uemijami)Ìcatch,find',PedersenHitt.821,135.
References:
References:WP.I124f.,WH.I400ff.,862;Trautmann103f.,MeilletSlavecommun280,203f.,
EM2300f.
Page(s):
Page(s):310-311
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(enebh-1 ),embh- ,ombh- ,n b h- (nbh- ),m b hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:navel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nabel'
Note:
Note:pluralwithl-formant.
Material:
Material:OldIndiannbhya-n.`hub',nbhi-f.`navel,hub,kinship',nbhla-n.(uncovered)`pubic
region,naveldent';av.nabnazdita-`derverwandtschaftlichnchststehende',besideswithar.ph:
av.nf,npers.nf`navel';
gr.(Nom.Pl.also)`navel,shieldboss',probablyalso`theunripegrapes
orolivesorotherfruit'(alsnabelartigvorgestlpteKnpfchen),`cupoftheacornofValonia
oak,usedfortanning,andasanastringentmedicine';
Maybezerogradeinalb.mbulonj`cover,shield,protect'.
lat.umbilcus`navel',umb,-nisàswelling,roundedelevation,knob,shieldboss';
air.imbliu`navel'(*embiln-),mir.imlecands.(anattempttothesuffixexplanationbyPedersenKG.I
495);
ahd.naba,ags.nafu,aisl.nf`hubofawheel'(alsoinahd.naba-gr,ags.nafu-gr,aisl.nafarr
`groberborer'),ahd.nabalo,ags.nafela,aisl.nafli`navel';inadditionafterLidnKZ.61,17ahd.
amban,ambon,m.(o-stem)`paunch',as.mbn`thebelly,abdomen',Nom.Akk.Pl.m.on-stem
(germ.*amban-,idg.*ombhon-);
OldPrussiannabis`hub,navel',lett.naba`navel'.
Perhapshereags.umbor`smallkid,child',alsotheital.VNUmbri(*mbh-),otherablautingerm.VN
Ambrones(*ombh-)differentKretschmerGl.21,116f.
References:
References:WP.I130,EM1122,SpechtDekl.100.
Page(s):
Page(s):314-315
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(enebh-2 ):nebh- ,embh- ,m b hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet,damp;water;clouds
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,Wasser',outofit`Dampf,Dunst,Nebel,Wolke'
Note:
Note:(Kontaminationsformnembh- );partlyemb- ,omb- fromembh- ,ombhMaterial: nebhos-: OldIndiannbhas-n.`fog,haze,mist,clouds,airspace,sky,heaven',besides
rootinflectioninlengthenedgradef.Plur.nbha();av.nabah-n.Pl.àirspace,sky,heaven';
gr.,-n.`cloud,fog'(Denom.primaryformèsumziehtsich',ìtis
cloudy');
also(seebelownem-`bend')air.nem(n.es-stem),nir.neamh,cymr.corn.nef`sky,heaven';
abg.nebo,-esen.`sky,heaven',toi-stemreshapedinlit.debessf.andm.`cloud'(butolderkonson.
Pl.,e.g.Gen.Pl.debes!dfornthroughinfluenceofdangs`sky,heaven');
Note:
Commonn->nd->d-phoneticmutation
hitt.nepii(nebis)n.`sky,heaven'Gen.nebisas;
withl -forms(nebhel ):
gr.`cloud,fog'=lat.nebula`haze,mist,fog,cloud';
maybealb.(*nebula),avull`vapor,steam,*cloud'[theshiftb>v]fromthesamerootasrum.abur
`fog'.
butair.nlm.,Gen.nuil`cloud,fog'notfrom*nebhlo-,butloanwordfromcymr.niwl,nifwl,ncorn.niul
ds.(thatagainafterLothRC20,346f.Lw.fromlatelat.*nibulusfornbilus);
maybealb.geg.(*nil,ni`sky'+altus`high')nalt`high,above',alb.tosk(*nil`sky'+altus`high')lart
`high'[clearlythetypicalalb.toskrhotacism*nil-alt,*nil-art>lart`high'L>R];theinitialni-was
droppedinasimilarwayinalb.(*nebula),avull`vapor,steam,*cloud'
ahd.nebulm.`fog',as.neal`fog,darkness',ags.nifolds.,aisl.nifl-heimrbelowlikewise,njl
`darkness,night'(germ.*nela-and*niula-from-elo-;aisl.nifl-from*niila-);
Maybealb.(*njl)njoll`(whitestain),badvision':aisl.njl`darkness,night'].
doubtfulOldIndiannabhan-m.,nabhan-f.,probably`wellspring';av.aiwi-naptmasti`he
(befeuchtet=)besudeltwithblood',napta-`humid,wet'(*nab-ta-),npers.neft`naphtha';
perhapsherelat.Neptnus`Godofthespringsandrivers,thenofthesea,sonofSaturnandbrother
ofJupiter'from*nebhtus;of-p-inskyth.FlNNaparis,Oldpers.spring,fountainNderives
fromiran.apa-`water,wellspring'(Brandenstein,OLZ1940,435ff.).
m b h-(ro-) :
OldIndianabhr-m.`gloomyweather,cloudiness',n.`cloud,airspace'(*mbhros),av.awra-n.
`cloud';remainsfaroffbecauseofthemeaninggr.`scum,froth,foam'(MeilletBSL31,51);
ini-Dekl.convertedlat.imber,imbrisàrain,heavyrain,violentrain,shower,pouringrain'=osk.
Anafrss,probablyàrain,heavyrain,violentrain,shower,pouringrain'.
Herealsotherivernamesgall.*Ambr,mcymr.Amir,Amyraswellasnhd.AmperandAmmer(kelt.
*Ambr),Emmer(kelt.*Ambri);inadditionalsoengl.Amber;frz.Ambre,Ambrole;span.Ambron,
Ambror;ital.Ambra,Ambria,Ambro,Ambrioetc.,latterareparticularven.-Illyrian;comparewithout
formantrgall.interambes`betweenstreams',ambeàsmallstream,brook',abrit.Amboglanna
`bank,shoreofthestream',aswellasarm.amband(withidg.b)amp`cloud'.
emb(h)- :omb(h)- :
OldIndianmbhas-n.`rainwater';ambun.`water',gr.m.`rain'(tobcompareabovearm.
ampandSchwyzerGr.Gr.I333);herealsolak.`smell,odor,breath,breeze',arkad.
`wohlriechend',etc.
nembh- :
pehl.namb,nam,npers.nem`moist,humidity',pehl.nambtan`moisten';
lat.nimbus`cloud,mist;esp.ablackrain-cloud;astorm,shower'.
Fromslav.languagesthecognateforsky,cloudpassedtoAltaiclanguages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*ibu
Meaning:
Meaning:topour
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*ju(b)Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*je-leTungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*iabeKoreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*nbNote:
Note:1,352.ItistemptingtocomparealsoEvk.ewte,Evn.ewte'spring,well'(*'washingor
pouringplace')andperhapsalsoOJmjiwo'water-way,seaway'(ifmji-istobeanalysedas'water',the
-wopartstayscompletelyobscure).
References:
References:WP.I131,WH.I681,II151f.,SpechtDekl.16f.
Page(s):
Page(s):315-316
Root/lemma: enek - ,nek - ,enk - ,nk-(*henek -)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreach;toobtain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reichen,erreichen,erlangen'and(nurGr.Bsl.)`tragen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiananti,av.anaoiti(*nk-neu-)ìfsomethingisobtained,achieved',Perf.Old
Indianna(idg.*n-onke=air.ro-naic);
OldIndiannati,av.-nasaiti(*nek-,originallyprobablyathematic,compare2.Sg.nakietc.),Old
Indiannkatiàchieved,attained',Desid.nakati`triestoreach,strivesfor',am.àllotment',
av.sa-`party',OldIndianna-m.òbtainment',-naana-(hybridizationfroma-andna-);
arm.hasi`havearrived',thereafterhasanem`cometoclosetosomething,arrive';afterPisaniArmen.
5herehunj-k`,hnjo-c`harvest'(*onkos);
Maybealb.has,alb.(Calabria)(*k-hasem)kyasemèncounter'
gr.(*nek-)-`passingthroughdistance=unbroken,perpetual'(dor.andatt.from
*-,differentBoisacqs.v.),-`biszudenFenherabreichend',-à
farjavelin-throwing'=àsfarasone'sspearcanreach'orpass.òbtainajavelin',as-
`thegoad,prick(obtain=)setinmotion,prick,driveon';Pass.Aor.`wurdegetragen',Perf.
-Hes.,-(-isthereinprobablyreduplication;alsoinMed.-,joinedas3.
Sg.-insteadof*-,afterAor.);
*enk-inred.Aor.--(*enk-enk-)`bear,carry';seeunderhitt.enkzi;
*onk-in`Tracht,load'(=OldIndiana-,bsl.*naa-);
againstittoroot*seik-`suffice,reach',seethereandBoisacq251f.m.Lit.;through
hybridizationwithitbecameto,;
lat.nactus(andnanctus)sum,nancisci(arch.alsonanci,-re)`tolightupon,obtain,meet'(-a-=e,
sonactus=germ.*nuhta-;thenasalizationofpresentisprobablysecondary(KuiperNasalprs.
163);
air.ro-icc`reaches',do-icc`comes',air-icc-`find',con-icc-`beable'etc.;probablyinthethemat.
conjugationtransferredlengthenedgradees*nkti,fromwhich*nk-,*nc-,icc-;
verbalnounsrchtu,tchtu;s-Konj.-from*nkst;Perf.ro-naic(seeabove);s-preteritdu-uicc
(*onkist)`hasbrought'etc.seeunderS.347;zerogradenk-incymr.di-ancèscape,flee',cyfranc
(*kom-ro-anko-)=air.comraccèncounter';afterLothRC40,353ir.oc,cymr.wnc,wng`by'from
*onko-`neighborhood';inadditionmcymr.ech-wngèxpulsion';afterVendryes(MSL13,394)here
alsothegall.VN*Selva-nectes(latinis.Silvanectes)`propertywhichisacquired',toair.selb
`possession';
got.ganah(preterit-present)ìtsuffices=isenough,itmeetstheneeds',Inf.ganahan(aboutgerm.
*nuh-seeabove),ahd.ginah,ags.geneahds.;got.*binahan`bepermitted',got.ganaham.,ahd.
(etc.)ginuhtf.`sufficiency';-grade:got.ganhs`sufficient,much,alotof',ags.genh,geng,anord.
(g)ngr,ahd.ginuog`sufficient'etc.;-grade,asitseems,anord.nàpproach,reach,obtain',ags.
(ge)nganàpproachtosomebody,address,attack';
aboutgot.nAdv.`nahe,nahean',nads.,as.nh,ags.nah`nah',preposition`nahebei',ahd.
nhAdj.àdjacent',Adv.-preposition`by',nhd.nachseeaboveS.40;oneplacesalsoalb.nes,
nesr`tomorrowmorning'(*nk-);
Note:
Alb.(*nìn'+aur),nesr,nesret,nesr`tomorrowmorning,tomorrow'derivesfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: au e s- :
:`toshine;gold,etc.`.
inaddition,alsolett.nku,nki`come',lit.pranktiòvertake',nkti`ripen',butthepresupposedidg.
;compareMhlenbach-Endzelin,Lett.-D.Wb.II698;
aboutthatJoklSBWienAk.168,I36withprankticomparedalb.k-nak`satisfy,delight's.thesame
IA.35,36;
bsl.*ne`bear'(compareOldIndiannaati)in:
lit.ne,neia,nti;lett.nesu,neu,nest;inadditioniterativelett.nst,lit.niai=lett.nim.
Pl.`TrachtWasser',lit.nat,lett.nastaf.`load';
OldChurchSlavicnes,nesti,iterativenositietc.;
bsl.*naa-m.`carrying,thebearer'(=OldIndianaa-,gr.)in:
lit.u-naaiPl.`pouredoutbeer',lengthenedgrades-noaim.Pl.`washedashorestones';
ChurchSlavicp-nosènvy',russ.za-ns`snowflurry',etc.;
hitt.*nenk-ti,Pl.*nenk-nti,outofitni-ik-zi(nikzi)`beuplifted',3.Pl.andni-in-kn-zi,niniikzi
(ninikzi)`lifted',3.Pl.ni-ni-(in-)kn-zi(PedersenHitt.147);
i-in-ik-zi(enkzi)`dividedto'isplacedto;aboutnaakkii(naks)`heavy',s.Pedersen
Hitt.147,194;
abouttoch.Aets-,ek-`take,catch',s.MeilletMSL18,28,PedersenTochar.236andAnm.1;
KuiperNasalprs.50f.disassemblesen-ek-`bear,carry',whichheunderstandsasanextension
fromen-(seeS.321underenos- )ds.;justtherefurthersuppositionaboutenek-`reach'.
References:
References:WP.1128f.,KuiperNasalprs.50f.,EM2652,Trautmann198,SchwyzerGr.Gr.647,
744,766.
Page(s):
Page(s):316-318
Root/lemma: e-neu e n ,neu n ,enu n
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`neun'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:e-neu e n ,neu n ,enu n (*henekt- )::`nine'wascreatedasacompoundofRoot/
Root/
lemma: neu o s ,-i o s :
:`new'+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok t (u) :
:èight'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiannva,av.nava(neu)`9';
arm.inn(sprichinn)`9'(*enu),Pl.in(n)unk`;
(*gr.*F-throughtranspositiontogr.*F-)gr.*F-inhom.-,-,bot.-,ion.-,att.-;Ord.,att.ol.;*Falsoinhom.
(*F)`9days';besides*F(*neu)in[F](prefixedwith,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1591);
thereafterbecame`90'toion.att.;
thrak.(v.BlumenthalIF.51,115);
Note:
Thisiswrongetymology.GreekorderwasreversedRoot/lemma:
:èight'+Root/
Root/
:`new'>gr.*F-:-.Theshiftk>p,g>bisacommongr.
phoneticmutation.Greekalsoreflectsanillyr.-alb.trendasitputstheordinalsandadjectivesafter
thenounwhileinIElanguagestheadjectiveandordinalprecedesthenoun.
[Phoneticallyattribute]alb.nnd`9'(*neuti-`numberofnine',asslav.devt`9',anord.niund
`number9'andOldIndiannavat-,av.navaiti-f.`90',actuallynineoftens);
Note:
Slav.followsalb.attribute-t[nasalized-nt;-ndending]
lat.novem`nine'(-mfor-nafterseptem,decem);
air.nin-,cymr.corn.naw,bret.nao(toas.PokornyIF.38,190f.);
got.ahd.niun,urnord.niu,anord.no`9',as.nigun,afries.ni(u)gun,ags.nion(from*niuuun);
Note:Thisiswrongetymology.Germanicfamilyreflectsthecompound(*niuktuun)fromRoot/
Root/
:`new'+Root/lemma:
:èight'.
lit.devyn,lett.devii(n-stillinordinalsOldPrussiannewnts),OldChurchSlavicdevt`nine'(dbecomessteadyprobablythroughdissimilationagainstauslautnandthroughinfluenceofthe10;
Berneker189);
Note:
OldChurchSlavicdevt`nine'derivedfromLycianutta`nine'thesameasalb.tosk.nanta,geg.
nanda`nine'[commonalb.-illyr.n>nd>dphoneticmutation].
toch.ABu`nine'.
ordinals:*neueno-inlat.nnus;introducedafterthe7and10minsteadofnumbr.nuvime`theninth',
OldIndiannavam-,av.naoma-,Oldpers.navama-;air.nmad,cymr.nawfed(*neum-eto-);-toformationalsogr.,(*enuto-);got.niunda,ahd.niunto,anord.nionde,as.nigundo,
niguo,afries.niugunda,ags.nioa;lit.devitas,OldPrussiannewnts,OldChurchSlavicdevt;
toch.unte,obliqueofuce.
Note:
OrdinalsinIEarebuiltaccordingtoillyr.pattern;alb.-taadjectiveformant:alb.tosk.nanta,geg.
nanda`nine':Lycianutta`nine'
Oneassumesconnectionwith*neuo-`new',becauseanewcountablesegmenthasbegunwith9,
whilethebinaryformfrom*oktu`8'pointstoa4-calculationsystem.
References:
References:WP.I128,Feist378f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I590f.
Page(s):
Page(s):318-319
Root/lemma: eng- ,n g n (engh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swelling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geschwulst,Leistengegend'
Material:
Material:Gr.,m.,olderf.`glandula'(*ngn)=
Note:
Commonillyr.-gh->-d-phoneticmutation.Ingr.-g->-b-not-d-,otherwiseshiftn>nd>d
commonillyr.-alb.phoneticmutationbutnotgr.
Maybetabooinalb.anda`pleasure,delight(sexual)'
Fromillyr.*enghi>ididerivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:li- (enghi,indi)::groin,intestines[commonlat.-d->l-phoneticmutation](seebelow).
lat.inguen,-inisn.`groin,thegenitals,tumefactioninthepubicregion';
aisl.kkr`swelling,lump,growth'(protogerm.*enkwaz),kkvinn`swollen',schwed.dial.ink`blain,
boil,furuncleofhorses'.
Idg.(e)ng-presumablyablautfrom*enegh-(withgfromghthroughimmediateencounterwiththe
nasal),whereof:
negh-r-s `kidney,testicle'(`roundintumescence';perhapsolderr/n-stem,PedersenKZ.32,247f.)
in:
Gr.,mostlyPl.,`kidneys';
prnestin.nefrns,lanuvin.nebrundins`kidneys,testicles';
ahd.niorom.`kidney',partlyalso`testicle',mengl.mnd.nre,aschwed.nire,aisl.nyran.`kidney'
(germ.*neuran-from*nehran-;aisl.umlautistobeexplainedfromareshufflingof*neurian-).
References:
References:WP.I133f.,WH.I701,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I486.
Page(s):
Page(s):319
Root/lemma: en1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:in,*into,below
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìn'
Note:
Note:(:*n ;slav.also*on );eni ,n(e)i ;perhapsalson d hi (endingasepi,obhietc.perhapsrelated
toLok.in-i,ififnotevencreatedafterit).
Material:
Material:OldIndianinnka-n.`front'(=av.ainika-ds.)from*eni-oq-;
*ni-inOldIndianni-j-ìnborn,inherent,fixed,own',av.ni-znta-ìnnate,natural',OldIndiann-tya`continuous,fixed,own'=gall.Nitio-broges,VN(contrasttoAllo-broges)=got.nijis`kinsman,
relative',anord.nir`kinsman,relative',ags.niasPl.`men,people',alsoinverbalprefixar.ni-ìn,
into',e.g.OldIndianngam-,av.nigam-ènterintoacondition';
arm.i(beforevowelyandn-)from*in,older*enìn',adnominalm.Lok.andAkk.;
gr.,dial.and(poet.),(sohom.alwaysaspostposition;att.onlymoreaspredicate=
)ìn',adnominalwithDat.(=Lok.),Gen.andinpartalsostillwithAkk.(`whereto,where'),in
lattermeaningelsewhereafterto(att.;thereafterextendedas,anticonservative
outofit);zerograde-(n)e.g.in-etc.;
aboutthedebatable,ùntil's.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I629f.;
maked.;
messap.in;
alb.injùntil,in'(*eni);
lat.in,oldesten;osk.en,umbr.en-(endendu`stretchout,reachforth,extend'),postpositionosk.en,umbr.-em,-e,adnom.withDat.(=Lok.),Akk.andGen.(ofambit);
air.in-ìn'adnominalm.Dat.andAkk.;nasalized),in-(derivedfrom*eni,compareingenfromurir.inigena`daughter';mixedwithind-=gall.ande-,s.ThurneysenGrammar531f.,PedersenKG.I45),
acymr.abret.en,inìn',corn.bret.en,ncymr.yn-,gall.essedon(*en-sedon)`chariot',embrekton
ìmmersed(swallowed)bite'(seeundermereq-);
got.inìn',adnom.m.Dat.,Akk.,Gen.;ahd.as.ags.in,anord.ìn',adnom.m.Dat.andAkk.,from
*eni(aboutderivativesasgot.innìn,into',inna,innana,probablyfrom*eni-n-,s.BrugmannIF.33,
304f.);
OldPrussianenìn',adnom.m.Dat.andAkk.,lett.ie-(onlyprefix);zerograde*ninlit.(olderand
nowadaysdial.in,int)ìn',adnom.m.Lok.andAkk.;
OldChurchSlavicon-(on-uta`footwear',-dol`valley'),zerogradevn-,vìn',adnom.m.Lok.
andAkk.;
toch.ABy-,yn-,in-(onlyprefix).
n - dhi: OldIndiandhiàbout,on',Oldpers.adiyìn';gall.intensiveprefixAnde-(PNAnde-roudus
`theveryred'),cymr.an(ne)-inannel`contrivance'=air.indel(*ndhilom),cymr.andaw
èavesdrop'(totaw`closemouthed');air.ind-(partlyfrom*indi-,partlyfromsecondary*indo-)inindrethìncursion'(*indireto-),indnaide(seefurtherunder),etc.Pedersen(KG.I45)willalsoplacehere
got.undùpto';s.aboutotherpossibilitiesaboveS.50andS.181.
(e)nero- ìnner':arm.*nero-`theinside',assumedfromner-`within,in,into',nerk`sìnside',nerkòy
ìnside,within';perhapsgr.as`thosebelow,thosebeneaththeearth,ofthedeadandthegods
below',namelyintheearth;orbetterHypostasefrom
ni-, nei- `low,base',comparativenitero- `low'(incontrasttoùpper'):

OldIndiann,av.n`down;downward',OldIndiannitarmùnderneath',av.nitma-`thelowest';
arm.ni-,n-`low';
kelt.*nfrom*neiinair.ar-nut-sa,in-nut-saÌexpect,anticipate',(urir.*-n-sed),Verbaln.
indn(a)ide(*indo-n-sodion)andinarneigdet`topray'(*ari-n-gedont);comparedifferentBergin
riu10,111;
ahd.nidar,as.nithar,ags.nier,aisl.nir`down;downward',ahd.nidana,as.nithanaùnder',ags.
neoan,nian`down,downward,under',aisl.neana`fromherebelow',prepositionwithAkk.
`below',as.nitheAdv.ùnder',ahd.nidaprepositionwithDat.andAkk.`below,under';
abg.niz`down,downwards'(formationaspr-zetc.);
incompound:
OldIndiannpa-`lowlying'(ni+ap-`water');
*ni-ok-as`holdingdowntheeyes'in:
OldIndiannc`downwards'(comparenyac-`pointeddown');
abg.nicìnclinedforward,stoopingforward;rushingdownorpast;precipitous,steep;inclined,welldisposed,favorable;easy',poniknti,niati`beinclined';Wackernagel-DebrunnerOldIndianGr.III
230f.,Trautmann198f.
withformants-u -:
-:
gr.f.`field,entryway'(*lowland,depression'),,`theuttermost,lowest,extreme,
outermost',`fromunder,fromthebottom',`below,atthebottom',`the
lowerpartofthebelly',,Hes.,theb.(seemstostandfor
fromeibeforepal.vowel);
abg.niva`farmland'(`*lowland,depression'),skr.njva(whencej),ech.russ.nvads.(*niuf);
zerogradeags.neowol,nol,niholìnclinedforward,stoopingforward;rushingdownorpast;
precipitous,steep;inclined,well-disposed,favorable;easy'from*niwol,mnd.nigel`low,base';
hereprobablyalsowithfullgradelit.nivoti`torment,smite',lett.nivt`verchtlichbehandeln,vilify,
niederdrcken'(alsogot.*naiw`'Marc.VI19).
Maybealb.nivel`levelledground'
compareidg.ni-zdos`nest'undersed- `sit,place'.As`rundown,telloff,rebuke'(aslett.nivt)
basedonprobablyalsoneid-`reproach,rebuke,censure,blame,esp.byword',neit-`tobehostile
towards,attack'neiq- (seethere),innei-,ni-.
enter, n t er `between-in',en-tero- ìnward':
OldIndianantr,av.antar,Oldpers.antar`between',adnom.withLok.,Instr.,Akk.,Gen.;Old
Indianntara-ìnternal',av.antara-ìnner',Superl.OldIndianntama-`theclosest'(nottonti,nta),av.antma-`themostinternal,intimate,inmost';OldIndianantr-,alsowithVrddhintr-n.
ìntestines,entrails';
arm.nder-k`Pl.ìntestines,entrails'(gr.Lw.s.HbschmannArm.Gr.1447f.);
gr.,mostlyPl.ìntestines,entrails';
alb.nder`between,in',furtherndjer,ngjeretc.ùntil'(*entero-);
Alsozerograde(*nderi)deri,deri-sa,gjer-saùntil'.
Maybeprefixedalb.pre-enda,brendaìnside'
lat.enter,inter`prep.withacc.between,among,amid;during,inthecourseof',adnom.m.Akk.
(solidifiedm.Gen.intervias,interdius),intr,intr,intrinsecus,interusìnternal',interior,intimus,
intestnus(seeunder),osk.Entra`*Interae',zerograde,osk.anter`between,among,amid;during,in
thecourseof',umbr.anter,ander`during',adnom.m.Lok.andAkk.;
air.eter,etir,etar`between',adnom.m.Akk.,corn.ynter,yntre,bret.entre(theendingaftertre-,dre
=cymr.trwy),acymr.ithr`between,among,amid;during,inthecourseof';gall.interambes`between
streams';
ahd.untaretc.ùnder=between'=osk.anter(differentfromgerm.*under,ahd.etcuntar`below'
from*ndher,lat.infr);comparegot.undarni-mats`lunch'=`breakfast',anord.undornn.`morning
(atnineclock)',as.undorn,ags.undern`midday',ahd.untorn`midday,lunch'(n-suffixasinlat.
internus);zerogradeasgr.etc.anord.irarPl.ìntestines,entrails'(from*innrar,*inerz),
innre,ire`theinner'(ifnotspecificnord.-ro-hasderivativedfrominn=got.inn`hinein',seeabove);
slav.*troinOldChurchSlavicjtro`liver',ablaut.troba`liver,*intestines,cavityofthebody',tr
`'.
abouthitt.antriiasìnner,interior',andurzaìnside,within's.LohmannI.F.51,320f.
ents `(from)inside'(compareOldIndianit`fromhere',lat.caelitusetc.):
gr.ìnside',whereof-,-andfurther,ìntestines,entrails'(orlatter
withfromlengthenedinfor*,compareOldIndianantastya-n.ìntestines,entrails',
FickI4363,VendrysRev.t.gr.23,1910,74);
lat.intus`frominside,within;inside',therefromwithanalogrearrangementintestnusìnward,internal;
n.assubst.,sing.andplur.theintestines';
mnd.nhd.dial.inserèatableinternalpartsofanimals',anord.str.,straf.,`thefatsurroundingthe
intestine'(*en-s-tro-);
OldPrussianinstran`fat',lett.striPl.`kidneys'(*en-s-tro-);lett.ekaÌnneres',Pl.ìntestines,
entrails'(*enti),alit.insios`heart',lit.iosìntestines,entrails'(*en-s-tio-).
Aboutdiecompressionlat.endo,induìn',whereforegr.,air.inneìntestines,entrails',see
aboveS.182--Aboutgr.-`*inthehouse,indoors'(wherefore-,-,lesb.dor.
after-,-,)s.dem- `tobuild'.
References:
References:WP.I125ff.,II335f.,WH.I687f.,694,708f.,711f.,870,Trautmann69f.,198f.W.
SchulzeKl.Schr.70ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):311-314
Root/lemma: en-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:year
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Jahr'
Material:
Material:Gr.`year'Hes.,doubtful,whetherm.orn.,-`biennial',-,-
`quadrennial,fouryearsold',hom.Akk.Sg.,Akk.Pl.ànnual',-òne-year-oldlamb'
(todor.from*prtos);-`year'(to:`wenndasJahrruht,Jahreswende').
zerograde--n - in:
got.framfair-n-injra,as.fer-n-ungre,mhd.verne`lastyear';
lit.pr-n-ai`lastyear',lett.prns`thepreviousyear';
russ.dial.,ech.lo-ni(*ol-ni)`letztjhrig'.
SpechtDekl.16placesinadditionPron.eningr.`that(dayorthatyear').
Note:
Root/lemma:en-2 :
:`year':Root/lemma:
Root/
lemma: u e t- :
Root/lemma:hei-2,
hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- ::`winter;snow'
References:
References:SchwyzerGr.Gr.I424withAnm.5,Feist140f.,SpechtDekl.15f.
Page(s):
Page(s):314
Root/lemma: en(o)mn - ,(o)nomn ,nmn ,[*(d)e(m)pen ]
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:name
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Name'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:en(o)mn - ,(o)nomn ,nmn ,[*(d)e(m)pen ]::`name'derivedfromp- extensionof
Root/lemma: d :d- anddi- :di- :d - :
:`toshare,divide':p- extensiondp- , dp- ; dp-no- ,
-ni- `sacrificialmeal',henceitwasatabooword.
Material:
Material:OldIndiannma,Instr.Sg.nmn,av.nma`name';
arm.anun,Gen.anuan,afterMeilletEsquisse48from*anuwn,*onomno-,afterEM2675from
*onmno-;
gr.(fromreduced*eno-withassimilatione-o),dial.,*inlak.,
(reducedderivedbeforefromGen.*),,`nameless';
alb.tosk.emr,geg.emn(*enmen-);
Note:
(*da-a-ma-an)>alb.geg.emn[commonalb.-balt.d->zerophoneticmutation]
lat.nmen,-inis,n.umbr.nome,Abl.nomne`name'and`people';
air.ainmmn-n.,Pl.anmann(*enmn-);acymr.anu,Pl.enuein,outofitncymr.enw;corn.hanow,
mbret.hanff,hanu,bret.ano;
got.namon.,aisl.nafnn.,ags.nama,ahd.namom.`name';with-gradeafries.nmia,mhd.
benuomen`name';
Note:
Taboowordfor(*dap-no-)`sacrificialanimal,sacrificialmeal'.
OldPrussianemnes,emmensm.(*enmen-);
slav.*m,outofit*jminOldChurchSlavicim,skr.me,aech.jme,Gen.jmene,russ.mja;
toch.Aem,om;
hitt.la-a-ma-an(lman),withdissimilationofAnlauts;(*na-a-ma-an)
comparefinno-ugr.nm,nam,nm,namma,magyar.nv`name'.
References:
References:WP.I132,Feist369f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I352,HirtIdg.Gr.II98,121.
Page(s):
Page(s):321
Root/lemma: enos- oronosEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:burden
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Last'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannan.`loadwagon'=lat.onus,-erisàload,burden'(onustus`loaded,laden,
burdened,freighted',onerre`load,burden,fill,freight').
Inadditionperhapsgr.,ol.`grief,sorrow,distress,trouble',,`grievous,
troublesome,annoying'(thedialectdistributionfrom:aswiththepreposition:);after
WackernagelGl.14,54f.butdissimilatedfrom*F=OldIndianmvf.`grief,sorrow,distress,
trouble,plague'(seeunderom- ).
References:
References:WP.I132f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsounderenek - .
Page(s):
Page(s):321-322
Root/lemma: eno- (probablye-no- ):ono- :no- :-neEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:that
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pronominalstamm`jener'
Material:
Material:OldIndianInstr.anna,any`this,that',Gen.Lok.Du.any;an`for,sure';av.Gen.
Du.anay,Instr.ana(Oldpers.an),Pl.ani;aboutOldIndianany-òther',ntara-ds.,which
someonemightplacehere,compareaboveS.37;
arm.soin`thesame',iffrom*ko-eno-s,JunkerKZ.43,343;gr.(sc.)`derbermorgige
Tag',(-)`that',dor.ds.(*-,*-),`derundder,eingewisser'(after
= *`thisandthat');aboutà,some,few'(from*enio-)compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I
6144;
lat.enimaltlat.`yea,intruth',later`for,namely'=osk.nm,inimàlso,too,besides,moreover,
likewise,aswell,even'(whose-inprocliticfrome),umbr.ene,enem`then,atthattime,inthose
times'besideseno(m),ennometc.ds.;
idg.*onio-,withi-(probablyofRel.*io-)inahd.ienr,obd.ener,mhd.geiner(=jeiner),ags.geon,
got.jains`that'insteadof*janjisthroughtheinfluenceofains;anord.enn,inn`the',withk-:hinn
`that',hnn,hann`he'(*knos);
lit.as,ans`that',em.`he';OldPrussiantns`he'(*tanas:*to);
OldChurchSlavicetc.on(ona,ono)`that,he',serb.-ChurchSlaviconak`fromthatkindof'(=lit.
anksds.);
abouthitt.an-ni-i(annis)`that',Adverbannaaz(annaz),anniaanònce,oneday,sometime,
someday',comparePedersenHitt.63,CouvreurH91f.
no- , n in:
OldIndiann-n`soorso';
arm.-narticle,na`then'(*no-ai,MeilletEsquisse288),and`there'(dfromidg.t;alsonotsimilarair.
and`here',aboveS.37,whereforestillkypr.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I613);
Maybealb.andej`there'
gr.,dor.Hes.;`yea,intruth',Instr.(=lat.nds.),,ds.(compare:ìf',
:àlso');
Maybealbnseìf'
lat.nam`for,namely'(Akk.Sg.f),nem-pe`certainly,withoutdoubt,assuredly,ofcourse,as
everybodyknows',nemutds.;n`yea,intruth',instrumental;
doubtfulwhetherslav.*n,Interjektionruss.na`thereyouhave!'etc.belongshere.
Alsoalb.na`thereyouhave!'
Maybepoln.napewno`certainly':lat.nem-pe`certainly'
Doubtfulisalso,whethertheconsecutiveparticlesbelonghere:
ne in:
OldIndiannàsthough,as';
av.ya-naàndnamely';
grthess.,,,withdoubleinflectionGen.Sg.etc.`this';
lat.ego-ne,t-ne,dnique(*d-ne-que),dnicum,dnec(*d-ne-kom,compareumbr.arnipoàsfar
as'from*ad-ne-kom),quand-ne,sn(*sneìf,however'),etc.;also-neinthequestion;
ahd.(neweisttu)na`notknowingwhether';
alit.neàs',lit.n,ngi,nguàs'(aftercomparative),niàs'(*ne-i),lett.neàs';
akls.nee,skr.ngoàs'aftercomparative;aruss.nids.,poln.niàs'(*ne-i).
Maybealb.(*nse)se:polnni`than':akls.neeàs'aftercomparative.
n in:
OldIndianv-n`without';
av.yaa-n`straightas',ci-nfortheintroductionofaquestion(=lat.quidne);
aboutgr.,whichcouldalsobe-,seeunder,;s.S.320;
lat.n`yea,intruth'seeaboveS.320;
got.-nainafta-naAdv.`frombehind',hinda-naAdv.`beyond',etc.;ahd.-nainoba-na`fromhere
above';anord.rna`toyourself,toyou',etc.;
abg.v-nòutside';
probablyphryg.ànd'(inàndwho')remainsfaroff;abouttoch.A-neinkusne`who,what,
which,theonethat',compareCouvreur(TochaarseKlank-enVormleer50);s.alsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.
I612;
References:
References:WP.II336f.,WH.I339f.,370f.,386f.,404f.,Trautmann7f.,195,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
606,612,SpechtDekl.306.
Page(s):
Page(s):319-321
Root/lemma: enq- ,onq- (*hok

*hok-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosigh,groan,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzel:`seufzen,sthnen'(enq-),`brllen,brummen'(onq-)
Note:
Note:bothvocalizationsalsowithvariousemotionvalue,sothatperhapswouldbespokenfromtwo
variantonomatopoeicwords.Besides,admittedly,arootforminvoiced-nonaspiratedeng -, ong-,
n g - `groan,moan,sigh',withoutsuchsuchmeaningseparationafterthevocalization.
Material:
Material:Gr.`cry,shout(bray,oftheass)'(ofdonkey),`bittern'(*);
alb.nknj,geg.angj`groan,sigh,complain'(*enq-);
lat.unc,-re`tosoundorroarlikeabear'.Butcymr.ochàsighing,asigh,agroan,alamentation,
complaint',interjectionàh!',isnotdeduciblefrom*oq-andprobablycertainlyanewinterjectional
creation;
slav.*jati,russ.-ChurchSlavicjau,jaati`sigh',jakliv`havinganimpedimentinone'sspeech',
russ.mdartl.jat`groan,moan,plaintiveshout'.
Withvoiced-nonaspirated:
mir.ong`thegroaning,sigh,lamentation',inadditionprobablyair.ennach`crow'(from*eng-n-k)
andenchachef.`buffoonery,scurrility';
mnd.anken`groan,moan,sigh',norw.mdartl.ank`whimpering,sigh,distress,repentance',dn.ank,
anke`lament,complaint',whereforechangingthroughablautdn.ynke,schwed.ynka`havemercy
on,deplore,bemoan',atmostalsonhd.Unkeafterherpitifulcry(yetonomatopoeicwordmhd.che
`toad';s.stillKluge11,thehybridizationthischewithmhd.ahd.unc`snake'[seeaboveS.44]
considers).
Anonomatopoeicwordislit.ngti,ngau`whimperlikeadog'.
References:
References:WP.I133.
Page(s):
Page(s):322
Root/lemma: ent- (betterant- )(*-ent)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànzetteln,weben'()
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ent- (betterant- )::`toweave'derivedfromatruncatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e bh-1 :
`toweave,plait'throughanillyr.-alb.intermediaryalb.venjÌweave'(*uebhni):alb.ent,int`weave'
(*ent-i-or*nti).
Material:
Material:OldIndiantka-m.`garment,mantle',av.aka-,atka-m.Ùpperdress,mantle'(nt-ko-s);
alb.ent,int`weave'(*ent-i-or*nti):OldIndianubhnti,umbhti,unbdhi`tietogether',r-vbhim.`spider',gr.`theweaving',alb.venjÌweave'(*uebhni);
Note:
Alb.-slavicuseprotheticv-forthelostlaryngeal-.
gr.att.(*nt-io-)`weave',ds.(compareDebrunnerIF.21,216),,a`setting
thewarpintheloom,i.e.beginningtheweb';if,however(PeterssonHeterokl.262)ds.,
ds.belongtoit,musthavebegunratherlikeroot*ant-.However,existswithgr.culture
wordsthesuspiciousoriginandair.tid`dressed',tiud`clothing'couldbeshapedsecondaryto
tachds.(*en-togo-);
alsotheequationOldIndiantka-:gr.`skin,hose,tube'isbecauseofofthisdubious
meaning;gr.,dor.`thewarpinaweb'aresuspectlyofpre-Greekorigin.
References:
References:WP.I134.
Page(s):
Page(s):322
Root/lemma: eperoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:boar
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èber'
Material:
Material:Lat.aper,apr`boar',umbr.Akk.Pl.apruf,abrof,Akk.Sg.abrunu,Akk.Pl.abrons`pigs'
(yetaboutlat.Aprnius,mars.-lat.AprufclanoseeSchulzeEigennamen111,124f.);aprobablyafter
caper;derivedlat.aprugnusòfboar'withsuffix-gno-zurrooten -;hereperhapsthePNEprius;
germ.*ebura-,altn.jfurrm.`prince,lord'(infigurativemeaning,actually`boar'),ags.eoform.`boar',
mndd.ever,ahd.ebur,nhd.Eber.
With(analogical)v-suggestionbelongasl.veprm.`boar',skr.vpar(Gen.vpra),poln.wieprz
(Gen.wieprza),russ.vepr(Gen.vprja)here;
lett.veprisds.(PNlit.VpriaiPlur.,andpr.Weppren)isnotborrowedofSlav.,butcommonorigin;
unclearisthrak.`he-goat;billygoat'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):323
Root/lemma: ephEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kochen'
Note:
Note:OnlyGr.andArm.
Material:
Material:Arm.epèm`cook';
gr.`cook',Fut.,participle(doesnotproveinitselfidg.ph,becausealso*
shouldleadto);however,so-wouldbepresent(compare:)andarm.p`
derivedfromidg.ph.
References:
References:WP.I124,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,706.
Page(s):
Page(s):325
Root/lemma: epi ,opi ,pi
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:at,by
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nahehinzu,auf-darauf,auf-hin',zeitlichìnaddition,darauf,rtlich`hinter,
after'(also`beietwasherunter'sopartlydiegerm.forms)
Note:
Note:(alsowithlengthenedgrade-ei,-oiinthefinalsyllable);partiallyinthemeaningwith
abbreviatedebhi,obhi.
Material:
Material:OldIndianpiàlso,inaddition'(Adv.),seldomved.prepositionm.locative`by,in',prefix
api-,pi-`to,by'(pi-inpidhna-n.`covering,cover,lid',pi-nahyati`tethered,fastenedto',py-ka`coverofthebow':gr.-`crease,layer',iffrom*-,`lay,placetogether,crease',
payati:,s.*sed- );commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
av.aipi,p.apiy,adnominalàbout-to,by(Akk.),by(temporal,Lok.),after(temporal,Instr.)',Adv.ìn
additionalso,likewisealso,particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,
separately,extra,notably;hereafter,later',prefix`to';withlengthenedgradeoffinalsyllableav.ape
àfter'(m.Akk.),compareapayaAdv.`hereafter,prospectively',-peemphasizingparticle;
arm.evànd,also';*piinanlauth-unitedverbs,ash-aganim`pullmyselfto'
Gr.,àufto,an',adnominalwithdative(=idg.Lok.,Instr.,Akk.,Gen.,prefix,
Hes.(i.e.probably`progeny',basicform*--,Schulze,Kl.Schr.70ff.,675),
-prefix(seeabove);opiinhom.-()`behind,afterwards',ion.att.()ds.(--after
(),comparealso()`behind,backwards';hereafter'(*opiti),`hindmost,
last';-àutumn',S.343);presumably(withidg.contractionfrom*opi-oqto*opq,to*oq-
`see'):-`stareat',`girlgazer,onlooker',*(formationas,lat.abs,,
seeunderital.ops-)basefrom,ol.`late';aboutgr.-`there'seeaboveS.284;
illyr.PNEpi-cadus(comparegr.`parading,showingoff');ven.PNOpi-tergium(to
Tergeste`Triest',abg.trg`marketplace';alb.tregu`marketplace');messap.pid(*dt)`bore
profit';
alb.pr`situatedabove';illyr.Epirus(*epiueri)`situatedabove,highland':riuÌrland'
(*epiueriènclosedland,hill,island),cymr.Ywerddonds.(*uiueron,*epiuerionos)[commonillyr.
n>nd>dphoneticmutation].
lat.obadnominalm.Akk.`prep.withacc.,infrontof,before;inreturnfor;becauseof,onaccountof',
altlat.alsoàround,roundabout,allaround,neartogether,incloseproximity',andprefixfromopbeforevoicedconsonantoriginated(asabfromap[o]);opstillinoperiofrom*opveri,oportetfrom
*op-vortetìtisnecessary,needful,proper,becoming,orreasonable;itbehooves;I(thou,he,etc.)
mustorought';aboutopcuss.EM2703andaboveS.54;*ops-(seeabove)usuallybeforet-in
compound,e.g.o(p)s-tendo;osk.p,op`by'withAbl.(=*Instr.);
air.iarn-,iarm-àfter,afterwards,inthenextplace,secondly'm.Dat.,perhapsNeutr.aderivative
*epi-ro-m(ThurneysenGr.516);epi-seemsalsoobstructedinair.-daim`close'(comparelat.
obd),i-thech`perjury'(comparegr.-),riuÌrland'(*epiueriènclosedland,hill,island)
=cymr.Ywerddonds.(*uiueron,*epiuerionos),nir.ibheall`blaze,glow'(*epibhelo-);
opiinair.obellm.`blaze,glow'=cymr.ufelm.`spark'(*opibhelo-);cymr.uffarn,bret.ufernànkle'
(opi-spern);
got.iftuma(formationasaftuma`last')`subsequent,later';ibdaljam.`descent,slope',ags.eofolsian
`blaspheme'(*e-hlsian),eofut,eofotn.`blame'(*e-ht);
inadditionperhapsalsothegroupèvening':anord.aptann,eptann,west-germ.withags.fenm.
n.,as.and,ahd.band;perhapstheWestgerm.hasdissimilationreductionofthefirstdental
experiencedinthebasicform*ptanto-orisidg.*p-onto-thebasicformandanord.aptannfrom
derivedaptan`hereafter';
tothepossiblefusionfrom*ap-and*ep-inGerm.compareaboveS.53f.;
lit.ap-,beforelabialalsostillapi-,innominalcompoundapy-prefixàround,about,by',apiàround,
about'm.Akk.,alit.anddial.ostlit.dieve-p`bygod'underlikewise,snas-pi`fortheson';lett.apàround,about',pewithGen.andAkk.`by,in',pe-`tothere,in-,full-';OldPrussianep-(ap-lacking
normativespelling),eb-àround-',ratheras*epihere,astobetakenasabasisundertheformeb-to
idg.ebhi,obhi;inadditiontothepostpositionlit-p(i)hinterGen.nam-piònthewayhome,
homeward')andLok.(nami-pi`tothehouse,homeward'),lett.-p(onlyadverbialuse),.Fraenkel,
Syntax18ff.,EndzelinGr.524ff.;
inadditiononeplacesalsolit.suffixindvej-pas`twofold'etc.,aswellasdassuffixinillyr.VN
Hadriopes,,etc.();
herealsoslav.prepositionàround,in'(*op);tocoincidencewithidg.obhiseeaboveS.287,Meillet
Slavecommun2155f.,Trautmann1;
abouthitt.appaetc.seeaboveS.53;inthemeaningitcorrespondsrathertogr.asgr.;
Lyk.knowsonlytheextendedformsep-,epteàfter';
abouttoch.Gen.-endingA-p,-epi,whichonecouldputhere(alsoinLit.wouldstrengthenthe
Gen.throughepi),s.alsoPedersenToch.50ff.
References:
References:WP.I122f.,PedersenLyk.andHitt.23,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I325,5507,620,628,6317,
Trautmann1.
Page(s):
Page(s):323-325
Root/lemma: epop ,opop
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofexclamation
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:RufofWiedehopfs
Material:
Material:Arm.popop,npers.pp`hoopoe';
gr.`shout,callofhoopoe',,-`hoopoe',Hes.(-probablythroughsupportin-);,(assimilatedfrom*,whichis
reshuffledinendingafteranimalnamessuffix=alb.kafsh(*,*haphos)ànimal');
lat.upupa`hoopoe';
ndd.Hupphuppunderlikewise;nhd.Wiedehopf,ahd.wituhopfo,as.widohoppaisareinterpretation
aftergerm.widu-(idg.uidhu-)`tree,wood'andmhd.hopfen`hpfen';
lett.puppukis`hoopoe'.
similar,butnotreduplicated,osorb.hupak,poln.hupek`hoopoe',osorb.hupa`crylikeahoopoe',
comparealsomoreingeneralslovak.hpati`cry',russ.oldchupstisja`vaunt,boast'.
References:
References:WP.I123f.,Kluge11S.689.
Page(s):
Page(s):325
Root/lemma: ereb- ,orob- ,rbEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrill,makeholes
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bohren,aushhlen;spitzesWerkzeuginaddition'
Material:
Material:Lett.irbs`knittingneedle'(rhymewordtovirbs),irbulis`littlepeg,stylus';lit.rbinti`makea
holewiththeawl',urbti=lett.urbt`bore',urbulisàwl,stylus';lit.rubti`hollowout',ruobtvas
`Hohlmesser',lett.ruobsìncisure,incision,rabbet,lack,feud'.Theablautrelationspeaksforidg.age
ofthefamily,althoughthecitationofgr.`roundshoemaker'sknife'and`strongshoe
coveringthewholefoot'(iforiginally`hollowclog')remainsquitedoubtful,becauselattercanbealso
basedonawordfor`shoe'ofquiteotherorigin
References:
References:WP.I146.
Page(s):
Page(s):333
Root/lemma: ered- (*ere-danos)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow;dampness
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(zer)flieen,Feuchtigkeit'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrdati,rdti`flows(incompounds),sprays,resolves;disturbs',ardyati`makes
flow,dissolves,presses,torments,kills',rdr-`humid,wet,damp',rd-(incompounds)`dampness',
av.ardv-f.nameofamythicalriver,worshipedmostlyasafemaledivinity.
frominadditiongr.`smut,dirt',`dirty,filthy'
Perhapsherethefrequentkelto-ligur.FlNRodanos(frz.Rhne=nhd.derRotten,ital.Rodanoetc.)
as`theflowing'(grzis.fromiberisiert.*Errodanos),inadditionRednitz(Bavaria)from
*Rodantia.
maybeillyr.GNRedon`seagod'.
References:
References:WP.I148,PokornyMil.BoisacqII193ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):334
Root/lemma: ereg(h)o- ,erog(h)oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrbse,Hlsenfrucht'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.(from*afterGen.etc.);comparehowever,W.SchulzeKl.
Schr.81),m.(AsiaMinorsuffixprovesnotexactlysuchorigin,thereinplantnamesalso,
otherwise,seeming,thusinHes.)`chickpea';
lat.ervumn.àkindofpulse,thebittervetch'(from*erouom,*ereg(h)omor*erog(h)om);
ahd.araweiz,arwiz,nhd.Erbse,as.er(iw)it,mnd.erwete,ndd.erwtenPl.,anord.ertrf.Pl.(Dat.
ertrum)ds.(-aitprobablypuresuffix);
butmir.orbaind`grains'standsfor*arbainn,olderarbanna(aboveS.63).
Probablyborrowingsfromacommon,probablyeast-mediterraneanorigin,fromwhichderivesalso
OldIndianaravindam`lotus'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):335
Root/lemma: erek-1 (er[e]gh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:louse,tick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Laus,Milbe'
Note:
Note:oftendistortedtaboo
Material:
Material:OldIndianlik`nit,louse'commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation(probablyfrom
*lakthroughinfluenceoflikhti`scarifies');
lat.ricinus1.ìtselfintheskinofsheep,dogsorcattleannoyingvermin,tick'(doubtfulistheaffiliation
from2.àshrubkind,castorbean,ricinus')couldgobacktoolder*recinosandbesharedwithlit.
rk`tick,sheeplouse'(*erki),lett.rce`cow'smite,wicked,evilperson'underidg.*erek-.
Furthermoreitistobecomparedarm.o(r)jil`nit,louse'(hereseemstobearootvarianter(e)gh-,as
alsointheconsecutivealb.form)andorkìun`ringworm,itching,erysipelas'(from*orqiino-()with
a-no-suffixasinLat.afterPeterssonKZ.47,263f.),alb.ergjiz`smalllouse'(seeG.MeyerAlb.Wb.
96;doubtbyHermannKZ.41,48;however,theirregulargutturalinArmen.andAlban.couldbe
basedontaboodistortion).
References:
References:WP.I145,II344.
Page(s):
Page(s):335
Root/lemma: er(e)k-2 ,rek- ,rokEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear,cut,split
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreien,spalten,schinden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrk-`flayed,rubbedoffbald',rk-`naked,bald,bleak',rkara-`cusp,
peak,thorn';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lit.j-rk,pra-j-rk`slit';(aboutlett.ercis`juniper'etc.seeaboveS.67f.);withotherablautgradelit.
rank,rkti`stickin,poke',rakts`splinter,thorn',etc.
References:
References:PerssonBeitr.839.
Seealso:
Seealso:Inadditionbelongsalso:eres-1 `prick'.
Page(s):
Page(s):335
Root/lemma: eres-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topierce
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen'
Material:
OldIndianrti`bumps,stings',r`spear,javelin',av.arti-ds.;
lit.erktis`thornplant',compareaboveS.67;
sloven.rsk`sowthistle'.
References:
References:PerssonBeitr.84.
Seealso:
Seealso:Verschiedentherefromis:ere-s-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):335
Root/lemma: ere-s-2 (e rs -, r s -, e res- ),andr s -, r s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieen';vonlebhafterBewegungberhaupt,alsoùmherirren'and
àufgebracht,aufgeregtsein'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianrsa`juice,sap,fluidity',ras`dampness,humidity',alsomythicalriver
nameequallyav.Rah(i.e.Rah),outofitthenametheWolga;
lat.rs,rris`dew'(conservativestemwithoriginallybarenominativischerlengthenedgrade);
alb.resh,reshnìtissnowing,itisraining',also`showerofash,fire'(probablylikewisefrom*rs-);
gr.-(*ers)`pourliquid,spewaway'(),-èmpty,spitout,spew',-`pourin',
-`transfuse',`pourtogether';afterDebrunnerIF.48,282thebasicmeaningfrom
`spill,pourontheearth'andtheverbwouldderivefromèarth'(aboveS.332);
OldChurchSlavicrosa`dew',lit.rasds.
Maybealb.rosaf.`duck,waterbird'
2.rootformers -, r s -; r s en `virile'.
OldIndianrati`flows';furtherwiththemeaning`virile'(from`moistening,pouringseeds')OldIndian
rabh`bull',ajarabh`he-goat',av.Oldpers.aran`man,husband,penis',gr.hom.,
att.,ion.ol.kret.(withoutF-!)`virile'(inaddition*F,hom.òfalambor
sheep,ram'=att.,ol.f.,inaddition`makeanaerialjump,dive',actually
`makealeapfrog',ònewhoflipsoverintheair,capers,jumpabout',Lit.byBoisacqunder
andNachtr.),probablyalsoahd.or[re]huon,anord.orre`grouse'(outofitmhd.
rhan,nhd.Auerhahnthroughhybridizationwithahd.r,rohso).
3.affiliationofourroot*eres-to*er-,*or-`setinmotion,livelymovement'isworthconsidering.Other
s-formsshowadditionalmeaningfromrooter-,or-:
Arm.eam(*ersi;compareaboveOldIndianarati)`boil,flow;beinperpetuallyinmotion;be
teeming;beexcitedpassionately;beorbecomekeen,angry',erandn`surgeetc.;excitement',
zeam`movesmearound,stirsme,Iamstronglymoved,excited,swimetc.`;
gr.`swing,verve,rush'(*rs;therefrombutalso`flow,stream,hurry');
lat.rrrii`lightarmedskirmisher,kindoflight-armedRomantroops,whousuallymadethefirstattack
andthenretired,skirmishers'(derivativefrom*rs`swing'=,);
anord.rsf.`run',mndd.rsn.ìntensecurrent',ags.rsm.`run,attack'(engl.raceskand.Lw.),
mhd.rsen`dash',ags.rsanònrush',anord.rsa`dashforth,rushalong';anord.rasn.`haste,
hurry',rasa`stream,glide,slide'(ablaut*rs- :*rs-:*rs- );got.rsinPNRs-mr;
inadditionwiththeconceptpartlyoftheworried,alsoaimlessmovement,partlyoftheexcitement,the
violentrage:
ontheonehand:lat.err(*ersi)`towander,towanderorstrayabout,towanderupanddown,to
rove'(=arm.eam),got.arzeis`wander,enticed',ahd.irri`wander',got.arziaf.èrror,deceit',ahd.
irridads.,irr(e)n(*erzin)èrr';
ontheotherhand:as.irriàngry,irate',ags.eorre,yrreàngry,irate,rancorous',eorsian,iersian`to
wishapersonill'.
4.e res- inOldIndianirasytiìsangry,isill-disposed,behavesviolently'(*eres-),irasy-`theill-will'
andryatiìsenvious'(*ers-),av.participlearyant-ènvious',OldIndianry-ènvy,jealousy'av.
aras-ka-ènvy',mpers.npers.arakènvy,eagerness',zerogradeav.ri-ènvy';ved.i-m.
`bard,seer'(*lunatic);
arm.heànger,envy,strife';
gr.Hes.,hom.`defamatoryword'(=OldIndianirasy),inaddition
`violent,hostileaction'(protogr.,compareark.,withlengtheningincompound
duetoa*-),comparealso`banter';`godofrevenge'seemsifpersonification
oftherelatedSubst.`ruin,outrage,actofviolence',whereof`distressed,injured,hurt,
disabled,afflicted';
lit.ars`violent';
hitt.arsaniya-`bejealous,envious',Denom.from*arsana-`jealous'(compareaboveOldIndianry
ènvy'),BenvenisteBSL.33,139;
afterPedersenREtIE.3,18heretoch.Aral`poisonousworms',arklai`snake'(*rstl);
toOldIndianrati`flows'(aboveS.336)placesCouvreurH96hitt.a-ar-a-zi(arszi)`flows';
toch.Ayr-s-,yars-`bathe'(-s-from-sk-),withoutsk-suffixAyr-ds.,wouldbecomparedwith
hitt.arra-`wash'().
References:
References:WP.I149ff.,WH.I416f.,863,Trautmann237.
Page(s):
Page(s):336-337
Root/lemma: ereu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toseek,ask
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachsuchen,forschen,fragen'
Material:
Material:Gr.*,*,thematicbecome:[F],[F](ol.)and
(F)àsk,search,seek',kret.`,',duetoen-stem:*F-ìnquirer,
searcher',`feel,investigate'andhom.ìnvestigate,ask'(*F-),finallyduetoa
*F-:hom.àsk';hom.isafterRisch(briefl.)afakeanalogicalform;
anord.raunf.àttempt,test,investigation',reynaèxamine,gettoknow'.
References:
References:WP.II366,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I680.
Page(s):
Page(s):337
Root/lemma: ereu-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreien'
Material:
Material:OldIndianru-n.`wound';
anord.rr,errn.`scar'(*arwaz,*arwiz),asfinn.Lw.arpi,Gen.arven;mnd.are,nhd.dial.arbe`scar';
References:
References:WP.II352,HolthausenAltwestn.Wb.355.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsounderreu-2 `tearopen',whichprobablybelongstoit.
Page(s):
Page(s):338
Root/lemma: er()d- (e r//d- ),er()dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:high;togrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hoch;wachsen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:er()d- (e r//d- ),er()dh- ::`high;togrow'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:al-2 :
:`to
grow;tobear'dh-Extensions:ai.rdhnti,rnddhi,rdhti,dhyati`prospers,succeeds,doessucceed,
manages',av.ardat`heallowstoprosper',rdt-`makeprosper'.
Material:
Material:Av.rdva-`high';
lat.arduus`high,upright';
gall.Arduennasilva,air.ard(*rduo-)`high,big,large';cymr.hardd`beautiful';
aisl.rugrùpright'putsaway(asatmostalsordva-)aparallelformindh-,whilevarious
extensionsexistfromer-`(setinmotion,invigorate)bringup'throughdh(compare`setin
motion,invigorate'etc.).
Certainlywithdhlat.arbor`tree',whereforekurd.r-from*ard-`tree'inrzang`darkhueonthetrees
causedbywindandweather',eig.`treerot';
alb.rit`grow',fromrd-orrdh-;(zerograde)<rum.ridica`pitch,raise,elevate,lift,perkup,straighten,
loop,kickup,pickup,hoist,takeup,rise,arise,getup,mount,ascend,balloon,shovel,pry,prong,
stickup,cock,start,stepup,advance,remove,arrest,suspend,encash,enhance,aggrandize,
resound,strike,construct,build,carryup,setup,erect,found,create,putup,put,interpose,appear,
pose,bringup,receive,convene,assemble,muster,collect'
slav.*orst,abg.rast,russ.rast,ech.rostuetc.`grow'(*ord-,ordh-t);
toch.Aortoùpwards'.
References:
References:WP.I148f.,II289f.,WH.I64f.
Page(s):
Page(s):339
Root/lemma: er-1 ,r- ,er(e)-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rudern;Ruder'
Material:
Material:OldIndianar-tra-m.`driving;rudder',n.(alsoritra-)`rudder,helm',aritr-òarsman';
gr.-òarsman',replacementfor*(=OldIndianaritr-)whereforereceivefem.
PN,,att.`row,oar'(*-,denominative),,Pl.(insteadof*=
lat.rmus,after,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I4932)`rudder',hom.(-metr.lengthening)`the
rowing',ènslavedoarsman,sailor';figurative:`hardlyworkingservant',`having
fivebanksofoars,ashiporgalleyhavingfivebanksofoars,aquinquereme';-,,ion.-etc.(die--formsthroughgr.assimilationoffrom);-`rowing
throughthesea',-`havingtwobanksofoars',`three-decker';
lat.rmus`rudder',triresmom,septeresmomColumnarostrata(basicformrather*r-smo-as
*retsmo-);
MaybeRemus,i,m.,thebrotherofRomulus(*r-smo`placedintosailingthebasket'
ThegodMarsimpregnatesaVestalVirgin.Whenshegivesbirthtotwins,RomulusandRemus
Remus,the
kingordersthemtobelefttodieintheTiberRiver.WhenthebasketinwhichRomulusandRemus
Remus
wereplacedwashesuponshore,awolfsucklesthemandawoodpeckernamedPicusfeedsthem
untiltheshepherdFaustulusfindsRomulusandRemus
Remusandbringsthemintohishome.Whenthey
growup,RomulusandRemus
RemusrestorethethroneofAlbaLongatoitsrightfulruler,theirmaternal
grandfather,andsetouttofoundtheirowncity.SiblingrivalryleadsRomulustoslayhisbrotherand
becomethefirstkingandfounderofthecityofRome.RomeisnamedafterRomulus.
air.r-òar,row',imb-r-òar,row,sail,navigateaship'(e.g.Impf.-raad,Perf.immrerae`setout,
departed',Verbn.imram`therowing'),rme`rudder';
anord.ra,ags.rwan,mhd.rejenòar,row';ahd.ruodar,ags.rorn.`rudder',anord.rr(ustem*rru-)`therowing';
lit.iriu,rtiòar,row',rklas`rudder',ablaut.OldPrussianartwesf.Pl.`sailing'.
References:
References:WP.I143f.,Trautmann105.
Page(s):
Page(s):338
Root/lemma: er-2 ,rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobestill
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Av.airimeadv.`still,peaceful'(*er-mo-),arma-ad,-t`sittingquietly,standingstill'
(*er-mo-or*er-mo-;meregraphic-i-areseeninairimeMeilletDial.indoeur.66);
gr.()`stopthefight',`cease'=anord.r,ags.rw,ahd.ruowa,nhd.Ruhe
(*ru),changingthroughablautwithahd.rwads.;-Hes.();
cymr.araf`peaceful,mild,slow'(*er-mo-);
afterRozwadowskiR.Sl.6,58f.ostensiblyherethenametheWolgaas`quiet,stillwater'from
*Rava(mordvin.Ravo)tolit.rova(=germ.*ru`tranquility'),lett.rwa`stillwater',lit.FlNRova=
slav.Rava;betteraboveS.336.
appositionfromgr.`love',`love'(compareOldIndianrmate`rests,standsstill,canbe
enough,findsfavor,cherisheslove')isatmostquiteaweakpossibility(seeBoisacqm.Lit.,Persson
Beitr.667).
As-extension*r-e-s-,ros-ingot.rasta`mile(relativelygreatdistance)'(`rest'),anord.rstf.`stage
ofajourney',ahd.rastaf.`tranquility,rest,stageofajourney,stretchoftime',as.rastaandresta
(*rastja)`tranquility,lair',ags.rstandrest`tranquility,lair,grave';changingthroughablautmnd.
ruste,roste`tranquility,stageofajourney',sptmhd.rust`tranquility';got.raznn.`house',anord.
rannds.,ags.rn,renn.`house'(withstrangemeaningrsnn.`plank,ceiling');Note:(similar
meaningshiftasinmd.humil`sky,heaven';ahd.himil`ceiling')
Maybealb.rras`plank'
afries.erninfiern`cattle-house,pen';doubtfulags.reord(*rezd)f.,gereordn.`meal,festival,
food',anord.greddir`servantwhofeedscattle,saturator'(*garazdz),grenna`feed'(*garaznian).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparerem- ,dasasres-with(e)r-zusammengestelltwird.
Page(s):
Page(s):338-339
Root/lemma: erghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake,tremble,*evil,lustful,sinful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtteln,erregen,beben'od.likewise
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromer-`setinmotion'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianrghyti`shakes,roars,attacks,storms';
gr.`,',mostly`dance,hop,jump,shake'.
Becauseofsimilarpresentmeaninginer-3 `strife,quarrel,contention'underlikewisecouldstand
furthermoreinrelationship:
av.rant-`bad,hideous';
ahd.ar(a)g`fearful,idle,mad,wicked,evil,bad',ags.eargds.,aisl.argrandwithmetathesisragr
ùnmanly,lustful,evil,bad';
lit.ars`lascivious,sensual'.
Maybealb.herdhe`testicle'[commonalb.-h- > -dh-phoneticmutation]
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ergh- :
:`toshake,tremble,*evil,lustful'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:orhi- ,r hi: `testicle'(henceatabooword)
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):339
Root/lemma: erkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;topraise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strahlen;hellklingen,lobpreisen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrcati`shines;singspraise,greets,honors,venerates',ark-m.`ray,lightning,
sun,fire;song,bard,singer'(=arm.erg),rc-,Nom.Sg.rkf.`radiance;poem,verse',rkvan`lobpreisend,jubelnd';
arm.erg`song';
air.erc`sky,heaven',mir.suairc`pleasant,beautiful,radiating'(*su-erkis);
toch.Ayrk,yarke`worship,veneration'(PedersenREtIE.3,18);
hitt.ar-ku-ua-nu-unÌprayed'(arkuanun);differentHendriksen45and74.
References:
References:WP.I147,MarstranderZceltPh.7,360;compareaboveS.65.
Page(s):
Page(s):340
Root/lemma: er-1 ,ororEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:eagle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àdler'
Note:
Note:arm.gr.`(large)birdgenerally'
Note:
OldIndianrji-py`dartingalong'epithetofthebirdyen-(èagle,falcon'),Av.rzifya-(cf.gr.
H.,),arm.arcui(<*arciwi)èagle',provethatfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: er-1 ,or-:
or-:èagle'derivedextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ar(e)-- (ar- ),r i- :
:`glittering,
white,fast'anditssubsequentzerogradeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:re-1 :
:`right,just,tomakeright;king'.
Material:
Material:Arm.oror,urur`seagull,consecration';
gr.,-,dor.-`bird;rooster,cock,hen',`bird';
air.irar,mir.alsoilar,cymr.eryr,mbret.erer(nbret.corn.erthroughhaplology,barely=lit.ras)
èagle'(*erur-);
got.ara,aisl.ari,rn(from*arnuz),ags.earn,ahd.aro,aruèagle',mhd.adelar`nobleeagle',nhd.
Adler;protogerm.*aran-=hitt.aran-;
lit.erlis,dial.arlis,OldPrussianarelie(liesarelis),lett.rglis(fromrdlis)èagle';balt.basicform
*ereli-,comparelit.ras,rasèagle'(whetherold);
abg.orl(*arila-)èagle',russ.or,Gen.or;
whetherurn.erilaR,aisl.jarl,ags.eorl,as.erl`man,husband',esp.`nobleman,husband',sothatis
tobeconnectedinaccordancewithaisl.jfurr`prince,lord',actually`boar',isdoubtful;
Maybethecompoundintoch.B:
toch.B:arakra`bat,(*mouse)'[from(*aras)ara-'*eagle,bird'+krk`steal,*prey']
hitt.a-a-ra-a(aras),Gen.aranaa(aranas),n-stemèagle',asgot.ara.
ARINNA
ARINNA:HittiteSunGoddess.ShesentanEagleoutinsearchofTelepinus.Theeffortfailed.The
nameofHittitesungoddessisanattributenamecreatedaccordingtoillyr.a-a-ra+-ntaformant.
Arinna=Arinnitti=GreekHera
Hera(wifeofthundergodZeus)TheHittitegoddessofthesunandwarlikeprotectress.ThesungoddessoftheHittitesandthespouseoftheweathergodTarhun=Zeus.
FromARINNAderivedthenameoftheIllyrianwargodAres.
Actuallythedoubleheadedeaglewasawingeddragonthatwassupposedtoprotectthesungod.
TheprotectorofZeuswasalsoaneagle.Albaniansstillcallthemselvestheeagles.Hittitesborrowed
thedoubleheadedeaglefromSumerians.
TheoldestcognateforwasfoundinHittite.ThesamecognatewasfoundinSum.urin,ri[E]:
eagle;standard,emblem,banner;blood[EZATU-523archaicfrequency:25;concatenates2sign
variants],u-r-in:eagle(Akkadianloanword,urinnuI;Orel&Stolbova52*ar-/*war*ar-/*war-'eagle';note
thatAHwsaysthaturinnuII,'standard,totem',isaSumerianloanword),AKKADIAN:
AKKADIAN:er(ar)'eagle'.
References:
References:WP.I135,Trautmann13,PedersenHitt.41,SpechtDekl.47.
Page(s):
Page(s):325-326
Root/lemma: er-2 ,eriMeaning:
Meaning:goat;sheep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bock;Schaf,Kuh,Damtier';perhapsursprnglich`Horntier'
Material:
Material:Arm.oroj(assimil.from*eroj)àlamb,usuallyforsacrifice,aewelamb',erinj`young
cow,heifer,calf,youngbull,anox,abull,acow';
gr.(*eri-bho-)m.f.`kid,younggoat';
lat.aris,-etisÀries,aram;abatteringram;aprop,beam'[forthekindr.formsarvixandharvix,in
Varr.andFest.;v.arvix;poet.aries](aafteraper,caper);umbr.erietuàrietem';
air.heirp(*erbh-)f.àfallow-deer,chamois,antelope;asmeat,venison,ashe-goat;alsoastarinthe
constellationAuriga',erb(b)`cow'(*erbh),mir.(withsecondaryf-)ferb(b)ds.,nir.earb,fearbf.`red
deer,cow',schott.-gl.earbf.`roedeer';tokelt.*erb:comparegr.:ìnsect';
afterKleinhans(t.Celt.1,173)heremir.reitheÀries,ram'from*ri-io-tio-;
inOldPrussianeristian`lambkin',lit.(j)ras,lett.jrs`lamb',litt.rien`lambmeat'=russ.-Church
Slavicjarina`wool',etc.,bsl.*ero-`he-goat;billygoat'and*jr-`year'(seeaboveS.297)have
probablybeenmixed;
ahd.irah`he-goat;billygoat'etc.isborrowedfromlat.hircusàhe-goat'.
References:
References:WP.I135f.,WH.I67,Trautmann70.
Page(s):
Page(s):326
Root/lemma: er-3 :or- :rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove*stir,animate,fight,struggle,rise;tospringup,beborn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichinBewegungsetzen,erregen(alsoseelisch,rgern,stir,tease,irritate);in
dieHhebringen(Erhebung,hochwachsen),partlyalsovonBewegungafterabwrts'
Note:
Note:originallyathematicrootwithterminativeaspect.Basicformser -, ere -, er- (),erei-,ereuand(underbesond.article)eresNote:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ar-1 * , themat.(a)re-, heavybasisar-,r- andi-Basis(a)r - , ri-:
:`tomove,
pass'
andRoot/lemma:
:`tomove*stir,animate,fight,struggle,rise;tospringup,beborn'
derivedfromthesamerootRoot/lemma:
or-:èagle'.
Material:
Material:ConclusionsbyPerssonBeitr.281ff.,636ff.,767ff.,836ff.
a.Basicformser -, ere - (includingparadigmaticwithitcombinedi-andu-forms):
OldIndianredupl.presenty-ar-ti`setsinmotion',Med.rt(*i-er-);gthav.rat`heshouldrise';Old
Indianintensivepresentlarti;fromereu-(seeunderS.331)rtirvti`rises,moves,animates'(gr.
ùrgeon,incite,maketoarise,callforth,move,stironeself,awaken,arousefromsleep'),rta
(compare),rata(compare;themat.asrant,ranta),Perf.ra:-,Fut.ariyat,
participlert-(r-`moved,excited'withseparationoffromrtaororrealformofaheavybase);
av.ar-`(be)setinmotion,arriveat,reach',present-stemar-:r-,iyar-:r-(asOldIndianyarti:
rta),Kaus.raya-,participle-rta-;
sko-presentOldIndianrcchti`bumpsintosomething,encounters,reaches',nexttowhich*re-skin
Oldpers.rasatiy`comes,arrivesat',np.rasadds.;
ThefollowingcognatesarecompoundsofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sem-2 :
:one+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:er-3 :or:r- ::`tomove*stir,animate,fight,struggle,rise;tospringup,beborn'=[fighttogether]:
OldIndiansam-ar-m.,sam-raa-n.`fight,struggle,contention',av.ham-arna-,Oldpers.ham-
arana-n.`hostileencounter,fight,struggle',av.hamara-m.(andwithth-formantshamra-m.)
àdversary,rival,enemy';OldIndianrya-`vigorous,strong,energetic'(couldbelongtoi-basis),irin`vast,grand,violent,forcible',rtha-n.m.`(*whereforeonearrivesat)'àffair,thing,business;
blessing,fortune,benefit,advantage',av.ara-n.`thing,affair,incumbency,litigation';
Maybegr.Homer*`war(ofIlion)':OldIndiansam-ar-m.,sam-raa-n.`fight,struggle,
contention',av.ham-arna-,Oldpers.ham-arana-n.`hostileencounter,fight,struggle',av.hamaram.(andwithth-formantshamra-m.)àdversary,rival,enemy';HenceHomerwasnotabard.The
OldPersiancompoundmeant`war(ofIlion)'.
OldIndianrt-,ti-f.àttack,fight',av.-rti-ènergy'(compareabg.rat);
OldIndianrta-àfflicted,injured,hurt,disabled,pressed,ailing',rti-f.`mischief,affliction'(*rta-,rti-);
OldIndianra-`flowing,surging,flooding',m.`surge,tide,flood',ras-n.`flowingflood'(formal=
gr.n.;compareS.328ahd.runs),arav-`billowing,surging';m.`flood,surgingsea'(uofurtherformationstora-orinolderformantrelationshiptortiThelatterissurefor:)av.arnum.`fight,struggle,contest'(:ahd.ernustS.331);
fromthethemat.rootform(e)re-OldIndianra-m.n.`fight,struggle'(versch.fromraa-m.`lust')=
av.rna-n.àction,struggle,fight';av.rna-,rna-m.`fighter,combatant';
arm.y-anemÌstandup,Iamlifted';afterPisaniArmen.4inadditionore-ar`people'(seeunderlat.
orior);with-dh- (compareS.328,,-):y-ordor`fast',yordoremèncourage,
arouse,irritate';arm`root'(:);ordi,Gen.ordvoy`son'(*ordhiio);
gr.ùrgeon,incite,maketoarise,callforth,move,stironeself,awaken,arousefromsleep'(:
OldIndianrti;compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I696;dasafter),Aor.,,,
Med.,àroused,animated,uplifted',Fut.,thematicAor.,participle
,Perf.`havebeenexcited';with-asiterativevocalism-,-`sally,burst
forth,rushedforth',wither-stillHes.,Hes.,(whichthen
permeatedthrough,forms);apresent*(as)followsfromkret.
`(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I695);-in`newborn',`celestial,heavenly',etc.;
-,-,-;hom.`favorablesailingwind'(*F,`navigatingtheship'),
m.àctuation,drive';
withgh -extension`start,setout,comeorgo,cometo,arriveat'(onlypresent),
`dances'(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I702);seeunderair.regaid;
`shoot,sprout,orstem,stalk',about`twig,branch',,ds.,s.
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I3132;
erin(,SchwyzerGl.5,193)`sprout,twig,branch'(`*shotup',asnorw.runne,rune`twig,
branch':formal=OldIndianras-n.);.Hes.,,àgitate,perturb,
irritate'(ènrage,encourage,cheer,irritate');
Fromanes-stem*eros èlevation'from:OldIndianrv-`high',gr.n.`mountain'(thevocalism
after,partlychangedperhapsalsoafter);about=s.esp.SchulzeQunder
ep.407ff.;isdor.andatt.withfrom*msostocompareandleadbackto
(reshuffledafteranAdj.*ors-osor*ors-uos:OldIndianrva-)*;gr.`backdoor'
(probablyashighescapedoor,emergencyexit),byHes.;
aboutgr.`buttocks'seeunderers- ;
phryg.`children'(JoklEbertsReallex.10,151a);
alb.jerm`frenzied,phrenetic,wild'(*er-mo-);aboutprrua`riverbed,stream'(prrn-,lengthened
grade),prrua`spring'(*prrruaèffluence')(seebelow);
Maybealb.ora`mountainnymph'
lat.orior,-r,ortussum`torise;tospringup,beborn,proceedfromasourceorcause'(ortus=Old
Indianrt-;ooforioreitherfromortusorfromor.-stem,EM2713),ortus,-s`rising',orgoòrigin,
source,beginning;anancestor'(kannasorioronthei-basisbasedon),umbr.ortom`haverisen',
urtas`havebeenrisen,arisen',urtesàrisen,stirred,agitated';
air.Imper.eirg`go!'(*erghe),Fut.regaid(*rigti,idg.*rgh-);seeabovegr.;kelt.or-in
mcymr.cyform.`troop',dy-gyf-orèlevation',adorthèxcitement,help'(*atiorto-),etc.(LothRC
40,355);comparealsoIforWilliamsRC43,271(aboutmir.orf.`bank,border,shore's.Pedersen
KG.I206f.);
germ.*ermana-,*irmino`big,large'(:,ChurchSlavicramn,s.BrcknerKZ.45,107)in
ahd.irmin-deotetc.(seeaboveS.58);aisl.ern(*arnia-)`proficient,energetic',got.arnibaadv.
`certainly'(butaisl.rna,-aa`go,drive,run'secondaryfromrna=got.airinn),ahd.ernust`fight,
struggle,seriousness',ags.eornost`seriousness,eagerness'(:av.arnu-`fight,struggle');with
similarlmeaninggr.Hes.,perhapsurnord.erilar,aisl.jarl,ags.eorl,as.erl`nobleman,
husband'(seeunderer- èagle');aisl.iara`fight'(*era);
Note:
urnord.erilar,aisl.jarl,ags.eorl,as.erl`nobleman,husband':lit.erlis,dial.arlis,OldPrussian
arelie(liesarelis),lett.rglis(ausrdlis)èagle';balt.basicform*ereli-,derivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: er-1 ,or-:
or-:èagle'.Hencetheoriginalmeaningofthosecognateswasèaglemen'.Celtic
peoplecalledthemselvesafterthesacredbirdoftheskygod.Hencetheeaglewasawargodthatis
whyeaglebonesarefoundinStonehengemonuments.ClearlytheCelticcognatederivedfrombalt.
languages.
got.rinnan,rann`rush,run'(*renu),urrinnan`rise,fromthesun',aisl.rinna`flow,run',ahd.as.
rinnan`flow,swim,run',ags.rinnanandiernan,arnds.;Kaus.got.urrannjanàllowtorise',aisl.
renna`makerun',as.renniands.,ahd.mhd.rennen,rante`run'(einafterrinnanwithnnprovided
*ronei=slav.ronitiunderS.329);
zerogradegot.runsm.(i-stem),ags.rynem.`run,flow,river',aisl.runn.`rivulet,brook',got.garunj
ìnundation,flood',ahd.runs,runsa`run,flowofwater,river',runstf.`therunnel,flowing,riverbed';
got.garuns(stemgarunsi-)f.`road,market'(eig.`theplacewherethepeoplegather';germ.runs-:
OldIndianras-).Intheuseofshootingup,growththeplants(compare,)aisl.rinna
`sprout,grow',norw.runne,rune`twig,branch'andschwed.dial.rana`shootupwards,takeoffinto
theair',norw.rane`shaft,pole',mhd.ran()`slim,thin',ahd.rono`treestem,clot,chunk,chip,
splinter';èxaltation,elevation'generallyinnorw.dial.rane`cusp,peak,projectingrocks,ridge',aisl.
rani`snout,proboscis';
air.rind(*rendi-)`cusp,peak';ford(h)-extensionseeunder;
Thisrootform*ren-(maybegrownfromapresent*re-neu-mi,*re-nu-o)onealsoseeksinalb.
prrua`riverbed,brookbed'(prrn-,lengthenedgrade),prrua`spring'(*prrruaèffluence')andin
abg.izroniti(bsl.*ranei)`pourout,pourforth,shed,spreadabroad',russ.ront`makeorletfall',
serb.rniti`shedtears,melt,urinate',got.-rannjan;compareTrautmann236f.;
d(h) -extensioninlit.participlenusirendant,nusirendusi`fromthesettingsun',rind`gully,runnel'
(stgor.`gutter'),`crib,manger',lett.randa`dentwherethewaterrunsoff';
abg.rat,russ.rat,skr.rt`fight'(*or()ti-),abg.retds.ànassiduousstrivingtoequalorexcel
anotherinanything,emulation,jealousy,envy,malevolence',russ.ret`quarrel,strife',abg.retiti`to
strain,stretch,exert;ofmissiles,toshoot,cast;intransit.,tostrive,strain,exertoneself,hasten;of
statement,toassertwithconfidence,maintain.Inrelationtoanother:transit.,tocompare,contrast;
intransit.,tocompete',russ.retovata`beangry',retvyj`keen,eager,stormy,hottempered,violent,
fiery'(goesbacktothematic(e)re-or*er-ti-,hasbeensupportedbyruss.dial.jeretta`beangry,
quarrel,squabble');aboutChurchSlavicramnseeaboveS.58under328.
Maybein*-skaformantalb.rrah`strike',rrihem`quarrel,fight'(*ra-sko)[commonalb.h<skphonetic
mutation]
FromHitt.here(PedersenHitt.5f.,45,91f.,122)ar-in
1.araai(ari)ùplifts',besidesa-ra-iz-zids.,preterit3.Pl.[a]-raair;
2.ari`comes'(previousPerf.),preteritaarta(arta)orirta;
3.Med.presentartari`stands,itisplacedupright'(comparegr.:lat.orior),3.Sg.Preteritaar-a(ars)`wentover,lookedover';
4.iterativea-ar-a-ki-it(arskit)`reachedrepeatedly'(compareaboveOldIndianrcchti);
5.causative(compareaboveS.61)arnuuzzi(arnuzi)`bringto,setinmotion'(rnu-;compare
aboveOldIndianrti);Imper.2.Sg.arnuut(arnut)=gr.-,Verbaln.aarnumar
(arnumar);
towhatextenttoch.Aar-,er-`produce,cause,bringforth',withsk-Kaus.ars-,ers-ds.,afterMeillet
(MSL.19,159)belonghere,isdoubtful;certainlyremainfaroffABar-,r-`cease',withsk-Kaus.ars-,
rs-àbandon'(inaccurateVanWindekensLexique6,22).
b.extensionered - (d-present):s.ered- `deliquesce',OldIndianrdati,rdti`flowsetc.`,also

`perturbed,agitated';withKaus.ardyati`makesflow;throngs,presses,afflicts,slays'wasequatable
aisl.erta(*artjan)ìncite,provoke,banter',yetisconnectionwith*ardi-`cusp,peak,sting,prick'
(aboveS.63)atleastequivalent;adissyllabicforminHes.,
èxcitement';
furtherhereortoer-5 OldIndianrdati`scratches,digs,hacks,scarifies',v-radati`cleaves,splits
apart,opens';
perhapsalsoOldPrussianredo`furrow'(PerssonBeitr.667).
c.extensioner-edh-: seeaboveS.327etc.underunderS.339.
d.basiserei- ; andrei- :r- ; roi o -s , r-ti- `flux'.

OldIndianrya-seeaboveS.327;
OldIndianriti,rvati(rivan)àllowstoflow,runaway,escape,dismisses,releases',ryat`gert
insFlieen,lstsichauf',ra-ìnFlugeraten,flieend',rt-`stream,run,line;runofthethings,
kind,way'(lattermeaningalsoinmir.ran`way,manner'),rit-èntrinnend',raya-m.`current,stream,
run,flow,haste,hurry,vehemency',rtas-n.`downpour,stream,seed,sperm',r-m.`dust'(:
aruss.rn`sandbank');tou-suffixcompareunderlat.rvus;
Maybezerogradeinalb.rri(*rni)`stay,stand':arm.y-anemÌstandup,Iamlifted';alsoalb.geg.
rana,tosk.rra(rhotacismn/r)`sandbank,sand':aruss.rn`sandbank'
arm.ari`getup,standup!'(PerssonBeitr.769)Toy-anem,S.327;
gr.lesb.,(*:-)`setinmotion,excite,irritatetotherage';,-`fight,strife,quarrel,
contention'(perhapsinitoourrootform,whethernotbetterafterSchwyzerGl.12,17to
`support,stem,bump,press,poke,push');ark.`beangrywith'fromeig.`theangry
soulofthevictimpursuingthemurderer'();
alb.geg.rt`humid,wet,damp',eig.`*flowing'(*rint:OldIndianriti,slav.rinti);
lat.orior,orgoseeabove;rvus(*rei-uo-s)`stream,brook';inabg.rvn`rival'corresponding
meaningchangervnusandrvlis`rivalinthelove'(latterformreshufflingafteraequalis,sdlis),
actuallyònewholivesnearabrook';
probablyhereirrtreèxcite,exasperate,anger,provoke',prortre`toincite,entice,allure,tempt,
provoke,cause,orproducebyirritation',(probablyintensivetoan*irrre);
ir.ran`sea'and(compareOldIndianrt-)`kind,way',gall.Rnos(*reinos)`Rhein(largeriver)'
(whetheralsoafterStokesKZ.37,260ir.riascàmarsh',rm`badweather'),cymr.rhidio`goor
cometogether,tomeet,assemble,collecttogether,goorcometogetherinahostilemanner,to
encounter'(:ags.r,OldIndianrt),air.riathor,cymr.rhaiadr,acymr.reatir`waterfall'(*riia-tro-);
ags.rm.f.,ref.`stream,brook',as.rthm.`burninghot,rushing,torrential',mnd.rdef.`stream,
brook,watercourse',nhd.-reid(e)inplacenames;Dimin.(*ruln)ndd.rille`furrowafterrainwater,
gully';furtherags.-rman`raise,uplift,soar,rise',mengl.rmen,engl.roam`wander',aisl.reimur
`wanderingaround',reimir`snake',arerreimt`thereitisscary,haunts',reimaànnoy,disturb,
infest'(meaningasabg.rijati`bump,poke').Aboutrinnanseeabove.
Withgerm.s -extension:got.urreisan`rise';
Maybealb.urrenj`hate,bestirred':got.urraisjan`makerise,uplift,setup,awake,animate'notfrom
lathorreo`tostandonend,standerect,bristle,berough'.
aisl.rsa,ags.as.rsan`rise',ahd.rsan,mhd.rsenàscend,fall';ahd.reisa`departure,migration,
campaign,journey',got.urraisjan`makerise,uplift,setup,awake,animate',aisl.reisads.,ags.
rran`raise,uplift,uplift,setup,erect',ahd.rren`makefall,makepourdown,pour';
Maybealb.re`cloud,rain',alb.geg.ra`fall',reshje`rainfall,downpour':diminutivemhd.riselm.
`rain'.
ndd.rren`fall',mhd.riselen`drip,rain',nhd.rieseln,mhd.riselm.`rain',aisl.blrisa,mhd.
bluotvise`blood-spattered',afries.bldrisne`bleedingwound';from`fall'becomes`dropped,fallen'in
ags.(ge)rsan`befit',ahd.garsanàpproach,suit,fit'(compares-extensionabg.ristati),mhd.risch
`spry,quick,fast'(compareabg.riskanije);
lit.r-tas`morning'(`*sunrise',comparegot.urreisan),lett.rietu,-ju,-t`breakout,rise(e.g.,from
theday),burstforth',riete`milkinthebrisket'(compareformalOldIndianrta-);
slav.*raia-m.`current'(:aboveOldIndianraya-m.`stream,run,flow')inabg.izrojèjaculationof
semen',sroj`confluence',naroj`rush',roj`swarmofbees'(*roio-s);inadditionrka(*roi-k)`river';
Maybealb.re`cloud':rum.roi`swarm,hive,cluster,cloud';aloanwordfromProto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:roj
;Seealso:
Seealso:rjati;rk;rinti;Russian:
Russian:roj`swarm'[mjo];Polish:
Polish:rj`swarm'[mjo],roju[Gens];
Serbo-Croatian:
Serbo-Croatian:rj`swarm'[mjo];Slovene:
Slovene:rj`swarm'[mjo]
Alsoalb.rrke`current'fromProto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:rkSeealso:
Seealso:rjati;rinti;roj;OldChurch
OldChurch
Slavic:
Slavic:rka`river'[f];Russian:
Russian:rek`river'[f];Czech:
Czech:eka`river'[f];Slovak:
Slovak:rieka`river'[f];
Polish:
Polish:rzeka`river'[f];Serbo-Croatian:
Serbo-Croatian:rijka`river'[f];Slovene:
Slovene:rka`river'[f]
slav.*ri`poke,push'inOldChurchSlavicrj,rjati`flow'(nslav.)and`bump,poke,urge,press,
push'(as`budge');inadditionthechangingbyablautOldChurchSlavicvyrinti`',
rintis`tofallwithviolence,rushdown,falldown,tumbledown,gotoruin';aruss.rn`sandbank';
maybezerogradeinalb.geg.ran(*arvan)`sandbank,sand'
klr.ri`sand,riverdetritus,pebbles'(compareOldIndianr-);inothermeaning(seeabovetolat.
rvnus)abg.rvn`rival'rvenije`strife,quarrel,debate,contention',ech.evniti`compete',poln.
rzewni`move,stir,agitate'.
Maybein-skoformantalb.rrah(ra-sko)`quarrel'[commonalb.-sk>-hphoneticmutation].
Withs-extensionbsl.*reistiinabg.rit,ristati`run',riskanije`torun,movequickly,hasten',lit.
rastas(`runtime'=)`rutting',lett.riestsds.,lit.rstas`quick,fast',riiInstr.Sg.ìngallop'.
e.basisereu- ; er-nu- `contest',or-u o - `hasty'.

OldIndianrti(Perf.rabutidg.*ra),arav-;av.arnu-seeaboveS.327;
OldIndianrvan-,rvant-`hurrying,rusher,racer',av.aurva-,aurvant-`quick,fast,valiant';perhaps
av.auruna-`wild,cruel,savage,fromanimals';verydoubtfulOldIndianr-r-`stormy,hottempered,
offever';
Note:
OldIndianrvan-,rvant-:messap.FlNArvproveillyr.displayedsatemcharacter;thereisproof
illyr.belongedtotheCelticfamilygall.-brit.FlN*Arv,engl.Arrow,frz.Erve,Auve(*ru);messap.FlN
Arv.
gr.-,seeabove;previouscausativeòverthrowme,outleap',`jumpup'
(probablyas*[]zurs-extension,seeunder);compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I683;
lat.ru,-ere`run,hurry,stormalong';
mir.rathar(*reu-tro-)ònrush',cymr.rhuthrds.,air.r(a)e`hero,demigod'(*reu-io-);heregall.-brit.
FlN*Arv,engl.Arrow,frz.Erve,Auve(*ru);messap.FlNArv;
as.aru,ags.earu`swift,ready,quick',aisl.rr`rash,hasty,generous,(*arwa-=av.aurva-;hereas
originally`generous'perhapsalsogot.arwj`gratuitous,free',ags.earwunga,ahd.ar(a)wn`free,for
nothing,indeception,inerror',arod`forceful,agile';ahd.ernusts.S.328.
ags.rowàgitated,stormy,wild,rough',got.unmana-riggws`wild,cruel,savage'.
extensionreu-s-:
OldIndianrati,rutiìssullen',ruit-,ru-ìrritated';
schwed.rsa`stormfromthere,hurry',mnd.rsen`dash,rage,clamor,rant,roister',rsch
ìntoxication',aisl.rosi`Sturmb',raust`voice',aschwed.ruska`stormahead,hurry';
[butgot.rausn.,withgramm.variationaisl.reyrrm.,ahd.rr`reed',rrea`duct,tube,pipe'
(*rauzin),withstemstress(asgot.)schwed.rysja,ahd.rssa,rsa,riusaf.`baskeyforcatchingfish,
snare,trap',otherformationswithk-suffixags.ryscf.,mhd.rusch(e)f.`bulrush',probablyremainfar
off];
lit.ruos`diligent,active',lett.ruosds.,lit.ruoi,ruoiau,ruti`provide',reflex.`takecare';
slav.*ruchinruss.ruch`restlessness,movement',rchnut`tumble,fall',poln.ech.ruch
`movement',ablaut.ch.rych`quick,fast',inadditioncausativeslav.*ruitiòverturn,upset'inOld
ChurchSlavicrazdruiti`destroy',russ.ritds.,etc.
Maybealb.geg.zdroj,tosk.rrzonj`tumble,fall':OldChurchSlavicrazdruiti`destroy'.
References:
References:WP.I136ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I516b,694,702,719,740,749,Trautmann240f.,
242,243,246,WH.I64f.,416f.,719,II222f.
Page(s):
Page(s):326-332
Root/lemma: er-4 (er-t- ,er-u - )[*herhe ]
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:Earth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrde'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:er-4 (er-t- ,er-u - )[*her he]èarth'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
tomove*stir,animate,fight,struggle,rise;tospringup,beborn'
Material:
Material:Gr.èarth',-`toearth'(perhapstherefrom,seeunderS.336;withcommon
extensionofprobably,Hes.);,seeaboveS.312;Hes.;
germ.*eringot.ara,anord.jr,ahd.(etc.)erdaèarth';
MaybeTNillyr.Ardiaei(*er-he)[commonillyr.-alb.-h-
h- > d-phoneticmutation]
germ.*erinahd.eroèarth';
u o -extensioninanord.jrvi(*erwan-)`sand,sandbank',andcymr.erwf.`field',Pl.erwi,erwydd,
corn.erw,ereuds.,abret.mbret.eru,nbret.ero`furrow'(*erui-);
Note:
ThosecognatesderivedfromOldIndianrvan-,rvant-:messap.FlNArvproveillyr.displayed
satemcharacter;thereisproofillyr.belongedtotheCelticfamilygall.-brit.FlN*Arv,engl.Arrow,frz.
Erve,Auve(*ru);messap.FlNArv.[seeabove]
perhapsarm.erkirèarth'(PedersenKZ.38,197),iffor*erg-(idg.*eru-)aftererkin`sky,heaven'.
References:
References:WP.I142,FinzenhagenTerminol.6,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I424.
Page(s):
Page(s):332
Root/lemma: er-5 ,er- ,thematic(e)r-Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rare,loose,crumbly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`locker,undicht,abstehend;auseinandergeben,auftrennen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrtwithAbl.,Akk.`withexclusionof,without,except,besides'(Lok.aparticiple
*rta-`separated,secluded'),nrrti-`resolution,decay,downfall,ruin';rma-Pl.`debris,ruins',
armak-`trmmerhaft'orn.`Trmmersttte'(meaningsomewhatdoubtful);*er-inrma-`wound';
themat.*(e)re-invirala-`standingapart,leaky,rare';
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*erala-)rall`rare'.
gr.,att.`lonely';
quitedoubtfullat.rrus`havingwideintersticesbetweenitsparts,ofaloosetexture,notthickor
dense,thin,loose,scattered,scanty,farapart;milit.inlooseorder;ingen.rare,infrequent;
sometimesextraordinary,distinguished.Adv.raro,rare,seldom,rarely'(*er-r-s),rathercrediblerte
`net,thread'(compareunderlit.rtis,lett.rta);
maybealb.(*rte)rrjet`net'
lit.yr,rti`separate,resolve,distinguish',paras`lax,loose';rtism.`phloemsieve'(withunoriginal
secondaccent,asoftenini-stems),lett.rta,rte`scar',rnirudzi`leakingstandingrye';lit.ertas
`wide,far,spacious'(`*standingapart');fromthelightbasisrtas`thin,spacious,seldom'(fromthe
themat.rootform*(e)r-e-,asalso:)rsvs`seldom,thin',paresvis`sparse';
OldChurchSlavicoriti`dissolve,overthrow,destroy'(Kaus.*ori`makebreakup'),skr.obriti
`prostrate,throwdown',ech.oboiti`destroy',russ.razortds.
Maybealb.rrzonj`bringdown':russ.razort
erdh -:
OldIndiandhakèspecially,peculiar,particular',rdha-`part,side,half',ardh-`half',n.`part,half';
lit.ardau,-ti`separate,split'(Kaus.,asChurchSlavicoriti);erdvas`wide,capacious',lett.rdaws,
irdens`lax,friable',rds`lax,commodious(capacious'),irdt,irdint`loosen,separate',ru,rdu,
rst`separate'.
r-dh-:
OldChurchSlavicrdk`seldom'(probablyshiftedstress,compareech.idk,sloven.rdk,in
spiteofserb.-kroat.rjedk,rdk);
aboutered-seeaboveS.329f.,aboutereu-underdifferentarticleunderS.337.
TowhatextentthosefromPerssonBeitr.666,773,839f.consideredasextensionsof*er()-roots
reallyderiver-d-`scratch',rei-,reu-`tearopen',isdoubtful;dieby*er()-esp.significantmeaningof
loose,leaking,standingapartallowtomissthemcompletelyorrecognizeatleastnotasdominant
meaning.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):332-333
Root/lemma: ers- :orsos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:behind;tail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hinterer,Schwanz'
Material:
Material:Arm.o`buttocks'(mostlyPl.o-k`,i-stem);
gr.m.`buttocks'(inaddition:f.`tail'from*orsi)=
ahd.ars,ags.earsm.,aisl.ars,rass`buttocks'=
hitt.aarra(arras),Dat.ar-ri-i-i(arrisi);whose-sienklit.pronoun;
e-gradeair.err(*ers)f.`tail,end'(alsoofchariot),therefromeirr`chariotcombatant'(*ers-et-s),Gen.
erred;
References:
References:WP.I138,CouvreurH98,PedersenKG.II101.
Seealso:
Seealso:itisoftenplacedèlevation,protrusion,precedingbodypart'toer-3 (aboveS.326).
Page(s):
Page(s):340
Root/lemma: es-en- ,os-en- ,-erEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:harvesttime,*summer,*autumn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrntezeit,Sommer'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:es-en- ,os-en- ,-er- :
:`harvesttime,*autumn'derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/
Root/
lemma: u e s-r :`spring'.The
:
-en- ,-er- extensionsofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:es-en- ,arecreatedfroman
attributenounroot[common-ta>-nta,-naillyr.attributenounformation](seealb.numbers).
Note:
Note:inGerm.alsofromtheharvest-andgenerallyFeldarbeitanddemearningsoutofit
Material:
Material:Witharelationshipasbetweenlit.vasarandvsara`summer':abg.vesna`spring',here
(afterSchulzeQunderep.475)hom.etc.`summerend,harvesttime'(seeS.323)
`harvest',ep.àutumnal'(probablyactually)from-(:)+*[]
`phaseofconclusion**,i.e.';ascontractionfrom-confirmsAlcman(Gr.
poet),s.Boisacqs.v.;
Maybefromtruncatedlit.vasarandvsara`summer'derivedlat.ververisn.`spring;'primovere',in
thebeginningofspring;'versacrum',anofferingofthefirstlings.[lat.rhotacisms>r]
lat.aests,-tis`warmseason,summer':alb.(*aest-,*vesna,*visienta)vjeshtaàutumn,harvest
time(longsummer)':Go.asans`harvesttime,summer'[commonalb.protheticv- beforebareinitial
vowels]henceVesta`goddessofhearthanditssacredfire'wasanIllyriangoddess,clearlytherewas
acommonoriginofIllyr.AlbanoitribeandthefoundersofAlbaLonga(Rome),alsoalb.vatra(*vastra)`hearth'with-tresuffix.
Note:
ClearlytherewastheshiftfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e s-r :`spring':OldIndian
:
vasant-m.
(*uesento-)`spring',vasantìnthespring'(widenedfrom*vasan-);vasarhn`strikingearly',
vsar-`matutinal'toRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:es-en- ,os-en- ,-er- :
:`harvesttime,*autumn':alb.(*aest-,
*vesna,*visienta)vjeshtaàutumn,harvesttime(longsummer)'.
Thefollowingcognatesareexntensionsin-en[common-ta>-nta,-naillyr.attributenounformation]
(seealb.numbers):
got.asans(o-grade)f.`harvest,summer',anord.nn(*azn)`harvest,hardship',ahd.arenm.,arnf.,
mhd.erne`harvest'(inadditionahd.arnn`reap');
got.asneis,ags.esne,ahd.asm`Taglhner',derivedfromtheequivalentfromas.asnaèarnings,
tribute,tax'(*Erntelohn),inadditionahd.arnn`verdienen'=ags.earniands.;compareWissmann
Nom.postverb.1454;
serb.-ChurchSlavicjesen,skr.jsn;russ.sen,wruss.jsien;OldPrussianassanis(from*esenis
or*asanis);
Note:
ClearlyOldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:jesenàutumn'[fi]derivedfromthedropofinitialprotheticv-inillyr.
alb.(*aest-,*vesna,*visienta)vjeshtaàutumn,harvesttime(longsummer)'.
doubtful,whetherheremir.orna(*esorni)`barley';
References:
References:WP.I161f.,Trautmann71,Feist58f.
Page(s):
Page(s):343
Root/lemma: esu-s (:su- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:good,*noble,master,owner,lord
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gut,tchtig'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`proficient,good',Adverb(Akk.n.),belongstoprefixhitt.a-a-u-u(assus)`good';toa-s.PedersenHitt.167underAnm.;perhapsaszerogradein
addition(FriedrichIF.41,370f.)theprefixsu- ,seethere;
moreoverperhapslat.erus`themasterofahouse,headofafamily,mister,master,owner,lord',fem.
era,alat.esa`mistress,lady';
however,hitt.i-a-a-a(isas)`master,mister'istobekeptaway,becausethisbelongstoarm.
isxan`master,mister',isxal`rule,reign'(),evenitisnotidg.origin(CouvreurH9);
gall.GNEsus(with-)remainsfaroff,probablybecauseofthenameswithAes-,Ais-intheearliest
1.ais-or2.ais-(aboveS.16),lessprobably2.eis-(aboveS.299);alsotheair.PNogan
(*ivogenos)andthecymr.PNOwein(olderYwein,Eugein,Ougen)=air.PNgaine(*ouo-genios),
compareinadditionBerginriu12,224f.
References:
References:WP.I161,WH.I419,863.Einetymol.VersuchbyKretschmer,object.Konjugation16
ff.
Seealso: es- .
Page(s):
Page(s):342
Root/lemma: esEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sein'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:es- :
:`tobe'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
:Ì'[OldIndiansmi
Ìam'=ahm(*e(h)om)'I']
Grammaticalinformation:copulaandverbsubstantive;builtoriginallyonlyadurativeaspectof
presentwirdhencesingle-linguisticvarioussupportedbytherootbheu - :bh-.
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansmi,si,sti,sms,sth,snti,av.ahmi,3.Sg.asti,3.Pl.hanti,Oldpers.
amiy;
Note:OldIndiansmiÌam'=ahm(*e(h)om)'I';
arm.em,es,;
gr.hom.att.(=mi,ol.,dor.),(=eifrom*esi,onlyatt.,hom.,),,(as
;att.as;dor.),,(dor.),Dual;
venet.est;
alb.jam(*esmi);(*jesem):(aor.isha)
lat.sum(throughinfluencethe1.Pl.),es(s),est(Inchoat.escit,asgr.),sumus,estis,sunt
(Inchoat.escunt);osk.sm,est(st);umbr.est;
Note:lat.zerogradesum(*esom)Ìam':lat.lat.eg(*e(h)om)'I'
air.(onlyascopula)am(*esmi),at,is,ammi(*esmesi),adib,it(*senti,acymr.hint);
got.im,is,is,3.Pl.sind(*senti);aisl.em,est(ert),es(er);ags.eom(afterbom),northumbr.am
(*os-m),eart(endingofPrteritoprs.),is;3.Pl.northumbr.aron(*os-t),etc.;
alit.esm,(nowadayses,dial.esmu)es,sti,Dualoldanddial.esv,estaandest;lett.esmu
(dial.esu),esietc.;OldPrussianasmai,assai(essei),est(ast);
OldChurchSlavicjesm,jesi,jest(*esti),jesm,jeste,st(=lat.sunt);Dualjesve,jesta,jeste,
etc.;
Note
Note:
alb.jam(*jesem,aor.isha):[truncated]poln.jestemÌam',alb.je(*jesi,aor.ishe):[truncated]poln.
jeste`youare(sing.)';alb.asht(*jesti,aor.ishte)'heis':polnjest`heis';alb.jemi(*jesemi):
[truncated]poln.jestemy`weare',alb.jeni(*jesenti):[truncated]poln.jestecie`youare',alb.jan
(*jasanta:hittasan):poln.s(*santa)'theyare'.
Alb.andSlavicusej-forthelostlaryngeal-.Alb.provesthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:es- :
:`tobe'derived
fromRoot/lemma:
:Ì':Proto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:(j)az,Lithuanian::,e(OLith.)
Ì',Latvian::esÌ',OldPrussian::as,esÌ'.
toch.present3.Sg.ste,star-(withenclitic),3.Pl.skente,stare,skentar;Imperf.A1.Sg.em,2.
Sg.etetc.,ai(-),withoptativeformantsidg.-oi-(afterPedersenTochar.161shouldalsones-,
Anas-`be'containtherootes-,thepreverbn-isidenticalwiththepostpositionne);
hitt.eemi(esmi),3.Sg.eezi(eszi),3.Pl.a-a-an-zi(asanzi;whoseasthroughvocalharmony
from*es-).
2.significantcongruities:
Imperf.OldIndiansam,s,s,respectivelyPerf.sa,sitha,sa,Pl.sma,sta,san,Dual.
stam,stm:gr.hom.1.Sg.,2.Sghom.att.,3.Sg.dor.etc.,Pl.hom.,,,
3.Dualhom.;withcomparehitt.e-e-ta(sta)`was,were';[alb.isha],themat.1.Sg.3.
Pl.ol.(*e-s-om,respectively*e-s-ont):truncated3.Pl.OldIndiansan,av.hn(*sentor*sont).
lat.erat(*est)=cymr.oedd`was'seemneologisms.
Gr.Imperf.,:alat.escit(thefuturetensemeaningremindsanarm.i-cem`thatIam'from
prothet.*i+s+(s)ke-,MeilletEsquisse121);
Konjunkt.ved.2.Sg.sas(i),3.Sg.sat(i):lat.Fut.eris,erit;
Optat.ved.s(i)ym;gr.(dasfrom*):lat.Konj.siem,sis,siet,umbr.sir,sei`youare,exist,
live',si,sei`heis,exists,lives',sins`theyare,exist,live':ahd.3.Sg.s;
Imper.2.Sg.gath.-av.zd:gr.att.(*esdhi);3.Sg.gr.hom.att.:lat.est(d):osk.estud;
3.participlesent-, sont-, st-`being',partlywithdevelopmentto`truely,really',andfurtherpartlyto
`good,well',partlyto`therealperpetrator,theculprit':OldIndiansnt-st-m.,n.(f.sat-)`being,
good,true',av.hant-,hat-ds.;
Maybealb.send`thing,*being'perhapsusedasataboo.
gr.-,-,dor.-`being'(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I473,5254,567,678),Nom.Pl.`present,
verity,possession',derived,dor.,f.`property,nature,reality',etc.;
lat.inprae-sns,-sentis`presently',osk.praesentidàthand,insight,present,inperson',ab-sns
àbsent,notpresent';sns,Gen.sontis`culpable,harmful'(comparesonticusmorbusèpilepsy');
Maybealb.sonte`tonight,thisnight,presentday'.
protogerm.*sana-`true'inanord.sannr,sar,ahd.sand,as.s`true',and`whosedebtstays
withoutdoubt',ags.s`true';besideszerogradegerm.*sun()j-z,got.*sunjis`true'(sunja`verity');
therealmeaningstillinbisunjan`multi-sided,allaround',originallyGen.Pl.`beingallaround'=Old
Indiansaty-`true,right'(*stio-),n.`verity',av.haiya-`true,genuine',Oldpers.haiya-ds.;
withpreservedorassim.dahd.suntea,as.sundea,afries.sende,aisl.syn,synd<mnd.snde,
ags.synnf.`sin,crime'(protogerm.*sun:*sun()jz),furthertoas.ahd.sunnea`hindrance,need',
aisl.syn`renunciation,denial';
OldPrussianNom.Sg.sins,Dat.Sg.sentismu,alit.Akk.Sg.m.sant,lit.ss,saio(newerss,
ssm.,santif.),lett.esuots`being';Gerundiumlit.sant;
OldChurchSlavicsy(:OldIndiansn),Gen.Sg.m.sta;
hitt.a-a-an-za(assanz)`being';
to-participle*s-e-t-,soto-ingr..Hes.,`prfe',,`true,really'
and`right,allowed,godly,pious';
ti-Abstrakta:OldIndianabhti-f.`help'(abhit-m.`helper'),av.aiwiti-f.`devotion,study';Old
Indianp-st-m.`subordinate'(OldIndiansv-ast-f.`well-being'probablyar.neologism);compare
gr.`',,Hes.àbsence,notpresent'underlikewise;
aboutthatperhapsbelongingheregr.-`proficient,good,lucky',dor.,arkad.
compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I5335,SpechtDekl.256.
References:
References:WP.I160f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I676ff.,Trautmann71,etc.
Seealso: esu-s
Page(s):
Page(s):340-342
Root/lemma: et(e)nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:seed;corn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kern,Korn'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.àthicksoupofpulse,pea-soup,mashoflegumes'oneplacestomir.eitnem.
`seed',schott.-gl.eiteùnhuskedearofcorn',eitean`seed,corn,grain';theunleniertevoiceless-tbetweenvowelsispuzzlingthough,becauseitcanonlygobackto-tt-.
References:
References:WP.I117.
Page(s):
Page(s):343
Root/lemma: eti
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:out;further,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`darberhinaus',outofit`ferner,and,also'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantim.Akk.àbout-out,against',prefixti(av.aiti-,Oldpers.atiy-)òver-,back-'
(containsalsopartidg.ati-,seeaboveS.70f.);
phryg.in-`curses'(toair.tongid`swears');
gr.`moreover,further,still';
perhapsmessap.-ànd'(KraheKZ.56,135f.,compareWH.I863);:alb.edheànd'.
lat.etàndalso',pl.umbr.etds.;lat.etiamànd,also,still';
gall.etiàlso,further',eti-càndalso'(*eti-ke);inabret.etbinamgl.lanis,acymr.etmet`tobeat
back,blunt,dull'(LothRC37,27);
got.i`but,'(an1.place),prefixid-inidweitn.`disgrace,shame,insult'=ags.as.edwt,ahd.ita,itwzds.(ahd.it(a),anord.i-àgain',ags.as.ed-àgain',besidesahd.ith-,ags.e-,Jacobsohn
KZ.49,194,yetisags.e-afterSievers-Brunner1651onlyspellingmistake),perhapsalsoingot.idreigaf.`repentance,penance,atonement'(compareFeist289f.);
OldPrussianet-besidesat-,probablyasacymr.etc.et-besidesat-(toatiaboveS.70),different
Trautmann16;
abouttoch.Aatas`fromhere'(),Aaci,ecce`fromthere'(*eti)compareVanWindekensLexique
8,16,PedersenToch.Sprachg.161.
References:
References:WP.I43f.,WH.I421f.,theetiine-(seeaboveS.283)and-ti(asinautiaboveS.
74,etc.)zerlegenwill.
Page(s):
Page(s):344
Root/lemma: eukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeusedto
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichgewhnen,durchGewhnungvertrautsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankas-n.`dwelling,house,residence,home,custom,habit,tradition',cyatiìs
habitual',ucit-`habitually,adequate';sogd.ywt(yat)`heteaches',ywthàccustomed'(with
secondaryy-),MeilletBSL.23,76;
arm.usanim(kafterupalatalized)`learn,Iamaccustomed';
gr.(Pind.)besidesìnunobstructedpleasure';maybefromuek-,respectively
euk-
air.to-ucc-ùnderstand,comprehend,conceive'(cc=gg)from*u-n-k-;whereasgoro-uicc`has
carried',do-uicc`hasbrought'to*-onk-i-s-t(backtoenek - ,seeaboveS.317);
got.b-hts(*unkto-)`habitual,customary';
lit.jnkstu,jnkti`becomehabitual,customary',jauksàccustomedtopeople,tamed,domesticated',
jaukntiàccustom,tame',jnktasàccustomed';lett.jkt`becomeaccustomed,habitual,customary',
jaukt,jactàccustom';OldPrussianjaukint`train,practice';lit.kis`farmstead'(actually`dwelling',
compareOldIndiankasds.);toj-seeundereu-3 ;
OldChurchSlavicuitiìnstruct,teach',uk`doctrine',vyknti`beaccustomed';
References:
References:WP.I111,Trautmann335,KuiperNasalprs.187withAnm.
Page(s):
Page(s):347
Root/lemma: eu-1 ,eu- :u - ,u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolack;empty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mangeln,leer'
Note:
Note:esp.inpartizipialenno- formations
Material:
Material:OldIndiann-,av.na-ìnsufficient,inadequate,lack,beshortof',av.uyamnads.
(participlepresentMed.topresentu-ya-);npers.vangèmpty,bare,lacking,poor,needy',pmir
vanao`Leerheit,vanity,pride';
arm.unainèmpty,bare,lacking'(idg.);
gr.,-`stolen;looted,lack,beshortof';aboutgr.,(F),thatcouldalsobelong
here,seeaboveS.73;
perhapsherelat.vnus`bare,lacking,containingnothing,empty,void,vacant';verydubious
(becausethek-extensionisattestedonlyinItal.)vac,-re`beempty,bevoid,bevacant,bewithout,
nottocontain'(besidesvoc,-reEM21069);umbr.vacetum,uasetom`makefaulty,injure,spoil,
mar,taint,corrupt,infect,vitiate,defile',antervakaze,anderuacoseàbreakingoff,intermission,
interruption,discontinuance',uasàfault,defect,blemish,imperfection,vice';
got.wans`lacking,missing,wanting'(*u-ono-sor*u-no-s),aisl.vanr,afries.ags.as.ahd.wands.;
afterMhlenbach-EndzelinIV462herelit.vaskariaiùnincubatedeggs',lett.vns-kar(i)sìnfertile,
notfertileegg'(withs-kfromsp).
cognitionalseemsu stos `deserted,abandoned,forsaken'in:
lat.vstusèmpty,unoccupied,waste,desert,devastated'=air.fsèmpty,bare,lacking',fsach
`desert,waste,wasteland',ahd.wuosti`deserted,abandoned,forsaken,unbebaut,empty,bare,
lacking,waste,desolate',as.wsti,ags.w-ste`waste,desolate'(mhd.nengl.waste`desert,waste,
wasteland'butfromLat.).
Maybealb.(*hwuosti)boshèmpty'[kw>bphoneticmutation]
References:
References:WP.I108f.,Feist550.
Page(s):
Page(s):345-346
Root/lemma: eu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànziehen'
Material:
Material:Av.aora-(:lat.subcula)n.`footwear';
arm.aganim`drawsomethingtome'(idg.*u-mi);aut`-oc`bedspread';
lat.exu`todrawout,takeoff,pulloff,putoff',indu`toputon,assume,dressin'(atfirstfromov,idg.probably*eu),ind-uviae`clothes,garments',ind-uvium`bark,outercoveringofatree',
exuviae`thatwhichisstrippedoff,clothing,equipments,arms',reduviaeàhang-nail,loosefingernail',subculaàman'sundergarment,under-tunic,shirt'(*ou-tl,comparelett.ukla),menand
mentum`retinaaroundtheintestine,mesenteryfat,fat,intestine;alsolegskin,cerebralmembrane',
ind-mentumàgarment,acovering,clothing'(aboutindusium,intusiumàwoman'sunder-garment'
s.WH.I695f.);umbr.anovihimuìnduitor'(from*an-oui:bsl.auiseeunder);
fromKelt.presumablyair.fuan(notbutdasfrz.Lw.cymr.gn,corn.gun`dolman,woman'scape')as
*upo-ou-no-;
lit.aviu,-ti`bearfootwear',aun,ati`put,dressfootwear',lett.ut`ds.;dress',lit.akl`foot
bandage',auklis`rope',lett.uklaf.(*autl)`cord',preu.auclo`halter',lit.(*autos,participle
Perf.Pass.)atas,apatas`shoed,Pl.footbandages',lett.uts`kerchief,cloth,bandage'(:lat.extus);
russ.-ChurchSlavicizuju,izuti`takeofffootwear',OldChurchSlavicobuj,obuti`dressfootwear',
russ.obtyj`shoed'(:lit.apatasds.),inadditionOldChurchSlaviconuta`ham,smokedmeatfrom
thehindquarterofahog',russ.ona`footbandages',etc.
Maybealb.(*k-put)kpuc`shoe'
fromhere(PedersenMursilis72ff.)hitt.unuu(i)-àdorn'
References:
References:WP.I109f.,WH.I434ff.,695f.,Trautmann21f.
Page(s):
Page(s):346
Root/lemma: eu-3 ,withpresentformants-et- :u e t- ,utEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofeel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fhlen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianapi-vtatiùnderstands,comprehends',Kaus.api-vtyati`stimulatesspiritually,
makesunderstand',av.aipi-vataitiìsfamiliarwithathing',Konj.aipiaaott`sheunderstands'
(*eut-);
lit.jaui(*euti),jauia,jasti`feel',lett.jauu,jautu,jaust,inadditionlit.jasmasm.èmotion',
jautrsèmotional,passionate,sentimental,tender',Iterat.jutotis`searching,ask';inablaut(idg.u)
junt,jutu,jsti`feel',lett.jtu,jutu,justds.Aboutthej-suggestions.EndzelinLett.Gr.p.30c,
different(asreduplication)SpechtKZ.68,551.
References:
References:WP.I216,Trautmann72,KuiperNasalprs.54.
Page(s):
Page(s):346
Root/lemma: eu-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:exclamationofjoy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Freudenruf'
Note:
Note:(onlygr.lat.)
Material:
Material:Gr.`jubilate,cheer',,,exclamationsofbacchantenthusiasm;lat.ov,reèxult,rejoice,delight,cheer;keepavictoriousmove'(*eui).
comparealsou-inonomatopoeicwords.
References:
References:WP.I110.
Page(s):
Page(s):347
Root/lemma: eusEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianati`burns',participleu-(=lat.ustus),u-`hot,warm'(m`fast,rapid,
hurried,immediately,rightaway'perhaps`*stormy,hottempered,burning');
gr.(*h,*eus)`singe',Aor.,`pit,pothole,theplaceforsingeingslaughtered
swine';
alb.ethef.`fever';
lat.r,-ere,ustus(thereafteruss)`toburn;todryup,parch;chafe,gall;todisturb,harass(trans.)',
ambr-`toburnround,scorch;ofcold,tonip,numb;ingen.,toinjure';
anord.uslim.`glowingash',ags.yslef.ds.,mhd.sel(e)f.ds.;anord.ysjaf.`fire',usti`scorchs,
deflagrates,incinerates',withgramm.variationeim-yrja,ags.m-yrie(engl.embers),mhd.eimer(e)
f.,nhd.mdartl.ammer`glowingash';norw.mdartl.orna`becomewarm'(*uznn);perhapsas
`burning,stormy,hottempered=keen,eager'hereahd.ustar`greedy,gluttonous',ustrìndustria',
ustinn`fungi';
lit.usns`scratchthistle'(akindofthistle)oràlderbuckthorn'.
Intheone*eus-under**eues-tobecombinedwith*ues-`burn'oneattributestolat.(osk.)Vesuvius,
thebutalsoas`thebright,theradiant,theglowing'canbeplacedto*(a)ues-`gleam,shine'(aboveS.
87).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):347-348
Root/lemma: eu e ghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topraise,worship
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feierlich,rhmend,prahlendsprechen,alsoespeciallyreligisgeloben,preisen'
Material: u e gh- :OldIndianved.vght-`thevowing,worshiper,organizerofasacrifice',av.
rtar-vanti-EN;
arm.gog`say!',gogces`youcansay';
lat.vove,-re,vv,vtum(thisatfirstfrom*vv-vai,-tum)`tovow,promisesolemnly,engage
religiously,pledge,devote,dedicate,consecrate',umbr.vufetes(=lat.vts)àpromisetoagod,
solemnpledge,religiousengagement,vow,todedicate,devote,offerassacred,consecrate',vufruòf
avow,promisedbyavow,givenunderavow,votive',Vufiune,Uofioneàpromisetoagod,solemn
pledge,religiousengagement,vow'.
eugh-: Av.aog-(aojaite,aoxta,aogd)ànnounce,declare,say,speak,esp.inceremoniousway',
whereforeOldIndianhat`praises,vaunts,boasts';
andpresumablyarm.uzemÌwish,like',yuzemÌsearch,seek';
gr.Ìpromised,prayed,wished,praised',athemat.Impf.(=gath.-av.aogd,j.-av.
aoxta`spoke,talked,conversed')toapresent*eughtai(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I679);n,`thing
prayedfor,objectofprayer,boast,vaunt,vow,votiveoffering',`profession,declaration,prayer,
request,imploration';inadditionperhapsalso`boast,brag,vaunt,boast',abstractedfrom
-`theemptyboasting'(*-,BechtelLexilogus192).
References:
References:WP.I110.
Page(s):
Page(s):348
Root/lemma: 1,
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofadverbial/nominalparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:adnominaleandadverbalePartikel,etwa`nahebei,zusammenwith'
Note:
Note:outofAryanandpartiallyalsoalreadyinthisinthemeaningcoloring,inGerm.assense
ùnder,after,behind,back,again,away'extendedcognitionalwithPron.-steme-,o-,eitherasits
originatoror,whatisobviousesp.forthelongvowels,,therefromasanInstrumentalformation.
Material:
Material:OldIndian,av.Oldpers.ìn,tothere',e.g.-gam-`nearto,drawnear,getnear,come
close',aspostpositionwithAkk.`to-toward',withLok.òn,in,to-toward',withAbl.`from-away';
withOldIndiand`receive(in)',da-`receiving;gettinginpossession'compareOldIndian
dyd-m.`hereditaryreceiver'(dy-ìnheritance'),gr.`werlediggewordenenBesitz(
)zueigenerNutzungoderzurVerwaltungbekommenhat'(*--,compareOldIndian
participletta`receive'),lat.hrsànheir,heiress'(*hro-=-+d-`receiving').Inadj.
compoundshasar.theconceptoftheconvergence,e.g.OldIndian-nla-`blackish,darkish'(also
probablygr.-`pale,wan,yellowish',probablyalso-besides`little,small',andslav.
ja-seeunder).Aboutav.a-insecureaffiliationinthenominalsettings.ReicheltAv.Elementarbuch
270;
arm.iny-o-gn`much,alotof'fromprepositioni+*o-ghon-or*o-ghno-(toOldIndianhans`tumescent,luscious's.ghen-`toswell');
gr.-probablyin-`setinmotion,drive,animate'(seeqel-`drive,push'),-(seetuer`hurry'),,(seelep-`schlen'),`wife'(seear-`decree,edict,mandate,dispose,
arrange;reconcile,settle;resign,submitto',aboveS.56),-(seen-`help'),-`bythe
samefather,beingdescendantbysamefather',-òfsimilarmane'underlikewise,
àttendant,servant'(*o-zdoseig.`Mitgnger',torootsed-,asalsoidg.*ozdos,gr.`bough'as
ànsitzendesStmmchen',compare-,-`twig,branch'to,),-(seetel`bear,carry'),-,-,-(seebelowger-`heavy'),perhapsalsoinandother
under*eis-`moveviolently,fast'discussedwords;
afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I433thoughliesinbeforeol.-insteadof(*sm-),accordingto
Risch(briefl.)alsoin,and`companion';
gr.-probablyinbesides;-àrouse,stimulate;wakeup,awaken';
gr.in(seeabove);
gr.probablyin-(seeabove);
: inahd.mahtèclipse(ofahevenlybody);want,defect;flowing/droppingdown,faint,swoon,
temporarylossofconsciousness',teilo`freefrom;without;lackingexperience;immunefrom',ags.in
wde`nude',ahd.md:uomdàfterreaping,harvesting',wahst:uowahst`growth,
development,increase;germ(ofidea);offshoot;advancement(rank)',òcciput,backpartofthehead
orskull',ags.gengel`the(retreating)Querriegel',leccan`flatter,compliment,chatter,wheedle'
from*-lukjan;suffixedinAkk.Sg.thepron.Dekl.,e.g.got.an-h,arjat-h,anaetc.
InSlav.*or*,colorlessinsomecompounds,asskr.-ChurchSlavicja-skudbesidesChurchSlavic
skdùgly'(seeBerneker441);followingtheLok.andwiththisdeformedintypeabg.kamen-e
andlit.rakoj-eìnthehand'.
References:
References:WP.I95f.,WH.388,642,SpechtKZ.62,56,HirtIndog.Gr.IV54,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
434,6483,7221.
Page(s):
Page(s):280-281
Root/lemma: 2,
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjection(vocative)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausrufpartikel,daheralsoVokativpartikel
Material:
Material:OldIndianemphasizingbehindadverbsandnouns:òh!';
gr.`hey,hallo!,youthere!',alsoemphasizingandquestioning`really!',lesb.etc.,
alsoin-,-,(F)òr',-;probablyalsolak.tar.-,whereuponhom.etc.;
lat.ehèi,hey,hallo!,youthere!',-castor`byCastor',edepl`byPollux',d(*deive),etc.;
ahd.ihhÌ(just)',ndd.ik,urnord.hait-ik-a,probablyalsoahd.nein-`no,nay'underlikewise;
lit.,,lett.e,,exclamationparticles;
aboutslav.e-inexclamationseeunderS.283;
References:
References:WP.I99,WH.I1,389,396,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I606.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.furtherunderehem .
Page(s):
Page(s):281
Root/lemma: - ,- ,Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosay,speak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprechen,sagen'
Material:
Material:Arm.asem`say',ifsinsteadofc(=idg.)isestablishedthroughthepositioninthe3.Sg.
*asfrom*ast=*t;Verbaln.a-ac`proverb';
gr.`hespoke'(theuniquehom.form;from*gt),whereforeisjoinedafterhom.1.Sg.Imperf.,
1.3.Sg.present,(dor.)asneologismsafter():(),,.Perf.-òrder,
command'(originallyÌannounce'(),asin`shoutloudly'underlikewise),presently
reshaped;abouts.230andLiddell-Scotts.v.;
lat.ai(i)`say,speak,state'(*agi),thepropheticgodAiusLoctius,adagi,-nis,lateradagium
`proverb,saying',prdigiumàpropheticsign,token,omen,portent,prodigy'(`prophecy');axmenta
`carminaSaliaria'(aboutanxre`vocare,nominare's.WH.I44);
osk.angetuzet`putforth,setforth,layout,placebefore,exposetoview,display,bid,tell,command',
ifsyncopatedfrom*an-agituzet(fromafrequentative*agit)ìn-saying,speaking,uttering,telling,
mentioning,relating,affirming,declaring,stating,asserting';umbr.aiu(*agi)àdivine
announcement,oracle';perhapsalsoacetusànswer,reply,respond,makeanswer';
OldIndianha,ttha`spoke',umdessentwillentherootformwasearlierattachedas*h-,is
becauseofav.a`spoke,talked',presentaya-,aya-leadbacktoadifferentrootadh-(Gntert
Reimw.84).
References:
References:WP.I114,WH.I24f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I678;different230.
Page(s):
Page(s):290-291
Root/lemma: ikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topossess;tobecapable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`toeigenhaben,vermgen'
Material:
Material:OldIndian,(originallypresentperfectreduplication)`hasowned,possessed,
governed',var-`wealthy,ably;m.master,lord';av.ieìsmaster,misterabout',ivan`vermgend',ti-`blessing,fortune,grace,wealth'(germ.aihti-),-`fortune,property'.
hereupongot.*aigan(aih,aigum,secondarypreteritaihta)`have,own,possess',altn.eiga(,eigom,
tta),ags.gan,afries.ga,aschs.gan,ahd.igands.;participle*aigana-,aigina-inthemeaning
òwn,personal,private'andsubstantiv.n.`property':altn.eiginn`particular,characteristic,singular',
ags.gen(engl.own),afries.gin,in,aschs.gan,ahd.eiganetc.ds.,got.aiginn.`property',altn.
eigin,ags.genetc.ds.hereofhasderived*aigann:anord.eigna,-aaàssign,allot';ags.gnian
`makehave,possess,own',furtherahd.eiginn`makehave,possess,own,appropriate,allot'etc.
ti-Abstr.germ.*aihti:got.aihts`property',altn.tt,attintheabstractmeaning`gender,sex,quality
ofbeingmaleorfemale';also`firmament,heavens,skies';ags.ht,ahd.ht`possession,rightful
possession,property'.comparefurtheraltn.eignf.`propertyofreasonandground'(*aigni-);
protogerm.*aihtr`holder,owner,occupier,possessor'istoacquiretobeacquiredbylapp.itrds.
(:OldIndianitar-ds.);
afterPedersenGroupement30f.heretoch.aik-,ai-`know,haveknowledgeof'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):298-299
Root/lemma: i 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vocativeparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausrufpartikel
Material:
Material:OldIndianÀusrufderAnrede,desSichbesinnens'etc.;aids.,ayibeforethevocative;
av.ibeforethevocative;itcouldalsobelongtoai ,aboveS.10,;
gr.(*ei!+a)òn!up!away!'(besides);
lat.ei,heiàh!woe!ohdear!'therefrom,iul`cryout,wail,lament',oieiàlas!woeisme!';
air.(h)Èxclamationofjoyandpain';
ahd.;mhd.nhd.eihavenotdevelopedfromitphonetically;
lit.eèxclamationofwarning',lett.ei`hey,hallo!,youthere!;wow!';
skr.j,poln.russ.ej`hey,hallo!,youthere!'.
References:
References:WH.I396f.,Trautmann67.
Page(s):
Page(s):297
Root/lemma: l
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bodkin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àhle'
Material:
Material:OldIndianr`pricker,awl',ahd.laf.,mhd.leds.(germ.*l)ags.l;ablaut.altnord.
alrm.`pricker,awl,gimlet',>nengl.awlbesidesahd.alansa,alunsa`pricker,awl'.
Fromgot.*laderivesOldPrussianylo,fromwhichlit.laàwl,gimlet',lett.lnsds.
References:
References:WP.I156,VasmerbySennGerm.Lw.-Stud.47.
Page(s):
Page(s):310
Root/lemma: lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:line
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Streifen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianli-,lf.`stripe,line'couldbelongtogr.`wrinkleundertheeyes'(*ling-);hereonecouldalsoputaisl.ll(idg.*lo-)`gullyordentinriver,deepvalleybetweenrocks,
furroworstripealongthebackofanimals';
compareaisl.lttr`striped,lined,havingstripesorbands',norw.dial.aal=aisl.llandnhd.Aal
`stripesinthecloth';nhd.Aalstreif,-strich`stripesonthebackofanimals'nevertheless,couldbelong
thoughtonhd.Aalèel',whereasviceversathepossibilityofthenamingoftheeelafteritslongstretchedfigurewouldbepossible.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):309-310
Root/lemma: n eu , n u
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:without
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:òhne'
Material:
Material:Gr.(Lokat.),()`without';dor.,el.,meg.(shapedafter
);
from*eneu-,got.inu`without';
withlengthenedgrade:OldIndiannu-k,av.nu-akòneaftertheother,insuccession'(toOld
Indiananu-sac-`follow,goafter,ensue,followasaconsequenceof,happenasaresultof,result
from,result,arisefrom',rootsek-);altnord.n,n,afries.ni,as.no,ahd.nu,no,na,mhd.ne,
n,nhd.ohnefrom*nunder
NotentirelycertainthatonlyfromGramm.iscoveredOldIndianan`not'(=gr.),alsoosset.n
`without';relationshipwithlat.sineetc.(MeilletBSL.30,Nr.89,81)mightexist,yetunderno
circumstancescertain.
References:
References:WP.I127f.,Feist295,WH.I677.
Page(s):
Page(s):318
Root/lemma: n
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lookhere!
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sieheda!'
Material:
Material:Gr.,,lat.n`lookhere!'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):314
Root/lemma: piEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:comrade
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gefhrte,Kamerad,traut'
Note:
TheoriginalrootwasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ap-1 (exactp- ):p- :
:`totake,grab,reach,*give'>Root/
Root/
lemma: pi- :
Root/lemma:ai-3 :
:`togive'.
Maybealb.tosk.(*eipmi)ep,jap,geg.nep(*naep)`giveus(*take)':hitt.eipmi(pmi)`take',3.
Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi):gr.`giveahand.[seeabove]
Material:
Material:OldIndianp-`friend,ally',pyam`friendship,companionship';
gr.`friendly,mild;helping'.
Perhapsto*epi`near,tothere,',sothat*pis(and*pi-os)wouldhavemeant`thehelpful
companionsclosetoareststation',fromwhichalso`trust,relyon,haveconfidencein'.
TofromGr.stilloriginally()`heal'(compare)andoutofit
`jointwosidesofawoundorincisionusingstitchesorthelike,patch,pieceup'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):325
Root/lemma: r eb(h)- , r ob(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofdarkcolour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfordunkelrtliche,brunlicheFarbtne
Material:
Material:Gr.`dusky,dim,dour,gloomy,dark'(àdark-tintedseafish');forgrowing
paletherealcolormeaningRozwadowskiEos8,99f.inruss.rjabinvajano`cloudy,stormynight',
ashom.;
withdissimilationreductionofthefirst-r-alb.-ligur.-kelt.-germ.eburo-`rowan,mountainash,yew,
evergreentreewithpoisonousneedles':
inalb.-geg.bershem.`yew'(*ebur-isio-,withcollectivesuffix),ligur.PNEburelianussaltus,
gallorom.eburos`yew'(inmanyPNandPN),air.ibarm.`yew',alsoasPN,cymr.efwr
àcanthocephala,classofparasiticwormswhichhaverowsofthorn-likehooks',mhd.eberboum,nhd.
Eber-esche;
aisl.iarpr`brown',ahd.erpf`dark,swarthy,dusky;husky;hoarse'(ofteninFlN),ags.eorp`swart,
black,dark';therefromaisl.iarpi`hazelgrouse'andndd.erpel`drake,maleduck'(incontrastto
brighterfemales);withfullgradethe2.syllableahd.repa-,rebahuon,schwed.rapp-hna`partridge,
gamebird'<mnd.raphn;
lett.irbeinmeairbe`hazelgrouse',lauka-irbe`partridge,gamebird'(seeaboveMhlenbachEndzelin,Lett.-D.Wb.I708f.;barelyslav.loanwordaslit.erbrub,jrub,jrubl`hazelgrouse',
compareklr.jarub);
slav.withnasalization:mbg.jerb,r.-ChurchSlavicjaab,*jeab,skr.jrbetc.`partridge,game
bird',namedfromthecolor,asklr.obyna,orobn,sloven.jerebka,ech.jebetc.`rowanberry';
withoutanlaut.vowelruss.rjabj`dappled,dotted,spotted'(compareaboverjabinvajano,abg.
rb,russ.rjbka`partridge,gamebird',rjabna`rowantree',rjbik`hazelgrouse',etc.).
fromherealsosptanord.rafn.àmber,yellowishbrowncolor',aisl.refr`fox'as`thered'But
probablyhereaisl.arfròx'etc.as`therubiginous,rust-colored,reddish-brown'.
compareSpechtDekl.115f.,itderivedfromacolorrooter-;s.alsorei-,reu-b-`stripedindifferent
colors,multicolored;dappled';tob:bhs.Specht261f.
References:
References:WP.I146,JoklSymb.gramm.RozwadowskiII242f.,Trautmann104f.
Page(s):
Page(s):334
Root/lemma: s -r ( g) ,Gen.e s-n-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Blut'
Grammaticalinformation:olderr/n-stem
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrk,srt,Gen.asn`blood',asrjRV.3,8,4,nachved.asra-n.ds.;
arm.ariun`blood'(*esr-);
gr.poet.,(Hes.)`blood'(probablyprotogr.*withders.lengthenedgradeas;
s.SchulzeQunderep.165f.);
alat.aser(asser),assyr`blood',assartum`drinkfromthemixedwineandblood'(probablyaserwith
simples;compareWH.I72);
lett.asins`blood'(*esen-),Pl.asinis;compareinadditionTrautmannBsl.Wb.14,MhlenbachEndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I143;
toch.Aysr;
hitt.e-e-ar(esar),Gen.esanas.
References:
References:WP.I162,WH.I72,849,MeilletEsquisse239.
Page(s):
Page(s):343
Root/lemma: s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:(nurmedial)`sitzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianst,av.ste`hesits'(=gr.att.ds.),ostiran.s-,3.Pl.OldIndiansat
(==gr.hom.,lies),av.hnt,gr.Infin.,participle,secondaryatt.,
inverse;theAsperafter-(*sed-)hitt.Med.e-a(esa)`sits',e-a-ri(esari)ds.,Infin.a-a-anna(asanna)etc.,perhapszerogradea-a-i`places,sits';hierogl.-hitt.es-`sit'.
References:
References:WP.II486,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I679f.,CouvreurH99f.,PedersenHitt.91,101,104,
110.
Page(s):
Page(s):342-343
Root/lemma: ter-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:intestines
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èingeweide'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.n.`heart'(Gen.-etc.,ol.formfor*tr,*);`belly,
lowerabdomen';
anord.rf.`vein'(*ter;throughmisinterpretationof-rtransferredasnominative*-zinthei-Dekl.,
Dat.Akk.i,Pl.dir,ar),ags.dre,derf.`vein',Pl.also`kidneys',ahd.d(a)ra,mhd.der,
dre`vein,sinew;Pl.intestines,entrails',withinn(a)ìnside',clusteredtogetheranfrnk.inn-throngl.
`fat,lard,grease;intestinefat',as.t-innthrian`disembowel,removetheentrailsfrom',besidesan
oldercompositionwithinìn'andstressshift*inahd.(withsuffixexchange)inuodiliìntestine,
entrails';
thefactthatalsoair.inatharìntestine,entrails'arededuciblefrom*en-tro-,isbutbarelydoubtful;it
wouldhavereceived*enathar(from*entro-)throughinfluenceoftheprepositionin-beingi;about
acymr.permedinteredougl.`thatpartoftheabdomenwhichextendsfromthelowestribstothe
pubes,thegroin,flank',mcorn.en-eder-en`thechiefinternalorgansofthebody,significantorgans's.
LothRC42,369;mcorn.-eder-couldgobackto*-tro-,againstwhichacymr.wordcouldbelongto
preposition*enter.
fromhereav.xvra-`momentsofjoy,cheerfulness,contentment'as*sutra-
References:
References:WP.I117,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I519,Meillett.167f.,SpechtDekl.81.
Page(s):
Page(s):344
Root/lemma: tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:diver
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èidergans'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:t- :
:`diver'derivedfromtheabbreviatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ant- :
:`duck'
Material:
Material:oldnord.rf.(Gen.ar),arfugl,outofitengl.ndl.nhd.eider,norw.rfugl(and
fugl);schwed.da,dial.dèiderduck'.PerhapswithOldIndiant-,tàwater-bird'inconnection
topresent.However,seeunderant- `duck'(see41f.).
References:
References:WP.I118,Kluge14s.v.Eider.
Page(s):
Page(s):345
Root/lemma: t-mnEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:breath,*soul,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hauch,Atem'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantmn-,Gen.tmnam.`breath,breeze,soul';
ags.mm.,as.thum`breeze,breath',ahd.dhmt(Isid.)`flat',otherwiseinAhd.m.gramm.
variationtum(=dumIsid.)m.`breath',nhd.Atemand(withdial.froma)Odem.
fromhereir.athach(*t-ko-)`breath,breeze,wind'
References:
References:WP.I118.
Page(s):
Page(s):345
Root/lemma: troEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hurried,swift
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rasch,heftig'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:tro- :
:`hurried,swift'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:t(e)r- :
:`fire'
Material:
Material:Ahd.tar(*tr-)`keen-scented;acute,sharp,perceptive,swift,fleet,quick,speedy',ags.
dreìmmediately,forthwith,atonce,rightaway,instantly,now,fully,totally,completely',afries.
dre,as.drods.,aisl.rèarly,matutinal,before,previously,intheprecedingtime,atanearlier
time'oneplaces(inablaut)tolett.trs`rash,hasty,violent,stormy,hottempered'(*tro-),lit.dial.otu
`quick,fast',lett.triAdv.ds.,trumìnthehaste,hurry,intheheat';nordlit.trus`violent,stormy,
hottempered,irascible,irritable',tr(i)Adv.ds.and`quick,fast'couldbeborrowedfromLett..
Thesupposedablaut:nevertheless,isdoubtfullengthenedgrade;alsothevocalismoftoch.A
atr,etr`hero',whethercorrect,isunclear;compareVanWindekensLexique23;balt.formscould
moreoverbelongtot(e)r-`fire'(aboveS.69).
References:
References:WP.I118,Trautmann203,Mhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I245.
Page(s):
Page(s):345
Root/lemma: udh- ,udh- ,dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:udder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èuter'
Grammaticalinformation:r/n-stem;OldIndianoccasionalformsof-es-stem(secondary),slav.
men-stem.
Material:
Material:OldIndiandhar(anddhas)n.,Gen.dhnùdder';
gr.,(=-n)ùdder';
lat.ber,-erisn.àteat,pap,dug,udder,sucklingbreast;fullness,wealth'(berts`richness,
fulness';outofitberAdj.`rich,fertile'inferredafterpaupertas:pauper);
ahd.Dat.trin,mhd.ter,iuter,schweiz.tr,as.ags.dern.ùdder',nexttowhichthechangingby
ablaut*udhr-inaisl.ju(g)rds.andas.ieder,afries.iderds.;
lit.dru-ju,-tiùdders,bepregnant';
slav.*vyminech.vme,skr.vmeùdder'(*dhmen-);
Note:
Wrongetymologyasslav.likeillyr.-balt.useprotheticv-beforebareinitialvowels.besides-m-<mb-,-b-commonalb.phoneticmutation,hence,areducedlat.uberùdder'>slav.vym
probablyas`theswelling,theswollen',compareruss.ditordt`tobloat,bulge,swell',also
perhapsthevolsk.FlNOufens,Ufens.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):347
Root/lemma: gag- ,ggEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:aroundobject
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ètwasRundes,Klumpiges'
Note:
Note:wordtheKindersprache
Material:
Material:Isl.kaka`cake',norw.andschwed.kaka`small,roundandflachesbread',dn.kage`cake'
(germ.*kakan-),whereforethediminutiveags.cicel,cycel`smallcake'(engl.cakeisnord.loanword)
andchangingthroughablautnorw.kk`clump',schwed.koka`clod,clodofearth',mnd.kke,ahd.
kuocho(germ.*kkan-)`roundbread,cake',inadditionthediminutivesags.ccil,ccilandahd.
kuocheli(n)`smallcake';
Maybealb.kok`roundobject,head'
lit.gog`cabbagehead,head,thickskull',guogngas`mitKopfversehen',guogiti`Kpfeansetzen
(vomKohl)'.
Fromgerm.*kakan-derivefinn.kakko,lapp.gakko`cake',finn.kakkara`clodofearth,lumpofearth,
bread';
aboutprov.katal.coca`cake'(ndd.Lw.)s.Meyer-Lbke34734.
References:
References:WP.I530f.,Kluge11333.
Page(s):
Page(s):349
Root/lemma: gal-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bald;naked,*callow(withoutfeathers)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kahl,nackt'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:gal-1 :
:`bald;naked'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:koi-lo- :
:`naked;miserable'.
Material:
Material:Ahd.kalo(*kalua-),inflectionalkalwr,mhd.kal`naked,bald,bleak',ags.calu,engl.callow
`naked,bald,bleak,callow';ahd.calua`baldness,abaldspot';
lett.gla,glef.(lengthenedgrade)`thinicecover,glazedfrost,ice',glsìce-smooth';
akl.gol`naked',sloven.g,russ.gyi`bald,bleak,naked',ech.holds.,holek`beardlessfellow',
holka`girl',etc.;inadditionChurchSlavicgolotf.ìce',ech.holot,russ.gotf.ìce,icing,glazing';
baltoslav.*galuf.`head'in:
lett.galvaf.,lit.galv(Akk.glva)f.`head(substantiveAdj.)',
pr.gall,Akk.galwands.;lit.galvtas`kpfig'(=skr.glvat);
OldChurchSlavicglava`head',skr.glva(Akk.glvu),russ.goov(Akk.govu);skr.glvat
`havingalargehead',ech.hlavat`kpfig';
balt.andslaw.intonation(glv:govu)donotagree;compareMeilletSlavecommun2183,503;
balt.pushedintonationspokeafterTrautmann77ratherforkinshipwitharm.lu-x`head'from
*ghlu-ko-(MeilletEsquisse36);thenhowever,germ.wordsmustbeobservedaslat.Lw.(from
calvus).
References:
References:WP.I537f.,WH.I143f.,Trautmann77;differentMhlenbach-EndzelinI596f.,
SpechtDekl.85,132.
Page(s):
Page(s):349-350
Root/lemma: gal-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocall,cry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rufen,schreien'
Material:
Material:1.Cymr.galw`call,shout,cry,subpoena,sendaninvitationtocourt,summon',mbret.galu
`call,appeal;claim,summons;plea'(*gal-uo-),mir.gall`fame,glory,honor'(*gal-no-s;coveredonly
doubtfully),probablyalsogall`swan';
OldChurchSlavicglagolj,glagolati(*galgal-)`speak',glagol`word',russ.gologlit`chatter,joke,
jest,tellafunnytale';perhapsOldIndiangargara-àcertainmusicinstrument'(=OldChurchSlavic
glagol,ifwithrfromidg.l,Meillett.229;orto*ger-or*ger-,whatinalignmentthese
onomatopoeicwordsarenotclosed,comparefromstillfromonemoresuchOldIndiangharghara`rattling,clashing,gargling,gurgling;m.din,fuss,noise').
2.gal-soin:
osset.alas`',OldChurchSlavicglas,russ.glos`voice',lit.galsasècho',anord.kalln.`the
calls',whereofkalla`call,shout,cry,sing',ags.callian(engl.call)ds.,ahd.kalln`speak,babble,
chatteralotandloudly',with-ll-from-lz-,nexttowhich-ls-inanord.kallsn.`provocation,incitation,
irritation'.
fromlat.gallus`rooster,cock'(onlyafterwardssupportedintheGaul'sname)vorderas.Lw.,alsoas
gr.àcock'scomb'
Maybealb.gjel`rooster,cock'
Inadditionperhapsasextensions,butratherindependentonomatopoeicwords:
3.glag -:
gr.`letsasongresound'(*);
anord.klaka`chirp,twitter',ags.clacuf.ìnsult',furtherpluralwithfunctionin`resounding,roaring,
bangingblow'mhd.klacàpplause,clappingofthehands,slam,bang,strike,noise,crack',klecken
`meet,break,crackwithabang',engl.clack`clatter,rattle,clash,chat,prate',anord.klakk-srr
ìnjurious,malign,pernicious',andm.d.meaning`makemove,putintomotionslapping,tattling,
splotch,stain;smear'mhd.klacalso`splash,splotch,stain,blob,spot,blot',mnd.klacken`makeblot,
splash,splotch,stain'(nhd.klecksen,Klecks=ndd.klakks),anord.klakkr`blot,splash,splotch,stain,
clump,cloudlet,cloudling,smallcloud';
4.galgh -, g ( a ) lagh - `lament,wail,scold,chide':
OldIndiangarhati,-te,ved.3.Pl.grhat`complains,reproves,rebukes',garh`reprimand',grh`beggar,mendicant',av.grzaiti`complains,cries,wails',osset.rzun`groan,moan',av.grza,
npers.gila`lament';
ahd.klaga`lament',klagn`wail';
Maybealb.geg.(*klagn)klanj,tosk.qanj`wail'
mir.glm`clamor,curse,swearword,evilproclamation'(*glagh-sm);
5.nasalizedglengh-:ahd.klingan`ring,sound,clink'(withoutcloseconnectiontolat.clangor,gr.
`sound'),nexttowhichwithgerm.`thin,fine;delicate;weak,feeble'ahd.klinkands.,engl.
clink,schwed.klinka`clink'.
InGerm.furthermore*kalt-,*klat-,*klap-,e.g.mhd.kalzen,kelzen`babble,chatter';afries.kaltia
`speak';ags.clatrian`clatter,rattle,clash',nhd.Klatz`smirch,stain,splotch,smear',bekletzen;
anord.klappn.`soundofakiss;soundofalash;gossip,rumors,blow,knock',ahd.klapfm.`gossip,
slam,bang,strike,blow,knock,shove'.
References:
References:WP.I538f.,WH.I580f.,Trautmann77.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparethesimilartoonomatopoeicwordsghel-,kel-.
Page(s):
Page(s):350-351
Root/lemma: gal-3 orghalEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`knnen'
Material:
Material:Cymr.gallu`tobeable,canbeable',corn.gallos`power',bret.gallout`tobeable'(ll<ln),
ir.galf.`braveness,boldness,courageousness',abret.gal`skill,ability,power';air.d-galf.,cymr.
dial,corn.dyal`revenge,vengeance';gallorom.*galia`power'(Wartburg);inadditionkelt.VNGalli,
;
Note:
ThenameVNGalli,gr.,Keltoi
KeltoiseemsynonymousasKeltoi
Keltoiisanattributenounmodelled
afterIllyr.adj.(seealb.numbers).
Galatea
[Greek]OneoftheNereids,andthebelovedofAcis,aSicilianshepherd.Shewasalsolovedby
Polyphemus,whokilledAciswithaboulderinjealousy.Fromhisblood,Galateacreatedtheriver
AcisonSicily.
Goliath
giantPhilistinewarriorkilledbyastonefromDavid'ssling(Biblical);giant.
lit.gali,galti`tobeable,gali,glios`fortune,ability,capacity,power',ne-glf.ìndisposition,
minorillness';
withunclearformationruss.-ChurchSlavicgolm`big,large,high',bulg.gol`big,large,high,
wide',skr.glijemno`big,large',aech.holem`big,large',skr.glem`big,large',russ.dial.goljamyj
`high,mager'andAdv.galjamo`much,alotof,very'(furtherbyBerneker320andTrautmann77).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):351
Root/lemma: gan(dh)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vessel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gef'
Note:
Note:Onlykelt.()andgerm.
Material:
Material:Mir.gann(*gandhn-or*gandh-)`vessel'(verydoubtfulcovered:StokesBB.19,82);
isl.kani`vesselwithahandle,bowl(poet.),norw.dial.kaneàbowlwithahandle',schwed.dial.kana
`sled',dn.kane`sled'(olderdn.also`boat'),mnd.kane`boat'(fromwhichaschwed.kani`boat'),
ndl.kaan`smallboat,barge'(fromdemNdd.derivesalsonhd.Kahn,s.KlugeEWb.s.v.,v.Bahder,
Wortwahl30);withitchangingthroughablautaisl.kna`kindofboat';inadditionfurther(<*gandhn)
anord.kanna,aschw.kanna,dn.kande,ags.canne,and.kanna,ahd.channa`carafe,glassbottle,
jar,pitcher,vase',fromwhichisborrowedlatelat.canna;fromfrnk.kannaalsoprov.cana`measure
ofcapacity',afr.channe`carafe,glassbottle,jar,pitcher,vase',s.Meyer-Lbke1596,Gamillscheg
EWb.d.Franz.168;besidesahd.chanta,canneta,frnk.cannada`carafe,glassbottle,jar,pitcher,
vase'(<gandh).
Maybealb.kan`carafe,glassbottle,jar,pitcher,vase'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):351
Root/lemma: gangEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spotten,hhnen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:gang- :
:`tomock'derivedfromtheonomatopoeicduplicationofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gha
gha ,gheghe ,ghighi :
:`tocackle(ofgeese)'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiangaja-`disdain,contempt,derision,ridicule',gajana`scornful,ridiculing,
mocking';
gr.Hes.;
ags.cancundergecanc`derision,ridicule,reprimand'(=OldIndiangaja-),cancettan`mock',
anord.kangen-yre`mockingwords'(ags.cincung`loudlaughter',engl.mdartl.kink`laughloudly'
hasexpressivesi,asnhd.kichernetc.);
perhapsbelongsnir.gein`clamor,din,fuss,noise,pleasure,joy,mockery,jeering'here,iffrom
*ganksni-,older*gangsni-;mir.gim`bellowing,braying,roar',gssim`cry',gsachtach`peacock'
couldthenalsobelongtoit.
Thefamilyseemsoriginallyonomatopoeiccoloring.SimilartoonomatopoeicwordsareOldIndian
gjati`buzzes,hums',gr.`grunt,snort',sptgr.`grumble,coo',OldChurch
Slavicggniv`speakingheavily',russ.gugnati(old)`mumble,murmur',gugnj`stammerer,
stutterer',poln.gga,ggna`gaggle,cackle'(fromthegoose),etc.Lat.ganni`tobark,snarl,
growl'isprobablyindependentonomatopoeicwordformation.
Maybeexpressivealb.gagac`stammerer,stutterer',gogsinj`belch,burp',gugat`tosing(pigeon,
dove).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):352
Root/lemma: garEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grim,grievous
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grauenvoll;Grauen'
Material:
Material:Arm.karcr`hard',karcemÌdread,believe';
gr.`grim,fierce,terrible,wild',`bugbear,spectre,bogeyman',`become
wild(fromhorses,i.e.getafright),tobehotorspirited',,`lookingterribly'(gr.
wordsassimilatedfrom*-);
air.garg,gargg`rough,wild';
ontheotherhandmir.grinùgliness,disgust,repulsion,loathing,fear,shyness'(*gragnis),grnda
(*gragnodios)ùgly',cymr.graen`mourning,grief,distress;hideous';
lit.graju,grati`threaten',lett.graut`grumble,rumble,bewilful',grzut`threaten'(tolett.e
fromafollowingrs.EndzelinLett.Gr.36f.);
OldChurchSlavicgroza`horror,dismay,shudder,shiver',skr.grz,poln.grozads.,russ.groz
`threat,austereness,severeness,thunder-storm,violentweather',ChurchSlavicgroziti`threaten',
sloven.groziti,poln.grozi,russ.grozitds.;grznyj`terrible,cruel,savage'.
References:
References:WP.I537,Trautmann95,LeumannHomer.Wrter154f.
Page(s):
Page(s):353
Root/lemma: guEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torejoice;toswagger
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichfreuen,sichfreudigbrsten'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`torejoice'(from*F=lat.gaude),,dor.
ds.,Perf.,dor.`bepleased,rejoice';i-present(*F-)Ìampleased';present
withne-Infix(idg.*ga-n-u-mi)in`tobrightenup',wherefore`cheerful',aswellasas
secondaryformationswith-asstem`brightness,sheen:gladness,joy,pride',
`shimmer,glimmer,gleam,sparkle',etc.,ion.-;`mild,gentle,kindly';
`stout,proud(boasting),exultingin',`swaggerer,bragger',`beminxish,bold,
frivolous;impudent',`makeminxish,bold,frivolous;impudent'(`stately,proud'
seemshybridizationwithìllustrious,noble'[*F-],`very'[*F]);
lat.gaude(*gu-edh-ei)`torejoice,beglad,bejoyful,takepleasure,bepleased,delight',gaudium
ìnwardjoy,joy,gladness,delight';
Maybealb.gzim(*gaudium)`pleasure,joy':dor.`torejoice'.
mir.gaire`noble'(*gaurios);
reconvertedlit.diaugios`torejoice'(from*gaudios);
afterPedersen(Toch.109)heretoch.kw-`lust,desire,crave;seekafter',kwo`lust,desire,
crave;seekafter',Akwasds.,kwlte`beautiful'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):353
Root/lemma: geid-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totickle,stick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,kitzeln'
Note:
Note:('popularsaying')
Material:
Material:Arm.kitak`prick,sting,point',kitvacèmbroidery',kcemìtch,tickle'(*gidi),kcanem(Aor.
kic)`sting,bite';aisl.kitla,ags.citelian(throughmetathesisengl.tickle),as.kitiln,mnd.ketelen,ahd.
kizziln`tickle',kuzziln(withexpressivevariationi:u).
Maybealb.gicilonj,gudulis`tickle'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):356
Root/lemma: geiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprick,bite
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,beien'
Material:
Material:Osset.nezun`ferment,leaven,sour'(uriran.*hamgaizaya-),westosset.izun`become
cold,freeze';
arm.kc-anem,Aor.3.Sg.e-kic`prick,bite',kc-u`bitter,rancid';
air.gr`sharp,sour'(*gi-ro-);
lit.gti`becomesour',gais,gis`rancid,bitter,grumpy,surly,sullen',gati`becomebitter';
aboutalb.gjiz`Ziger,cheese's.ratherJoklIdg.Jahrb.18,152.
References:
References:LidnKZ.61,1ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):356
Root/lemma: geiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,bend
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,biegen'
Note:
Note:OnlyinRootextensions:
Material:
Material:OldIndianjihm-`crooked,cunning,deceitful,slant,skew,slantwise,crosswise
recumbent,stoopedly,squinting';differentaboveS.222;
aisl.keikr`withcrookedback,withhighheadandshoulders',norw.keikds.,keikm.`bend,turning,
crookedness,dislocation,luxation',aisl.keikia`bendtheupperpartofthebodybackward',aisl.kikna
`bendbackward',dn.kei,keitet`lefthand'.
geibh- :
Lat.gibber`crook-backed,hunch-backed,hump-backed,protuberant'.gibber,-ism.`hump,
hunchback,hunch',gibbusàhunch,hump'(withexpressiveGeminationfrom*gbus);
norw.dial.keiv`slant,skew,twiddled,twisted,upsidedown,reversed',keiva`lefthand',keiv,keiva
ùnskillful,clumsyperson';
lit.geibs`clumsy,unadept,unskillful',geibst,gebti`becomeweak,collapse,perish';inaddition
withAnlautvariantguafterTrautmannKZ.42,372:lit.gvaibst,gvabti`becomesenseless,
unconscious,swoon,faint,blackout',intens.gvibti;lett.(withdissimilationreductionofubeforeb,
orborrowingfromLithuanians.Mhlenbach-EndzelinI582,695,698)ibstu,ibt`sink,fall,bend
down',ibstu,ibt`perish,die',eba`dizziness,giddiness;swindle,clumsy,weakperson',gaba
`foolishwoman'.
geim-:
Norw.dial.keima`bendaskew,holdtheheadaskew,swing,binundherschweben',kima`turn,sway
(withjoy)'.
geis- :
Aisl.keisa`bend,crook',PNKsi,isl.keis`roundbelly',norw.dial.keis`movement,curvature',ks
`hump,hunchback',schwed.kesa`fleeinwildescape',schwed.norw.dial.ksa`squint,leer,cross
one'seyes,blink'.Inadditionfurtherwithgramm.variationafries.kra,as.krian,kierian,ahd.kran
`turn,twist'(whereforetheretrogradeformationkrandkra`turn,circularmovement,spin'),mhd.
kren,nhd.kehren,schweiz.chren`nacheinerSeiteneigen'.(DifferentaboutkranScheftelowitz
BB.28,296,itwitharm.cir`circle'combined,whereforePeterssonPBrB.44,178stillplacedosset.
zlin,zelun`slue,turn,turnaroundreverse'.)
HerealsowithPeterssonLUA1922,2,39ff.arm.kikel`crook,bend'(to*kik<*gisuo),andruss.
dial.chat,zchatsja`bend,giveway,yieldto,sway',ichljat`makesomethingstagger'
References:
References:WP.I545f.,PerssonBeitr.83ff.,WH.I597.
Page(s):
Page(s):354-355
Root/lemma: gelebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplane,flay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schaben,schabendaushhlen,hobeln'('gegltteteStange,Balken')
Material:
Material:Gr.`toscrapeup,carvefrom',n.`hollow,cavern',`hollow,
hollowed';
slav.*globitiinpoln.wy-gobi(*globh-),imperfect-gabia`hollowout',sloven.glb-am(-ljem),-ati
`hollowout;repair;gnaw',bulg.globm.èyesocket';russ.glob`crossbar,crossbeam,longshaft,
pole',iterativeserb.glb-m,-ati(*gbh-)`gnaw';hereperhapsafterMachek(Slavia16,199f.)as
nasalizedformabg.glbok`deep'andwithexpressivech-abg.chlbf.`depth,abyss'.
Besidethesewordsleadingbacktoidg.*glbh-orinidg.*globh-:glbh-standswithitunder*gelebh-,
gelobh-compatible*gelbh-,*golbh-inOldChurchSlaviclb,russ.olobetc.`crib,manger,gully',
russ.elobt,sloven.lbiti`groove,makefurrowsorchannels',
andgallorom.gulbiaf.`chisel',air.gulban(*gulbno-)`sting,prick,bill,beak',abret.golbina`havinga
beak,hooked,withacrookedpoint,beaked,withacurvedfront',acymr.gilb`punch,piercer',gilbinà
point',ncymr.gylf,-in,-ant`bill,beak',acorn.geluinàbeak,bill,snout,muzzle,mouth'(idg.*golbh-).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparethoughalsoundergleubh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):367
Root/lemma: gel()-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kalt,frieren'
Material:
Material:Lat.gel(alsogelus,-sandgelum,-)`coldness,frost',gelidus`cold',gel,-re`congeal,
freeze';osk.`'(Steph.Byz.);
gr.Hes.isperhapsincorrectaccordingto(WH.I867);gallorom.*gelandron`frost'
(HubschmiedVRom.3,130)isbetterwithBertoldi(ZrPh.56,187)andWartburg(seev.*gelandron)
throughinfluenceoflat.gelongallorom.*calandronds.toexplain(withmediterr.ending),toair.
caile`(white)spot';againdifferentSpechtDekl.130;aboutgallorom.*gelabria`frost's.Wartburgs.v.
*calabraandgelabria;HubschmidPraeromanica18ff.
aboutlat.glaciesseeunder;
anord.kala,kl`becold,freeze'(unpers.m.Akk.mikkelr),ags.calands.(hineorhimclìt
freezes')withathroughreshufflingofaKaus.*kaljan=*golei`makecold',whencealsotheimpers.
constructionwithAkk.;ags.cielem.(nengl.chill)from*kali`coldness';asaparticiplefurthermoregot.
kalds,ahd.(etc.)kalt,nhd.kalt(inadditionanord.keldafrom*kaltin-`fountain,well,sourceofwater',
finn.Lw.kaltio;withablaut,duetotheolderform*kul-da-ofparticiple,anord.kuldim.=mnd.kldef.
`coldness');lengthenedgradeags.cl,ahd.kuoli,nhd.khl,whereofags.clan,ahd.kuolen,nhd.
khlen,anord.klads.,zerogradeanord.kul(kol)n.`chillbreeze',kylrm.`coldness';
withbrokenRedupl.idg.*gla-g-(thebaseseemstohavealsobeen*gel-),anord.klakim.`frozen
earth'scrust',wherewithlat.glaciesìce'istobeconnectedundertheassumption,that*glagiswas
reshapedafteracis(andotherwordsin-acis);
herealsoschweiz.challen`solidify,congeal(fromfat)',ags.cealer,calwerm.`thickmilk',mnd.keller
ds.(`solidification'isatfirstcoolingoff,e.g.fromfat);ahd.chalawa,mhd.kalwe`shudder,shiver',
probablyoriginally`shiverbeforeshowersasbeforecold';afterMachek(Slavia16,195)perhapshere
withexpressivech-OldChurchSlavicchlad`coolness,coldness'(*gol-do-).
References:
References:WP.I622,WH.I585f.,603,867f.
Page(s):
Page(s):366
Root/lemma: gel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`tocurl;round,*gland,growth,ball,fathom,arm'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ballen,sichballen;Gerundetes,Kugeliges'etc
Material:
Material:evidencefortheunadjustedrootformareseldomandpartlyverydoubtful:
OldIndiangula-,gul(Lex.),gulik`ball,sphere,pearl',glma-m.,n.`swelling,lump,tumor,growth,
bush'(to-ul-beforeKons.s.WackernagelOldIndianGr.I30);withn-suffixOldIndianguik(Lex.)
`swelling,lump,growth';
gr.redupl.n.`swelling,lump,growth,tumor,pearl';
lat.gallaf.àgall-apple,gall-nut,smallnut-shapedprotrusionontreesproducedbythegallwasp'as
`sphericaloutgrowth'from*gel-nor*gol-n;outofitborrowedags.gealla,gealloc,nhd.`nutgall,
smallnut-shapedprotrusionontreesproducedbythegallwasp';
alb.gogl`ball,sphere;nutgall,smallnut-shapedprotrusionontreesproducedbythegallwasp'
(*gel-gal-n);
olderholl.kal`coreinapplesandpears';schwed.dial.kalm`cairn,pileofstonessetupasa
memorialormarkofsomekind';
OldChurchSlavicly(ely)ùlcer',bulg.elka`gland,swelling,lump,growth',russ.olv,olvj,
elvak`swelling,blister',ech.luna,luva`swelling,lump,growth',klr.ol`groundnut,peanut,
goober';poln.glen,glon`clump,pieceofbread'.
A.gutturalextensions:
gel -:
Gr.f.,Gen.(alsoand-)`headofgarlic',Pl.`theclovesofgarlic'(if
notbecauseof,-`cloveofgarlic,headofgarlicmadeupofseparatecloves'=*-`fromnoduleparts,clovesclusteredtogether'fromredupl.*--dissimilated;yetcomparealso:)
OldIndiangrja-,grjana-`kindofgarlic',perhapsalsogr.Pl.àntiquities'(ifperhaps`round
products,littlenodules',comparenhd.Kurzwaren);
schwed.klk`marrowinwood'(`marrowglobules'),mengl.kelkesèggsoffish',colk,colkeàpple
core'.
Theconsecutiveonlygerm.(andkelt.)wordgroups(idg.gle-,glo-)makenoidg.impressionwith
theirexpressiveintensificationandnasalization,so
glek-inanord.kleggi(*klagjan-)`haycock,haystack',nasalizednhd.mdartl.(siebenbg.)heu-kling,
klng`haycock,haystack',klang,klinge`gravellyshallowplaceintheriver,sandbank';ags.clingan
`contract,shrink',engl.cling`cling,stick;adhere',anord.klengiaskàufjemandeindringen'(`*cling'),
mhd.klingen`climb,ascend,goup,mount'(withconsonant-sharpeningnhd.dial.klinken`cling'),ahd.
klinga,nhd.Klinge`narrowgorge,ravine,gulch,gully,canyon',whereforewithgramm.variation(also
idg.*gle-n-k-)engl.clough(=ags.*clhfrom*klanh-)`steepgully,canyon,gorge',ahd.Clh-uelde;
ahd.klunga`ball(ofthread,yarn),tangle,knot',Demin.klungiln,nhd.Klngelds.,schwed.klunga
`congestedheap,mass',klnga`climb,ascend',anord.klungr(*klung-ra-,-ru-)`thornbush,rosehip,
dogrose';
withgerm.-k-(partlyidg.g,partlygerm.consonant-sharpening)anord.klaki`frozenearth'scrust',
klakkr`lumps,woollumps,blot,cloudlet,smallcloud',mhd.klak`spot,blot';ags.clyccan`pack,
grapple,grasp'(engl.clutch),toafries.kletsie`spit,pike',schwed.klyka(*klykja)àgrafe,hook,clasp,
fork';
inaddition()thatinprotokelt.kkweisendemir.glacc,nir.glac`hand',glacaim`seize;grasp';
nasalizednorw.dial.klankandklunk`clump',mhd.klungelerf.`tassel(*massoftangledhair)',
glunkern`dangle',nhd.Klunkerèxcrementlumps,mucuslumps,slimeoftheeyes'(fromsimilar
meaningoftheuncleannesshasperhapsderivedalsoanord.klkin.`disgrace,shame,humiliation',
ags.clacnìnsult');
ndd.klinken`makerufflesinclothing,pleat,crease,shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup',
klinksucht`consumption,tuberculosis',mhd.klinke`doorhandle',ahd.klenken(*klankjan)`lace,tie,
bind',ags.be-clencan`holddown',engl.clench,clinch`(thefist)clench;enclose;clasptogether;hold
tightly',mhd.klank`loop,noose,sling;trick,intrigue,conspiracy'.
Inidg.gle - indicatethoughprobablyruss.ChurchSlavicglez-n,-na,-noànkle',poln.gloznads.
andlengthenedgraderuss.glazok`pellet,globule',glazèye',poln.gaz`stone,cliff;littlestones',
gazn`smooth,skilled,adroit,clever'(compareBerneker301m.Lit.,PerssonBeitr.792);
Note:russ.glazok`pellet,globule',glazèye'arecompoundsofextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
`tocurl;round'intogle- +Root/lemma: ok- :`tosee;eye'.
Zupitza(KZ.36,236)placesmhd.kluoc(-g)`smart,sly,cunning,courteous,polite,elegant'(germ.
*kla-),mnd.klk(germ.*klka-)`smart,cunning,adroit'toair.glicc(nir.glicprovesprotokelt.kk)
`wise,judicious;discreet';originallyàsaballsosmoothandsomovable'
B.Dentalextensions:
gelt -:
-:atfirst(asìntumescence,swelling;puffiness-womb-youngofahumanoranimalwhilein
thewomboregg',asunderbyKalb,kilburra):OldIndianjahram`belly',jar-`womb,uterus';at
mostOldIndianguik`pellet,globule,pill,pearl,drinkingcup'(ratherdial.fromguikds.);
got.kileif.`womb',in-kil`pregnant',ags.cildn.`kid,child',engl.child.
Maybealb.geg.cull`children'.
MikkolaBB.21,225connectsalsoapparentzerogradeschwed.kolla,kulla`girl;femaleofdifferent
animals'(*kul-)withkilei;aboutaschwed.kolder`childrenfromamarriage's.LidnIF.19,335and
rootgol-.
*gle-t-perhapsinChurchSlavicglota`commotion,uproar,turmoil,tumult,disturbance;crowd,mob,
multitude',serb.glta`family(wifeandchildren);poorpeople;weed,wildplant;impurity,dirt'
BecauseoftheuncertaintyoftheconsecutiveOldIndianexample,certainrecordedwordgroupsonly
inGerm.(idg.*gel-d-,*gle-d-)areofdubiousidg.origin:
withthemeaningofanimalyoungOldIndiangai-h,gali-`youngbull'();
inadditionzerogradeags.colt`theyoungofanimals',engl.colt`youngmalehorse,(abundance,
fullness)';
aisl.kialta,kilting`puff,bulge,puffedcreaseofclothing',norw.dial.kult`woodstump,mountaintop,
ungainlythickfigure'(schwed.also`half-grownpiglet',compareaboveags.colt);
nasalized(*glend-)aschwed.klinter`mountaintop,mountainsummit',aisl.klettr`rock,cliff',mnd.
nnd.klint`rock,cliff',ndd.klunt,klunte`clump,heap;thickWeib'=nhd.dial.klunze,ndd.klunter
`clotsofordureorcrap,muck'(besideswithgerm.dndd.klunder`bunch,heap',norw.klundra`knag,
knot'underlikewise);
westfl.kltern(as.*kltirn)`climb,cling'(actuallyàdhereorclingtightly'),ndd.klteren,klatteren
ds.,nnd.klterm.`stickingdirt';withmndl.holl.cloet,kloet`stick;roundgrasp,swordhandle'
(sptanord.klot`swordhandle'isLw.frommnd.klt=nhd.Klo`dumpling,lump');
withexpressive-tt-:mnd.klatte`rag,cloth'=nhd.dial.klatz`smirch,stain,splotch',mndl.klatten
`smudge',mhd.bekletzends.,norw.schwed.mdartl.klatra`worksloppily';
besideswithexpressivedd:ndd.kladde`smirch,stain,splotch;burdock'(i.e.`thesticking');with
Dent.+s:norw.klessa(klass)`stick,cling,splash,bang,clap',klessa(kleste)`smudge,pollute',
klussa`smudge,pollute,lisp';aisl.kless`lisping';compareaisl.klasiS.362.
C.Additionallabials:
geleb ( h )-,glb ( h )-(:glb ( h )-)andgleb ( h )-(::gl b ( h )-)`conglobate'.

Lat.(probablyactuallygall.)galba(*gelbh-),afterSuetongall.nameforèxceptionallyrich,filthy
rich,outstandinglyfat';gall.*galbo-`swelling,calfoftheleg,arm'isalsoprobablyassumedfrom
galbeus,-eumàkindofarmband,fillet(wornasanornament,orformedicalpurposes)armlet,asa
jewellery',perhapsfromgalbulus`thenutofthecypresstree',whichbelongstothevocalism
presumablyfrom*gelbh-;
anord.kalfim.`calf',kalfabt`hiparea;hipjointofmeat',engl.calf`calf',nhd.mdartl.Kalb`muscle',
ahd.wazzarkalb`dropsy,abnormalcollectionoffluidinbodytissues'(`swelling,tumescencethrough
water'),wherewith(asìntumescence-womb-fetus',compareengl.incalf,withcalf`pregnant')deckt
ahd.kalb,Pl.kelbir`calf',ags.cealf,calfurn.,anord.kalfr`calf',got.kalbf.`heifer,youngcow,cow
thathasnothadacalf',withe-gradeags.cilfor-lamb,ahd.kilburraf.`femalelamb';
Maybealb.kalb`spoil':ahd.wazzarkalb`dropsy,abnormalcollectionoffluidinbodytissues'.
lat.globusm.àroundbody,ball,sphere,globe,heap,clump',lengthenedgradelat.glbaf.àlump
ofearth,clod;shred,clot'(outofitborrowedpoln.gleba`clodofearth').
Isglbòfthecountry,rural,rustic'(`pilingupclods')Gallic(then)oronlyariseninLatinpartof
Gaul
Ahd.klftraf.`measureofthestretchedarms,fathom'(*glbh-);ablaut.anord.klafim.`neckyoke,
packsaddle',mnd.klave`neckyoke'(*klaan-`thepressingtogether');
Maybealb.geg.klaf,tosk.qaf`neck',(*pr-klafonj),prqafonj`hug,holdtight,wrapone'sarms
around';
ags.clyppan`hug,embrace,holdtight,wrapthearmstightlyaround(apersonorthing)'(*klupjanwith
-lu-aszerogradefrom-le-),afries.kleppads.,schweiz.chlupfel`bundle',engl.clasp(*claps-)`hug,
embrace;holdbythehand;fastentogether'(probablyalsoair.glass`lock,hinge,chateau,castle'
from*glabso-);
comparewiththesamemeaning`topresstogether(withthearms)'andlikewiseatbestfromaheavy
rootformglbh-:glbh-toexplanatoryablautofthebalt.familyoflit.glbiu,glbtiènclosewiththe
arms,embrace'(glbsàrmful,armload,hugging,embrace'),glbiu,glbti`hug,embrace,holdtight,
support',lett.glbt,glbt`shield,protect',lit.glabti`preserve,guard,save,keep;demand,beg',lett.
glabt`protect,preserve,guard,wait,holdon',OldPrussianpoglab`cuddle'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI
621,623under626);
perhapsinadditionlit.glbu,-ti`help',gilbti`recover,recuperate',OldPrussiangalbimai1.Pl.Konj.
`wehelp',pogalbton`helped,aided,assisted'as*gelbh-(Trautmann92);
slav.*globi,*globitiinserb.z-glbm,zglbiti`fold,plait,foldup,merge,decree,edict,mandate,
dispose,arrange',poln.gobiold`press,merge,packetize,coalesce'(lengthenedgradesloven.
glbim,glbiti`pile,heap,placeoneontopofother')withidg.orrather(:lat.globus).
Furtherwiththemeaningof`theclenched,round,klutzy,clumsy,awkward'germ.*klapp-(intensive
consonantincrease)inanord.klppf.`Knppelbrcke',mnd.klampeds.,schwed.klapper-sten
`roundstonesforthepavement',mhd.klapfm.`clifftop';
germ.expressives*klabb-innorw.dial.klabbàdhesiveclump,ofstickinglumps',schwed.klabb(e)
`clot,chunk,mountainsummitinthesea,short,thickboy'(zerogradeanord.klubba`club,mace,
joint',whenceengl.club);
germ.*klp-(comparelat.glba;germ.pfromexpress.pporatmostaformwithidg.b)inanord.
klp-eygr`popeyed,wide-eyed,withbulgingstaringeyes',klpranabusiveword,insult(perhaps
`clot,chunk')ulikewise;aboutidg.qlp-seethere;
zerograde*kul-inahd.kolbo`stump,club,mace,joint(asweapon),cudgel,club',anord.kolfr`plant
nodules,arrow',kylfi,kylfa`club,mace,jointunderlikewise';besideswithgerm.-p-ndd.kulp-ge
`popeyed,wide-eyed,withbulgingstaringeyes',mrhein.Klp`SchlagholzamDreschflegel',schwed.
dial.kulp`thickperson';mengl.clpe,nengl.kelp`salsola(saltherb)'.
Nasalizedglembh- (perhapspartlythroughhybridizationfrom*glebh-and*glem-):
Maybealb.glemb,gjemb`thorn,stickythorn,clingingthorn,pricklyplant'.
Mhd.klamben`jointightly',anord.klembra`climb,ascend',aisl.klmbràgrafe,hook,clasp',mhd.
klemberen`cramp,clamp,staple,clip',mhd.nhd.Klammer;engl.clamber`climb,ascend',actually
`clipsomethingto,cramp,clamp',asalsoablaut.ahd.klimban`clamber,climb,ascend',ags.
climban,mhd.klimben,klimmen`clamber,climb,ascend;pinch,tweak,nip,pack,grapple,grip,
seize';anord.klumba`club,mace,joint',klumbu-ftr`clubfoot,misshapendeformedfoot';
withgerm.p:aschwed.klimper`clump,dumpling,lump',aisl.kleppr`clump,rockyhill',mhd.klimpfen
`topresstogethertightly';ahd.klampferàgrafe,hook,clasp',mnd.klampef.`hook,gangplank,
footbridge',nnd.klamp,klampe`clump,clot,chunk'(nhd.Klampeàgrafe,clasp,hook,clot,chunk'is
ndd.Lw.,genuinenhd.Klampfe);ags.clympe`clump',ndd.klumpe`clump'(nhd.Klumpe(n)isndd.
Lw.);
poln.gb,ech.hloub`stalk,stemofaplant'.
glem -:
Lat.glomus,-erisn.àclew,ballmadebywinding,lumpdumpling,(asdish,food);ball,tangle,knot'
(*glemos),glomerre`clench,clasptogether';
air.glomar`bridle,rein,toggle'(compareS.360mhd.klammer);
ags.climman`climb,ascend',mnd.klimmerends.,mhd.klimmen(partlywithmmfrommb),also
`makenarrow,limit,restrict'(nhd.beklommen),ags.clam(m)`band,strap,handle,grasp,manacle',
ahd.klamma`restriction,constriction,clamp,glen,mountainvalley,gulch,canyon',nhd.Klamm,
Kaus.ahd.nhd.klemmen,afries.klemma,ags.beclemman`clamp',mhd.klam`narrow,dense',nhd.
(nd.)klamm`steif(krampfig)vorKlte',zerogradenorw.dial.klumra`workwithstiffandfrostbitten
hands';
Maybealb.(*k)lemc`womb,uterus(ofanimals)':got.kileif.`womb',in-kil`pregnant'[common
alb.gl->l-phoneticmutation].
witherweit.*klamd-:anord.klanda,klandra`disparage,anger,denigrate,annoy,trytosteal';
lit.glom-ju,-ti`hug,embrace,holdtight';with--extendedlit.glemi,glemti`snatch,snatchup;
crumple',lett.glemztèatslowly,babble,chatternonsense';
furtherglm-, glm- witholdermeaning-developmentto`sticktogether,mucilaginousmass':
gr.`bleareyed,bleareyed',etc.(lat.glamaeLw.);
alb.nglom,ngjom`humid,wet,fresh,young'(*glmo-);
anord.klm`dirtyspeech',engl.clammy`humidandsticky,clingy,coolanddamp',ostpr.klamm
`humidandsticky,wet';
lit.glms,glmes,glmosf.pl.`toughslime',lett.glmas,glemi`slime,mucus',glmt`become
slimy,smooth',glums`smooth'(alsoglemzt`chat,pratethoughtlessly',glema`babbler',comparez.
meaninglett.glests`babbler':glst`slimybecome');aboutlit.glimsseeunderS.364.
Maybealb.(*g)lemz`hiccup,involuntaryspasms':lit.glema`babbler'[commonalb.gl->lphoneticmutation]
D.g(e)l-eu- , partlywithfurtherconsonantalderivative:
OldIndianglu-f.`globularobject,ball,clenchedmass',npers.gulle`ball';
gr.--m.àhingejoint:ajointinacoatofmail,bonejoint,hinge';
air.gl-nthe,glo-ntheàlinenthread,string,line,plumb-line,ameasure,standard'(literally
`balecord');
anord.klm.(*klew-an-)`Webstein',ags.clynen.`metallumps'(*klu-n-),schwed.klunsm.`clump',
isl.klunni`klutzy,clumsyperson';ahd.kliuwa,kliwa`ball,tangle,knot',kliuwi,kliwi`ball,tangle,knot'
(Demin.mhd.kliuweln,dissimilatednhd.Knuel`ball,tangle,knot'),ags.clewen`threadknot'(engl.
clew);zerogrademnd.klwen,holl.kluwen`ball,tangle,knot';inadditionwithlengthenedgradeand
meaning-development`thegripping:claw'thefamilyofgerm.*klw:ahd.klwa`claw,talon,nail',
mhd.klwe,mnd.kl`claw,talon,nail,hoof,afries.kl,whereforewithablautdasverb*klawjan(has
changed*klawan)`scratch,scrape,itchwiththenails',ahd.klauuenti`toitchorlongforathing,for
blows,stripes,forpleasure,tobewanton',mhd.kluwen`scratch,scrape',ags.clawan=anord.kl
`rub,scratch,scrape'(anord.kljaìtch'neologismafterthe3.Sg.klr=*klawi),wherefore
*klawian-m.inanord.klim.ìtchiness,itching,scratching',ags.clweads.,ahd.glouuida(lies
clouuida)`scabies';fromtheverbderivestheabbreviationfromags.clawuf.`claw,nail,hoof'(engl.
claw)andclaf.(engl.mdartl.clea)ds.(thelast=*klaufromclawu),aswellasahd.kla`claw,nail';
ahd.cluwi`pliers,tongs';aisl.klf.`claw,nail,hook';aisl.klunnaàttachtightly',compareags.clyne,
schwed.kluns`clump',ags.clynian`swathe,wrapup';
probablyair.gln`knee'=alb.glu-ri(geg.),gju-ri(tosk.)`knee'(withidg.*enu-`knee'barelyas
dissimilationformcompatibleto*n-n-becauseoftheGutturaldifference);
presumablylit.gliamas`smoothdiminutionofthewhetstone',gliaums`smooth,slippery',lett.
glams,glums`slimy',if`slimy=stickingtogether,balling,massing-together',compareMhlenbachEndzelinI622;
Maybealb.(*(g)laum-)lmonj`tosmooth'[commonalb.gl->l-phoneticmutation]
comparewith-s-norw.klyse(*klsion-)`slimyclump',thatfrommnd.kls`mass',nnd.`ball,tangle,
knot,confusion,mass',ndd.klster`bundle,grape,typeoffruitwhichgrowsinclustersonavine',
ags.clster,clystern.ds.arenottobedistinguished;comparefromarootform*gle-s-anord.klasi
`lumpofberriesorfruit,mass'.
extensionwith--t -:
gr.()`buttock',`medullarytuberclesnearthepinealglandofthebrain';
sloven.glta,glta`growth,swellingnaturedtumefaction,treegnarl'(Berneker309);
changingthroughablautags.cldm.àmassofrock,hill',engl.cloud`cloud'(`cloudbundle'),
comparewithgemination(*kludda-)ags.clodd(engl.clod)`clod,lumpofearth'.
extensionwith-d-:
mnd.kltm.`clump;testicle',mhd.klz,nhd.Klo,ags.clot,engl.cleat`clump,wedge';changing
throughablautmnd.klt,klte`clod,lumpofearth',ostfries.klt`clump,piece,fragment'(infurther
developmentoflattermeaningalso:)ags.cltm.,engl.clout`rag;metalsheet',sptanord.kltr`rag,
clump';withexpressivegemination(*klutta-)ags.clott(engl.clot)`clump'=mhd.kloz,nhd.Klotz.
Perhapsherelit.glaudi,glasti,lett.glast`macheetwasenganschmiegen',glauds
ànschmiegend,dichtanliegend',gldoju`liegeangeschmiegtda'(compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI
622f.);
russ.glda`clump,dumpling,lump'.
Maybealb.glas`droppings'
extensionwith--bh -:
sylt.fries.klpi`kiss',russ.glba`clump,Block',glbazemli`clodofearth'(Berneker310;compareto
-b-under*gle-b-),perhapslit.glabti`squeeze,caressthebreast',glaubstti`caress'.
E.glei- , partlywithfurther,consonantalderivative(esp.glei-t- , -d- , glei-bh- ; glei-m- )`glue,put
greaseon,oil,smear',butprobablyoriginallyderivedfromgel-`clench,clasptogether';afterSpecht
Dekl.144basicmeaning`gleaming'(toel-,gel-);nominal:gli-i o - , -no- , -tu- ; gloi-u o -.
Gr.f.`glue'(sl.*glj,seeunder),ds.(:sl.gln,glina,ahd.klenan,air.glenimseeunder),
ànyglutinoussubstance,gluten,gum,generally,oilysedimentinbaths',`humidand
sticky,wet'(*F:lett.glievs,slav.*glv,seeunder),Hes.(*F-:lit.glits
etc.),`clingto,striveafter,longfor',`glutinous,sticky,clammy,stickingclose,
importunate,penurious,niggardly,ofthings,mean,shabby,ofbuildings,ofpainting,carefully,with
elaboratedetail',(presumablywith--froma*from*-);
lat.gls,-tis,glten,-inisn.`stickyoil;slime,gluten',gltin`gluetogether'(fromoi,comparethat
ofthechangingbyablaut:)glis,-tis`fatdormouse',glitts`soft,delicate,tender,yielding'(basicform
*gleitoswithintensivett);
maybenasalizedalb.(*nglit)ngjit`tostickto,climb,cling':lit.gliej,gliti`smear',refl.glitis`stick,
glue,remain',alb.glisht`finger(tograsp,cling)'.
air.glenim(*glinmi),cymr.glynaf`tocleaveorsticktoathing';inadditionfurtherair.forduclainn
`gobbles,engulfs,devours',afterPedersenKG.II540fromfor-d-uks-glen-to*glenaid(from*gl-nti);alsobret.geot`grass'from*gelt(MarstranderPrs.nas.30f.);
ags.clg(engl.clay),mnd.klei`loam,clay',dn.klg`glutinous,thick,loamyslime,mud'(germ.
*klajja-;inadditionndd.kleggen`climb,ascend');changingthroughablautnorw.dial.kli`slime,mud,
loam,clay'(thederivativemnd.klickèarthloam'probablyafterslick`slick,filmofoilfloatingontopof
water,silt,earthloam'),ahd.klenan`stick,glue,smudge'(=ir.glenim,seeabove,comparealso
nominaletc.;isklenanasst.V.intheconvertede-row,hencealsoanord.klunnaàttach
tightly');zerogradeanord.klina`smear'(*klnian,schw.V.),withoinorw.kleinads.;
lit.gliej,gliti`smear',refl.glitis`stick,glue,remain';
sl.*gljinruss.glej`clay,loam',poln.glej`muddy,sludgyground'(:gr.;extendedruss.mdartl.
glk`mucus,lymph,serum,clearfluidwhichseparatesfromthebloodduringcoagulation'from*glk);
Maybealb.glak,gjak`blood'
gleibh- (slav.equivalentsseeunder);andeduciblealsofromidg.*glei-p-.
ahd.klbn`stick,glue,adhere,bestuck,bestuckup',as.klin,ags.clifian,cleofian`stick,glue,
attached,belinked',ags.clibbor`sticking,adhesive',zerogradeahd.klbanàdhere,stick,glue,
cling',as.biklands.,ags.clfan`stick,adhere,cling',anord.klfa`climb,ascend(pin,clinch,attach
oneself)',mndl.clvends.;ahd.klba,as.klva,ags.clfe`burdock';with-oi-ahd.kleiben`clamp,
fasten,stick,fix(makestick,glue)',nhd.kleiben`stick,glue,paste,causetoadhere';ags.clfre
(*klairin-),mnd.klver,klver`clover,planthavingleaveswiththreeleaflets';herealsoanord.kleif
f.,klifn.`steephill',ags.clifn.,mnd.klif`cliff',ahd.klep(-b-)`forelands,promontory',mndl.,mnd.
klippef.`crag,cliff'(outofitnhd.Klippeas`smoothrock',asair.slab`mountain'toroot*sleib-`glide,
slide');towhatextentoccurredbesides*gle-m-bhalsoanasalizedformfrom*glei-bh-inags.ahd.
klimban`clamber,climb,ascend',isunclear;
OldChurchSlavicu-glbl'`getstuck'Aor.uglb`fixed',ugleb(e=)`fixorplantin',changing
throughablaut(*oi)russ.-ChurchSlavicuglbl'evati`fasten,implant,drivein,affix',and(*ei)serb.glb
òrdure'(Berneker310).
gleid - inmir.gled`glue',ags.cltef.`burdock',cltef.`coltsfoot,herb(TussilagoFarfara),whose
leavesandrootareemployedinmedicinetotreatcoughs',engl.dial.clote,clite,cleat`burdock',clite
`glue,slime,mud'(:lett.gldt`becomeslimy',compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI626,627).
withm
m-formants:ags.clm`klehrigerStoff,loam,clay',whereforeanord.Kleima`nameofagiantess
(*clod,heap)'ags.clman`smear,daub,tallow,lubricate',ahd.chleimen`glue,attachwithglue,
paste,size';
lett.gliemezis,gliems,glieme`snail,mussel';lit.glims`mucus',glims`mucilaginous,ofthesticky
substancefromplants;mucinous,slimy';lett.glama`joke,flattery,insincerecompliments,excessive
praise',glamut`joke,flatter,caress'(comparenorw.dial.kleima`smear,daub,tallow,lubricate:
caress');Mhlenbach-EndzelinI621,628f.;Trautmann92;aboutlit.glmsseeaboveS.361;
sl.*glmydinech.hlemd``snail'.
withn - forms(seeaboveetc.)russ.-ChurchSlavicgln`mucus,toughdampness',glina`clay';
glei-t- inags.tclan`stick,adhere',zerogradeclia,clioam.`plaster,wounddressing',ags.
clie`burdock'(`thesticking'),ahd.kledda,kletta,ndl.klis,klit`burdock',nhd.klettern;alsoprobably
mhd.kleit,nhd.Kleid,ags.clds.;mhd.klster`paste,glue,dough',nisl.klstra`paste,causeto
adhere,stick'(as*gleit-tro-hereorwithgerm.forms-stra-fromtherootform*kl-,idg.glei-);norw.
kleisa`stick,glue;(stick,gluewiththetongue=)lispingorimpure,uncleantalk',anord.kleissmle
`stammering,stuttering,spluttering'.
lit.glits`smooth,humidandsticky',glyt`nasalmucus,pl.isinglass,formofgelatinobtainedfrom
fishproductsandusedintheproductionofglueandjellies,fishglue',lett.glts`smooth,neatnice,
pretty;lovely,kind';lett.glstu,gldu,glst`beandbecomeslimy',gldt`becomeslimy',glests
`babbler';s.Mhlenbach-EndzelinI624,627;compareaboveS.363gr.;
perhapsinruss.(etc.)glist,glist`worm,earthworm,tapeworm'(ortonhd.gleiten;Berneker304);
Maybealb.glisht,glishtaPl.`(smooth)finger,clingingfinger':russ.(etc.)glist,glist`worm'
withu -formants:germ.*klaiwa-,ahd.klo-,kl`clover,planthavingleaveswiththreeleaflets'(after
thestickyjuice,sapthebloom,blossom)and*klwn-,mnd.kle,ahd.klwa,kla,nhd.Kleief.(ifwith
idg.,soablautequallywithlett.glwe`mucus').
lit.gleivsf.Pl.`mucus',lett.glvs`tenaciousasmucus,slack'(ifwithfromidg.*[i];aboutlit.
glmsseeaboveS.361underglem-),lett.glievs`slack'(=),glve`mucus,greenmucusonto
thewater'(:ahd.klwa,seeabove);
sl.*glv(:lett.glivs,)inruss.dial.glevm.,glevf.`mucusoffish',poln.glwie(besides
gliwie)`spoil(ofcheese'),changingthroughablautklr.klva`Beefsteakfungus,Oak-tongue(atype
ofmushroom,speciesofmushroom'),serb.gljiva`typeofmushroom,fungus';
References:
References:WP.I612ff.,WH.I577f.,580,606f.,608f.,611f.,617,867f.,Trautmann92.
Page(s):
Page(s):356-364
Root/lemma: gel-2 andgelEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:todevour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verschlingen'
Note:
Note:theformwithgpresumablyafterOsthoffIF.4,287,ZupitzaGutt.86throughhybridization
fromgel-withger- .
Material:
Material:A.certainlygel - in:air.gelid`consumes,eats,grazes',gaile`stomach';acorn.ghel,cymr.
gel,bret.glaouen`bloodsucker,leech',air.gelitds.(participlef.in-nt);
ahd.kela,ags.ceole`throat,gorge,ravine,gulch,prow,bowofaship'(*keln-),ceolor,ahd.celurm.
`gullet';aisl.kjlrm.(*kelu-)`thekeelofaship',mnd.kel,kil,engl.keelds.;withg-extensionahd.
kelah,-uh`throatinfection',anord.kjalkim.`mandible,lowerjawbone,jaw(alsohandsledge)';zero
gradedn.kulk`gullet,throat',mnd.kolk,kulk,afries.kolkm.`waterhole'(nhd.Kolk),ags.cylcan,
nhd.mdartl.klken,kolksen`belch,spit',aslett.gulgtis`belch,vomit'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI678),
wherewithslovak.glg`gulp,pull'perhapsisconnected(onomatopoeicword).
comparewithotherextensionschwed.dial.kulp`gulp',norw.kulp`waterhole',ndd.kolpen,klpsen
`throwopen,openquicklyandforcibly;eruct,belch'.
Maybealb.qelb`pus':ahd.kelah,-uh`throatinfection'
B.certainlygel- onlyinGr.:,-`bait'(*-F);besides(Callim.)from*-F
fromthemonosyllabicbasis,andol.from*-Ffromtheheavyrootform*g(e)l-;`bait',n.ds.;`morsel,mouthful,bread'(*gl-);--,--
Hes.fromtherootform*g(e)le-,also(correctly),Hes.
(`',FickBB.29,196),-Hes.;compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I519;
ingutturalambiguous:lat.gula(*gel)f.`thegullet,weasand,throat',compareinvowelarm.
klanem,Aor.3.Sg.ekul`devour,swallowup,engulf,consume,gobbleup,eathastily',whereas-uafterallcouldbearesultofLabiovelars;*gl-t-sbasedon*glut-s,wouldbeassumedfromOld
ChurchSlavic*gltati(russ.gott)`swallow,gulp',*glt`gullet',russ.got,gotk`gulp,mouthful',
ech.hlt;comparealsolat.*glu,thebaseofingluvis`throat,voraciousness,appetite,gluttony,
greediness',gltus`gullet',glti`swallow,devour',glt/t/,-nis`gormandizer,gourmand,voracious
eater'.
Maybealb.(*(*gel)gjell`dish,food'[commonalb.shiftl>ll].
References:
References:WP.I621,WH.I612f.,625f.,Trautmann93.
Page(s):
Page(s):365
Root/lemma: gemEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,grip;befull
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(withbeidenHnden)greifen,fassen(Fessel),zusammendrcken,-pressen
(clump,Klo);hineinstopfen,vollpacken(Ladung,Gepck)',intr.`vollgepackt,vollsein,vereinzelt
alsofromseelischerGedrcktheit'
Note:
Note:elaboratedPerssonBeitr.78ff.,933m.Lit.
Material:
Material:Arm.im,em`bridle,rein',mlem`push,presstogether';
gr.Aor.`hegrasped'(*-),-.Hes.,-.
Hes.,-`furrowinploughing,swath,,swatheinreaping,stripofcultivatedland,vastorbitofthe
sun,ofahippopotamus,wrinkledoldage,row(ofteeth)'(seealsoundera-`drive,push'),redupl.
presumably,`smallroundnet,esp.foroystercatching';`befilled,packedfull',
`fillfullof,loadorfreightwith,packfull,load',`themeatpartsfillingthebody',m.
`shipload,cargo,freight,load'(Hes.,perhapsamashforstuffing,fattening);
umbr.gomia,kumiaf`gravids'(outofitlat.gumia,-aem.f.àglutton,gourmandgormandizer,
gourmand,voraciouseater,devourer',actuallyòbeseperson'),probablyalsogem,-ere`sigh,
groan,moan'as`bepressedemotionally,havetheheartfull'(=`befull');
mir.gemel,cymr.gefyn`chain,seriesofmetalringswhicharelinkedtogether;shackles,gyve,
manacles,handcuff;pastern,partofahorse'sfootbetweenthefetlockandhoof';
ags.cumboln.`wound,swelling,lump,growth',norw.kumla`clump;knead,compress',anord.kumla
`squeeze';s-extensionnorw.kams`dumpling,lump',kamsa`knead,stir,mix',kumsa`mixture';
doubtful,ifinadditionwithlabialextension(thereonlyGermanic)ags.cimb,cimbe`connection,joint,
pointofconnection(betweenlimbs)',schwed.dial.kimb(e)`stave(ofacask)',anord.kim-bull
`bundle',mnd.kimmel`toggle',kimme(mmfrommb)`frame,edge,border',etc.comparealso
genebh-S.378f.;
Maybealb.kumbull`plum,roundfruit'
lett.gmstu,gmt`snatch;attack',reflex.`bow,bendoneself';lit.gmulas,gumuls,gmuras
(besidesgb-)`clump,ball,tangle,knot',o-gradegmalas(besidesgb-)`snowball,pieceofbread,
meat';borrowingfromPoln.ispossibleforlit.gumulis,gumul`goat,cowwithouthorns-actually,
withlumpinsteadofhorns-,alsohenwithouttail'becauseofpoln.gomoy`hornless',ech.homol
ds.;
OldChurchSlavicm,ti`compress,press,jam,constrict,squeeze,pack',tel`dog-collar,
woodencollarwornbyprisoners,collarasanornament',klr.mea`handful';russ.-ChurchSlavic
gomola`mash,mush,porridge,gruel,softmixture,clump',serb.gmolja`cheeselumps',sloven.
gomt,Gen.-ta`crowdinaheap,confusion',ech.hmota(*gmota),oldalsohomota`cloth,fabric,
material,matter,substance;stuff'.
References:
References:WP.I572ff.,585,WH.588f.
Page(s):
Page(s):368-369
Root/lemma: genebh- ,genobhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apieceofwood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pflock,stick,abgeschnittenesHolzstck'
Material:
Material:OnlyGermanic,henceprobablybarelyidg.origin.
Itconcernsprobablytwodifferentwordgroups:
1.Germ.kamb-,kumb-`clot,chunk,clump,block,lump,cut-offpieceofwood'.
Ahd.kembil`chainblock',kampà(wooden)fetterorshackle,forthefeet',anord.kumbr`blockof
wood'withgerm.-p-:mhd.kumpf`truncated,choppeddown,cutdown,cutoff,dull',engl.chump
`blockofwood'(anlautfromchop),norw.dial.kump`clump',norw.dn.kamp`brow,edgeofahillor
cliff',anord.kppusteinn,dn.kampe-sten`Rollstein'etc.comparealsoundergem- .
2.Germ.knab-,knabb-,knap-,knapp-(expressivegemination)`peg,plug,stick,penis,knave,boy'.
With-b-:nhd.dial.knabe`peg,bolt',ahd.knabo,nhd.Knabe`boy',ags.cnafads.,fromwhichengl.
cnave`knave';anord.knefill`shaft,pole,picket,pole,stick',ahd.knebil,mhd.knebel`toggle,ankle'
(also`rascal,villain,scoundrel',asalsonorw.knebel),mnd.knevel`short,thicktransom,toggle'and
`twistedmoustachepoint'(nhd.`smallpointedbeard'),schwed.dial.knavel`thinshaft,pole';
with-bb-:schwed.dial.knabbe`tubers,clump',also`stockyfellow,bovineanimal,bull';knabb`peg,
plug'(norw.`brow,edgeofahillorcliff');
with-p-:ags.cnapo,as.knapo`youngman,husband,servant',schwed.dial.knape`peg,plug'and
`knot';
with-pp-:nhd.dial.Knappe`footofabench',ahd.knappo`youngling,knave,boy',nhd.Knappe,
schwed.dial.knappe`peg,plug,blockofwood';
sometimesareaboveformsofthederivativesfromgn-ebh-`topresstogether'(aboveS.370)barely
tomakeadistinction;compareabove(see370)anord.knappretc.;
ags.cenep,afries.kenep,anord.kanpr`whisker,moustache'(germ.*kanipa-),whereforeprobably
mnd.kenneve`neckblock',mnl.kanef-been`maxilla,jaw,upperjawbone'areprobablycontaminated
somehowwithenu- `chin'(underS.381f.).
References:
References:WP.I585f.,MartinetGmination117f.,196.
Page(s):
Page(s):378-379
Root/lemma: genghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towind;toweave
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden,flechten,weben'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andslav.
Material:
Material:Anord.kinga`pectoral,chestdecoration,brooch,pin,clasp',probablytokengr(*kangiz)m.
`bay,bend,hook',kngur-vfa`spider'(ags.gangelwfreds.,reshapedaftergangan),mhd.nhd.
dial.kanker`spider',finn.(fromdemGerm.)kangas`web,webbing,strongclothorfabric,net-like
weave',schwed.mdartl.kang`droopyslenderbranch',kng(esp.fromhorses)àgile,lively,excited,
aroused'(actually`spinningviolently'),kynge`bundle',anord.kngull`bundleofberries';
Maybealb.kungull`pumpkin'
finn.(fromdemGerm.)kinkko,kinkon`bundle';inadditioncomparealsothosementionedwords
under*gong-`clump'asmnd.kinke,seethere;
OldChurchSlavicgvicaàlong,slender,flexibleshootorbranch',sloven.g`strap',serb.guva
`twig,shoot,basketorbraidfromplaitedtwigs',russ.gu`twigusedfortyingup,rope,cable',ech.
houev,poln.gwyPl.`strapofaflail'.
References:
References:WP.I587f.,PeterssonIF.24,265.
Page(s):
Page(s):380
Root/lemma: geng- ,gongEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lump
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Klumpen,klumpig'
Material:
Material:Gr.`conger-eel,tuberculardiseaseinolive-trees'(outofitlat.gonger,congerds.),
`swollenneckgland',perhapsHes.(`fat,obeseandstupid'),
`round'(-suffixasin,;comparealsolit.gunguls`ball'),,
`turnip',,-àkindofbeet,turnip'(assimilatedfrom*-;thereminiscenceinlit.inginis
àplantbogarun,Callapalustris'andtheOldIndianflowernamesjigin,jhijhikarecertainly
coincidental);
lat.gingvaf.(mostlyPlur.)`gums',furtherformationsfrom*geng`swelling,blister,hump,
hunchback';
anord.kkkr`ball'(*gongu-s;againstitderivesahd.kankur,nhd.Kanker`malignantgrowth,cancer'
fromlat.cancer`cancerousulcer,cancerousgrowth'),alsoanord.vatn-kakkim.(*gong-)`bucket;
pail'.
InGerm.perhaps()cognatewordsfor`coil,bind,wind,bend':
mnd.kinke,norw.dial.kink(e)`coilbyarope',kinkalso`smallbend,contemptuousmovementofthe
head',mnd.kinkealso`sinuoussnailhouse',norw.dial.kank`gyration,whirling,turning,rotation,
circularmovement,spin,knotinthethread,unwillingness',westflm.konkel`whirl,maelstrom,
whirlpool,eddy'(butahd.kunkala,konakla,nhd.Kunkel`distaff(=staffforholdingflax,wool,etc.,in
spinning)'derivesfrommlat.conucla,Demin.fromcolus);s.alsoundergengh-S.380;
lit.gnga`hump,hunchback,ball,clump'(outofitlett.gnis`curvature,belly'),gunguls`ball',
gngu,gngti`crookoneself',gnginti`goslowly,fromahumpedgoingperson';
maybealb.gung`hump,hunchback'
besideswithpalatal(*gon-,gun-):
balt.*gun-ings`cropfrombirds,Adam'sapple,headofthefemur;cabbagehead',giu,gti
`conglobate,bundleup;sitdowntotheearth(fromthechickenwhichspreadsoutthewings)',gt
`lair,camp,nestofachicken,agoose';OldPrussiangunsix`swelling,blister'(lit.gzas,gzikas
`hump,hunchback,gland,knag'underlikewisefromPoln.);
Maybealb.(*gunsa)gusha`neck,Adam'sapple'
slav.*gz-(also*guz-withufromidg.geu--,seeundergeu-1)inserb.gz`buttock',russ.guz,
guz,guz`thethickendofthesheaf,abeam',gzka`backside,tail,rump',poln.oldgz,g
`tuber',gzisi`crookoneself'(withunowadaysguz`swelling,blister,hunch',guza`buttocks'),
sloven.gzaf.`buttock,backside'(withu:gza`buttocks,hunch')underlikewise;
participlePerf.Pass.*gst(*gn-to-)inskr.gst,russ.-ChurchSlavicgust,russ.gustj,poln.
gsty`thick,dense'.
Becauseofsloven.poln.uandthebalt.-un-(>--)forms(whichwouldperhapsbenormalhowever,
asreducedgradecoloredino-grade*gon-)assumesPerssonBeitr.937fortheSlav.mixturefrom
*gong-and*geu-,gu-(extensionfromgeu-`crook',seethere),compareisl.kjukaànkle',norw.
kjuka`knag,knot,spigot'etc.andforlit.gas`knag'andforbalt.gun-,g-formationfromsuch
nasalized*gu-n--(atmostalso*g-),sincebalt.formswithlengthenedgrade*gon-areabsent.
Alsothoseinvelaresgendingbalt.words,aslit.gnga,couldbeassignedtoaparallelextension
*geug-,compareundergeu-1:lit.gug`bumpinsaddle,hump,hunchback',gagarasàcme,apex,
summit',etc.
References:
References:WP.I637ff.,WH.I601,Trautmann101f.
Page(s):
Page(s):379-380
Root/lemma: genEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topinch,pluck,press,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:asbasisforextensionsdermeaning`zusammendrcken,kneifen,
zusammenknicken;Zusammengedrcktes,Geballtes'
Note:
Note:(PerssonBeitr.88f.);therefromaregnegh-,gneig-,gner-,gnes-,gneus-onlygerm.
Material: 1.gn-ebh- :
Gr.perhaps`bend,makecurved;wind;arch,makearched,makevaulted;incline,bow'
(formalasinthemeaningbutinfluencedthrough);
anord.knafa`sodomize',compare`compress,squeezewomen';withpp:holl.knap`joining
(*pressing,squeezing),narrowly,brief,fast',ndd.knap`short,spare,small'(outofitnhd.knapp),
norw.knapp`narrow,short,concise',withbb:knabbe`pinch,cutoff';furtherwiththemeaning`foldup
thejaws'and`snapone'sfingers'andoutofitderivingsoundsuggestionsofschwed.knppa`crack,
snap,clink',holl.knappen`break,crack,creak',ndd.knappern,knuppern`crunch,nibble',nhd.
knabbern`bite,gnaw';finallyas`thecrushed,clenched,rounded'underlikewiseanord.knappr
`bump,bulge,gnarl,handle,knob',ags.cnpp`mountaintop(bulging);brooch,pin,clasp'(from`nub,
button,knop,knob'),ndd.knap(p)`mountaintop,tableland,hill,plateau,elevation,heeloftheboot';
Maybealb.geg.(*knappen)thembn`heel'[commonalb.k->s->th-phoneticmutation].
ndd.knappen`cutoff,shorten;livebriefly';fromSlav.perhapsherepoln.gnbi,oldgnbi(with
secondarynasalvowelasaresultofprecedingn)`press,distress,maltreat,stir,tease,irritate';
comparealsogenebh-,S.378f.
2.gnegh
gnegh-:
Schwed.knagg`knot,knag',mengl.mnd.knagge`knag,thickpiece';withgerm.kk:anord.knakkr
`foot(attables,chairs),footstool(footblock)'.Herealsoahd.kneht,nhd.Knecht,ags.cniht`knave,
boy,youngling,servant,warrior'(*knehta-,comparetomeaningKnabe,Knebelunderlikewise,totsuffixnhd.bair.knchtel`cudgel,club,bludgeon').
3. gn-eibh-:
Gr.`skinflint,scrooge,cheapskate,curmudgeon'(ifnotbecauseofolderrecorded,
Meisterhans-Schwyzer74,withsecondaryanlautsoftening,sothatwithanord.hnippa`bump,poke'
totheparallelroot*ken-,kn-eib(h)-);
anord.kneif`kindofpliers',knfr,ags.cnf`knife',nhd.dial.kneif`knife';besideswithgerm.pp,p:
mnd.knp,nhd.dial.kneipf`knife',norw.mdartl.knpa,mnd.knpen(outofitnhd.kneifenfigurative)
`nip,squeezetightlybetweentwosurfaces,pinch,breakoffbypinching,squeeze,press'(partlyalso
`bethrifty,stingy;runshort,beusedup,beexhausted,runningoutof;pinch;runaway';s.similar
undergnebh-),nd.knippen`cut,clip',nhd.knippsen,nd.knipperig`stingy,fugal,spare,thrifty',nhd.
Kniff(also=thievish,sneakytrickunderlikewise),mnd.knippen`blink,winktheeye,wink';
lit.gnbiu,gnbti,Iterat.gnibau,gnibyti`pinch(withthefingersortongs)',besidesnbiu,nbti
ds.,Trautmann93.
4.gneig- :
Anord.kneikia`press,clamp',norw.dial.kneikja`bendbackward';mnd.nd.nhd.knicken,wherefore
Knicks`knee-bend,flexure,bowing,bending'.
5.gner- :
Norw.knart,knort`knag,knot,unreifesObst',mengl.knarre`hunch,outgrowth,knag',mhd.knorre
`knag'underlikewise;besidesahd.kniurig`knorrig',mhd.knr(e)`knot,knag,Klippe,mountaintop'
withablautneologism.
6.gnes- :
Norw.knastm.`knag'=nd.hd.Knast;mnd.knster`gristle',holl.knoest`knag',mndl.knoes`gristle',
knoeseleànkle';norw.mdartl.kns(*knsia-)`largemightybeggar',schwed.knase`big,rich,
obstinate,inflexibleperson'.
7.gnet- :
Ahd.knetan,ags.cnedanst.V.`knead',zerogradeanord.knoa,-aa`knead';withgerm.ttanord.
knttr(*knattu-z)`ball,sphere',knatti`brow,edgeofahillorcliff',norw.knottm.`shortandthick
body,knag,knot',schwed.dial.knatte`smallbush';OldChurchSlavicgnet,gnesti`press',Old
Prussiangnodef.`troughforkneadingthebread'(*gnt),Trautmann93.
Maybenasalizedalb.(*ghnes-)ngjesh`press'commonalb.gh->gj-phoneticmutation.
8.gn-eu- :
Anord.knyja`press,hit',ags.cn(w)ianìnmortarzerstoen'(ags.cnowian`coire',asschwed.
knullads.comparedwithmhd.knllen`bump,poke,hit');anord.kni`knuckle';aschwed.knla,knyla
`knag,knotintrees,footankle';
Maybealb.(*knyla)nyja`knag,knot'[commonalb.kn->n-phoneticmutation]
serb.gnjviti`press',sloven.gnjviti`press,ruffle,crease,crumple,wrinkle,strangle,throttle,choke'.
9.gn-eu-bh- :
Ir.gnobh`knotinthewood,knot,node'(*gnubho-);
anord.knyfillm.`short,justcomeouthorn',ostfries.knfe`clot,chunk,clump,knag';anord.kneyfa
`press';norw.knuva`press,squash,crush',ostfries.knfen,ndd.knuffen`bump,poke,kick';with*:
mnd.knovel`knot,ankle';mhd.knbelànkle';withgerm.p(p)(consonant-sharpening):norw.dial.
knuppm.`bud',mnd.knuppe,knoppe`bud',knuppel=mhd.knpfel`club,cudgel'(thesendd.),ahd.
knopf`knot,knag,knop,knob',schweiz.chnopf`knot,knop,knob,bud,smallkid,child'(inaddition
knpfen;aderivativeisKnospe,thereprobablyfrom*knupsn-),ando-grademnd.knpm.`knot,
knop,knob,handle,button,pommel',mhd.knouf,nhd.Knauf;withgerm.bb:norw.knubbm.`clot,
chunk',mnd.knobbe`knag',mengl.knobbe(engl.knob)`bud,knop,knob,knag,knot',norw.knubba
`bump,poke,kick,press';
lit.gniubti`comprise,enfold,hug,embrace,holdtight'(*gnubh-),gnibti`losestability,fall,sink';if
fromgniuti(under10.)throughinfluenceofgnbti(above3.)
10. gn-eu--:
Anord.knjkr`roundmountaintop',norw.mdartl.knjuka,knokaànkle',anord.knykill`smallknot';
mnd.knokem.`bone',mhd.knoche`bone,knag,bundle';
Maybealb.(*knyk)kycànkle'
ags.cnycel(),mnd.knokel,mhd.knchel,nhd.Knchel;butanord.knoka`hit,knock',norw.mdartl.
knoka`press,squash,crush',ags.cnocian,cnucian`knockatadoor,thrustinthemortar',mhd.
knochen`press'standinablauttoaschwed.knaka`crack,creak'andindicatetoonomatopoeicwords
neg-(Wissmann79),whereatalsoKluge11s.v.knacken;
withgerm.-kk-:mnd.knocke,mengl.knucche,engl.knitch`bundle',mhd.knock`nape,cervix,neck'.
lit.gniu-iu,-ti`closethehandfirmly',gniis,gnit,gniuta`bundle,handful',gniti`bend,fall,
losefirmness'(`*foldup,doubleorbendsomethingoveruponitself'),lett.gnazt`graspwiththe
hand,press'(lett.augt`strangle,throttle,choke'from*gau-);compare(above9.)lit.gniubti.
11.gn-eu-s- :
Anord.knosa,-aaàbusewithblows',norw.knysia`crunch,munch,chewwiththeteeth;pulverize,
grindintofineparticles',ahd.knussen`hit,crush',ags.cnyssan`crush,grind';withaschwed.knusa
=ndd.knsen`press,squeeze',anord.knska`hit',nhd.schweiz.chnssen,chnschten`thrash';
anord.knylla`hit,bump,poke'(*knuzljan,s.alsoaboveundergneut-aboutKnollen)=ags.cnyllan
`hit',nd.knllen(knullenfrom*knuz-ln)`topresstogether,zerknffeln',mhd.knllen`hit,bump,
poke,cuff,strike,slap,pommel,push,shove,thrust';anord.knaussm.`roundmountaincorner';with
mnd.knstm.`knag',schweiz.chns`knag,clump';withnorw.knust,knysta`coiledchunk,knag',
schwedmdartl.knose`hunch,outgrowth'(figurativebair.knsàyouth,lad',schweiz.chnsi`thick
man,husband',nrhein.knsel`dwarf,crippledbeing,unripefruit').
12.gn-eu-t- :
Ahd.kndo(*knan-)`knop,knob,ankle,bud',mhd.kndelòvary,dumpling,smallmassofdough
whichisboiledorsteamed',ahd.knoto(*knun-),nhd.Knoten,whereofahd.knutil,nhd.Knttel
`thickstick'(actually`knottywalkingstick');ags.cnottam.,mnd.knutte`tubers,flaxbud',mhd.knotze
`knag',mnd.knulten`knit,tie,bind,knot'=ags.cnyttan,engl.knitds.andwiththeoriginallymeaning
`topresstogether'bair.knauzen`topresstogether',nd.knutschen,mhd.kntzen`squeeze,push,
shove,thrust';anord.kntr(*kndn-)`knot,knag',knta`capitulum,headofabone,endofabone',
knyta`tie,bind,knot';mhd.knz`(*gnarled,snaggy,knobbedrisingarmsagainst,daring,bold,
audacious,perky,cheerful;bold;impudent';mhd.knolle`clodofearth,clump',ags.cnollm.
`mountaintop,mountainpeak,summit,acme,apex'(iffrom*knu-l-or*knuz-lfortherootform
*g(e)n-eu-s-);
lit.gniut,gnisti`press',gniutotids.,gnitel`poleforpressingofthestrawwiththeroofcover',
gnitulas`bales,paper,lump,clump',gntulas`clump,fist-sizeclump'
References:
References:WP.I580ff.,WissmannNom.postverb.83,132.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsounderken- .
Page(s):
Page(s):370-373
Root/lemma: gerebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,write
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ritzen'andVerwandtes
Material:
Material:1.gerbh -:
Gr.`scratch,carve,cut,markbycuttingorscratching,write'(*grbh),àlphabetic
letter',`line',`scribe',`RitzungderHaut'(besidesdialectformswith-insteadof--);
ags.ceorfan(participlecorfen)`cut,clip,notch',ahd.kerban`makeincision,cut,clip',nhd.kerben,
mhd.kerbef.ìncision,notch',kerpm.`seam,joint,fugue',ags.cyrfm.`cut';
slav.*erbinOldChurchSlavicrb,skr.drjeb,klr.reb`lot,fate'andslav.erbjinOld
ChurchSlavicrbj`lot,fate,crumb'(`*notchedrod'),OldPrussiangrbin`number'(`*crenation,
seriesofnotchesontheouteredgesofaleaforshell').
Maybealb.krrab`shepherd'sstick'
2.grebh-:
Mhd.krabelen(withexpressiveintensification:mhd.krappeln,mnd.krabbelen,outofitnhd.krabbeln)
`scratch,scrape,grovel,truckle,creep',anord.krafla`grovel,truckle,creep',krafsa`scratch,scrape,
leichtanrhren',
Maybealb.kref,kreh(*krefs)`comb,clean'
withexpressiveintensificationdn.norw.krabbe`scratch,grapsen'(and`scrabble,scribble,scrawl,
scratch,grovel,truckle,creep',originally`grovel,truckle,creep,whileonegetsstuck'),wherefore
anord.krabbim.,ags.crabba,mnd.krabbe`crab'andahd.(krebiz),*kraita-,krebaz(o),aschs.
kreit,nhd.Krebs.-Quitedoubtfulgr.`sow'(better`thegrunting')asnasalform.
3.Besides*gribh- (withexpressivei):
Gr...Hes.(comparefromsker-:gr.,
lat.scrb),,`rake,gardeningtoolwithacomb-likeend;rack'(-from*n-ìn',`carve,
cut,markbycuttingorscratching');
holl.kribbelen`murmur',kribelenìtch',mhd.md.kribeln`kitzeln(vonderSinuenlust)',nhd.kribbeln,
andwithgerm.pp:ahd.kripfan`raschundwiederholtwonachgreifen',nhd.kripfenèsp.of
scratchingagroove';
lett.grpsta`scratch'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparegred- `scratch,scrape',grb(h)o-s `hornbeam'.
Page(s):
Page(s):392
Root/lemma: ger-1 ,gereEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togather,puttogether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammenfassen,sammeln'
Material:
Material:Gr.(,)`gather;assemble'(*ngeri;-weakformfrom,also
`collect,gather'),gr.dor.--`collector,gatherer',Aor.`begathered',Infin.;
,`congregation,meeting',`collector,gatherer,beggar',`hand,
crooked,bentarm'(iffrom*-,withol.fromr;fortheformationcompare`flat
hand'),Hes.,`swarm,flock;mass,crowd,heap';
brokenreduplication*greg-in:
lat.grex,gregism.`herd,troop,multitude,crowd';
mir.graign.(withsecondarya),Gen.grega`herdofhorses',cymr.corn.bret.greds.;becauseofair.
grafannf.`horserace'(*grego-suendn)barelyborrowedfromLat.;
Maybealb.(*grega)grigja`herdofsheep'
baltoslav.gur-from*gor-in:
lit.gurgulsm.`coagulation,thickening',grguolf.`bulk,mass,lump';
Maybealb.gurgullonj`boil(liquidcoagulation)'
lett.grste`bundleofflax'(*gursti-from*gurtsti-)=
Maybethroughmetathesisalb.(*gursti)grushti`handful,thin,emaciated;fist';(*grist)glisht,gisht
`finger'.
slav.*grstinOldChurchSlavicgrst`fist,handful',aruss.grst,skr.grst(Pl.grsti)`hollow
hand',poln.gards.,russ.gorstds.;russ.-ChurchSlavicpri-graf.`handful'(*gursti);slav.
*grtatiand*grnti(from*grtnti)inskr.gm,gtati`scrapetogether',klr.pry-horttyds.,poln.
garncds.;
*gere-inlit.gretAdv.`sidebyside,abreast';
remainsfaroffOldIndianga`troop,multitude,crowd',becausenotidg.(KuiperProto-Munda54
f.).
rootextensiongrem-:
OldIndiangrmam.`heap,troop,multitude,crowd,village,congregational,parish,community,
township';
lat.gremiumàrmful;lap,bossom,womb,femalegenitals';
maybealb.(grem-)gremin`bottom,hole,abyss',gremis`throwtotheabyss,pileup'
mhd.krammen`snatchwiththeclaws',ahd.krimman(kramm)`press,gripwiththeclaws',ags.
crammian(engl.tocram)`stuff,fill'(actually`press'),aisl.kremia`press,clamp',krm`consuming
illness,disease,malady',ablaut.krumma,krymma`hand';
lit.grumios,grmtis`withstrugglesomebody',grmulas`clump',grum(s)tas`clod',grmdau,-yti
àrepushing,filling,stuffingbyforcefromabove';thesamed(h)-extensioningr.`clenched
fist';
maybealb.geg.grumullgrumbull(*grem-ul)`mass,pile'[commonalb.m>mb shift]:lit.grmulas
`clump'
Note:alb.sharesthecognatewithbalt.lang.notwithslav.lang.whichmeansthealb.cognateispart
oftheinheritedillyr.balt.lexicon.
russ.-ChurchSlavicgromada,gramada`heap,mass',poln.nsorb.also`villagecommunity,local
meeting'.
Maybealb.(*gramada)grmadha`ruins,massofstones'
References:
References:WP.I590f.,WH.I621f.,Trautmann94,102,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I4335,715,7468.
Page(s):
Page(s):382-383
Root/lemma: ger-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscream(inexpr.forms)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallworten,especiallyfor`heiserschreien'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndianjratìtrushes,sounds,crackles,shouts',jar`therustling,murmuring'(or
to*r-or*ger-);perhapsgargara-hàmusicinstrument'(yetseealso*gal-);
alb.ngurnj`howl'(fromwind);[actuallyhunguronj`howl']
anord.kra,kra`bringforwardamatter,lodgeacomplaint,makeacomplainttotheproper
authorities,accuse'(derivedfromalengthenedgradeeni-stem*gri-);withconsonantincreaseahd.
carron`squeak,screech,clash,jangle,squeal,grate,jar,resound,rattle,creak'(schw.V.),cherran
(st.V.)`cry,creak',mnd.kerren,karren`creak',ags.ceorran`creak'(ceorung`lament,grumble,
growl,complain,repine,snarl'),norw.karra`coo,gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker',anord.kurra
`growl,murmur',kurr`murmur,rumor';
lit.grti`shrill,shriek,scream';
B.Herethenameofcrane:
1.Lit.gr`crane,heron';afterRisch(briefl.)contaminatedfromgrvandgn;
2.Withformants-en-,topartwith-u-and-g-extended:
arm.krunk`crane'(*geru-n-g-);compareunderahd.kranuh;
Maybetruncatedalb.(*kranuh)krahu`wing,arm'
gr.Hes.,m.`crane'and`craneforliftingweights,esp.usedinthetheatre,
quern,afish';
gall.tarvostrigaranos(Inschr.aboutabullwiththreeplumesontheback);cymr.corn.bret.garan
(*gerenos)`crane';
ahd.kranuh(-ih),ags.cranoc,cornuc,mnd.kranekm.(*grnug-);
ags.cran,aschs.krano,mhd.krane,nhd.Krahn(*grnon-)m.;inadditionaisl.trani`crane'(withtinsteadofk-aftertramièvilspirit,demon,evilsupernaturalbeing;devil');
lit.garnsm.`heron,stork'(*gornios);lett.grnsm.`heron'.
3.Withformants-u- :--:
--:
lat.grs,Gen.gruisf.(lateralsom.)àcrane',therefromgruereòfcrane'scall';
nhd.westfl.krne`crane';seeunderahd.kron;
lit.grv,lett.dzerve,OldPrussiangerwef.`crane'(*gerui);
russ.-ChurchSlaviceravm.(*geruios),skr.rv,wruss.rou(Gen.raula);besidesskr.drlj
(from*ravl)andruss.urvl(Gen.uravlj).
C.fromthesameu-:u-: -extensionalsoahd.krn`chatty,loquacious,talkative,garrulous,
gossipy,prattling,logorrheic',ndd.krlen(*krauljan)`loudcry',holl.kruilen`coo',krollen`crylike
cats',mnd.krschen`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell'.
Withi-extensionredupl.lat.gingrre`cackle,esp.fromtogeese';
perhaps()heregr.,m.`Phoenicianflute'etc.;
mir.grith,cymr.gryd`scream'(*gritus),mir.grinnigud`creakingofthearrow'(*grind-);
Maybealb.(*grind-)grindem`scream,quarrel'
mhd.krschen`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell',mnd.krten`cry,howl',mhd.
kren`sharpcry',nhd.kreien,mhd.krsten,nhd.kreisten.
D.gr - inwgerm.nord.*kr-(withnotchangedtooldthroughrecentimitationoftheofa-a
coloredraven'scroaking):ahd.kren,nhd.krhen,mnd.kreien,ags.crwands.,ahd.hanacrt`cock
crow,callofarooster;dawn,timeofmorningwhenroosterscrow',ahd.kr(w)a,kria,nhd.Krhe,
as.kria,ags.crweds.,lit.grioju,russ.-ChurchSlavicgraj,grajati`croak,caw'.
Withgutturalextension:
anord.krka`crow',krkr`raven',ags.*crcian,cracettan`croak,caw(ofraven)',nhd.krchzen;
germ.-k-fromidg.-gbecauseofnir.grg`croaking'(*grggo-);mnd.krakelen`chatter,prattle,
jabber;talkrapidly;talknonsense'.
Withidg.k-: lat.grculus`jackdaw',gracill,-re`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker(from
chicken)';
ahd.kragil,mhd.kregel`gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,blithering',ahd.kragiln`babble,
chatter',mhd.kragelen,kregeln`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker';
russ.-ChurchSlavicgrau,grakati`croak,caw',grkati`coo(fromthedove)'.
E.Withformant-g-,andfromotherhearingimpressions:
OldIndiangarjati`rages,roars,hums,bellows';
arm.karka`din,fuss,noise';
ags.cracian,cearcian`ringout;sound',ahd.krhhon`crack,creak';
lit.grgdiu,girgdti`creak'.
Inadditionperhapsruss.grchot`din,fuss,noise,crash,blast,loudlaughter'underlikewiseasnew
onomatopoeicwords.
References:
References:WP.I591ff.,WH.I583,601f.,615,624,SpechtDekl.48,Trautmann87,94.
Page(s):
Page(s):383-385
Root/lemma: ger-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndiangu-(*gr-n-s)`thesinglethreadofastring,line,cord;stain'(dvi-,tri-guaactually`consistingoftwo,threethreads');grta-`carriageseatofthechariot'(`*fromrodstwisted
seat,carriagebasket'),comparewithformants-mo-anord.karmr`parapet,defensivewall,protective
wallinfrontofatrench',schwed.karm`back,partofachairsupportfromwickerwork,carriage
basket'(*gor-mo-s`wickerwork').
1.gutturalextensions:
a.Inidg.--g : presumablygr.`wicker-basket,creel,twistedbasketfromwillows,weir,fishsnaringnet'(--reducedvowel,endingasin`basketnarrowatthebase,esp.forwool,for
fruit,(carriedinprocessioninhonourofDemeter),capitalofacolumn,inthisform,wine-cooler,
mouldforcastingiron,reservoirofanoil-lamp');
anord.kraki`polewithhook;thinperson';ahd.krcho(*krkan-),kracco(as*kraggan-,gemination
formtogerm.*krag-seeunder)`hookeddevice',anord.krkrandchangingthroughablautkrkr
`bend,bay,hook'(outofitmengl.crk,nengl.crook`curvatureetc.`),krkja`crook,snatch',schwed.
krka,norw.dial.krekakrak`grovel,truckle,creep',kreken`weak,oldage'.Besidesingerm.-g
(probably=idg.-k)ahd.krgo`hook';perhapsalsoags.crg,ahd.kruog`crock,pitcher,jug',ifnotin
anyleaningrelationshiptogr.(seeunderundergreu-g-).comparefromtherootformgr-eithesameextensioninanord.krkr`bend,bay',-kriki(fromwhichmengl.crike,creke,nengl.creek)
`curvature,bay';
perhapslett.gredzens`ring'.
b.Inidg.--k : OldChurchSlavicsgritis`drawtogether,collect,assemble',bulg.grase`bend,
curve,crook,pullmyselftogether',gra`wrinkle',zgren`wizened,shriveled,shrunk,dwindled',
serb.g`cramp'.
Maybenasalizedalb.ngr`cramp',ngrth`kink'
c.Nasalized:
Inidg.--k certainlyanord.kr`point,edge,angle'(*krah)andprobablyalsogerm.formsin-g:
anord.kringrm.`ring'=mhd.krinc,-ges`ring,battlefield',nhd.Kring,anord.kringla`ringofacircle,
circle,compasses,instrumentfordrawingcirclesandmeasuring,calipers',mnd.kringel(e)`ring,
roundpastry,cake',mhd.kringel(andchangingthroughablautkrengel)ds.,nhd.Kringel;mhd.kranc,
-ges`circle,ring,district,region,area',nhd.schweiz.chrangel`curvature',mhd.krangel`need,
tribulation'(fromèntanglement,curvature')and`ring,circle';anord.cranga`grovel,truckle,creep,
trudge,lumber',withfigurativemeaningkrangr`weak,fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated';
ags.cringan`fall';
inidg.-- : ags.cranc-stfàweaver'sdevice',crencestre`weaver',mengl.crinkled`twiddled,twisted,
rotated,revved,revolved',engl.crinkle`bend,curvature,crease,rumple,wrinkle;makearustling
sound',crank`lever,handle,curvature'(asnhd.schweiz.chrank),olderalsocranke`spool',mndd.
krunke`crease,wrinkle,frill,ruffle;frizziness,curliness;ruff',holl.kronkel`crease',krinkel`loop,
noose,snare,crease,wrinkle',norw.krenkja`dislocate,luxate,crick';withthemeaning-development
to`bentfromdisease,malady':ahd.krankoln`stumble,trip;transgress,goastray,loseone'sway,
becomeweak',mhd.krank`narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin,small,weak',nhd.krank,ags.cranc
`weak,fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated',aswellasags.crincan`fallinbattle,dieinbattle,
dieincombat,dieinwar'(`*bendinagony');
inidg.-- (not--g )pointatbalt.*greni`turn,twist,rotate'inlit.gri,grti`turn,twist,rotate,drill,

wimble,boreahole'(Iter.grti),grt,grti`retrovert,turnback,return,goorcomeback',grt
`rollofflax'=lett.grzte`thetwistedtogether',lett.greu`turn,rotate'(=lit.gri),lit.grtas
`borer',OldPrussiangranstisds.(lit.grulas`shaft,pole,rod,beam;longrevolvingbarusedto
transfermotionortorquetogearsorotherparts'presumablylikewisefrom`cord,rope,hank,halter,
ropewithanooseforhangingcriminals').
2.Dentalextensions:
a.gr-et(h)-: ags.cradolm.`cradle'(*kradula-`theplaited'),ahd.kratto`basket'(*kraddan-),krezzo,
mhd.krezze,nhd.Krtze`pannier'(*krattian).
b.Nasalized:
OldIndiangranth-,grathnmi,Fut.granthiymi`coil,bind,wind,tie,knot,fasten,join,attach,tiea
knot',participlegrathit-`winded,knotty,conglobated',granth-m.`knot,joint,intumescence',
grantha`knot',grathn-`scheming,deceptive',grathila-`raving,mad';butghat-`bulk,mass,troop,
multitude,crowd'isnotaroot.(KuiperProto-Munda55f.).
c.ger-d , gr-ed- , nasalizedgrend-:

Air.grinne(*grend-n-io-)`bundle,fagot,bunch,fascis';
anord.kartr,ags.crtm.`cart'(probably`twistedcarriagebasket'),probablyalsoanord.kart-nagl
`deformed,twistednail',norw.kartm.ùnripefruit,knag',ostfries.kret`shrunkfruit',mhd.krenze
`basket',ahd.kranz,nhd.Kranz;
lit.grands(reducedgradegrundis)`bracelet,ironring,hoarfrostofwheel,roundcheesecake',Old
Prussiangrandis`theringintheplowwhichconnectstheplowcrossbeamwiththefrontrack',lett.
grods`starktwiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,drall';
poln.grdasi`turn,rotate'.
3.Labialextensions:
a.gerbh -, gr-ebh-:
OldIndiangrapsa,glapsa`bundle,tussock',nexttowhichwithmind.developmentfrom*grpsa-
guccha-andashypersanskrit.back-formationguts-`tussock,bundle,bunch';belongsprobably
bettertoS.455.
mhd.krbem.(*krean-)`basket;intestines,entrails',as.kribbia,ahd.krippa,ags.cribb`crib,
manger',inNhd.(andHoll.)also`wattlefenceonshores,fishsnaringnet,vergeofaroofwith
brushwoodbundles'(tiefstufigeadditionalformmnd.krbbe,ags.cryb;withgerm.-pp-:nhd.schweiz.
chrp(e)`crib,manger',asontheotherhandalsoahd.kripfa);
mnd.kerve`weir,net',anord.kiarf,kerf(i)n.`bundle,fascicle,sheaf',aschwed.krve`grainbundle,
fascicle,sheaf',schwed.dial.karv`basket',isl.karfa,krv`basket'(butnhd.Korb,mnd.korf
neverthelessprobablyonlyLw.fromlat.corbis).
Inadditionbehavesperhapsgr.`shoppingbag,fishingnet;somewhatcomplicated,riddle'
(whereaswith:`fishingnet',`fisherman'),asscr-b,--to*sker- `cut,clip'.
b.gerb- , withrevelationofthemeaning`crinkle,wrinkle,shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,
wrinkleup,cramp',butalsoforotherkindsofofbending:
Air.gerbach`wrinkly';
OldPrussiangarbis`mountain',lit.grbana(seeunder)andgarbanf.`hairlock';
Maybepoln.garbicsi`tohump':alb.krrus`tohump',kurriz`(hunchbacked)spine'
inadditionablaut.OldChurchSlavicgrb`dorsum,cramp',grb-nos`crooked-nosed',russ.gorb
`hump,hunchback,hunch,outgrowth,elevation,back',sloven.grb,grba`hunch,hump,hunchback,
wrinkle',gbati`makehunchbacked,crook,furrow';
nisl.korpaf.`wrinkle,crease',korpna`contract,shrivel';
aheavybasis,perhaps*gerb-(),seemsthebasefromarm.karth`fishhook,hook;kneebow,
popliteus,shinbone,leg'(*grpti-)andlit.grbanaf.`curl';Berneker368.
c.Nasalized:
Ahd.krim(p)fan,mhd.krimpfen,mnd.krimpen`shrinkup,shrink'=anord.kreppa(krapp)`pull
together',mhd.krimpf`crooked;cramp';ags.crompeht`crumpled,wrinkled',ahd.krampf`writhed,
crooked,humped',substantivizedkrampf(o)`cramp',krampf`hook',ndd.(andasLw.nhd.)Krampe
`hookforclosing',as.kramp(o)`cramp',Kaus.mhd.krempfen(*krampjan)=anord.kreppa(schw.V.)
`pulltogether',nschwed.krumpen`wizened',anord.kropna(*krumpna)`shrinkup,becomestiff',ags.
crump,ahd.krumpf`writhed,crooked,humped'.
Besidesags.crumb,as.krumb,ahd.krump,nhd.krummpresumablyforidg.u-rootfromgr.
,Hes.,`crooked'(seeS.389underB.2.);
lett.grumbt`gottenwrinkled',grumbulans`jolting';
Maybealb.grumbullonj`pulltogether',grumbull`pile,heap'
lit.grumb,gruba,grbti(analogicalnasalizedformfor*grumba,*grumbti)`jolting,hardorbecome
insensible',grubs(for*grumbs)`jolting,hard';
OldChurchSlavicgrb`,unlearned,untaught,ill-mannered',russ.grbyj`rough,coarse,
raw',poln.grby`wrinkly,rough,adverse',poln.grba,grbaf.èlevation,hill,boundary';
d.grep- org(e)rp- (compareaboveS.387*gerb-)inmnd.krappe`hook,claw,talon';

maybealb.grep`hook'
holl.krapf.`cramp',ahd.krpfo`bentclaw,talon,hook',nhd.Krapfen`hook;pastryofsuchform'
(germ.pp;besidesgerm.-bb-in:)ahd.krpo,mhd.krpe`hook',schwed.dial.krabbe`hookforthe
searchinwater';
maybealb.krrab`crookedstickoftheshepherd'
anord.krapprèng',holl.krapds.,nhd.bair.krapfùnprepossessing,small',schweiz.chrpf`strong'
(`*thickset)';ahd.nhd.Kraft(fromcrampingthemuscles),as.kraft,ags.crft`power,skillfulness,
art',anord.krptr,kraptrm.`power,witchcraft',compare(as`festworaufbestehen')anord.krff.
`demand',krefjaàrrogate',ags.crafiands.;norw.kravm.Ìcecrust'(besidesanord.krapn.,krapim.
ds.;`wither,shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup';nord.-p-probablyforrootformwith
idg.b).
4.s -extension*gre-s- , onlygerm.:ahd.kresan`grovel,truckle,creep',norw.mdartl.krasen`weak,
frail';presumablyas.ahd.kresso`goby,smallfish',nhd.Kresse,Kresslingds.;*gers-probablyin
norw.karra`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup,friz,curl'.
Besidesfromthei-extension*gr-ei-also*gr-ei-s-inmhd.krsen,kreis`grovel,truckle,creep'.
B.rootformgr-eu- ; gr - mo- `scrapedtogether':
gr.`littledirtunderthenail'(i.e.`whatsettleswhilescratchingunderthenail');
norw.kryl`hump,hunchback'(*kr-li-*krvila-),dial.alsoskryl,kryla`krummrckigsein'(also
gryla),schwed.dial.krylasihop`creeptogether',norw.dial.krylt(grylt,skrylt)`hunchbackperson'
(theformswithg-belongtogetherwithanord.grfa`sichvornberbeugen,aufderNaseliegen',nhd.
schweiz.grben,groppen,gruppen`crouchdown,stoop'toaversch.rootwithgerm.g-);
withthemeaning`crookedclaw,talon,mitgekralltenFingernzusammenscharren':as.krauwil,ahd.
krouwil`claw,talon,forkwithcrookedpoints',nhd.Kruelds.,ahd.krouwn,nhd.krauen,afries.
krwiaactually`scratch,scrapewithcrookedfingers';
maybealb.geg.(*kraue-)kruenj`scratch,scrape'
withformants-mo-: gr.,-,-`junk,trash,trumpery,offishsmallfry,alsopouch,bagor
chestforoldclothes'(similarlythet-derivative`junk,offishsmallfry,woman'sdressing-case
orvanity-bag,prob.aworkman'stool-bag,frippery',`lumberroom'),actually`scraped
together';
lat.grmusàlittleheap,hillockofearth'(asearthscrapedtogether);
mhd.nhd.Krume;with:ags.crmam.,mnl.krme(ablaut,krme),holl.kruim`crumb'(`whatone
scratchesfromthehardcrust'),isl.krumr,kraumr,schwed.krm,inkrm(inkrom)ìntestines,entrails
ofbirdsandfish,crumbs'.
1.gutturalextensiongreu-g- in:air.gruc,nir.grug`wrinkle'(*gruggu-),mir.grucnach`corrugated';
maybealb.(*greu-g- )krunde `crumb,breadcrumbs'commonalb.-g->-d-phoneticmutation.
ahd.kriochan`grovel,truckle,creep',nhd.kriechen,ablaut.krauchen`duck,slip,crouch,grovel,
truckle,creep',Krauch`roadcurve'(mengl.crouchen,engl.crouch`duck,stoop',isfrz.Lw.),mndl.
kroke`wrinkle,crease',holl.kreukds.(*kruki-),mndl.crooc`hairlock'(*krauka-),norw.krjuka
(krauk-)`shrinkup,grovel,truckle,creep',krka`crouch,squat',krkla,krykla`verkrppelterBaum,
hinfalligesGeschpf,Knochenbrchigkeit';inadditionprobablyas`staffwithcrookedhandle,grasp'
norw.dial.krykkia,ags.crycef.,nengl.crutch,ahd.krucka,mhd.krucke,aschs.krukka`crutch'
(germ.*krukj);perhapsmhd.krche(nhd.Krauche),as.krka,ags.crce`crock,pitcher'(compare
aboveahd.kruog),ags.crocc,crocca,anord.krukka`pot,pan',thereforecertainlyalsooldclose
relationshiptogr.`crock,pitcher'from*(aboutahd.krsel`crucible,meltingpot'
etc.s.Falk-Torpunderkrusm.addendum)standstotheconsideration.Aboutnhd.Kriechbaums.
Kluge11underKrieche.
2.Labialextensions:
greu-p-: gr.`hook-nosed,aquiline,hooked,writhed,crooked,humped,withacurvednose',
`bend,crook',,m.`griffin(Griffin(afterthecrookedbeakandthecrooked
claws),abird,partofaship'stackle,oranchor'),nasalized,
Hes.,whereforeprobablyatfirstags.etc.krumb`crooked'(seeaboveS.387).
greu-b-: hereperhapsschott.-gl.groban`toporpointofahill'(*grubb-);
anord.krjpa,ags.cropan,mnd.krpen`grovel,truckle,creep'(`*curvelikeaworm'),ags.cryppan
`bow,bend',nhd.mdartl.sichkrpfen`crookoneself'(schweiz.chrpfen`somewhatabitbendso
thatitgetsaroundishdeepening'),mnd.kroppen`bendcrooked',norw.krypa(*kraupjan)`crook';
anord.kryppaf.`hump,hunchback',kryppil,ags.crypel`cripple',mnd.krpelds.(holl.kreupel;mhd.
krp(p)el,nhd.KrppelfromNdd.),zerogradeags.cropel`cripple';ags.cropp`bundleofberriesor
flowers,ear,goiter,crop';withexpressiveintensification:ahd.kropf`crop,bird'shead',mnd.krop
`swelling,blister,hunch,outgrowth,crop,Bird'shead;trunk,(toter)body',onlyinlattermeaning
anord.kroppr`trunk';
maybealb.geg.kryja,tosk.krye`(round)head'
withsimpleb:anord.krofn.`trunk,killedanimalbody',kryfia`disembowel';a*krufta-`curvature,hill'
inmndl.krocht`hill,farmland,fieldinthedunes',ags.croft`smallfield';
lit.probablygrubinti`stagger,stumble',grb(l)asm.`roughbumpiness,hillock'.
3.s -Extensiongreu-s-: mhd.mnd.krs`frizzy,curly';mnd.krse`chitterlings,bellyfat'(`*thefrill,
ruffle');withgerm.-au-ndd.krsÌntestineofgeese',mhd.(ge)kroese,nhd.Gekrse,ndd.krse
(*krsi-)`wrinkle,crease,furrow,curl',holl.kreus`foldinstaves';ags.cras`dainty',wfries.kreas
`frilly';ahd.mhd.krol(-ll-)`frizzy'(*kruzl-),mhd.krol(le),krlle`curl',norw.krullds.;norw.mdartl.
kruslen,krusken`frail',ndd.krusch`curled',mhd.krsp`frizzy',nhd.obd.kraust`frizzy'.
References:
References:WP.I593ff.,WH.623,Trautmann94f.,97,99f.
Page(s):
Page(s):385-390
Root/lemma: ger-4 ,griEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow;toawake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen,wecken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjrateàwakened',j-gar-ti`wakes',Perf.j-gra,participlejgvs-àlert,
awake,smart,keen,eager',jgrvi-àttentive,sleepless,alert,awake,smart',v.jarayantm`the
watchingone',Perf.jagra,participlePerf.Akt.jagurvah-,jigurvah-àwake,watchful,wakeful',
Kaus.-garayeitiàrouses,awakens',withfra-inchoativfra-rismnàwakening'(*grsk-),Kaus.
fra-r-ryeiti,dissimil.fra-r-rayeitiàwakens',mpers.vgrsàwake',vgrsng`livener';
gr.àwake'(whether-Adv.*ecompareorinav.-garayeitiandaboveS.280;different
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I6483),Aor.,,Perf.--(for---compareOldIndian
j-gra-withdemfrom;Med.(late)---;ofPerf.proceedfromòn
guard',);`watch'to*--(compareav.fra-rt`byawakening');barelyfrom
*(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I7082);
alb.tosk.ngr(fromwhichngr),geg.ngri`liftup,arouse,erect,awake,stretchagun'(*n-gr-n-i),
participlen-grit(*-grt-);
presumablyanord.karskr,kerskr`fresh,agile,lively',mnd.karsch`fresh,alert,awake,smart',alem.
chrzsch.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):390
Root/lemma: g(e)u-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:glowingcoals
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glhendeKohle'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:g(e)u-lo- :
:glowingcoalsderivdedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ker()-3 :
:toburn
Material:
Material:Withl-suffix:
ir.gal`coal'(<*geulo-or*goulo-);
aisl.koln.`charcoal',ags.colm.`coal',engl.coal,afries.kolef.,ahd.kolom.,alsokoln.,mhd.koln.,
kol(e)m.,kolef.,schweiz.cholle`gleam'.
Inadditionwithr-suffix(orpreviouslyreshapedfrom*gulo-afterarm.hur`fire'):
arm.krak`fire,glowingcoals'(<*guro-,*gur-),krak-aran`stove,hearth,fireplace,glowingfrying
pan'.
References:
References:WP.I563.otherpossibilitiesbyW.SchulzeKl.Schr.479.
Page(s):
Page(s):399
Root/lemma: g(i)- :g(i)- :gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosing,tocry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`singen,rufen,schreien'
Note:onomatopoeicword
Material:
Material:OldIndiangyatiandgti`sings',gt-m.andgt-f.`song',gt-`sung,chanted',gth
`song,verse'=av.ga`songofreligiouscontent';
aruss.gaju,gajati`crow,squawk',russ.gajm.`Jackdaw'scroaking,clamor',gkat`groan,croak,
caw'etc.;
Baltic*gidinlit.geduandgestu,giedti`sing,cackle,crow,squawk',lett.dzidu,dzidt`sing';in
additionlit.gstu,gdau,gsti`tosing,begincrow',gaidsm.`rooster,cock',giesmf.`Kirchenlied',
lett.dzismaf.`song',galism.`rooster,cock'.
Maybelat.gallus`rooster,cock':alb.gjel`rooster,cock'
toch.Akk,kka`heshouted'(redupl.,toOldIndiangti),present3.Pl.kenec(*gi-n-),
PedersenTochar.183,263.
References:
References:WP.I526f.,Trautmann76,W.SchulzeKZ.27,425=Kl.Schr.52.
Page(s):
Page(s):355
Root/lemma: gu- ,gu- ,g- (*sgu- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,curl;akindofvessel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen,krmmen,wolben'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:gu- ,gu- ,g- :
:tobend,curl;akindofvesselprobablyderivedfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: (s)keu-2 ,(s)keu :(s)k- :
:tocover,wrap
Phoneticevidence:mhd.kobe`stall,pigpen,cage,cavity':klr.ka`pigpen'(Trautmann145)
Material:
Material:Unextendedprobablyingou-:g-`hand',seethere;furthernorw.kaa`turn,twistthe
hay',anord.k`disturbthepeacefulness'(*kawn);k-beinn`bowlegged'(*gouo-;air.gu,g`lie,
falsity',whetherfrom*gu,here,otherwisetoconnectwithlat.haud);aboutgr.,see
underS.398,aboutseeunderS.397.
a.Moredentalextensions:
gud- , geud- (occasionallygu - ed- ),beforeallinGerm.;gudo-m ìntestine'.
OldIndiangudmìntestine';
maked.Hes.;
ndd.ktìntestine',nhd.bair.ktzàpartthebowels';ndd.kt,ktealsoÌntestineofsmaller
animals,roebags;calf;bag,pouch',mnd.kt`softpartsintheanimalbody,roebag,calf',holl.kuit
(*kt-)andkiete(*keot-)`roe;calf',engl.mdartl.kyte,kite`belly,stomach'(comparetomeaning
underqius);
afries.kte(*kaut-)ànkle',mnd.kte,kte`hoof,talon,thefootjointofhorses',ndd.(andborrowed
nhd.)Kote,Kteànkle,shackleofthehorses',Demin.mnd.ktel,nd.Ktel(from*kutil)`plump
excrements,e.g.,fromnannygoats,horses',mndl.cotel,holl.keutel`ds.,cone,toddler';
norw.dial.kyta`hump,hunchback,puffedoutfold,humpinanplumpbody,sacklikeextensionofa
net',schwed.dial.kta`goorrunwithstoopedback',nhd.kauzen=crouch(`togetherbend'),
geminatedschwed.kott(e)`pinecone',dial.kutte,kutting`smallsquabbyknave,boy';
withtheconceptoftheincurvation,cavity:ndd.kte`pit,pothole',mhd.kz,nhd.Kauz`Grubeals
Gerichtssttte'(formal=norw.dial.kt`deformationingrowth',schwed.dial.`tuber,bulb,hump,
hunchback';mhd.kte`pit,pothole,hole',nhd.mdartl.Kauteds.probablyfromNdd.);norw.dial.
kyta`degradationinthesurfaceoftheearth,pool;thevesselinwhatonecarriesfish'(*kauti-)=
mhd.ktze,nhd.mdartl.Ktze`wovenbasket',ags.cyte`cottage,house,lair'(y=e)=norw.kyta
`woodhutfrombranches',comparenhd.dial.kieze`bastbasket'(-eu-),ags.cyt-wer`fishsnaringnet'
withexpressivegeminationmnd.etc.kutte`femalepudenda'(mhd.kotze`courtesan');hole=
schlechteWohn-oderLiegerstatt:ndd.(andborrowednhd.)kot,kote`sheds,stable,hut,stall,
cottage',mndl.cot,cote`cave,lairofwildanimals,stable,badhut',ags.cot`(robber-)cave,house,
lair',anord.kot`smallcottage',kytiads.;
nasalizedanord.kunta`vulva'frommnd.kunte`femalepudenda;alsobuttocks',norw.schwed.kunt
`Ranzen(frombirchbark)';alsoav.gunda-,gund`Teigballen'
g - t- , geu-t- ; aboutgu - et- seedistinctivearticle;gut-r `throat'.

Lat.guttur(*gt,formationashitt.kuttar);n.(byPlautusm.)`gullet,throat',guttura(Plin.)`thickneck,
swellingsintheneck';
Maybealb.gush`neck,throat'
inadditionas`sacklikeskingrowthintheneck'underlikewise:
geut-inags.cod(a)m.`sack,bag,pouch',ahd.kiotds.,mnd.kdel`pouch',mhd.kiutel`dewlap,
Unterkinn',nhd.Keutel`fishnet,intestine,swelling,lump,growth';
gut-inmnd.koderm.,nhd.dial.Kderl,Goderl(*gutro-)Ùnterkinn,goitre';
maybealb.kodr`(round)hill'
ndd.kodends.,engl.cud`cud,theinnergulletfromruminants',ndl.kossemÙnterkinn'(*gutsmo-),
norw.kusma`parotitis,mumps';mhd.kuteln,nhd.Kutteln`Kaldaunen';
maybealb.(*kuta)shyta`parotitis,mumps'
withexpressivedd:ags.coddm.`husk,pod,sack,bag',aisl.koddi`pillow,cushion,testicle';perhaps
ahd.kutti`herd',nhd.Kette,bair.ktt`troop,multitude,herdofwarrantableanimal';
hitt.ku-u-tar(kuttar),Dat.ku-ut-ta-ni(kuttani)n.`nape,upperarm'(=lat.guttur,seeabove);kuttanalli
`necklace'.
b.gutturalextensions;gug `ball'.
Mhd.kugel(e),nhd.Kugel,mnd.holl.kogelds.,nhd.dial.Kogel`roundbrow,edgeofahillorcliff'
(PerssonBeitr.113);rhein.Klugel,KrugelafterPerssonprobablypreviouslythroughamalgamation
withkliuwelandKlngel;
withgg:ags.cyel,engl.cudgel(*kuggila)`cudgel,club',anord.kuggrfrommnd.kogge,engl.cog
`wide,ungainlyseaship';
withgerm.k:isl.kjka`knuckle';
maybealb.(*kch)ky`knuckle,ankle':npers.gzakànkle'(seebelow)
norw.kjka`clump',kokle,kukle`clump',kokla(andkogla),kokul`FruchtzapfenderNadelbume';
ags.cyel,nengl.dial.kitchel`smallcake';inadditionanord.kjklingrwith`gosling',ags.ieen,
nengl.chicken,mnd.kken,nhd.Kchlein`chicken';
withgerm.kk:ahd.coccho,nhd.mdartl.Kocke`heap,haycock,haystack,dunghill',dn.kok(k)
`heap,haycock,haystack';
lit.gugf.`knop,knob,hump,hunchback,hill',gagarasm.`summitofamountain';
russ.gglja,poln.guga`swelling,blister'(PerssonBeitr.937);butlit.gog,ggf.`head',ggasm.
`withersofthehorse',probablynotfromlengthenedgrade*g[u]-g-;differentaboveTrautmannKZ.
43,176;
maybealb.(*kok)kokf.`top,head':lit.ggf.`head'anddn.kok(k)`heap,haycock,haystack';
with-- -:
npers.gzakànkle'();
lit.gas`knag,swelling,blister,craw',gs`craw',ga`head',lett.gza,guza`crop,goiter',
guzma`heap,hunch',ga`hip,haunch,loin,club,mace,jointoftheroast';
similarto
Lithuanian:g`headofcabbage'[f]2
Lith.accentuation:1/2/4
Latvian:ga`thigh,ham'[fj]
Proto-Slavicreconstruction:gya
(Old)ChurchSlavic:RuCSgyaùnripegrape'[fj]
WestSlavic:Cz.hye`tipoftheshin-bone'[fj];OPl.gia`legofpigorcattle,ham'[fj]
SouthSlavic:SCr.g(d)a(dial.)`stumpofavine'[fj];Bulg.ga`vine,stumpofacutoffvine'[f]
Maybealb.gic`piglet,roastofapig'
aech.h`hip,haunch,thigh',poln.gia,giza`capitulum,headofabone,endofaboneinthe
shinboneunderlikewise'(alsoChurchSlavicgyavinnaja`grapevine',serb.gidads.as`knag,
gnarlofaplant');probablyhereasto*geng- (seethere),poln.guz`swelling,blister,hunch',guza
`buttocks',sloven.gza`buttocks,hunch',aspartlyprobablyalsoother,initselfalsowithguz=gzattachablewords(see*geng- );ambiguousarealsothewordswithbalt.(gun-)g-asguns,
gs`cropbybirds,headofthefemur'etc.;s.Mhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I685,687;
besideslett.gza,guzmastandkuza`heap',kuzma`cropofchickens',theformantwithguzaetc.
standinconnection,inanlaut.k-butonewithav.fra-,apakava-ìnthefront,behindwithahump'
andthefamilyqeu-`bend,curve'arecoherentwordtotheprerequisite;
aboutthatfromslav.guz-notcertainlytoseparativegz-seeundergeng- .
c.Labialextensions;gup `burrow'.
Gr.èarthhollow,cave,hidingplace,nook,hideaway,vulture'snest'(Hes.);,
`vulture'(fromthecrookedbeakorthecrookedclaws,asto`writhed,crooked,
humped');
Maybealb.(*gupos)gjyp`vulture'
MaybeCzech=Slovakiansup,Polishspsatems-<centumkk-.
ahd.chubisiàhut,cot,cottageofshepherds,peasants',mhd.kobe`stall,pigpen,cage,cavity',nhd.
Koben`small,miserableroomoredifice,building,pigpen'(inadditionmhd.kobolt,nhd.Kobold,z.B.
Kluge11315),ags.cofa(engl.cove)`chamber,hideout,cave'(outofitanord.kofi`chamber,cell'),
westfl.kffe(*kufj)`miserablecottage';basicmeaning`holeintheearthasresidentialpit',eigentl.
àrch,curvature',ndd.Kbbungànnex';mhd.nhd.Kober`basket';holl.kub,kubbe`fishsnaringnet';
mhd.kobelm.`(arched)box,narrowmiserablehouse,stable';whereasderivemhd.kobeln.`rock
canyon',kofel`brow,edgeofahillorcliff',nhd.bair.-allem.Kofel,Kobel,Gufel,rtorom.cvel,ital.
cvolo`cave,Felswand'fromlat.*cubulum(tocubre)`LagerstttedesViehs'(Zinsli,ontheground
ofGrat322)andahd.miluh-chubil`milktub',mhd.kbel,nhd.Kbelprobablyfrommlat.cupellus;
anord.kfr`roundcusp,peak,heap',
Maybealb.kufi`boder,edge'
norw.kven`roundish,arched'(therefromnorw.kuva,kyva`roundoff,makeblunt,dull',compare
alsoschwed.kuffa`soften,bump,poke=ndd.kuffen`bump,poke,slap'),holl.kuif(mndl.*cve)
`plume,tuft,shockofhair,crest,treetop'(compareinsimilarmeaningfrhnhd.Kaupe`plume,
actually,crest,ontheheadofthebirds'fromahd.*kba,probablyfromtherom.familyofcpa,also
ags.cyf`barrel,vat,cask',as.kvn`barrel,vat,cask',comparefrz.cuvefromlat.cpa`tub');
Maybealb.tosk.kuvli`box'
germ.*kubb-:westFlemishkobbe`Federhschel,buschigesaar,Hutkopf',aisl.kobbim.`seal',
bair.koppen`tangledcrownofaconifer',engl.cub`younganimal',cob`roundclump,head,spider',
presumablyalsoisl.kubbur,kubbi`clot,chunk,stump'(inadditionschwed.isl.norw.kubba
`cavitate');
germ.*kp-:norw.dial.kp`hump,hunchback',schwed.kupa`half-sphericalcase,beehive'under
likewise;schwed.kypa`roundvesselfromstraw',ndd.kpe`bigpannier',engl.dial.kipe(ags.*cype)
`plaitedfishsnaringnet,basket';changingthroughablautnorw.dial.kaup`woodenjar',kaupa`tuber,
bulb';
whereasderiveprobablyfromlat.cuppaf.`goblet':ags.coppm.àcme,apex,goblet'(mengl.also
`head),cuppm.,cuppef.`goblet',nhd.(actuallymd.)Koppe`crestofthebirds',Koppe,Kuppe,
`roundmountaintop',mhd.kuppe,ahd.chuppa`headpiece'(withexpressiveintensificationahd.
chupphads.,mhd.kupfe,kuffe,gupfeds.,gupf,gupfem.`summitofamountain,pointofthetower',
whereing-probablysubstitutionforroman.c-;anord.koppr`head,vessel,Helmknopf,eyesocket'is
Lw.frommnd.kopp);afries.mnd.kopp`goblet',ahd.kopf,chuph`goblet',mhd.kopf`drinkingvessel,
cranium,head'(similarlyrom.testa`head'fromlat.testa`shard,bowl',mlat.testacapitis),nhd.Kopf.
Nasalizedgerm.*kumb-:ags.cumb(engl.coomb)`paten'(inthemeaning`valley'fromabrit.*kumbo-
s`valley'),mnd.kumm(e)f.`round,deepvessel,tub,paten',nhd.Kumme`deepbowl',schweiz.
chumme`cistern';*kump-(from*kumb-withconsonant-sharpening)mnd.kump,mhd.kumpf`vessel,
cup',nhd.Kumpf.
Inadditionperhapsnpers.gumbed`bulge,cupola,goblet';
furtherpresumablylit.gumbasm.`bulge,swelling,lump,growth,knag';lett.gumba`swelling,lump,
growth';
OldChurchSlavicgba`sponge,fungus',skr.gba`sponge,leprosy',sloven.gba`sponge,fungus',
gbecm.`muzzle',ch.hba`sponge',newer`muzzle,lip',russ.gub`tree-fungus';besidesgba
`lip';inSlav.liesintonationchangebefore,themeaning`muzzle'iseverywherenewer.
Underabasicmeaning`save,store'wasconnectedwithnhd.Kobenav.gufra-`deep;mysterious,
wonderful',ostensiblyoriginally`sunkinapit'
d.Withl-suffixes;geu-lo-s `roundvessel'.
OldIndiangla`ball',gl,glam`ball,roundwaterjug';perhapsOldIndiangula-,gul,gulik
`ball,globule,sphere'(orasgel-to*gel-`clench');
arm.kalumÌtake,catch'(*guel);
gr.`long-shapedwallet,hedgehog'(also-s.gong- ;aboutseeunder*gol`lie');
gr.`cubicalstone',later`gorge,ravine,gulch',meg.`drinkingcup',`putinto
thepalmofthehand,putintothehand'(comparetolatterunder*gou - )canalsoas
*-derivefromthes-extension*g(e)us-;
lat.volaf.`thehollowofthehand,thepalm,orofthefoot,thesole'(*guel);
ahd.kiol,ags.col,anord.kjllm.`(*roundish)vehicle,ship'(thenewermeaning`keel'through
influenceofanord.kjlr`keel';germ.*keula-=OldIndiangla-),ahd.kiulla`pouch';ags.cyll(e)
`hose,vessel',borrowedfromlat.culleus;fromwhichfinn.keula`wheeloftheprow',anord.kyllm.
`sack,bag,pouch'(ndl.kuil`themiddle,sacklikepartofanet'butafterFranckvanWijkWb.356from
andl.kuidelfromthet-extensiontheroot);ahd.kli,mhd.kiule,nhd.Keule(protogerm.*kln-)`stick
withathicksphericalend',mnd.kle`club,mace,joint,clavatevessel,testicle,swelling,lump,
growth,polliwog;(konkav:)`pit,pothole,cave'(lattermeaningalsoinmhd.kle,nhd.(md.)kauleand
aschwed.kla),mhd.kle,nhd.Kaule`ball,sphericalobject',nhd.Kaulquappe(ofspherical
appearance),anord.kla`swelling,blister,ball';nhd.mdartl.kulle`ball,pulley,roller',kullern,kollern
`roll,makeintoaball'(:gr.Hes.withcoloringofthemeaning
round);presumablyalsoanord.kollrm.`roundedacme,apex,head',mnd.kol,kollem.`head,
uppermostpartofplants',nhd.kllbockand(zerograde)kielbock`hornlesshe-goat;billygoat',
comparealb.tsjapgul`hornlesshe-goat;billygoat';norw.kyla(*kaulin)`gully,canal'.
e.Withn-suffix;gou-no-m `curled,arched'.
Av.gaona-n.`hair(esp.theanimal);(hair)farbe'(compareabovelit.gauraetc.);
particularlygerm.formationanord.kaunn.`swelling,blister',mnl.coonf.`jaw,mandible,lowerjaw
bone',nld.koon`cheek'(*kaun);inadditiongot.kuna-wida`manacle'(`crookedrope',toahd.widi
`rope').
f.Withr-suffixes;geu-ro-s,gou-ro-s , g-ro-s , gur-no-s.

Arm.kunGen.,kan`back'(=lit.gurnas),kr-ukn,Gen.krkan`calcaneus',kur,Gen.kri`boat,barge',
also`Becken,paten,Pfanne';kray(*grti-)`turtle,tortoise';o-gradekor(*gou-ero-or-ero-)`writhed,
crooked,humped,bent,curved;inverted',kori`canal',koriz`swelling,lump,growth;kernel,seed';
gr.`round,veer',`roundness,circle,roundpit,pothole',`curve',or
`polliwog'(asmnd.k-le,nhd.Kaulquappe,seeabove);
mir.gaire`hair'(originally`*curlyhair',compare:)nir.guairnen`whirlwind';
norw.kaure`frizzycurl(esp.fromwool)',kaur`curledwave'(idg.*gou-ro-;besidesgerm.*kau-arain:)anord.krrm.`frizzycurl',kri`thegustofwindcurlingthewater',norw.kre`shavings';with-eugerm.loanwordfinn.keuruàrched';with(compareandtheincludedarm.words)norw.
kra`squat;rest',mnd.kren`waylay(forthehunt)',nhd.kauern;withapplicationofcoagulationof
themilknorw.kjre(*keuran-)`cheeseinthefirststate',kr(*kra-)`ds.,coagulatedmilk',kyr
(*kauri-)`cheesemassofsourmilk',kaara(*kauarn)`curdle,coagulate,harden,becomecaseous'
(doubtfulwhereassloven.etc.r`wheys'becauseoftheindicatingadditionalformsloven.zra,
zra`wheys');
maybealb.hirra`whey');
lit.garasm.,mostlyPl.gaura`hairinthebody,flaxfiber',lett.gaurim.Pl.`pubichair'(compare
aboveav.gaona-n.`hair');lit.gurnasm.`hip,haunch,ankle',lett.grus`hip,forkinthespinning
wheel'(=arm.kun);lit.grinti,groti`getwrithed,crooked,humped',lett.grties,gurties`loll
oneself,stretchoneself';lit.klnograsm.`mountainprojection';
serb.graf.`hunch',gritise`shrinkup,crook';ifhereskr.ritise`hurry';s.alsoundereuèxpedite,hurry';alsobulg.grkam,grn`diveinthewater';theintonationrequired*guror
*gouer(compareaboveanord.krretc.).
maybealb.gurra`rapid'
g.Withs-suffixes:
npers.gàngle,point,edge';
gr.`thecrookedpieceofwoodinaplow',`Pflug,andemKrummholzund
ScharbaumnochauseinemStckbestanden'(s-suffixdoubtful),wherefore`pieceofwoodas
fieldmeasure'(*[]-,butalso*F-possible);gr.`limb,thefeet,womb,hands,thehand,
(soprob.asdeviceonsignet);thewholebody';
maybealb.gji`womb'
gr.`lap',`lame',fromwhich`lame'(Grdf.*-;orF-ders.doubtby
,seeabove),`crooked,bentoutwards,writhedhumped(fromlegs)',`tobe
bent'(butHes.perhapsGaelic,toair.gu`lie,falsity')canhavepreservedafter
otherAdj.in-for`stooped,writhed,crooked,humped',yetisalsodifficult,becauseanablaut
*gu-:gu-inspiteofthefrequentgrade*g-standsnotcertainly;unclearhom.`witha
limbateachend,double-pointed,orbendingbothways,elastic',epithetofspear,and`he
thathaltsinbothfeet,thelameone',epithetofHephaistos;
maybealsoalb.gnjej`lie'
mnd.nnd.kse`stump,club,mace,joint;grinder,molartooth',norw.dial.ks`hump,hunchback';
schwed.kusa`pudenda';anord.kjssf.`pouch',kjssm.`bay,cavity',far.kjsf.`craw',schwed.
kjusa`valleygulch',kjus`point,edgeofapoke'underlikewise,norw.kysa(*keusin-)andkysa
(*kausin-)`crest,bonnet,cowl'.
References:
References:WP.I555ff.,WH.I112f.,311,629,852,Trautmann80,100f.
Page(s):
Page(s):393-398
Root/lemma: ghabh(o)lo- ,-l
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bifurcation
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àstgabel,Gabelung,Gabel'
Material:
Material:Air.mir.gabul`forkedbough,fork;forkpointthethighs,vulva',cymr.gafl`fork;thighfork,
vulva',abret.Plur.gablau`fork',nbret.gavl,gaol`bifurcation'(with-umlautfromatoeacymr.gebel
àmattock,pickaxe',cymr.gefail[--stem]`pliers',bret.gevelm.,acorn.geuel-hoerngl.Apairof
snuffers),(gall-)lat.gabalus`cross,gallows';thebrit.formsproveakelt.*gablo-;themedialain
gabalusisprobablylat.;v.Wartburgseparatesgallorom.gabalus`spear,javelin'(older`*fork'),places
thatin*gab-lakkos`spear,javelin'(cymr.gaflachds.),fromgabulum`gallows',butuinair.gabul
(*ghabhlo-)isonlyepenthesis;
ahd.gabala`fork',mnd.gaffel(e)f.,ags.gafol,geafelf.ds.;aisl.gaflak,ags.gafeluc`lightspear,
lance'derivefromanair.*gablach;
hereprobablythePNillyr.Gabuleo,ven.-.
References:
References:WP.I533f.,WH.I575,KraheWrzb.Jahrbcher1,215.
Page(s):
Page(s):409
Root/lemma: ghabhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,take
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,nehmen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghabh- :
:`tograb,take'derivedfromtheextendedlabials:geleb ( h )-,glb ( h )-(:
glb ( h )-)andgleb ( h )-(::gl b ( h )-)ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round'[seeabove].
Note:
Note:with- formsdurative`haveon,wear,holdon,possess,adhereto',couldbeonomatopoeic
words(imitationofofsnatchsound),whatwouldexplainthefrequentcoincidencewiththe
synonymousrootsqagh- andqap- (comparealsoVendryesMSL.18,310);ontheotherhandplace
EM2150forqap-(alsoalsoforghabh-)putavocalism::(againstitReicheltKZ.46,339,WP.I
344,WH.I159),sothatitsrootmustbeassumedasghbh-andOldIndiangbhasti-`hand'then
wastobekeptaway.
Material:
Material:OldIndiangbhasti-m.`forearm,hand';
lat.habe,-re`hold,possess,have',etc.;dbe`toowe,tobeindebtedtosomebodyforanything;
tobeduetodoathing,bemorallyboundtoorbeboundbylogicornecessityorlawto;tohaveto
paybecauseoffate,tobedestinedtogive,haveto'(*dhabe),praebe`tooffer,holdout;to
provide,supply,allow;bestow;withreflex.topresentorshowoneselfinacertaincharacter,behave
as'(olderprae-hibe=umbr.pre-habia,pre-hubia`toholdforth,reachout,proffer,offer,tender'),
habnf.àstrap;abridle,reins',habilisèasilymanaged,handy;suitable,fit,convenient',etc.;
Maybeabbreviatedalb.(*habe,kapem)kam`hold,possess,have'similartopoln.jestemÌam':
alb.jamÌam',commonalb.h->k-;-b->-mb->-m-phoneticmutationsfoundincorn.caf(f)os,
cafes,mbret.caf(f)out,bret.kavout`have'.
Note:
Alsozerogradeinalb.preterite(ha)pataÌheld,possessed,had'
osk.io-inflection:haf[ar]`have,hold,support,carry,wear',hafiest`have,hold,support,carry,wear'
(*ghabh-),inadditionPrter.stemhip-(*ghp-,probablythroughinfluenceoflat.capi:cp;
differentEM2442)inKonj.Perf.hipid,Fut.exakt.hipust`willhold,possess,have';
umbr.habe`have,hold,support,carry,wear',Imper.habitu,habetu`have,hold,support,carry,wear'
(*hab-)besideshabiest`theyhave,hold,support,carry,wear'(*habi)andsubahtu,subotu`send
differentways,sendout,sendforth,sendabout,scatter,distribute'(*subhabtd),etc.;toumbr.-bcompareDevoto,TabulaeIguvinae172ff.,v.Blumenthal,Iguv.Taf.662;
Maybealb.tosk.(*(h)ap)jap,geg.ep(nasalized)nep`give':ahd.geban`give'.
air.gaibid`takes,seizesetc.`,lateralsoàttains,gets'(*ghab(h)-iti),verbalnoungabalf.(kelt.
*gabagl,theendingprobablyattributedto*kagl,cymr.caelàttainment';seeunderqagh- `catch')
`thetaking'=cymr.gafael`theholdingon'(f=v),corn.gavelf.`theholds,theseizing',abret.angabol`thegrabbing,resumption';otherwisemostlyinBrit.beginningk(attributedtoqagh-):mcymr.
andcymr.caffaelàttainment'(besidescael,seeabove);dasffderivesfromthes-subjunctive(v+h>
f);withothersuffixcorn.caf(f)os,cafes,mbret.caf(f)out,bret.kavout`have';
aboutthestrikingcongruitiesir.compoundswithgaib-withlat.compositionsofhabres.Pedersen
KG.II532;
herealsogallorom.*gabella`fascicle,sheaf,bunch,bundle'fromgall.*gabagl;
got.gabeif.`richness'(*ghabh),gab(e)igs`rich'(*ghabhko-),ahd.kepif.`richness',kepic`rich',ags.
giefig,aisl.gfugrds.;gfaf.`luck',gfr`generous,pleasant,helpful'(germ.*gbiz),mhd.gbe
ds.,nhd.gbe`give';inadditionalsothegerm.matron'snameAla-gabiae`theallgivingones',GN
Fria-gabis`deargiver';aboutdenGNGarman-gabiss.GutenbrunnerGerm.God'snames90ff.;got.
PNGaf-ildo,ahd.Gab-ward;
germ.neologism(asreplacementford-`give')isgot.giban(Prter.gaf,Pl.gebum),aisl.gefa
(urnord.1.Sg.presentgifu,3.Sg.Prter.gaf),ags.giefan,ahd.gebanetc.`give';got.gibaf.,aisl.
gjf,ags.giefu,ahd.gebaf.`gift';afterKretschmerGl.19,208derivesthevowelofgerm.*eanof
contrastedneman`take';ahd.PNGibicho,aisl.Gjki;
germ.*kaisif.inags.cefes,cyfes`bondmaid,concubine',ahd.kebisa`concubine,mistress',
besidesanord.kefserm.`captive',wouldleadback(doubtful)toaidg.additionalform*gabh-;
lit.gbana,gabanf.àrmful,armload(hay)';besidesgaben,gabnti`takeaway',Prter.dial.atgbau`hasbrought'(comparelat.capi:cpi),gabs`gifted,talented',geb,gebti`tobeable,be
usedto,beaccustomedto';with:gobs`greedy',gbism.`greed,lust',dial.gubti`snatch',etc.;
slav.(originallyiterative)*gabaj,*gabatiinpoln.gabaàssail,gripe',wruss.hab`take,gripe',
etc.;OldChurchSlavicgobino`fullness,wealth',gobz`rich'aregerm.Lw.Abouttheexpressive
characterofch-inruss.chbit`grabquickly',chopt`grasp,catch'etc.s.MachekSlavia16,178,
208ff.
References:
References:WP.I344f.,WH.I158ff.,630f.,Trautmann74,Feist175f.,214.
Page(s):
Page(s):407-409
Root/lemma: ghaido- orhaidoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ziegenbock,Ziege'
Material:
Material:Lat.haedus,-m.àyounggoat,akid'from*ghaidos(dialect(h)dus,faedus,fdus);
Maybeabbreviatedalb.(*heida)dhijaàgoat'commonalb.h->d-;-d->-j-phoneticmutations.
got.gaitsandahd.geizf.,aisl.geitf.,aschwed.gt,f.,ags.gtf.,as.getf.(consonantstem)`goat',
originallyusedforbothgenders.
From*ghaido-derived*ghaidnos:lat.haednusòfakid',ags.gten,ahd.geiznòforpertainingto
goats',got.gaiteinn.`kid',ahd.geiznn.`he-goat;billygoat'.
Ahd.ziga,whereforeags.ticcenandahd.zicchnwithhypocoristicconsonantstretch,isnot`through
causingtabooLautumstellung'fromidg.*ghidhsoriginated,ratherasAuslautsdublettetogr.
.(Hes.)<*digia,arm.tik`hose(fromgoatskin)'tostellen.
Daalb.qith`kid',mir.cit`sheep',anord.ki`Tierjunges',ahd.kizzi(n),chizzin.(germ.*kittna)
`caressingalteration'arefromghaido-,isaunnecessaryassumption.Ratherthenamedwordsare
directlyanenticing(orfrightening)shout,call,askitz,gitz,hitz,hetzusf.isattestedtohaveevolved
frommostdifferentlanguagesanddialects.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):409-410
Root/lemma: ghaisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostickto
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`haftenbleiben,steckenbleiben,sumen'
Material:
Material:Lat.haere,-re,haes,haesum`tohangorholdfast,tohang,stick,cleave,cling,adhere,
befixed,sitfast,remainclosetoanythingorinanymanner;toholdfast,remainattachedorfixed,to
keepfirm,adhere;toholdfast,remainattachedorfixed,tokeepfirm,adhere'(*ghaisei),haesitre
`hesitate',
Maybealb.nasalized(*gher-)nder`hang,hesitate'commonalb.gh->d-phoneticmutation.
presumablytolit.gait,-a,gati`purl,border,hesitate,dwindle',gainti`while,spendtime,
destroy'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):410
Root/lemma: ghait- ,-esEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:curlyorwavyhair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`krausesorgewelltesHaar'
Material:
Material:Von*ghait-[e]s-from:av.gasa-m.`curlyhair,curls',npers.gs`droopyhair,curls',av.
gasu-`frizzyhaired,curlyhaired;(fromcamel:)rat'shairytail';
gr.`loose,flowinghair,usedesp.ofbackhair,ofahorse'smane,ofalion'smane,ofa
hedgehog'sspines,crestofahelmet,oftrees,foliage,ofhumanhair';inadditionprobablythemaked.
PN;
mir.gasetf.(from*ghaits-)`stiffhair,bristle'.
References:
References:WP.I529.
Page(s):
Page(s):410
Root/lemma: ghau o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:false
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`falsch,erlogen'
Material:
Material:Lat.haudConceptofnegation`not',maybefrom*huidom>*hudom(>haudasnihilum
>nihil),neutr.adjectiveìncorrect(itwouldbe)';
air.gu,go,gf.`theinaccurate,lie,falsity',g-forcell`wrongtestimonial',mcymr.geu,ncymr.gau
ìncorrect',Subst.`lie,falsity',corn.gowm.ds.,bret.gaouds.;derivedmcymr.geuawc,ncymr.euog
`culpable'.
Quitezweifelhafteequation.Ifkelt.formsmustbeassumedwithu,theycouldgobacktoidg.*gu(togeu-`bend',S.393).comparetovocalismPokornyZceltPh.11,19,tomeaningFriskGteborgs
Hgsk.Arsskr.41(1935),3.Abt.,S.11.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):414
Root/lemma: ghagha ,gheghe ,ghighi
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocackle(ofgeese)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise,LautnachahmungforGackern,Schnattern
Note:
Note:(comparehans- `goose').SowohlUrverwandtschaftasnewercreationarepossible.
Material:
Material:Air.gigren,giugrann`goose',cymr.gwyrain`RedGrouse,wildchicken'(basicformseems
*gigur...);mir.gd,cymr.gwydd,acorn.guit,bret.goaz,gwaz`goose'(*gigdbecauseofmir.
Gen.goid),tod-formscompareags.ganotunder*hans-`goose';
expressivealb.gogsnj`belch,burp'(underlikewise,G.MeyerWb.126);
mhd.ggen,ggern(alsoggen)`shout,cacklelikeagoose'(nhd.Ggag,Ggagunderlikewisefor
`goose'),ahd.gackizn,gackazzen`mutter,mumble,speakinalowtone;bleat,asahe-goat,shout',
nhd.gacksen,gatzen,gackern,tirol.etc.gaggezen,schweiz.gaggelen,gagelen`gaggle,cackle,
chitchat,talk,snicker,laughshakingly',mnl.gagelen,mengl.gagelin,nengl.gaggle`gaggle,cackle,
chitchat,talk,snicker';similarlyahd.gickazzen,mhd.giksen,gksen,nhd.gicksen`blurtfine
inarticulatetones'(idepictingnotrealAblaut,butthehighertone);aisl.gagaandnisl.gagga`deride';
lit.gag,-ti`chatter',gagèider',gagnas`jabberer'(somewhatsimilarlygeg`cuckoo');lett.ggt
`shoutlikegoose',gga`kindofduck',ggars`goose'(TrautmannBsl.Wb.74f.);
Maybealb.expressivegogsinj`burp,belch,yawn'(*gha-ghans)`*onomatopoeiccryofgoose',
gaga`stutterer',gugue`dovekind'(Slavicorigin)alsoalb.gaga`cryofgoose':gegÀlbanians
(neighbouringtheSlavs)*stutterers',geg`NorthAlbanianspeech(accordingtoSlavs)unknown
speech'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghagha ,gheghe ,ghighi :
:`tocackle(ofgeese)'derivedthenewRoot/
Root/
lemma: han-s- :
:`goose'.
Maybealb.pr-gjigjem,geg.gjegjànswer'
russ.gogott`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker,chatter;laughloudly',mdartl.`neigh',ech.old
hohtati`howl',poln.gogota`glucken',osorb.gagota,gigota(becauseofginsteadofhnewer
soundimitation)`chatter';russ.ggat`chatter,fromgeese',ggaèiderduck',gagraàquanaut'
etc.
Inbird'snamesexceptnotnamedhere:
aisl.gagl`greylaggoose';
lit.gagalas`drake,maleduck',lett.gaigaleàgullkind',OldPrussiangegalisàquanaut',SeeN
Gaygelith;
russ.ggol`commongoldeneye,GoldenEye',poln.gogo,ggoÈuropeangoldeneye',old
gogolicaàcoot,awater-fowl'(Berneker318).
Maybealb.gogol`ghost'
References:
References:WP.I526,Trautmann74f.
Page(s):
Page(s):407
Root/lemma: ghebh-el- ,- e l- ,-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weathercock;head
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Giebel,Kopf'
Material:
Material:Gr.`head,end,acme,apex',maked.,,PN;unclear
Hes.;compareinadditionSchwyzerGr.Gr.I70f.,PisaniRIEtBalk.1937,15ff.;
got.giblam.`gable,pinnacle',changingthroughablautanord.gaflm.`gable;pointofanisland';ahd.
gibilm.`gable,poleoftheearth';gibillaf.,gebalm.,mhd.gebel`cranium';
toch.Apl-`head'(:gr.),Instr.plyo-.
References:
References:WP.I571,Feist214,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.252,261.
Page(s):
Page(s):423
Root/lemma: ghedh- ,ghodhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojoin,makeabond
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vereinigen,engconnectedsein,zusammenpassen';olderùmklammern,festandzusammenhalten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangdhya`stickfirmly';-gadhita-`clipped,clinged',pri-gadhita-`clasps'
(fromsexuellerunion);
afries.gadiaùnite',mnd.gaden(*gadn)`suit,please,bemarried',ahd.bigatn,mhd.gaten,
gegatenintr.`gather,sothatitfits',trans.`GleicheszuGleichemgesellen,zusammenbringen',refl.
`sichfgen',ahd.gi-gat`fitting',as.gi-gadoìlk',ags.(ge)gada`comrade,husband',nhd.Gatte;got.
gadiliggs`cousin',as.gaduling`kinsman,relative',ags.gdeling`comrade',ahd.gatulinc,gatilinc
`kinsman,relative,cousin,journeyman';ags.geador,tgdere(engl.together)`together',afries.
gadur,mnd.gader,mhd.gaterds.,ags.gadrian,gd(e)rian(engl.gather)`gather,collect',afries.
gaderia,mnd.gad(d)erends.,mhd.vergatern`beunited,merge',nhd.vergatternds.;inaddition
presumablyalsoahd.gataro,nhd.Gatter(umgelautetmhd.geter,nhd.Gitter),aschwed.gadder,
mnd.gaddere`Gitter';
withlengthenedgrade:got.gs,aisl.gr,ags.gd,ahd.guot,nhd.gut(germ.*ga-`fitting');aisl.
ga`gutmachen'etc.
OldChurchSlavicgod`time,righttime',godina`',godn`compliant',russ.gdnyj`suitable',
OldChurchSlavicu-goditi`please',
maybealb.geg.godit`strike(chime)',goditun`suitable'
russ.-ChurchSlavicgoditids.,ChurchSlavicugoda`satisfaction',russ.vgoda`benefit,advantage',
OldChurchSlavicnegodovati`beundisposed',iter.OldChurchSlavicugodo,ugoditiìtmakeright,
please'(etc.,Berneker317f.,wherealsoaboutpoln.loanwordlit.gdasàssociation',gdytisòccur,
meet'amongothers).
Inadditionperhapslit.dial.gudas,lett.gods`honour,fame;decorum,courteousness;festivity,
feast';
whereasarelett.gds,sagds`stock,acquiredproperty',gdt`care,worry'probablyfromborrowed
Russ.;
here(compareVanWindekensLexique32)toch.ABktk-,issoftenedAkck-,kcc-`rejoice'
(compareabovemnd.gaden`please');differentPedersenToch.172.
References:
References:WP.I531ff.,Trautmann74,Feist218.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsounderghend- .
Page(s):
Page(s):423-424
Root/lemma: ghedEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todefecate;hole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scheien;Loch'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhadati,hadate`defecates',av.zaah-m.`rump';
arm.jet(o-stem)`tail(ofanimals)';
gr.`defecate',Perf.;`rump';
phryg.(leg.);
alb.dhjes`defecate',ndjete`hideous,disgusting',fem.`repugnance';ndotem`bestained,smeared',
geg.ndishem`hideous';commonalb.gh->d-phoneticmutation.
anord.gatn.`hole,aperture',ags.geat`door,aperture'(outofitnir.gead`thebottom'),afries.jetn.
`hole,aperture',as.gat`hole',mnd.alsoànus',ndd.Kattegat`Katzenloch'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):423
Root/lemma: gheghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocurve,bend
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`krmmen,biegen'
Material:
Material:Arm.gog`cavity,lap,bosom,belly'etc.,asadjective`hollow,concave',gogem`hollowout';
gugem(*ghgh-)`hug,embrace,holdtight,care';
norw.gagr`crookedback',aisl.gag-hals`withneckcrookedbackward',ablaut.ggiask`be
stretched',etc.;
lit.ggasm.`withersofhorse'.
References:
References:WP.I570,LidnArmen.Stud.93f.
Page(s):
Page(s):424
Root/lemma: gheidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toyearnfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren,gierigsein'
Material:
Material:Air.gall=cymr.gwystl,acorn.guistel`captive',bret.goestl`pay,caution',gall.in
CongeistlusMN.(cymr.cyngwystl`commitment')=ahd.gsal,nhd.Geisel,ags.gsel,aisl.gslds.;
thepreciseconcordancebetweenGerm.andKelt.speaksperhapsforborrowingonthepartof
Germ.;got.PNGsla-mun-dus;besideswithoutl:got.PNAnda-gs,ags.Gs-wulf,ahd.Gsi-ulf,
comparemnd.gse`captive'.
Withablauthereir.gell`sacrifice,pledge,deposit'(*ghistlo-),whereoftheverbair.gell-,gill-`to
pledge,promise'(3.Sg.Konj.gellaid,3.Pl.Fut.gillfit),withad-`swear,vow,promise'etc.;fromgall
`captive'derivestheverbgiall-,gill-`serve,obey',e.g.3.Sg.giallaid,Fut.3.Pl.gillfit.
Ahd.mhd.gt`covetousness,greed,avarice',ahd.gtag`greedy,avaricious,stingy',mhd.gtenand
gt(e)sen`begreedy,avaricious'(fromlatterzfrommhd.gze,dt.Geiz),ags.gtsian`lust,crave',
gtsung`greed';
lit.geidigesti`lust,crave,long,want,wish',geiduju,-ti`wish,long,want',gadas`violentwish,
desire',dial.gdis`greedy';lett,gidu,gidt`wait,holdon'(originallyiterative),gaidaèxpectation',
dzdris()`thirst';OldPrussiangidi,giide`siewarten',sengijdi`heattains',sengidautèrlangen';
OldChurchSlavicid,dati(thereafteralsod)`wait,holdon';russ.du,dt`wait,holdon'.
References:
References:WP.I553,Trautmann82,PokornyUrillyrier561WH.I576,632,641.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparegheihPage(s):
Page(s):426-427
Root/lemma: gheidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towishfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren'
Note:
Note:onlyar.andslav.
Material:
Material:OldIndiangdhyatiìsgreedy,demandsviolently'(=serb.-ChurchSlavicld),grdhnu-
`greedy',gdhra-`greedy;vulture',gardha-(=OldChurchSlavicglad)m.ànxiousness,
concupiscence,solicitousness',av.gra-ds.;
slav.*ildi`demand'in:
serb.-ChurchSlavicld,ldti`longfor,ask,demand,callfor,wishfor,desire,require,expect',
skr.dm,djeti`long,want,longfor,yearnfor';
slav.*galda-m.`hunger'in:
OldChurchSlavicglad,skr.gld(Gen.glda);ech.hlad;russ.god(Gen.goda).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):434
Root/lemma: gheihEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren,gierigsein'
Note:
Note:(seealsothatsimilartogheidh- )
Material:
Material:OldIndianjh-onlyinjhamna-`glmend,denMundaufsperrend,klaffend,lechzend';
perhapssecondarytojht,S.418;
got.faihu-geigan`lust,crave',ga-geigan`gain',nasalizedahd.gingnàfteretwasverlangen',gingo
`dasVerlangen';afterWissmannNom.postverb.41thoughtohei-gh-,aboveS.421.
lit.pmaudgiti`holdagrudge,nurseagrievance',gieios`long,wantviolently',pagitiàskfor
revenge',pagie`thirstforrevenge';whetherlit.giti,pa-gitiintr.ìmHalsekratzen'wouldbe
withit.
References:
References:WP.I552;differentFeist136f.
Page(s):
Page(s):427
Root/lemma: gheis- andheiz-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:confused,shocked
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufgebracht,bestrzt,erschreckt(sein)'
Note:
Note:originalresemblancewithhei-,hei-s-inOldIndianhintietc.isveryprobably
Material:
Material:Av.zaa-`gruesome',zinu-`frightening,shuddering,shakingtogether(beforefrost)',
zizditòftheghastliest,mosthideousones'(Superl.toaverb*zid-`makeshudder';seeunder
heiz-d-);
got.us-geisnanèrschrecken(intr.),auerFassunggeraten',Kaus.us-gaisjanèrschrecken(tr.),
auerFassungbringen'(butaisl.geisa`hervordringen,heranstrmen'from*gaeisa);
aisl.geiskin.`fear,horror'.
rootformheiz-dh-: OldIndianh-`beangrywith'(hant-,hamna-,Perf.jiha),ha
m.,han.ànger'(herealsohlatìsimprovident',hlayati`deride',seeunderhi-`yawn'),
hatièxcited,aroused,aggrieved',Med.ìsexcited,aroused,angry';av.zidita-(seeabove);
ahd.geist(=OldIndianha)m.,as.gst,ags.gst(gst)m.`ghost(incontrasttothebody);
berirdischesgespenstigesWesen'(soesp.engl.ghost`ghost'),ags.gstan(*gaistjan)`frighten'
(tr.),engl.aghastàgitated,angry,irate',ghastly`grisly,terrible,dreadful'.
ThatinthemeaningexactattuningOldChurchSlavicasnti`frighten(intr.).stupefieri',asiti
`frighten'(tr.),uas`fright'from*g(h)s-attunesinvowelandnotinguttural.
References:
References:WP.I553f.,Feist531f.
Page(s):
Page(s):427
Root/lemma: ghel( ) hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofmetal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Metallbezeichnung'(,Bronze,Kupfer,Eisen')
Material:
Material:OldChurchSlavic*elzoinelez()nìron',skr.ljezo,russ.elezoìron';
lit.gelesandem.gels(therefromgelenis,gelnisìron'),lett.dzlzs,ostlett.dzelezs,Old
Prussiangelsof.ìron';
Whetherinconnectionwithgr.,kret.`copper,bronze'Thatfromstanding
comparisonnotintheway,becausein*pointsascommonprimarygrade.Theword
probablyderivesfromaaforeignculturalcircle;alsotheuniquegradationofthe2ndsyllableinBsl.
wouldbebasedondifferentsubstitutionintheintheborrowed;(IliasI365)as`red
metal'perhapsto,,`murex,snailemittingpurpledye',whichislikewiseborrowed;
inBsl.thenamewouldbefigurativelytransferredfrombronzetotheiron.
References:
References:WP.I629,SpechtDekl.27,Trautmann83.
Page(s):
Page(s):435
Root/lemma: gheldEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èis'
Material:
Material:Npers.la(*alda)`hail,hoarfrost';
gr.hom.`hail';
OldChurchSlavicldica`frozenrain',sloven.ld`glazedfrost,ice',klr.oelda`rainwithsnow,
iceontrees',poln.d`sleet,smoothice'.
References:
References:WP.I629f.,SpechtDekl.17.
Page(s):
Page(s):435
Root/lemma: ghelhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gland
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Drse'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghelh- :
:`gland'derivedfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round,
*gland,growth,ball'.
Material:
Material:Arm.gej-kh`glands'(theobviousanlautcanbeexplainedthroughdissimilation,s.Meillet
MSL.13,244f.,LidnArm.Stud.71underA.1.2);
ostlit.gleuones,gleauns,glenes`glands,craw';
slav.*elzainChurchSlaviclza,russ.elez,sloven.lza,ch.lza,nowadayslza`gland'
(aboutech.hlzaàbscess's.Meillet.),poln.zozads.
References:
References:WP.I612,632,Trautmann84.
Page(s):
Page(s):435
Root/lemma: ghel-ond- ,ghol-n d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stomach;bowels
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Magen,Gedrm'
Note:
Note:(AsuppositionabouttheoldparadigmbyPeterssonHeteroklisie2281)
Material:
Material:Gr.f.Pl.ìntestines,entrails,Gedrm',ds.;
Maybeabbreviatedalb.zorraìntestine,entrail'commonalb.gh->d-,z-;l/rphoneticmutations.
OldChurchSlavic*eldk`stomach',russ.-ChurchSlaviceldk,skr.ludac,ech.aludek,
poln.odekds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):435
Root/lemma: ghel-u- ,ghel-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tortoise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schildkrte'
Material:
Material:Gr.`turtle,tortoise,Lyre',ds.,ol.,Hes.(Kuiper
Notes48);
slav.el-f.`turtle,tortoise'in:
ChurchSlavicelv,russ.-ChurchSlavicelva,skr.lva,ech.elva,russ.olvf.,poln.w.
References:
References:WP.I631,Trautmann84,SpechtIdg.Dekl.120.
Page(s):
Page(s):435
Root/lemma: ghel-t (germ.)andghel-dh (slav.)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocost,pay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gelte,zahle'
Material:
Material:Got.fra-gildan`repay,compensate',us-gildan`repay',aisl.gjalda`defray,pay,repay,be
worth',ags.gieldan,ahd.geltan`defray,repay,serve,sacrifice'(protogerm.*el),aschwed.gjalla
ds.(*l);got.gildn.`tax,interest',aisl.gjald`payment,earnings,punishment',ags.gield
`payment,tribute,tax,sacrifice,oblation,brotherhood',aisl.gildi`membership',ags.gilden.ds.,gilda
m.`Gildenbruder'(outofitmir.gilda`squire'),mnd.gilde,outofitnhd.Gilde;ahd.gelt`payment,
repayment,sacrifice,oblationetc.`,nhd.Geld;got.gilstrn.`tax',ahd.gelstar(*geld-tra-)`sacrifice,
oblation,tax';fromndd.gellen=geltenderiveslit.gelioti`bevalid';
OldChurchSlavicldlsti(ladlasti)`repay,pay,atone'wouldbe,ifcommonorigin,d(h)opresentbesidesgerm.-to-present.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):436
Root/lemma: ghelun
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pine-tree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kiefer'
Material:
Material:Arm.jeun`palate,Plafond';
gr.`lip,upperjaw',inadditionperhapsalso`lip',ol.,iffrom*F(Solmsen
KZ.29,352);
aisl.gilnar`pinetree',schwed.gl`gill,pinetree',dn.gjlleds.
References:
References:WP.I632.
Page(s):
Page(s):436
Root/lemma: ghelEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:alsoinbirdname,with-b- ,-bh- and-d- extended.comparethesimilartoonomatopoeic
wordsgal-,qel- .
Material:
Material:OldIndianpra-galbh-`courageous,determined'(:ahd.gelbn);
gr.`swallow',olderF;thehigh-pitchedsoundcoloring--remindsanmhd.glen`cry,
esp.frombirdofprey',redupl.gr.,syrak.`choke';
Note:
Maybealb.(*harundinis)dalndysheàswallow':lat.harundo-inisf.àreed;meton.,foranobject
madeofreed,afishingrod;limedtwigsforcatchingbirds':hirundo-inis,f.`swallow'.Similarphonetic
settingalb.dimn`winter':lat.hiemo-are`towinter,spendthewinter'[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei-2 :
hi- :
:`winter;snow'
Lat.andalb.provethattheoriginalRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:aro-m :
:`reed'was(*her
*her-).Onlylat.andalb.
havepreservedtheoldlaryngeal-.
Thereisnodoubtthatfromillyr.-alb.-lat.(*harundinis)dalndysheàswallow'[commonalb.h->dphoneticmutation]derivedgr.`swallow',thereforeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghel- :
:`tocall,cry'
Root/lemma:aro-m :
:`reed'(*her
*her-)wherer/lallophones.
aisl.gjalla(st.V.)`resonate',ags.giellan(st.V.)`cry',ahd.gellan`sound,clink,cry',nhd.gellen(-llfrom-ln-orratherpuresoundechoconsonantincrease);anord.gala(preteritgl)`cry,crow,cackle,
sing',ags.as.ahd.galan`sing;alsoenchant,fixaspellupon,bewitch,enchant'(germ.presentwitha-duetoaPerf.withidg.);got.gljan`greet'(actually`*shout',asafries.gla`hunt,chase'actually
`dasWilddurchGeschreiaufstbern';lengthenedgradesiterative,presumablydenominative)anord.
gla`makehappy,please,comfort',as.glian`gladden';ahd.guol-lh`boasting',urguolìllustrious';
ahd.as.galm,mhd.galm,gelmm.`clangor,din,fuss,noise',ahd.nahti-galaf.`nightingale',aisl.
galdrm.`singing,magicsong',ags.gealdorn.`magicsong',ahd.galdar,kalterandgalstarn.ds.,
aisl.gallr,gjallr`clinking';
-grade(asgot.gljan)russ.galit-sja`deride',dial.galcha,galf.`fun,laughter',naglit
`taktmigschreien,singen,beiderArbeit'etc.
b - andbh -extension:
ags.gielpan(st.V.)`brag,boast',mhd.gelpfen,gelfen`cry,sing,brag,boast',aisl.gjalpn.
`boastfulness',ags.gielpds.,as.gelp`Trotzrede,derision,ridicule',ahd.gelph`Trotzrede,
boastfulness',adj.`lustig,minxish,wanton',ahd.gelbn`jemd.deceive',as.galpn(schw.V.)`loud
cry,brag,boast',dn.gylpe,gulpe`shout,crylikearaven'(withgerm.aisl.gjalfr`Wellengetse',
gylfi`king,prince,lord',gylfinn.`fiend,demon',gylfraf.`witch',gylfringrm.`sword',mnd.gelve
`surge',ndl.golf`wave',dial.galveren,golveren`sound,howl');
lit.gulbinti`vaunt,praise';aboutgulbas`swan's.S.431;
perhapsafterMachek(Slavia16,198)herewithexpressivech-slav.*chlbitis`boast',*chlba
`boastfulness'inech.chlubitise,chlouba(oldchlba),etc.;possiblyalsoslav.*chorbr(from
*gholbh-lo-)`valiant'inabg.chrabr,chrabr`warlike'etc.(compareaboveOldIndianpra-galbh).
Dentalextensiongerm.gelt-:isl.gelta(*galtjan)`bark,bay',ahd.gelznùtterthevoice,squeal'.
References:
References:WP.I628.
Page(s):
Page(s):428
Root/lemma: ghendh- (gh o ndh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:boil
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geschwr'
Material:
Material:Gr.ùlcer,swelling,lump,growth',Hes.;
got.gundn.`cancerousulcer',norw.dial.gundm.`scurf',ags.gundm.`pus',ahd.gundm.`pus,
pustulatingulcer'.
References:
References:WP.I588.
Page(s):
Page(s):438
Root/lemma: ghend- andghedEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,grip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,anfassen,ergreifen',partlyalso`geistigerfassen'
Note:
Note:Forconcurrenttheunnasalizedandthenasalizedrootforms.BrugmannII23,293f.,IF.32,
321
Material:
Material:Gr.(*ghend-)`takein,hold,contain,take;tobecapable,able;catch',Aor.
(*ghnd-),Fut.(*ghends-),Perf.withpresent-meaning;
alb.gjndem(*ghend-)`befound',gjnj,gjenj,geg.gjj`find'(G.MeyerBB.8,187,Alb.Wb.140,
Alb.stemIII10;gjet`find,regain',s.SchmidtKZ.57,20ff.);
[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation];alsoalb.(*gjaska)gjahòfanimals,
prey',gjuaj`hunt,strike'
lat.praehend,-ere,-,-sum`catch,capture,takeholdof,arrest,occupy,handle,gripe',praeda
`spoilsofwar,plunder,booty;ofanimals,prey;ingen.,plunder,gain'.Ablat.oldpraidad(*praihed);
hederaìvy'(`clasping';from*ghedes);
air.ro-geinn`findetPlatzin'(*ghnd-ne-t),cymr.1.Sg.gannaf,Verbaln.genni(from*gannim,idg.
*ghnd-n-)ènthaltensein,Platzhaben';inadditionmir.geindf.(air.*gend)`wedge',bret.gennm.ds.,
mcorn.Pl.genow,corn.gedn,ncymr.gaingds.(withsecondary-ng);
got.bi-gitan`find',aisl.geta`reach;bringforth,assume',ags.be-gietan`receive,produce',for-gietan
`forgotten'(engl.get,beget,forgetskand.Lw.),ahd.pi-gezzanòbtain',fir-gezzan`forgotten'(in
additionasCausativemhd.ergetzen`makeforget,compensate'),nhd.ergtzen,as.bi-getan`gripe',
far-getan`forgotten';mnd.gissen,schwed.norw.gissaàdvise,assume'(engl.guessndd.ornord.
Lw.);
perhapshere(aswithcymr.gennitheformrelated*ghend-n):got.du-ginnan,ags.on-,bi-ginnan,as.
ahd.biginnan`takehold,takeinhand,begin'(otherinterpretationattemptss.byFeist3s.v.;
therefromnoteworthlybyWiedemannBB.27,193as*hen-utoalb.z,geg.z`touch,catch,start,
begin,occupy,conceive[fromthewoman],hire'fromprotoalb*zen);
commonalb.gh->d-,z-phoneticmutation.
perhapsalsoOldChurchSlavicgadatiàssume,mean'(`graspspiritually'),russ.gadt`conjecture,
create,invent',ech.hadatiàdvise,mean',etc.
References:
References:WP.I589f.,WH.I638,ThurneysenGr.353,Berneker288f.
Page(s):
Page(s):437-438
Root/lemma: ghenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrackopen,grind,scratch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zernagen,zerreiben,kratzen',also`Kleines,Bichen'
Material:
Material:Onlyindenextensionsghngh-:ghngh-,ghnd(h)-,ghnei-,ghneu-.
gutturalextensionghngh -:
Av.aiwi-nixta-`gnawed,corroded';anord.gnaga`gnaw',ags.gnagan,ginagan(with
anaptyktischemvowel),latenagands.-Besideswithidg.ginanlautandfrnk.cnagan,ndl.knagen
ds.;
lett.gga`someonewhoeatswithlongteeth'(thesofteningafterEndzelinLett.Gr.136f.
characteristicforscornfulexpressions).comparealsoMhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I634.
Dentalextensionghnd ( h )-:
withintensiveconsonantstretchags.gnttm.`mosquito',engl.gnat`mosquito',ndd.gnatte`small
mosquito',dn.dial.gnat`smallpiece',mhd.gnaz,-tzes`scurf,niggardliness',nhd.Gnatz,Gntze
`scurf,skinrash';aisl.gntra`clatter,rattle,clash(ofskeleton)',engl.dial.tognatter,schwed.gnat
`Genrgel,Geznk',gnatig`peevish,immergrumpy,surly,sullen',nhd.gnatzig`bellaunisch'
(comparekratziginthesamemeaning).
furtherwithdd:an.gnaddr`theyoungfromanimalsorpeople',aisl.gnadda`murren,mit
bellaunischenWortenqulen',norw.dial.gnaddra,`drone,grumble,growl',ndd.gnadderig
`bellaunisch,morose'.
PerssonBeitr.95f.,811.
i-extensionsghnei- , ghneid(h)-:
Gr.,(l.),[]Hes.;
ags.gndan`rub,grind',ahd.gntan,mnd.gnden,fromwhichprobablyaschwed.gndha,schwed.
gnida,dn.gnideborrowedis;comparealso(likewiseborrowed)therareaisl.gniads.;aisl.gnsta
tnnum`clatterwiththeteeth',mhd.gnst`ground',tirol.Gneist`choppedorscrapedstuff';norw.dial.
gnita`kleinesabgesprungenesStck',mnd.gnitte`smallmosquito',ostfries.gnid,gnit`sundries,
smallstuff;akindofsmallgnats',nhd.Gnitze`smallmosquito';
lett.gnde`rough,shabby,dirtyskin';OldChurchSlavicgnij,gniti`blight,decay',russ.gnit,bulg.
gnija,skr.gnjtiandgnjliti,ech.hnti,poln.gnids.;OldChurchSlavicgnil`rotten',russ.gnil,skr.
gnjo,ech.hnil,poln.gniyds.,OldChurchSlavicgnoj`manure',russ.gnoj`pus',skr.gnj`ds.`,
ech.hnj`crap,muck,manure',poln.gnjds.
Maybealb.(*gnola)njolla`stain,dirt'commonalb.gn->nj-phoneticmutation.
hereuponghn d `nit,louse':
Aisl.,norw.dial.gnitf.,aschwed.gnether,schwed.gnet,dn.gnid;lett.gnda`nit,louse,greedy,
stingyperson'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI633),lit.glnda(dissimilatedfrom*gnnda);russ.gnda,
sloven.gnjda,ech.hnda,poln.gnida;aboutlat.lns,-disf.ds.compareWH.I783f.andSpecht
Dekl.44.
u-extensionsghn u - , ghneudh- , ghneus-:

Gr.`nibble,scour,scratch,gnaw',`slice,tidbit',`dainty',,`that
whatcanbescrapedoff,dust,foam,froth,underfur';
aisl.gna`rub'(alsognyia`rant,makeanoise,roar',gnyr`din,fuss,noise'),aisl.gnau`noise,
rattle',gnyr`nag,growl',ags.gna`stingy,tightfisted',mnd.gnauwen`growl';
lit.gnisai`vermin,pest',OldChurchSlavicgnusn`disgusting',gnati,gnuatis`bedisgusted',
russ.gnus`vermin,pest',skr.gns`disgust,repulsion,loathing,smut',ech.hnus`disgust,repulsion,
loathing,smut',hnusn`disgusting',poln.gnunyìdle,blight,decay'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):436-437
Root/lemma: gher-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.root
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:mostlyonlynewerparallelWortschpfungen,frequent,oftenwithexpressivevowelchange
andGemination
Material:
Material:OldIndiangharghara-`rattling,clashing,gargling,gurgling',m.`rattling,laughter',
ghargharita-n.`grunting',ghurghura-àgarglingsound',ghurghur`cricket',ghurghuryat
`whizzes,hums';
Maybealb.gurgullon`watersounds',gurr`waterspring'
lat.hirrre`whimper,growl'(`rr'withivocalizedasreproductionofofhightone);
ags.gierranst.V.`sound,clink,creak,babble,chatter',nhd.girren(mhd.alsogarren,gurren),
schwed.norw.garpa`rant,roister,brag,boast',aisl.garprìntrepidpugnaciousperson';norw.dial.
garta`joke,chat,prate,grunt';ags.gierman,norw.garma`roar,bellow',anord.garmr`dog';further
ags.gryllan`gnash,rage',mhd.grellenst.V.`piercingly,beforerageshouts',grel`rough,grell,angry,
irate',ndl.grollen`murmur,beangry,irate',mhd.grllen`scoff',nhd.grollen;
russ.-ChurchSlavicgrkati`coo',ech.hreti`rattle,clash,purr,murmur',hrkati`crack,creak,burr';
slov.ggati`gargle,coo';
Maybealb.gryk`throat':russ.-ChurchSlavicgrkati`coo'
hereperhapsghr-d-ingot.grtan,anord.grta,aschs.grtan,ags.grtan(grotanafterrotan
ds.),nhd.alem.grts`weep,cry,lament';ablaut.causativeaisl.greta`reducetotears,bringto
tears',ags.gretanàssail,greet',aschs.grtian`call',ahd.gruozen,nhd.gren;anord.grtrm.
`weeping,cry',ahd.grz`fury';
ghr-dh-inags.grdan`call,shout,cry'.
References:
References:WP.I605.
Page(s):
Page(s):439
Root/lemma: gher-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrokeroughly,rub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hartworberstreichen,reiben'
Note:
Note:comparealsodieextensionsghri-,ghru-,ghrem-,ghren-,aswellasabovegrdMaterial:
Material:Gr.`millet,sorghum,ordure',`parchedbarley,winter-budbarley'(diss.
from*gher-ghro-and*ghn-ghru-);n.and,-f.`detritus,gravel'(*gherd-or
*ghernd-);,-f.`largepebbleorstone,esp.forthrowingorslinging,sling-stone';
lat.furfur,-urism.`huskofgrainandthelegumes;thebran;scales,scurfontheskin'(reduplicated
form,originally*forfor);vowelgradationasinlit.gurs`crumbly',grti`crumb,spall,crumble'.
commonillyr.gh->d-thenlat.d->f-phoneticmutation.
s-extension:
OldIndiangharati`grates',ghra-`chafed,grated';russ.gorch`pea',skr.grh`bean,pea'(die
sl.intonationdevelopmentfromazerogradebasicform*ghrso-sorfrom*ghorsos).
Maybeabbreviatedalb.(*ghrso-s)grosh`bean,pea'
References:
References:WP.I605f.,WH.I545f.,570.
Page(s):
Page(s):439-440
Root/lemma: gher-3 ,ghr- :ghr- :ghrEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tocomeout,stickout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hervorstechen',vonPflanzentriebenor-stacheln,Borsten,vonErderhebungen,
Kantenetc.
Note:
Note:(probablyidenticalwithghr-:ghr-:ghr-`grow,begreen',seethere);s.alsounderhers-.
Material:
Material:a.Gr.Hes.,`joyofbattle,lustofbattle,battle;upperlancepoint',Hes.,`likeahogorahog'sback,lowrockrisingjustabovethe
sealikeahog'sback;inpl.,scrofulousswellingsintheglandsoftheneck,etc.;sow'(*ghorio-);
atmost(yetquitedoubtful)herenorw.dial.gare`cusp,peak',gara`prick,bump,poke';
fromtheheavybasis:mhd.grt,Pl.grtem.`fishbone,earofcorn,mountaintop,mountainpeak,
summit,mountainridge',nhd.Grat,Grte(*ghr-t-);
withreduplication-grade:poln.grot,ech.hrotàrrowhead,spear,lance';
b.with--d - suffix:ahd.mhd.grazn.`sprout,twig,scion,branchofconifers'(alsoprobablyturnedinto
mentalahd.grazzoAdv.`violent,stern',mhd.graz,grz`fury',graz`furious,angry,irate');
c.withn -suffix:
Got.*gran(IsidorOrig.XIX23,7),ahd.grana,ags.granu,aisl.grnf.`whisker,moustache;mouth,
fir,spruce',mhd.gran,grane`cusp,pointofthehair,beardhair,fishbone',nhd.Granneèarofcorn',
dial.`backbristleofpig',and`fishbone';
slav.*gran`sharppoint,edge,border',e.g.inruss.granf.`limit,boundary;landmark,territorial
marker;facet',ech.hrana`point,edge,border'etc.;inadditionalsoruss.grnka`tussock',klr.
hrnok`bough,twig,branch',bg.skr.grna`twig,branch';
d.with-en-dh- suffix:
Alb.krande`straw,splinter,deadwood',tosk.krende`twig,branch'(*ghrondh-or*ghrendh-),etc.;:
alb.(*grendu)krunde`bran'
gall.grennos`beard'(Wartburg),mir.grenn`beard'(*ghrendhnos);cymr.grannèyelid,cheek',
bret.grannèyebrow'(withuncleara;orhasitoriginatedfrom*ghrndhnos).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):440
Root/lemma: ghers-1 ,ghresEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:disgust,horror
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Widerwille,Abscheu,Ekel'
Material:
Material:Av.grhma-`sinner,delinquent'();
arm.garim`haveloathingbefore';
[mir.goirt`bitter'(*ghorstis),air.gortae`hunger';bettertogher-];
mhd.mnd.garst,nhd.nl.garstig`spoil,rancid';ahd.gerst`Bitterkeit';aisl.gersta`stir,tease,irritate,
embitter';s.alsogher-;
lit.grasf.`threat,austereness,severeness',grass`threatening,disgusting',gresi,grsti`threaten,
outgrow',grist,grsti`becomedisgustedwith',grasin,grasnti`threaten',lett.grast,grast
`threaten'.
Maybealb.(*grasin)krcnoj`threaten'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):445
Root/lemma: ghers-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:usedinnamesofweeds
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inUnkrautbezeichnungen
Material:
Material:Ahd.gers,giers,girst(Grassmann,Dt.Pflanzennamen100ff.,BjrkmannZfdWtf.3,268)
`Giersch,AegopodiumPodagraria';
lit.garasm.,garvf.ÀngelicaArchangelica';garvf.`Giersch',lett.grsa,gra,grids.;in
additionalsolit.grsaf.=drs`darnel'(oat),lett.dziri`darnel'(theseafterEndzelinKZ.44,58tolat.
hordeum[seeunderherzd(h) ]`barley';compareMhlenbach-EndzelinI555,618f.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):445
Root/lemma: ghertoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:milk,butter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Milch,Butter'
Note:
Note:onlyar.andkelt.
Material:
Material:OldIndianghrtm`skimmings,butter,meltingbutter';
afterUhlenbecktojgharti(gharati)`sprays,sprinkles',npers.-rdan`blend,mix,soak';
mir.gert`milk'.
References:
References:WP.I607,II166.
Page(s):
Page(s):446
Root/lemma: gheub(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,move
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen,bcken,bewegen'
Material:
Material:Norw.dial.gva`sitsunkdown',schwed.jordgubbe`Fragariaananassa;strawberry',alt.
dn.gubbe`larynx,breast',ndd.(Estland)gubbe`smallhaycock,haystack';ags.gap`crooked,
cunning'(butgap`wide,capacious,open',aisl.gaupn`hollowhand'seeunderhu- `yawn,gape,
starewithanopenmouth'),aisl.gumpr(fromaschwed.gumper),schwed.gump,dn.gump`rump',
mhd.guffe,goffeds.(butaboutmhd.gupf`summitofamountain'seeundergeu- `bend'),ags.
gupanPl.`buttocks,haunches',ahd.goffa`rump',furtherinadditiontheintensiveformationisl.
goppa,schwed.guppa,nhd.gupfen`jumpupanddown,swing';
lett.gubstu,gubt`benddown,sink',gubaf.`heap',lit.gubotisìnterweave,intertwine',gaubi,gabti
`cover,wrapup,curve',gabtis`crookoneself',gub`haycocks,heapsofstandingsheaves',gubs
àdroit,expert,skillful'(comparethemeaningfromags.gap),lit.dvgubas`twofold',OldPrussian
Gen.Sg.f.dvigubbusds.;
OldChurchSlavicgnti`fold',russ.gnut`bend,crook',klruss.hntyds.,skr.ngnm,ngnuti
ìncline',sloven.gnem,gniti`move,bestir',ech.hnoutids.,inadditionOldChurchSlavicnegblj
ùnmoved'(from*gubja-),russ.ChurchSlavicgbe`bend',ech.phebm.`flexibleplace,joint'
(from-gb,comparelit.-gubas)andchangingthroughablautOldChurchSlavicsugub,dvogub
`double',russ.gub`bay',sloven.gba`crease',poln.przegub`joint,curvature';iterativeOldChurch
Slavicgybljgybati`bedestroyed,perish',prgybaj,prgybati`bend,bow',russ.gbnut,gnut
`spoil,perish',gibt`bend',skr.gbljm(gibm)gbati`move,weigh,rock,sway',ech.hynouti`be
destroyed,perish,gotowaste,runwild',hbati`move,drive,push';causativeOldChurchSlavic
pogubljpogubiti`wreck',russ.gubt`spoil',skr.gbm,gbitids.,ech.hubiti`spoil,exterminate',
poln.gubi,gubi`lose,spoil',OldChurchSlavicpaguba`ruin'.
Maybealb.geg.(*gub-)hup,tosk.humb`lose':ech.hubiti`spoil,exterminate';commonalb.-b>mbphoneticmutation,alsoalb.gaboj`getlost,err'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):450
Root/lemma: gheuh- ,gh hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toconceal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heimlichtun,hehlen,verbergen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianghati,guhati`hidden'(Aor.aghukat),gh`hideout,cave',gha`hideout,
lair';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
av.guz-(guzata,fra-guzayanta)`conceal,hide',Oldpers.yadiyapa-gaudayhiìfyouhide';
aisl.gygrf.Ùnholdin,giantess'(*gg-z,compareformallit.ge),olderdn.gygàsubterranean,
anunderground',gyger`murderer,robber';
lit.gti`patronize,guard,cover',also`brood,hatch,coverwarmly',gn`blindman'sbuff',gis,
gt`Brutnest',g`heidnischeReisegttin';inadditiongas,gutis`stork'(as`thenest
builder').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):450
Root/lemma: gheu e i (heu e i )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pit,hollow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grube,Hhle'
Note:
Note:Onlygr.andlat.
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hom.`cave,hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole'=
lat.fovea`pothole,caveasmallpit,esp.fortakingwildbeasts,apitfall;asnare,conspiracy
';favissaeùndergroundreservoirsorcellarsnearthetemples,forwaterorforsacredutensilsno
longerinuse;subterraneanchambers',withetrusk.suffix,couldbehybrideformation.
Commonillyr.gh-.d-thenlat.d->f-phoneticmutation
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):451
Root/lemma: ghe- ,ghoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:anencliticparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andhnlicheenklitischePartikelnzurVerstrkungofvorhergehendenWortes
Note:
Note:Itseemstwogroupshavetobeseparated,single-linguisticbuttohavepartlybegunatanother
place:1.ghe,gho,2.withpalatalemGutt.,theineurop.languagesas,inAr.ashappears(asin
thecaseslikegr.:OldIndianhnu),thusshowedoneofthenormalso-calledvoiced-aspirated
variousarticulationkind,andthevoweliore.
Material:
Material:1.--ghe , -gho:
OldIndiangha(*gho),ha(*ghe)behindnegation(ngha),personalpronoun(e.g.vaygha),dem
so/to-Pron.(sgha,sha),tothequestionpronoun(e.g.kha),totherelativepronoun(ygha,y
ha),alsobehindotherpartsofspeech;OldIndianhnta`well,ontake,theretake,seethere';
umbr.-hont(e.g.era-hunt`bythesameway,bythesamepieceofwork;atthesametime,likewise'),
comparealsolat.hic`this,thisone;thispresent'from*ghoor*ghe+*ke;
cymr.a(g)`with'from*adghe;seeaboveS.3;
OldChurchSlavic-go,-ebehindnegation(nie`not;andnot,nor;rarelynoteven',nejedine
`notonlyone,notone,i.e.noone,none;notatall,naught';comparealsoOldChurchSlavicnee,
serb.ngoàs'incomparativeandserb.ngo`however,but',ech.ne(e)`yet',wherene-ratherthe
negationhasarisenasindicatingthepositivemeaningofPron.-stemne-),behindtherelative
pronoun(ie),lengthenedgrade(*gh)osorb.kdy-ha`when,then'(underlikewise;Berneker316);
lit.-gu(*gh),-gi(thesewithdemvowelithe2.group)inneg,neig,neg`not',behindPers.-Pron.
(e.g.tugu,tugi`thouatleast,forthypart':Boeot.touga:gr.),alit.also-ga,-ge,demso/toPron.(e.g.tiegi),tothequestionpron.(kaip-giàs'),-gualsointerrogativeparticle(comparealsoalit.
an-guìf',OldPrussianan-gaìf'),OldPrussianbeggi`for',kigiàs',neggiàlsonot,still',niqueigi
`nevermore';gr.seeunder.
2.-(h) :
inOldIndianh,av.zemphasizingparticle(nh,nah,av.nitz;OldIndiankr-hi`when',trhi
`damals'underlikewise),behindthefirstwordofthesentence`thenyes';
gr.-,-`not',-`where',-`certainly,indeed'(--insteadof--,compareunder,
presumablythroughhybridizationwithaparticlethe1.group);
lat.*ngi(afterHolthausenKZ.47,309=as.necàndnot'),assumedthroughnegtium,originally
sentencecompoundneg`tiumest(comparehaud-tiumestbyTerenz)andnegre(comparenhd.
verneinen,bejahen);
klr.bulg.serb.-zibehindpersonalpronoun
3.-(h)e :
ingr.-=got.mi-k,ahd.mih=arm.is`me'(atfirstfrom*in-c),,-,e,got.uk,
si-k,ahd.dih,si-h;afterso/to-Pron.,aftertherelativepronoun,,further,
dor.bot.el.alsobehindotherpartsofspeech.InBalt.aswellasalso(besidesinthewith
vocalizedform)inSlav.thegutturalofthe1.grouphasbecomedominant,aswellasingr.-;
ven.me-o`me'hasrelatedfromeoÌ';
toch.strengtheningparticleA-k,-k(e)from*-gheor-he(comparePedersenToch.136);
hitt.ammuuk(ammuk)`me',tu-uk(tuk)`you':got.uk(*tu-ge),etc.,s.PedersenHitt.73f.,166f.
Maybealb.(*muuka)mua`me':rum.mie`me',(*tu-uk)ty`you',nasalized(*muuka)Alb.Arbresh
uth,alb.unÌ'commonalb.-k>-thphoneticmutation.
References:
References:WP.I541f.,WH.I644,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I606,624.
Page(s):
Page(s):418
Root/lemma: ghldhGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzend,glatt'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderghel-`gleam'
Page(s):
Page(s):451
Root/lemma: ghleuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobejoyful,tojoke
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frhlichsein,scherzen'
Note:
Note:extensionfromghel-`cry'orghel-`gleam'
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`joke,derision';
aisl.glyn.`pleasure,joy',ags.glo,glieg,glwn.`game,pleasure,joy'.
Withdentalextension:
alit.glaudasm.,glaudaf.`pastime,entertainment',gludoti`joke',lett.glaudtds.[glaudas`cuddle,
caress'belongsbutoriginallytoglasti,lett.glast`cuddle,embrace,caress',lit.glauds`sich
anschmiegend,einschmeichlerisch';seeundergel-1,extensiongl-eu-].
Withm-derivative(nominalformationghloumos ):
aisl.glaumr`loudjubilation',gleyma`makeforget,makecheerful,makenoise',ags.glam`jubilation,
pleasure,joy';ablaut.aisl.glymr`row,din,fuss,noise',glymja`sound,clink',mhd.glumen`din,
drone';
OldChurchSlavicbezgluma`firm,unchangeable,constant,immovable,uniform,steady,fixed,
stable,invariable,regular,persistent;consistent,harmonious;unanimous;sure,steadfast,constant,
faithful,unchanging',glamitise`totalkidly,prate',russ.gum`joke,derision',gumitsja`mock,sich
lustigmachenabout',bulg.glma`fun,joke,derision',glumjse`joke,fool',skr.glmaf.`joke,
comedy',ech.(old)hlumaànactor',poln.dial.wgumìnNichts',eigtl.ìnScherze'.
Maybealb.(*hluma)lum`blessed,happy,lucky,fortunate'commonalb.gl->l-phoneticmutation.
Withp-derivative:
slav.*glup,russ.gpyj`stupid,clownish',SpechtKZ.68,123.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):451
Root/lemma: ghoilo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:foaming;turbulent;roaming
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufschumen(d);heftig;bermtig,ausgelassen,lustig'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghoilo-s :
:foaming;turbulent;roaming,derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:to
stick;pain,death:lit.glti`prick'.
Material:
Material:Perhapsmir.gel`kinship',nir.gaolalso`friendship,love';
ahd.geil,as.gl`minxish,wanton,luscious,strong',nhd.geil(mnd.geile`testicles',nhd.Biber-geil;
mnd.geile,nhd.Geile`dung,manure'),ags.gl`funny,lascivious,stout,proud',mhd.geilen`ridicule,
makefunof'=got.gailjan`gladden';ahd.keilf.`lasciviousness';
changingthroughablautandpartlywiththemeaning`foaming'aisl.gil-ker`fermentingvat',norw.gl,
gln.`fermentingbeer',ndl.gijlds.,gijlen`ferment,seethe',also,asmnd.glen`covetous';
alit.gailas`violent',lit.gailsìrascible,irritable;sharp,biting(fromvinegar,lye);bitter(fromtears);
pitiable,pitiful'(inlattermeaningwithablauttogils`painful,sore',glti`prick,schmerzen'after
TrautmannBsl.Wb.75);
OldChurchSlavicdzlo(zlo),aech.zielo,weiruss.doza`very'.
References:
References:WP.I634,Feist185,Trautmann75.
Page(s):
Page(s):452
Root/lemma: ghomEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stall
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stall'
Material:
Material:Arm.gom`Hhlenstall';
dn.gamme`sheepfold,shed',schwed.dial.gamme`crib,manger',anord.gammim.Èrdhtte',
schweiz.gmmeli`Viehhtte',pomm.gamm`heapfromZiegelsteinen,diezumTrocknenaufgesetzt
become'.
References:
References:WP.I637,HolthausenAwn.Wb.80.
Page(s):
Page(s):452
Root/lemma: ghosti-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stranger;guest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fremder,Gast'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghosti-s :
:stranger;guest,derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gh s - :
:toeat
Material:
Material:Lat.hostism.f.àstranger;butesp.anenemy,foe,opponent(alat.),fiend'(inaddition
hospes,-pitisàhost,hostess;aguest;aguest-friend,friend;astranger;usedalsolikeadj.,foreign',
pl.hospus`guest'sfriend'from*hosti-pot-s`masteroftheguest');
ItisacompoundofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghosti-s :
:stranger;guest+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:poti-s :
:owner,
host,master,husband:gr.kor.F`foreigner':abg.gospod`master':pl.hospus`guest's
friend'.
got.gasts,aisl.gestr(urnord.-gastik)`guest',ahd.as.gast,ags.giest`stranger,guest';
abg.gost`guest'(borrowingfromGerm.accordingtoSolmsenUnt.203);
togostprobablyalsoabg.gospod`master,mister'etc.asKurzungfromgostpot-.
Maybealb.gosti`feast,party'Slavicloanword.
Barelycredibleistheappositionfromgr.att.,ion.,kor.F`foreigner,stranger,
guest'sfriend'duetoapresent*ghs-enu-,lengthenedgradeofalb.(h)uai,geg.(h)uj`strange'
(from*ghsn-s.JoklIF.37,93);quiteincredibleSchwyzerGr.Gr.I329;aboutneuphryg.
vocative(*ghs-enue)s.v.BlumenthalGl.20,288.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):453
Root/lemma: ghou-ro-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:frightened
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`furchtbar'and`vollerFurcht'
Material:
Material:OldIndianghr-`dreadful,imposing,venerable',n.`scaryforce,might,magicpower';
got.gaurs`grieving',gauria`sorrow',qaurjan`mortify',ahd.grag`woeful,wretched,miserable,
arm,small';aisl.gaurrm.`pitifulperson'(JohanssonKZ.67,221);perhapsherewithablautandnfurtherformations:ags.gyrn,grynn.`mourning,grief',alsognorn,grornm.,gnyrnf.ds.,gryrem.
`horror',withvariantassimilationanddissimilation,inadditionas.gornn,gnornn,grornn`grieve',
grurim.`horror';
klruss.urytyàfflict,sadden',urba`care',russ.urt`scold'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):453-454
Root/lemma: ghousEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound;hear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tnen,hren'
Note:
Note:Onlyindoiranisch.
Material:
Material:OldIndianghati`sounds,announcesaloud,hears',ghyati`findetErhrungbei(Akk.)'
(GeldnerRigvedainAuswahlI58),gha-m.`sound,clamor,shout,call,din,fuss,noise',
AvaghaENèarofthehorse',HarighaEN`Yellowear'(=av.zairigaoa);
av.gao-`hear',Kaus.ingayat-uxa-`seinWortzuGehrbringend',npers.niydan`hear,listen,
eavesdrop',bal.ga`hear',nia`hear,listen,eavesdrop';
Maybealb.geg.nigjoj,ndgoj(*nd-ghosa),tosk.dgjoj,alb.Greecedlgonj,alb.Arbrshdilingonj,
ndlgonj,ndlgonj,glgonjÌhear'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
afgh.ngval`listen,obey',Oldpers.gaua-,av.gaoa-m.èar',npers.gèar',skyth.EN
`rattling,clashingbythewarchariot',av.zairi-gaoa-`withyellowears';
aboutlat.heus`hallo!ho,there!hark!'s.ratherWH.I643f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):454
Root/lemma: ghou ( )Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tonotice,payattention
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wahrnehmen,Rcksichtnehmenauf'
Material:
Material:Lat.fave,-re,fv,fautum`tofavor,bewelldisposed,beinclinedtowards,favor,
promote,befriend,countenance,protect;befavorableto,help,support,withdat.;withinfin.,tobe
inclinedtodo.Esp.asreligioust.t.,tospeaknowordsofbadomen;hencetobesilent;bequietin
worship';favrefrom*fovrebecauseofumbr.fons`favns',foner`favorable,propitious'from
*fouenis;[illyr.lat.gh->d->f-]
aisl.g(*gawn)`lookout,takecare',got.gaumjan`remark,see,raiseupone'sattention',anord.
geyma`heed,care,worryfor,beware',ags.geman,as.gmian,ahd.goumends.,aisl.gaumrm.
andgaumf.àttention',ahd.gouma`payingattention,observance,feast',schweiz.gaume`baby
sitting'(fromdemGerm.lett.game`taste',gamt`memorize,observe,taste'),as.gma`repast,
meal,guest'smeal',whereofas.gmian`host'.(Themeaningrelationsarestilltobeclearedindetail;
s.SlottyIF.46,369.)Inadditionchangingthroughablautags.ofergumian`neglect',as.fargumn
`neglect',isl.guma`payattention';
OldChurchSlavicgovj,govti`worship;revere,liveagod-fearinglife',russ.govt`fast',sloven.
dial.goveti`remaingrumpilysilent',skr.gvijm,gvjetiòbey',ech.hovti`favor,spare,lookafter,
lookup;satisfy,showindulgence';fromdemRuss.deriveslit.gavti`fast',lett.gavtds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):453
Root/lemma: gh s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toeat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èssen,fressen,verzehren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianghas-èat,consume'in2.3.Sg.Aor.ghas,3.Pl.kan,Perf.jaghsa,jaku,
(commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation)fromwhichafterWackernagelKZ.41,309present
jakiti,particlePerf.*gdha-inagdhdùneatenfood',laterjagdh-,sgdhi-f.`sharedmeal',later
jagdhi-s.WackernagelaaO.,ghasmara-`voracious',ghasana-n.`theconsuming',ghs-m.
`nourishment,food';av.gah-èat,devour(fromdavischencreature)';
aboutlat.hostia`sacrificialanimal,sacrifice,oblation',hostre`repay's.WH.I661f.;
aboutangebl.lett.gste`feast's.WH.I637.
Maybealb.gosti`feast',ngos`sate,feed'
References:
References:WP.I640.
Page(s):
Page(s):452
Home
Root/lemma: ghrebh-1 ,gherbh- ;rootwideningghrebhEnglishmeaning:

Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrgreifen,erraffen,rechen'
Note:
Note:comparealsoghreibh- .
Material:
Material:OldIndiangrabh-,grab-`gripe,catch,obtain,seize,touch,attain,arrest',Aor.agrabham,
Perf.jagrbha,Pass.grhyte,grbhyant;grbha-m.`thegriping',grha-`Bechervoll';grpsa-`bush,
tussock',gbh-`griping,handle,grasp',grh-(as2.compositionpart)`griping',grbh-m.`handle,
grasp',gbhi-ìnrecollecting,containing',grbh-m.`seizer,handful';
av.grab-`grasp'inhngrabm(asmain)Ìcaptured(withtheeye)',Perf.jigaurva,gurvayeiti
(compareOldIndiangrbhyant)`seizes,holdsfirmly,agrees,perceives',participlePerf.Pass.
grpta-,grab-`structureofwords,sentence';Akk.grbm`theholdingon,seizing';npers.giriftan
`gripe',grad`seizes';
anord.grpa`snatch,grasp'(pinsupportingrpa),ags.grppian`gripe',engl.grapple`grip,grasp';
besidesschwed.grabba`grapple,pack',mnd.grabben,grabbelen`catchfast,heap'(outofitengl.
grab,grabble),mhd.grappeln`grope',norw.dial.grafsa,grapsa`scratch,scrape',deutschgrapsen;
inadditionnasalizedschwed.dial.gramma`snatch',schweiz.grame`creep',schwed.gramsa`mit
vollenHndennehmen',schweiz.gramseds.;aschs.garva`fascicle,sheaf',ahd.garbaàhandful,
bundle',mhd.nhd.Garbe;
lit.grabs,grabns`fingerfertig,gewandtimStehlen',grabinti,grabaliti,grabti`grope,reachfor
something',grabstti`gripe,pack',lengthenedgradegrbiu,grbti`rake,gripe,rob';previous
iterative.grbiu,grbti`gripe,snatch,rob',grbism.`robbery,booty';lett.grebju,grebtalso`grasp',
grabasf.Pl.`Zusammengerafftes',greblis`smallrake',grbju,grbt`grasp,catch,rake',grbt
iterativeinadditionùmsichgreifen,zusammenharken';
OldChurchSlavicgreb,gretiòar,row',russ.greb,grest`pile,rake,oar,row',bulg.greb`rake,
scratch,scrape,comb,oar,row,(water)scoop',grebl`rake,rudder';iterativeOldChurchSlavic
grablj,grabiti`rob',skr.grbiti`grasp,pile',ech.hrabati`scratch,whlen,rake',etc.
Maybealb.geg.(*krebh)kref`tocomb,steal',(*krebhen)krehn`comb':Russian:
Russian:grben'`comb'.
rootextensionghrebh-:
OldIndiangrbhnti,grbhyti`seizes,sticks,attains';innovationsare:grabht`griped',Infin.
grhtum,participlegrbht-`reigned,caught,heldon',grbhtr,grahtr`seizer';av.grwniti,
gurvyeiti,Oldpers.garbyaiti`seizes,conquers,agrees,perceives,understands'.
References:
References:WP.I652f.,Trautmann95f.;differentKuiperNasalprs.232.
Page(s):
Page(s):455
Root/lemma: ghrebh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,dig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,scharren,graben'
Note:
Note:(Notalwayscertainfromghrebh- `gripe,rake'todivide;identicalwithit;seePerssonBeitr.
728A.1).
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghrebh-2 :
:toscratch,dig;derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghrebh-1 ,gherbh- ;root
wideningghrebh- :
:tograb.
Material:
Material:Got.graban`dig',aisl.grafa`notch,dig,prickornaments'(Plur.preteritaisl.grfum
indicatingtoapresentgrefa,reallyrecordsaltnorw.andaschwed.(grva)),ags.grafands.,as.
bigraan`bury',ahd.graban`dig,bury,engrave';afries.grvaschw.v.s.meaning,ndl.groeven
`trickle,groove,makefurrowsorchannels';iterativetograban-:ahd.grubiln`dignaggingly,
rummagethrough,investigate',mhd.grbelnds.;got.grbaf.`ditch,trench,channel'
Maybealb.grop`ditch,trench,channel'
ags.grafu,aisl.grff.`pit,pothole,grave'(germ.*grab);got.grbaf.`pit,pothole,cave',aisl.grf
ds.,ahd.gruoba`pit,pothole,cave,gullet'(germ.*grb);ags.grfn.`ditch,trench,channel,grave',
afries.gref,as.graf,ahd.grab`grave';aisl.grptrm.`graving,grave,burial,funeral',ags.grftm.
`sculpture,engraving'(germ.*graftu),afries.greftf.`Gracht,ditch,trench,channel'(germ.*grafti),nld.
grachtds.,ahd.graftf.`monumentum,sculpture,engraving'(butahd.gruftisfolketymology
reshufflingfromgr.-lat.crypta);
lett.grebju,grebt`hollowout,digwithachisel;scrape,excavate,seize',greblism.`gouge,typeof
chisel;Schrapmesser'(alsorake,seeunderghrebh- `gripe');
OldChurchSlavicpogreb,pogreti`bury',skr.grbm,grbsti`dig,scratch,scrape',withprefixpo`bury',ech.(old)hebu,hbsti`dig,bury',poln.grzeb,grzs`scratch,scrape,dig,bury';zero
gradeslav.*grbtiinaech.hbieti`lieburied',nowadayspohbiti`bury';iterativeOldChurchSlavic
pogrbati,gribati`bury',russ.pogrebtds.,skr.(old)zagribati`bury',ech.hrbatiùpbraid,rebuke',
poln.grzebi,grzeba`curry,scratch,scrape',withpo-`bury';ChurchSlavicgreben`comb',russ.
grbends.,skr.grbn`comb,sting,prick,carding,ridge',ech.heben`comb,gardenrake';
Maybealb.(*heben)krehn`comb'
poln.grzebieds.;OldChurchSlavicgrob`grave',skr.grb(Gen.grba),ech.hrob,russ.grob
(Gen.grba).
Maybealb.grabaèrosion,hollowingout',alsoazerogradenoun*graba,grath`tooth,prong(for
digging)',grehull`thicket'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):455-456
Root/lemma: ghredhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomarch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreiten'
Material:
Material:Av.aiwi-grmahi`webegin,advance,goforward,march,proceed',grzdi-f.`(*lineup
=)dasInbesitznehmen,Bekommen';butmind.(Aoka-Inschr.)adhigicyaìnitiating,commencing'=
OldIndianadhikrtya-,S.LviGA1912;
lat.gradior,-`totakesteps,step,walk,go,advance',gradus,-sàstep;astepasmade,apace;an
approach;astepasclimbed,astair;henceanytier,gradation;abraidofhair;abstr.,degree,stage;
rank,position;milit.,station,post',grallae`stilts'(lat.grad-from*ghredh-,ablautgradeasinlit.
grdiju);
got.gris(onlyAkk.Sg.grid)`footstep,grade'(butmhd.grit`footstep',griten`dieBeine
auseinanderspreizen',nhd.bair.gritt,grittends.and-indeeddefinitelythei-rowbelonging-graiteln
`dieFingerorBeineauseinandersperren'underlikewisebelongtogerm.*gr-`straddled,gaping',the
strangelinksofarismissed);
lit.grdiju,-yti(Jukevicz)`go,wander,errabout'.
Nasalprsentia:
air.in-grenn-,to-grenn-`pursue'(-enn-from-ndhn-,themat.n-present,3.Sg.*ghrn-dh-ne-t),
compareThurneysenKZ.63,114f.,KuiperNasalprs.170f.;
OldChurchSlavicgrd,grsti`go,come',russ.grjad,grjast`go,march'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):456-457
Root/lemma: ghreibEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`greifen,ergreifen'
Note:
Note:comparealsoghrebh- .
Material:
Material:Got.greipan`grasp',aisl.grpa`grasp,gripe',ags.as.grpands.,afries.grpa,ahd.grfan
ds.,inadditionasiterativeags.grpian,ahd.greifn`caress',andNom.agentisaisl.greipf.`handle,
grasp,span,hand',ags.grp`fist,handle,grasp',ahd.greifa`fork',ags.gripam.`handful,fascicle,
sheaf';inadditionaisl.griprm.`preciousness,valuablepossession',ags.gripem.`handle,grasp,
attack,jewel',afries.bi-gripm.`statute;agreement',ahd.ana-griffàttacking,speciallyofafreegirl
withoutagreementofherparents',mhd.grif`snatch,palpation,grasp',mnd.grpe,grpe`handle,
grasp,fork';
Maybealb.grep`hook'fromaRomancederivativealsoital.grappa`hook'.
lit.griebi,gribti(besidesgreibi,grebti)`snatchat,seize,gripe',intensivegraiba,graibti,grbnis
m.`quickgrasp,grabbing',lett.gribaf.`wish,volition',gribt`want'(originally`reachforsomething').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):457-458
Root/lemma: ghrem-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,rub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfworberreiben,zerreiben,abkratzen'
Note:
Note:extensionfromgher-ds.
Material:
Material:Got.gramstaDat.Sg.`woodensplinter'(PerssonBeitr.99);ostfries.grum`residuum,
smut'(suchmeaningalsobyghru-andghri-),mnl.nnl.gromìntestines,entrails,smut',nd.nl.
groomds.,norw.mdartl.grumen`cloudy,mixedwithdeposit,residuum',ablaut.wfries.gram,grim
ìntestines,entrails,esp.fromfish',nhd.bair.gramel`Griebe',aisl.grm,grmr`smut';nhd.schweiz.
grummen`klauben,stbern',grummelig`brockig'(Falk-Torpundergrums);
lit.grmiu,grmti`scrape',grmdau,-yti`scratch,scrape',lett.gremu,gremt`gnaw,bite',
gramstt`snatch'(againstanotherdivisionofbalt.wordsseeunderger-,grem-`catch');different
Mhlenbach-EndzelinI637,649.comparelit.grndiu,grstiunderunderghren-.
References:
References:WP.I655.
Page(s):
Page(s):458
Root/lemma: ghrem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heavysound,thunder,grumble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lautanddumpftnen,donnern,grollen,zornigsein'
Material:
Material:Av.gram-èrgrimmen,Grimmhegen'(onlyinparticiplepresentgrmntmòfthosewho
aretousgrimm'andparticiplePerf.Pass.granta-from*ghramita-`becomesangry'),npers.aram
`fierceness';
gr.,`neigh',m.`creakiness',(=OldChurchSlavicgrom)
`noise,neighing'(Hes.);
aisl.gramrènraged,hostile',ags.gram,as.gram,ahd.gramds.,mhd.gramàngry,irate,
uncourageous',got.gramjanènrage',isl.gremia`makeangry,irate',ags.gremmanìnfuriate,revile',
ahd.gremmenènrage,infuriate',mhd.gremen`causegrief',refl.`grieve',ahd.gramiz`becomes
angry,sad,infuriated',aisl.grimmr`fierce,grim,hostile,excited,aroused',ags.afries.as.ahd.grimm
`wild,cruel,savage';ags.grimman`rage',as.grimman`wheeze,rage,bawl,blaster',mhd.grimmen
`ragebeforeangerorpain',zerogradeahd.umbegrummn`gnawat',mhd.mnd.grummen`drone,
grumble,murmur',nhd.grummen,grummeln`murmur,scold,grumble,soundvaguely',norw.grymta
`grunt',ags.grymettan`growl';
lit.gram,gramti`fallwithnoise',grumi,grumti`thunder',grumen,grumnti`dronevaguely,
grumble,murmur,threaten';withextension-zd-(seePerssonBeitr.349)grumzdi,grumsti`gnash,
creak,threaten';lett.gremju,gremt`mumble,murmur,threaten,grumble,rumble;talkwithpassion',
OldPrussiangruminsm.`distantthunder',grmons`sung,chanted',grmikan`ditty';
Maybealb.gumzhit`sound'aSlavicloanword.
OldChurchSlavicvzgrmit,-grmti`thunder',russ.gremt`thunder,clang,clink',skr.grm,
grmljeti,ech.hmti,poln.grzmie`thunder',whereforetheintensiveinChurchSlavicgrimati`sound,
clink',skr.dial.grimt,ech.hmati`thunder,fulminate';OldChurchSlavicgrom,russ.grom
`thunder',skr.grm`thunder,lightning',ech.hrom`thunder',poln.grom`thunder,thunderbolt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):458-459
Root/lemma: ghrendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Balken'
Material:
Material:Lat.grundaf.`',suggrundaf.`thelowerborderofaroof,theeaves;rafter'from
*ghrondh;
aisl.grindf.`latticework,griddoor,harbour',ags.grindel,as.grindil`bar,bolt',ahd.grintil`bar,bolt,
crossbeamoftheplow',mnd.grindel,grendel`transom,bar,bolt,crossbeamoftheplow';
lit.grinds,gridas,grind`Dielenbrett',Pl.gridos`boardlayer,boardedfloor',grindti,grindti,
grindigrsti`coverwithboards',grand`bridgeplank',lett.grda,alsogrds`floor,plank',grudim.
Pl.`planks,balks,beams',OldPrussiangrandicof.`plank,balk',grandan(Akk.)`man,husband'(to
meaningcompareE.LewyIF.32,162withLit.);
slav.grdainruss.grjad`bed,row',skr.grda`balk,beam',ech.hada`shaft,pole,balk,beam,
scaffold,trestle',poln.grzda`shaft,pole,furrow,bed';besidesslav.grdinsloven.grd,Gen.
gred`shaft,pole'.
References:
References:WP.I657,WH.I623f.,Trautmann98.
Page(s):
Page(s):459-460
Root/lemma: ghrenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub,strokeroughly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfworberstreifen,zerreiben'
Note:
Note:extensionfromgher-2 ds.,mostlywithdentalextension(originallypresent)
Material:
Material:Gr.`touchslightly;smear,paint;besmear,anoint;stain;defile;esp.ofmoral
pollution';
inadditionwithformants-tu-(-to-),aisl.grunnrm.(nnfromn)`bottom,ground'(basicmeaning
`sand,sandysoil'as`*thepulverizedground'),grunnn.`shallowplaceinthewater',grundf.(m.
gramm.variation)`field,earth',got.grundu-waddjus`foundationwall',ags.as.grund,ahd.grunt
`ground,bottom'.
ghren-d-:
Gr.m.àgrainorlumpofsalt;inpl.groatsofwheatorspelt:gruelmadetherefrom'(diss.
from*-);
alb.(-d-or-dh-)grund,krund`bran'(*ghrn-d[h]);
maybealb.geg.grind`quarrel,fight,crush',alb.tosk.grinj`grind'
lat.frend,-ere`crunch,gnashtheteeth';commonillyr.gh->d-phoneticmutation,fromtherelat.d>f-shift.
aisl.grottim.`mill'.
ghren-dh-:
Ags.grindan`grind,crunch',engl.togrind`ds.,sharpen'(ags.grindanwithtum),engl.togrind
one'steeth`gnashtheteeth';nhd.(ndd.)Grand`sand',ndd.grandf.`coarsesand,meal,flour,bran',
ahd.ingrenteìnearthfullofclay',aisl.grandim.`sandbank,gravel';ndd.grindf.`pebblesand;
scurf',nld.grind,grint`coarsemeal,flour,sand',ahd.mhd.grint`crust,scab,eschar,scurf',got.
grinda-frajis`pusillanimous'(fromanadj.*grinds`*pulverized');
lit.grndu,grstiandgrndiu,grsti`rubhard,scour,clean'(zerogradepresent),Iter.grnd-aunder
-yti(comparegrmtiaboveunderghrem-1 );russ.grjada.
References:
References:WP.I656f.,WH.I545f.,Trautmann96f.
Page(s):
Page(s):459
Root/lemma: ghri- :ghri- :ghr- and(lit.)ghreiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmear,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`darberstreichen,hartdarberstreifen,bestreichen(alsopartlybeschmieren,
Schmutzstreifen)'
Note:
Note:extensionfromgher-`rub';muchlessproductivethanu-extensionghru-.
Material:
Material:Gr.ànoint,smear,color,rub,scratch,prick'(*-or-,compare,
),`smearing;anointing;colouring,varnish,wash;colour-washing',,new
òintment;anythingsmearedon;anointing,unction;ofspiritualgrace;coatingofwall,plaster',
`torub,anoint;sting,prick';`wanderabovethesurface,scratch'etc.;Med.`bringnear;touch
thesurfaceofabody,graze,scratch;drawnear,approach';
aisl.grma`mask,helmet;riddle',engl.grime`dirt,smut',ags.as.grma,-om.`mask,helmet;ghost',
mnd.grmet`schwarzgestreift',ablaut.grmef.`smut';
lit.griej,griti`skimthecream'(olderpresentformgrej),gramas`cream';withtransferenceinthe
mentalarea(comparesimilarunderghru-)heregerm.grs-inags.-grsan`shudder,fear,dread',
grslc,ahd.grsenlh`terrible,grisly',mnl.grsen,mnd.grsen,gresen`shudder',greselkèerie'
(differentWoodMod.Phil.5,265:toOldIndianji-hrti`feelshame',wherewithJohanssonIF.2,44
areconnectedunderabasicmeaning`*cover',aisl.grmaetc.);afterKluge11s.v.Griesgramhere
ags.gristn.`milling',as.grist-grimmo`bruxism',ahd.grist-grimmnds.(besidesgrus-gramnds.);
outofitmhd.grisgramds.;perhapsalsoags.gristlef.`gristle',afries.mnd.gristelds.,alsoags.grost,
mhd.gruschelds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):457
Root/lemma: ghru-1 :ghru- :ghrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofalldown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammenstrzen,einstrzen,aufetwasstrzen'
Material:
Material:Hom.Aor.(F)àttacked,pressed',àttackingviolently,furious,
raging'(-F-);
lat.ingru,-ere`tofallupon,assail,attack',congru,-ere`toruntogether,cometogether,meet;in
time,tocoincide;ingen.,tobesuitedto,correspondwith,agree';
lit.griuju,griviau,griuti`breakdown(trans.intr.);thunder'(iaufromu;outofitfrom:)griv
(griv,Trautmann100),griuvagriti`collapse,fallinruins'(griv=lat.-grufrom*ghruu);lett.
gauju,grvu,gaut`shatter',gstu,guvu,gt`collapse',guveim.Pl.`rubble';doubleanlaut
besidesqreu-(seethere)
Russ.dial.grchnuta`collapsewithnoise',klr.hrchnuty`rumble;crow',skr.grhm,grhati
`crack,creak',sloven.grh`scree,stonefragments',gra`coarsesand,grit',poln.gruchn`fall
downwithcrashingsound;hitfast'(grucha`coolikethepigeon').
References:
References:WP.I647f.,WH.I700f.,Trautmann100.fromzumFolgenden
Page(s):
Page(s):460
Root/lemma: ghru-2 :ghru- :ghrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfdarberreiben,zerreiben'
Note:
Note:extensionfromgher-`rub'
Material:
Material:Gr.*,Konj.Aor.`scratch,scrape,graze,woundslightly,injure',`hit
in',kypr.,`bump,stumble,oflands,touch,beadjacentto',ùntouched,
clean,purecoldwater';withgradation*ghr[u]-:`surfaceofabody(*worbermandarber
streift)',hence`skin,complexion'(Nom.from*ghr[u]-s,Gen.thereafterfrom*ghru-s;
besidesthenlater),and`touchorcoat,color,stain,blemishthesurfaceofa
body',,-`skin,complexion,paint,color,makeup',,att.`bodysurface,skin,
paint,color'(*F-);
gall.*grava`gravel',cymr.gro,acorn.grow,mcorn.grow`sand',mbret.grouanennds.,nbret.gro(a)
f.`sandbeach',groan,grouanèngrave'(vocalismunclear);
aisl.grjnn.`cereal(*crushedcorn,grain)',mhd.grienm.n.`gravelsand,sandybank',mnd.grn
`grainofsand'(*ghruno-;alsonorw.isl.gruggn.`residuum'from*gruwwa-as`sandyresiduum').
Becausetheextendedrootghreu-d-pluralappliedisonthementalarea(`touchhardinthemind'),
onealsoassumesaffiliationfromahd.ingrn,mhd.gren,grwen`shudder,fear,dread',mhd.griul,
griuwel`fright,horror',ahd.grsn,grwisn`feelfright',nhd.`graus,grausenètc.,ahd.grunn,nnes`misery,woefulness',griunaèagerness,vehemency,fierceness,atrocity'underlikewise
extensionghreu-d-:
ahd.*firgrioan`grind',participlefirgrozzen,mhd.ver-,durch-griezenìnkleineTeilezerreiben';aisl.
grjtn.(a-stem)`stone,semolina',ags.grotn.`sand,dust,earth',as.griotn.`sand,bank,border,
shore',ahd.grioz,mhd.griezm.,n.`grainofsand,sand,Ufergrie',nhd.`semolina'(germ.*greuta`rock,sand,gravel'alsoinVNGreutungi`Strandbewohner'andinfinn.riutta`sandbank,cliff');
aisl.grautrm.`Grtze'(`grobgemahlenes');ags.grat`coarselygranulated,big,large,thick'(engl.
great),afries.grt,as.grt,ahd.mhd.grz`big,large',mhd.also`coarse,thick'(germ.*grauta-);
aboutaisl.grotti`mill'seeunderghren-;
ags.grytt`Grtze'(engl.grits`ds.,coarsesand'),ahd.gruzzi,mnd.grtte`Grtze'(germ.*grutia-);
ags.grt(Dat.gryt)f.`coarsemeal,flour,grapemarc',afries.grt`sand',mhd.grzm.`sand,grain',
nhd.Graus`grainofsand,rubble,detritus',mnd.grt`PorschalsGrungsmittel',ndl.gruit`malt,
yeast,residuum',norw.grtn.`residuum';ags.grotn.`coarsemeal,flour'(germ.*gruta-);
withformants-to-or-so-:mnd.grs,grs`crumbledstones,gravel';
bsl.*grdi`stamp'inlit.grdiuorgrdau,grsti`stomp(barleyforthepearlbarleypreparation);
bump;touch';ablaut.graudsbesides`brittle'also`stirring,wistful',OldPrussianengraudsnanAkk.
Sg.`pity',grdas`corn,grain';lett.gru,grdu,grst`bump,poke,stomp',grdenesf.Pl.`pearl
barley';ablaut.gradsm.`corn,grain',grauu,graudu,grast`rumble,thunder',graudiensm.
`Gewitterschlag',grauliPl.`rubble,debris';
ChurchSlavicgruda`clodofearth',Kollekt.grudijeand(derivingfromanalreadycollective*ghruddh)gruzdije;skr.grda`clump'etc.(provesinitiallongdiphthongu);with-mn:skr.grmn
`clod',russ.grumds.;herealsowithtransferenceonthementalarearuss.-ChurchSlavics-grustiti
a`grieve',russ.grustf.`distress,sorrow',sloven.grstm.`disgust,repulsion,loathing'(from
shortdiphthong,idg.u;theoldsensorymeaningstillingrm.`grit,mountainrubble'),withweak
grade:skr.grstf.m.`disgust,repulsion,loathing'(protoslav.*grst),grstiti-se`bedisgusted',as
wellas*grdinOldChurchSlavicgrd`horrendus,terribilis',skr.grd`hideous,unsavory,
distasteful,nasty',fromwhichalsoOldChurchSlavicgrd`stout,proud'(originally`feelingdisgust,
fastidiously'),russ.grdyjds.,skr.grd`stout,proud,terrible',etc.;
Maybenasalizedalb.(*krude)krunde,crumps'debris'
aboutlat.gurduss.WH.I627.
extensionghru(h)-:
lit.gruas`gravel',grutasùneven,bumpy'(islett.gruzis,Pl.grui`rubble,horror,dismay'ndd.
Lw.);
poln.gruz`rubble,mortar',Pl.`debris,ruins',klr.kru`debris',Pl.`rubble'(barelyfrommhd.grs
`horror,dismay'becauseof:)poln.gruzla`clump',osorb.hruza`clump,clod'.
extensionghreu-bh-:
presumablyingerm.groupsfromnhd.Griebe(ahd.griubo,griobo),Griebs,perhapsalsogrob;
comparewithgerm.p,norw.mdartl.grpa,graup`grindcoarsely,crush',gropa,grypjads.,gropn.
`crushedgrain,coarseflour'.
References:
References:WP.I648ff.,Trautmann99.
Page(s):
Page(s):460-462
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(ghr- :)ghr- :ghrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow,begreen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen,grnen'
Note:
Note:onlyGermanic(andslavisch)
Material:
Material:Got.grasn.`grass,herb',aisl.as.gras,ags.grs,grsds.,ahd.gras,nhd.Gras;full
grademhd.gruosef.`youngPflanzentrieb,Pflanzensaft',mnd.grsef.`Pflanzensaft',mnl.groese
`youngvegetation,younggrass';
withoutthes-derivative:aisl.gra`grow,behealed',ags.grwan`begreen,bloom',engl.grow,ahd.
gruoen,gruowan,mhd.grejen`grow,thrive,begreen';aisl.grim.`growth',mhd.gruotf.
`greenery,freshgrowth';ahd.gruoni,mhd.grene,ags.grne,aisl.grnn`green,fresh,good';
Grnaland`Greenland'.
Withdentalextension:ags.grdm.`grass',mhd.graz,-zzes`youngbranchesofconiferouswood'
fromghr-t-,ghr-t-;
probablytoghr-:ghr-:ghr-`hervorstechen,z.B.vonPflanzentrieben,Pflanzenstacheln,
Barthaaren'anditslightbasicrootgher- ds.(seetherewouldbetobecoveredbylat.herba
`vegetation;agreenplant;abladeorstalk,esp.ofcornorgrass'tothelatter,iffrom*herz-dh
`barley'withsuffixalofthesamekindto*gher-dh.
Berneker355considersdoubtinglyforOldChurchSlavicgrozd`grape',groznds.acognateof
*ghras-dho-,-nu-asbase;themeaningwouldbejustifiedatmostthroughruss.grnka`bundle':
bulg.skr.grna`twig,branch'.
References:
References:WP.I645f.,WH.I616f.,639f.
Page(s):
Page(s):454
Root/lemma: ghroudEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:aprotrudingbodypart
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:vongewlbtenKrperteilen
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Air.grad(n.es-stem)`cheek',cymr.gruddds.,corn.grud`maxilla';
ags.gradam.`bosom'.
References:
References:WP.I658.
Page(s):
Page(s):462
Root/lemma: g(i ) eu- ,(i ) euEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochew
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kauen'
Material:
Material:Npers.jvdan`chew',afgh.vl,ylds.,`bite,gnaw'(iran.*jyav-);
arm.kveni`Pechfhre,Lrche';
aisl.tyggja,-va`chew'(for*kyggjaaftertgla`chew'),schwed.tugga,ags.cowan,nengl.chew
[commonillyr.-alb.kh->t-,gh->d-phoneticmutations];
mnd.keuwen,ahd.kiuwan,mhd.kwen`chew'(*kewian);ahd.kewa,mhd.kiuwef.`jaw,mandible,
lowerjawbone';derived:ags.cace,afries.zikef.(*keukn)andafries.kse`molartooth',mnd.
kse,mnl.kze,changingthroughablautmnl.kiezeds.;
baltoslav.*iaui`chew'in:
lit.iunosf.Pl.`jaws',lett.anasf.Pl.`jaws,maxilla,gill';
r.-ChurchSlavicuju(*zjou-)andv,vati(*zjv-),aech.iji,vti,russ.uj,evt`chew';in
addition(frombaltoslav.*iun)bulg.naf.`lip'andskr.vlon.`pharynxes,throat,gorge',vle
f.Pl.`setofteethinthebridle';russ.vkat`chew',vak`larchresinasatoothcleaningmaterial';
toch.ABw--tsièat'(PedersenToch.Sprachg.43);
comparefurthergu-`resin'.
References:
References:WP.I642,WH.I601,Trautmann372,LidnAnn.Acad.Scient.Fennicae27,119.
Page(s):
Page(s):400
Root/lemma: glag- orglakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:milk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Milch'
Grammaticalinformation:Nom.glakt n.
Note:
Note:onlygr.andlat.
Material:
Material:Gr.,n.`milk';originallyprobably*,Gen.*(compare),outofit*,*(henceHes.and
Hes.,probablyeinKinderwortwithhypocoristicgeminationas),further*,withvocal
developmentinmonosyllabicword(probablyinthechild'smouth,whencealsodieinitialstress:)
,whereuponalsoinsteadof*.Theformhom.(,later
),ontheotherhanddissimilatedkret.,goesbackperhapstoNom.*<*.
Lat.lac,lactisn.,withdissimilationreductionofanlaut.Gutturalsfrom*glact=gr.;old-andlate
lat.i-stemlacte,comparePl.lactsf.`milkofthemalefish';deriveddlicus(*d-lac-os)`putaway
fromthebreast,weaned;theweanedmother'smilk'
Aboutaltchin.lac(*glac)fromidg.*galakts.KarlgrenDLZ.1926,1960f.
Note:
Maybealb.geg.klumsht(*klaptes)`milk':rum.lapte`milk';Spanishleche,
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):400-401
Root/lemma: gleEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:soft,tender
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weich,zart'
Material:
Material:Nasalizedinaisl.klkkr`soft,pliable,flexible,sentimental'(from*klinkuaz),aisl.klkkva
`becomesoft,showfaintheartednessorgrief,groan,moan',schwed.klcka`frighten'(*klinkwan),
adn.kliunkads.,dn.klynke`whimper',compareinadditionthecausativeanord.klkkva`soft
make',schwed.dial.klkka`melt'(*klankwjan);ndd.klinker`tender,weak,lean';
lit.glnas`tender,soft,flabby',glensds.,glt,glea,glti`soft,slack,becomewilted',lett.
glzns;
bulg.glz,glezl`forgive,coddle',razglza`corruptness,unmannerliness'.
References:
References:WP.I661.
Page(s):
Page(s):401
Root/lemma: gleubhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,slice,pare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,klieben,schnitzen,abschlen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`carvefrom,carveout,cutoutwithaknife;engrave;tonotedown[ontablets]',
,-f.ìncisure,notchedendofthearrow;butperh.ofnotchesorgroovesforthefingers;
poet.forthearrowitself;alsoinpl.,notchesinthearrow-head;pen-knife;chisel;inArchitecture,
capitalsofcolumns;inpl.,alurking-place,den,hole,cave';
lat.glb,-re`todepriveofitsbark,tobark,peel;tocastoffitsshellorbark',glmaàhullorhusk,
esp.ofcorn'(forms-sm;glbwith=eu,asnhd.klieben);
ahd.klioban,ags.clefan,anord.kljfa`split',anord.klauff.`cleft,gap,theclovenhoof',zerograde
anord.klofna,-aa`besplit',klyfiaklufa`split',klofn.`cleft,gap,cleft,fissure',klofim.`doorlatch,
clamp',=as.kloom.`clovenstick,KlobenzumVogelfang'=ahd.klobo`gespaltenerStockzum
EinklemmenoderFangen,Kloben',ags.clofef.`buckle',clufuf.ònion,bulb',ahd.klobo-louh,nhd.
withdissimilationKnoblauch,ahd.kluppaf.`pliers,tongs,splitwoodforclamping',nhd.Kluppe
(*klubjn-),anord.klyff.`thesplitpacksaddle',ahd.kluft,nhd.Kluft;afterWissmann(Nom.postverb.
129f.)withexpressivelengthenedzerograde:ahd.klbn`topicktopieces;defoliate',nhd.
klauben(inadditionprobablywithgerm.intensiveconsonantincreaseanord.klypa`clamp,nip,
pinch');
OldPrussiangleuptene`StreichbrettamPfluge,dasdieaufgerisseneErdeumwendet';butlit.glaudti
`takeoutitsshellorpod'hatprobablydas-dfromgvaldti`takeoutitsshellorpod,core'referring,
exactlyinsuchaway,asgvalbtids.-b-iscoveredby*glaubti.
References:
References:WP.I661,WH.1610f.
Page(s):
Page(s):401-402
Root/lemma: glgh- :glghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stachel,Spitze'
Material:
Material:Gr.`spikeoftheear',,-f.`cusp,peak',,att.,ion.
`reed'(originallyNom.*Gen.);
serb.-ChurchSlavic(etc.)glog`thorn';
perhapsanord.kleggi`gadfly,brake'as`piercinglittleanimal',oras*klajjan-`thesticking,the
clinging'toidg.glei-,s.gel-1`clench'extensionglei-,S.363.
References:
References:WP.I662,Trautmann91,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I474,3.
Page(s):
Page(s):402
Root/lemma: gol-1 ,lengthenedgradegl- ,reduktionsst.g o lEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tolie;den(ofanimals)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`liegen;Lager,Tierlager'
Material:
Material:Arm.kala`cave,hidingplace,nook,bolt-holeorlairofawildanimal';
gr.`cave,pit,pothole';
aschwed.kolder(=aisl.*kollrfrom*kolaR),norw.dial.kold,kuldm.andf.(*kol)èinWurfvon
Tierjungen,einNestvollEier,KinderausderselbenEhe(eigtl.demselbenBette)';
lit.gulis`lair,camp,nightcampground',lett.gul'a`lair,nest';lit.guli(gulu),gulti`sichlegen,zu
Bettegehen',lett.gult`liedowntosleep',lit.guliu,gulti`lie',lett.gula`lair,camp,nightcampground',
lit.gulta,gult`Tierlager';
gulis(andatmostin*glei-straceablebackto)withfrequentlengthenedgradeini-stem;
balt.gul-,arm.kal-fromreduplication-stemgol-.
Becauseoflit.gvalis(Szyrwid)=gulis,gval,gvalAdv.`lying',gvalsias=gulsias`lying',gvalni
tor=gulsiukartltvor(Kv-darna,whereuowouldhaveledto)afterTrautmannKZ.42,373
willplacetherootas*guol-(lengthenedgrade*gl-from*gul-withidg.lossofu;gul-then=idg.
*gul-);itseemslit.gval-formsdemandasingle-linguisticexplanation.comparebutTrautmannBsl.
Wb.93f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):402
Root/lemma: gol-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:branch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zweig,Ast'
Material:
Material:Arm.kor`bough,twig,branch';russ.golj`twig,branch'(etc.,s.Berneker326).
References:
References:WP.I640,MeilletMSL.11,185.
Page(s):
Page(s):403
Root/lemma: gou - (orgau - :)gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hand;tograb
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hand;ergreifen,einhndigen'
Material:
Material:Av.gavaDu.,gavAkk.Pl.`hands';av.gnaoiti`supply,gain',gaona-m.`profit,gain'(see
underlit.gunu);
gr.*Fassumedfrom-`
togiveorhandoverasapledge;tohaveathingpledgedtoone,acceptasasurety;ofafatherto
givehisdaughterinmarriage,toplight,betroth;tohaveawomanbetrothedtoone;alsotopledge
oneself,givesecurity;topromiseorengagethat;toanswerfor';Med.`topledgeoneself';postverbal
àpledgeputintothehand:surety,security',`givingsecurity',Subst.`bondman,
guarantor';,`(underone'shand,imminent,nighathand=)willing,ready;recent;
sudden,actual,present';--òfPlace,near,nigh,athand;ofTime,nighathand;ofNumbers,
etc.,nearly;ofRelationship,akinto'(aslat.comminus),`hardby,near;ofTime,nighathand',
`fromnighathand;withVerbsofrest,hardby,nighathand;hardbyhim'and,-
òfSpace,inthemiddle,between;ofTime,meanwhile'(`betweenthehands');`secured,
undergoodsecurity;reliable;givingsecurityfor',eigentl.ìnthehands()',s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I
6203;comparebut`properly,toputintothepalmofthehand,putintoone'shand'(above
undergu-S.397),alimb;thehand'(undergu-S.398);
lit.gunu,gutiòbtain,receive'(gudyti`readjust'),OldPrussianpo-gaunai`receives',Inf.pogaut,
participlePerf.gauuns`receive',lett.gnu,gt`catch,capture',gvejs`gainer',lit.gaklasm.
àcquisition',guvs,gavsàgile,skilful';
OldChurchSlavico-,po-gymati`touch'(duetoa*gy-m`givingahand').
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsoundergeu-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):403-404
Root/lemma: g u - ,gou - ,gEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(onomatopoeic)
Material:
Material:OldIndiangavat(onlyDhatup.)`sounds',Intens.jguv`lasselautertnen,sprechelaut
aus',jg-(Gen.Pl.jguvm)`loudsinging',ga-g-yti`sttFreudenschreieaus';
gr.[F]`weeping,wailing',`wail,groan,weep',,-`magician(enchanter,sorcerer)';
perhapsherelat.gviaf.`seagull'(s.PerssonBeitr.897f.).
ahd.gikewen`name,call',ags.cegan`call,shout,cry'(*kaujan);ahd.kmaf.`lamentation',kmo
`withgrief,withpain',nhd.`withdifficulty',inadditionmhd.kme`(*pitiable,mournful)weak,fragile,
easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated',ahd.kmg`weak,sick',mnd.kme`faint,languid',ags.cyme
`fine,beautiful',schwed.(gotl.)kaumn.`misery';norw.dial.kauka`dasViehmitRufenlocken';as
basefromanimalnamesinmndl.cauwe`jackdaw',ahd.kaha,k`crow',dn.kaa`jackdaw'(*kav)
andinags.cytam.`bittern',mhd.kze,nhd.Kauzòwl',comparewithidenticalformsisl.kta
`quarrel,squabble',mnd.kten(outofitmhd.kten,kiuten)`babble,chatter';ndd.kterfromproto
germ.*kautri,oras`Bauernhund'tondd.kot`cottage'(abovegu-S.394);
lit.gauj`packofdogs,wolves',gaudi,gasti`dullsound,clink'(*goudieti),ablaut.godiu,gosti
`comfort',reflex.`complain,bemoan'(*gudieti);gauds`wistful',lett.gauda`lament',gust`lament',
gavilt`jubilate'(thebalt.wordscouldalsobelongto*hau-`call,shout,cry',asalsoe.g.anord.gau
`bark');
slav.*gdo,*gsti(shapedas*grdandlat.jung)inruss.-ChurchSlavicgudu,gusti,',
klr.hud,hust`play',skr.oldgdm,gsti`play;dullsound',poln.oldgd,g`fiddle,play';
OldChurchSlavicgovorm.`din,fuss,noise',govoriti`rant,roister'(russ.etc.alsoesp.`speak'),
whereforeablaut.russ.-ChurchSlavicgvor(*gvor)m.`vesicle,blister',poln.gwar(*gv-ar)m.
`din,fuss,noise,noise',lengthenedgradeech.havoiti`talk,chat,prate',klr.hava`crow'(compare
abovegerm.*ku),sloven.gvc`Kiebitz',andduetoa*gou-t`discourse'withthesameformsas
govoralsoruss.gtor`conversation,entertainment,Scherzrede'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):403
Root/lemma: gras- :gr s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tognaw,todevour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fressen,knabbern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangrsat`gobbles(esp.fromanimals),devours'(*gras),grsa-`mouthful,
morsel,biteoffood';
gr.`gnaw,devour'(=OldIndiangrsati)`grass,greenfodder'(att.through
assimilationinvoicelessinternalconsonance),`gormandizer,gourmand,voraciouseater',
m.`smellofagoat:hence,ofmen'from*-(originallyhe-goat;billygoatasnibbler,
as:,),f.`belly'(*-`devourer',compare`rack,
manger(ofhorse);inpl.,bed-posts',assimil.from-;`thelowerpartofavesselbulging
outlikeapaunch');redupl.duetoa*-`devour':`gangrene,theeatingulcer';
èatenout;eroded,hollowed'(*grs-no-s),`cavity,kneadingordoughtrough;dough
tray;hutch'(compare`cave':);
lat.grmen(*grasmen)n.`grass,turf;anyplantorherb'(esp.asfeedherb);aboutgerm.gras
compareunderghr- .
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):404
Root/lemma: gred- :grodEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen'
Note:
Note:Onlyalb.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Alb.grrus,grres,krs()`rasper'(fromitsfirstgradederiveslat.grosads.),to
lengthenedgradepresentgrruanj,kruanj,kruj,alsogrruj,grj`scratch,scrape'(from*grd-,idg.
grd-);
anord.krota(*grd-)èngrave',ablaut.(withintensivegemination)aschwed.kratta`scratch,scrape',
ahd.krazzn,mhd.nhd.kratzends.(germ.*krattn),besidesj-verbsmnl.cretten(andcretsen),mhd.
kretzends.,kretze`scabies';
herewithexpressivevocalismahd.krizzn,mhd.kritzen`carve,scribble',alsomhd.krzenèine
Kreislinieziehen',withsecondaryablautahd.mhd.kreiz(*kraita-)`circle'(`*carvedmagiccircle');
expressiveprobablyalsothes-extensioninndd.kratsen,krassen`scratch,scrape'.
References:
References:WP.I607,651,WH.I622f.,WissmannNom.postverb.175f.
Page(s):
Page(s):405
Root/lemma: gremEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:damp;tosink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht(sein),untertauchen,untersinken'
Material:
Material:Lat.grmiaef.Pl.àviscoushumor,rheum,thatcollectsinthecornersoftheeyes',oculi
grammsièyedrip;pusintheeye';
aisl.kramr`humid,wet,half-melted(ofsnow)',perhapsalsogot.qrammia`dampness',iffor
*krammia;
OldChurchSlavicgrmd`pusintheeye';
baltoslav.rootextensiongremd-:
inlit.grimst(*grimzdu),grimzda,grimstiùnder-,sink',gramzdtids.,causativegramzdin,
gramzdnti`sink',gramzds`deeplysinking,pensive',lett.grimstu,grimt`sink',causativegrmdt
`sink';
OldChurchSlavicpogrznoti`sinkinthewater',ChurchSlavicgrzaòrdure',russ.grjznut`sinkin
ordure',grjazòrdure,smut',skr.grznuti`sinkin',poln.grzznc,grzzn`submerge';causative
OldChurchSlavicpogro,pogrziti`sink,submerge',russ.gruzt`sink,immerse,freight'.
References:
References:WP.I654f.,WH.I617,Trautmann97f.
Page(s):
Page(s):405
Root/lemma: greus-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrackle,crush
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`knirschen,withkratzendemGeruschaboutetwasfahrenandeszermalmen,
krachendschlagen'
Note:
Note:(andotheronomatopoeicwords)
Material:
Material:Got.krius-tan`gnash',krusts`thecreakiness',aschwed.krysta`gnashofteeth'and
`squeeze',ahd.krustila,nhd.Krustel,Krostel`Krachbein';
ahd.krus-k`bran',nhd.Krsch`bran'(alsoGrsch,GrstthroughhybridizationwithGries,Grtze);
ahd.kros-pel,nhd.Kruspel,Krospel`gristle',kruspeln`knirschendzerbeien';
maybealb.kruspull`bent'
lit.grukti`gnash,rustle,crackle,ofsand'(k-insertion;aboutgruas`horror,dismay,gravel'under
likewises.intheendfrom*ghru-2);
serb.grhati`crack,creak(fromthecannon),hitwithcrack;huskbyhitting',griti`bump,poke,
shuck,husk',sloven.grh`stonerubble',gra`coarsesand',russ.grchnutsja`collapsewith
noise',etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):405-406
Root/lemma: greus-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,smoulder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,schwelen'
Material:
Material:Gr.or`drywood,torch;fagot,firebrand',,`towninAolis';
lit.gruzdti,grzti,lett.gruzdt,grust`smolder,gleam';yetisquitedoubtful,whethergr.,badly
attestedwordsoriginallyratherstandfor`spinneyunderlikewise'.
References:
References:WP.I651,PerssonBeitr.129.
Page(s):
Page(s):406
Root/lemma: greutEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress;curds
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drngen,zusammendrcken;Quark=zusammengegangeneMilch'
Material:
Material:Ir.gruth(*grutus)`coagulatedmilk,curd';
ags.crdanùrge,press,push',engl.tocrowdùrge,press,push',mnl.kruden,mhd.krotenùrge,
press,push',ags.crodn.,mhd.krot`crush,crowdedness',mengl.crudes,curdes,nengl.curds`curd'.
References:
References:WP.I650.
Page(s):
Page(s):406
Root/lemma: grb(h)o-s :grb(h)o-s

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hornbeam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Weibuche',teilweiseDeckwortforÈiche'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:grb(h)o-s :grb(h)o-s :
:`hornbeam'derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
gerebh- :
:`toscratch,write(carvewood)'
Material:
Material:Maked.(illyr.)`torch'(Èichenholz');
ven.PNGrbia,illyr.VNGrabaei,PN,;
umbr.GNGrabovius(==poln.grabowy,seeunder)Èichengott'(altumbr.Krapuvi,neuumbr.
Grabovie,Dat.)borrowedfromillyr.grb-(oldergrb-);
likewiseillyr.Lw.islat.grabtus`bed'(*fromEichenholz)fromgr.-illyr.()ds.
Maybealb.krevat(krabat)`bed'
grb(h)o-s:
Bsl.graba-m.`hornbeam'in:
OldPrussianwosi-grabis`Spindelbaum',lett.PNGrubina(grubas);
skr.grb,russ.grab,poln.grab`hornbeam',grabowy`belongingtobeech';
perhapstogerebh-`crack,split'.
References:
References:WH.I171,614f.,855,KraheIF.59,63ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):404
Root/lemma: grd- ,grdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hagel'
Material:
Material:Arm.karkut(withrearrangementfromreduplicated*gagrdo-s.MeilletMSL.10,280)
`hail';
lat.grand,-inisf.`hail';
lit.grodas(bsl.*grda-)`hard-frozenstreetexcrement,stonefrost,frostwithoutsnow;mallenders';
OldChurchSlavicgrad,russ.grad,skr.grd,poln.grad`hail'.
References:
Becauseofarm.wordanyhowdifficultseemsandcouldbekeptaway,isperhapsabasicform
*ghrdh-,ghrdh-mustbeassumed,togr.`pebble'(seegher-2 ),comparenhd.Hagel:gr.
`pebble',etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):406
Root/lemma: gruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grunting(ofpigs)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:GrunzlautderSchweine
Note:
Note:(gru-d-,gru-n-d-)
Material:
Material:Gr.àgrunt,asofswine',(*)`togrunt,grumble,mutter',,
`piglet',`togrunt,ofswine',,Hes.;
lat.grundi,withvolkssprachl.assimilationgrunni`grunt'=
frhneuhochd.(withinonomatopoeicwordsfalteringconsonantshiftinanlaut)grunnen,ags.
grun(n)ian,intensiveahd.grunzian,nhd.`grunt',ags.grunnettands.,engl.togruntds.;with
Lautversch.anord.krytia(preteritkrutta)`growl,murmur',krutrm.`clamor',dn.krotte`drone,
grumble',engl.crout`croak,caw',whethernotrathertoger-2C.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):406
Root/lemma: gu e s- ,gu o s- ,gus- ,extendedgu o z-doEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:branches,leaves
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gezweig,Laubwerk'
Material:
Material:Norw.dn.kvas`small,choppedbranches';
1.with--d -extension:
alb.geg.ghethi`leaf',tosk.gjethe`foliage,twig,branch'(collectivePl.toaSg.*gathfrom*guozd-);
[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
ahd.questaf.,mhd.queste,koste,haste,quastm.f.,`Laubbschel,Sprengwedel,besom',nhd.
Quastef.,aschs.quest`Laubbschel',aschwed.kvaster,koster,schwed.qvast,norw.dn.kost
`Laubbschel,Reisbesen';
aserb.gvozdm.`wood,forest',apoln.gwozd`Bergwald',gozd`densewood,forest',etc.;
2.with--t -extension:
gr.`hairlock,Geringel';
3.with-p -extension:
OldIndiangupit-ìnterlaced,intertwined';
lat.vespicsPl.`denseshrubbery';
mndl.quispel,quespel,mnd.md.quispel`tassel,whisk'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):480
Root/lemma: gu e tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swelling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwellung,Rundung'
Note:
Note:(extensionfromgu-`bend'seethere)
Material:
Material:Lat.botulusìntestine,sausage'(osk.-umbr.loanword);
perhapsair.bl`lip'(*guetlos),whethernotfrom*beklostogall.beccos`bill,beak,neb';
got.qius`stomach,womb',qiuhaft`pregnant';aisl.kvirm.`belly,womb',kviugr`pregnant',ags.
cwi(a)m.`womb',ahd.quiti`vulva',quodenìnteriorofthethigh';
inadditionfurtherags.cwidelef.`pustula,varix',ahd.quedillads.,ndd.quadelìnflamedswellingof
theskin',zerogrademhd.kutel,nhd.Kutteln`tripe'.
References:
References:WP.I560,671,WH.I112f.
Page(s):
Page(s):481
Root/lemma: gu o zd(h)o- ,gu o zd(h)iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nail,penis
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nagel,penis'
Material:
Material:Gallorom.bottos`hubofawheel'(M-L.1229a),cymr.both`hubofawheel,shieldboss',
mir.bot,nir.bodm.`tail,penis';
Maybealb.bisht`tail'
Note:
Commoncelt.kw->p-,gw->b-initialshift.
abg.gvozd`nail',poln.g(w)zdds.,ech.hvozdj`Durchschlagholz';inadditionpoln.g(w)odzik
`carnation,clove',ech.hvozdkds.
Maybealb.(*guozd-)gozhd`nail'aSlavicloanword.
References:
References:PokornyZceltPh.16,405,WH.I574,636,Berneker365f.
Page(s):
Page(s):485
Root/lemma: g e li- , glEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mouse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mausunderlikewise'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangir,girikf.`mouse'(Lex.);
gr.(*gelei-,originally`themurine')`weasel,marten',fromwhichborrowedlat.galeaoriginally
`*crestoftheweaselfur',thenàhelmet(usuallyofleather),head-piece,morion;thecrestofthe
Guineafowl'(alsogalrusàhelmet-likecoveringforthehead,madeofundressedskin,acap,
bonnet,hat;soofapriest'scap;wig,akindofperuke;arose-bud;aconicalcapofleather,furcap'is
uncoveredtobeborrowedfromgr.*);toalso(-=OldIndiangiri-),
further,`brownwort,Scrofulariaperegrine;deadnettle',actuallyèyeofthe
weasel',probablyalsods.;
lat.gls,glris`dormouse'(thisinflectionpresumablyafterms,mris);rom.also*glre,comparefrz.
loirbesidesliron.
commonrom.gl->l-phoneticmutation
Maybealb.gjer(gler)`dormouse'commonalb.gl->gj-phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.I630,WH.I579,607,differentEM409.
Page(s):
Page(s):367
Root/lemma: b Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshow,towatch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schauen,ausschauenafter'
Material:
Material:Itderived,ifonemightplacewithZupitzaGutt.194aisl.kpa(p)`stare,gawk',ags.
cpanòbserve,lookoutafter,providefor,protect',changingthroughablautags.capianup`lookup
to',aschs.upcapen`standout,project,reachupward',mnd.kapen`gawk,see,show',mhd.kaffen
ds.,ahd.(withintensivegemination)kapfn`see,show,peer'(outofitbackformationahd.kapf
`place,onelooksoutfrom,summit')andahd.fkepfen`lookup'toruss.zabota`care,worry',zabotit
aàreworried,areconcerned'.
Everythingquiteuncertain.Thebeginningofaroot,withvoiced-nonaspiratedinitialandfinalsound,
hasfromthestartlittlelikelyhoodforitself(compareMeilletIntroduction7173f.).
References:
References:WP.I530.
Page(s):
Page(s):349
Root/lemma: r -
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:besidessingle-linguistic*garr-throughexpressiveconsonantincreaseinonomatopoeicwords
Material:
Material:palatalisprovedthroughosset.zarn,zarun`sing',zar`song'andthrougharm.cican
`swallow',cicanuk`nightingale'(redupl.*oi-gr-nor-no-,PeterssonKZ.47,287);
Maybealb.cicron`(bird)sings'
gr.,dor.`voice';Hes.,withrras
lat.garri,-re`babble,chatter,chat,prate,chatter(seldomoffrogs;ofthenightingale:)',garrulus
`gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,blithering';
air.gar-`call,shout,cry'inad-gairàccuses'(*ar-e-t),ar-gair`prohibits',do-gair`calls'etc.;cymr.
gair`word'(*ario-),dyar`din,fuss,noise,sadness':mir.do-gar`sad'(*du(s)-aro-);air.fo-gor
`sound,tone,sound'(*upo-aro-),abret.ar-uuo-artènchant,bewitch,fascinate';air.gairmn.(kelt.
*gar-(s)mn),cymr.corn.bret.garmds.(:as.karm`lamentation');lengthenedgradeair.girf.
`clamor',gire`laughter',cymr.gawr`clamor,fight,struggle';
ahd.charaf.`lamentation',nhd.Kar-freitag,got.karaf.,ags.cearuf.`care'(therefromahd.etc.karn
`bemoan,lament',ahd.charag`grieving',mhd.karc`smart,cunning,stingy',nhd.karg,ags.cearig
`sad,afflicted',engl.chary`careful,cautious'),as.karm(seeabove),ags.cearm,ciermm.`clamor'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparediesimilartoonomatopoeicwords*ger-and*ger-.
Page(s):
Page(s):352
Root/lemma: ebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:branch;stick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àst,Holzstck'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andbalt.
Material:
Material:Aisl.kafim.`slicedpiece',keflin.`cable,bitofwood,toggle',rna-kefli`runestick';mnd.
kavelef.`pieceofwood(fordrawinglots)',afries.kavelia`raffle',ndl.kavelm.àllotment,lot,fate',
nhd.dial.Kabelf.andm.ds.;
lit.basm.`bough,deadwood,bridle,rein',abf.`rod',baras`thinbough',abju,abti`bridle',
aboklasm.`rein',-aboklis`toggle',ablaut.obris(Kurschatuobrs)`plowshare',lett.abut
`demTiereinenKnebelinsMaulstecken'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsoegh-,S.354.
Page(s):
Page(s):353
Root/lemma: egh- ,oghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:branch;bush
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àst,Pfahl,Busch'
Note:
Note:(comparealsoebh-)
Material:
Material:Norw.dial.kagem.`niedrigerBusch'(germ.*kagan-),schwed.dial.`stump(outofitengl.
cag`stump'),nhd.dial.kagm.`cabbagestalk,stump,ndl.kag,keggef.`wedge'(germ.*kai),ahd.
kegil`picket,pole,peg,plug,nail'(germ.*kaila-);
inadditionwithexpressiveconsonantstretch(g:gg:kk):
aisl.kaggi`keg,Tnnchen',mnd.kk`treetrunk,pillory',ahd.slito-chhof.`tub',nhd.(HighGerman)
kueche`Sledgeskid';dissim.Kufeds.;
lit.garas`thintwig,branch',Pl.`deadwood,shrubbery,bush',gr`plough',igris`fence',lett.
agari`deadwood',agasPl.f.`loosefoliage';
unclearistheoriginofags.cg(e)f.`key,solution',afries.kei,kai(*kaiga-),mnd.keieds.;dubious
thefromarm.cagèlevation,acme,apex,end'(PeterssonHeter.89f.).
References:
References:WP.I569f.,Kluge11334,MartinetGmination116.
Page(s):
Page(s):354
Root/lemma: eidEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`saugen'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.`seitkurzemsaugend(vonTierjungen)',,,(froma
*from*`sucking,suckling');
lit.indsti`suck'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):356
Root/lemma: eisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gravel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kies'
Note:
Note:(gei-s-,ifnld.kei`stone'<*keie<*kaijobelongshereorkei<*kagitokegels.Franck-v.Wijk
298)
Material:
Material:Mhd.kism.n.`gravel',ags.ciosol,ciselm.ds.,ahd.kisili,kisel,kisilinc`pebble,small
stone',nnd.keiserling,keserling,kiserlingds.;
OldPrussiansixdof.`sand',lit.iezdr,`gravel,corn,grain',izdros`gravel,coarsesand',igzdros
ds.,alsom.igzdrai
Dubiouslytheaffiliationofsupposedlyphryg.`stone'bySteph.Byz.s.v..
References:
References:WP.I553.
Page(s):
Page(s):356
Root/lemma: el- ,el- ,l- ,(also*geli- :)(e)liEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:light,toshine;tobejoyful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hell,heiterglnzen'and`heitersein,lcheln,lachen'
Material:
Material:Arm.car,Gen.cau`laughter'(probablywithufrom=gr*,therefore),
cicaim`laugh',perhaps(afterPeterssonKZ.47,289)alsocaik(Gen.cakan)`flower,blossom';
gr.,()`laugh',`laughable',dor.(Pind.)`laughing,cheerful'(*duetobeingreshapedfrom*,n.tom.,originallys-stemas,idg.*ele-s,ol.to
n.),,-,Akk.m.`laughter'(probablyaftercolored*=arm.car
ds.);,Hes.;withreducedgradethe1.syllable-Nereidname(),
`cheerful,peaceful'(*),(ol.zerograde)`cheeriness,calm(atsea)';
withzerogradethe1.syllable-n.`superbexample,splendourpiece;thingstostareat,shows,
wonders',`thepupiloftheeye,eyeball'.
li- inHes.,atfirsttoahd.kleini`gleaming,dainty,fine'(nhd.klein,inold
meaningstillinKleinodandschweiz.chleinandchln,withunexplained),ags.clne`pure',engl.
clean;
withformants-uo-:[F]òfpersons,famous,distinguished;ofobjects,events,splendid;lovely
bright,superb,pretty'(*-F),`splendour,beauty;joy,triumph;pl.,festivities,
merriment;adornment,ofahorse'smane,coloursofoyster'sshell;oneoftheGraces,whopresided
overvictoryinthegames'(herealso`glorify,adorn,Med.beadorned,beglad',with-==n
ìn'AnotherattemptbyBoisacq5);
aboutags.cln`pure',ahd.kleini`gleaming'seeabove;
theCelticandbaltoslav.coloradjectiveair.gel`luminous,white',glan`pure',lit.geltas`yellow,blond'
etc.mightbeplacedbecauseofthegerm.parallelspreferredtocolorroothel-(seethere);onlyif
galbuswasgenuinelat.,itwouldhavetobeputtogetherwithlit.gulbisetc.here.
References:
References:WP.I622ff.,628,WH.I578f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I682,SpechtDekl.123,144.
Page(s):
Page(s):366-367
Root/lemma: embh- ,m b hEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tobite;tooth
Note:
Fromanolderroot(*heh- )derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ed- (*heh- )::`toeat,*tooth'andRoot/
Root/
lemma: embh- ,m b h- :
:`tobite;tooth'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beien,zerbeien'
Material:
OldIndianjmbhat,zerogradejbhat`snaps',Kaus.-Iter.jambhyati`crunched',av.hmzmbayatids.;arm.perhapscamem`chew',cameli`maxilla,cheek,mouth';alb.dhmpìthurtsme',
lit.embi`cutup',OldChurchSlaviczbo,zbsti`tear';
OldIndianjmbham.`tooth,Pl.teeth'(jambhyaìncisortoothormolar'),gr.`tooth',also
`peg,plug,nail';scil.ìncisortooth',alb.dhmb,geg.dm`tooth',OldChurchSlavic
zb`tooth',lett.zobs`tooth',lit.ambas`sharpedge';ambis`Holzpflug';
Maybealb.glemp,gjemb`needle'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
ahd.kamb,ags.comb`comb'(`dentated'),anord.kambr`comb,jaggededge(:lit.ambas),jagged
ridge',nhd.`Bergkamm'(butaboutndd.kimmeseeaboveundergem-),ags.cemban,ahd.kemben
`comb',schweiz.chambe`KammbeiHhnen';inadditionbair.sichkampeln`(quarrel=)tear,rend,
fight,squabble',withexpressivep;
toch.Akam,keme`tooth'.
Underameaningmediation`tooth'-`wieeinkleinerZabnvorstehenderPflanzentrieb'onelinesup
thefamilyoflit.mbu,mbti`germinate',OldChurchSlavicpro-zbati,pro-zbntids.,lat.
gemma(*gembhn)èyeorbudinthegrapevineorintrees;gemstone,preciousstone',ahd.champ
`thestalkofaclusterofgrapesandsimilarplants;abunchofberries,clusterofgrapes',nhd.Kamm
(`dentateddevice');thelit.glottalstopisexplainablethroughalengthenedgradepresentformation
likesrgmi,glbmi,glbu.
References:
References:WP.I575f.,WH.I588,Trautmann369,SpechtDekl.86f.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsounderep(h)-,ebh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):369
Root/lemma: em(e)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomarry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heiraten',alsoinBezeichnungenforVerwandte,especiallyangeheiratete
Verwandte.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjr-`suitor,lover'(*m-r-s);OldIndianjmtar-,av.zmtar`Tochtermann',createdafterotherrelationshipnamesin-tar-extension,withthesecondsyllable
aftermtar-;thebasicroothasbeenabbreviated*jma-,compareav.zmaoya-`brotherofson-inlaw',alsoOldIndianjm`verschwistert,blutsverwandt',fem.nachved.`femininerelatives,esp.
daughter-in-law',ved.v-jmi-)`relativebymarriage',jm`daughter-in-law';
gr`marry'(Akt.ofman,husband,Med.fromthewife,woman),(dor.),-;
`husband',,,-`wife',`nuptial',m.`wedding';
(*em-ro-)`son-in-law';
Maybealb.dasm`wedding':gr.m.`wedding'commonalb.h->d-phoenticmutation.
lat.gener-,ds.(for*gemeraftergenus,gns).
Maybealb.(*ghemen)geg.zemn,tosk,zemr`heart,love,dear'commonalb.h->d-,z-phoentic
mutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):369-370
Root/lemma: en-1 ,en- ,n- ,nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrzeugen'
Material:
Material:thematicpresentOldIndianjnatièrzeugt,gebiert',alat.gen,gr.(=
OldIndianajananta),compareair.-genatharKonj.(toIndik.-gainethar`thebornwird'from*gn-ie-tro),
alsocymr.genni`bornbecome',bret.genel`togivebirthtochildren';
redupl.presentnotthematicOldIndianjajanti,av.zznti(v.1.zaznti),themat.av.zzannti`they
bear';Konj.zzant`sheshouldbear',kaus.Aor.OldIndianjjanat`gavebirthto',air.Fut.gignithir
(*i-en-)`hewillbeborn'andwith(old)zerogradetherootgr.`tocomeintobeing;of
persons,tobeborn;ofthings,tobeproduced;ofevents,totakeplace,cometopass,comeon,
happen,andinpasttensestobe;tocomeintoacertainstate,tobecome',lat.gign,-ere(genui,
genitum)`produce,bringforth';
Perf.OldIndianja-j-Ìamborn',3.Sg.jajna,3.Pl.jajr,gr.,*,(Schwyzer
Gr.GrI767,769),air.rognar(*ge-gn-)`beborn';
n-presentav.z-n-aite`theyareborn'(*n-n-mi),arm.cnanim,Aor.cnayìsborn;generate,bear'
(I456;*gn-n-),gr.òfthefather,tobeget,engender;ofthemother,tobringforth,toproduce'
(*n-n-differentMeilletBSL.26,15f.;postverbalis`birth,origin,source,beginning;an
ancestor;descent,birth;offspring,ageneration;arace,family',whereof`suitabletoone's
birthordescent;ofpersons,high-born,noblebybirth;soofanimals,well-bred;nobleinmind,highminded,ofthings,goodoftheirkind,excellent,notable,genuine,intense');compareSchwyzerGr.Gr
I694
Kaus.-Iter.OldIndianjanyatièrzeugt,gebiert'=ags.cennan`produce'(*oni);i o -presentOld
Indianjyatìsborn'(therefromjy`woman'),npers.zyad(*en-i;besidesn-iin:)av.zayeite
ds.;withlengthenedgradeof2.Basisvowel*ni:ir.gnuÌmake,do'(`*engender,create');
sko -presentlat.n-scor(*gn-sk-r)ìsborn';
to -participleandsimilar:OldIndianjt-`born'(jt-m`gender,sex,kindof'),av.zta-;lat.ntus
(cogntus,agntus)ds.,`bornm.,ason';
Maybealb.kunat`brother-in-law',kunata`sister-in-law'fromrum.cumnat`brother-in-law',cumnat
`sister-in-law';fromlat.cogntus`related,connectedbyblood;m.andf.assubst.arelationeitheron
thefather'sorthemother'sside.Transf.,akin,similar'.
plign.cnatois`therump,thebuttocks'(*gn-ts;soprobablyalso:)gall.Cintu-gntus`firstborn'
(couldbeinitselfalso=gr),f.gntha`daughter';anord.kundr`son',got.-kunds(himinaunderlikewise)`beadescendantof',ags.heofon-kund,withanord.s-kunnròfdivineorigin';zero
gradelat.genitus(*gen-or*gene-tos,as:)gall.geneta`daughter',expressivecymr.geneth
(*genetta)ds.,air.aicned`nature'(*ad-en-tomor*-enetom);lit.ntas`son-in-law'(*en-to-s),
gents`kinsman,relative'(withgaftergimti`beborn'),OldChurchSlavicztm.,skr.zt`son-in-law,
sister'shusband'(*en-ti-s),withreducedeahd.kind`kid,child'(*ntom),as.kind(*entm)ds.;
withfullgradethesecondbasesyllablegr.-`born'(-,-;protogr.--;òfor
belongingtotherace,i.e.lawfullybegotten,legitimate'),with-gradeOldIndianjt-m.`kinsman,
relative'(originallyf.`kinship'),`kinsman,relative,brother',`sister',mcymr.gnawt
`kinsman,relative',got.*kns(Dat.kndai)`gender,sex',ahd.knt,knuot`gender,sex'(compare
alsoahd.knuosaln.`gender,sex,stem',ags.cnsln.`progeny,gender,sex,family'),lett.znuts
`son-in-law,brother-in-law';
fromthelightbasisav.-zanta-,-znta-`born'(compare:bhar-tram);alsoacymr.-gint`kid,
child'fromgen-t-.
compareanotherAryanforms:av.fra-zainti`progeny'(againstOldIndianpr-jti-);av.za-n.
`birth,origin'(ar.*an-tha-m);zra-n.`birth'(againstOldIndianjnitram`Geburtssttte');zantu`district,administrativedistrict'=OldIndianjantu-`creature';av.zhyamna-participleFut.(against
OldIndianjaniyat,Aor.janita);OldIndianjnman-n.besidesjniman-n.`birth,gender,sex,
lineage'.
Gr.`birth',lat.GenitaMana`nameofadivinity',osk.DevaGeneta`goddessofbirth',
whereforelat.genitlisòforbelongingtogenerationorbirth,causinggenerationorbirth,fruitful,
generative,genital';
gr.òrigin,source,beginning;anancestor',lat.genetvusòforbelongingtogenerationor
birth';withreduced:av.frazainti(seeabove),lat.gns(orfrom*gnt-)àclan,stock,people,tribe,
nation.Transf.,anoffspring,descendant;adistrict,country'(thenprobablyingnsas`monstrous,
vast,enormous'),germ.kindi-ingot.kindins(*enti-no-s)`provincialgovernor',anord.kindf.èntity,
gender,sex,descendant'.
n t i- inOldIndianjt-`birth,family'=lat.nti-`birth,gender,sex',umbr.natineàbirth,origin,
people,nation',ags.(ge)cyndf.`kindof,nature,quality,origin,source,beginning;anancestor,
descendant'(engl.kind);
tu-stemlat.nt(maior-underlikewise)`frombirth',therefromntra`birth;nature,naturalqualities
ordisposition,character;anelement,substance,essence,nature';
praegns`pregnant',newpraegnans,from*-gntis.
en-ter- inOldIndianjanitr-`progenitor,father',jnitr`begetter,mother',gr.,-,
,-`progenitor,father',`mother',alb.dhndr,dhndr`son-in-law,bridegroom'
(*gen-tr-),lat.genitor,genetrx(:OldIndianjnitr)`progenitor';
arm.cnau`progenitor,father'(*gen-tlo-);
OldIndianjniman-(andjnman-)n.`birth,gender,sex,lineage',lat.germen`germ,sprout,scion,
shoot,twig,branch',germinre`sproutedout',germnus,-a(-m-from-mn-)`brother,1.sister(having
thesamefatherandmother)'(*en-men).
enos- inOldIndianjna(Gen.jnasa)n.`gender,sex',arm.cin`birth',gr.`gender,sex',
lat.genus`birth,descent,origin;race,stock,family,house;henceoffspring,descendants;sex;in
gen.,class,kind,variety,sort;inlogic,genus;ofaction,etc.,fashion,manner,way'(generre
`produce').
on-os inOldIndianjna-(Gen.jnasa)m.`gender,sex',av.(incompound)zana-`people,
humankind',gr.m.,f.`birth,parentage,ancestry';
Maybealb.geg.zana`nymph,goddess';
-eno-s,-no-s,-enios,-gniosas2.compositionparte.g.inlat.capri-genus`proceedingfroma
goat,ofthegoatkind',indigenam.f.`borninacountry,native,indigenous'(=arm.ndo-cin,ndocna-c,`natoincasadelpropriopatrono'),alienigenam.f.`borninaforeignland;foreign,alien;and
subst.,astranger,aforeigner,analien';
gall.Boduo-genus,Litu-genius;air.ingen,ogominigena`girl'.
e n inncymr.adian`progeny'(*ati-en),anian,bret.dial.agnen`nature'(*nde-en),LothRC36,
106;39,63;
withgr.-,thrak.-zenes(=thrak.Diuzenus,),comparevenet.volti-eneiand
volti-nos,illyr.PNAnduno-cnetis(Gen.),Volto-gnas;messap.oroagenasìnhabitantofUria';
gr.-`new-born',got.niu-kla-hsùnder-age'(dissim.fromniu-kna-,withformants-ko-),also
aina-kla-ìsolated,occasional,sporadic(from*-kna-)andlat.singulus(from*sem-gno-)aswellas
lat.malignus,benignus,prvignus(`separate,i.e.borninothermatrimony,stepchild'),kelt.-gnosin
people'sname,originallyPatronymica,e.g.gall.Truticnos(=Drtignos),latinis.Drutifilius,ogom
Gen.Coimagni,ir.Coimn;gall.Ate-gnia;gr.òfthesamedescent';aboutkypr.`kid,
child'(barely*-)compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I4503;
*gn-io-(whereforetheabove-gnio-additionalweakening)inlat.genius`thesuperiorordivinenature
whichisinnateineverything,thespiritualpart,spirit;thetutelardeityorgeniusofaperson,place;the
spiritofsocialenjoyment,fondnessforgoodliving,taste,appetite,inclination;oftheintellect,wit,
talents,genius',originallythepersonifiedfertility(atmostzerogrades*en-ios),got.kuni(*n-io-m),
ahd.(etc.)chunni`gender,sex',comparegot.sama-kunjansAkk.Pl.`thesamegender':gr.;lat.progenies`progeny',air.gein(*genen<*en-n)`birth',ags.cyne-incompound`royal',
anord.konr`son,noble-bornman,husband'(germ.*kuninga-zinahd.etc.kuning`king',i.e.èinem
edlenGeschlechteangehrig,ihmentsprossen').
n - inOldIndianj-s`descendant',pra-j`progeny',js-pati`paterfamilias'(MeilletMSL.10,139);
aboutlat.ingenuus`free-born,bornoffreeparents;worthyofafreeman,noble,upright,frank,candid,
ingenuous',genunusìnnate,native,natural;genuine's.WH.I593f.
References:
References:WP.I576ff.,WH.I590ff.,597ff.,868,Trautmann370,MeilletCinquantenaire172ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):373-375
KrishnaChristkreshnikkrasnolutek,iussus,dazd168
Root/lemma: en-2 ,en- ,n- ,nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toknow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrkennen,kennen'
Note:
Note:fortheavoidanceofthehomonyms1.en-areoftenusedwithvariouswithn-verbalforms.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjnmiÌknow',anu-j-àcknowledge,admit,grant',av.paiti-znnti`they
takecareofsomebody'(themat.2.Pl.paiti-znat`yourecognize,takeup,absorb,takein'),Old
pers.3.Sg.Impf.a-dn`heknew'(idg.*n-n-mi,besidesenklit.*n-nmiin:)av.zant,zann,
afghan.p-anùnterscheidet,erkennt';
arm.Aor.cancayÌerkannte'(an-canùnacquainted')insecurebasicform(topresent*n-n-mior
from*en-as:)canaut``bekannt';
air.itar-gninim,asa-gninaim`sapio'(Fut.-gnafrom*ge-gn-,Pertad-gn-sa`becomeacquainted
with,acquireknowledgeof,ascertain,learn,perceive,understand;perf.,toknow'from*ge-gn-;in
presentstemgnin-istheVok.stillunsolved;comparePokornyIF.35,338f.,MarstranderPrs.nas.
23);
Maybealb.(*gni)di`know'commonalb.g->d-phoneticmutation.
got.kunnan`kennen,know,haveknowledgeof'(kann,preteritkuna;originatorofthezerograde
pluralformskunnum,kunnunfrom*n-n-ms);besidesweakVerbanakunnanèrkennen'etc.=
ahd.kunnn`noscere,temptare'(alreadyprotogerm.,WissmannNom.postverb.146f.);besides
zerogradesn-Verbanord.kannaùntersuchen';
ahd.(etc.)intenseVerb.kunnan(kann)`know,haveknowledgeof,tobeable'(indenlteren
Sprachzeitenonlyfromgeistigemcan=kennen,contrasttomgen);inadditiondasKaus.got.
kannjan(*on-)`bekanntmachen,kundtun',ags.cennan`benachrichtigen,define,zuschreiben',ahd.
ar-kennenèrkennen',bi-kennen`bekennen',nhd.kennen.
lit.inau,inti,lett.zint`know,haveknowledgeof'(no=*gen-,thereafterPl.nome,Inf.inti,
participleintas)==OldPrussianposinnaÌbekenne'(Inf.posinnat,participleposinnts),ersinnat
èrkennen';
sk o -presentOldpers.(Konj.)xnstiyèrsollerkennen';gr.,epir.èrkenne',lat.
nsco(gnsco)èrkenne',ignsco`haveeinEinsehen,verzeihe'(compareOldIndiananuj-);alb.
njohÌkenne'(*n-sk;2.3.Sg.njehthroughumlaut);s.alsounderlit.pastu;
Perf.OldIndianjaju,lat.nv,ags.cnow(cnwan)èrkannte';gr.Aor.-,OldIndianOpt.j-
yt;gr.`binvernehmlich,says'(alsoformaltopresentgewordends.,);
inadditiondasio-presentOldIndianjyte(Pass.tojnti),ahd.knu(ir-,bi-,int-)èrkenne'(*gni),ags.cnwan(engl.know)ds.(towcomparelat.nv,OldIndianjaju),withahd.urknt
`cognition',andOldChurchSlavicznaj,znati`kennen,know,haveknowledgeof'(*n-i);
Desid.OldIndianjijsati,av.zixnhmn`dieerkundigenWollenden';lit.pastu,-ina,nti
`kennen';afterLeumannIF.58,118from*n-skderived;differentPerssonBeitr.341;
Kaus.OldIndianjpayati(diep-formwreold,ifCharpentierIF.25,243withrightarm.
canaut``bekannt',i-stem=OldIndianjapti-`cognition,knowledge'places);butjapta-rather
retogradfromkausat.jpita-,IF.57,226f.
to -participlen-t-s (hatperhapsdassecondaryfromdenverbalformsbezogen):OldIndian
jt-`bekannt',gr.(newer)ds.(,-ùnacquainted'),lat.ntus,air.gnth
`habitual,customary,bekannt'(cymr.gnawd`consuetude';inadditioncymr.gnaws,naws`nature',
bret.neuzÀussehen',asbrit.Lw.air.ns`custom'),gall.-,Epo-so-gntus;OldIndian
ajta-,,igntusùnacquainted',air.ingnad`strange';besides*n-t-s(Umfrbungfrom
*n-tsaftern-)inlat.nota`Kennzeichen,Merkmal,Fleck,Mal'(substantiviertesFem.of
participle),Denom.not,-re`kennzeichnen,observe;rebuke,reprove',henceprobablyalsoin
cognitus,agnitus,comparewiththesamevowelgradationgr.*--Fin`whitenot',
,Ùnwissenheit';betterabout(stehtfor*)andlat.nota(to
`rebuke')jetztLeumannHomer.Wrter22823;toch.A-knats,a-kntsaseeunder.
n-to-s inmcymr.yngnad,ynad`judge'(*en-n-to-s),dirnadÙrteilskraft'(*d-pro-n-to-),Loth
RC47,174f.
n - t-s inlit.pantas`bekannt',got.kuns,ags.c,ahd.kund`kund,bekannt',got.unkuns
ùnacquainted';withlengthenedgradethe1.syllableav.paiti-zanta-ànerkannt'(aszainti`knowledge').
n-ti- inOldIndianpra-jti-f.`cognition',gr.f.`cognition',lat.nti-f.,OldChurchSlavic
Inf.znati,russ.znatf.`dieBekannten';compareahd.urchntf.àgnitio'(*ntis);
n - t-s inahd.kunst(-sti-for-ti-)`Kunst,Kenntnis,Weisheit'(got.kuni`knowledge,cognition'from
*kunia-n.),lit.paintsf.`cognition';
n-tern-ter-inOldIndianjtr-,av.ntar-`connoisseur,expert',comparegr.,lat.ntor
`connoisseur,expert,Brge';compareOldIndianjna-m(*n-no-m)`knowledge,cognition'.
n-mn ingr.Èrkennungszeichen;Winkelma'(outofitlat.grma`Meinstrumentthe
Feldmesser'and,ofAkk.from,alsonorma`Winkelma,Richtschnur,Vorschrift,rule');
aruss.znamja(OldChurchSlavicznamenije,znak)`mark,token,sign'(fromacorrespondinglat.
*gnmenis*cognmen,agnomeninfluenced);gr.òpinion'(probablyfor*gn-m[n]),compare
lit.ym`Merkzeichen'(*m);`Richtma'.
n-tel- insloven.zntelj`connoisseur,expert',russ.zntel`Mitwisser';alsoOldIndianjtrcouldinsteadofton-ter-herebelong.
en-tlo- :n-tlo- Èrkennungszeichen'inlit.nklas`mark,token,sign';OldPrussianebsentliuns
`bezeichnet':OldIndianjtra-n.àbility,capacityofErkennens';
germ.*knla-inahd.beknuodilen`vernehmbarbecome',einknuadilìnsignis';comparelat.(g)nbilis
`kennbar,bekannt;vornehm,odel'(Adjektivierunga*ndhlom`Kennzeichen');
n-ro- ingr.`kenntlich,bekannt,angesehen',`makebekannt'(to*),
whereforewithablaut*n - r-: lat.gnrusàthingexpert,skillful',ignrusìgnorant'(ignrorather
from*ignroafternscoumgefrbtaswiththeablautgradefrom),gnrurisGloss.`gnrus',
ignrurs`',nrrre`toWissenmake,knden'=umbr.naratu`narrt',naraklum
`nntiti';asEndgliedfromcompoundsOldIndian-jn-,av.uxa-na-`diediscoursekennend'.
Herepresumablyidg.n-u o s èxpert,skillful,wereswhite,asmanestomachenhat,tatkrftig'in
anord.knr`proficient,strong'(ags.gecnweèingestanden,bekannt'isagainstitnewBildungvon
cnwanfrom);compare(from*n-uo-s)lat.nvus(oldgnvus)àctive,tatkrftig',ignvus`without
Tatkraft',nexttowhichwith*-u-mcymr.go-gnaw`vertrautwith'(*upo-uks-nuo-),mbret.gnou
`manifeste,vident',abret.inschr.Bodo-cnous(i.e.-gnous,LothRC18,93),mir.gn`distinguished',
nir.gn`business,affairs'.Asimilarmeaning-developmentinthegerm.familyaisl.knn
èinsichtsvoll,smart,proficient',ags.cne`bold,audacious',ahd.kuoni`bold,kampflustig'
(lengthenedgradeas),comparewithzerogradelit.n`witch'(`dieKluge'),nism.
`Hexenmeister';
toch.ABkn-`know,haveknowledgeof,erkennen',A-knats,a-kntsaìgnorant'.
Abouthitt.a-an-na-iùrteilt's.PedersenHitt.201(wenigglaubhaft).
Maybethroughmetathesisalb.*a-an-na,njoh`know'
References:
References:WP.I578ff.,WH.I613f.,II176ff.,Trautmann370f.,Feist316f.,Meillet
Cinquantenaire172ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):376-378
Root/lemma: enu-1 ,neu- (*neu-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:knee,joint
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Knie,Ecke,Winkel'
Grammaticalinformation:n.inflectiononu ,enu s ,nubhs etc.;besideseinn-stem
accordingtoOldIndianjnun`diebeidenknee'andgr.etc.fromonu n Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:enu-1 ,neu- :
:`knee,joint'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:en-1 ,en- ,n- ,
n- :
:`tobear'.(theeuphemismoflowerpartoftebody)
enu-1 <neu- incentumlanguagesaslat.-illyr.preferredtheorderconsonant+vowel.

Material:
Material:OldIndianjnun.`knee',pehl.znk,npers.zn`knee';av.Akk.Sg.nm,dat.abl.pl.
nuby;OldIndianju-bdh-`dieKniebeugend',abhi-j`bisansKnie',pra-ju-`sbelbeinig',av.
fra-nu-`dieKnieaftervornholding'(:gr.*-);
arm.cunr`knee'(r-extensiontooldu-stem*nu-),Pl.cunk-k`,Gen.cng-acwithg-extension(*ong-o-,compare-);
gr.,Gen.(Hom.)(*onus),Pl.,ol.`knee'(comparealso
Hes.),besidesGen.Sg.(for*F);lengthenedgrade`point,edge'(*F),
zerograde(compareunder)-ìndieKniesinken',àufdieKnie',
(besides,SpechtKZ.59,220)`popliteus'(*,-);
`withvorgestrecktemKnie'stehtII.570for*(=OldIndianpra-j-);
lat.gen,-s`knee',geniculum`knee,knotanPflanzen,angle';
Note
Note:
MaybeOldIrishgln`knee'<alb.gluni,gjuni`knee'[
got.kniun.,ahd.etc.knio,kneo(*kniwa-,idg.*neuo-)`knee'(anord.knalsofromknotamstraw,
asags.cneoweht`knotty,fromPflanzen';lat.geniculumalsoknotanGetreidehalmen;butlat.genista
isEtruscan);anextensionwithgerm.tinoberschles.knutzenàufdenKnienhocken'andperhapsin
got.knussjan`knien',kniwamknussjandsìndieKniezusammenknickend',ifaufatu-stem*knussus
fromthisverb*knutjan`beingbasedon';
illyr.FlNGenusus,unterital.PNGenusia,messap.PNtri-gonooa,ligur.PNGenua,adjekt.derivative
Genava`Genf';
toch.Akanwe,kenneDual.`dieknee';
hitt.gi-e-nu(genu)`knee'.
Maybealb.geg.glu-ni,tosk.glu-ri(geg.),gju-ri(tosk.)`knee',Pl.gjunj-`knees':air.gln`knee'(see
Root/lemma: gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round'),(withidg.*enu-`knee'barelyasdissimilationform
compatibleto*n-n-becauseoftheGutturaldifference);[conservativesingulardefiniteform(alb.
phonetictrait)]
Note:
hitt.gi-e-nu(genu)`knee':alb.geg.(gleni)gluni`knee'commonalb.h->gl->gj-:lith.h->dzphoneticmutation]provetheexistenceoftheoldlaryngeal(*neu-).
References:
References:WP.I586f.,WH.I592f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I463,518.
Page(s):
Page(s):380-381
Root/lemma: enu-2 f.and(endh- :)ondhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:chin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kinnbacke,Kinn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhnu-f.`Kinnbacke',av.znu-ds.,incompounds(withsecondaryar.h-,
GntertWuS.11,124f.);
phryg.-Akk.-`beard'(prefix-and*en-);
gr.,-f.`chin,Kinnbacke'(withsecondary-stem;compare`Kinnbart'from
*F,,att.f.`cuttingedgeofBeils'from*F);
lat.genaf.`cheek'(fur*genusaftermala),genunus(dens)`Backenzahn';
air.gi(u)n`mouth',cymr.gen`cheek,chin',Pl.geneu,acorn.genau,bret.genou(olderPl.*geneues);
got.kinnusf.`cheek'(*genus,*genues,-nn-from-nu-),anord.kinnf.`Backe,Bergabhang',ags.cinn,
ahd.kinnin.`chin';
toch.AanwemDualf.`mandible,lowerjawbone'(e-extensionfromenu-).
gondh- inlit.ndas`Kinnbacke',lett.zuds`chin,sharpedge';maked.,
(compareSpechtKZ.59,1131);
zerogradegr.f.,m.`Kinnbacke'(*gndh-);
unclearisarm.cnaut`Kinnbacke,cheek'.
References:
References:WP.I587,WH.I589f.,SpechtDekl.87,253,SchwyzerGr.Gr.463.
Page(s):
Page(s):381-382
Root/lemma: ep(h)- ,ebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:jaw,mouth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kiefer,Mund;essen,fressen'
Material:
Material:Withph :av.zafar-,zafan-`mouth,Rachen',participleMed.v-zafna,compares-stem
(besidesr/n-stem)inrizafah-besidesrizafan-;
withbh :gallorom.expressive*gobbo-,air.gop,nir.gob`bill,beak,neb,mouth';
germ.withphorteilweisembhanord.kjaptrorkjptr(*keuta-or*kefuta-)`muzzle,Kinnbacke,jaw',
mhd.kivel,kiver`jaw'(*kefra-)nhd.dial.kiefe`gill',ndd.keve`jaw,gill',whereforedieverbsnorw.
kjava`sichquarrel,squabble,quarrel'(`dieKiefernrhren'),mnd.nd.kibbelen,kabbelen,kevelen
`loudbabble,chatter',mhd.kibelen,kifelen`quarrel,squabble',kiven,kiffen`gnaw',kifelen`gnaw,
chew';lengthenedgradeanord.kfl,as.cfl,ags.cafl(engl.jowl,jole)`jaw'(*kfala-).
Maybealb.kafshonj`bite,gnaw',kafshànimal'
Inadditionas`nibbler':
ahd.chevaro,kevar,mhd.kevere`beetle,chafer'(*kebran-);changingthroughablautags.ceafor
(*kara-or*karu-),ndd.kavelds.;
lit.biu,bti`sloweat',biu,betièat,picken';
OldChurchSlavico-zobati`',serb.zbatièat,devour',zbf.`Hafer',russ.zobtèat,
picken',zobm.`bill,beak,neb';
ech.bra`gilltheFische',russ.bryds.coulddasfromthee-gradebezogenhaveandeine
variantwithg-contain.
fromembh-`bite'asnasalizedformtoourrootbelongs
References:
References:WP.I570f.,Trautmann364,BenvenisteOrigines10f.,Kluge11s.v.`beetle,chafer'
and`jaw'.
Page(s):
Page(s):382
Root/lemma: ersEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,biegen;alsovonZweigenandBuschwerk'
Material:
Material:Arm.ca`tree',Pl.`brushwood'(*rso-);caay(*gr-ti-)`servant,Knecht';cu`slant,skew,
crooked'(*orsos);
gr.n.`geflochtenershield,Wagenkorb'etc.,also`penis'(`*rod')(*);
Maybealb.kar`penis':Gypsykar`penis'.
lat.gerra`Rutengeflecht',Pl.gerrae`prank'isgr.Lw.;zerogradeand
.Hes.;
fromdemGr.deriveslat.gerdius`Weber';
cymr.gyrrm.`drive,impel,drift,propel,push,thrust,Viehtreiben'(*ersio-),therefromgyrruds.;
anord.kjarrn.,kjrrm.(*kerza-,kerzu-)`shrubbery,bush',schwed.dial.kars,karsem.`basketfrom
Weidenruten,smallSack,Netzsack',anord.kass(i)m.(*kars-)`Weidenkorb,Rckenkorb',schwed.
krsaf.`creel,Netzsack',norw.kjessa`basket,Bastgeflecht'(*karsin).
Inadditionprobablymhd.kerren`kehren,wenden'(*karzjan)=ags.cierran`wenden,ineine
bestimmteLagebringen,intr.sichwenden',becierran`turn',cierrm.(*karzi-)`time,Mal,business'.
References:
References:WP.I609f.,WH.I594,596,LothRC40,375f.
Page(s):
Page(s):392-393
Root/lemma: er- ,er- ,rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub;tobeold;grain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`morsch,reifwerden,altern'
Note:
Note:also,esp.informationswithformants-no-,
-no-,`corn,grain,Kern'(onlyNW-Idg.);dieoldest
meaningseems`rub'(hence`Reibefrucht,smallZerriebenes')gewesentosein,intr.-pass.
àufgeriebenbecome,fromageordisease,malady'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjrant-`fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated,old,graybeard'(=osset.
zrondòld',gr.;comparealsonpers.zar`graybeard,Greisin'),jrati`makesfragile,easily
broken;unstable,dilapidated,ltaltern'(`*reibtauf'),jara-`frail,old',jars-f.(Nom.Sg.jar,idg.
-s)andjarÀltwerden,age';redupl.jarjara-`frail,breakable,decrepit'(:gr.);lengthened
gradejra-àlternd'(=npers.zr`weak,woeful,wretched,miserable',zr`graybeard,Greisin';also
inAor.jriu);heavybasisinOldIndianjarimn-m.`hohesage,Altersschwche',jryati,jryati
`wirdfragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated,morsch,altert',participlejr-,jr-`fragile,easily
broken;unstable,dilapidated,abgelebt,abgenutzt,zerfallen,morsch,old';av.azarant-`notalternd'
(participleofs-Aor.),azarma-`notabnehmend'(from*zarma-m.`dasVerkommen'),zairinaàufreibend,erschlaffend',zarta-àltersschwach'(probably=OldIndian*jrta-),withformantu(:gr.
anord.kr,seebelow)zaurvan-m.`Greisenalter,Altersschwche',zaurura-àltersschwach,
fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated',perhapsalsozrvan-:zrn-`time';
arm.ceròld,graybeard'(*ero-);
gr.`graybeard'(-),`denGerontenzukommend',`Ratsversammlung
(theltesten)',n.(idg.*er-s,fromtheheavybasis)originally`*age,*Altersvorrecht',hence
Èhrengabe,Ehrenstellung,Belohnung',èhrwrdig,stately,respectable',lateralsoòld,
greisenhaft',òld'probablyfrom*-;inthemeaningàge'isersetztthrough
;dasfromàltere',participlepresentàlternd',themat.Impf.,etc.auf
(for)figurative,alsoaufàltere,reife',(byHes.also)òld';att.
,Gen.(*F)(hom.Dat.)òldwife,woman'(hom.probablysptereUmschrifta
richtigen*(F)afterdemgewhnlichen);perhapsinrelationshiptoav.zaurvan-m.
`Greisenalter',perhapsoriginallyNom.*e-us:Gen.*er-u-s,fromwhichF;s.SchwyzerGr.
Gr.I,574;redupl.`fromselbstabfallendeorreifeFeigeorOlive'(seeabove);
anord.karl`man,husband,alterman,husband,husband,freeman,husband'=ahd.karalds.,with
ablautags.ceorl`freeman,husbandtheniedrigstenKlasse,husband',engl.churl`Bauer,fool',mnd.
kerle`free,gewhnlicherman,husband,krftigerman,husband',nhd.(fromdemNdd.)Kerl;basic
meaningprobablyàlterman,husband';
OldChurchSlaviczrti`ripen',zrl`reif',causativeszori`'.
Inthemeaning`corn,grain,Kern':
lat.grnum`corn,grain,Kern'(*gr-nm,=OldIndianjr-,seeabove)=air.grn,cymr.etc.grawn
(Sg.gronyn)ds.(borrowingfromdemLat.isnoterweislich)=lit.rnis,lett.zirnism.`pea',Old
Prussiansyrnef.`corn,grain';OldChurchSlaviczrno,serb.znon.`corn,grain';got.karn,ahd.
ags.anord.korn,nhd.Korn,ags.cyrnel`Kern',nexttowhichzerogradesahd.krno,anord.kjarni
m.,ds.(probablyalsonhd.mdartl.kern`Milchrahm'asthebeimButternkrnigwerdende,mhd.kern
`Butterfa',anord.kjarni,kirnads.,ags.iern,engl.churnds.).
Ein*grros(*gr-rs)`zerrieben'isprobablyinlat.glrea(*grrei)`gravel'continual;eind-present
*r-dperhapsingot.gakrtn`crunch'.
References:
References:WP.I599f.,WH.I605f.,618f.,Trautmann371f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I514,574,682
underAnm.5.
Page(s):
Page(s):390-391
Root/lemma: eusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totaste;toenjoy[`savor,enjoy,taste',intheGerm.andKelt.`choose',inIndo
Iran.andAlban.`love']
Material:
Material:OldIndianjati,jut`kostet,enjoys,liebt',jsyat`findetwhereofpleasure',ja
`contentedness,Billigung,sufficiency',av.zao-,Oldpers.dau-`Geschmackwhereoffinden',av.
zao`Gefallen',zut`beliebt,erwnscht';khotan-sak.ysèrschtzt',ysua,ysuyn(ys=z)
`Leckerei';
gr.`koste,geniee'(therefrom`lassetaste');
alb.deshaÌliebte',presentdodua(*usn-,JoklIF.37,101f.);
Alsoalb.geg.dashunoj`tolove',dashuni,dashni`love',aoristdeshaÌloved'.
n-presentlat.dgn,-ere`taste'(*gus-n);
air.asa-g(*usst)`wnsche'(ad-gsi,asagssièrwnscht',s.zurformPedersenII549),
do-goa(*ust)èrwhlt',Verbaln.togu`whlen,Wahl',preteritdoriguèlegit'(*to-ro-i-us-t),
PokornyIF.35,177ff.,etc.(seePedersenaaO.);
got.kiusan`prfen,erproben',anord.kjsa`whlen,wish'(also`throughZaubereibeeinflussen',ahd.
as.kiosan`taste,prfen,whlen',nhd.kiesen,Kaus.-Iter.got.kausjan`prfen,taste,try'(=Old
Indianiyat);compareags.wl-casig`leichenwhlend'(ofraven).
nounactionisaufti-: OldIndianji-`Liebeserweisung,Gunst',got.ga-kustsf.`Prfung',afries.
kest,ags.cystm.òbjectaWahl,Vorzglichkeit'(butgr.previouslysingle-linguisticformation
fromfrom):auftu- : lat.gustus,-s`dasKosten,Genieen',kelt.*gustu-`Wahl'inden
Namenir.Oengus,Fergus,acymr.Ungust,Gurgustandinair.guss`skillfulness,power',got.kustus
`Prfung',ahd.as.kustm.`Prfung,Schtzung,Wahl,Vortrefflichkeit',anord.kostr,-ar`Wahl,
Willkr,(good)quality';derivativeofparticiple*gus-ts:lat.gust,-re`taste,genieen'=ahd.as.
kostn`taste,versuchen',ags.costian`versuchen,plague',anord.kosta,-aa`prfen,sich
anstrengen,erstreben';previousnounactionisis*kurizinags.cyrem.`Wahl,judgement',ahd.kurif.
ds.(nhd.Kur-frst,Will-kr),withintersectioninneuteranord.kr`Wahl',ags.ge-cor`verdict',
derivedahd.korn`gustare,probare'.
Maybealb.joshinvitetotaste,josh,joshjebait,temptation,enticement,appeal,smell.
References:
References:WP.I568f.,WH.I628f.,Feist312f.
Page(s):
Page(s):399-400
Root/lemma: eu- ,eu - (besidesgeu - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toadvance;tohurry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frdern,eilen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjunti`treibtzurhaste,hurry,treibtan,fachtan',jvate`hurries',jt-
`hurrying',j-`quick,fast',jt`quickness,encouragement',javn`hurrying',jav`hurrying,quick,
fast',jviha-`thefastest',m.`haste,hurry,quickness',jvas-`quickness',jvana-`driving,
animating,inciting';
av.zavah-n.`power,strength',zvar-n.`(physical)power,strength'(esp.theFeandtheRosse),
npers.zr`power',bal.zt`quick,fast',av.zvtya`thehastiest,mostfastest,themostconducive',
uzutay-`hurryingout,foaming';
besidesaufidg.geu - weisend:av.java`hurry';npers.zd`quick,fast'couldbelongtoar.or;
perhapstoanord.keyra`drive,ride,push,throw,ride';
skr.ritise`hurry',fromTrautmann80togritise`brew'placed,perhapsinspiteofunclearanlaut
here.
References:
References:WP.I555.
Page(s):
Page(s):399
Root/lemma: i- :Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosprout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`keimen,sichspalten,aufblhen'
Material:
Material:Arm.ci,ciu,ce`Halm,Stengel',n-ciu`sprout,germ,sprout';
got.keinan,us-keinan`germinate',us-kijans`hervorgekeimt';ahd.chnan`germinate,sichsplit,
ffnen',ags.cnan`break,crack,offenstehen';ahd.chmom.,aschs.kmo`germ,sprout';ags.c,
as.km.`germ,sprout,youngTrieb',ahd.frumakdièrsterTrieb';as.kio,ags.con,cun`branchia'
(probably*kijan-).HereprobablywithapreviousofBildetheaufberstendenKnospeausgegangenen
allgemeinenmeaning`break,crack,sichsplit'ahd.kl,nhd.Keil,mnd.kl,norw.klem.`wedge'(or
diesefromthesharpzulaufendenformofPflanzenkeimesFormellfrom*k-l-,compare*k-lain:)ahd.kdel,nhd.mdartl.keidelm.`wedge';aisl.kllm.`narrowMeerbucht'(`*cleft,fissure'),
changingthroughablautnorw.keilaf.`smallgully,canal',mnd.klm.`narrowMeerbucht';withags.
cinuf.`Ritze,col,gap',dn.mdartl.kin`col,gap';perhapsamhd.chil`porrus',mhd.kilm.
`ZwiebeldesLauchs',nhd.Kielm.ds.(comparebair.auskielenfromEicheln,Zwiebelnunder
likewise,`keimenddieSchale,dieskindurchbrechen');
lett.ziju,zit`hervorblhen,zumVorscheincome',nexttowhichwithd-extension(probably
originallyd-present)lit.d(i)uydti`bloom,blossom',prastu,-dau,-stiàufblhen',edas
`bloom,blossom,ring',lett.zidu(ziu),zidt`bloom,blossom'.
References:
References:WP.I544.
Page(s):
Page(s):355-356
Root/lemma: haiso- (orhiso- :hiso- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stick;dart
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stecken,alsoasWurfspie'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhas-n.`Gescho'(yetseeunderhei-1àntreiben');
gr.m.()`Hirtenstab';
gall.-lat.gaesum,gall.-gr.`schwerereisernerspear,lance'(gaest`gall.Soldtruppen');air.
ga`spear,javelin'(gide`pilatus');fogae,mir.foga`spear,lance'=cymr.gwayw(seeinaddition
ThurneysenIA.26,25,comparealsoabret.guu-goiuou`spiculis,telis',BB.17,139),mbret.goaff,
corn.gew;
ahd.as.gr,ags.gr,aisl.geirrm.`Wurfspeer'(*gaizas);got.PNRada-gaisu-s,wand.Gaisa-rk-s.
Inadditionas-iln-derivativeahd.geisila,nhd.Geiel`Peitsche',aisl.geisl,geislim.`stickthe
Schneeschuhlufer';withablaut(idg.i)langob.gsil`Pfeilschaft'(butaboutahd.gsal`captive=
Brgschaftsgefangener'seeundergheidh-`lust,crave'),aisl.gsl(i)`staff'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):410
Root/lemma: halg(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:(flexible)twig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(biegsamer)Zweig,Stange'
Material:
Material:Arm.jak`twig,branch,Gerte,Stengel,captive'(<*halg;PeterssonHeteroklisie155
expoundeddenvariationfromgandghfromaparadigm*hlgh,*hlgns);
got.galgam.`picket,pole,Kreuz',aisl.galgi`gallows',ags.gealga,afries.galga,as.ahd.galgo
`gallows,Kreuz',inadditionfurtherformationsaisl.gelgia`twig,branch,shaft,pole,stick'(dieoldest
kindofgallowswareinbiegsamertwig,branch,andemtheVerbrecherhochgeschnelltwurde);
lit.algandalgasm.`long,dnneshaft,pole',lett.algaf.`longrod,Angelrute'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):411
Root/lemma: hal- ,hal-arEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flaw,defect
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schade,Gebrechen'
Material:
Material:Air.galarn.`disease,malady,distress',cymr.corn.galar`luctus,planctus';
aisl.gallim.`Makel,fault,error,damage'(butgeallam.`wundgeriebeneStellebeimPferde',engl.gall
ds.,mnd.galle`beschdigteplace',mhd.galle`tumefactionamPferde,fehlerhafteplaceinGestein',
nhd.galle`swelling,lump,growth,FehlerinGestein,infarmlandetc.àrewithGalle=Gall-apfelfrom
lat.gallaborrowed);
lit.al`damage,injury',alngas`bsartig,schdlich',lett.zalba,zolba`damage,injuryambody'(or
fromdemRussischenborroweds.EndzelinKZ.44,66);
perhapsalsoklruss.zolok`dieschmerzhaftesteStelleanwound',russ.nazla`ruefulness,distress,
rger'.
Pedersen(Hitt.46)compareswithair.galarhitt.kal-la-ar(kallar)èvil,bad'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):411
Root/lemma: han-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andverwandteformationsfor`Gans'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:han-s- :
:`goose'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghagha ,gheghe ,ghighi :
:`to
cackle(ofgeese)'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianhas-m.,hasf.`goose,swan';soghd.z``sorted'oiseau';
Maybeonomatopoeicalb.guga`babyshirt,*youngling',expressive,gogsinj`burp,belch,yawn'
(*gha-ghans)`*onomatopoeiccryofgoose',alsoalb.gaga`cryofgoose';geg`speechofGegpeople'
=shqip`speechofeaglemen',geg`*eaglemen(translatedbynativesasgoosemen)'.
gr.,-,m.f.,dor.bot.`goose'from*,(here,asinGerm.andinlit.Gen.Pl.
s,stilldieoldconservativeinflection);
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*gnos)nosa,rosa`goose'commonalb.n/r
n/rrhotacism;alsogn->n-italicillyrianphoneticmutation.
lat.nser,mostlym.`goose'(originally*hanser;zurstemformationcompareslav.*ansera(*gansera-)`Gnserich'inaech.hser,polab.gnsgarr,etc.);
air.giss`swan'(*gans=OldIndianhas,notfromaconservativestemreshaped);
ahd.gans(i-stemgeworden),ags.gs(Pl.gsfrom*gans-iz=gr.),aisl.gs(Pl.gs)`goose'
(fromags.gsderivesmir.goss);
lit.ssf.`goose'(Akk.s=gr.,Gen.Pl.conservatives,dial.alsoNom.Pl.ses),lett.
zoss,OldPrussiansansyds.;
slav.*gs(withprobablyaufgerm.influenceberuhendenginsteadofz)inruss.gus,sloven.os,
poln.g`goose';
SpechtDekl.204willalsolit.gn--e,gen--f.`Reiher'herestellen.
Ags.gan(d)ra`Gnserich'(engl.gander),mnd.ganreds.giltasMask.-formationofstem*gan-after
kindoffromahd.kat-aro`tomcat,male-cat';ifein*ganezan-thebasiclge,standschweiz.gann,
ganner`BezeichnungfromTaucherarten'as*ganz-withitinSuffixablaut.
Besideseinecertainlyoftheabbreviatedstemghan-(whereforeghan-[e]s-asidg.*mn-t-:*mn-
[e]s-`Monat')ausgegangeneformationwith-d-:germ.(zuerstbyPlin.)gantaàkindofgoose'(outof
itprov.gante`wildgoose,stork';diemeaning`stork'showsalsolit.gadras,OldPrussiangandarus,
fromgerm.*gan[d]ro),ags.ganotèinwildWasservogel,e.g.fulix',ahd.ganazzo`Gnserich',also
ganzo,mnd.ganteds.(Aderivativetherefromwithsimilarmeaningastirol.gnzen`kokettieren',
gnsernàseinegoosetun',also`veneremappetere',siebenbrg.goaseln`schkern'isnisl.ganta
`schkern',ganti`scurra',schwed.mdart.gant,dn.gante`Geck',whereforeasfem.norw.gjente
`girl'.)
Daidg.ghan-s-,-()d-withgr.(seehan-)andgenerallywiththefamily2.h-`yawn'
zusammenhngt,alsofromdemheisernAnfauchenofanimalsbyaufgesperrtembill,beak,nebden
Namenhat,isumsoglaublicher,asalsoh-`yawn'originallyidenticalAusatmenbeimGhnen
bezeichnethat.AsimilarLautnachahmung(partlyalsobasefromWasservogelnamen)seebelowgha
gha-.
References:
References:WP.I536,WH.I52,583,Trautmann365f.,SpechtDekl.47,204.
Page(s):
Page(s):412
Root/lemma: hanEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toyawn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ghnen,klaffen'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.Aor.(eigentl.Imperf.to*--,*-),Perf.(dor.)
`yawn,klaffen'(thereafterspterespresent),`dasGhnen',byKomikernalso`mouth',
(-copulativum)`weitgeffnet,weitausgedehnt',etc.;besides,`spreche
withoffenemMunde'Hes.;
differentaboutgr.SpechtDekl.282f.,thein-denanlauttherootsees;about-ìn
vollenZgen's.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I626;
aisl.gann.`dasGhnen'(probably=),norw.schwed.gan`gullet,Rachen',also`gill,Kopf
andEingeweidekleinererFische';aisl.ganaàufklaffen,(mouthorAugenafteretwasaufsperren:)
lust,crave,glotzen',gnir`Sptter'.Alsothenamethegoose,idg.han-s-,han-[]d-,placessich
here,seethere.
References:
References:WP.I534,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I694,WissmannNom.postverb.149f.
Page(s):
Page(s):411
Root/lemma: hasto-1 ,hazdhoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twig;pole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rute,Stange'
Material:
Material:Lat.hasta`shaft,pole,staff,Schaft,spear,javelin,spear,lance',umbr.hostatu,anostatu
`hastatos,inhastts'(onotbefriedigendexpounded),mir.gass`lap,scion,shoot,Reis'(<*ghasto-);
besides*ghazdh-inmir.gat`Weidenrute',mir.trisgataim`durchbohre';perhapsinadditionair.gataid
`stiehlt'as`stichtan'(ThurneysenKZ.63,1144);
maybealb.fullgradeheshta`spear'isolderthanlat.hasta`spear'
alb.suggeststhatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hasto-1 ,hazdho- :
:(twig;pole)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
ak - , ok -,(ak - sti- )::(sharp;stone)
got.gazdsm.`sting,prick',aisl.gaddr`sting,prick,cusp,peak',as.fiurgard`Feuergabel',ahd.gart
m.`stimulus';inadditionwithi-derivativeags.gierdf.`rod',afr.ierde`Gerte,Merute',as.gerdia
`Gerte,rod,staff,ray',ahd.gartia,gertia`rod,Zepter'.
References:
Perhapsidenticalwith:
Page(s):
Page(s):412-413
Root/lemma: hasto-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hand,arm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hand,Arm'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.moreproperlyunderhesto-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):413
Root/lemma: hau- ,hau Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocall,*priestess,*goddess
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rufen,anrufen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhvate`ruft,ruftan,ruftherbei'(otherPrsensbildungeninhvyati,huv,hma,
juhmsi),Pass.hyte,participleht-`geladen,angerufen',hvtaveInfin.,hvman-n.Ànrufung',
hva-m.n.,havs-,hvana-n.ds.,hmann.`RufenofPreises',hvtar-Ànrufer';
av.zavaiti`ruft,ruftan,verwnscht'(besidesdiePrsentiazbayeiti,zaozaomi),participleztaàngerufen',zavana-n.`shout,call,Anrufung',zavan`shout,call',zbtr-m.`Rufer,Anrufer';
arm.jaunem`weihe',n-zovk``Fluch';
gr.a`rhmemich,boast,brag'(*ghaughau-,compareav.zaozaomi),fromwhichback
formationf.`boastfulness';
maybegeminationalb.(*ghaughau-)geg`northernalb.people.
air.guthm.`voice'(*gutu-s);inadditiongall.gutuaternameaKlassefromPriestern,probablyfrom
*hutu-ptr`father(d.h.Meister)ofAnrufs(angod)',Loth,RC15,224ff.,28,119ff.,Rev.Archol.
1925,221;
lit.avti`conjure,performmagic',lett.zavtds.,actually`jemandemetwasanfluchen'(compareav.
zavaiti`verwnscht');
OldChurchSlaviczov,zvati`call,shout,cry',skr.zvm,zvti`call,shout,cry',aech.zovu,zvati,
russ.zov,zvatds.;inadditionsloven.zvm.`shout,call(whethernotnounpost-verbal,=Old
Indianhava-,m.`shout,call').
Hereprobably(as*ghu-t-màngerufenescreature'):
germ.*gua-n.`god'(compareOldIndianpuruht`vielangerufen',ved.epithetIndras)ingot.
gum.`god'(dieoriginallyneutraleformstillinPl.gudaandingaliuga-gu`Gtze'),aisl.go,gun.
`heidnischergod';gum.`(christlicher)god',ags.engl.afries.aschs.godds.,ahd.gotds.;
therefromderivedahd.gutin(na),mnl.godinne,ags.gyden`goddess';got.gudjam.`(originally
heidnischer)priest',aisl.goim.`heidnischerpriest'(urnord.guija),gyjaf.`priestess';mhd.goting
`priest';
previouschristlicheformationsareahd.*gotfater,gotmuoter,ags.godfer,anord.gufaer,
gumer`Pate,Patin',inadditionasKoseformenschwed.gubbe`graybeard',gumma`Greisin',ahd.
*goto,gota,mhd.gt(t)e,got(t)e`Pate,Patin'.
Note:
Maybealb.geg.shift(*huen->hu-)z,zani`voice,call'[commonalb.ha->z-phonetic
mutation],alb.(*huon-)zota`gods'newcognatezot`god'becauseofthealb.h>d,zshift.Itis
clearthatalb.(hg)zogu`bird'seebelowRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hgh- :
:`youngofananimalorbird'.
Alsonazalizedalb.(*huen-)zana`goddess,nymph'[commonalb.h>d,zphoneticmutation]
Root/lemma:hu e n- :
:`tosound'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hau- ,hau - :
`tocall'
FinallyfromRoot/lemma:
:`tocall'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dei-1 ,dei - ,d- ,
di - :
:`toshine;day;sun;skygod,god'.Thephoneticshifth->d-,z-isuniqueIllyrian,Albanianand
satemlanguagesingeneral.Hencetheoriginofathundergod,noisegodwasamongsatem
speakingpeople.
References:
References:WP.I529f.,Trautmann367;ausfhrl.Lit.byFeist227f.
Page(s):
Page(s):413-414
Root/lemma: hghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:youngofananimalorbird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`JungeeinesTieres,especiallyeinesVogels'
Material:
Material:Npers.zq`younganimal,esp.youngchicken'(qarabisierendespellingfor);
[arm.jag`Jungeofananimal,esp.aVogels,Nestling'ispers.Lw.];
alb.zok,zogu`bird,youngbird,theyoungofthedonkey'.
Note:
[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation]alb.pl.zogj`birds'[conservativestem
ofpluralforms(alb.phonetictrait)].
References:
References:WP.I531.
Page(s):
Page(s):409
Root/lemma: (h)ehEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ferret
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ìltis'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjhak`polecat'(or`hedgehog'),lit.kas`polecat'(throughzweifache
assimilationfrom*ekasoriginated);comparelit.ok`goat'comparedwithOldIndianajikds.
References:
References:WP.I570,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.630;differentMhlenbach-EndzelinIII820.
Page(s):
Page(s):424
Root/lemma: hei-1 ,hiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrive;tothrow;towound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àntreiben,lebhaftbewegen(schleudern)orbewegtsein';`(geschleudertes)
Gescho'
Note:
Note:fromthemeaning`Gescho'oratmostverbal`whereupontoss,fling,meet'kann`verwunden'
(groupB)hasderived(rootformheis-).
Material:
Material:A.hei-àntreiben':
OldIndianhinti,hnvati(participlehyant-)`treibtan,schleudert',participlehit-;hmn-n.
èagerness';hti-m.`Gescho'(comparegerm.*gaid);
av.zani-àstir,keen,eager',zaman-àctive,awake',n.`Regsamkeit,Muntersein,Wachsein',
zanahvant-(froma*zanah-n.)`wachend,watchful,wakeful';zana-m.`weapon',zaya-m.
`(*weapon),appliance,Ausrstungsgegenstand',zayan-`bewaffnet'.
AlsoOldIndianhya`steed'=arm.ji,Gen.jioyds.hereas`dasLebhafte';
langob.gaidaf.`spear,javelin',ags.gdf.`sting,prick,cusp,peak,Stecken',PNahd.Gaido;in
additionaisl.geddaf.`Hecht'<geiida,comparelapp.kaitods.;
got.langob.gain-`weapon'inPN(Gainhard,Gainwald),ags.gn-inPN;
got.*gailsm.`spear,javelin'inPNGl-mrus,ags.Gl-fri,ahd.Geil-muot.
B.heis-`verwunden':
OldIndianhas-n.`Gescho'(kannbutalsoidg.*haiso-ssein,seethere);inadditionprobably
hsati(previouslynachved.hinsti)`schdigt,verletzt';
air.gite`vulneratus',mir.getas`quioccidit'(*hoizd-);
lit.eidi,eidiau,esti`verwunden',aizd`wound'.Thesamed-extensionbyheis:heizdàufgebracht'.
References:
References:WP.I546,PokornyUrillyrier64,HolthausenGot.etym.Wb.34.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparestillheis-, heizd-àufgebrachtsein',aswellashaiso- .
Page(s):
Page(s):424-425
Root/lemma: hei-2 :hiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:winter;snow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Winter,Schnee'
Note:
Note:afterSpechtDekl.14,330f.older-men- stem,withalreadyidg.changeofmntom.
Material:
Material:A.hei-men-, *heimn- :
Ther-extensionisanalogicalafter*semero-`summery'.
OldIndianhman(Lok.)ìnwinter',hmantm.`winter'(:hitt.gimmanzads.);
gr.n.`winter,winterstorm,coldness',m.`winterstorm,winterweather,winter'(in
additionalso`spigot',itwouldbepulledoutiftheshipwasbroughtintheland);
alb.geg.dimnm.,tosk.dimr()`winter'(olderAkk.*hei-men-om);
bsl.*eim(from*eimn)inlit.iem,lett.zma,OldPrussiansemo`winter'andOldChurchSlavic
zima,Gen.zimy,russ.zim,bulg.zma,skr.zma,sloven.zma,ech.zima,poln.zima`winter'.
hitt.gi-im-ma-an-za`winter'seeabove.
Inadditionheim(e)rinos andheiminos`wintery'.
Ingr.,lat.hibernus(<*gheimrinos),lit.iemnis,OldChurchSlaviczimn,russ.zmnij,
skr.zmn,ech.zimn(ech.zimn`cold'),poln.zimny`cold,wintery'(comparewithablaut.iinthe
rootsyllablearm.jmen`winter').
To*ghei-allein:av.zayan-,zan-m.`winter',npers.dai;av.zayana-`wintery'andwithVrddhierung
OldIndianhyana-ànnual,yearly',hyan-m.n.`year'(rhymemeaningtoav.hamana`summery').
Note:
Root/lemma:en-2 :
:`year':Root/lemma:
Root/
lemma: u e t- :
Root/lemma:hei-2,
hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- ::`winter;snow'
B.hi m, ghii m, Gen.hiems, hims, alsohi o ms (mfrom*mn).
Av.zyf.`winter'(Akk.zym,Gen.zim);
arm.jiun`snow'(<*ghiim),Gen.jean(<hiion-,s.MeilletEsquisse45);
gr.(*),`snow';
ligur.mnsBerigiema(`schneetragend'),withareshapedending;
lat.hiems,-is`winter';
mir.gem-adaig`winternight'(gam`winter'isreshapedaftersam`summer',compareThurneysenKZ.
59,2,8;61,253);acymr.gaem,ncymr.gauaf,acorn.goyf,bret.goanv,gall.wintermonth
Giamon[ios],EigennameGiamillus,otherformationsmir.gem-radn.,mcymr.gaeaf-rawd
`winter'(*hiiemo-rto-,toret- `run');alsoir.gamuinòneyear-oldcalf';
aisl.gif.andgf.,gi-mnar`themonthfrommiddleofFebruarytillthemiddleofMarch',isl.ga,
underf.,norw.gjf.,schwed.gjemnad(g-<gi-afterBuggeArk.f.nord.Fil.4,123ff.).
Fraglichdieappositionfroman.gamallòld',gemlingròneyearoldsheep',ags.gamolòld',
gamelian`growold',as.gigamalodàged',ahd.onlyinEigennamenasGamalbold,Gamalberht,
Gamalbergaetc.asàged',comparelat.annsus.
C.himo- (fromhi-mn-o- ):
OldIndianhimm.`coldness,frost,snow',hmf.`winter',av.zmaka-m.`winterstorm'(compare
denGen.fromzy:zimunder.);
gr.`wintery,stormy',`he-goat',`theone-year-old(nannygoat)',
`goat',lat.bmus(<*bihimos),trmus,quadrmus`twoyearsoldorlastingtwoyears'(compareved.
at-hima-`hundred-year-old'),norw.dial.gimber,schwed.dial.gimber,dn.gimmerlam`female
lamb',dial.butòne-year-oldlamb'(PedersenKZ.32,248),andfrk.(LexSalica)ingimus`porcus
anniculus'.Theformswithy:aisl.gymbròne-year-oldsow',norw.gymber,schwed.gymmer`lamb'
arebasedprobablyoninfluenceofnotrelated-bytheway,uninterpreted-aisl.gymbill,PNGumbull,
aschwed.gummerlambàries,ram',isl.gummarr,norw.gumse,schwed.gumseàries,ram',see
HellquistSvEO.210.
References:
References:WP.1546ff.,WH.I106,645f.,Trautmann367,SpechtKZ.53,307f.
Page(s):
Page(s):425-426
Root/lemma: hel-1 (andghel- ),alsoasi- ,u- orn- stem;hel- :hl- ,hl- :hl(*hwel -)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;green,gold,blue,*sun
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,schimmern';asFarbadjektiv:`gelb,grn,grauorblau'
Note:
Root/lemma:
:to
shine;green,gold,blue,*sun;derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:el- ,el- ,l- ,(also*geli- :)
(e)li- :
:light,toshine;tobejoyful.
Material:
Material:Inviewofthefrequentcases,whereidg.palatalsinBalto-slav.arerepresentedbyvelar,
insteadofthroughaconcurrenceofel-,hel-andghel-agreeablewithPersson(Beitr.790)and
Kretschmer(Gl.21,115)thebaltoslav.*gel-isdefinedthroughborrowingfromaCentumlanguage
(Ven.-Illyr.).
Note:
Theenxtendedroot(*hwel -)-nta,-na,-taformantsfollowthemodelofillyr.-Anatolianattribute
nouns,adjectives.(seealb.numbers).
OldIndianhri-`blond,yellow,golden,greenyellow,pale',hari`gazelle',hart-`falb',hrita`yellow,green',hraya-n.`gold,Geld',hiranyya-`golden,goldig';abouthaaka-n.`gold's.Kuiper
Proto-Munda30;inadditionbeingbasedonvelarrootOldIndianghoa-`horse'asoriginally`fox'
(SommerIF.31,364underA.3);
av.zari-`yellow,yellowish,golden',zairita-`yellow,paled-yellow',zaranya-,Oldpers.daraniya-n.
`gold',zaranana`fromgold,golden',zra-m.`gall'(=gr.),namedafterthecolorasgr.,
lat.fel,[commonlat.ghw->ph->f-phoneticmutation],anord.gallusf.;withvelarrootanlautgrkrta-`cuttingoutthegall'(seeBartholomaeAltiran.Wb.523withLit.);
Note:
Alb.(*hel-)diel`sun':nir.gealachf.`moon',alsoalb.diel`Sunday,dayofthesun'[commonalb.illyr.h->d-phoneticmutation]:Oldpers.daraniya-n.`gold'.
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/
lemma: dhel-2 :
Root/lemma:dhel-3 :
thrak.`gold'(),phryg.Hes.;phryg.andHes.
(fromgr.borrowed);
alb.dhelpr,dhelpn,dhelbun(e)`fox',eigentl.`theGelbe'(seeJoklLinguist.kulturhist.Stud.297
ff.);
gr.`gall,rage,fury',`gall,rage,fury',-`stomachdisease',`palegreen.
greenyellow,fresh,strong'(:aisl.glr`radiance');
lat.fel,fellis(*felnis)n.`gall'(oldern-stemasahd.galla),fprobablydialect;WH.I474,EM2342
wouldbeplacedtofelandlit.geltas`yellow'etc.(seeunder)aroot*ghel-();
Note:
Lat.fel,fellis(*felnis)n.`gall'derivedfromrootdel:alb.diel`yellowsun,(*hot,bitter,burning)'
becauseofcommonlat.d->f-phoneticmutation.
thenormaldevelopmentinlat.helvus`honey-yellow,golden'(*heluos)=gallolat.gilvus`lightyellow'
(withdial.ifromgall.*gelvos);
inadditionlat.(h)olus,-eris(from*holos,*heleris)n.,dial.folus,oldhelus,helusa`herbage,
vegetables,cabbage';
herealsolat.galbus`xanthousbird',galbinus`greenyellow',whetherkelt.orillyr.Lw.(*ghel-bho-or
*ghol-bho-,furthertolit.gulbisseeunder);
Maybealb.gjelbr`green':galbinus`greenyellow'.
air.gel`luminous,white',nir.gealachf.`moon';cymr.gell`yellow',bret.gell`brown'(*helno-);
inaddition*ghl- inir.cymr.corn.bret.glan`pure,clean',kelt.FlNGlanis,Glan,ir.glain`glass,
crystal'(*ghlni-),cymr.glain`gemstone,jewel'(*ghlnio-);
alsoinisl.glana`clearup',glan`radiance',norw.dial.glana`shimmer,gleam,shine,clearup',
schwed.dial.glana`shineweakly,stare,peek',asch.FlNGlana(furtherseeunderdensextensions).
aisl.galln.`gall,poison'(*galln-,idg.*gholn-),ags.geallam.,as.galla,intensef.,ahd.galla,weak
f.`gall';
zerogradeaisl.gulr`yellow',besidesfullgradeags.geolo,as.ahd.gelo,Gen.gelwesds.(<*gelua-);
got.guln.,aisl.gull,golln.,ags.afries.as.ahd.goldn.`gold';
Ablautgrade*ghl-inaisl.glmr`moon',glmsyniòpticdeception,illusion',schwed.glmig`grayyellowintheface,withsunkeneyes',aisl.glr`bright'(*glia=lit.ljunder).
*hl- (asingr.)appearsinags.glm`twilight,dawn,dusk'(yetbeforemisambiguous),
as.glian,ahd.gluoen`burn',glhen`shine',aisl.gl`blaze,glow,glowingcoal',ags.gldf.
`blaze,glow,flame,glowingcoal,coal',afries.gld`blaze,glow',ahd.gluot`blaze,glow,glowing
coals';aisl.-glrn.`radiance'(:),aisl.glra`sparkle,glitter';s.alsounderS.433hlu-;
lit.eli,liau,lti,lett.zelù,zelt`begreen';ablaut.lit.lias,lett.zal',OldPrussiansaligan
`green',lit.ol,lett.zlef.`grass,herb',OldPrussianslinAkk.`herb',lit.las`red'(fromcattle);lit.
las`gray',lett.zils`blue',lit.elvas`greenish',lett.zlts(previousNeutr.)`gold',ostlit.eltas
`golden';lit.lj`twilight,Halbdunkel'(*hli),TrautmannBsl.Wb.364f.,368,372;lit.tuls`gall',
throughMetath.from*ults;lett.ultsds.(*hlt-);tou-steminlit.alvas,elvas(=lat.helvus)
`green',alik`grnerfrog',etc.s.SpechtDekl.120;
OldChurchSlaviczelen`green',skr.zlen,ech.zelen;russ.zelnyj,poln.zielonyds.(compare
OldIndianhraya-`gold';inadditionOldChurchSlaviczelijen.`vegetables',russ.zelje`herb,
Heilkraut',skr.zlje`herbage',ech.zeln.`herb,Kohl');
inadditionalsoruss.zoàsh',bulg.zol`Holzasche,outofitgekochtelye';OldChurchSlavic
zlak`herb',russ.zlak`grass',bulg.zlakove`Grser,Kruter';
slav.*zoltoinOldChurchSlaviczlato`gold',russ.zoto,skr.zlto,ech.zlato,poln.zotods.,
besidesslav.*zolt`golden'inruss.zootj,sloven.zlt,ech.zlat,poln.zloty`golden';
OldChurchSlaviczl`gall'(*hl-ki-s);bulg.zlka`chicory'(zinvolksetymolog.connectionan
zelenetc.);compareunderOldChurchSlavicltds.withvelaranlaut.
Besidesanlautendesbaltoslav.g - in:
bsl.*gelta-and*gilta-`yellow'in:lit.geltas`yellow'(therefromgelsvas`yellowish');
lett.dzlts`yellow',dzeltt`yellowbecome';therefromderivedOldPrussian*geltaynan(Hs.
gelatynan);lit.geltnas;lett.dzeltainsanddzltns`yellow';serb.-ChurchSlaviclt,skr.t(f.
ta);ech.luty;russ.t(f.et);
inadditionOldChurchSlaviclt,l`gall',russ.ol,bulg.lkads.and`chicory',skr.,
ech.lu,poln.ds.;compareabovemilpalatal.anlautOldChurchSlaviczlds.;
besidesdemt-suffixinFarbadjektiveinn-suffixinanimalnamesbaltoslav.*giln-f.`Specht'inlit.
gilna`Wacholderdrossel',lett.dzilna`Specht';slav.*lnainruss.-ChurchSlaviclna,skr.dial.ln
`Schwarzspecht',poln.na`Bienenspecht',russ.en`Schwarzspecht';
withothersuffixech.luvaf.`Pirol'(fromslav.lva;compareinadditionabovelat.helvusandwith
palatal.anlautlit.elvas`greenish',inadditionalvf.`Rispengras',elvsm.`grnenderstem');
hereprobablyalso(comparebutohenS.428underel-)OldPrussiangulbis,lit.gulbism.(*golbhio-)
gulbf.,lett.glbis`swan'and`weiecow'(hencenottoghel-`call,shout,cry');
furtherwithunexplainedk-:
slav.*klp,*klpinosorb.ko,kaschub.kpds.,russ.kpikm.`Lffelreiher';
inadditionfurtherruss.goubj,OldPrussiangolimban`blue',lit.gelumbf.`blaueskerchief,cloth',
abg.golb`dove',skr.glbm.ds.,ech.holubds.,etc.;zurformationcomparelat.columba,
palumbsds.;
RootextensionswithDental:
hld- inags.glterian`splendescere',participle`flavus';mnd.glate,mhd.glazm.`Glatze'.
hlend ( h ))-`gleam,see,show,glance,look'in:
air.as-gleinnèrbelehrt',in-glennatìnvestigant',fo-gliunnÌlearn',bret.goulenn`long,want';air.dogliunnÌsammle'(Verbaln.dglaimm),bret.dilennàuswhlen',gallorom.glennre`hrenlesen'
(glenn-<*glendn-s.PedersenKGr.I157,II539),glse`gleaming'(<*glendtio-);bret.glein`clear,
bright'(*glandio-,idg.*ghlndhio-);
norw.dial.gletta`peek',glett`clearFleckamsky,heaven',schwed.dial.glnta`hervorschimmern,
einwenigffnen',mhd.glinzen`shimmer,gleam',ahd.mhd.glanz`gleaming',mhd.glanz,glunz
`radiance',ahd.mhd.glenzen`gleam';schwed.glindra`glitzern',mhd.glander`gleaming,
glimmering',glanderm.n.`radiance,Schimmer';comparewithothermeaningunderhlend(h)-;
bsl.*glendi`look,see'(withanlaut.Velar)in:
lett.(kurisch)glendi`search,seek';
slav.*gldj,*gldtiin:
russ.gljadt`see,show,glance,look',skr.gldm,ech.hledm,hledtids.andasoriginally
iterativeOldChurchSlavicgldati`',bulg.gldam,skr.gldm,gldati,aech.hladati,poln.
glda`see,see,show'(Trautmann92f).
Hereghldh- , hldh- `gleaming,smooth'
Lat.glaber`smooth,unbehaart,naked,bald,bleak'(*ghldh-ro-);
aisl.glar`smooth,gleaming,blithe,glad',gleia,glaa`gladden,unterhalten',ags.gld`gleaming,
glimmering,blithe,glad,joyful,gratifying,pleasant',gladian`gleam,shimmer,glnzendmachen,
caress,comfort,gladden',afries.gled`smooth',as.gladmd(=ags.gldmd)`cheerful',ahd.glat
`gleaming',mhd.glat`gleaming,smooth';withintensivegeminationmhd.glatz`Kahlkopf,Glatze'
(comparemhd.glitze`radiance;Kahlkopf');
lit.glods,gldnas`smoothanliegend,gentle',gldiu,glsti`polish,smooth',lett.glatu,glstt
`caress',OldPrussianglosto`whetstone';
OldChurchSlavicglad-k`smooth,eben',russ.gdkij`smooth',bulg.gladk`smooth,poliert',
skr.gladak,ech.hladk,poln.gadki`smooth,beautiful,cute';causativeruss.gdit`smooth,
pltten,caress',bulg.gldja,skr.glditi,ech.hladiti,poln.gadzids.(Trautmann91).
furtherwithnasalinfixhlend(h)- `glide,slide'inndd.glandern`schliddern',glanderÈisscholle'
(perhapsalsoags.glendrian,glentrian`verschlingen,herabstrzen'as`glide,slidelassen');norw.
gletta,schwed.mda.glinta`glide,slide'(compareabovegletta`peek');
lit.galndu,galsti`sharpen,schleifen',lett.galuods`whetstone',OldPrussianglandint`comfort',
glands`consolation'(comparetomeaningaboveags.gladian`caress,comfort';compareabove
ghlend(h)-`gleam');
aboutlit.glemb,glbti`smooth,softbecome'seeundergel- `clench'.
s - andst -extensions:
Ir.glass`green,gray,blue',cymr.glas`blue',bret.glaz`green',gall.glastumn.1.`Waid,Isatis
tinctoria',2.`Heidelbeere'(M.-L.3779b);witheinfachem-s-gallorom.*glasina`Heidelbeere'(M.-L.
3779a);toir.glassstillair.glaissf.`river',mir.glaisn`Waid',mcorn.glesin`sandix',inaddition
mhd.glast`radiance',glanstds.,glanster`spark',glasten`gleam',ablaut.glosten,glusten;
lat.-germ.glsum`Bernstein'=ags.glrm.`Bernstein,resin',ahd.gls`Bernstein',aisl.glsa
`gleamingmake,verzieren',ablaut.norw.dial.glsa`sparkle,glitter,gleam,shine,glance,look',aisl.
glsi-ligr`gleaming';aisl.glern.`glass',ags.withs:glsn.`glass',afries.gles,as.glas,glesn.
`glass',ahd.glas`glass';as.glaso`Grauschimmel',mengl.glaren`gleam',mnd.glaren`gleam,glow'.
hlei- liesbeforeingr.(poet.)`warmorsoftbecome,indulgeoneself,lusciouslyleben',
`warmmake,erweichen',`warm,lukewarm';
ir.gl,cymr.gloew`gleaming,clear,bright'(<*ghlei-uo),gledd(*ghlii)`grnerlawn',mir.glinech
`clear,bright',mcymr.try-lwyn`verydistinct';
anord.glj`glitzern',afries.gla`glow',ags.glm`radiance',as.glmo`radiance',ahd.glmo,gleimo
`Glhwrmchen',mhd.glmen`gleam,shine,gleam',glimmen`glow,gleam',norw.dial.glna`gleam,
stare',schwed.glina`lcheln',glena`gleam,shine,sichaufklren,laugh'.
hleid-:
Gr.`softness,luxuriance,Luxus',`mushy,softish,delicate,mollycoddle,luscioussein';
got.glitmunjan`gleam',aisl.glita,glitra`glitzern':fullgradeas.gltan`gleien',ahd.glzzan`gleam',
glitzenintensiveinaddition,aisl.glitn.,ahd.glz`radiance,lightning',glizemods.,ags.glitenian,ahd.
glizinn`shimmer'.
Hereprobablyalsohleidh-`glide,slide':
Ags.gldanàusgleiten,fall',glidder`schlpfrig',afries.glda`glide,slide',as.gldan`labi',ahd.gltan
`glide,slide';ags.-gldan`glide,slidemake',asch.bi-gldiands.,aisl.gleir`spreizbeinig'.
Aboutlit.glits`smooth'seeunderglei-bygel-`clench'.
hleis-:
Gall.glso-margf.`Gleimergel',gallorom.*glso-,older*glso-(idg.*ghlei-s-o-);comparecymr.
glwys`beautiful',abret.glois,gloesds.(*ghlei-st-o);aisl.glissa`spttischlaugh',ags.glsian,glisnian
`gleam,shine',afries.glisia`shimmer,blink',mhd.glistern`sparkle,glitter',norw.schwed.glsa
`gleam,shimmer';nasalizedmhd.glinsten`gleam',glinster`radiance'.
hleu- andhlu-: hl- perhapsingr.(F),`grngelbeorhellgrnepaint,color',

`youngSaat,younggrass',(F)`green,fresh,strong';
furtherinir.gluair(*ghleu-ri-)`clear,bright,pure,clean';cymr.glo`coal',corn.glow,mbret.glou,
abret.glaou(seePedersenKGr.I63).
Got.glaggw`genau',glaggwaba`sorgsam',aisl.glggr,glggr`clear,bright,distinct,painstaking,
stingy',ags.glaw,as.glau,ahd.ndd.glau`scharfsichtig,smart',aisl.gluggi`Lichtffnung,window'.
(ZurZusammenstellungthesewordswithlit.velgi,velgti`glance,look'vergleicheTrautmann374.)
hlu- inaisl.gla`glow,gleam,gleam,shine',ags.glwan`fulminare',aisl.himinglva`Tochter
girsandtheRn'(Verkrperungthesurge);-gl-f.`sun',-glaf.`moon';s.alsoaboveS.430under
hl- .
hl - : norw.dial.glyma`finster,threateningorlauerndblicken',aschwed.glna`scheelblicken',
ostfries.glmen`verdecktandclandestineafteretwassehenandlurk';aisl.glmrm.`bear'.
Inadditions -( st -)
-)extensions:
Ir.gluss(*hlustu-)`light,Helligkeit';
aisl.glys`radiance,Putz',nisl.glosa`strahlen',mhd.glosen,glosten`glow,gleam',gloste`blaze,
glow',mnd.glren`lurk',engl.toglower`finsterblicken',steir.gloren`stare',norw.dial.glyra
`seitwrtsblicken,schielen,blink',aisl.glyrnaf.èye',norw.glrds.
hl d - :mengl.glouten,engl.toglout`stare,grievingorgrumpy,surly,sullenaussehen',togloat(<
*glotian)`hmischblicken,anstarren',aisl.glotta`grinsen',mhd.nhd.glotzen.
Maybealb.glemb`thorn,vegetation',gjelbr`green'
References:
References:WP.I623f.,624ff.,WH.I473f.,514,578f.,600,607f.,639,654,868,Trautmann83
f.,88,364f.,368,372,PerssonBeitr.170f.,790ff.,876f.
Page(s):
Page(s):429-434
Root/lemma: hel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianhal-m.n.`plough'(originally`bough,twig,branch');huu-,hua-m.àries,
ram'(*ghdu-);
arm.jo`picket,pole,stick'etc.,jlem`furche,plow';
gr.`priesttheKybele,Verschnittener'(fromdemPhryg.,whencealsohitt.iskalla-`zerfetzen,
tear',IskallisnameofAttis),outofitlat.gallusds.;
maybealb.(*skall)kallìnsert',shkalloj`gomad(theheadsplitsfrompain)'alb.geg.(*skaly-),shkly
`totearapart,split'.
acymr.gylym,mcymr.geleu,gelyf`knife,Dolch'(Vendryest.celt.4,60)from*hel-mo-=ags.
gielm;
got.gilaf.`sickle';ags.gielmm.`fascicle,sheaf';aisl.gltr,galti`boar',gylr,gylta`sow;axe',ags.
gielte`youngsow',mnd.gelteàcastratedMutterschwein',ahd.galza,gelzaf.`verschnittenesswine';
ahd.mhd.galt,ags.gielde,anord.geldr,aschwed.galder`keinemilkgiving,unfruchtbar',aisl.gelda
`kastrieren';schweiz.galtalso`nochkeinemilkgiving',galdvee=`Jungvieh'.
lit.olis`Stckwood,treetruck'(hli-).
ObigeGleichungendurchwegsdoubtful.
References:
References:WP.I626f.,PeterssonHeterokl.155f.,.I581.
Page(s):
Page(s):434
Root/lemma: henghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomarch,step
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreiten;Schritt,Schenkelspreize,Schamgegend'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjhas-n.`footstep,Flgelschlag',jghÙnterschenkel',av.zangmànkle
ofFues',-zangra-(incompounds)ds.,zerogradeOldIndianjaghna-m.n.`buttock,pubicregion':
gr.`StellebetweendenSchenkeln'(assim.from*);
ags.-ght`gait',mhd.ght`gait,journey'(protogerm.*ginxti-fromheng-ti-),withgradationo:got.
gaggn.,aisl.gangr,ags.ahd.gang`gait'andgerm.*gangjanIter.(got.preteritgaggida`walked',ags.
gengan,mhd.gengen,gancte`losgehen')andthereafteralso*gangan,got.gaggan`go'=aisl.ganga
(gekk),as.gangan(geng),ahd.gangan(giang),ags.gongands.,whereforeahd.gengi,ags.genge,
aisl.gengr`gangbar',got.framghts`Fortschritt',aisl.gttìncisionamTrpfosten',gtti`Trrahmen';
zerogradeafries.gunga`go',dn.gynge,oldergunge`swing';
lit.engi,egti`schreiten',praang`bertretung',igsnis`footstep'.
AAnlautdublette(throughdissimilation)perhapsinair.cingim`schreite'(3.Pl.cengait,Perf.
cechaing),cymr.rhy-gyngu`Pagehen',air.cing,Gen.cinged`warrior',gall.Cingeto-rx,zerograde
protokelt.*kngsmninair.cimm(*kenksmen),cymr.corn.cam,bret.camm`footstep'(*kanksman).
Aothervariant*ghenk-is(underku-s`quick,fast')forahd.ghi`rash,hasty,hasty,sudden'in
Erwgunggezogen.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):438-439
Root/lemma: herdh- andgherdhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toencircle,enclose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùmfassen,umzunen,umgrten'
Note:
Note:becauseoflat.hortus(seeher-4 )extensionfrom*her-4`catch';
Material:
Material:A.gherdh- (herealsodieaboutdenoriginallyanlautnichtsentscheidendenwordsthe
Kentumsprachen):
OldIndiangrh-(*grdh-)`house,dwelling',Pl.`Gemcher',av.gra-m.`caveas
BehausungdaevischerWesen'(eineoldermeaning`house,dwelling'wirdthroughfiugr.loanword,as
wotj.gurt`residence,village',syrjn.gort`house,dwelling'andùnterirdischedwelling,Gruft,grave',
erwiesen);
alb.garth,-dhi`hedge'(*ghordhos,JoklSlavia13,297ff.);
phryg.-gordum`town,city'inManegordum`Mannesstadt'(besidesManezordum);
gr.(byHes.),,;
got.bigardanùmgurten',aisl.gyra,ags.gyrdan,afries.gerda,ahd.gurtends.;got.gardaf.,aisl.
gjr`belt,girdle',ablaut,aisl.gyrell,ags.gyrdel,afries.gerdel,ahd.gurtil(a)ds.(mhd.gurtis
nomenpost-verbal);got.gardsm.`house',aisl.garrm.`fence,paddock,courtyard,Gehft',ags.
geard,as.gardèingefriedetesGrundstck',Plur.`dwelling',ahd.gartm.`circle'inmittilgartòrbis',
heimgart`forum'etc.;got.garda`hurdle,Viehhof',afries.garda`garden',as.gardo,ahd.gartods.(or
fromidg.*hor-t-;compareunderher-4 );
lit.gardasm.`corral,pen,fold',gardsf.`Gatter,Gitter';
slav.*gordinOldChurchSlavicgrad`castle,town,city,garden',russ.-ChurchSlavicograd
`garden'(therefromOldChurchSlavicgradm.`stall'),russ.grod`town,city',bulg.grad,skr.
grd,sloven.grdds.,ech.hrad`castle,Schlo',poln.grdds.;zerogradeslav.rdinOld
ChurchSlavicrd`wood',russ.erd`long,dnneshaft,pole',poln.erd,sloven.rd
`Wiesbaum';
toch.kercyen`palace'absents(PedersenToch.Sprachg.34f.);
hitt.gurtas`fortress'(BenvenisteBSL.33,139);s.alsoher-4 .
aboutlat.urbs`town,city',ostensiblyfrom*ghordhos,s.GeorgievIF.56,200.
B.herdh-:
Phryg.-zordum`town,city'(inManezordum,seeabove);
lit.rdas`GestellzumTrocknenfromcorn,grainorFlachssaat,Viehhrde',lett.zrds`Gestellzum
Trocknen,Holzschicht,Scheiterhaufen',withintonationchangelit.ardis`Rogarten'm.,pr.sardis
`fence'(=ùngezunterRogarten');
russ.zord`barn,haystack',weiruss.azord`Darrhrde'.
References:
References:WP.I608f.,WH.I242f.,Trautmann78f.,366.
Page(s):
Page(s):444
Root/lemma: her-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren,gernhaben'
Note:
Note:partlywithformsfromabasis*her(i)-:heri-(seePerssonBeitr.728)
Material:
Material:OldIndianhryati`findetGefallen,begehrt';av.zara-m.`Streben,purpose';
gr.(*-),`sichfreuen',f.`pleasantness,agreeableness,Gunst',
`pleasure,joy',`Kampfesfreudeblitzend',n.`pleasure,joy,pleasure';also
`fight,struggle',originally`Kampfesfreude'`joyful,gratifying'();afterPedersen5dcl.lat.
73hereetc.S.underher-6 ;hereafterLeumannHomer.Wrter318109falso
ùnfreundlich,unpleasant',ùnworried,ungestrt,light'(previouslylaterauf`hand'
bezogen);
osk.herest(bantinisch,for*heriest),umbr.heriest`volet',herisheris`vel-vel',osk.heriamàrbitrium,
potestatem',Herentates`Veneris',prlign.Herentas,sabin.hiretum`decretum';lat.horior,-r
àntreiben,ermuntern',horitor,syncopatedhortor,-rds.
Air.gor`godly,pious',goire`Frmmigkeit,Piett';mir.do-garùnlucky',so-gar`verylucky'(:gr.
);cymr.dyar`sad',hyar`pleasant'(I.WilliamsRC40,487);
ahd.ger`begehrend',gern`lust,crave',ahd.girg,as.gerag`greedy';got.fahu-garns`geldgierig',
aisl.gjarn,ags.georn`whereforegeneigt,whereuponbegierig',ahd.as.gern`begierig,eagerafter
etwas',Adv.ahd.gerno,nhd.gern,Denom.got.garnjan,aisl.girna,ags.giernan,as.girnean`lust,
crave'.
Maybealb.(h)urihunger
Perhapshereasdh -formationfromthebasish(e)r -:got.grdus`hunger',grdags`hungry',aisl.
grr,grim.`greed,lust,hunger',ags.gnd`greed,lust',nhd.jrt`hunger'(Berlin),ags.grdig,
ahd.grtag`greedy'.Inadditionas*ghrdh-germ.*graa-`begierig,rutting,inheat'inaisl.grar`not
verschnitten',graungr`bull'Inmhd.grtm.èagerness',grtec`begierig',aisl.grf.`vehemency',
grijungrm.`bull'einablaut.idg.*h[e]ri-dh-or*h[e]rdh-tosuchen,wredenkbar.
Mir.grdn.`love'isfromlat.grtumfacerealicuiandsimilarWendungenborrowed(dinsteadofth
aftergrad`gradus').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):440-441
Root/lemma: her-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,scrape
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,ritzen,scharren'
Material:
Material:Gr.Èrdri,Erdspalte,gorge,ravine,gulch';,att.-`spitze,schrfe,
kerbe,schneideein',,-`picket,pole,Spitzpfahl,Weinpfahl;Schnittlingoflbaum',
`Prger',then`Stempel,Geprge,Eigenart'(KretschmerGl.20,254);
lit.eri,erti`scratch,scrape,scratch',arsttiòftscratch,scrape,scratch'.
References:
References:WP.I602.
Page(s):
Page(s):441
Root/lemma: her-3 andher- ,hrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine,shimmer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strahlen,glnzen,schimmern'
Material:
Material:Aisl.grr(*hr-uo-s),ags.grg(*hr-uio-s),engl.gray,afries.gr,as.gr,gr,ahd.
gro(Gen.grwes)`gray';
lit.eriu,ertiìnGlanzestrahlen',ruti`glow,sparkle,glitter',ablaut.arijf.`glowingcoal',Old
Prussiansarif.`blaze,glow';
OldChurchSlaviczrj,zrti`see,glance,look',russ.zrt,sloven.zrti,ech.ziti,poln.rzeds.,
OldChurchSlaviczorja`shine,radiance',zarja`ray',klruss.zrja`star,stars,Morgenrote',russ.za
`Rteamsky,heaven',skr.zra`Morgenrot',ech.zoeàurora',ze`shine,radiance,ray',poln.
zorzaàurora';OldChurchSlavicpozor`',russ.pozr`sight,Schande',nadzrÀufsicht';
ech.pozoràttention,Acht',nzoròutlook,Ansicht';herealsoOldChurchSlaviczrak`sight,form,
kindof',russ.dial.zrok`look,front',skr.zrk`light',ech.zrak`vision,face,Sehkraft',poln.wzrok
`Sehkraft,face';ablaut.OldChurchSlaviczrcalon.,skr.dial.zcalo,ech.zrcadlo`mirror';
aboutlat.grvastelluss.WH.I620.
rootextensionhri-:
Air.granf.`sun'(*ghrin);
afries.as.ahd.mhd.grs`gray',nhd.greis`gray,old',whereforeprobablyalsoaisl.grss`piglet',
aschwed.grsds.,schwed.dn.gris`piglet,swine'.
rootextension(*gheru- ):ghr-.
Inaisl.gryiandif.àurora',aschwed.gry`(ofdays)grauen',dn.gryds.,gryn.`dasGrauen';here
alsoaisl.greyn.`bitch,wimp',greyhundr`Windhund',ags.greghund`Windhund'
References:
References:WP.I602f.,PerssonBeitr.300ff.,Trautmann366.
Page(s):
Page(s):441-442
Root/lemma: her-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togripe,grab,enclose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`greifen,fassen,umfassen,einfassen'
Note:
Note:extendedherdh-(seeunder)
Material:
Material:OldIndianhrati`bringt,carries,holt,nimmt',hraa-n.`dasbringing,Nehmen,Spenden'
etc.,hras-n.`Nehmen,griping,handle,grasp,power,force,might';
gr.m.èingelegterplace,courtyard,Weideplatz';doubtful,whetherhere`Tanzplatz,
Chortanz'asoriginallyèingehegterplace';about`placenta,afterbirth',etc.seeunderher-5 ,
about`hand'underhes- ;
osk.heriiad`velit',[h]errns`caperent',lat.cohorsèingezuntercourtyard,Viehhof,troop,multitude,
crowd,cortege',from*co+idg.*hrts`summarization',inablauttohortus`gardenaseingezunter
place'(inAltlateinalsovilla),osk.hrz`hortuslucus';dubiousislat.hr,r`,vola',s.WH.I649;
ir.gort`seges',gall.gorto-andgorti`hedge'(v.Wartburg),cymr.garth`corral,pen,fold,hurdle,
paddock'(dasaafterdemaisl.Lw.gardd),bret.garz`hedge,fence',inadditionir.lub-gort`garden',
acymr.Plur.luird,ncymr.lluarth,acorn.luworch-guit`wildgarden',mcorn.lowarth`garden',bret.liorz
ds.
Nottodecide,determineis,whethergot.garda`hurdle,Viehhof',afries.garda,as.gardo,ahd.garto
`garden'aufidg.*hor-t-orauf*hordho-basedon(seeunder*herdh- ).-Danorw.gaare
`Jahresringinwood',schwed.gra,nisl.gri`col,gapinwood'Ablautsformtoas`reis'sei,is
incredible.
Doubtful,whetherherelit.ras`run,flow,way,Runde,turn'(WackernagelAIGr.251);compare
abovegr.;
hitt.gurtas`fortress'(BenvenisteBSL.33,139);s.alsoherdh- .
References:
References:WP.I603f.,WH.I242f.,660,857.
Page(s):
Page(s):442-443
Root/lemma: her-5 ,hor-n
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bowels
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Darm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhra-m.`band,strap',hirf.`vein';
gr.f.ìntestine,Darmsaite,sausage';dubious`placenta,afterbirth,Speisefrommilk
andhoney,skin,leather';
lat.haru-spexÒpferschauer'eigtl.`Darmbeschauer',hra`Leerdarm',Pl.ìntestines,entrails',hillae
`diekleinerenvorderenDrme'(Sabinefor),hernia`break';
aisl.grnf.,Pl.garnarìntestine',Pl.ìntestines,entrails'(*horn),ags.micgernn.àrvina',as.
midgarni,ahd.mitti(la)-garnids.;aisl.garnn.`Garn,Aufzug(beimweaving)',ags.gearnds.,mnd.
garn,ahd.garn`Garn';
lit.arn,Akk.rnìntestine,Dnndarm',lett.zarnaf.ìntestine',Pl.ìntestines,entrails'.
Note:
Maybealb.zorr(*horn)`bowel',Pl.ìntestines,entrails'didn'tderivefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger-1 ,
ger- :
:todevour;throat;butfromRoot/lemma:
:bowels.[commonalb.h->
z-phoneticmutation].
Wennarm.ja`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved'herebelongs,wredieoriginallymeaning
therootcorrespondingtomodifizieren.
References:
References:WP.I604,WH.I635f.,869,Trautmann367.
Page(s):
Page(s):443
Root/lemma: her-6 (her- :hr- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:short,small
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kurz,klein,gering'(also`knappbecome,fehlen,ntigsein')
Material:
Material:Gr.(ol.)from*`bad',inadditionSuperl.anddiehom.
Kompar.,etc.(seeLeumannMus.Helv.2,2ff.,differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.I538),
,-`berwltige'.Inadditionperhapsèsisnotig',`Bedrfnis,Bedarf,need,
desire',*,,,`Bedrfnis,desire,blame',`takeadvantageof,
benutzenetc.`(<*),besidesdial.-,`thing(diemanused),Ereignis',Pl.
`fortune,Geld,possession';s.differentunderher-1 ;
air.gair`short'(*heri-s),gaire`Lebenskrze',air.garait,nir.goirid`short'.
rootextensionheres-, hres-, hers-:

OldIndianhrasv-`minder,short,small',compoundshrsyas-,Superl.hrsiha-,hrasati`nimmt
ab,wirdkrzer',Kaus.hrsayati`vermindert',av.zaraheh`diemindere,schwchere'(forzra..);
mir.gerr`short',gerraimÌkrze,cut,biteab',gerrn`(verschnittenes)horse'.
References:
References:WP.I604f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I538underAnm.10,539,675underAnm.8.
Page(s):
Page(s):443
Root/lemma: her-7
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stare'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.hers- .
Page(s):
Page(s):443
Root/lemma: hers- andpartlyherEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rigid,*pig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`starren'
Note:
Note:(seealsogher-3 )
Note:
FromanextendedzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehi- (*ehi-no-s )::`hedgehog(*serpenteater)'
derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hers- ,her- :
:`rigid,*pig'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pork o -s :
:`pig':illyr.-italicceltich->p-phoneticmutation;also(*ehi-no-s )>(*hers )abbreviationandrhotacismn/r
n/r.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehi- (*ehi-no-s )::`hedgehog(*serpenteater)'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
ang(h)i- (*eghi-,oghi- andehi- )::`snake,worm,(*hedgehog=snakeeater)'
Material:
OldIndianhrat,hyati`wirdstarr,strubtsich,schaudert,isexcited,aroused,freutsich';
av.zarayamna-`dieFedernaufstrubend'(zar-=zr-=lat.horre);zartva-n.`stone';
arm.jar(-i,-iv)`maneofhorse'(*heri-);
Maybefromarm.jar(-i,-iv)`maneofhorse'>turk.yele)`maneofhorse'>alb.jele`maneofhorse'.
gr.(att.)f.`Festland',nachhom.alsoAdj.ùnfruchtbar,dry,tight,firm';perhaps
lengthenedgradeesnounfromthes-losenrootformher-(orgher-):`hedgehog'(=lat.r,
risds.,rcius,rinceus,hrinceusds.);
rum.(*rcius)arici`hedgehog':alb.(*rcius)iriqi`hedgehog'[conservativesingulardefiniteform
(alb.phonetictrait)]
gr.(<*horios)`piglet'(asBorstentier),àngeschwolleneglandamHalse;cliff'(orto
gher-3 `hervorstechen',seethere);
alb.derr`swine'(<*hrn-withlengthenedgradeasin),derk`piglet,sow'(<*hr-n-k);
Note
Note:
Commonalb.shifth>d;alsoalb.(*derk-us)derkuc`piglet',(*herkos)dos`sow'provesthat
solidified-us:-osendingwasattestedalsoinprotoalb.
lat.horre,-re`rauhsein,stare;shudder,sichentsetzen'(=av.zaraya-);auf*gher-ko-withdial.i
fromebeforer+Gutt.(e.g.stircus:stercus)basedonlat.hircus,sabin.fircus`he-goat'(hirqunus,
hircnusòfhe-goat;billygoat')=osk.-sab.hirpus`lupus'(whereofthepeople'snameHirpini);in
additionalsohirtus`bristly',hirstus`struppig,rough';aufparallelem*hers-kosbasedon(asosk.umbr.Lw.)hispidus`rough';mars.sabin.hernan.Pl.`saxa'(*hersno-);
air.garb,cymr.garw`rough'(ghr-uo-);
ags.gorst`Steckginster'anddieetymologischcognategroupherzd-`barley'.
compareinallg.FickI4219,435,II4107,III4130(andFalk-Torpundergjrsm.Lit.aboutdenfish
namesnorw.gjrs`lucioperca,Sander',schwed.gersàcerina,chub',prakrit.jhaa-èingewisser
fish').
References:
References:WP.I610,WH.I413f.,650,659.
Page(s):
Page(s):445-446
Root/lemma: herzd(h) ,Gen.hr z d(h)-es ;herzd
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:barley,grain,spike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dieStachlige,dasGrannenkorn,Gerste'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.(conservativestem,asalb.drith)`barley',probablyfromidg.*hrzdh,fromwhich
protogr.*krth;,mostlyPl.`barley',Sg.(latercovered)`Gerstenkorn';
alb.drith(*hrzdh),drithm.n.`barley,corn,grain';
lat.hordeum(dial.fordeum)n.`barley'(from*hrzd(h)eiom`Grannengetreide',substantiviertes
Stoffadjektiv);
zerograde:ahd.gersta`barley'(*herzd).
Inadditionperhapsgr.-f.`wildBirnbaum,Hagedorn',maked.-,gr.-`wild
Birnbaum'(<*sm-),alb.dardh`Birne,Birnbaum'(*hor-d-)andtheantikeVN;
onlyunderassumptionaGutturalwechsels(aboveS.18,Anm.1)ltsichlit.grsa`Trespe'here
stellen(seeunderghers-2 ).
References:
References:WP.I611,WH.I414,657,SpechtIndog.Dekl.
Page(s):
Page(s):446
Root/lemma: hsloEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thousand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tausend'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:hslo- :
:`thousand'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
:`hand,
*handcount'[r/lallophones]
Material:
Material:OldIndiansa-hsramn.`Tausend'(sm-hslom,tosem-èins'),sa-hasriya`tausendfach',av.hazanrmn.`Tausend',npers.hzar,fromwhicharm.hazarborrowed;sogd.z`r
(=*zr),afgh.zr;
gr.ion.,ol.(`Tausendschaft'),att.(*).
DasGrundwort*-findetsichinsakischysraandinLehnwrternfinnisch-ugrischerSprachen
(JacobsohnArierandUgrofinnen105ff.).
Perhapsalsolat.mlle`tausend;einTausend',whetherfrom*smzhl(hsl)èineTausendbeit';
*sm:gr..
References:
References:WP.I633,II488,491,WH.II88f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I593.
Page(s):
Page(s):446
Root/lemma: hesor-1 ,hesrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hand'
Note:
BothRoot/lemma:
:`hand,arm'
derivedfromanextendedarchaicroothes +reducedformofthecommonPIEsuffixvariants-tar,ter,-tra,-tre.
Material:
Material:Arm.jen(*hes-r-m),Pl.je-k`hand'(MeilletEsquisse83);
gr.f.`hand',Gen.,dor.,Dat.Pl.(thereafterdieform-);
toch.Atsar,ar`hand'(afterPedersenTochar.236from*kesar=)
hitt.ki-es-sar(kessar)n.andkiessiraas(kesseras)m.,f.,Dat.Sg.kiissari(kesri=gr.);
aboutlat.r,hr`hohlehand'(fromosk.-umbr.*hr<*ghsr)s.WH.I649.
Note
Note:
ClearlyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:der-1 (:dr- ,d e r -)ordr- :dr- :
:`handspan'derivedthroughRoot/
Root/
lemma: hesor-1 ,hesr- :

:`hand';Root/lemma:
:`hand,arm'throughillyr.
intermediary.Thephoneticshiftkh>t,h>disauniquealb.phoneticmutation.Hencealb.dora
`hand'derivedfrom*ghhr
Page(s):
Page(s):447
Root/lemma: hesto-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hand,arm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hand,Arm'
Note:
BothRoot/lemma:
:`hand,arm'
derivedfromanextendedarchaicroothes +reducedformofthecommonPIEsuffixvariants-tar,ter,-tra,-tre.
Material:
Material:OldIndianhsta-m.`hand',av.zasta-,Oldpers.dasta-ds.;
lat.praest`zurhand'from*prae-hestod(EM805f.);differentseeunderst- ;
lit.pa-ast,pa-astsf.`placeunderthearm,armpit'.
Note:commonbalt.-illyr.h->zphoneticmutation.
Daarm.jenalsoauf*her-mgobackcouldandalsodiegr.formsbetterfrom*her-sexpounded
becomecan,dafurtheralb.dorf.`hand',Pl.konson.duareinebasicform*hr-required(hsrhtte*dostrergeben),wrewithBelardi(Riv.StudiOrient.23,69ff.)toconsider,ifnotfortheHitt.
andToch.metathesisfrom-rs-to-sr-anzunehmensei,anddiegroup1from2toseparateandto
her- `grasp'tostellensei.
References:
References:WP.I541,603,WH.I243,Trautmann367,Duchesne-GuilleminBSL.39,211,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I446,569,SpechtIdg.Dekl.75.
Page(s):
Page(s):447
Root/lemma: heuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjuhti,juhut`poursinfire,sacrifices',Passivhyt,hut-`sacrificed',
hman-n.Òpfergu,sacrifice,oblation'(=gr.),hmam.ds.,htar-òfferer,sacrificer,
priest',htrf.òblation',havs-n.ds.,hvanamn.`sacrifice,oblation';
maybealb.dhjam`fat':gr.`fat',commonalb.h->d-phoneticmutation;
av.zaotar,zaor-m.`priest,priestofsacrifice',mpers.zt,av.zaoran.,zaorf.`flssige
Opferspende,Opfertrank,Opfergu',npers.zr`holywater',av.ztay-f.`fat,lard,luxuriance,
aboundingfullness,wealth';
maybealb.zot,zotrPl`god':mpers.zt,av.zaoran.,zaorf.`flssigeOpferspende,Opfertrank,
Opfergu',npers.zr`holywater'[commonalb.h->z-phoneticmutation].
Note:
Firstofallaithenav.,mpers.,npers.andalb.seemtoemployRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:heu- :
:topour+-tra
suffix.
arm.joyl`gegossen'(<heulo-),jew`form,shape';herealsojor`valley'(<houero)
phryg.Hes.(=gr.);thrak.(*heutr-),FlNi,-;
gr.(F)`giee',Aor.hom.<*,Perf.,`gegossen',`Gu,river,
Trankopfer',,`Schmelzgrube,Guform',`TrankopferforTote',m.,f.`Ma
forFlssigkeiten',ds.,Gen.and,olderdial.m.,f.àufgehufteearth',
Èrdwall',`schtteErdeauf';,ìrdenerpot,pan,`Waschwasser',
`rich,hingeschttet'(tocomparedierootextensiongheud-),ìnMengehervorstrmen',
,Hes.;`Gu',`juice,sap'(<*huslo-,W.Schulzemndl.),ds.
(<husmo);furtherhere`rageagainst,binunwilling'(=Aristarch)
Lat.f-tisf.`Giekanne',f-tilis,futtilis`lightausgiebar,frail,breakable,eitel,unntz',exfti=effs,
effti`babbleheraus'.
Note
Note:
commonlat.d->f-shift.derivedonlyfromanintermediaryillyr.(*heun->deun-)cognatesince
thereisnoothercognateamongIElang.tostartwithd-.Seemaybealb.dhjam`fat':gr.`fat',
commonalb.h->d-phoneticmutation;theshifth->d-isanalb.illyr.phoneticmutation,also
commonalb.-n>-nt>-tshift.
Sehrdubiousisdieaffiliationfrommhd.gl`maleanimal,boar,horse',nhd.Gaul(inBayr.
`Deckhengst',schweiz.gl`rooster,cock',comparendl.guil`mare,dienochnichtgeworfenhat',s.
SommerIF.31,362ff.),as`Samengieer'.
Rootextensions:
heud-:
lat.fund,-ere,fd,fsum`giee,lasseflieen,schttefrom'(aboutfsus`spindle's.WH.I474);
Note
Note:
Accordingtophoneticlawslat.initiald->f-hencelat.fundcognatemusthavederivedonlyfroman
illyr.(*heun->deun-)sincethereisnoothercognateamongIElang.tostartwithd-;seemaybealb.
dhjam`fat':gr.`fat',commonalb.h->d-phoneticmutation;alsocommonalb.n>ndshift.
got.giutan`pour',aisl.gjta`(Junge)throw',ags.gotan`pour,flow,schtten',afries.jta,as.giotan,
ahd.giozzands.,nisl.gjta`cave,narrowalley',aschwed.giuta`Guform',ahd.giozo`running
water',ags.gyte`Gu,flood',ahd.guz`fusio',ndd.gte`lowWasserstrae',norw.gota
èingeschnittenegully',as.gota`canalis',holl.goot`Gosse,gully',nhd.Gosse,ags.gutt,engl.gut
ìntestine'.
Maybealb.got`glassofwater':got.giutan`pour'.
gheus-:
Mir.guss(*ghustus)`power,vehemency,rage,fury';
aisl.gjsa,gaus`hervorbrechen,effervesce',geysaìnheftigeBewegungbringen,aufhetzen',Geysir
`diebekannteheieSpringquelleinIsland',nisl.gusaèffervesce',aisl.gustr`gustofwind',engl.
gush,mndl.guysen`hervorstrmen',ahd.gussaìnundation',urgusi`berflu'.
contrarinessofabweichendenAnlautes(compareaboveS.18Anm.)perhapsherelit.gauss,
gausngas`rich,ergiebig,fertile',gausngap`reichlicheWassermengenfhrenderFlu',gausti
`richversehenseinwith',gausakalbis`wervieltosprechenvermag,beredt'(comparenorw.dial.
gausta`quick,fastandundeutlichtalk,asifmansichbeeilt,etwastotell'),lett.gass`langelasting'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):447-448
Root/lemma: heu- ,heu-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todisappear,getaway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verschwinden,umkommen'
Material:
Material:Mir.gassf.(*houd-t)`danger',gussds.=cymr.gwst`bel,disease,malady'(*hud-tus);
ags.getan,-getanìnjure,slay';
lit.vu,ti`perish',uda,udti`slay';lett.zdu,zust`disappear,verlorengehen',zaudt`lose'.
Maybealb.zhytìmmerse,disappear'.
References:
References:WP.I564,WH.I568,LothRC45,193ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):448
Root/lemma: h-1 ,hiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeempty,lack;toleave,goout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:A.`leersein,fehlen';B.`verlassen,fortgehen',dann`gehen'
Note:
Note:perhapstoh-,hi-`yawn,klaffen'(compare`ghnendeemptiness');from`klaffend
abstehen'kannsichalso`fortgehen'entwickeln.
Material:
Material:Withthemeaning-coloringB:
OldIndianjhti`verlt,givesauf'(jahima,Imper.jahhi,Aor.aht,ahyi,participlehn-),jht
`goes,fhrtauf',hyat`wirdabandon,bleibtback';hnif.`lack;dasFahrenlassen'(vihyas`leererroom'becauseofPrfixes,dasalsoinvih-àuseinanderklaffen');compareS.427;
av.zazmiÌentlassefrom',withav-èntfernen,verscheuchen',withupa-andfra-`herzulassen,
herzufhren';z-`herangehen',uz-z-àufspringen,sichuplift,setup'(uzayantparticipleNom.
Pl.);
gr.hom.(*F),att.(*gh-n-u-),Inf.presenthom.,participlepresent
`reach,catchup,meet,erlangen,einnehmen';withformant-d-:gr.,Fut.ep.,
Aor.ep.`weiche,flee,lasseab',tr.`drngeback',intr.`weiche,goback',asdas
Med.Da`lasseafter,werdeslackorlose'aufeinempartizip.Adj.*h-lo-s`fortgehend'or
`klaffend,lose'beruhe,isperhapserwhnenswert;afterMeilletEsquisse36rathertoarm.xa
`game',xaa`friedlich'(withidg.kh-);
ahd.gn(=OldIndianhnam)`go',afries.as.ags.gn,aschwed.adn.g,krimgot.geends.;
aboutdieadditionalformahd.gns.Kluge11193,BrauneAhd.Gr.5p.3821;Lit.byFeist,182b.
Withthemeaning-coloringA:
gr.*(RischWortbildg.d.hom.Spr.74),Dat.ìnErmangelungfrom',ablaut.(*gh-t-),
`lack,bedarf,ersehne,begehre';`stolen;looted,empty,bare,lacking'(=lat.*hro-in
hrs),`Waise,widow';withgradation,`leerer,freeroom,freiesLand(incontrast
zurtown,city),region',epid.`leereeyesocket',Adv.andprepositionm.Gen.àpart,
separated;without;withexceptionfrom;besides',`slit,separate',`catch,aufnehmen
can,fromGefen'(eig.`roomgive')and`weichen,fortgehen;goberhaupt';
lat.hrsÈrbe'(*ghro-+d[]-,`dasverwaisteGutansichnehmend',s.abouttheendingunder
-particle);
got.gaidwn.`lack',ags.gd,gdn.`lack,need,desire',afries.gd`Bedrfnis',as.Gen.Pl.
metigdeono`lackoffood,Hungersnot'(basicform*hi-tu-);inadditionprobablyalsoahd.geisini
ègestas',ags.gsneèntbehrend';
References:
References:WP.I542ff.,WH.I451,641f.
Page(s):
Page(s):418-419
Root/lemma: h-2 :gh- andhi- :hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togape,yawn
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:schallmalendfordenGhnlaut(inadditiontheweitergebildetestemhii-);(seealsounder
hans-`goose';similarly,butwithVelar,ghaghaforgaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snickerand
likewise,seethere).Besidehi-alsohu-:hu-(seethere),eitherasotherAuffassungof
Ghnlautes,orwithoriginallyformantunder
Material:
Material:Gr.(h-sk)`ghne,klaffe'(onlypresentandImpf.;laterfromabgelst,see
underhan-),`klaffendeaperture';`hole',èinebig,giantMuschel',after
Hes.,f.`hutch,Lade';`dasGhnen,Gienmuschel'.
Vonhi-from:OldChurchSlaviczj`hio'(*hi).
Vonhii - - from:
lat.hi,-re(*hiia-i)`yawn,klaffen,aufgesperrtsein',osk.eehianasm`mittendrum(hostirum)',
umbr.ehiato`misss';
lit.i-ju,-ti`ffnen',reflexiveitis`yawn'(itysPl.f.`crack,deepcleft,gap;mouth,Rachen'),
whereforelit.ivauti,lett.vtis`yawn'(vasf.Pl.`Ghnen')
andwithp:lit.iopsa,-sti`withoffenemMundedastehen,dasitzen';
skr.zjm,zjti`denMundaufsperren',IterativaOldChurchSlaviczijaj,zijati,russ.zijju,-tds.
andsloven.zvati`denMundgeffnethalten',ech.zvati,russ.zvt`yawn'(sloven.zv,poln.
ziew,russ.zv`Rachen');
maybealb.zija`starvation,hunger'
withp (compareunderdierootformheip-):blg.zpam,poln.ziepa`withMhebreathe',klr.zpaty
àfterAtemsnatch',ech.zpati`pant,gasp'.
hnlich,butafterden-verbs,ahd.gn`yawn'(wregot.*gijan,-aida);besideswithstill
klrungsbedrftigem(butbarelyfromtherootformhu-stammendem)winHiatahd.anagiwn
ìnhiare',gwn`denMundaufsperren,yawn'(mhd.gewen,giwends.),ags.giwian,giowian`long,
want,arrogate'(from`*withoffenemMunde,greedywhereuponlechzen');inadditionaisl.gjf.
(*giw)ontheonehand`col,gap,cleft,gapintheearth',ontheotherhand(from`lechzen'from)
`wollstigeslife',mhd.giude(*giwi)`geruschvollepleasure,joy',giuden`brag,boast,brag(*den
Mundweitauftun);ingeruschvollerFreudesein,verschwenderischleben',nhd.vergeuden;ahd.
inginnanàuftun,ffnen,aufschneiden,split'from*ginuanisprobablyCausativetoahd.ginn(see
under)informellemAnschluandaslauthnlichebiginnan.
sko -present:lat.hsc,-ere(*hsk)`yawn,klaffen,aufgesperrtsein';similarlyags.giscian,mhd.
gischen`schluchzen'andnorw.mdartl.geiska`dieBeineausspreizen'(seePerssonBeitr.318).
n -Prsentienandzugehrigenouns:aisl.gnast.V.,ags.t-gnanst.V.`klaffen,yawn';withaisl.
gine,ahd.ginn,mhd.ginn,genn,nhd.ghnen=ags.ginian,gionian`weitoffensein',aisl.gina
`yawn',ginn.`gullet',ags.ginn.ds.;withgerm.ai(idg.hi-orratherthepreteriteablautofst.V.
gnan)ahd.geinn,schweiz.gine,got.*gainon,ags.gnian;butengl.yawn,`yawn'for*yonefrom
ags.gionian;
OldChurchSlaviczin,-ti(*hn)`'.
othernominalformation:
withu:ags.giw,gowm.`vulture'(*gwaz`theGierige');
withm:aisl.gmaf.àperture',schweiz.gmds.;aisl.geimim.`Meeresschlund';nisl.geimr`groer,
leererroom';
withr:germ.*gr(i)a-`greedy'(eigentl.`*lechzend'),innorw.mdartl.grm.èagerness,ferventness,
passion',ahd.gri`begierig',gr`vulture';
withl:aisl.norw.giln.`Felsspalt',schwed.mdartl.giljaf.`Hohlweg',ahd.mhd.gil`break,hernia';aisl.
geilf.`Hohlweg,Engpa';mnd.glen`lust,crave,beg'(from*gla-Adj.`begehrend',compareto
meaningaboveags.gwaz).
Withmeaning-developmentfrom`klaffen'to`schiefabstehen(atfirste.g.fromHlzernunder
likewise)'isprobablyanzureihenndd.ndl.gillen`schrgabschneiden',ndl.gillinghout`schrg
durchgeschnitteneswood',furtherisl.geila`separate'(`*klaffenmake'),ags.glan(*gailjan)`hinder,
hesitate';fromr-formsnd.gren,ndl.(outofitnhd.)gieren,norw.mdartl.graòfKursabweichen';
ndl.geerends.,norw.mdartl.geira`schiefrun'.
extensionswithi-vocalism:
*hei-gh-:aisl.norw.dial.,geiga`seitwrtsabschwenken',aisl.geigrm.`damage'(originallyoutlook
`*schiefabstehen,klaffen'e.g.fromHlzern);comparenhd.schweiz.Geigle`DoppelastanaBaume,
theinbeliebigemangleauseinandergeht;Pl.dieSchenkel',nhd.Heugeige`Steckenwithseitwarts
abstehendenAstrestenzumAufschobernofHeus';nhd.dial.geigen`sichhinandherbewegen',aisl.
ggja,frommnd.mhd.gge,nhd.GeigeasMusikinstrument;ags.for-,of-gganàbweichenfrom,
berschreiten',gglandggolàusgelassen,ausschweifend',afries.gia`bertreten,unterlassen,
penance,atonementpayfor,atone';norw.dial.giga,gigla,gigra`losestand,wobble,sway',engl.gig
(nord.Lw.)`lightcart,leichtesboat',whirligig,dn.gig`Kreiselasplaything';ndd.giggelen,engl.to
giggle`versteckt,spttischlaugh';as`freeabstehende,beweglichesprit'herendl.gei`Raa'(basic
formgeig(*j)a),ndd.gk,ndl.gijkds.andmnd.geckfromdrehbarenDingen(e.g.cover,
Fensterladen,Pumpstangen),also`fool'(nhd.Geck);here(afterWissmannNom.postverb.41)got.
geigf.`greed,lust',ga-geigan`gain',fahu-geigan`lust,crave';s.S.427.
similaris(fromhii-from)withghshapedlit.zigauti`yawn',igas`locust,grasshopper',igris
`Palisade'.
hei-p-(inGerm.perhapspartlyalsohei-bh-):
Lat.(Gloss.)hippitre,exippitre(*hpitre)`hietare,oscitare'(span.hipar`schluchzen');ech.zpati
`pant,gasp'(etc.,seeabove);
ags.gfer`devourer',aisl.gfrm.`fiend,demon';nhd.dial.geifen,geiben,geipen`yawn,gawk,
greedyverlangen';from`schiefabstehen,laxabstehen'norw.dial.geivla`seitwrtsabschwenken;
shiver',alsogeivra;ofVerziehenofMundesndd.gib(b)elen`spottendlaugh',nhd.geifeln`spottend
laugh',engl.togibe,jibe`mock'.
InGerm.also:
hei-b-,germ.*gp-:aisl.gprm.`muzzle,Rachen',FlNforGipa,norw.mdartl.gipa`klaffenmake,
afterLuftsnatch'=ags.gpianàfterLuftsnatch';mnd.gippelt`crazy,stupid';schwed.dial.gippa
`crack,col,gap';withschweddial.gipa`denMundverziehen',ndd.gpenàfterLuftsnatch,strehen
after';nhd.bair.gaif(f)enfromnotfestsitzenden,schlotterndenshoe;withthemeaning`spttischden
Mundverziehenunderlikewise'.
Withgerm.ai:aisl.geipa`babble,chatter',norw.dial.geipa`babble,chatter;denMundweit
aufsperren;withausgespreiztenBeinensitorgo'underlikewise;
aisl.geispaàfterLuftsnatch',mengl.gaspen<ags.*gspian,probablyfrom*gaipsn(through
amalgamationfrom*gaip-and*gais).
gheis-:isl.gisinn`fromTrockenheitrissig,leaking'(participlefrom*gsa=)norw.dial.gsa`grinsen,
blink';norw.dial.gista`sichffnen,thinbecome,ofWalde',aschwed.gistinn`fromTrockenheit
rissig';fromthismeaningfurthermnd.gst,afries.gst,gst`dashheretrockeneLandincontrast
zurMarschniederung'(zugehrigeu-formsnd.gste,ndl.gustùnfruchtbar,dry,gelt'fromthebasis
hu-S.PerssonBeitr.318).
extensionswith-:-vocalism(fastonlygerm.):
*hgh-(:hgh-):
Ags.gaglm.n.`mandible,lowerjawbone,throat',Pl.`Backenzhne',mnd.ggel,ggelm.n.
`palate,gums'(*ggula-,-ila);
nhd.dial.gagen,gageln,gagern`(sich)spreizen(fromdenBeinen,denFingern),wobble,sway,
gestikulieren,gaukeln',gackelicht`foolish,loony',mhd.gagen,gageren`sichhinandherbewegen,
wriggle',aisl.gagr`writhed,crooked,humped,zurckgebogen',gaghals`withzurckgespreiztem,
zurckgebogenemHalse',norw.dial.gag`backwardsgebogen=bent,curved(e.g.fromschief
abstehendenGertteilen)',engl.gag-toothed(nord.Lw.)`withhervorstehendenZhnen':ablaut.aisl.
ggjask`sichvorrecken,umtopeek',and(zugleichwithconsonant-sharpening)md.gken`gawk'.
Maybealb.guakgawk,expressiveformalb.(*h-sk),gogsijyawn,gape
Aisl.gjgrarPl.`Felsklfte'(*gegura-)comparesLidnArmen.Stud.70f.probablymoreproperlywith
arm.gez`col,gap,crack,incisure'.
*hp-:
OldIndianhphik`dasGalmen'(withjungemphinsteadofp,PerssonBeitr.565).
*hb-:aisl.gap`weiteaperture,hole,Chaos;shout,call,scream',gapa`denMundaufsperren,cry',
ags.gapian,ndd.gpen,mhd.nhd.gaffen`withoffenemMundeanschauen'.
*hbh-:
Ags.geaflasPl.`Kiefern'(inthemeaningdirectedafterceafl`jaw',seeundereph- ),olderdn.paa
gafle`weitoffen',schwed.pgavelds.
aisl.gabba`derisionorjokedrive,push',ags.gabbian`babble;deride,verhhnen',gaffetung
`derision,ridicule',gafsprc`trichtediscourse',ndl.gabberen`nugari,jocari'underlikewise
(probablyfromdemNdd.derivelit.gabl(i)-ju,-ti`banter,vexieren',gabls`werneckt,vexiert',s.
Berneker287f.-alsoaboutpoln.gaba`stir,tease,irritate,banter').
References:
References:WP.I548ff.,WH.I647ff.,Trautmann368,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I694.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparestillh-1èmpty,bare,lackingsein,fehlen';Specht(Dekl.282)placeseineroot
*ah--etc.an;seeaboveunderhan-.
Page(s):
Page(s):419-422
Root/lemma: hl
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhlàlcohol';
gr.,-ùngemischterWein',-ds.;maked..Hes.;
thrak.Hes.(*hl-).
References:
References:WP.I631.Sehrdubious.
Page(s):
Page(s):434
Root/lemma: hu- :h(u)- :huEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toyawn,gape
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(seeabovehi-)
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`theleereroom,airspace'(lateralso`cleft,gap';probablyfrom*F),
àuseinanderklaffend,lax',--`withauseinanderstehendenteeth';
whetherherealsogot.gawi`land,region',ahd.gawi,nhd.Gau,ags.g,etc.from*huiomwith
similarmeaning-developmentasbygr.,(seebelowhi-`fehlen;abandon')andarm.
gavar`Landstrich,region'Oderfromgerm.*ga-awja(toak,aboveS.23)`Landschaftamwater'
Ahd.goumom.(*hu-men-),giumo(*hu-men-)`palate',ablaut.anord.gmr`gums,palate',ags.
gma(engl.gums`gums'),ahd.guomo(*h[u]-m-)`Gaumen=palate';aboutlit.gomursseeunder;
inadditionprobablyaisl.geyja`bark,bay,scold,chide,mock',ags.gegan`cry',aisl.go-g
`Gotteslsterung',hund-g`bark'anddieWeiterbildungenaisl.gauta`babble,chatter,brag,boast',
ndld.guiten`scold,mock',nhd.dial.gauzen,guzen`bark,bay,cry',got.gaunn`wail,grieve',aisl.
gaula`howl';aboutlit.gastiseeundergou-`call,shout,cry'.TrotzdesnichtpalatalenWurzelanlauts
(seeaboveaboutlit.gomurs)couldesherebelong,davieleoriginallypalataleGutturalelitauischas
g,kappear.
furtherinthemeaning`yawn'withl-forms(:gr.-)perhapsheremhd.gielm.`Rachen,gullet',
anorw.-gjlinplacenamesaswellasnorw.dial.gyl`cleft,gap,Felskluft'(*gulja-;soalsoschwed.
gl`puddle,slop,Tmpel',mhd.glle`puddle,pool,slop',mnd.gle,goel`swamp,marsh'as`cavity,
inthesichWasserangesammelthat').
Danhd.Gosche,Gusche,ndd.goske,guske`bigmuzzle'assk-formationheregehreorbut
perhapswithOldIndianghati`ruft,shouts,howls'relatedsei(seePerssonBeitr.116f.),isbya
TrivialausdruckwithoutverfolgbareGeschichtenotprobably;
balt.*gmuria-m.`palate'inlit.gomurs,Gen.gmuriom.,alsogomer(Akk.gmer)f.;lett.
gmursm.`windpipe,larynx'(onlybyMieinisdoubtfulguomurs);einelautgesetzlicheequivalentto
nhd.Gaumenergbelit.lett.o(balt.);perhapsinvocalismgerman.influenced;tog-compare
aboveS.18Anm.
Aextensionheubh-inaisl.gaupaf.`Luchs'(probablyeig.`thelechzende,gierige',asags.earngapÈdelfalke'),ablaut.norw.dialgp`gorge,ravine,gulch,abyss';ags.gap`wide,capacious';
gopan`verschlingen',aisl.gaupnf.`diehohleHand',ahd.goufanads.,whereforelit.ipsnisètwas
wenigeraseineHandvoll';comparestillPerssonBeitr.835m.A.2.
Maybealb.gop`vagina,hole'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):449
Root/lemma: hem- ,hom- ,Gen.-ablativeh()m-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:earth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrde,Erdboden'
Note:
Note:Itwasdevelopedfromthezerograde,fromwherethesimpleanlauth-alsoinlengthened
gradespreadforms(aboutOldIndiananlautsjm-,gm-besideskm-compareJohanssonXenia
Lideniana1912,S.116-126)
Material:
Material:comparetoanlautstillWackernagelOldIndianGr.I129,241,pp.109,209b,III241ff.,
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,631,10,BenvenisteBSL.38,139ff.,SpechtDekl.241.
OldIndianstemkam-,Nom.Sg.k(=av.z)f.èarth,Erdboden'commonOldIndianh->kphoneticmutation,(Akk.km=av.zm;Lok.kmiand*km,ifkmanfromthisformwith
postposition*enìn'todefineis,compareOldIndianpri-jman`ringsauftheearth';Instr.jm;Gen.
jm,secondarygm,km);kmya-àuftheErdesituated,irdisch';
av.z,Akk.zm,Lok.zm,Gen.zmèarth,Erdboden';
gr.f.Èrdboden'(*;thereafterwithalsoGen.,ùnterirdisch'etc.),
originally`zurErdehin',thenalsoàuftheErde'(bisaufdieothervowelgradation=OldPrussian
semmai`low'andpresumablyalso=lat.hum`tobottom'),`totheground,ontheground',
`low',`low'(:lat.humilis),perhaps-`neu,unerhrt(auftheErde)';
phryg.(thrak.)`motherearth'(),alsophryg.Hes.
(compareruss.elovek`person'and`servant');`X'kanngenuinephryg.sein(idg.
>phryg.),gd-:z-asOldIndiank:av.z;commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
alb.dheèarth'(=);comparegr.,dor.,thess.,ol.;illyr.
-,-(PisaniIF.53,30,38)fromidg.*h,respectivelyVokat.*ghom;about,epithet
theDemeter,s.WH.I321;
Note:
Clearly`motherearth'wasshapedaccordingtoillyr.andalb.phoneticlaws[commonalb.
h->d-,dh-]-commonveneticIllyriansuffix-ter,-tre.ThereforeisanIllyrian
goddessofearth.
lat.humus(from*homos)èarth,Erdboden',probablyUmformunganoldconsonant-stem*hom-;
hencealsof.as;humilis`low'(:);inOsk.-Umbr.*homi-teros,-temosasKompar.
Superl.ofLok.*homiùnder'(:OldIndiankmi):osk.hu[n]truis`nfers',huntrusìnfers';umbr.
hutra,hontra`nfr',Abl.hondomu`nfim';umbr.hondu`pessumdat'from*hon(d)-td;aboutlat.
hmnusseeunder;
air.d,Gen.don`place'(PedersenKG.I89,s.alsoundertoduine;diedevelopmentfromhtodstimmtetotfrom-k-inart`bear'fromerkos;ninsteadofmasinfromtheVorstufe*dnfrom*dm-fromdverschleppt);
Note:
air.duine,cymr.dyn,corn.bret.den:illyr.,alb.dhecognatesevolvedaccordingtoillyr.and
alb.phoneticlaws[commonalb.h->d-,dh-]suggestingasharedoriginofthoselang.
lit.m,lett.zeme,OldPrussiansame,semmeèarth',semmai`base,low'(:,seeabove),lett.
zemùnder'(probablyVerkrzungofLok.zem);lit.mas,lett.zms`low';
OldChurchSlaviczemljaèarth';inadditionalsoOldChurchSlaviczmja`snake'(àuftheErde
kriechend,'),zmj`dragon'.
Inadditionwordsfor`person'asÌrdischer':
lat.hom,-inis`person',alat.hem(alsoinnm`niemand'from*ne-hem),Akk.hemnem;to
humusprobablyhmnus`menschlich',withunclearvocalism(*hoim-wrdetooofair.Pl.doni
`people'stimmen,whetherhereolderdiphthongvorlge,butforeinidg.*ghoim-lacksjede
Wahrscheinlichkeit;s.alsounder);osk.-umbr.*homn-(ablautgrade*hom-ashumus,compared
withlat.hemn-oreinzeldialektischerumlautfrom*hemn-),osk.humuns`homins',umbr.homonus
`hominibus';
got.guma,aisl.gumi,ags.guma,ahd.gomo`person,man,husband',nhd.inBruti-gam(idg.
*hemon-or*homon-);
lit.(old)mu(Daukam.Akk.mn)`person',nowadaysmogs,mgus(g-formsasinOld
ChurchSlavicm-)`person',OldPrussiansmoy(leg.smoa),otherformationsOldPrussian
smunentsm.`person',smonenawinsds.,andsmnif.`person',lit.monf.`wife,woman',mns
Pl.m.`people'(Akk.Pl.mnisdial.fromidg.hmnens).
Pedersen(KG.I69,89,116,173)placesherealsoair.duine,cymr.dyn,corn.bret.den`person',urk.
*donio-from*homio-=,OldIndiankamya-;daswreindeedtheeinzigeevidencefor
kelt.nifrommi;escouldtransferenceofnfromdemparadigm*dn`place'(seeabove)erwogen
become.YetwrethenthePl.air.doni,nir.daoine`humans,people'(echterdiphthong)fromduine
toseparate;weitprobablywirddonias*dheuenio-or*dhouenio-andduineetc.astiefstufiges
*dhunio-withgot.diwans`perishable'connected(see*dhuen-underdheu- `die');incredible
BorgstrmNTS.12,83f.;
Note:
commonillyr.-celtich->d-phoneticmutation
toch.Aom`Bursche,youngling',aumo,Pl.mna`person'(:lat.hemnem);s.Pedersen
Tochar.107f.;
hitt.te-e-kan(tegan),Gen.tagnsèarth'andtoch.Atka,Gen.tkanis,keds.
Note:
CommonHittiteTochanrianh->tk-phoneticmutation:commonOldIndianh->k-phonetic
mutation:IllyrianAlbanianh->dh-phoneticmutation:Celtich->d-phoneticmutation.
Theyderivedthroughmetathesisfrom*(e)hom-,*h(e)hom(PedersenGroup.41f.),these
explainedfromidg.*dh(e)hom(KretschmerGl.20,66f.);againstitwithsubstantialreasons
BeuvenisteMl.VanGinneken193ff.;arootin*dhegh-placesalsoSpechtDekl.241;Iwith
Benvenistewouldratherkeepawaythehitt.andtoch.forms.
Maybealb.tokaèarth'fromhitt.te-e-kan;AlsokiearthinSumer
References:
References:WP.I662ff.,WH.I654f.,663ff.,869,Trautmann369.
Page(s):
Page(s):414-416
Root/lemma: his (zerogradehis ),vereinfacht()tohs ,hi s ,hs
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:yesterday
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gestern'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhy`yesterday'(ghis),hyastana-`gestrig',av.zy,Oldpers.diya(ka),pers.
d(g);
gr.eleisch-Hes.(from*,idg.his);gr.(*hs),(after:,
selbstndigeparticleorVorschlagsvokal,seeaboveS.283andSchwyzerGr.Gr.I413,Lejeune
Trait182);,adverb.`gestrig',afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I351from+*toOldIndian
a-dy`today'(Instrum.fromidg.*dios`day';lacksaboveS.183),withvortonigerweakeningofto,
afterSpechtKZ.68,205from*his>hiswithadverbialsuffix(asingr.-);
`gestrig';
alb.dje`yesterday',dial.`morgen'(*hes),djethineds.,para-dje`vorgestern';
lat.her,her`yesterday',hesternus`gestrig'(from*hestrinoswith-tro-asingerm.*gestra-);
maybealb.(*her)hertèarlymorning'[theshiftS>Rattestedinlat.andalb.]
air.in-d(*gdis),cymr.doe,acorn.doy,ncorn.d,mbret.dech,nbret.deac'h`yesterday'(diebrit.
formsfrom*gdiies);cymr.neithiwretc.`yesterdayabend'ratherfrom*nokti+cymr.hwyr`late'(Lw.
fromlat.srus);
got.gistra-dagis`morgen',ags.geostra,wschs.giestran-dg,nordhumbr.gioster-dg`yesterday',
ahd.kestre,gesteron,gestern`yesterday';lengthenedgradeanord.gr(*gz-),igjr(Noreen
Aisl.Gr.4p.72,2631);s.aboveSpechtKZ.68,202f.
References:
References:WP.I664,WH.I642f.,869,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,631,10,SpechtKZ.68,201ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):416
Root/lemma: h- (orhi - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fisch'
Material:
Material:Arm.jukn`fish'(extensionasinmu-kn`mouse');
gr.,-(*hs)`fish'(-isVokalentwicklungasin`Gabelweihe':arm.cin`falcon',idg.
kno-);
huu-:lit.uvs(Gen.Pl.uv)f.,lett.zuvs,zivsm.ds.;inadditiondieverbsostlit.sta,vo,ti
`fischen';
Gutturalsuffix:OldPrussiansuckism.(Akk.Pl.suckans)`fish'(lit.uk-inkmistras`Fischmeister',
uk-sparnis`Fischaar',kls`fisherman');inadditionfurtherlett.zutism.Àal';lit.vejsm.
`fisherman',lit.vejti,lett.zvejut`fischen',vnasm.`Fischschuppe',lett.zvim.Pl.
`Fischschuppen';OldPrussiansucka-nsbesides,aslat.sucu-labesidesss,anord.askr
besideslit.osis.
ZurAnlautfrage(horhi)compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I325;gleichartigisesp.:m,and
eineParallelewithk-bietet:cin.KeinganzsichererHinweisauf*ghi-is,dainseineraffiliation
somewhatdubious,thefishnamelt.schwed.gius,nschwed.gs`PercaLucioperca',nhd.dial.
giesen`Cyprinuscephalus'andlt.schwed.fiskagiusenèinbirdofprey,Falcohaliaetus',wherein
ein*gjuse`fisherman'stecke.
References:
References:WP.I664,Trautmann373,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I325,413;toidg.comparelastly
LejeuneTraitdePhontiquegrecqueS.31f.
Page(s):
Page(s):416-417
Root/lemma: hldEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound,call
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schallen,rufen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhrdat`sounds',hrda-m.`Getn,noise',av.zrda-m.`Kettenpanzer'
(`rattling,clashing,klirrend'),npers.zirih`Panzer';
gr.(Pind.)`rausche,roar,foam',`klatsche,pltschere';
air.ad-gldurÌredean'.
Thear.wordscanbutjustaswellwithidg.rtogot.grtanbelong;seeundergher-1.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):451
Root/lemma: h
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:behind,towards
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinter,after,wegen'
Grammaticalinformation:prepositionandPartikel
Material:
Material:Arm.zprepositionandpreverb`withBezugauf'etc.(MeilletEsquisse2166);
balt.*a-inlit.dial.ao,au,a`behind,for'(compareaotànstatt',ostlit.auomaraòblivion');
lett.az(compareazuots`bosom'=ostlit.autisds.,tolett.*uots=lit.atis`bosom'),neweraiz
(unexplained)`behind,after,becauseof,insteadof',alsoverbalprefix`behind,from,to,to-,ver-';
slav.za`behind;an;for,becauseof,during,an',alsoverbalprefix;alsoinOldChurchSlaviczad
`dasHintere,buttockspart',comparena-d;
perhapsinstrumentalaPronom.-stemho-toghe,gho(aboveS.417)withanlaut.h-;s.alsounder
d.
References:
References:WP.I533f.,Trautmann336,EndzelinLett.Gr.485f.
Page(s):
Page(s):451-452
Root/lemma: hu e lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,swerve
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichkrmmen,vondergeradenRichtungabbiegen(alsogeistigandsittlich)
underlikewise'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhvrat`biegtfromthegeradenRichtungab,makeskrummeWege',hvlati
`gertaufAbwege,strauchelt,errs',juhur`miglckend',vhruta`schadhaft,sick',hruti
`gehtirre',participlehrut-,geneuert=renamed,haschangedhvrt-;hrchati`gehtschief,glides,
sways,fllt';hvras-n.`curvature',hvar-m.`snake',vihrt-f.`kindofsnakeorworm';
av.zbarmna-`crookedgoing',zbaraa-n.`footdavischerWesen',zbarah-n.`hill',zrah-n.
`wrong;injustice,deception',npers.zrìncorrect;lie,falsity';
gr.Hes.,`stammelnd,crazy'Hes.andprobablym.`hornartiger
protrusionamhelmet',presumably,epithetofThersitesB.217,perhaps`bowlegged';
perhapsalso`trgerisch'(-grade),`deceitful',`cheater',(dor.
)betrge';
lat.fall,-ere`deceive,cheat,deceive;makeineffective;sichentziehen;unbemerktbleiben'
(`*krummeWegemachen;ausbiegen';*hueln,compareOldIndianhruti);
lit.nuovelnsàbschssig';vals`skilful;agile,behend'(`*sichleichtbiegend');ablaut.vilnas
`slantwise,slant,skew'(*hu-),pavil-ti,-au`sichneigen',vyloti`swing,waver';praulnas(*hul-)
`schrge,slant,skew',palnusds.;atlas,-us`schroff,hard,unhflich,pitiless'underlikewise;
lett.zvel'u,zvl'u,zvelt`wlzen,fortbewegen,umwerfen;hit',refl.`sichschwerflligfortbewegen,
wallow,umfallen',zvalsttis`waver,waver',zvalns`fluctuating';
OldChurchSlaviczl`mad,wicked,evil,schlimm',skr.zo(f.zla),russ.zo(f.za)ds.;
perhaps*huel-fromaheu-`slant,skew'extended;compare*huer-inlit.urlèine
Rankenpflanze'(*ghurlo-),gr.m.`Feigenbohne'(*guhermo-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):489-490
Root/lemma: hu e lgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toglance
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànblicken'
Material:
Material:Gr.`bezaubere,umschmeichle'(incredibleaboveS.247);
lit.velgi,velgtiànblicken',Iterat.valga,valgtiandvilgism.`look',vlgiu,vilgti`short
hinblicken'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):490
Root/lemma: hu e nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tnen'
Note:
Note:extensionfromhau-,s.PerssonBeitr.191
Material:
Material:Arm.jain(huonii-),i-stem`voice'(withi-Epenthese);alb.tosk.z`voice',geg.z(<
*huono-s);
Note:
Theshift(*huen-),han>zinalb.isattastedinalb.geg.(*huonii-)z,zani,zoni`voice',zana,
zonaPl`voices'alsoattestedinalb.(*hot)zot`god,master,lord'becauseofthealb.h>dshift.It
isclearthatalb.(hg)zogu`bird'.
Root/lemma:hu e n- :
:`tosound'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
`tocall'
russ.-ChurchSlaviczvnju,zvnti`ring,sound,clink',russ.zvent,aech.zvnieti,ech.znti,
altpoln.wznieds.,ablaut.OldChurchSlaviczvon`sound,tone',sl.zvn`bell',bulg.zvn`sound,
clangor',zvnec`bell',skr.zvno,russ.ech.zvon,poln.dzwon`clangor,bell'.
Baltoslav.rootextensionhu e ng- :
lit.vngiu,vngti`neigh',su-vingu,-vngtiìnWiehernausbrechen',vangs`loud,schallend',
vngu,vangti`rattle,clash,ring,clang,clink',lett.zvegt`neigh';
OldChurchSlaviczvg`verknde',russ.-ChurchSlaviczvjagu`singe,babble',russ.dial.zvjag,
zvja`bark,bay'.
Slav.rootextensionhu e nk- :
OldChurchSlaviczvkm.`sound',zvknti`sound,clink',zvcati`call,shout,cry',skr.zvk
`sound',poln.zwik,dwik`sound,clangor';withablautOldChurchSlaviczvk`sound',russ.
zvuk,ech.zvuk`sound,tone,sound,clangor';
Slav.rootextensionhu e nt- :
bulg.zvntja`sound,clink'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):490-491
Root/lemma: hu rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wildbeast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wildesTier'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-,m.latef.(,=ostlit.vres,vr,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I424),
lesb.,hom.,thess.(=,)ànimal';
lat.ferus,-a,-um`wild,wildwachsend,-lebend'(*huero-s);
withstructureindiei-Deklination(afterdemAkk.Sg.Pl.-,-i=m,-ns)lit.vrsm.f.,lett.zvrsm.;
OldPrussianAkk.Pl.swrins;
OldChurchSlaviczvr`wildanimal',sloven,zvr,aech.zvm.f.,russ.zvr;
substantiv.adjectivelit.vrienf.,russ.zvrna`Wildbret',tolat.carfernads.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):493
Root/lemma: hu o ig-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;star
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,Schein'
Material:
Material:Gr.`pure,cleangleaming',,(*huig-)ìmpure,unclean';
bsl.*uaigzd-f.`shine,star'(idg.*huoig(e)s-d)in:
OldPrussianAkk.Sg.swigstan`shine',poswigstinaiìlluminate'();lit.vaigzd,vaigd,dial.
vaizd,lett.zvigznef.`star';inadditionfurtherlit.vyguls`radiance',vnas`silberfleckig',lett.
zvaigstties`gleam',zvaidrt`shimmer';
slav.*gvzda(from*guaigzd,throughFerdissimilationfrom*uaigzd)inOldChurchSlavic
dzvzda,skr.zvigzda,poln.gwiazda,russ.zvzdf.`star'.
Maybe(*izda)alb.[Sicily]iz,alb.[Dibr]ist-`star'[alb.-illyr.-h->-z-,-ss-,-st-phoneticmutation]:
HittiteIstanu`sungod'
References:
References:Trautmann373f.,PedersenLacinqunderdcl.lat.74,MikkolaUrslav.Gr.166f.
Probablyunrichtigaboutgr.etc.above118.
Page(s):
Page(s):495
Root/lemma: hu k -,hu kEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schimmern,leuchten'
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.,Hes.;--...Hes.,
reduplicated`budge,movequick,fast,zucke(*funkle)';
lat.fax(oldfacs),facisf.`torch;Anstifter',Demin.facula`torch',factusèlegant,witzig',factiaand
-ae`witzigeEinflle';
lit.vk`candle'.
References:
References:WP.I645,WH.I438f.,471,864,Trautmann374.
Page(s):
Page(s):495
Root/lemma: leiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torunupto
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànlaufen,anstrmen'
Note:
Note:Onlyindoiranisch.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjryati`strmtan,luftan',jryas-n.Ùngestm,run,flow,Flulauf',prthujrya-`weitrunning';
av.zrayah-,Oldpers.drayah-`sea,sea',mpers.zray,npers.(withrearrangement)dary,pruzrayahàboutweiteWasserflchensicherstreckend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):401
Root/lemma: u e r- ,u e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburnandbehot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchtenandheisein'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e r- ,u e r- :
:toburnandbehot'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:her-3 and
her- ,hr- :
:toshine,shimmer'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjvrati`fiebert',jvara-`fever,pain,distress',jrvati`versengt',jr`blaze,
glow'(<*jvr-,*ur-);besidesjvlati`flammtauf,glht,shines',jvalita-`flammend,luminous',
jvalan`burning,ignitable',m.`fire',n.`dasBrennen,Lodern',jvala-m.`light,flame,torch',jvlf.
ds.;
mnl.coortsm.,mnd.korts`fever';
lit.iri,irti`see',irÀussicht,look',irasÙhu';
fullgradelett.zvrs`funkelnd',zvruot`glow,flash'.
References:
References:WP.I643,WackernagelOldIndianGr.Ip.228.
Page(s):
Page(s):479
Root/lemma: ( e )lu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sister-in-law
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`SchwesterofGatten'
Material:
Material:Gr.*Finhom.Dat.Sg.andNom.Pl.,Gen.Pl.,att.,Gen.
`Mannessister';
lat.gls,glris`Mannessister,wife,womanofbrothers'(*l[u]s);
sptChurchSlaviczlva,aech.zelva,serb.zova,russ.zovka`Mannessister';
perhapsalsoarm.tal`Mannessister'(for*calaftertaigr`Mannesbrother').
Daphryg.Hes.,also,herebelongs,ishchstdoubtful;whetherfor
*Fverschrieben
AfterJoklEbertsRL.X142bwrethenichtpalatalegutturalthroughinfluenceofbedingt,whereupon
alsopoln.ew,owica(*geluu)besideszew,zowica(*eluu)`sisterofMannes'hinweisen
sollen;comparethoughdasunderhel-aboutbslav.gel-`yellow'Ausgefhrte.
Eingr.conservativestem*[u]-hatbertritt(onlythecaseoblique)indieo-Dekl.erfahren;in
Slav.lieseinolder-stemzly,Gen.zlve,before,thewithlat.glscomparedbecomecould.
References:
References:WP.I631,WH.I610,SchwyzerGr.Gr.480.
Page(s):
Page(s):367-368
Root/lemma: g d hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosink,submerge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èintauchen,untersinken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianghat`taucht,dringtein',participlegha-`deep,strong,tight,firm',gh
`depth,dasInnere';witha:ghana-,ghvara-`deep,dense',n.`depth,abyss,thicket',dur-gha-m
`bserplaceorway';
dasparticiplegh-isprobablyanalogicalformafterrootswithOldIndianh=idg.h;gdh`seicht',m.n.Ùntiefe,ford'isperhapsfromanOldIndianrootnounsg(toidg.g-`gait')+dhaas
`(About)ganggewhrend'todefine;
av.Akk.Pl.vi-g`Schluchten'(:OldIndianvi-gh-)`sicheintauchend',zerogradegua-`depth';
gr.,dor.(*)f.`Talgrund,gorge,ravine,gulch';n.ds.(*),zero
grade,`depth,Meeresgrund'withinsteadofafter;`wheresich
nichtdivelt,grundlos,depth',n.`depth';`depth'secondaryafter:;
air.b(i)dim`taucheunder,drown',cymr.boddièrtrnken,ertrinken,berfluten',corn.bedhy,mbret.
beuziffèrtrnken';cymr.diffoddiàuslschen'from*dispad-(*d-eks-bad-).
References:
References:WP.I665,SchwyzerRhein.Mus.81,193ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):465
Root/lemma: g- ,gemEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togo,come
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gehen,kommen;zurWeltkommen,geborenwerden'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:g- ,gem- :
:`togo,come'fromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:a- (*he- )::`to
lead,*drivecattle'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjgti`goes'(=gr.*,comparelak.3.Sg.,hom.participle
`withgroenSchritteneinhergehend',inadditionalsohom.),Aor.-g-mÌkamhin,
walkedweg'(av.Injunkt.gtèrwirdhinkommen')=arm.kam`stehe',gr.,dor.Ìmachte
michauf,walked';
OldIndiangtram`limb,member,body';gt-`gait,way,room,place',av.gtu-`place,Liegerstatt,
seat,throne',Oldpers.guds.;OldIndianv-gman-n.`footstep'(prth-pra-gman`weiterschreitend';comparegmin-`going',furtherformationsano-stemgma),av.g-man-n.
`footstep',OldIndiangya-m`footstep'inuru-gy-`weiterschreitend,wide'(ofway),av.gya-(Akk.
gim)`footstep'(withformants-ya-);
arm.kam`stehe'(:gr.);
gr.*,,seeabove;`Tanz',`Tnzer'(from*or*`das
Fuaufsetzen'+`Gefge');,ion.`streite'(àfterzweiSeiten
auseinandergehend'),n.`footstep'changingthroughablautm.`Tritt,grade,Gestell,
altar';infinitive;m.`doorsill';,dor.,kyren.`betretbar,
ungeweiht'(contrastfromìmmortal,holy');zerograde`certainly'(*goodgangbar);
Adv.ìnfootstep';m.`way',m.`grade,threshold,footstep',`foundation',
`Mnnerschuh';
alb.ngÌrun'(*gani);Actually(*ga-sni)nasalizedformpreventedcommonalb.->d-phonetic
mutation.
Maybealb.ngatht`slow,lazy(walk)'[commonalb.-air.-s>-thphoneticmutation]
Maybezerogradeinalb.gar`race'<rum.goan`race,battue'.
lit.dial.gti`go';lett.gju(preterittoit)Ìwalked'(placeseinpresent*giahead,dessenjpresent
formantseinwird),therefromfurthergjums`gait,row';gita`gait'(withanalogicalai,EndzelinLett.
Gr.S.678);gtisPl.`Fluglcherofthebees';lit.prgaòccasion,opportunity,term,deadline(*endof
theroad)'(prefix*pr+g);lit.gtv`road,livestockpasture',lett.gatva`way,passage'aregerm.
Lw.
Perhapsherealsokelt.wordsfor`die'(as`fortgehen',),asair.bad`stirbt'(*b-a-ti
from*g-),at-bath`died'(*-g-t..),bath`death'=cymr.bad`pest,pestilence',bret.bad
ànesthetization',corn.badus`phrenetical';air.bs`death'isaftergns`consuetude'etc.shaped.
ContrarinessofThurneysenGr.pp.547,728iseinstembs-notnachzuweisen;s.moreproperly
PedersenLitteris2.89f.
2.gem- :
Notthematic*(e)-gem-t(>*e-gen-t),-gm-t,-gm-entinOldIndianAor.gan,gan(gforjafter
formswithoriginal*gm-,*gm-;1.Sg.gamam),gata(*gm-),gman,gmata;gthav.3.Sg.Inj.
uz-jn,3.Pl.gmn;
arm.3.Sg.eknèrkam'(=OldIndiangan);aboutdiestillunklare1.Sg.eki,3.Pl.ekinseeMeillet
Esquisse134f.;
gr.3.Du.,3.Pl.probablyzurrootform*g-;
Konj.*gemetiinOldIndiangm-at,-anti,gthav.jamaiti,jimaiti;Opt.gm-itinOldIndiangamyt,av.
jamyt,ap.jamjh(jforgfromformswithlengthenedgradeidg.*gem-);ags.cymeseeunder;
thematic:zerogradeOldIndiangmati,av.jamaiti`goes'(OldIndiangamyati`ltcome,fhrt
herbei',av.jmayeiti`bringtzumgroin,flank'),zerogradeOldIndian(Opt.Aor.)gamt,gamma,
gamemahi,probablyalsoAor.gamat;Perf.ja-gmaÌwalked'(comparegot.1.Pl.qemum);av.fr-
mat(gthav.-gmat)èrkamhinzu',Oldpers.a-gmat;
osk.kmbened`convenit',cebnust(from*ce-benust)`(huc)vnerit',umbr.benust,benurent`venerit,
-int';lat.Konj.advenam(aboutnformseeunder;perhapswithanalogical-en-afterdenformsaslat.
veni,ventum,vn);
got.qiman(preteritqam,1.Pl.qemum:OldIndian1.Sg.Perf.ja-gma),ahd.quemanand(zero
grade)coman=ags.cuman,anord.kma`come';ags.Konj.Prter.(olderOptat.)cyme(*gem--t);
toch.Akm-,kum-,km-,kam-,em`come'.
i o -present*gm-iingr.`go'(Fut.etc.),lat.veni`come'withveryoldalterationfrommi-to-ni-;afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.I309coulddasnalsofromformsasav.jantu(*gem-tu-),arm.ekn
(*e-gem-t)bezogensein;tovnimusstimmtgot.qemum;
sk o -present*gm-sk:OldIndiangcchati,av.jasaitièrgoes',gr.`go!come!'toch.Akumn
`hecomes',Med.kumnstr,knmastr.
Verbaladjektiv:OldIndiangat`gegangen',av.gata-ds.,gr.`gangbar'(*gm-to-s),lat.
inventus.
othernominalformation:
OldIndiangti-f.`gait',av.aiwi-gati-`dasHerbeikommen=Eintreten,Beginnen',gr.f.
`footstep;base'(*gm-ti-s),lat.con-venti-`Zusammenkunft',got.gaqums`Zusammenkunft'(*-gmtis),anord.samkundf.ds.,ahd.cumft,nhd.Ankunft;OldIndiangntum.`gait,way',lat.adventus,
-sÀnkunft';got.qumsÀnkunft'(*gem-is),ags.cyme,ahd.cumi;OldIndiangamya-`wohinmango
kannorsoll',osk.kmbenniesGen.`convents';ahd.biqumi`bequem'(compare`bekmmlich'),
ags.gecwme`pleasant,fitting',anord.kvmr`zumKommenberechtigtorimstande';kvmaf.
`Kommen,Besuch',kmads.;
toch.Akum-,ABkam-,Akm-,em-`come',Akumn,Med.kumntr`comes',Akakmu,
kekamu`gekommen'.
Withameaning-development`(zurWelt)come'=`bornbecome':
av.nijmayeinti`siebringenzumGebren'(*nijma-`birth');
gr.-Hes.;
alban.pre-gjim`GastmahlbytheErstgeburt';
lit.gem,gimti`bornbecome'=lett.dzemu,dzmtds.,lit.gmstu(toAkzentseeSchulzeKZ.45,230)
=lett.dzmstuds.,lit.gimin`family',gmis`birth',gmasÀngeborenes',causativegamnti`Kinder
erzeugen,Viehzchten',lett.dzmtsàngeboren,erbgehrig,leibeigen',dzma`birth'=OldPrussian
gimseninAkk.Sg.`birth',OldPrussiangemton`togivebirthtochildren',gemmonsparticiplePerf.
`born'.
References:
References:WP.I675ff.,MeilletEsquisse2134f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I309,689,7423,7072,
Trautmann76,PedersenToch.170ff.,221,234.
Page(s):
Page(s):463-465
Root/lemma: gedhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush,hit,harm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,verletzen,zerstren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangandh-`bump,poke,prick,injure,destroy'(byGrammatikern),gandhm.
`smell,odor,Duft',av.gantay-`fetidness',mpers.gand`fetidness',Oldpers.gasta-èklig,unsavory,
distasteful',afgh.andal`disgust,repulsion,loathingfeel',bal.gandagèvil,bad'.(Zurmeaning
development`bump,poke,prick'>`smell,odor'comparee.g.ahd.stinkan`smell,stink'againstgot.
stigqan`zusammenstoen'andgr.`Fettdampf'comparedwithaisl.hnta`bump,poke,prick'.)
Gr.`vituperation,Schande'(*gendhno-);afterKuiperNasalprs.65herem.ènvy'
(present*from*gdh-en-);
aboutmhd.quetsen,quetschen`hit,bump,poke,squeeze's.Kluges.v.quetschen;
lit.gendu,gsti`damagenehmen,spoil,zugrundego',gadin,gadnti`spoil,beschdigen,stren',
pagadas`ruin',lett.instu,int`zugrundego'.
References:
References:WP.I672f.,BenvenisteBSL.38,143.
Page(s):
Page(s):466-467
Root/lemma: geid(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mud
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlamm,halbflssigerSchmutz'
Material:
Material:Gr.`filth,slime,mud'(*geidhiaor-sa,or*geid-s-a);perhapsanord.kveisaf.
`swelling,blister,swelling,lump,growth',mnd.quse`Blutblase',besidesnorw.kvisa,schwed.
kvisslads.;
OldChurchSlavicidk`succosus',russ.etc.dkij`dnnflssig;soft,pliable'.
References:
References:WP.I671.
Page(s):
Page(s):469
Root/lemma: gei-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocry,weep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klagen,jammern'
Note:
Note:AuerhalbofGermanischenonlyuncertainVergleiche;probablyonomatopoeic.
Material:
Material:Got.qainn`weep,cry,grieve',anord.kveina`lament',ags.cwnian`wail,sadsein',
anord.kveinka`wail,lament'andwithotherderivativeaisl.st.Verb.kva`sichngstigen',kvaf.à
trembling,quaking,shaking,terror,anxiety,fear,dread,alarm',kvim.ds.;ags.cwan,schw.Verb.
`wail,bemoan',as.quian`lament';
hieranremindformallit.geduandgestu,giedti`sing,crow',etc.,dietotheonlyindenSatemSprachenbelegtenroot*gi-`sing'belong(seethere);isthenotzusammenstimmendenmeaning
becauseofdubious.
Maybealb.kuj`wailing',kujtim`memory(ofthedead)',kujtoj`remember'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):467
Root/lemma: gei-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputtogether,enclose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammendrngen,einschlieen,einpferchen'
Material:
Material:Umbr.bio,plign.Akk.biamèingefriedeterdistrict,region,area';
anord.kvf.`corral,pen,fold,narroweingefriedetePassage',kvaèinpferchen'.
References:
References:WP.I666.
Page(s):
Page(s):467
Root/lemma: gei Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprevail,bemighty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berwltigen,Gewalt,gewaltsamniederdrcken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjy,jiyf.`bergewalt'(=gr.),jyna-m,jyn-`Bedrckung',jyyn
`mchtiger,berlegener',jyha-,jyeha-`mchtigst,strkst';jyati(Perf.jigya)èrsiegt,besiegt'
(av.Inf.jayi,fullgradeItheroot,`todefeat,conquer'),jayinu-`victorious',jtr-èrsiegend,
besiegend';jinti(Fut.jysyati,Pass,jyte,participlejt-)`berwltigt,oppressed';jgati`will
defeat,conquer,ersiegen'(:av.jijiaiti`seeksforsichtoerlangen,ausfindigtomake'),jigyu`victorious';
OldIndianjintistandsforalsoùmetwasbringen',jynialso`reduction,loss'andissozugleich
theFortsetzerthepalatalanlaut.rootfromav.zint`schdigt',Oldpers.adint`brachteworum,
nahmweg',participlePerf.Pass.dta-,av.zyn,zyni-f.`Schdigung',Inf.zyni`toharm',bal.
zinaànsichreien,hastiggripe,withGewaltwegnehmen'(auerarischeequivalentnotbekannt);
Maybealb.geg.zagripe,capture,geg.meuzan,tosk.zihemquarrel
gr.`force,might'(=OldIndianjiy),,`zwinge',`gewaltttig',probably=
;`futuere',Hes.`vergewaltigen'(whereasfromaparticiple*--=
OldIndianj-na-,Gramm.,abzuleitenwre);afterLidnIF.19,328withnpers.gyad`futuit',Inf.
gdan,gn,fromaroot*gi-or()*gi-,dieonlybylatterrudimentwithgei-aslengthenedgrade
theo-gradationatmosttheoretischcompatiblewre;
withgei-`niederzwingen'shine,appear,seemalsofollowingwordsfor`schwchen,enfeeble',Intr.
Pass.`zusammengehen,altern,hinschwinden'originallyzusammenzugehren:
OldIndianjintialsoàltert',jyniÀltersschwche',jyni-Ùnvergnglichkeit',jna-àged,old',
-jta-ùnversehrt,unverwelkt',-jti-Ùnversehrtheit',jvri-òld,fragile,easilybroken;unstable,
dilapidated,hilflos',av.jy-,presentjiniti`schwcht',ajyamna-`sichnichtvermindernd,
unversieglich',whereforemhd.verqunen,preteritquein`hinschwinden',ags.cwnan,-cwnan,
preteritcwn`hinschwinden,abate,krnkeln',extendedags.cwincan,cwincan`disappear,abate'
(Kaus.withablautneologismcwencan,engl.quench`lschen'),andwithm-formswfl.kwmen
`krnkeln',kwmelig`verweichlicht'.
FromdemGerm.shine,appear,seeminbeidenBedeutungsfrbungenanreihbar:
anord.kveita`berwltigen'(d-present);s-extensionsmnd.quisten`perishlassen,verschwenden',
quist`damage,loss',mnl.quisten`terere,atterere,friare',got.qistjan`spoil',ahd.quistf.
`Vernichtung',archwistan,firquistan`spoil,destroy',ags.cwesan`zerquetschen',jt.kws`press,
auspressen',nisl.kveisa`Bauchgrimmen'(`*Zwicken');norw.kveisa`verkmmertescreature',kvisla
`hinschwinden';g-extension(gebrocheneReduplikation)fries.kwke,kwikken`pinch,tweak,nip',in
themeaningabgeschwchtinpreu.queicheln`htscheln'.
References:
References:WP.I666ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I300,694.
Page(s):
Page(s):469-470
Root/lemma: gei - 3 andgei - :g(i)i - :g(i)i - :g- ,frequent,oftenwith-u- extended
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leben'
Material:
Material:A.from*gei :
OldIndianjvtu-`life'(seeunder),gya-`house,courtyard,Hauswesen'(seeunder);
av.jiasa`dusollstleben'(2.Sg.presentMed.,orthemat.2.Sg.Opt.for*jigyaa);jjinti
(originallyDesiderativ)`sieerquicken,nhren',jaya-m.Ànregung';gaym.`life,Lebenszeit,
Lebensfhrung'(=OldIndiangya-`houseandcourtyard,Hauswesen'=russ.goj`peace;
salvation!');av.ga,Oldpers.gaièntity,houseandcourtyard';
arm.keam`lebe'(*giy-ye-mi);MeilletEsquisse110,176.
gr.hom.Ìwerdeleben'(*;SchwyzerGr.Gr.I780,7881);
lit.gajs`lighthealing';lit.gyj,gti(*gti-)àufleben,sicherholen,heilbecome'(inaddition-gtièrlangen',actually`sichhineinleben'),lett.dzt`heal,cure;heilbecome',gdau`heal',lett.dzidt
`heal,cure'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI559),OldChurchSlaviciti`leben'(presentivseeunder);in
additionOldChurchSlavicit`life'(*gtis),pa-it`,,';
slav.*goj`daslife'(*goio-s)inaruss.goj`peace',oldskr.gjds.,aech.hoj`fullness,wealth'(:Old
Indiangya),causativeslav.*gojiti`lebenmake',skr.gjiti`care,msten',etc.;
toch.sai-`leben',VanWindekensLexique127.
*gi - in:
av.-jyiti-f.(incompounds)`life',jytuGen.,jytumAkk.`life'(inOldIndianwurdethese*jy-tu-
afterjvatitojvtu);
ep.ion.,gort.`lebe'(from*-,idg.*gi-i),Aor.(*gii-mwithvokal.i,das
presumablythroughgesttztwurde),att.,,(*,idg.*gi-),`lebendig',
`life',ànimal';gr.`fit,healthy'(*sugiis`wohllebend');
*g- (besidesinbaltosl.*gti-,seeabove)inav.yava-j-`fortwhrendlebend',av.jti-f.`life',Old
Indianjr-àgile,lively,rash,hasty',av.jra-`lebhaftfromVerstand,sly,cunning';OldPrussiangeits
`bread',OldChurchSlavicito`corn,grain'.
Maybealb.geg.gja`thing,property':Oldpers.gaièntity,houseandcourtyard';
*g- inkelt.*bitu-,air.bith(Gen.betho),cymr.byd,bret.bed`world';
maybealb.(*gei-t)bot`world'commonkelt.-illyr.g-.b-phoneticmutation.
gall.Bitu-rges,i.e.`peopleofWeltknigs'(comparediesimilarmeaningfromav.ga);besides
zerogradesidg.*geito-incymr.bwydèat',acorn.buit`dish,food',abret.boitolionèsciferis',nbret.
boed`nourishment,food';dasdisyllabicair.biad,Gen.biid`nourishment,food,dish,food'(previous
*biveto-m).
Withidg.g -suffix(gg-):ahd.quhandquk,Gen.quckes`lebendig',nhd.keck,schweiz.check
`strong,tight,firm'(kkfromaformwithkwasmhd.quickenèrquicken'),ags.cwicu,cucu`lebendig',
anord.kvikr,kykr(Akk.kykkvan)`lebendig',alsonhd.Quecke,ags.cwice`Hundegras'(fromthe
auerordentlichenLebens-andKeimkraftthePflanze);
lett.dzga`life'(asdzveds.),dzgut`leben'(asdzvutds.).
Lat.vigre`lebenskrftigsein'fromvegretoseparate,seemsunberechtigt.WoodKZ.45,68reiht
annord.kvikretc.alsovielegerm.wordsforlebhafteBewegungallerkindofan,sobesidesanord.
kveikja`beleben,kindle,inflame',withotherWeiterbildungenags.cwiferlceAdv.`keen,eager',engl.
quiveràgile,lively,hurtig',fries.kwistern`wedeln,schwnzeln',kwispeln`sichraschandunruhighin
andherbewegen',schwed.dial.kvd`throw',jt.kwràlert,awake,smart'.
B.from*gi u- , gu - :
with:OldIndianjv-`lebendig,m.life',Oldpers.jva-,av.jva-(i.e.jva-)`lebendig'=lat.vvusds.,
osk.bivusPl.`vivi',cymr.biw,corn.biw`Hornvieh'(`*Lebendvieh'),lit.gvas,lett.dzvs,OldChurch
Slaviciv`lebendig';
with:gr.`life'(*gi-u-os),got.qius`lebendig'(gaqiunan`'),air,biu,beo,cymr.byw,bret.
beo,corn.byw,bew`lebendig'(therefromkelt.*bivottsinair.bethu,Gen.bethad=cymr.bywyd
`life');
withk-suffix:lat.vvx`lebenskrftig,langlebig',similarformationwithlit.gyvkas`lebendig',
entfernterOldIndianjvaka-ds.;
witht-suffix:1.with:OldIndianjvita-m`life,livingbeingetc.`,lit.gyvat`life,Lebensunterhalt,
Bauerngut'=lat.vta`life'(*guot)andOldChurchSlavicivotm.`life',OldIndianjvatha-;
Maybeabbreviatedalb.(*jvita-m)jeta`life':OldIndianjvita-m`life':av.jti-f.`life'.
2.with:,masc.;`Lebensatemetc.`;
withoi:lit.gaivsàlert,awake,smart,lebendig';
verbalderivative:OldIndianjvati,av.jvaiti(i.e.jvaiti)`lebt',ap.jv`lebe!'=lat.viv,OldChurch
Slaviciv`lebe'(Inf.itiseeabove),extendedlit.gyven`lebe';OldIndianjinvati,pr-jini
`lebendigsein,sicherregen;anregen,beleben,erquicken'.
References:
References:WP.I668ff.,MeilletIntroduction7165,SpechtKZ.62,111,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I298,
300,330,5014,6756,Trautmann75f.
Page(s):
Page(s):467-469
Root/lemma: gelbhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:womb;youngofanimal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gebrmutter;Tierjunges'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangrbha,av.garwa-`womb,Leibesfrucht',grbun.`Tierjunges';OldIndian
sgarbhyaèodemuteronatus'(=gr.ds.);
gr.,-f.,dor.`womb,uterus'(seeunder);*n.ds.asbasefrom
(Hom.)`couterinus,brother'(*-[]-),nexttowhichatt.ds.;m.f.`piglet',
,-m.`Delphin',Hes.;Specht(Idg.Dekl.268)reconstructsfromgr..(Hes.)eineoriginallyroot*gel-;
the-us-stemkehrtagaininahd.kilburn.,chilburraf.`Mutterlamm',ags.cilforlambds.(besidesofesstemahd.kilbirads.and-withgradationaftero-stemas,grbha-nhd.Kalb,seeabove
S.359under*gel-,*gelebh-`clench'),dieaufpurevelarenanlautweisen(asgall.-lat.galbaandgot.
kil-ei`womb'etc.).Eslievarious,butlauthnlicheandhencegegenseitigerBeeinflussung
ausgesetzteSippenbefore:*gelbh-,*gerebh-,andfromgel-extendedbh-forms,diebutinGerm.
presumablythroughabsorptionfromgelbh-formsderenstemformationandspezifischemeaning
bernommenhave.
References:
References:WP.I692f.,WH.I578,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I295.
Page(s):
Page(s):473
Root/lemma: gel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;pain,death
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`stechen';2.`(stechender)Schmerz,Qual,Tod'
Material:
Material:1.Gr.`Wespen',Hes.;f.`cusp,peak,needle',Hom.;but
n.`Gescho'probablyratherto,s.aboutdensekundrenZusammenschluwithlatter
familyunder2.gel-`herabtrufeln;throw';uber,,ark.dor.`cusp,peak,
Bratspie,Mnze's.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I295;
bsl.*gelietièssticht,schmerzt'in:
lit.glti`prick',unpers.àche',glti`toachebegin',gelu,geluons`sting,prick',Giltin`Todesgttin,
death',glasm.ènd,death,bottom,stretch,Stck'andgl`pain'(=nhd.Qual),lett.gals`cusp,
peak,end,region',dzelt`prick';OldPrussianAkk.gallan,Vok.golism.`death',gallintwei`slay',
ablaut.gulsenninAkk.`pain';
russ.-ChurchSlavicelj,elti`mourn',aech.eleti`bemoan',OldChurchSlaviceljaf.
àffliction',ablaut.OldChurchSlavicalf.`pain',aruss.alds.,russ.alf.`pity',dial.`grave,
graveyard',etc.;
maybealb.(*elja)zija`famine,mourning,dressedinblack'[commonalb.g->z-phoneticmutation]
thepurephysicalmeaning`pricking,pointed'presumablyalsoinarm.ciu`twig,branch,finger'(from
ebefore),inalb.glisht`finger'(PedersenKZ.39,393,JoklIF.36,125,whereuponatfirstfrom
*glenst-;BrugmannIF.11,286Anm.hadcompared`touch,feel,grope'),alb.gr.glimp
(gjmp,gjmbi)`thorn'(*gle-mo-,JoklaaO.141);
Note:
Root/lemma:gis-ti-s :
:`finger'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:`tostick;
pain,death'
butmengl.quille,engl.quill`Federkiel,Weberspule,Speileranabarrel,vat,cask,sting,prickan
Igels',mhd.kil,nhd.Federkiel(warumwgeschwunden),westfl.kwilederivingbecauseofmrhein.
Keil`keel,wedge'(mhd.*kl)probablyeineri-root,whethernotfolketymologyEntstellungenthrough
influenceofmhd.mnd.kl`wedge'andmhd.kiel`ship'vorliegen.
2.Withthemeaning`pain-Pein-death':
arm.keem`peinige'(MeilletMsl.8,165);
air.at-baill`stirbt'(ess+baln-from*gl-n-withprefixedemObjektspronomenès';neverthelessbarely
afterPedersenKG.II459asès,namelydasLeben,fortwerfen'to-,dadieBedeut.`die'
alsooutofKelt.wiederkehrt;comparealsocorn.bal`pestis',cymr.aballu(*adballu),ballu`die'(*gln-),ad-feilio(*ate-bal-from*gel-)ds.;
perhapslat.vallessit`perierit'(setzte,asdaskelt.verb,apresent*gal-nahead;differentEM2
1129);
ahd.as.quelan,qual`Peinleiden',ags.cwelan`die';anord.kveliaàfflict',as.quellian,ahd.quellen
ds.,ags.cwellan`slay';anord.kvlf.`torment,pain,agony',ags.civalu`killing,violentmurder';as.
qulaàgony,torture',ahd.qualds.,`violentdeath',nhd.Qual(lengthenedgradeaslit.gl,Old
ChurchSlavical);ahd.,as.qualm`death.devastation',ags.cwealmds.,schwed.kvalmàbrupt
indisposition,minorillness,nausea';ags.cwield`death'(gel-t-),cwieldtdÀbendzeit(*endofday'),
ahd.quiltiwerkÀbendarbeit',anord.kveldn.(*gel-t-)èvening'.
AboutÀnlautvarianten'(probablybestenfallsrhymemeaning)s.SiebsKZ.37,315,LewyKZ.40,
420.
References:
References:WP.I689f.,Trautmann83,VendryesRC40,433ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):470-471
Root/lemma: gel-2 ,gel- ,glEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrip,flow;tothrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:a)`herabtrufeln,berrinnen,quellen';b)`werfen',presumablytovereinigen
under`fallenlassen',intr.`herabfallen'
Note:
Note:afterWackernagelKZ.67,159belongthougha)andb)variantverbsan.
Material:
Material:a)OldIndianglati`trufeltherab,flltherab,verschwindet',galit-`vanished,gewichen',
Kaus.glayati`gietab,makesflow,seihtab';OldIndiangalana-`trufelnd,rinnend'(Lex.),n.`das
Trufeln,Rinnen'=ga-rana-m(Gramm.);
gr.`Bademeister',`spa,bath'(>lat.balneum);,`quellehervor'
(formationafter),`humid,wet'Hes.,andfromthefamilyofinsimilarmeaning
àufsprudelnd(ofwater)',`SpringquellbyEryke',comparealso
`mnden';
ahd.quellan(quall)`springup,bubble,toswell'(llprobablyfromln),ags.(ge)collen`swollen',ahd.
quella,nhd.Quelle,mnd.qualm(`*hervorquellendes'=)`fume,smoke,vapor,smoke',olderdn.kval
`vapor,haze,mist';nhd.Qualle,ndl.kwal,kwalle`Meduse'.
Invermittelndermeaning(perhapsfromìnsichzusammenfallen')OldIndianglti,glyati`fhltsich
erschpft,isquerulous,schwindet',participlegln-,glna-m,glniÈrschpfung,Abnahme',
Kaus.glpyatièrschpfen,jmd.zusetzen;inVerfallcomelassen'
b)Av.nirire`siebecomeherabgeschleudert'(nigar-);
gr.`throw,cast,treffe'(*geln-),zerogradeark.=,
Hes.,Aor.,Perf.--,Aor.èrhielteinenSchu,wurdegetroffen',,;
`Wurf',,m.ds.,,-`Wurfgescho',,-`Gescho',-;
fromdemKelt.perhapscymr.blif`catapulta'(*gl-mo-,comparegr.-);aboutair.at-baill`stirbt'
s.gel-`prick';
toch.ABkl-`fall',VanWindekensLexique40.
Withameaningdevelopment`sichinGeisteaufetwasthrow,,'places
mantoalso()diegr.familyof`will'(*,Konj.ofs-Aor.to);,
dor.:f.Èntschlu,Ratschlag';butthess.,dor.-from*gelso-;herealso
`waltegod!'.
References:
References:WP.I690ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I284,693underAnm.9.
Page(s):
Page(s):471-472
Root/lemma: gel-3 ,g e l- ,glEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:acorn;oak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:probablyursprnglichÈiche'
Note:
Note:onlyinderivativeswiththemeaningàcorn'receive(afterSpechtIdg.Dekl.60f.previousnoun
gel-s ,secondarygl - s ,Gen.g e l-s )
Material:
Material:Arm.kain,Gen.kanoiàcorn'(*gl()-eno-,dasfromdemGen.);kaniòak';
gr.m.àcorn'(gel-no-);
urbalt.*gls(*gl-s),Gen.*gls,worfrom*gliiinlett.(d)zle,lit.gyl,and*gliiainlit.glàcorn',Old
Prussiangileàcorn,oak';
extension-n-d- in:
lat.glns,glandisf.àcorn';
lit.gilndra,gilndr`reicheErnteanFrchten(originallyEicheln');
russ.-ChurchSlavicelud(slav.*eld)m.àcorn',skr.ldm.,russ.ludm.ds.
References:
References:WP.I692,WH.I604f.,Trautmann82,SpechtKZ.66,56,Indog.Dekl.60f.,173,230.
Page(s):
Page(s):472-473
Root/lemma: gemSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveg-.
Page(s):
Page(s):473
Root/lemma: ger()-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toraisethevoice;praise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dieStimmeerheben',especially`loben,preisen,willkommenheien',butalso
`scold,chide;jammern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangrti,grt`sings,lobt,preist,kndigtan'(Fut.gariyati,Abs.abhigrya),
samgirat`gelobt,verspricht',gurt`begrt',grf.,Gen.gir`Lob,song',av.gar-,aibigrnte
`praise,lobendeinstimmen',garoGen.f.`Lob,Preis;Loblied'(=OldIndiangir),garah-n.`Lob,
Preislied',aibi-jartay-`Preisgesang',aibi-jartar-`Lobpreiser'=OldIndianjaritr-Ànrufer,Snger,
Preiser',av.*gra-`zustimmend'ingrmati-`zustimmendenSinnes';OldIndiangrt-f.`Lob'=
lat.grtsPl.f.`gratitude'(inadditiongrtiaÀnnehmlichkeit,Wohlgeflligkeit,grace,gratitude'),Old
Indiangrt`welcome'=lat.grtus`compliant,dankenswert,dankbar';osk.brateis`favor,esteem,
regard,liking,love,friendship,partiality;thankfulness,gratitude,acknowledgment',à
service,office,post,employment,function,duty;burden,tribute;aservice,favor,kindness;present,
gift',plign.bratom;
heregall.-lat.bardus`bard',air.bard,cymr.barddds.(*gr-d(h)o-s);
alb.grshs,grish`zurHochzeiteinladen';Alsoalb.grthas`scream'
Maybealb.geg.grshan`scissors',grshet`braid,tress,plait,queue,tail,plat'
lit.giri,grti`praise,laud,vaunt',lett.dzirtis`sichrhmen',OldPrussiangirtwei`praise,laud',
pogirrienAkk.Sg.`Lob',alsolit.gras`good'andOldChurchSlavicgran(*gornos)`formula,verse'
(ulikewise,seeBerneker332).
Withb-extended:lit.gerbti`honour',garb`honour',OldPrussiangerbt,grbt`speak',grbin
`number';anord.karp`boastfulness'beweistnotforursprnglichesginthisb-extensionger-b-,da
esfromdemequalmeaninggarpthroughhybridizationwithonomatopoeicwordswithgerm.k-in
anlautreshapedseinwird.
Withdh-extensionperhapshere(seeabovegall.bardus)arm.kardamèrhebedievoice',lit.gerdas
`clamor,Botschaft',i-girsti`tohearbekommen',girdti`hear',garsas`clangor',OldPrussiangerdaut
`say',lett.dzrdt`hear',Mhlenbach-EndzelinI552withLit.
maybealb.(*garsas)grthas>thras`scream':lit.garsas`clangor'.
Withinmalampartemgewendetermeaning:
gr..;.;Hes.(i.e.probablyfrom*ger-s-);
ahd.queran`sigh'.
Comparedwithdensimilaronomatopoeicwordsger-,r-isnoteverywhereeinesichereseparation
possible;yetisfordiehereunderger-combinedwordstheBegriffthegehobenenuerung
unverkennbar,bisaufdiedarumnotcertainlyanzugliederndedh-extension.
References:
References:WP.I686f.,WH.I583,619f.,Trautmann88f.
Page(s):
Page(s):478
Root/lemma: ger-1 ,gerEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todevour;throat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verschlingen,Schlund'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiangirti,gilti,grti`devours'(Fut.gariyati,participlegr-`verschlungen';-
gr(incompounds)`verschlingend',-gara-ds.(aja-gara-`Ziegenverschlingend,Boa':gr.-,
lat.carni-vorus,gr.`voracious'),gar`Trank',gala`throat'(perhapszurparallelroot
*g()el-`verschlingen'),tuvi-gri-,-gra-`vielverschlingend';
av.jaraiti`schluckt',-gar(incompounds)`verschlingend'(asp-gar-`horsev.`),f.Pl.`throat,neck',
npers.gul`throat',av.garman-`throat,neck';
arm.ker`dish,food,foodfedtolivestock',kurds.(*gur-),ekerà',kokord`throat'(alsokrcum
`gnaw'PedersenKZ.39,427);
alb.ngranèaten';
gr.f.`foodfedtolivestock,dish,food'(=lat.*vor,whereofvorre),(seeabove),
`consume',hom.Opt.Perf.;,,`dish,food',
`trencherman';-kannalsofrom*gr-originatedsein(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I361);
gr.,hom.,ark.,`gullet';
alb.zorr`bowel',Pl.ìntestines,entrails'(`*foodfedtolivestock,Geschlinge')from*grn,in
additionzgurdh(*dz-guorda)ìntestines,entrails',nger(r),angrr(*a-n-gor-n)ds.,JoklMl.
Pedersen139ff.;
Note:
Maybealb.zorr`bowel',Pl.ìntestines,entrails'didn'tderivefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger-1 ,ger- :
todevour;throat;butfromRoot/lemma:
:bowels.[commonalb.h->zphoneticmutation].
lat.vor,-re(seeabove)`verschlingen',vorgo`gullet',carni-vorus;
air.tarae`dish,food'(*to-gr-ii),mcymr.breuad`Totenwurm',breuanÀaskrhe'(proto
kelt.*brvato-,*brvanafterFickII4181;*br=gr.-);
ahd.querdar`Lockspeise,bait'(*kver-ra-),nhd.`bait';aisl.krsf.`tidbit'(*gr-so-);
bsl.*girand*ger`schlinge'in:
lit.geri,grti,lett.dzeu,dzert`drink'(balt.*gerireshapedfrombsl.*ger),ablaut.lit.grism.
`Trinken,Trunk'andgirf.`Getrnk';Kaus.lit.grdyti,lett.dzirdt`trnken';
slav.*ro,ertiinOldChurchSlavicpro,porti,sloven.porm,porti,aech.porupoieti
`verschlingen',besidesslav.*er,ratiinech.eru,rti`devour',compareruss.port
àuffressen';
bsl.participlePerf.Pass.*grta-inlit.grtas`betrunken':OldChurchSlavicport`devoratus'(*grto-,compareOldIndiangr-`verschlungen');
bsl.gurtla-n.`craw,throat'in:
OldPrussiangurclef.`gullet',lit.gurklsm.`craw,Adamsapfel';
Maybealb.(*gurk-)gryk`throat'
slav.*grdlon.inruss.-ChurchSlavicgrlo`throat',skr.glo`neck,gullet',poln.gardods.,russ.
gorods.,besidesslav.*rdloinruss.-ChurchSlavicvozopierlomèxclamavitvoce'andklr.rlo
`riverbed';aswellasslav.*erdloinsloven.rlo`Rachen,gullet';aruss.erelo`Flumndung';
Maybealb.grell`deepplace,abyss'
balt.-gara-`verschlingend'inlit.pra-garasàbyss,hell',lett.pragars`wolverine'(compareaboveOld
Indian-gara-`verschlingend',gr.`voracious',lat.carni-vorus`fleischfressend').
2.Withvollerorfracturedreduplication:
OldIndiangrgara-`gullet,whirlpool';Intens.ni-galgalti,ni-jalgulti`devours',participlejrgura-;
lat.gurguli(-ur-asinBalt.-Slav.)`gullet,windpipe',gurges`(gullet=)whirlpool,whirl,deep
Gewsser',gurgustium(suffixafterangustiae)`rmlichesholeascottageorKneipe';
ahd.quer(e)kela,querka`gullet',anord.kverk(*gerg)`craw,whereofafries.querka,anord.kyrkia
èrwrgen';
lit.gargalioju`rchle,gluckse';afterSpechtKZ.59,1101herelit.gvrgti,gvardti`hoarsesein',
lett.gverg(z)dt`creak,babble,chatter';s.aboveWH.I628;
3.Withformants-u -:
gr.att.,ion.,lesb.:,,dor.`neck,nape'(*ger-u);
duetoan-Femininums*g(e)r:*gru `neck,Schlundgegend'in:
OldIndiangrvf.,av.grv`nape',lett.grva`Flumndung;DreiecklandbetweenFlssen',grvis
`langesgrass';
OldChurchSlavicgriva`Mhne',grivna`collar,neckband'.
Maybealb.*griva,krifamane.
4.Asgh -extensionpresumablyhere*g r g h -:
ingr.,Aor.`verschlang',hom.-,-,-,Hes.,
m.`gullet,throat';
mhd.krage`neck,throat,nape';nhd.`Kragen',anord.kragi`Halskragen',mengl.crawe,engl.craw
`crawtheVgel'(lengthenedgradeinadditionmnd.krch,krch`Wirtshaus,Schenke',nhd.Krugin
themeaning`Schenke'meaningasinlat.gurgustium`Kneipe');
air.brgae`neck,nape'(*grg-nt-),acymr.abal-brouannou`gurgulionibus'(actually`pfelofHalses'),
mcymr.breuant`windpipe'(protokelt.*brg-);acorn.briansen`guttur',abret.Brehant-Dincatgl.
`gutturreceptaculipugnae',maybefrom*brg-,PedersenKG.100.
Withnasalizationinadditionperhapsgr.m.,ion.`windpipe',,`gill
offish;Luftrhrenste'seemsinVok.after`binhoarse',`hoarseness'reshaped,
daswithair.brongide`hoarse'(above103)related,butfromtoseparateis(:
`rasselte,crack,brllte',OldIndianbrhati`barrire'JohanssonKZ.36,345).
Note:
Gr.,`gilloffish'=Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger-1 ,ger- :
:`todevour;throat'+zerograde
ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ang(h)i- (*eghi-,oghi- andehi- )::`snake,worm,*fish(*hedgehog=snake
eater)':alb.geg.(*ger-gha)verza`(*throat),gilloffish':Latvianbrda`gilloffish':Latvian:brda
`beard'[f];brzda(dial.)`beard'.seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhardh :
:`beard'
5.WithreinemVelar:gr.Hes.,`ZpfcheninMunde',
`gurgle'(:arm.kerkerim`werdehoarse')perhapsthroughEntlabialisierungafterformsmit(ùnterirdischesjail,Wasserleitung'),yetispreviouslyger-besidesger-becauseofgelbesidesgel-ansichunbedenklich.
References:
References:WP.I682ff.,WH.I627f.,Trautmann89f.,98,SpechtKZ.59,110,1.
Page(s):
Page(s):474-476
Root/lemma: ger-2 ,ger- ,geru- ,gerEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heavy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwer'
Material:
Material:OldIndianguru-`heavy,wichtig,ehrwrdig'(compoundsgryn,Sup.griha-),gru`ledig',gru-mu-`heavyhandful',garim`Schwere'(*ger-);av.gouru-(incompound)`heavy';
npers.girn`heavy'(*grna-;reshufflingafter*frna-`full');
gr.`heavy',`beschwere',n.`Schwere';
lat.gravis`heavy,weighty'(*gr-u-is);
mir.bair`heavy'(),baire`distress()',bruth`Gewicht,mass'(*grutu-),cymr.bryw`strong,strength'
(*bruwo-),mir.br`bulk,mass';
got.karjsNom.Pl.f.`heavy',karjan`beschweren';
lit.grstu,grti`sichlay,place(ofWinde)',lett.gurstu,gurt`languish;sichlay,place(ofWinde)',
gurdsèrmdet,faint,languid'(comparealsoandgravisinthemeaning`beschwert,
niedergedrckt,faint,languid'),whereofwithfurthershiftingfrom`faint,languid,beschwert'to`tame,
domesticated,mild'(compareahd.jmar`kummervoll':gr.`tame,domesticated')perhaps:
got.qarrus`,gentle',qarrei`Sanftmut',anord.kyrr,kvirr`still,peaceful,friedlich',mhd.krre,
nhd.kirre`tame,domesticated,zutraulich'(*ger-rsor-ers,-urs);
lett.grts`heavy'=lat.brtus(osk.-umbr.loanword)`heavy,schwerfllig,insensible,unvernnftig';
toch.Akra-marts`heavy'();VanWindekensLexique44.
Herefurtherasn -derivativesfromger-andgeru-:got.(asilu-)qarnus`(Esels)mhle'(*gernu-),
anord.kvernf.(*gern)`Mhlstein,Handmhle',ags.cweornds.,ahd.quirn,quirnads.;
zerogradebsl.-stemgrn-f.`Handmhle'(*rnu-)in:
OldPrussiangirnoywis(*girnuwis),lett.dzirnus,dzirnavas;besideslett.dzirnasf.Pl.andlit.grnosf.
Pl.;inadditionlit.gerktis,lett.dzerkslism.`densmolaris';
OldChurchSlavicrnvif.Pl.`mill',inadditionrnovm.`Mhlstein';sloven.rnvf.
`Handmhle',poln.arnaN.Pl.ds.;russ.rnovm.`Mhlstein';
OldChurchSlavicrny`mill',andontheotherhandOldIndiangrvan-m.`stonezum
Somapressen',arm.erkan`Mhlstein'(*grn),air.bru,Gen.broon`Mhlstein,Handmhle',cymr.
breuan(fromdemstemthecaseoblique*grun-),acorn.brou,bret.breo(Nominativform*gru)
`Mhlstein'.
ger - : besidesOldIndiangr-yan(,seeabove)here:
gr.n.`Wucht,Gewicht,load',`wuchtig,heavy',`binheavy,belastet,trans.
beschwere',probablyalso`(wuchtiger)attack,rage,fury,abusiveword,insult',
`heavybeangrywith',`vast,grand,strong',,Hes.;`tight,firm,
strong',nexttowhichdieKompositionsform*()-in-`violentschreiend',-(`wer
groenSchadenbringt'),-Hes.(and
perhapspreviouslyfromdencompoundsreleased,liberated),herewithprefixgr.-(*ud)probably
alsogr.`Gewaltttigkeit,Frevel,bermtigeaction',`gewaltttigerman,husband'
duetotheimagining`sichwithdemganzenGewichtseinerpoweraufetwasoverthrow';--present
,Hes.;
air.brg`force,power,Wert',cymr.bri`stateliness',corn.bry`Wert';
nhd.Krieg,ahd.krg`Hartnckigkeit',mhd.kriecÀnstrengung,fight,struggle',md.mnd.krgen`sich
anstrengen,trachten,fight,bekommen'(*grgh-,respectivelygerm.partlygrigh-)
lett.grins`cruel,savage,angry,irate',grnums`Hrte,austereness,severeness'
References:
References:WP.I684ff.,WH.I117f.,621,Trautmann89.
Page(s):
Page(s):476-477
Root/lemma: ger-3 ,gorEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mountain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Berg'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyinflectiongores ,Gen.g e ros
Material:
Material:OldIndiangirm.`mountain',av.gairi-ds.;
alb.gur`rocks,stone'(geri-);
Alsoalb.(*geres)grxh`rock'
maybehitt.-kur,-gur`mountain'andalb.*-kur,hekurìronore,iron'camefromthesameroot,
henceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ger-3 ,gor- :
:(mountain)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:agro- (egro- )::
[top,first,beginning(point,peak,topmost,uppermost)].
gr.(Hes.)`hill',`withhohenKlippen',,kret.f.`hill,Anhhe'(*gerio-);
inaddition`Nordwind'(to*`montanus',SchwyzerGr.Gr.I461andAnm.2);
Hes.;
thethrak.VN-`diejenseitsofBergesWohnenden'containsprobablydasgr.Lw.
*;
litnugar`back,ridge';
withthemeaningdevelopment`Berg-(Berg)wald-tree':lit.gr,giri`wood,forest',lett.dzids.,
andOldPrussiangariann.(Akk.garrin)`tree';furtherlett.gar`wood,forest',gras`swamp,
marsh';
OldChurchSlavicgora`mountain',skr.gra`mountain,wood,forest',etc.
References:
References:WP.I682,Trautmann78,PedersenLacinqunderdcl.lat.37,66.
Page(s):
Page(s):477-478
Root/lemma: geruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole,pike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Spie'
Material:
Material:Av.grava-`stick,Rohrstab'(toablautcomparelat.genu:got.kniu);
lat.uer,-sn.`spit,pike';umbr.bervaùerua',berusùeribus';
air.bi(u)rn.,laterf.,`spear,javelin,spit,pike',cymr.corn.bret.berf.,m.ds.;
got.qarun.`picket,pole,sting,prick';
perhapsas`twig,branch'togr.`sprosse,tobefullof,toaboundwith,tobeburstingwith,tobe
bristling',n.`Moos,Ktzchen',n.`dasNeugeborene'and()germ.*krda-(idg.
*gr-to-)inahd.mhd.krt,aschs.krd`herb'.
Aboutlat.bruscum`spongeamAhornbaum's.WH.I117.
References:
References:WP.I689.
Page(s):
Page(s):479
Root/lemma: ges- ,zgesEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toextinguish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrlschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjsate,jsyatiìserschpft',jsyati`lscht,erschpft';
Maybeatruncatedforminalb.geg.*jsyati,shuejt,shuajta(aor.)toextinguishcontaminatedby
Gk.èxtinguish'.
gr.att.`lsche'(for*),Aor.hom.-,ùnauslschlich',withafter-(seeunder)forlautges.-,dasin(*zdn-from*zgesn-)Hes.is
present;Ìerlosch'(fromthe2.Sg.-zgs-s,1.Pl.-zgs-me`fromwhich,,
whereuponalsoetc.becauseoftypeandweilalsointheWurzelauslautsfor
theSprachgefhlnotmorevorhandenwar);ion.`lschen',from*fromapresent
*[],nexttowhichwithfromdemtypeverschlepptemanlaut[],
[]Hes.;
lit.gst(oldgsu),gesau,gstièrlschen,ausgehen',causativegesa,gestiandgesin,gesnti
`lschen',gesm`small,ebenstillglimmendesfire';lett.dzistu(from*genstu),dzisu,dzist
(Ablautentgleisung),èrlschen,khlbecome',dzu(dzeu),dzsu(dzesu),dzst(dzest)`lschen',
dzesma(dzsma)`thekhlebreath,breezeammorning',dzstrs`khl';
abg.causative*ga,*gasitièrlschen,ausgehen',inOldChurchSlavicugasiti`',ugasnti,
Aor.ugas,andugasati`';insecureis,ifinadditionthechangingbyablautgs-inabg.
uas,russ.as`fright',abg.asiti`daunt,scare'ispresent(PedersenIF.5,47;perhapsas*gd-sostoindeednasalizedlit.gadinu-,-inti`daunt,scare',isi-gst,-ganda-gsti`frighten,intrans.`,
gstis`fright',ScheftelowitzIF.33,155).fromherekelt.*bs-`die'(seeundergem- ,g- `go,
come');
doubtfuliskinshipfromahd.quistf.`ruin,Vernichtung'as*ges-ti-s`*Erlschen',whereofgot.qistjan,
fraqistjan`spoil,trans.`,fraqistnan`spoil,intrans.`,ahd.firquisten`spoil,trans.`.
References:
References:WP.I693,Trautmann86,Feist388f.
Page(s):
Page(s):479-480
Root/lemma: get-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:resin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Harz'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjtun.`Lack,Gummi';
lat.bitmenÈrdharz,Erdpech'(osk.-umbr.orkelt.Lw.);betulla`birch'(gall.Lw.),mir.be(i)the
(*betui)`buxus',cymr.bedw(*betu)`betula',corn.bedewen`populus',bret.bezuen`betula'
(benannt,weil`bitumenexeaGalliexcoquunt',PliniusNH.XVI75);
ags.hwtcuidu,cweodo,cwudu`mastix',ahd.cuti`gluten',mhd.kte,kt,nhd.ktt,kitt`Kitt';
changingthroughablautanord.kvaf.`resin',adn.kvade,norw.dial.kvde`Birkensaft',norw.
kda,kvda`beestings'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):480
Root/lemma: get-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reden,sprechen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangadati`sagt'(whetherthroughanalog.influencefrom*gtati)
sogd.ym,amÌsay',utèrsagt'(uriran.*jtati);
arm.koem(*got-i-)`rufe,name,ladeein',koÈinladung'(probablynomenpost-verbal);got.qian
`say,speak,name',anord.kveads.and`sing,dichten',ags.cwean`speak,say,name,order,
define',afries.quetha`say,speak,signify',as.quean,ahd.quedands.;aisl.kvir`Spruch,Gerede',
as.quidist.m.`discourse,word';causativeaisl.kveja`begren,address,speakto,arrogate,
aufbieten',as.queddian,ahd.chetten`begren'(d.h.`zumdiscoursebringen');anord.kv
`demand,Vorladung,commitment'istokvearetogradshaped;got.unqsùnaussprechlich'
(compareanord.sam-kvr`bereinstimmend'),sama-qissf.`bereinstimmung'(*get-ti-),toags.
ge-cwissf.`Verschwrung'.
Maybealb.geg.quej,quejta(aor.)`toname,call'.
References:
References:WP.I672,Feist389,G.MorgenstierneNTS.7,116ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):480-481
Root/lemma: gbh-1 (orgbh- ),gbhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosink,submerge,plunge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èintauchen,versenken,versinken'
Material:
Material:Gr.`taucheein',,`dasEintauchen,Frben'(ol.
Hes.after,dasselberhybridizationfromwith;reconvertedfrom);
maked.`residuumofls'Hes.;whetheralso`taucht'Hes.
anord.kafa`dive',kvefja(andkefjaafterdempreteritkffrom*kvf)trans.`submerge,ersticken',
kvafnaintrans.èrsticken',kafn.`Meerestiefe',thenÙntertauchen,Schwimmenunderwater';
aschwed.kvaf`depth',anord.kvfa(idg.!),kfatrans.èrsticken',mhd.erqueben,ersticken'(=
anord.kvefja).
Aperhapscognate,butonlydiemeaning`deep'aufweisenderoot*g()embh-,*g()mbh-showsdas
Arische(whereasinOldIndiandasgthezerogradeoro-gradedurchgefhrtis,comparedwithav.j
thee-grade):OldIndiangabhr-,gambhr-`deep',gambha-,gmbhan-,gambhra-n.`depth,
abyss',gabh-m.`vulva',gabhi-kAV.Adv.perhaps`deepunderorinside',av.jaiwi-vafra-Adj.`with
tiefemsnow',jafra-`deep',jfnu-`Vertiefung,Einsenkung';compareFrisknominalformation30.
Fickplacesdieroot*gbh-an,waszurassumptionzwnge,daanord.kvfaAblautsneubildung
sei.
References:
References:WP.I674,WissmannNom.postverb.75.
Page(s):
Page(s):465-466
Root/lemma: gb(h)-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slimy;toad
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schleimig,schwabbelig,Quappe,Krte'
Material:
Material:Probablyonomatopoeic;yetiswiththepossibilitytoreckon,daeinpreviouswordforfrog
previouslyinGerm.indielautmalendefamilyhineingezogenwurde.
Aschs.quappa,quappia,quappoÀalquappe'(withbyonomatopoeicwordsfrequent
Konsonantengemination),outofitmhd.quappe,quape,kobe,nhd.Quappe,holl.kwab(be)`Quappe,
craw,dewlap',islkvap,kvapi`Gallertorgallertartigethings',schwed.dial.(s)kvabb`somewhat
Dickes,Fettes',(s)kvebba`feistewife,woman',engl.quab`morass',quaver`tremble,vibrieren'.In
additiondasVerbnorw.dial.kvapaèineFlssigkeitaussenden',schwed.dial.kvabba,ndd.
quabbeln`vorFettigkeitziitern';
OldPrussiangabawo`toad'(*gb(h)-);
slav.*gb`toad':inOldChurchSlavicaba,russ.ba,skr.ba,etc.
maybealb.zhaba`toad'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):466
Root/lemma: gi- (orgei - ):gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:skin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haut,Fell'
Note:
Note:withformants-no-,-loMaterial:
Material:OldIndianjna-`ledernerSack',jla`hose';mir.ban`skin,fell,fur';dasir.wordcould
certainlyalsotobhei- `hit'belong,dessenkelt.Vertreteralsodiemeaning`cut,clip'have(compare
scortum:scherenunderlikewise);seeaboveS.118.
References:
References:WP.I666.
Page(s):
Page(s):469
Root/lemma: g n (*hn)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:woman,wife,*goddess
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Weib,Frau'
Grammaticalinformation:Gen.gn-s and*g e n-s ,alsoNom.gen- ,gen-
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:g n `woman,wife,*goddess'couldbeatruncatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hau- ,
hau - (*hauvana )::`tocall,*priestess':mnl.godinne,ags.gyden`goddess'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangn(*gn)f.`Gtterweib'(toTeildisyllabic*gan),Gen.gns-;av.gn,n
`wife,woman,woman';OldIndianjni-=av.jaini-,npers.zands.(OldIndianalsojn);in
compoundsOldIndianlengthenedgrade-jni-=av.jni-ds.;
arm.kin(*gena)`woman',Pl.kanai-k(*gen-ai+Plur.-ending-k);aphryg.,nphryg.
`woman,wife'isprobablyLw.fromol.Gr.;differentlyKleinhanswithPedersenGroupement48Anm.
gr.`woman'(*gun),Gen.,besidebot.(*gen),Pl.;*gn-,fromit
*-,gr.-putsinùnengaged,free',inaddition`suitor',`courtship',
`lawfulwife'(withsecondary--);
air.ben(*gen),Gen.Sg.mn(*gn-s),Gen.Pl.ban(*gen-m),),inthecompoundban-(ban-ch
`femaledog');besidesbn.`woman'(*gen);cymr.ben-yw`feminine,female',corn.benen`bride,
betrothedwoman';
alb.zonj`mistress,wife,woman'(*geni);gheg.grue,tosk.grua`wife,woman'(*gn-n);
Maybealb.(*gani)zana`nymph,goddess',(*goni)zotm.,Pl.zotaf.`god'[commonalb.n>nt>t
phoneticmutation]:npers.zan,OldChurchSlavicena`wife,woman'
Note:
Thecommonbalt.-illyr.h->z-,d-phoneticmutationsuggeststhattheoriginalrootwashn>
g n .
afterVetterGl.23,204heremessap.benna`wife'and()lepont.venia(Gl.15,12);
got.qino(*gen-n-)=ags.cwene,ahd.quena,mhd.quene`wife,woman,wife';besideszerograde
mhd.kone,ds.,anord.kona(Gen.Pl.kvenna)`wife,woman'(*gen-on-);lengthenedgradegot.qns
`wife'(*gni-s=av.jni-,OldIndianjni-),anord.kvn,kvn,ags.cwn,aschs.qunds.;
OldPrussiangenna,Vok.genno`wife,woman';
OldChurchSlavicena`wife,woman';enin`weiblich'=got.qineinsds.;
toch.A(Pl.snu)=ana(Obl.no)`wife,woman';PedersenToch.Sprachg.37f.
References:
References:WP.I681f.,WH.I112f.,Trautmann84,MeilletEsquisse84,SchwyzerGr.Gr.296,
582f.,TagliaviniL'AlbanesediDalmatia126.
Page(s):
Page(s):473-474
Root/lemma: ghedhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeg,wishfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bitten,begehren'
Material:
Material:Av.jaiyemi,Oldpers.jadiymiyÌbitte';
gr.Aor.(*ghedh-s-)ànflehen',participle-in`verwnscht,verschmht',
`veryersehnt',Pers.-N.-,bot.-;m.,f.`Sehnsucht,
desire',èrsehne,vermissepainful,demand';
air.guidiu`bitte'(=),Perf.1.Sg.ro-gd,s-Konj.1.Pl.gessam(etc.);geissf.`Verwnschung,
taboo'(*ghedh-ti-s);guide`prayer'(*ghodhi);foigde`Betteln'(*uo-gedi);cymr.gweddi`prayer'
(*uo-godm);
lit.gedu-ju,-ti`sichsehnen,sehnschtigsuchen,long,want,wollen',ged(andgedi),gedti`sich
sehnen;sadsein,grieve';nasalpresentpasigend,-geda,-gsti`sichsehnen;somewhat
vermissen',ablaut.causativegadnti`spoil,stren',hencesecondarythe-vocalism(insteadofuo)
fromgdas`greed,lust,Habsucht;burdock',godsàvaricious,stingy',godios,godtis`lust,crave,
whereupondrsten,wish,begierigsein';
inSlav.withdurchgefhrternasalization:OldChurchSlavicd,dati,aech.dati`lust,crave,
wonachdrsten',d,dti`cupere',da`thirst',poln.dza`Begehren,greed,lust,Sehnsucht,
wish';
doubtfulbecauseofAnlautesanord.gen.(*gaia-)`sense,mind,character,desire,lust',gelauss
`charakterlos'perhaps=ahd.getils,mhd.getls`zgellos,bratty';
manbeachtediebereinstimmendeGruppierung:=ir.gess-am(*ghedh-s-omos):guidiu(*ghodh-ei).
References:
References:WP.I673,Trautmann84f.,EndzelinLett.Gr.577.
Page(s):
Page(s):488
Root/lemma: ghei- :ghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vein,sinew
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àder,Sehne,Band'
Material:
Material:Cymr.giauPl.`Nerven,Sehnen';
lit.gij`FadeninAufzugaGewebes',lett.dzija`filament',Pl.Garn';
OldChurchSlavici-ca`sinew',russ.dial.ca`Kammgarn',skr.ca`filament,Draht,cord,Saite';
diebsl.-formscouldalsotogii-belong.
ghslo- :
Arm.jil`sinew,cord';
lat.flum`filament';
maybealb.fillthread[shiftLI>LL]
alsoalb.(*ghslo)glishtfinger,thinfinger
lit.gsla`vein,sinew,Blattrippe',lett.dzsla,dzksla`vein'(dienasalizationinemait.gnslais
secondary),OldPrussianpettegislo`Rckenader';butOldChurchSlavicila,russ.a,skr.laetc.
`vein,sinew'areneologismstoica,seeabove.
References:
References:WP.I670,694,WH.I497f.,Trautmann87,90.
Page(s):
Page(s):489
Root/lemma: ghelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wollen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-(toprefixs.-,o-particle)`will,wnsche',changingthroughablaut
Hes.;`violent';
anord.gildraf.;gildrin.`Falle',giljaàllure,entice',aschwed.gil-skaperÙnzucht';
OldChurchSlavicelti,elati,iter.russ.-ChurchSlavicalati`wish',OldChurchSlavicelja`wish,
Sehnsucht'(also`grieve'and`mourning,grief'throughsupportinal`pain'from*gel-`prick').
References:
References:WP.I692.
Page(s):
Page(s):489
Root/lemma: ghembEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospring,hop
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lustigspringen,hpfen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(àusgelassen')Hes.;
mhd.gampen,gumpen`spring',gampel,gumpel`merrymutwilligesSpringen,Possenspiel',gmpel,
nhd.Gimpel;withHighGermanconsonantshiftmhd.gampfm.`dasSchwanken';norw.dial.gimpa
`wippen,swing',gampm.`groerschwerflligerKerl,plumpeshorse'.
Akrzererootformghem-perhapsinaisl.gamann.`pleasure,joy,Lustigkeit,sensuality,
voluptuousness',ahd.gamann.ds.,etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):490
Root/lemma: ghen-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell,abound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen,strotzen,Flle'
Material:
Material:OldIndian-han-`tumescent,strotzend,luscious',ghan-`dense,thick',m.`kompakte
mass';
npers.-gandanànfllen',gani`full';
arm.yogn`multum'(Prap.i+*o-ghon-or*o-ghno-,inprefixo-demar.-nchststehend);
gr.`rich,infullness,wealth',Hes.`flourish',`fullness,wealth,blhender
Zustand',lengthenedgradeion.`rich,infullness,wealth',ion.att.`flourish,bein
bloom,blossomandpower',f.`fullness,wealth';o-grade=,
,etc.,red.-gradeHes.,probablyactually`horny,lustfulsein';
lit.gan`sufficient',ganti`gengen',gandti`sufficienthave',lett.gana`sufficient';
OldChurchSlavicgonjet,gonti`gengen',Denomin.from*gona=lit.gan;
whetherheregr.,n.`plentifulVorrat,richness',`begtert'(andthe
Vokalvorschlagfromthevokallosenform()-or*sm-gh(e)n-),also-`virgin'(leibliche
fullness,wealth)
References:
References:WP.I679,WH.I479;Trautmann77f.
Page(s):
Page(s):491
Root/lemma: ghen-2()Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:nominalformation:ghno-s `Schlagen',ghn - t-s `beaten',ghn - t-s andghn - ti ()
`Schlagen',ghen-tel- `Schlger',ghen-tu o -s òccidendus'.
OldIndianhn-ti(newerthematichanati)`hits,knocks,trifft,erschlgt,slays',3.Pl.ghn-nti,Imp.jah,Opt.han-yt,ghn-ta,Perf.jaghna;jaghanvs,Gen.jaghn--a,Pass.hanyte,participlehat`beaten,gettet'(=av.jata-,gr.-),hntva-`tohit,toslay'(:av.jwa-,OldChurchSlavic
tva),vrtra-hn-,Gen.-ghn(=av.vrra-jan-,Gen.--n)`denWiderstandniederschlagend',
ghan-èrschlagend,m.shillelagh,club,mace,joint'(=gr.-,lett.gans),saht`layer',
hat`dasSchlagen,blow,knock,Multiplikation'(:gr.-,av.-jaiti-,anord.gur,gunnr),haty
(late!)`Ttung'(:ahd.gundea,lit.dial.gini),hantr-`wereinenschlgtorslays'(=OldChurch
Slavictelj);fromtheheavybasisOldIndianhanitum(late!)andghta-`ttend',m.`blow,knock,
Ttung,Vernichtung',ghtayati`slays';
av.jain-ti(=OldIndianhnti-)èrhits,knocks,trifft,slays',Imp.jaii,1.Sg.Med.ni-neÌschlage
low,base',Opt.paiti-nta(=OldIndianghnta)èrmchtekmpfenum',participlejata-(=OldIndian
hat-,seeabove),jwa-òccidendus',participlePerf.Akt.janv,npers.ajanamÌerschlug=
besiegte',3.Sg.aja(n);av.jana-`schlagend',jantar-`thehits,knocks,slays',janti-f.`dasSchlagen,
Erschlagen',-jaiti-(as2.compoundpart)`dasSchlagen'(=OldIndianhati-);Vrrajan-`den
Widerstandniederschlagend'=OldIndianVrtra-han-;
arm.gan,Gen.gani(*ghe-n)`Schlge,Prgel',ganem`hit,prgle',jin`stick'(*ghen-),jnemÌhit'
(about*jinemfrom*ghen=hnati,lit.gen,OldChurchSlavicen),jnjem`destroy,clean'(from
*gheni=,lit.geni);
gr.(*ghen-i=arm.jnjem`slay,kill',alb.gjanj`jage',lit.geni`stleab')`hit',,;
redupl.`ttete',;-inhom.-(=OldIndianhat),alsoin
Hes.i.e.`double'(`Mal'=`blow,knock',also:)--(:OldIndianhat-s.above);
`murder'(=russ.gon),ds.,`murderer',`Mnnermordend'(seealso
Boisacqunder);
alb.gjanj`jage,pursue'(*gheni);
lat.dfend,-ereàbwehren,verteidigen',offendereànstoen,beleidigen',infensus(participle
*infend)`hostile';
air.gonim`verwunde,slay,kill',Perf.1.Sg.gegon,3.Sg.geguin;guin`wound';
anord.gur,gunnrf.(=OldIndianhati-),as.gea,ags.g(*gunj=OldIndianhatybisaufden
Akzent)`fight,struggle,battle',ahd.gund-fano`Kriegsfahne';anord.gandr`stick',schweiz.guntenà
kindofwedge';norw.dial.gana`diesteanBumenabhauen'aslit.genti;
lit.gen(=OldChurchSlavicen,OldIndianhnati,arm.jnem)giti`drive(cattleaufdiewillow)',
lett.dzenu-,dztds.,heavybasis:geni(=)gen-tiàbsteln'andginu,gnti`wehren,shield'
(giti:gnti,gitas:gntas=OldIndianhat:ght-);togenIterat.ganti`cattle(drive,push=)
beware,weiden';lit.gnas,let.gans`herdsman,shepherd'(=OldIndianghan-),ganim.Pl.`willow',
lengthenedgradelit.nakt-gonism.`Nachtschwrmer';lit.gens,lett.dzenis`Specht',lit.dial.gini
(=OldIndianhaty),gias`fight',giklasm.`weapon'(*gintlas,compareOldChurchSlaviclo
from*gindla-),igans`heilbringend'(lit.giniotiisiterativetogiti;lett.dzenis`dasintheforkthe
plowshareeingeklemmteHolz',dzenulis`sting,prick'(comparetomeaningunderOldChurchSlavic
lo`sting,prick');
OldChurchSlavicen,gnati`drive,push'(aslit.gen),Iter.gonj,goniti`drive,push,hunt,chase',
whereofagainpoganjati`pursue';russ.etc.gon`drive,impel,drift,propel,push,thrust,Jagd'(=
),ech.honaìnjury,damage',serb.prijgon`fight,struggle'(inadditionperhapsklr.honba
`Belstigung,plague',sloven.gonba`damage,ruin',ugonba`Vernichtung,Untergang');
OldChurchSlavicnj,ti(serb.ti,alsoheavybasis)`reap',tva(serb.tva)f.`harvest'(:Old
Indianhntva-);alsolo(*dlo)n.`sting,prick',poln.dods.,russ.o`sting,prick,cutting
edgeaMessers,anaxe';slav.*gen-tel-m.`reaper,mower'inOldChurchSlavictelj(=OldIndian
han-tr`werschlgt,slays');
hitt.ku-en-zi`slays'(=OldIndianhnti),3.Pl.kunaanzi(kunanzi);compareOldIndianghnnti
(*ghn-enti).
References:
References:WP.I679ff.,WH.I332f.,Trautmann85f.
Page(s):
Page(s):491-493
Root/lemma: gherEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hot,warm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hei,warm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianhras-n.`blaze,glow'(=gr.,arm.jer),ghr-m.`blaze,glow,heat'(=lat.
fornus,OldChurchSlavicgrn),ghrti`glht,shines',gharm-m.`blaze,glow,heat',av.garma`hot',n.`heat,blaze,glow',Oldpers.ingarma-pada-Monatsname,perhaps`*Eintritttheheat'(=lat.
formus,dt.warm;OldPrussiangorme);
arm.jer`Wrme,schnesweather;warm',jernum`warmmich',jerm`warm'(=gr.;perhaps
as*gher-mn-osderivativeofmen-stem:)jermnGen.jerman`fever'(alsogr.f.`Wrme'
originallyeinneuter);
thrako-phryg.germo-`warm'(inmanyPN:JoklEbertsReallex.10,142f.,13,285,292,294),
kappadok.garmia(s)`StadtnameaufthePeutingerschenTafel'(a=idg.o);
Gr.n.`Sommerhitze,harvest',`becomehot',`warm',òven';
Note:
Theshifte(h)->d-isofillyr.alb.origin,henceGreeksborrowedthiscognatefromillyr.
alsoGerm-inillyr.PN,asalsoprobablyinoriginallynordillyr.VNGermani(PokornyZceltPh.21,103
ff);alb.tosk.zjarr`fire,heat'(rrfromrm),gheg.zjarm(:),ngroh`warm'(*ghr-asinakslgreti
`warm',lett.grmens`pyrosis,heartburn');alb.gats`burningcoal'(*ghorti);
Note
Note:
Thephoneticshiftgh>zjtookplaceinalb.aloneasatypicalalb.phoneticmutation.HenceSlav
languagesborrowedalb.(Illyrian)cognateinOldChurchSlavicerav`blazing',poar`blaze'.
Maybeotheralb.cognates:zjej`boil,cook',ziadj.,m.`black,burnt',(duplicatedzezadj.,f.`black,
burnt'.
Alsoalb.tosk.zjarr`fire,glow,heat,fervour':rum.jar`fire,glow,heat,fervour'whichprovesthe
migrationfromAlbaniatoRumaniaaftertheTurkishinvasion.
lat.formus`warm'(Festus),fornus,furnus(*ghorno-s),fornxòven(latterinafem.-stembeing
basedon),fornix,-icis`dome'(*fornicos`dieGestaltanOfenshabend');
Note:
Theshifte(h)->d-isofillyr.alb.origin,hencethecommonlat.shiftd->f-testifiesaloanwordfrom
illyr.
air.fo-geirèrwrmt,erhitzt'etc.,bret.gredm.`Wrme,heat;courage'=mir.grith`sun,heat'
(*ghrtus),mir.gorim,guirimèrhitze,erwrme,burn',nir.gor`heat;Brten;ulcer';cymr.gori
`brood',gor`brood,pus',bret.gor`(feu)ardent,furoncle';air.gorn`fire'(=lat.fornus);againstitisir.
gorm`blue'Lw.fromcymr.gwrm`dark-(blue)'anddiesestogetherwithabr.uurminUurm-haelonMN
àuxsourcilsbruns'fromags.wurma`Purpurfarbe'borrowed(GwynnHermathena20,63ff.);air.goirt
`bitter'(`*burningoftaste'),whereforeair.gorte(*ghorti)`hunger';
anord.grr(*garwa-),gerr,grr(*garwia-)`fertig,willing,ready,vollkommen',ahd.garo
`bereitgemacht,fertig',ags.gearu,nhd.gar,anord.grva,ahd.garawen,mhd.gerwen`fertigmachen,
bereiten,rsten,tan,converthideintoleather',ags.gierwan`prepare,concoct,cook',anord.ger
(*garwi)`dasGrenofBieres'(formalindeed=ahd.garawida`Herrichtung'),mhd.gerwe`yeast,
filth',mnd.gere`Grung,fetidness,Mistpfuhl,smut',geren`ferment,seethe'areratherafter
HolthausenWb.ofoldwestn.102fromprefixga-and*-arwa->anord.rr`rash,hasty,skilful'(above
S.331)todefine;
ags.gyrwe-fenn`morass',gyre`manure',mnl.gore,gre`smoke,smell,odor',mnd.gre`puddle,
slop',norw.dial.gurm`yeast,ordure,Speisebrei',anord.gorn.`thehalbverdauteMageninhalt',gjr
(*gerva-)`residuum',ags.mnd.ahd.gor`crap,muck,manure';tomeaningcompareabovecymr.gor
`pus';
hereprobablyanord.gerstaèmbitter',mhd.garst,nhd.garstig`spoil';
aboutgot.warmjan`warm'etc.seethoughunderuer-`cook';
lit.gras`vapor;intensedesire',lett.gars`vapor,ghost,soul',OldPrussiangorof.`stove,hearth',
gorme`heat',lett.garme`Wrme',OldPrussiangarewingiAdv.`rutting,inheat',lett.grmens
`pyrosis,heartburn';
OldChurchSlavicgorit,gorti`burn,grj,grti`warm',erav`blazing',poar`blaze',grn
`Kessel'(=lat.fornus),grnilòven',russ.gorn`stove,hearth',poln.garniec`pot,pan';furtherOld
ChurchSlavicgork(*ghori-ko-)`bitter'(`*burningoftaste';compareaboveir.goirt),butsloven.
grkalso`warm',ech.hork`warm',againstitaech.hok`bitter';isoliertskr.grk,f.gka`bitter',
compareBerneker232;OldChurchSlavicgorjcompounds`bad,schlimmer'(`*brennender,bitter'),
gore`wehe!'
ghr - ns-o- (duetoanes-stemghre-nes-):

OldIndianghras-m.`Sonnenglut,Sonnenschein,Helle'=bret.groez,grouez(*ghrenso-)
`Sonnenhitze',cymr.gwres`heat'(tows.PedersenKG.I108,dasethroughinfluenceoftesds.);
dasfromair.grs`fire',grsaid`feuertan,reiztan'probablyfrom*ghrnso-,inspiteofThurneysen
Gr.130.
References:
References:WP.I687ff.,WH.I532ff.,Trautmann79,102.
Page(s):
Page(s):493-495
Root/lemma: ghei()Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toperish,destroy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinschwinden,zugrundegehen',alsotrans.`vernichten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankiti,kiti(:gr.*F-),kyati`vernichtet,ltvergehen',participle
kit-èrschpft'(=gr.;rva-kitam=gr.ùnverwstlicherfame'),k-
ds.,kyt`schwindethin,nimmteinend',kay-Àbnahme,Untergang'(:gr.f.),kit-
`Vergehen,Untergang'(=gr.and--lat.sitis;compare-tu-stemlat.situs);commonOldIndian
h->k-:gr.h->ph-:lat.k->s-phoneticmutation
prakr.ajjitah-(=),jha-(=OldIndianka-);
av.anvamnm`sichnichtmindernd'(KuiperNasalprs.651);
gr.ep.,att.(*F,seeabove)`destroy',mostlyintr.`schwindehin,gehezugrunde',
-`schwindehin,makedisappear',Fut.(att.),Aor.(att.),
,`destroy',Pass.`zugrundego',participlePerf.Pass.,`Schwindsucht',
ds.(seeabove);aboutperhapsolddoubleforms,as,`BltenorFrchte
abfallenlassen,lose',Hes.,underlikewises.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326.
FromdemLat.probablysitus,-s`themodrigesmutandmildew,krperlicheUnreinlichkeitandall
krperlicheandgeistigeVerrosten'andsitis`thirst'(ifactually`*Hinschwinden,Verschmachten').
Maybealb.(sitis)etjethirst
References:
References:WP.I505f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,BenvenisteBSL.38,139ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):487
Root/lemma: gherEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun,flow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rinnen,flieen;zerrinnen,verschwinden',inar.Kaus.andingr.io-Verbum
trans.`rinnenlassen,zerrinnenlassen',dahergr.`verschwindenlassen,vernichten'
Note:
Note:(orbetterger-)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrati`flows,streams,zerrinnt,verschwindet',kara-m`water',krayati`lt
flieen',klayati`wschtab'(compareWackernagelOldIndianGr.I241);av.araiti`streams,wallt
auf',rayeiti`ltflieen',withv-`ltberflieen';furtherformationsin-rayeiti`lt
aufwallen',v-rayeiti`ltapart,berwallen';reconvertedar-inavifra-araiti`flowsherzuto-';
commonOldIndianh->k-:Avestanh->gz-phoneticmutation
probablyarm.jur,Gen.jroy`water'(*ghro-);
Note:
Wrongetymology-arm.jur,Gen.jroy`water':alb.(*jura>uja)uj,ujraPl.`water':lit.jaurs
`swampy,marshy',jura,juras`marshyplace,marshyground,swampbottom'from*eur-(see
BernekerIF.10,162,Trautmann335m.Lit.).seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r(*akuent-)::`toflow,towet;water,etc.`.
gr.att.(*;lesb.,ark.),zerogradedor.(*)`richte
zugrunde';inadditionalso`louse'(Hes.isFolgethespternspirantischen
pronunciationof),`ruin,Vernichtung'and(asRestthelterenBedeut.)ìnterminglingor
VerreibungtheFarben',alsobesides`zugleichorgnzlichzugrunderichten'also`lasse
Farbenineinanderflieen',thenalso`verschmelzen,vermischenberhaupt',
`zusammenstrmen'.
References:
References:WP.I700,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,714,BenvenisteBSL.38,139ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):487-488
Root/lemma: ghrenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:phrenic;soul,mind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ZwerchfellasSitzofGeistigen,Verstand,Denken'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Zwerchfell'(Pl.ìntestines,entrails'),`soul,ghost,Verstand,heart',
`denke',`Denken,Verstand',(:aisl.grundr)`care',ùnverstndig,crazy',
`sensible,wise',`frohenSinnes,erfreuend,wohlwollend',`makeglad,
erheitere';
aisl.grunrm.`suspicion',gruna`beargwhnen',grundrm.`contemplation',grunda`think'.
References:
References:WP.I699.
Page(s):
Page(s):496
Root/lemma: ghrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmell,scent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`riechen,wittern,spren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjghrti,ghrti`riecht,riechtanetwas,kt,nimmtwahr',participleghrt-,
ghra-m.n.`smell,odor,Duft',ghrf.andghra-n.`nose',ghrti-`Riechen,smell,odor';
gr.`smell,wittern,spren'(<*odes`smell,odor'+*ghr-),Aor.att.;
`Riechen,smell,odor'(:OldIndianghrti-);
toch.Akr,kor`nose'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):495
Root/lemma: gii ,gii s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sinew
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sehne,especiallyBogensehne'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjy`sinew,esp.ofBogens',av.jy`bowstring(incompoundsalsosinewof
Fleisches)';
gr.m.`bowstring';
aboutlit.gij`filament',OldChurchSlavici-ca`sinew'etc.seeunderghei-.
References:
References:WP.I670,694,Trautmann87,90.
Page(s):
Page(s):481
Root/lemma: gis-ti-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:finger
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Finger'
Material:
Material:Cymr.bys,acorn.bis,bes,bret.biz`finger',mir.bissegaìcicle';kelto-germ.PNBissula
`Fingerchen';
anord.kvistrm.`twig,branch';
mnd.twist`twig,branch'mtedabeieinfromkvistrmiscellaneouswordsein,wasalsobedenklichis,
asanord.kvslf.`twig,branch,fork,armofariver'fromahd.zwisila`gabelfrmigerobject,twig,
branch'toseparate;seeaboveS.232.
References:
References:WP.I694.
Page(s):
Page(s):481
Root/lemma: gu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:resin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Harz'
Material:
Material:Arm.kivm.,Gen.kvoy`Baumharz,mastix'(*guo-),therefromkveni`Pechfhre,Lrche';
air.bf.()`tar(*gu);
russ.ivca,niedersorb.yvica`resin';
theconnectionwithg(i ) eu- `chew'isdubious,butnotunmglich.
References:
References:ThurneysenMl.Pedersen301f.
Page(s):
Page(s):482
Root/lemma: gl t ur(os)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vulture
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geier'
Material:
Material:Gr.*(withol.for)`vulture',Hom.-`geierugig',henceAdj.
`withfurchtbarenAugen,grislylooking',etc.;
lat.voltur(vultur),-urisandvolturus`vulture'.
TheoriginofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gl t ur(os) :
:(vulture)seemstobethefactthatvulturesarebaldhence
theprimalrootwasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhel-1 ,balto-slav.alsobhel- :
:shining,white,*bald)suffixed
bytheIEsuffix*-tre,-tur.
References:
References:M.Leumann,Homer.Wrter141f.
Page(s):
Page(s):482
Root/lemma: gor-g(or)oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt,dung
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schmutz,Mist'
Material:
Material:Arm.kork`smut';
gr.`slime,mud,smut,ordure,crap,muck'.
References:
References:WP.I694.
Page(s):
Page(s):482
Root/lemma: gouEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cattle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rind'
Grammaticalinformation:m.f.Nom.Sg.gus ,Gen.gous (andgou o s ),Akk.gm ,Lok.
gou i
Material:
Material:OldIndiangum.f.`rother,cattle'(=av.guds.),Gen.g(=av.gu),Dat.gave(=
av.gave),Lok.gvi(=lat.Abl.boue),Akk.gm(also2silb.,asav.gm);Pl.Nom.gva(=av.
gv),Gen.gvm(=av.gavm),Akk.g(=av.g,idg.*gs,gr.dor.);therefromg-p-
`herdsman,shepherd',gpyti,gopayati`htet',etc.;
Maybealb.*g-p-,opah,lopcowcontaminatedbyOldIndiangavala-`wildbuffalo'
arm.kov`cow';
gr.att.m.f.`rother,cattle,cow',Akk.[bothwithunechtemanStellefromlterem*
(withreal),Akk.*],dor.,Akk.,Gen.(F),etc.;alsoin-m.`timeof
AusspannenstheRinder,evening',-m.`butter'(outofitlat.butyrum,nhd.`butter'),eigentl.
`Kuhkse'(`cheese'),furtherindemverstrkendenprefix-from-`Heihunger',
etc.(SchwyzerGr.Gr.I434,6;577);
lat.bs,bovism.f.`rother,cattle'(osk.-umbr.Lw.forlat.*vs);derivativesofstembov-(*goubeforevowel)orb-(*gou-beforeKonsonanz),bb-(redupl.formation):bovle`Rinderstall',buble
ds.,bovnus`zumrother,cattlegehrig',bbulusds.(lautl.identicalwithgr.`gazelle',das
withOldIndiangavala-`wildBffel'notunmittelbargleichzusetzenis),Bubona`Rindergttin',etc.;
umbr.bum`bovem'(*gm),bue`bove',osk.inBvaiand,volsk.bim`bovem';
air.bf.`cow'(fromarch.*bu,idg.*gus),Gen.arch.bu,bu,laterbo,b,inBrit.ersetzt
throughdiederivativeacymr.buch,ncymr.buwch,acorn.buch,bret.buc'h`cow'(*boukk);herethe
urir.FlN(=*Bovovind),nowadaysengl.Boyne,air.B(f)ind`dieKuhweie';*gou-,kelt.
*bou-indencompoundsgallorom.b-tege(*gou-tegos)`Kuhstall'(M.-L.1229a),cymr.bugail
(*gou-kolios)`',bret.bugenn`Kuhhaut,Rindsleder',nexttowhich*bovo-tegosinabret.
boutig,cymr.beudy`Kuhstall';mir.basach`rich(anKhen)'frombuas`richness'(*gouo-uid-to-s
`cow-Kenntnis');
ahd.chuo,aschs.aschwed.k(fromdemAkk.*kn,idg.*gm),ags.afries.c,aisl.kr`cow'(*kz
fromgus;ags.ccouldalsobe=ahd.kuo);
lett.govs`cow',Demin.gutina;
slav.*govdo`rother,cattle',OldChurchSlavicgu-mno`threshingfloor',i.e.`place,whereRinder
dascornaustreten';
toch.Ako`cow',Pl.kowi,kau,Pl.Obliq.kewn;Akayur,kaure`bull'<*gou-urso-,toOld
Indianva-`bull'.
Maybealb.(*ko-)kauòx':rum.(*go-)bouòx'commonillyr.-Celticg->b-phoneticmutation.
comparestilldieio-derivativeOldIndiangvya-,gavy-,av.gavya-`bovinus',hom.
`vierRinderwert',arm.kogi`butter'(*gouio-),anddiezerogradeOldIndianata-gu-`hundertKhe
besitzend'=Oldpers.atagu-`nameaLandes'(originallyVolkes,actually`hundertKhebesitzend'),
OldIndiannva-gva,da-gva-,av.ata(*g)va-EN,i.e.`werschimmerndeRinderhat';gr.-
(*-gu-)`sacrifice,oblationfrom100Rindern';againstitislat.b-bulcusÒchsentreiber'aftersbulcus`Schweinehirt'from*bbulcusgekrzt;afterSpechtIndog.Dekl.234hereanord.kvgr
`Stierkalb',kvge`youngcow'(afterHolthausenWb.ofoldwestn.inadditionwestfl.qune,nld.
kweends.)andkussi,kursi`calf',etc.
TodemRindernamenplacesmandiegr.familyof`weide,fttere',,`food,willow',
`cattle',`Weidekraut,food',,`herdsman,shepherd',`die
mnnernhrende',aswellaslit.gauj`herd,Rudel',guju,giti`drive,push',gotas`herd';die
ltestenGliedertheseReihenmgenperhaps*g[u]-to-m`Rinderherde'and*goui`binRinderhirt'
gewesenseinAboutgr.òld'seeunderper-3 .
Vielfachwirdborrowingfromsumer.gu(older*gud)`bull,rother,cattle'angenommen.Againstit
SpechtIndog.Dekl.33.
References:
References:WP.1696f.,WH.I112,118,Trautmann94,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I577,708.
Page(s):
Page(s):482-483
Root/lemma: gu- ,gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dung,dirt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mist,Exkremente,Kot,Ekelhaftes'
Note:
Note:inGerm.andesp.inBalt.-Slav.withmeaning-developmentfrom`repugnance,disgust,
repulsion,loathing'to`small,ekelhafteanimal,Kriechtiere'andfrom`verunreinigen,verunstalten'to
`vilify,revile,rebuke'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiang-tha-,-mÈxkremente',av.g-a-n.`smut,ordure'(onlybyGramm.also
guvti`cacat',gnam`cacatum');
arm.kuandkoy`crap,muck'(*gu-so;seeunder);
lat.bbinre`withdemMonatlichenbefoul'couldfromlterem*bovin(withosk.-umbr.bforg)
transfiguredsein,asbovletobuble;
maked.(leg.)Hes.();
slav.*govnoòrdure'inruss.-ChurchSlavicgovnoetc.,inablautslav.*gavj,*gavitiinruss.-Church
Slavicogaviti`vexare',serb.gavitise`bedisgusted'(andchangingthroughablautgvmise`mich
ekelt,Imubreak,rupture',gvitise),ech.o-haviti`verunstalten',ohavn`hideous',russ.dial.
gvedf.,`horror',klr.hveda`Gesindel',ech.havd'`Geflgel,Gesindel',poln.gawied`small
KinderandHaustiere;Geflgel,Luse;Gesindel,Pbel'.
dh -extensiong[u]dh- , g[u]dh- , gdh-.

Lit.gdaf.`Schande,Unehre',gdingas`schandbar',gdinti`beschmen,revile',OldPrussiangdan
Akk.`Schande';
OldChurchSlavicgadm.`Kriechtier(*ekelhaftesanimal);schdlichesanimal'(*gdh-),Church
Slavicgadu,gaditi`verabscheuen,rebuke',russ.gdit`smudge,befoul,spoil',serb.gd`disgust,
repulsion,loathing;snake,worms',ech.haditi`vilify,rebuke'(etc.,s.Berneker289);
poln.adasiàbominari',adny,adliwyùgly,nasty'(*gdh-);russ.dial.gdkij`disgusting',klr.
hydÀbscheuliches,disgust,repulsion,loathing';withformants-d(h)ainech.o-hyzda(*gyzd)
`disgust,repulsion,loathing,repugnance',hyzditi`rebuke,vilify,verwerfen,poln.mdartl.gizd`disgust,
repulsion,loathing,smut,unreinerperson'(withothermeaningchangeserb.gzda`pride,Eleganz,
jewellery,pleasantness,agreeableness'underlikewise,s.Berneker374);
mnd.qud`stercus',ahd.qut,mhd.qut,kt,kt,nhd.Kot,tirol.ktèkelhaftesanimal',Pl.kter
àllerhandUngeziefer',mnd.qud,mndl.qwaet,holl.kwaad`mad,wicked,evil,ugly,verderbt',md.
qud`mad,wicked,evil,ekel,weak';
maybealb.(*kt)kot`waste,useless'
withidg.-u- :
cymr.budr`dirty,filthy',budro`smudge',mir.buadraim`cloudy,bewilder'(comparePedersenKG.I
112);
ags.cwadòrdure',afries.qudèvil,bad';
withufrom*-u-slovak.ohuda`Scheusal',klr.ohda`reprimand',aruss.guditi`slander,blaspheme,
accuse,blame'underlikewise;
with-- aszerogradefrom-[u]orgerm.ablautneologismndd.quadder`dirtydampness,mucus'=
mnd.koder`mucus',nhd.dial.koder,Kder`glutinousmucus,catarrh';
Maybealb.kodr`heap,hill,mass'similartoags.cldm.àmassofrock,hill'[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round']
alsondd.quassen(*kwadsn)`(inFeuchtem)quatschen',quasken,quatsken,nhd.quatschen,engl.
quask,squashandperhapsthepeople'snameQuadi;
Maybealb.guask`seashell'
alb.z(*guedhio-),fem.zeze(*guedhi)`black,unlucky,schlimm',zf.`mourning,grief,famine'.
References:
References:WP.I694ff.,WH.I118f.,Trautmann81.
Page(s):
Page(s):483-485
Root/lemma: grebhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:embryon,young
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Leibesfrucht,Kind,Junges'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`Leibesfrucht,Junges',mir.brommach(*grombhkos),OldChurchSlavic
rb`Fllen'.
References:
References:WP.I689.
Page(s):
Page(s):485
Root/lemma: greiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosleep,dream
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlafen,trumen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*)`sleep,bininactive',Hes.;
russ.grzitìnsleeptalk,fantasize'(barely*grez-,rather*grz-),grza`dream,Faseln,alberne
discourse'.Sehrdoubtful;s.alsoBerneker351.
References:
References:WP.I698.
Page(s):
Page(s):485
Root/lemma: grendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell;breast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen(physisch,andvorHochmut);Schwellung,Erhhung,Brust'
Material:
Material:Gr.`pride',`gebrdemichstolz';
lat.grandis`big,large,grogewachsen,old,convex,elevated'(a=eoro);
OldChurchSlavicgrd`breast',slovak.hrudèlevation',poln.oldgrdzi`breast',grdèrhhte
placeinswamp,marsh,oldìsland,Werder'(etc.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):485
Root/lemma: gretsoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thick,big
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dick,gro'
Material:
Material:Lat.grossus`thick'pflegtmanwithmir.cymr.corn.bret.bras`big,large,thick',mir.also
`strong',zusammenzubringen.Yetmakesthekelt.vocalismSchwierigkeiten,andmir.bresàlready'
isbarelydazuzustellen.frombrasratheras*gr-sto-tolat.gravis,aboveS.476
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):485
Root/lemma: gruh- ,gr hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tognashtheteeth;tobite
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:a)`withdenZhnenknirschen',b)`nagen,beien'
Material:
Material:a)gr.`knirschewithdenZhnen'(besidesthroughEntgleisungfrom,
)`bite',`biting',`bruxism',`coldfever'(`Zhneklappern').
b)air.brn`distress',cymr.brwyn`stechenderpain'(protokelt.*brgnos);
lit.gruiu,gruti`gnaw',sugrinti`destroy';
OldChurchSlavicgryzo,grysti`gnaw'(inotherslav.Sprachenalsofromnagendemdistress;here
probablyalsosloven.grePl.f.`scabies').
Togryzprobablyruss.grust`distress',sloven.grst`disgust,repulsion,loathing'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):485-486
Root/lemma: haha!
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjectionoflaughter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:InterjektionofLachens
Material:
Material:OldIndianhaha,gr.(ngr.inscribed),lat.(ha)hahae,nhd.haha,serb.haha,
russ.chacha.
References:
References:HirtIdg.Gr.I284f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I303,WH.I630,632;SchwentnerInterjektionen
18.
Page(s):
Page(s):497
Root/lemma: h
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ha!oh!(surprise)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ha!ach!'InterjektionofErstaunens,theErleichterung
Material:
Material:IngewissenInterjektionenisprobablyeinanlautendesh - orakindofgutturalerSpirans
anzunehmen;s.alsoaboveS.293andunderkhakha.
OldIndianha,gr.,lat.h,nhd.ha.
Page(s):
Page(s):497
Root/lemma: ilo- :i loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:unripe,raw
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnreif,roh,unbearbeitet'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andbaltoslav.
Material:
Material:Gall.-ialo-`Lichtung',ofteninPN,asNanto-ialo-,frz.Nanteuil`valley-Lichtung',etc.;cymr.
ialf.`Lichtung',PNIal(J.LothMabinogion2II356);anialÈinde';
lett.jlsùnreif,unbearbeitet,raw,wund(fromtheskin)';
slav.*jaland*jalovinruss.jyjandjovyjùnfruchtbar,unbearbeitet(ofLande)',serb.jlov
ùnfruchtbar,gelt',ech.jalovds.,poln.jaowizna`leere,wsteplace'.
References:
References:Trautmann107,DottinLangueGauloise262.
Page(s):
Page(s):504-505
Root/lemma: i-roGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Jahr,Sommer'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.296f.(ei- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):506
Root/lemma: i a ghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochase,wishfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachjagen,begehren'
Material:
Material:Ahd.jagn,holl.nhd.jagen,mhd.jaget(*jag),nhd.Jagd,mnd.holl.jacht,perhapsafter
GramannWb.1001toOldIndianyahu-,yahv-`restless,rash,hastydahinschieend',yahvds.
(fromFlssen),butshasyah`sonofpower',whereastheconcept`kid,child,son'probablyfrom
`themuntere,bewegliche'hasevolved;jedenfallsentsprichttheletzterenVerwendungav.yazu
pur`thejngsteson',yezivdugdrm`diejngstetheTchter'(BartholomaeAiran.Wb.1280);
OldIndian(pra-)yakati`dringtvor,hurries,strebt',yakin-perhaps`keen,eager,lebendig'(after
Gramann`verfolgend,rchend'),yakya-`rhrig,quick,fastzngelnd'(s-formationstovorigen).
CommonOldIndianh->k-:Avestanh->gz-,z-phoneticmutation.
BydennotganzgeklrtenBedeutungsverhltnissenfromyah-,yahv-somewhatdoubtfulrudiment.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):502
Root/lemma: i a gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toworship
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`religisverehren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyjati`venerateswithprayerandsacrifice,oblation'(Perf.j,participlei-)=
av.yazaiteds.(participleyasta-withlengthenedgradeafterdempresent),OldIndiansatya-yj`veritableanbetend',withzerogradertv-jàfterVorschriftregelmigopfernd'=Òpferpriester',ijya`toworship,m.Lehrer',ijy`sacrifice,oblation';
gr.(*)`scheue',`holy,geweiht'(daswithitidenticalOldIndianyjya-`toworship'
wirdonlyfromVopadevaasGerund.gelehrt,DebrunnerGGA.1910,9),`weihe';
OldIndianyajas-n.`worship,veneration'=gr.n.`blame,Befleckung,sacrifice,oblation',
*`ganzholy';
OldIndianyaj-,av.yasna-m.`Gottesverehrung,sacrifice,oblation'(yajya-,av.yesnyaòpferwrdig,zumOpfergehrig'),gr.`holy,pure,lauter';
Meillet(BSL.21,126ff.,EM2845)willdiegr.wordsratherwithlat.sacer`holy'connect;
toch.Ayks-`hug,embrace,holdtight'(VanWindekensLexique167f.)
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):501-502
Root/lemma: i i
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.285(e-3 )
Page(s):
Page(s):502
Root/lemma: i m Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`graben,aufgraben'
Note:
Note:(oriem-:iem-:im-)
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`shovel,hack,mattock,hoe',-`grabeauf,scharreauf',,-
`grabefrom';`ditch,trench,channel,canal,furrow',`bewssere';
OldChurchSlavicjama`pit,pothole'(originallyanlautj-erwiesenthroughdasAbg.andthroughdas
dial.russ.ama,grownfrom*vn-jam,*jamo).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):502
Root/lemma: i m
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.285(e-3 )
Page(s):
Page(s):502
Root/lemma: i - :i Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeangry;tobepunish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrregtsein',daher`bestrafen,rchen',alsoèrregtsprechen,beschwren,
preisen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianved.y-van-Àngreifer,Verfolger',y-tr-`Rcher',ra-y-,-y-van-,-yt-èine
blamerachend',OldIndiany-t-m.`Hexerei,Spuk,Zauberdmon';
av.y-tu-m.`Zauberei,magician',ys`wish';
arm.janamÌstrengemichan'(MeilletEsquisse252);
gr.,dor.m.èagerness,jealousy,envy'(:nsloven.jl),`Folterknecht',,dor.
`punishment,penance,atonement,loss';`fiery,strong,unvermischt(ofWein)'(:Old
ChurchSlavicjar);ablaut.-;`strmean,bedrnge';
air.(i)lid`wnschteager,erbittet,erfleht',cymr.iawl`command,Lob',iolafÌpraise,preise',eiriolaf
(*are-il-)Ìbittedringlich',abret.3.Pl.Konj.iolent`precentur';
slav.*ira-`violent'inOldChurchSlavicjar`stern,herb',jarost`rage,fury,vehemency',russ.jryj
ìrascible,irritable,gamy,violent,fiery,fast,rapid,hurried',etc.;inadditionnsloven.jlènvy'(:gr.
)DifferentaboveBerneker28.
References:
References:WP.I197,775,WH.I718,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I330,Trautmann108,J.Morris-Jones,
WelshGr.383.
Page(s):
Page(s):501
Root/lemma: i Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gehen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.296(ei- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):501
Root/lemma: i e bhSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.298(eibh- )
Page(s):
Page(s):503
Root/lemma: i e g- (*eik-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èis'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andkelt.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:i e g- (*eik)::ìce'derivedfromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:tosee;eye'.
Material:
Material:oldnord.jakim.(*ekan-<*jekan-)Èisstck',compareschweiz.jch,gicht(=gejicht)
`hoarfrost,gefrorenerTauaufBumen';demin.formationaltnord.jkullm.`hangingdownicicle,
glacier';ags.gicel(a)m.ìcicle,Eisscholle',engl.icicle=ags.sesgicel,anord.ichilla`stiria',ndd.
shekel,jkelìcicle'(mnd.jokeleds.drftefromdemNord.derive);ahd.ihilla(=*jichilla)`stiria';
Maybealb.(*ekul)akullìce',laterabbreviated(*ekul)hellìcicle':oldnord.jkullm.`hanging
downicicle,glacier'[alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal-].
mir.aigf.(Gen.ega)ìce'(*iegi-s),cymr.im.ds.,iaen(*iegin)`glacicula',acorn.ieygl.glaties,iein
gl.frigus,mcorn.yeyn,yen`cold',br.ien`cold'.
Dasainmir.aigisfromebeforepalat.goriginated,dasaindenbrit.formswhereasthroughden
alterationfromanlaut.je-toja-todefine;compareunderi e t- ;
abouthitt.e-ku-na-`cold'comparePedersenHitt.171.
References:
References:WP.I206;Schweiz.IdiotikonII112f.,1120,III5,IV1010.
Page(s):
Page(s):503
Root/lemma: i e kEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprechen',alsovonfeierlicher,bittenderRede
Material:
OldIndianycati`fleht,fordert',yc`request';ycit-,ycitum,ycitar-,etc.
lat.iocus`Scherzrede,joke';umbr.iuka,iukuAkk.Pl.n.`preces',osk.ikleìnconsecratione';
ahd.jehan,gehan`say,speak,bekennen',aschs.gehands.,ahd.jiht(*jeti-)Àussage,
Bekenntnis',bijiht=nhd.`Beichte',inadditionKrankheitsnameGicht(`throughBesprechen
verursacht');
mcymr.ieith,cymr.iaith,bret.iez`language'(*jekti-);
lit.jukas,lett.juks`joke'isperhapslat.Lw.fromtheStudentensprache,asalsonhd.Jux;againstit
Trautmann108;
toch.yask-`long,want,beg'(VanWindekensLexique165f.),Ayuce,yca`beggar'.
References:
References:WP.I204f.,WH.I715f.;SommerWuS.7,104ff.willalsoik-`heal,cure'
hierherstellen,butbecauseofair.hcc(idg.)notglaubhaft.
Page(s):
Page(s):503-504
Root/lemma: i e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`halten,zusammenhalten,paaren,bezwingen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianymati`zgelt,lenkt;strecktfrom,reichtdar',ycchatids.,yat-`gehalten',
yma-m.`rein',yntra-n.`Strang,band,strap';av.yam-,yasait,Oldpers.Imperf.ayasat,
participleav.yata-`hold,stop',yta-`zugewiesenerallotment,possession'(tocomparedieheavy
rootformOldIndianymitavai,BartholomaeIF.11,141f.);OldIndianyam-m.,av.yma-m.
`twin';OldIndianGNYam-`twin,hermaphrodite'=av.Yim;
lat.geminus`zwillingsgeboren,twin;double'hatprobablydasg-fromtherootgem- `grasp,
zusammenpressen'(aboveS.368f.)bezogen;
mir.emonm.,emuinf.(*emno-,*emn)`Zwillingspaar',emnaid`verdoppelt';
perhapsheregerm.*ibna-èben,gleichmig',whetherfrom*imn-<*jemn-,ingot.ibnsèben',
anord.jafn,jamn,ags.efn,engl.even,aschs.ean,ahd.eban`ben';afterGntert(Weltknig337
ff.)heretheanord.GNYmiras`hermaphrodite'fromgerm.*iumiiz,idg.*iem(i)is
notcertainlyis,whetherherealsogr.`tame,domesticated,mild',,-`theveredelte
Rebstock',`zahme'(withlengthenedgrade),andaszerogradelat.redimi`bindeum,
umwinde,bekrnze',aswellasinfula`priesterlicheheadfascia'(*imdhl)belong.
Daswithgr.identicalahd.aschs.jmar,ags.gomor`sad',Subst.ahd.jmar`misery'
(originallyostensibly`bedrckt')drftethoughbecauseofanord.amra`lament',dastoemja,ymja
`howl'belongs,ratheraninterjectionentsprungensein.Cymr.afaràffliction,lament'(mir.amards.)
kannnotj-verlorenhaveandmualreadydeswegenfernbleiben.
References:
References:WP.I572,WH.I587,Marstranderriu5,160.
Page(s):
Page(s):505
Root/lemma: i nter- ,reducedcasei e ntr- (i n t r- )(*nter)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:husband'sbrother'swife
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dieFrauofBrudersofGatten'
Note:
ItderivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:en-1 ,en- ,n- ,n- :
:`tobear'suffixedin-terformant.
Material:
OldIndianytar-ds.(Akzentthestarken+vocalismtheschwachencase);
arm.ner,moreproperlynr,Gen.niri`dieFrauenfromBrdernordesselbenMannes'(zurbasicform
suppositionsbyHbschmannArm.Gr.I478;BuggeIF.1,445,449,MeilletBSL.30,CR.90,lastly
CunyRecherches66f.);
phryg.Akk.;
gr.`dieFrauofbrothersofGatten'(ion.Psilose),Hom.,-(-verbalismthe
metr.lengtheningfor-),inschr.(kleinas.-gr.);
Originoftheoldlaryngealgr.*ghe->e-phoneticmutation
Maybealb.geg.(*ghenter)dhandr`son-in-law':lith.ntas`son-in-law'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
lat.janitrcs(extensionfrom*ianiterafterFem.thenounsagentisauf-c-)`dieEhefrauenfrom
Brdern'(dasiderivesfrom*ianiter);
alit.*jnt,-ersds.(gent,entthroughhybridizationwithgents`kinsman,relative',ntas`son-inlaw'),lett.etere,ital'aandkurischjentereds.;
OldChurchSlavic*jtry(endingaftersvekry),russ.-ChurchSlavicjatryds.,serb.jtrvads.
References:
References:WP.I207f.,WH.I668,Trautmann107f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I568.
Page(s):
Page(s):505-506
Root/lemma: i e sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofoam,boil
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wallen,schumen',vonkochendemWasser
Material:
Material:OldIndian*ysati,ysyati`sprudelt,siedet;mhtsichab',yayastu`sollverbrhen';with`sichanstrengen'(-yas-ta-àngefacht,angestrengt,ermdet,erschlafft',-ys-ayati`strengtan,
ermdet,afflicts'),pr-yasta-`berwallend',Intens.i-yas-yatèrschlafft,schwindethin',redupl.yeati
(*ieis-)`wallt,sprudelt',av.yayeiti`siedet(intr.)';
gr.(=ysati)`cook,boil,simmer,seethe,boil(intr.)',,,andgeneuert=
renamed,haschangedÀbsud',(Gischt,scum,froth,foam)Hes.;
gallo-rom.iest`scum,froth,foam'(v.Wartburg),cymr.iasf.,Pl.iasau`Sieden,Schaumen,Kochen';
air.essm.(oldern.,from*iestu)`waterfall';bret.gi`ferment,seethe'perhapsabstractedfromgell
`yeast'(*upoieslo-);
ahd.jesan`ferment,seethe,schumen'=schwed.mdartl.esa(as)`ferment,seethe',norw.se,
schwed.mdartl.sa(*jsian)ds.,norw.mdartl.asa(*jasn;preterits)`flareup,foam,ferment,
seethe,roar,storm,dash',esja(*jasjan)`ferment,seethe',anord.sa(*jsjan)ìnheftigeBewegung
place',comparenorw.mdartl.`dasBrausen,Unruheinanimalsandpeople',anord.jstr,Gen.jastar
m.(atfirstfrom*estuz,*estauz,olderjes-)andjastrn.(atfirstfrom*estra)`yeast',ags.giest(engl.
yeast)`scum,froth,foam,slobber,yeast',mnd.gest`yeast',mhd.jest,gestm.`scum,froth,foam',
nhd.GestandGischt`scum,froth,foam,yeast';
toch.Ays-`simmer,seethe,boil'.
References:
References:WP.I208.O'Rahillyriu13,144f.
Page(s):
Page(s):506
Root/lemma: i e tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosetoutfor;tostrive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`worauflosgehen,streben,eifrigangehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianytati,-teafterPet.Wb.`schlietan,fgtaneinander;strebtwhereupon',after
GeldnerVed.stem3,11ff.(doubtbySommerGr.Lautst.157)`kommtgleich,isebenbrtig,eifert
after,wetteifert;isjealous,beneidet,streitet;drngtsichvor,squalls,storms,sputetsich,hurries,
marches',Kaus.ytyati`verbndet,combined;ziehtzurVerantwortung,belangt,ahndet',yti-m.
Àsket'(`*Streber'),yatna-`strebsam',yatn-m.`Bestrebung,Bemhung,Anstrengung,toil',av.
yateiti,yatayeiti`placessichinBewegung(Perf.inGangesein),rhrtsich,isemsig,bemhtsich
eager',withfr-`kommtheran;gehtjemandenumetwasan',Kaus.ytayeiti`bringtzurVerwendung,
betreibt,befatsichwherewith,befleiigtsich';
cymr.add-iad`Sehnsucht',gall.Adietumrus,Adiatunnus,Adietuanus(:OldIndianyat-na-),
nasalized(comparewithNasalsuffixOldIndianyat-n-)cymr.add-iant`Sehnsucht',ir.t(nir.ad)
èagerness,jealousy',gall.Iantu-mros,Ientu-mros(=ir.tmar`jealous');air.tu,Akk.tith,nir.ota
`thirst'maybefromlengthenedgrade*itututs;
maybealb.*et-,et-je,etje`thirst',et-urthirsty
perhapsheretoch.Ayat-`reach,erlangen',presentMed.yatatr,yototr,Schulze-SiegToch.Gr.
487,VanWindekensLexique167,PedersenToch.221;alsoAByt-`fhigsein,order'(Van
WindekensaaO.)
References:
References:WP.I197.
Page(s):
Page(s):506-507
Root/lemma: i e u-dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomoveswiftly,tofight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìnheftigerBewegungsein,kmpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianud-ydhati`walltauf(ofwater);fhrtzornigauf',Kaus.ydhyati`verwickeltin
fight,struggle',ydhyati,ydhati`fights',ydh-m.`combatant',f.`fight,struggle,battle',yudhm-
`warlike',m.`combatant',ydhyas-`streitbarer,betterkmpfend';Paliyhati`fights';
av.yiyeinti`siekmpfen',yiita-`theatbestkmpft';
gr.hom.Dat.,`Treffen,battle,Kampfgetmmel'(*iudh-s-mn-,derivativefroma*iudh-sm-s,compareOldIndianyudhm-);
lat.jube,-re(=lit.judti),juss(alt.ious),jussumeig.`*inBewegungplace,aufrtteln',hence
`jemandenetwasheien,order';jubaf.`Mhne'(`*diesichschttelnde,billowing');(aboutjubar,-ris
`morningstar,strahlendeslight'seeWH.I724);
acymr.acorn.abret.Jud-`fight,struggle'(*ioudho-),`combatant'(*ioudhios),inMNasacymr.Judgual,abret.Iud-uual`fight,struggle-gewaltiger';diesesJud-(=iu-)wirdlaterinanlautmehrsilbiger
Namenmcymr.toId-(=-),inallenotherpositiontoud(=),soacymr.Mor-iud`Meereskmpfer'
tomcymr.Mor-u,selbstndigcymr.udd`master,mister'(*ioudhios);
lit.jud,-ti`sichbebend,zitterndbewegen,quarrel,squabble',jundjstiìnzitterndeBewegung,in
agitationgeraten',alit.juds`zankschtig',judra`whirlwind';
changingthroughablautlit.jaudf.`Verlockung,seduction',whereofjudinti`jemandsferventness,
passionawake,animate,jemandenverfhren',refl.àgitatedsein,sicherregen',lett.jada`fortune,
power',jadt`dientigepowerhave';
poln.judzi`toetwasBsembereden,stir,tease,irritate,aufwiegeln'(:OldIndianydhyati);
perhapsOldChurchSlavicojmin,Pl.ojmi`warrior'(=OldIndianyudhm-withprefixo-);also
bulg.juda`Nymphe';
toch.Ayutk-`besorgtsein'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):511-512
Root/lemma: i e uEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towave,unsteady
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufregen,unruhig'
Material:
Material:Av.yaozaiti`regtsichauf(ofwater,fromunruhigenLndern)',yati-`Rhrigkeit,
Regsamkeit';
arm.yuzem`regeauf'isiran.Lw.;
got.jiuka`rage,fury,fight',jiukan`fight',mhd.jouchen,juchen`drive,push,hunt,chase'andags.
gocor`fullofhardship',gocreAdv.`stern';
toch.Ayok-,yuk-`defeat,conquer'.
References:
References:WP.I203,Feist301b.
Page(s):
Page(s):512
Root/lemma: i e u-1 (*gheu)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomix(ofmealpreparation)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vermengen,beiderSpeisezubereitung'
Note:
Note:(:iu-,i[u]-;iu-,i-;latterduetotheDehnstufenorfromaheavybasis*ieu-),originally
probablyìnBewegungplace';s.i e u-dh- .
Material:
Material:OldIndianyuti,yuvti`mixed',ud--yuti`rhrtauf',pra-yuti`rhrtum',yt-f.
`Mischung',-yvana-n.`Rhrlffel';
lit.jaun,joviau,jati`heiesWasserdarbergieen',lett.jut`dougheinrhren,mix',javs
`GemengselfromViehfutter',lit.jvalas`Schweinefutter,grapemarc';
gr.,`gyptischesGerstenbier';
alb.-tosk.gjr`soup'(*ino-),geg.gjan`smut,pond,pool,watering-place';
[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
ablauteudgallorom.iuttafromgall.*iut,mlat.iotta`broth',mcymr.iwt,ncymr.uwd,iwdm.,acorn.
abret.iot,nbret.ioud,iod`porridge,mash';air.th`porridge,mash,broth'hatdasprobablyfromth
`fat'bezogen(ThurneysenGr.39).
s -stemi ( u)s- , i s- `broth':

OldIndiany(onlyNom.),y-,ua-m.n.`broth',lat.is,iris`broth,soup',lit.j(*isii)
`schlechtesoupfromsourdoughwithWasserdurchgerhrt',OldPrussianjuse`broth,meatbroth',
OldChurchSlavicjucha(*ious)`broth,soup'(nhd.JauchefromdemWestslav.);inadditiondietoderivativenschwed.st(*isto),anord.ostr(secondary)`cheese'andfinn.-urnord.juusto,nschwed.
dial.stds.;
perhapsinadditiongr.`sourdough'(*ismorim)and`broth,soup'(*i[u]smosor
*i[u]mos).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):507
Root/lemma: i e u-2 ,i e u - ,i e u - gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totietogether,yoke
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verbinden'
Note:
Note:probablyas1.ieu-`vermengen'fromìnBewegungplace'evolved;s.alsoi e u-dh- andi e uni- .
Material:
Material:OldIndianyuti,yuvti`bindetan,schirrtan'(also`mixed'),participleyut-,yt-f.
`connection'(and`Mischung'),ni-yt-f.`row,Gespann',yth-m.àssociation,troop,multitude,
crowd',ytra-n.`rope,band',yna-n.`band,strap,cord',avayava-m.`limb,member,part';av.yav`sichwherewithbeschftigen'(presentyavayeiti,Inf.yt,yta),yaona-n.`Beschftigung',yav-(yu-)
Adj.`holding,stehendtojemanden'=OldIndianyu-`journeyman,fellow'(seeBartholomaeAiran.
Wb.1264f.,wherealsoaboutyv-`duration');
lett.Pl.jtis`joint(*connection),Scheideweg',lit.jutism.òx'(`*thevordencartgespannte,
jmentum';balt.heavyroot);herealsolett.jumis`Doppelfrucht,Felddmon',jmt`(roof)cover'
(Mhlenbach-EndzelinII177ff.).Fraglicharm.yaud`connection'becauseofvocalism(iran.Lw.).
Perhapsherelat.juvre`support,help;ergtzen';probablywithOldIndianyu-y-ti`hltfern,
separatesfrom,bewahrtvor,wehrt;hltsichfern,wirdapart,separated',v-yavantaàbwehrend'toa
eigenenfamilyzusammenzuschlieen,withtheasg-derivativealsoags.goc`help,consolation,
certainty',gocian`preserve,protect,retten'compatibleis;seeunderi e u-4 .
Specht(KZ.65,207f.,68,52ff.)placesjuvretoOldIndianvati,whereataboveS.77;againstitM.
LeumannGl.29,173f.
i u -go-m `Joch':
OldIndianyug-n.`Joch;pair'(also`gender,sex,Generation')=
gr.`Joch'=
Maybealb.zgjedhòxyoke,slavery',zgjidhùntie'contaminatedbyalb.lith`tie'andgjedh`cattle'
lat.jugumds.(seealsoWH.I728f.aboutumbr.Iguvium)=
got.aschs.jukn.,ags.geoc,anord.ok`Joch',ahd.juch,joch`Joch;alsosovielLand,asmanwith
aOchsengespannanaTagepflgenkann';
lit.(withnafterjngiu)jngas`Joch';
OldChurchSlavicigo(Gen.iga)`Joch'(es-stem),ech.jhods.(slav.*jgofrom*jgo,seealso
Berneker421f.;inadditionaruss.bèinLandma;soviel,aseinMannwithaPferdepflgt'
from*ob-jgj,nowadaysobaandobga-d.j.*objga-`DeichselarmeofHakenpflugs';Church
SlavicPl.iesa,sloven.Gen.isawithresultsofidg.stem*ieugos-,seeunder);
cymr.iauf.,acymr.iou,acorn.ieu,bret.ieo,geo`Joch',kazely,kazelg`Knechtschaft'=mcymr.
kesseyl-yeuàxillaryyoke'(LothRC40,153f.);gall.PNVer-iugo-dumnus;seealsoPedersenKG.I
98;ThurneysenIA.26,26zweifeltantheaffiliationofir.andUrverwandtschaftofbrit.words;doubtful
isalsodieBeurteilungfromir.cuing`Joch';afterHessenZceltPh.9,39maybefrom*uing(*iungis)
throughinfluencetheprepositioncom-;dazumcymr.kyn-iwngàssociation'(LothRC38,160);
arm.luc`Joch'zeugtnotfororiginallyanlautli-theroot;influenceoflucanem`spannefrom';
hitt.i--ga-an(yugan)`Joch';
toch.Ayokmf.`door,gate'(OldIndianLw.).
withoutgeschichtlichenconnectionuntereinanderareOldIndianyugal-n.`pair',lat.jugulum
(Demin.)`Jochbein,Schlsselbein',jugulae`SterngrtelofOrion',andgr.`SchlingeimJoch';
withhitt.yugasànnual',dyugas`biennial'comparelit.dveigs`biennial'(treigs`dreijhrig',etc.),
aboveS.229,230.
i e u-gos- es-stem:
gr.`Gespann',Pl.=lat.jgera(*iougesa),whereforeeinneuerSg.jgerumèin
morningLandes'=mhd.jiuchn.`morningLandes',comparealsoaboveChurchSlaviciesa,further
perhaps(dascertainlylate)ùnverbunden,unvermhlt',aswellaslat.iouxmenta,imentum
(seeS.510);zerograde(as,dasbutfromfromneologismseinkann)probablygot.
jukuzif.`Joch,Knechtschaft',comparedwithags.gycer`Joch'(*jukizi-),withuthe2.syllablethrough
assimilation
Verbalstammi e u-g-:
OldIndianyunkti(3.Pl.yujnti=lat.jungunt),yujati`schirrtan,spanntan,connects',comparefull
gradeyjayati(*jeugeieti)`fgttogether';av.yaoj-,yuj-ànspannen,anschirren;wherewithvertraut
make,athingteilhaftigmachen';
gr.`schirrean,verbinde',;
lat.jung,-ere,-nxi,-nctus`connect';
fullgradeahd.untar-jauhta`subjugavi';
lit.jngiu,jngti`connect,insJochspannen';participleOldIndianyukt-,av.yuxta-,withdemprs.n-lat.junctus,ags.geoht,iuktn.`Joch',lit.jngtas,withthe(asinpresentfrom,etc.
stammenden)lengthenedgrade;
rootnounsi u g- in:
OldIndianyj-`fellow,comrade;geschirrt,bespanntwith',ayj-`withoutGenossen,notinpairs,by
pairs'=gr.`notgejocht',`zusammengekoppelt,vereint',lat.conjux`husband,wife';
Superl.*iugistosinlat.juxt`densebesides'(*jugist,scil.viàufdemnchstverbindendenWege');
indenstarkenKas.analogischesOldIndianyj-,lat.conjunx.
Additionalderivativesin:
OldIndiang-m.`dasAnschirren,connection';gya-m.`draftanimal',compareanord.eykr`draft
animal,horse'(germ.*jaukiz,comparealsoKaus.*jaukianànschirren'assumedthroughanord.eykt
f.ÀrbeitszeitbetweendenMahlzeiten'from*jauki)=lat.jgis`perpetual;bestndigflowing'
(besidesiges,-tisàngespannt');OldIndianyjana-n.èinWegma',av.yujasti-f.ds.;OldIndian
yukti-f.`dasAnschirren',gr.`dasAnschirren,Verbinden',lat.juncti-m,juncti-,compareofesstemav.yaxti-`Fertigkeit,ability,capacity,adroitness';OldIndianyktr-Ànschirrer',yktra-n.
`Strang,Gurt',av.yaxra-n.`kriegerischeAnspannung,Unternehmung,attack',gr.
`Jochriemen',lat.junctor,junctra;OldIndianyugmn-`gepaart',gr.a`Zusammenjochung,
Joch',lat.jug(u)mentum`Pfosten,crossbar,crossbeam',duetoofes-steminadditionalat.
iouxmenta,klass.imentum`Gespann'.
Perhapswithieu-relatedarealsodieSippenieu(e)s-`statute'as`Verbindlichkeit,bond,Fug'andis`grten'as*i[u]s-.
References:
References:WP.I201f.,WH.I261,726ff.,Trautmann109f.,KuiperNasalprs.70ff.,109,Renou
BSL.41,18ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):508-510
Root/lemma: i e u-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:young
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jung'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyvan-(yv,Gen.yna)`young;youngling',f.yn,compoundsSup.yvyas,yvia-;av.yvan-,yavan-(beidesforyuvan-inscribed),Gen.yn`youngling';
lat.juvenis`young;youngling,virgin'(to-ven-insteadof-vin-compareEM2509)insteadof*iuudue
totheoldconservativecaseGen.juven-is,Dat.-,Akk.-emetc.;jn-x`youngcow'lat.-c-extension
besidesOldIndianyn,againstitcompoundsjniorwithjungemjn-(throughlat.developmentfrom
*juvenios);umbr.iouies`juvenibus,militibus',Akk.Pl.jovie(einofcompoundsrckgebildetes*jovi-s
`troop,multitude,crowdthejuniores');
air.a`jnger',am`jngst',mcymr.ieu(ncymr.iau)`jnger',ieuaf(soalsoncymr.)`jngst',bret.
iaou`jnger',nexttowhichthePositivair.ac(arch.oc),mir.c,cymr.ieuanc,bret.iaouank,acorn.
iouenc,mcorn.yowynk`young',gall.Jovinc-illus,-a(idg.*iuunks,seeunder),afterdemcompoundsSup.tokelt.*ieu-,*iounko-unvocalized;
lit.junas,lett.jans;abg.jun`young'(-no-steminsteadof-n-stemafter*seno-sòld';iuueno-after
demKompar.reconvertedto*ieueno-,bsl.*iuno-).
derivativesofstem*i u u e n-:
i u u n k -s: OldIndianyuva-,yuvak-`jugendlich',lat.juvencus,-a`youngbull,youngcow,
Junges',umbr.iveka,iuenga`juvenca',got.juggs,aisl.ungr,ahd.jung,ags.geong`young'(urg.
*jngazfrom*juwungz;inadditioneinneuercompounds*jnhizan-in:)got.jhiza,aisl.re`jnger'
(comparealsoaisl.ska`Jugend'from*j[n]hiskn-).
i u u e nt-, i u u n t -: OldIndianyvant-,f.yuvat-`young;virgin';ahd.jugund,as.jugu,ags.geogu
(ginsteadofwafter*duuni-`Tugend,skillfulness'),got.junda`Jugend'(*iuunt);lat.juvents,ttis`Jugend'(jventa=got.junda)=air.etiu,itiu,Gen.-ted`Jugend'(*iountt-s,reshapedfrom
iuuntt-,seeabovetoac).
As -extensionprobablyinOldIndiany,Gen.*yh,N.Pl.y,yaa`young,zum
Liebesgenugeeigneteswoman,wife';forlat.Jn,ifdiegoddesseig.`diejugendliche'standsfor,is
fromdeminjnx,jniorpresentstemin-derived;differentLeumann-Stolz5239.
Maybealb.*yng-,vgel,vogl(diminutive)young,vocyoungboy
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):510-511
Root/lemma: i e u-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toseparate;toholdoff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trennen,fernhalten'
Note:
Note:seeaboveS.508;afterRenou(mndl.)isdieOldIndianrootyu-`separate'withyu-`connect'
identicalandjenemeaningfromdemcompoundswithpa-andv-bernommen.
Page(s):
Page(s):511
Root/lemma: i e u-ni- ori o u-niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:therightway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwaàngewieseneSttte,richtigerWeg'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyni-m.Àufenthaltsort',f.`womb',av.Akk.Sg.yaonm`way'(probablyfrom
yaonim,seeWackernagelKZ.46,266);inadditionOldIndiansyon-`behaglich'from*su-yon-,
WackernagelKZ.61,203f.;
air.ainf.`Gelegenheit(i.e.moreproperlyplace=richtigetime),Mue,time'.
References:
References:WP.I204;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytoi e u-1 ìnBewegungplace'.
Page(s):
Page(s):512
Root/lemma: i e u o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:corn;barley
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Getreide',vorallem`Gerste'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyva-m.`corn,grain;barley,millet,sorghum'=av.yava-m.`corn,grain',npers.
jav`barley'(=lit.java);OldIndianyavya-m.`Fruchtvorrat'(:lit.juja`barn');yavas-n.`grass,food',
av.yavaha-n.`willow';av.yvn-m.`Getreidefeld';
hom.att.f.Pl.`Spelt',hom.`cornhervorbringend'(for*F),-()
`cornhervorbringend'(:ieuo-s=-:);
lit.jvasm.`speciesofgrain',javaPl.`corn,grain',juja`barn'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):512
Root/lemma: i e u o sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:norm,right
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Satzung,Fug'
Note:
Note:perhapsas`Verbindlichkeit'to*i e u-2 `connect'
Material:
Material:OldIndianyn.`salvation!'(onlyinconnectionwith;zurforms.BartholomaeAiran.
Wb.1234);av.yaoda-iti`makesbright,purifies,cleansrituell';
lat.is`statute,Verordnung,right'(alat.iousfrom*iouos,compare:)istus(alat.iovestd)`gerecht';
jr,-re`swear,vow'(alat.probablyiniouesatDuenos-Inschr.),aboutjrg,iniria;pe(r)ierre,
jerre,dierre(tiefstufigesis-)s.WH.I732ff.,EM2506ff.;aboutjdex`judge'seeaboveS.
188,WH.I726;
air.huisse`gerecht'(*ius-tios).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):512
Root/lemma: i g
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:force
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kraft,Jugendkraft'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Jugendkraft,Mannbarkeit',`binnubile,marriageable',`becomem.
`,-`youngling'(compare-);
lit.nuo-,pajg`power,Vermogen',jgi,jgti`vermgen,starksein',lett.jga`Verstand',jgt
`catch,understand,comprehend';whetherheredasisolierteruss.dial.jglyj`violent;keen,eager;
fast,rapid,hurried'(seeBerneker443).
Doubtfulisdieinterpretationfromgr.`tender,fine,luscious'from*ig-rsìnJugendkraft
strotzend',also,whetherlat.Iegius,osk.Ieis(with)hierhergehren.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):503
Root/lemma: i k- :i kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toheal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heilen'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`remedy',`heal',delph.,(asepithetApollos,
`physician,medicineman,Retter',`Heiler,physician,medicineman',episch-ionische
Psilose),inatt.Prosaseltengebrauchtewords;
air.hcc(*ikko-)`healing,Zahlung',cymr.iach`fit,healthy',corn.yagh,bret.iac'hds.(*ikko-),with
unclearKonsonantenverdopplung.
References:
References:WP.I195,WH.I716,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I303;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeabovei e k- `speak'.
Page(s):
Page(s):504
Root/lemma: i k -r ( t-) ,Gen.i e k-n-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:liver
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Leber'
Material:
Material:OldIndianykrt,Gen.yakn`liver';pers.jigar(*yakar-),afghan.yna(obl.*yaxna-);
lengthenedgrade()av.ykar(afterW.KrauseKZ.56,304ff.perhapsalsoav.*haykana-,
compareanord.lifrem.`thezurselbenliverGehrige,brother',lifraf.`sister')=
gr.,-(*-n-tos);
lat.jecur,-orisand-inoris(provespreviously*jecinis;amalgamationofr-andn-Stammes);
balt.*ieknf.inlit.jknos,oldjeknos,jekanas,lett.aknas,aknisf.Pl.OldPrussianiagno(Hs.lagno)
f.
AfterPedersenKG.I129heremir.i(u)chair(*ikuri-)f.,Gen.i(u)chrach`Fischrogen'andChurch
Slavicikra,russ.ikra,osorb.jikro,jiknods.,dasfurtherwithslav.ikra`Scholle'andikra`calf'(and
dessenbalt.equivalentorratherLehnformen,OldPrussianyceroy,lett.ikrs,alit.Gen.ikr)undera
basicmeaning`clump,intumescence'identicalis.Alsoidg.*iekrtcouldaufthesameoutlookbased
on.
Schwierigisdasperhapsdistortedtabooarm.leard,Gen.lerdi`liver'(comparelastlyCuny
Recherches68ff.).Whereasbelonganord.lifrf.`liver',ags.lifer,engl.liver,ahd.libera,lebaratogr.
`fat',indemdasoriginallyepithetthe(gemsteten)liveralsodasoldwordforliververdrngt
hat,aslat.jecurfictumtoital.fegatoetc.gefhrthat.
Aprotoidg.basicform*liekrtscheintmirtogewagt.
References:
References:WP.I205f.,WH.I673,Trautmann103,106,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I518,Benveniste
OriginesI8f.
Page(s):
Page(s):504
Root/lemma: i - :i - ,with-k- extendedi k- ,i k-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow;todo
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,machen,tun'
Material:
Material:Gr.(Inf.,Fut.,Aor.-,)`putinBewegung,throw,cast,sende'
(*iiimi);n.`Wurf';
lat.iaci,ici,iactum,iacere`throw,cast,schleudere;streuefrom,verbreite';
hitt.i-ja-miÌmake',p-ja-mi`schickehin',uijami`schickeher';hereluw.aijaru(from*i-ja-ru)
`sollgemachtbecome';
toch.Aya-`make',suppliertthroughypa-,inpreteritthroughym-,dasininganzenparadigm
durchgefhrtwordenis;afterVanWindekens(Lexique167)herealsoyk-`neglect'
Pedersenplacesalsoheregr.`sende,dispatch'.
Gegenderivationfromgr.from*sismiwithgutenGrndenWH.I667,EM468.Zweifelnd
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I686,741.Frisk(Eranos41,49f.)entscheidetsichbecauseofarm.himn
`foundation'(`*dasGeworfene'=lat.smen)for*si-s-mi.
References:
References:WP.I199,II460,WH.I667,PedersenHitt.129,198,Toch.166,191,Lykischunder
Hitt.30.
Page(s):
Page(s):502
Root/lemma: i o i-niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bulrush
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Binse'
Material:
Material:Lat.iuncus`bulrush'(*ioini-ko-s)belongstomir.an`bulrush'(*ioini-),Gen.ane;aboutlat.
iniperus`Wacholderstrauch's.WH.I731,870andLeumannGl.27,74;
aisl.einir,schwed.en`juniper',ndd.n(e)keds.whetherfrom*jainia-,wodurchthe
BedeutungswechselBinse:juniper(seeabove)asoldgesichertwrde.Yetisthenbymnd.eynholz
andnhd.Einbeerbaum(fromaisl.eini-ber`Wacholderbeere')influenceofeinèin'anzunehmen.
References:
References:WP.I208f.,Kluge11126.
Page(s):
Page(s):513
Root/lemma: i o rkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofroebuck
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`TierfromtheGruppetheRehe'
Material:
Material:Gr.,,withfolketymologyconnectionanmostly,;
f.,m.`roedeer,gazelle';
gallo-rom.*iorkos`roedeer',cymr.iwrch`capreamas',corn.yorch,bret.iourc'h`roedeer'
(presumablyfromdemKeltischenderivediespterenoccasionalforms,,by
Opp.andHes.);gall.FNJurca.
References:
References:WP.I209;M.-L.9678.
Page(s):
Page(s):513
Root/lemma: i o u ,i u
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schon'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.285(e-3,etc..)
Page(s):
Page(s):513
Root/lemma: i o Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Relativstamm
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.283(e-3,etc..)
Page(s):
Page(s):513
Root/lemma: i [u]s- :i sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:belt;tobegird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grten'
Note:
Note:(presumablytoi e u-2 )
Material:
Material:Av.yhayeiti(mostlywithaiwi-)`grtet',participleysta-`gegrtet',yhn.`Grtelschnur';
gr.v`grte',(=av.ysta-,lit.jostas)`gegrtet',`belt,girdle',ds.(*comparelit.juosmu`Gurt'),ds.(*-,compareruss.-ChurchSlavicpojasn
ds.);Hes.perhapsthessal.=*
alb.n-gjehsÌgrte';
lit.josiu,josti`grten',jostas`gegrtet',josta`belt,girdle'besidespajsti`grten'(ablautu:
);
OldChurchSlavicpoja,-jasati`grten',pojas`belt,girdle'(etc.,seeBerneker449).
References:
References:WP.I209,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I330,Trautmann108f.
Page(s):
Page(s):513
Root/lemma: i u -1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:you(pl.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìhr'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyonlyNom.;caseobliqueofstemu s - ,u s - (from*i u e s ,
*i u o s )
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianyuvmìhr'Du.,yymPl.,av.ym,gathav.y;
arm.nachwirkendindenwithje-anlaut.casee.g.Dat.jez(eaftermez`nobis',kèz`tibi');
got.jsìhr'Pl.otherwiseafter`wir'(seeue-)reshapedaisl.r,ags.g,as.g,ge,ahd.ir;Du.got.
*ju-t(:lit.j-du),otherwiseafter`wir'reshapedaisl.it,ags.as.git;
lit.js,lett.js,pr.ios,iasìhr'Pl.,lit.j-duìhrboth';OldPrussianiouson,lit.jsu,lett.jsuèuer'.
u s - , u s -: OldIndianva,av.venkl.forAkk.Gen.Dat.Pl.,Dual.OldIndianvm;ofAkk.*ussme(=lesb.)fromwithbernahmeofnominativei-OldIndianyumnAkk.(etc.),av.Abl.
ymat;
gr.lesb.(*ussm-),dor.Akk.,outofitnom.lesb.,dor.,aswellasatt.etc.;
alb.juìhr'from*u=OldIndianvawithhiatustilgendemj-;
Alsoalb.juve`you',jush`fromyou'
lat.vs(=av.Akk.Pl.v),plign.vus`vos'and`vobis',lat.vester,umbr.uestra`vestr';
OldPrussianwansAkk.;OldChurchSlavicNom.Akk.Pl.vy,Gen.Pl.vas,Dat.Pl.vam,Instr.Pl.
vami;
hitt.u-(um-)mees(sumes)from*usme(comparePedersenHitt.75f);
toch.Ayas,yes(dasyfromthe1.Pl.).
Besideswithanlautsu:air.s,sissiìhr'(uaib`fromeuch'underlikewisefrom*-su),cymr.etc.
chwiìhr'(das-<-*oiofNom.Pl.theo-stem);ir.farn.èuer',indalasr`theeinefromeuch
beiden',setharèuer'(compareThurneysenGr.p.449),andwithanlautesu-got.izwisèuch',izwara
èuer',aisl.yr,yuards.,wgerm.withouts(i.e.probablywiths-reduction)ahd.iuwihèuch'(Akk.),
iuwrèuer'etc.;perhapsisalsogr.ìhrboth'afterdemReflexivum,where*F-throughabgelstwurde,andieplaceanlteren*Fgetreten.
References:
References:WP.I209f.,Trautmann110,364,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I600f.
Page(s):
Page(s):513-514
Root/lemma: i 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:exclamatoryinterjection
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausruf,especiallyJauchzen
Material:
Material:Gr.`juche!'(,:),:ìnterjectionofamazement';withsilbischem,toTeillangemi-
(u-)reihtsichan`Jubel-orWehgeschrei',ds.,(Fut.)`cry'(Lit.byBezzenberger
BB.27,164f.,thealsoauflit.vas`Nachteule',OldPrussianywo-garge,Eulenbaum'andaufdasnpresent,Hes.verweist);nothere,buttoau1 (aboveS.71)belongs
`scream',daolderinschr.F;
lat.jbil`jauchze,jodle'(perhaps*id-dh-l`makej');inadditioniug,-ere`shout,callthe
Gabelweihe';
mir.ilach(*iiuluko-)`Siegesjubel';
mhd.j,jchÀusrufthepleasure,joy'(similarlyjbeimFrom-andshout),therefrommhd.jwen,
jwezen`jurufen,jubeln',jchezen,nhd.jauchzen,juchzen,mhd.jlen,jodeln,nhd.johlen,jodeln,
alsoanord.yla,engl.yowl`howl'from*jljan;
serb.j,j,ijuju`juchhe!';
lit.vas`Nachteule'seeabove.
References:
References:WP.I210,WH.I725ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):514
Root/lemma: liEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:groin,intestines
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Weichen,Eingeweide,Geschlechtsteile'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:eng- ,n g n (engh- )::swellingderivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:li- (enghi,indi)::
groin,intestines.Commonillyr.-gh->-d-phoneticmutation.Maybetabooinalb.anda`pleasure,
delight(sexual)'.Fromillyr.*enghi>indiderivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:li- (enghi,indi)::groin,intestines
[commonlat.-d->-l-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:Gr.;.
Hes.(presumably-,compare:)
lat.lia,-umìntestines,guts;loin,flank;thelowerabdomen'(Sg.liumGl.,le`thegenitals'
constructedbyCatull);orlat.Lw.
whetherherecymr.il`Grung'(*swelling),gall.PNIlio-mrus`withbiggroin'andschott.islandair.
le,gl.le,engl.Islay(Watson,CelticPlace-Names87)
Perhapshereslav.*jelito(from*jilito)etc.`groin,intestines,testicles'(t-formsasinlanita`cheek',
isto`kidney',lysto`calf',usta`mouth')inwruss.jality`testicles',serb.oldjelitoàsausage,asmall
sausage',ak.oltoìntestine,asausage',poln.jelitoìntestine',dial.`sausage',Pl.ìntestines,
entrails',russ.litnja`manypliesofruminants,psalterium'(OldPrussianlaitiann.`sausage'probably
fromapoln.*lito).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):499
Root/lemma: l- ,luEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt;black
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlamm'and`schwarz'(=`schmutzig'orumgekehrt`Schlamm,Moor'asdas
`Dunkle')
Material:
Material:Gr.,-f.`slime,mud,ordure;dregs,sediment(ofwine);impurity',(i.e.)
Hes.;
lett.ls`verydark'(*lus);
OldChurchSlavicil`mud,mire,dirt;clay;bog',russ.i,Gen.a`slime,mud',ech.jl`slime,mud,
loam,clay',poln.i,je`clay,naturaldampnessofearth',whereforemaybethenameofthewhitefish
livinginthemud(Squaliusvulgaris),russ.jelc,Gen.jelc,ech.jelec,jilec,poln.jelec,nsorb.jalica
(toAnlautswechselcompareunderli-`groin,intestines').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):499
Root/lemma: *ati-,ateli-,-oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindoffish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Fischname
Material:
Material:Gr.`Goldbrassen'(kannfrom*assimilatedsein),lat.attilusèinstrhnlicher
groerfishinPo'(probablygall.orligur.:HolderAltcelt.Sprachsch.s.v.,M.-L.766;differentHirtIF.
37,222);alit.ats,lit.tas,lett.te`Steinbutte'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):70
Root/lemma: *dh-mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schief'
Material:
Material:OldIndianjihm-`slantwise,slant,skew(urar.*ihm-assim.from*dihm-),gr.,
`slant,skew(assim.from*).
References:
References:WP.I769,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I,302g,327.
Page(s):
Page(s):181
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(*ghi- :)ghi- ,ghid- :ghdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bright,shining
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hell,leuchtend'
Material:
Material:Gr.`clear,bright,hellglnzend,luminous;cheerful,vergngt'(=lit.gidras),next
towhich-in`gleaming,stately';`schummerig,dmmerig,brunlich,gray'(basic
form*-For-);Hes.;
lit.gidras,gaidrs`cheerful,clear,bright'(therefromgiedr,gaidrf.`schnesweather'),lett.
dziedrsàzurblau',changingthroughablautdzdrums`Klarheit';lit.gasas(*ghid-so-s),gaisa
`Lichtscheinamsky,heaven',lett.gissm.`Luft,weather',gais(*gaisus)`clear,bright',gismaf.
`light',lit.gasrasm.`Lichtscheinamsky,heaven,Feuersbrunst;rage,fury',gazdrasm.`Lichtschein
amsky,heaven';probablyalsoOldPrussiangaylis`white'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):488-489
Root/lemma: *s ,s-i-s , s -en- ,os-kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ashtree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èsche'
Material:
Material:Lat.ornus`wildBergesche'(*os-en-os);cymr.acorn.onn-en,bret.ounn-ennàshtree',
cymr.Pl.onn,ynn(protokelt.*onn<*osn);air.(h)uinnius,Dat.uinnsinn(*onn-is-)ds.;lit.osisf.,
m.,lett.usism.,OldPrussianwoasis(*si-s;inadditionillyr.-pannon.VNOsi,PNOsones);
Note
Note:
Thisillyr.cognatebearsthehallmarkofasatemlanguewhenillyr.dialectsseemmostlykentum.
alb.ah`beech'(*osk);(ratherinaccurateetymologybecauseofalb.ahi,ahu`beech'-i,-u m.
endings:illyr.-pannon.VNOsi.)
Note
Note:
Commonlat.sn>rnrhotacismhastakenplace.Whilealb.clearlyderivedfromillyr.-pannon.VNOsi,
PNOsones;commonalb.shiftissk>hbutalwaysatthebeggningofaword:like(*skii-)hiaf.
`shadow':gr.f.(skii-)`shadow'whileinthemiddleofawordalb.s>h isuniversallikein:
OldIndianvura-,av.xasura-`father-in-law':alb.vjehrr`father-in-law',vjherr`mother-in-law'
henceillyr.-pannon.VNOsi:alb.ahi,ahu`beech'.
[thecommonalb.s>h phoneticmutationinthemiddleoftheword(SeeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e kr Meaning:
Meaning:mother-inlaworfather-in-lawshifts>h inalb.(*vura-)vjehrr`father-in-law')notsk>
h whichiscommonatthebeginningofthewordalb.h,hie`Schatten'(*skii)SeeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
sk i- ,sk i- :sk - Meaning:
Meaning:toglimmer(ofwetthings);shadow].Becauseillyr.(anditsoffspring
alb.)showssatemandcentumcharacteristicsitcouldbetheoldestIEtongue.Illyr.similarlytoalb.
preferredtruncatedformillyr.-pannon.VNOsiagainstitsolderillyr.-pannon.PNOsoneswhichis
anothersoundproofalb.descendantofillyr.
slav.*jasen(*jasen)m.inserb.jsn,russ.jsen;
withk -extension:arm.haciàshtree';gr.`beech,spearshaft'(*[]-);ligur.PN
Èschenwald'();aisl.askrm.àshtree,spear,javelin,ship',ags.sc(germ.*askiz),ahd.ascàsh
tree';
comparetscherem.okoàshtree'.
References:
References:WP.I183f.,WH.II223,Trautmann203,SpechtIdg.Dekl.59.
Page(s):
Page(s):782
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(*(s)pen-2 ),(s)pon- ,(s)pondhoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofwoodenvessel(pail)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Holzeimer',alsogelegentlichvonanderenHolzgerten
Note:
Note:relatedwithsph- ,sph-`langes,flachesbitofwood'(comparedessen-no-derivativenhd.
Span).
Material:
Material:Arm.pànd`vessel'(*phondho-);lat.sponda`Bettstelle';mir.sonnm.`Pfosten,Pfeiler',
sonnaid`stt,presses',cymr.ffonf.`stick'(*spondh);aisl.spannn.`bucket,pail'(dn.spand
`bucket,pail'),mnd.span,-nnes`Holzeimer',fat-span`woodenvesselhandle'(germ.*spanna-,
perhapso-Ableit.anen-stem*spanan-,orfrom*spondh-no-or*spon-uo-);OldChurchSlavicspd
`modius';
e-formsfehlen;ndl.spinde`Speisekammer',nhd.Spind`Schrank'derivefrommlat.*(dis)penda
(Frings,GermaniaRomana146).
References:
References:WP.II662,WH.II578.
Page(s):
Page(s):989
Root/lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- ,(s)p(h)erg- ,(s)p(h)rg- (nas.spreng- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torush,hurry;toscatter,sprinkle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zucken,schnellen'and`streuen,sprinkle,spritzen'
Note:
Note:g-extensiontosp(h)er Material:A.
Material:A.Withonomatopoeicwordformation:
OldIndiansphrjati,sphrjyati(`brichthervor,kommtzumVorschein'and)`prasselt,knattert,
drhnt';sphrja-,sphrjaka-m.èinebestimmteplant';onomatopoeicwordformationalsogr.
`strotzen(fromvollenEutern'and)`crackle,hiss,withlautemKnallezerplatzen';
lit.sprga,-ti`crackle,crack,creak',causativesprginti`cracklemake,roast';ablaut.sprgti
`platzen';lett.sprgtandsprgt`break,crack',spruogt`bud',lit.sprgaf.`Hopfenblte',lett.
spurdzesf.Pl.ds.;spurgt`spray';protoslav..*pragn,*pragntiinech.prahnouti`wilt,schmachten',
PNPraha`gerodeteplace';causativeslov.priti`braise',ablaut.serb.piti`roast'(protoslav..
*priti);
maybealb.(*priti)przhit`burn'
.
.alb.,germ.andkelt.ofSprechen:alb.shprehÌsprechefrom'(*spreg-sk-);butcymr.ffraeth
(*spreh-to-)`quick,fast,willing,ready',bret.fraez,freaz`distinct',corn.frethàgile,lively'belongto
sperh- S.998;cymr.ffreg`gossip'hatunklares-g(from*-k);ags.sprecan,as.sprekan,ahd.
sprehhan`speak',ags.sprc,as.sprca,ahd.sprhha`language'(besidesformswithoutrunclear
Geschichte:ahd.spehhan,ags.specan`speak',spc`discourse',engl.tospeak,speech,mhd.
spaht`gossip,lautersong',spehhen`babble');inmoregeneralonomatopoeicwordformationaisl.
spraka`crackle,patter'(spraki`rumor'),dn.sprage`crack,creak,knistern'.
C.
C.Inothermeaning:
OldIndiansphrjati`brichthervor,kommtzumVorschein'(seeabove);pargas`Bltenstaub';
av.sparga-`scion,shoot'(`fromdenWiderhakenbelowthearrowhead'),fraspara-`sprout,twig,
branch';
gr.`strotzendvollsein,fromEutern',`strotzen(fromjuice,sap,milk),
vonBegierde,ferventness,passiongeschwelltsein',Hes.,
Hes.,,`youngTrieb;Spargel';
lat.sparg,-ere`strew,distribute,hinstreuen,sprinkle,spray';
mnd.sparken`Funkensprhen,sparkle,glitter',ags.spearciands.(engl.sparkle),spircan`Funken
sprhen,spray',mnd.sparke,ags.spearca(engl.spark)`spark',nasalizedmnd.spranken`sparkle,
glitter',mnl.spranke`spark,dasAussprhen,smallFleck';
aisl.sparkràgile,lively,rhrig',aisl.sprkr,norw.sprk,schwed.dial.sprkeràgile,lively',also
`radiating,gleaming',dn.dial.sprg`hochmtig,boasting'(*sprgi-);engl.sprinkle`sprinkle,
sprinkle,sprhen',schwed.dial.sprkkel`Fleck'(`*Spritzer'),sprckla`dieMasern',norw.andnisl.
sprekla,mhd.spreckel`(skin)-fleck',nasal.mhd.sprinkel,sprenkel`Sprenkel,Fleck';r-loseformsare
mnd.spinkel=sprinkel,mnl.spekelen`sprinkle',nl.spikkel`Fleck,Sprenkel',ags.speccads.,lit.
spogas`Fleck,Punkt';-withoutanl.s,andgleichzeitigasvariantbesides*perk - ,*prek-`dappled'
(see820f.):aisl.freknttr`sommersprossig',norw.andnisl.frekna`Sommersprosse',engl.freak
`gestreiftmake';
ags.sprcn.`scion,shoot,twig,branch',sprancam.ds.(sprincel`basket-snare');aufthemeaning
`crackle,knistern,break,crack'basedonnorw.sprek`drydeadwood',aisl.sprek`morscheswood',
ahd.sprahhula`splinter,chaff',mnd.sprok,sprokkel`deadwood';holl.sprokkig`brittle',sprokkeln
`break,crack',norw.dial.sproka,sprokka`Sprung,cleft,fissure',ags.forspiercan`dry,dehydrate,
desiccate';mnl.sporkel`Februar'(probablyofKnospensprieen,compareengl.spring`spring'),
nd.sprickel`deadwood,trockenertwig,branch';
comparealsoags.spracenàlder',norw.sprake`juniper',ahd.sporah,spurchads.,also(`zuckend,
schnellend,elastisch')ahd.houue-spranca`locusta(Heuhpfer)',as.sprincods.,mnd.spranke,
sprinke,sprenkelds.;mhd.sprinke`Vogelfalle',nd.nhd.Sprenkelds.;nd.sprenkel`Klemmholz';
ahd.springa`pedica',oldernhd.Sprengel`Vogelfalle',engl.springe,springle`Vogelschlinge'are
fromspringeninfluenced;
lett.spirgt`freshbecome,erstarken',spirg(t)s`fresh,alert,awake,smart,fit,healthy';spirgsti(pirgsti)
`glowingcoalsundertheash';spirgulis`splinter'(`*Weggespritztes');spridzintùmherspritzen,
schnellen',spridzgs`rash,hasty,alert,awake,smart';spurguls`small,muntereskid,child',sprgans
`brittle,alert,awake,smart';lit.sprgis,lett.spradzisÈrdfloh';
D.
D.withoutanlauts-comparestill:OldIndianparjnya-`Regenwolke(spritzend,besprengend);the
rain-andGewittergott'(seeaboveS.819,823);air.arg`drip',mcymr.eiry,cymr.eira`snow',acorn.
irch,ncorn.er,bret.erc'hds.(*pargo-,*pargio-);probablyalsoOldChurchSlavicprga`neuer
KornansatzofWeizens',russ.perg`Bltenstaub'underlikewise;OldChurchSlavicisprgnti
`herausspringen',poln.pierzgn`break,crack,aufspringen(skin)';nas.abg.vs-prgnti
`hervorsprieen',prg`locust,grasshopper';as`schnellend'OldChurchSlavicprglo`tendicula,
Sprenkel',russ.prga,pruina`Springfeder',u-prgijèlastischschnellend,prall',alsodiefamily
protoslav..*prg`spanne,spannean',prg`Joch',poln.poprg`Gurt'etc.
References:
References:WP.II672ff.,WH.II566f.,Trautmann276f.,278f.,Vasmer2,337,450.
Page(s):
Page(s):996-998
Root/lemma: *u e p-1 :u p - :upEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:water
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wasser'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvp-f.`lnglicherpond,pool';dieaboveS.52mentionedvorkelt.FlNwith-upaufkelt.bottom,whereforestillUxantia(*upsanti)Òusance'(Orlans),theligur.PNVappincum
`Gap';lit.p`river'(barelytoap-);OldPrussianwupyan`cloud';OldChurchSlavicvapa`sea'
(*upa;barelyafterW.Schulze,Kl.Schr.1152toaruss.vap`paint,color'etc.);hitt.uappu`Fluufer,Wadi'.
References:
References:Trautmann11,342,Vasmer1,168f.,KraheBzNF5,98ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1149
Root/lemma: kadhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toguard;tocover
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hten,schtzendbedecken'
Material:
Material:Lat.cassis,-idis`helmet'(ifechtlat.,s.WH.I177,thenfrom*kadhtis);perhapsmir.cais
`love',mis-cuis`hate'(*kadhtis);
ags.hdre`sorglich,ngstlich';ahd.huotaf.`dieHut,Obhut,Bewachung',ags.hd,afries.hde
Òbhut',whereofahd.huoten,ags.hdan`lookafter,watchover,keep,guard,watch';ahd.huotm.
`theHut,Haube,helmet',ags.hdm.`Kappe';aisl.httrandhattr,ags.htt,engl.hat`theHut'
(*hadtu-),aisl.hetta`pp'(*hattjn-);KlugeunderHut,ZupitzaGutt.206f.;ags.heden`dress'=
aisl.heinn`Pelzrock'(*haina-).
Maybealb.kas-,kasolle(diminituve)hut
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):516
Root/lemma: kaghloEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:smallroundstone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kleinerrunderStein,Kiesel';germ.`Hagel'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`stone,pebble',Abl.from*=
ahd.hagal,ags.hagol,hgelm.anord.hagln.`hail'.
References:
References:WP.I338.
Page(s):
Page(s):518
Root/lemma: kagh- :koghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosew,plait,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,einfassen;geflochteneHrde,Flechtwerk'
Material:
Material:Lat.caulae(*caholae)`Schafhrden,EinfriedigungenumtempleandAltre',wherefore
(dial.development)clum`Seihkorb,Seihgef,fishsnaringnet'(allfromwickerwork),cl,-re
`durchseihen,lutern';ablaut.lat.cohum,afterPaul.Diac.`lorum,quotemoburiscumiugocolligatur,
acohibendodictum'as`holder,Umfassung',inadditionincoh,-re`fangean',eigentl.ànlegen,
anschirren'(wordtheBauernsprache);
hereosk.,ìncipias',kahad`capiat':umbr.3.Pl.Konj.Perf.kukh(n)sòccupaverint'=lat.
capere:cpi(seeunderS.527f.);umbr.cehefi`captussit'isKonj.Pass.off-Perfekts(E.Fraenkel,
Fil.Biedr.Rksti1940,8f.);
maybealb.(*cpi)qepsew.
gall.(5.Jh.,ZimmerKZ.32,237f.)caii`cancelli'Gl.,caio`breialosivebigardio'Nom.Gall.(outofit
frz.quai,afrz.chai`Fludamm');abret.caiouPl.`munimenta',cymr.cae`paddock'and`collar,
neckband',corn.k`paddock',mbret.kae`thornhedge,fence';derivedcymr.caèinhegen',bret.
keaèinenHagmachen';perhapscymr.caenf.`Bedeckung,skin'(*kagh-n)VendryesWuS.12,
242;outofitborrowedmir.canÒberflche');cymr.cael`dasErlangen'(*kagh-l),seeaboveS.
408;ablaut.inbret.mor-go(*mon-go,to*mon-`neck')`HalsringthePferde',whether-gofrom
*kogho-(afterV.Henry,Lexique,thoughtocymr.caw`band,strap'),andcymr.myn-cids.,whether
from*-cei,idg.*koghio-;outofitmir.muince`collar,neckband';
ahd.hag`hedge,paddock',ags.hagam.`hedge,garden',engl.haw,aschs.hago,aisl.hagi
`Weideplatz';ags.hgn.`paddock,Grundstck',engl.hay,ags.hecgf.`hedge',engl.hedge,ahd.
heckia,heggia`hedge',toaisl.heggrÀhlkirsche'(*hagj;outofitfrz.haieds.);derivatives:ags.
hagu-rn`charm,spell',hegitisse,ahd.haga-zussa`';aisl.hegnaèinhegen,shield',toahd.
hagan`briar',PNHagano,anord.Hgni,etc.
References:
References:WP.I337f.,WH.I187f.,243f.,631,LothRC45,198f.
Page(s):
Page(s):518
Root/lemma: kao- orkoo- ,-Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:onlyslav.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Abg.koza`goat',kozl`he-goat'(lett.kaza`goat'fromdemRuss.),therefromabgel.koa
`skin'(*kozj,originally`*goatskin',asChurchSlavic(j)azno`skin,leather':lit.os`he-goat');
aufdiemeaning`(Ziegen)fellasberwurf'goesprobablyalsogot.hakuls`mantle',aisl.hkollds.
(fem.hekla`mantlewithcowl'),ags.hacele,afries.hezil(*hakil),ahd.hachulm.ds.back;with
lengthenedgradeprobablyags.hcen,mnd.hken,mndl.hoekijn`younggoat,kid'(*hkna-).
Meillett.246remindsan*aos`goat(nbock)'(aboveS.6f.)as`rhymeword',wasforkao-witha
sprche.ThegeringeVerbreitungofwordserklrtsichfromtheMengewithitinWettbewerb
stehenderZiegennamen,s.inadditionLidnArm.stem13f.
Maybealb.kedhi,keci`youndgoat,kid'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):517-518
Root/lemma: kai-koEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:one-eyed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinugig;withnureinemgeradenAuge,schielend'(inLat.outofit`blind')
Material:
Material:OldIndiankkara-`squinting';
lat.caecus`blind,lichtlos',air.caechèinugig,squinting,blind',cymr.coeg`vacuus,deficiens',
coegddallèinugig',acorn.cuic`luscusvelmonophthalmus',got.haihsèinugig';mir.leth-chaech
`squinting'(*half-einugig);
perhapsheregr.Nordostwind'as`*thedunkle'(Gntert,Kalypso676,compareaquilo:
aquilusaboveS.23;againstitFickGGA.1894,238:of,arivertheolis,herkommend);
lit.kikti`fluchen',eigentl.`bsenBlickthrow'(*kikmi:*kaikms).
Becauseofthebasicmeaningèinugig'compare*kai- àllein'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):519-520
Root/lemma: kaik - orkoik Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,itch,comb,*dress(thehair),cutthehair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,kmmen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianka-m.`hairofthehead',kn-mhnig'(asOldChurchSlavickosa`hair':
esati`comb'from*kes-`scratch,scrape,comb');
Maybealb.(*cs-)qeth`tocuthairofthehead'commonalb.-s>-thphoneticmutation.
lit.kati`scrape,rub,smooth',ikati`glass,woodunderlikewiseinsidesmoothmachen',katuvas
`GlttinstrumentderBttcher',OldPrussiancoysnis`comb',coestue`comb,bristlebrush';
abg.csta`way,road'as`gegltteterway'.
References:
References:WP.I328,Trautrnann113.
Page(s):
Page(s):520
Root/lemma: kai-1 ,kai-u o - ,kai-u e loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:alone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àllein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankvala`jemandemexclusivelyeigen',henceàllein'and`whole,vollstndig';
lat.caelebs,-ibisùnvermhlt,ehelos',probablyfrom*kaiuelo-lib(h)-sàlleinlebend',togot.liban
`leben'etc.;comparelett.kals`bare,kinderlos'.
References:
References:WP.I326,WH.I130,455;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsokai-ko-,kai-lo- .
Page(s):
Page(s):519
Root/lemma: kai-lo- (kai-lu- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bright;safe,healthy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heil,unversehrt,alsovonguterVorbedeutung'
Material:
Material:Cymr.coelf.òmen,sign',acymr.Pl.coilouàuspiciis',abret.coel`(h)aruspicem',leg.
`(h)aruspicium',acymr.coiliaucc,acorn.chuilliocàugur'(air.clàugurium'brit.Lw.);
got.hails,aisl.heill,ahd.heil`fit,healthy,whole',ags.hl,engl.whole`whole',ahd.heiln.`das
salvation,luck',ags.hl`gnstigesomen,sign,luck,Gesundheit',aisl.heil(*heilz,s-stem)n.f.
`goodVorbedeutung,luck',ahd.heilisnèmblem,landmark,markobserve',ags.hlsian`(mad,
wicked,evilGeister)adjure',aisl.heilsa`begren'(comparealsogot.hails!,ags.weshl!asGru),
ags.hlettan,ahd.heilazzen`begren',ahd.(etc.)heilag`holy';ags.hlanPl.`placenta,afterbirth'
=norw.heileds.;
OldPrussiankailstiskanAkk.Sg.`Gesundheit'(derivativefrom*kailsta-sAdj.,diesesfrom*kailus),kails!-patskails!`Heil!-selbstHeil!',Trinkgru;
abg.cl`heil,fit,healthy;whole,unversehrt',clj,cliti`heal,cure',cluj,clovati`greet',then
also`kiss'.
References:
References:WH.I130,Trautmann112,LidnKZ.61,25f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapstokai- àllein',aboveS.519.
Page(s):
Page(s):520
Root/lemma: kaisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haar'
Material:
Material:OldIndianksara-m.n.hair,Mhne'(sinsteadoffromaform*ksra-,e.g.Wackernagel
OldIndianGr.I232);compareaboveka-underkaik-;
lat.caesaris`hairofthehead'(Rhotazismusunterbliebenzurtheavoidancezweierr);
abouttoch.Aik,ecake`Lwe's.VanWindekensLexique120f.,E.SchwentnerIF.57,59,
PedersenToch.247.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):520
Root/lemma: kaitoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:forest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wald,unbebauterLandstrich'
Note:
Note:(kelt.andgerm.)
Material:
Material:Acymr.coit,ncymr.coed`wood,forest',acorn.cuit,mcorn.coys,cosds.,bret.coet,coat
`wood,forest,spinney',gall.PN-,Cto-briga,Eto-ctumunderlikewise(diesptererom.
pronunciation-ztumliesdennhd.placenamesauf-scheidamlinkenRheinuferthebasic);
got.haiif.,aisl.heir,ags.h,engl.heath,ahd.heidaf.Heidekraut',mhd.heidef.`Heide';
besidesags.*h,engl.dial.hoath;protogerm.*haianas`steppenbewohnend,wild',probably
Lehnbersetzungfromlat.pgnus(:pgus`land'),inadditiongot.hainf.Heidin',aisl.heiinn,
ags.hen,engl.heathen,aschs.hthin,ahd.heidan,heidin,heidanisk`heidnisch';differentW.
SchulzeKl.Schriften521ff.
aboutlat.bctum`cow-heard's.WH.I120,VendryesRC48,398.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):521
Root/lemma: kaiu r - t ,kaiu n - t
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hole,ravine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grube,Kluft'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankvaa-m.`pit,pothole';
gr.Hes.,hom.(;soforberliefertesherzustellen)
`klftereich',ErdschlundinSparta(asin-:lit.dimt-).
References:
References:WP.I327,SpechtIdg.Dekl.25.
Page(s):
Page(s):521
Root/lemma: kai 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:and
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànd'
Material:
Material:TheGleichunggr.ànd,also':OldChurchSlaviccinace,ci`,,'
(comparediestillunclearformsark.kypr.,kypr.)isverydoubtful;forcisprobablyas`*as=
asalso,asprobably'atfirstwithlit.ka,lett.k,ka,OldPrussiankaiàs,as'ofPron.stemko-,to
connect,duringbarelyfromk-(infolgeproklitischerposition)couldhaveevolved;nottolat.ceu
às'(*kaiuebarelywithfromaiasprehendafterWackernagelandNiedermannIA.18,76).
References:
References:WP.I327,SchwyzerGr.Gr.II5672,Trautmann112,EndzelinLett.Gr.p.474,WH.I
209.
Page(s):
Page(s):519
Root/lemma: kakkaEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`cacre'
Note:
Note:babble-wordtheKindersprache
Material:
Material:Arm.kàkor`crap,muck',gr.cac',Menschenkot',lat.cac,-re,mir.
caccaim`caco',caccòrdure',cymr.cach,bret.cac`h,corn.caughds.,russ.etc.kkat`defecate',
nhd.kacken;
inadditionperhapsasKinderwort-comparenhd.gegga`fie'-alsogr.evil,bad';neuphryg.
evil,harm',afterFriedrich(EbertsReallexikonI139)gr.Lw.;barelyhere,kleinas.
Reitergott(inLykien),compareaboveS.309.
Alsoalb.kakaòrdure'
References:
References:WP.I336.
Page(s):
Page(s):521
Root/lemma: kal-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hard;blister
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hart'
Material:
Material:OldIndianka-m.`weal,callus'(mind.from*kras);aboutOldIndiankahina-,kahoraseeunderkar-3 ;
lat.callumn.,callusm.`verbrtetethickskin,weal,callus'(inadditioncalle,-ere`dickhutigsein;
gewitzigtsein',callidus`sly,cunning');
alb.akulìce';
Note:
Wrongetymology.alb.akullìce'derivedfromoldnord.jkullm.`hangingdownicicle,glacier'see
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:i e g- ::ìce'
air.mir.calath,calad`hard',cymr.caledds.,gall.VNCaleti,Caletes;inadditiongallo-rom.*calio-,
*caliauo-`stone'(M.-L.1519a),aswellasgall.-lat.callio-marcus`Huflattich'(for*calliomarci
`testiculusequi'),epo-calium(leg.-callium),ebul-calium(for*eplo-callium,tomcymr.ebawl,bret.
ebol`Fllen')ds.,tocymr.caill,bret.kellf.`testicle'(Dual*kalnai);
ChurchSlavickalitiàbkhlen,hrten(glhendesiron)',serb.prkala`hoarfrost'.
References:
References:WP.I357,WH.I139ff.;388.
Seealso:
Seealso:Zusamenhangwithkel- `hit'wrepossible.
Page(s):
Page(s):523-524
Root/lemma: kal-2 ,kali- ,kaluEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:handsome;healthy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schn,gesund'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankaly-`fit,healthy,lively',kalya-`beautiful,heilsam'(-a-=*lno-togr.
,,aboveS.308f.);gr.*-=OldIndiankalya-()asbasefrom,
`schner,schnst',n.`beauty'.`makebeautiful',ion.`beauty',-as
1.compositionpart;besideswithformants-u-bot.F=hom.,att.etc.`beautiful';in
additionasSpottnameàpe'andperhapsn.(mostlyPl.)`Hahnenkamm'.
i-stemanord.halr(*hali-)`man,husband,master,mister'(poet.),ags.hle()`man,husband',
aschs.heli,ahd.held`man,husband,combatant,Held',aschwed.hlith,besidesu-stemanord.
hldr`freeBauer,man,husband'(*halu).
References:
References:WP.I356,443,SpechtIdg.Dekl.128,195;Seiler,Theprimrengr.
Steigerungsformen68ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):524
Root/lemma: kalniEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:narrowpassage
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èngerDurchgang,engerPfad'
Material:
Material:Lat.callis`Bergpfad,Waldweg,Gebirgstrift';
bulgar.klnik`roombetweenstove,hearthandwall',serb.klnac,Gen.klncaÈngpa',sloven.
klnc`Hohlweg,Gebirgsweg,RinnsalaBaches,Dorfgasse',ech.klanec`Bergsattel,Pa'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):524
Root/lemma: kambGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`krmmen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)kambPage(s):
Page(s):525
Root/lemma: kam-erEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,curve
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wlben,biegen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankmrati(onlyDhtup.)ìscrooked';
av.kamarf.`belt,girdle'(and`*dome');
gr.`Stubendecke,roof,house'(probablydissim.from*),`dome,
Himmelbett;coveredcart'(toSolmsensBPhW.1906,852f.assumptionkarischerorigin,
,s.Boisacq402Anm.;lat.Lw.camera,camaraàrchedcover,Zimmerwlbung');at
mostòven'(certainlythiscouldhavederivedfromacultureword);
lat.camur(us),-a,-umàrched,writhed,crooked,humped'(dial.),genuinelat.camerus.
References:
References:WP.I349f.,WH.I146f.,149f.,306,Feist6,256;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsokam-p- .
Page(s):
Page(s):524-525
Root/lemma: kam-pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiankapan`worm,caterpillar,inchworm'(*kmpen),kampate`trembles',iforiginally
`writhes,curves'(doubtful);ablaut.kumpa-(uncovered)`lahmanderHand';
doubtfulOldIndiankapaa-n.`deceit,insidiousness'(wouldbe*kmp-).
gr.`bend',`curve,bend',,`writhed,crooked,humped';
`caterpillar,inchworm';pannon.PNCampona;
Maybealb.kmba`leg,bentleg':engl.jambn.Alsojambe.me.[(O)Fr.jambeleg,verticalsupport,f.
Proto-Romance(whencelateLgambahoof)f.gr..]Thecharacteristicalb.m>mbshift.
lat.campus`field'(originally`bend,indentation,lowland,depression',aslit.lank`valley,meadow'to
lekti`bend');
got.hamfs`mutilated',ags.hf`paralyzedhands',aschs.hf,ahd.hamf`mutilated,lamed';
lit.kampas`point,edge,angle',lett.kampis`Krummholz';reducedgrade(withidg.u=eindark
environment)lit.kumpti`crookoneself',kumpas`crooked',lett.kmpt`becomehunchbacked,
crooked',OldPrussianetkmpsAdv.àgainst';inadditionprobablylit.kmst`fist'as*kmp-st`the
fingersbendingtogether';
perhapspoln.kpa`riverislandcoveredwithbush,shrubbery',OldChurchSlavickpina`,
rubus,bush,shrub',russ.kupin`shrubbery,bush,mound,knoll;bunch,fascicle,sheaf';
Idg.kamp-ispossiblyanextensionfrom*kam-`bend,curve'(seealsothesimilarroot(s)kamb- from
gr.,gall.Cambio-dnumetc.);yetcomparealsothenasalizedequalmeaningfamilyofOld
Indiancpa-m.n.`bow',capal-`restless,fluctuating',npers.ap`left',i.e.`*crooked';EndzelinKZ.
44,63remindsof*capala-alsoinlett.kaparutis`wriggle',kèpart`wriggle,movewithdifficulty',lit.
kpanotis`liegendsichaufzuhelfensuchen'or`golaboringly'.
References:
References:WP.I346,350f.,WH.I148f.,Trautmann116.
Page(s):
Page(s):525
Root/lemma: kand- ,skand- and(OldIndian)(s)kendEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toglow;bright,*moon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,glhen,hell'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:kand- ,skand- and(OldIndian)(s)kend- :
:`toglow;bright,*moon'derivedfrom
Root/lemma: sen(o)- (*heno)::òld,*oldmoon'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancandati`shines',Intens.participlecni-cadat`berausgleaming'(*sknd-),
candr-(candr-,ENHri-candra-)`luminous,gleaming,glhend;m.moon',candana-m.n.
`Sandelholz(incense');
gr.Hes.;
alb.geg.hn,tosk.hn`moon'(*skandn);Urduchand`moon'
Thecognateofmooninalb.istheabbreviatedcompoundofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:k u o n- ,k u n- :
:`dog'+
Root/lemma: dhau- :
:`topress,wolf'
PNCandavia:Maybeillyr.PN Sca(n)din-avia
(),CandaviiMontes.ThemountainsseparatingIllyricumfromMacedonia,
acrosswhichtheViaEgnatiaran.
alb.geg.hn`moon':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sen(o)- (*heno)::òld,*oldmoon':gr.òld'incontrastto
ànew',onlyinstandingphrasesoffruitandemployeesofthelastyear,alsofromthelastdayofthe
lastmonthormooncirculationwhichinitiatesatthesametimethenewcirculation(sinceHes.);inthe
last-namedformationusually(sc.;att.sinceSolon).
Thereforealb.hana`(*old)moon':gr.òldmoon':n.`brilliance',,ol.
`moon'(*),`shine';hence-`thefull-moon'seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e l-2 :
`tosmoulder,burn'.
lat.cande,-re`gleam,shimmer,brightglow',transitive*cand,-ereinaccend,incend`znde
an',candidus`blinding,dazzlingwhite,gleaming',candor`blinding,dazzlingweiepaint,color,
Lichtglanz',candla,candlbrum`candlestick,flambeaux'(outofitcymr.etc.cannwyllds.),
cicindla`Leuchtkferchen,llampe',cicendula`Lmpchen'(redupl.*ce-cand-);
cymr.cann`white,bright',mbret.cann`Vollmond',abret.cant`canus';borrowingfromcandidus
nimmtPedersenKG.I190an(comparelat.splendidus>bret.splann),butcymr.cannaid`luminous;
sun,moon'andzahlreichederivativeslassenperhapseingenuinekelt.*kando-aspossibleappear,
whereasbelongstheFlNKander(Baden,Switzerland)tonichtidg.gand-`waste,desolateliegendes
land',BertoldiBSL30,111andAnm.2.
ItseemsthatthenameforthemoonpassedfromPIEtoAltaiclanguagesthroughcelt.-illyr.:
Protoform:
Protoform:*u
Meaning:
Meaning:moon;(mooncycle),year
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*oj
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*aa
Note:
Note:283,11,.70,77.AWesternisogloss.
Theinitialrootmusthavebeen
Theinitialrootmusthavebeenlat.annus`year,*moonyear'fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:at- :
:`togo;
year'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):526
Root/lemma: kan-thoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:angle,curve
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ècke,Biegung'
Note:
Note:probablyfromkam-tho- tokam-p- `bend'
Material:
Material:Gr.Àugenwinkel';inthemeaning`Radreifen'meaning-Lw.fromlat.cantus;
lat.cantusèisernerRadreifen'isagainLw.from:
gall.(alsogallo-rom.)*cantosèisernerReifen,edge,point,edge',cymr.cant(henceceiniog`Penny')
ds.,bret.kant`circle',air.ctad`(round)seat'from*kanto-sedo-,mir.ct`roundSteinpfeiler';
derivatives:gall.cantalon,probably`Pfeiler',cantena,dss.;alsogall.cando-soccus
`Rebsenker',liescanto-soccus(togall.succo-`Schweineschnauze,plowshare';compareJudArch.
Rom.VI210f.);
abret.intcoucant`vollstndig';mcymr.yngeugantds.(eigentl.`veryskillful'from*kouo-kantosto
keu-`whereuponachten',lat.cave);tokant`circle'>`vollkommen'compareacymr.lloergant`voller
moon';
cymr.cant`troop,multitude,crowd',inadditionmir.cte(*kanti)`congregation,meeting',probably
as*àdivisionof100'identicalwithcymr.cant`100'aboveS.92;
slav.*ktm.àngle'inruss.-ChurchSlavickutetc.
maybealb.kndàngle'.
References:
References:WP.I351f.,WH.I155f.,LothRC42,353f.,47,170ff.,VendryesRC45,331ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):526-527
Root/lemma: kanEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosing,sound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`singen,klingen,alsovonanderenGeruschen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(),Aor.`withnoiseflieenorschtten',`Getn,noise',
,`schalle,tne'(compare,:),-`rooster,cock'(ìn
theMorgenfrhekrhend');`noise'
lat.can,-ere`sing,erklingen,erklingenlassen',canrus`wohlklingend'(comparesonrus),carmen
`song'(*canmen),umbr.kanetu`canito',procanurent`praececinerint',a-kani`*accinium,cantus
flaminis';perhapsalsolat.cicnia`stork'(outofitprobablysyncopatedpraen.cnea;comparezur
vowelgradationahd.huon,russ.knja);
maybealb.geg.*knja,kangasong
air.canimÌsinge',cymr.canu,bret.cana`sing',mir.ctaln.,cymr.cathlf.`song',bret.kentelf.
`lecon'(*kan-tlo-m,previouslybrit.toFem.geworden,s.PedersenKG.II66);lengthenedgrade
mcymr.g(w)o-gawnìllustrious',cymr.go-goniant`fame';
got.hana,ahd.etc.hano`rooster,cock',fem.ahd.henn,Gen.-nna(*hanen-i,-is),henna(*han[e]n,-is)andanord.hna`hen'(*hnjn),Pl.hnsn(hns,hsn)`Hhner',ahd.huon`chicken'(germ.
s-stem*hniz);
perhaps(Berneker483between)russ.(etc.)knja,kanjk`Milan,consecration,throughsein
Geschreilstigerbirdofprey'(:cicnia);
toch.Akan`Melodie,Rhythmus'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):525-526
Root/lemma: kaproEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ziegenbock,Bock',presumablyallgemeiner`maleanimal'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankprth-m.,kaprth-m.`penis';
gr.`boar',also;
lat.caper,capr`he-goat,billygoat'(inadditioneinnewformationesFem.capra`goat'aswellasdue
toofAdj.*capreus`:caprea`roedeer',capreolus`Rehbock'),umbr.kabru,kaprum`caprum',
cabriner`caprn';
Maybealb.(*capreolus)kaprollroebuck[commonalb.shiftlu>ll]
gall.*cabros`he-goat;billygoat'reconstructsBertoldi(RC47,184ff.)fromgallo-rom.*cabrostos
`Geiblatt,Liguster';
anord.hafr`he-goat',ags.hferds.(figurative`crab',asfrz.chevrette),nhd.Habergei(of
meckerndenBrunstlauteofVogels);
protokelt.*gabros`he-goat;billygoat',*gabr`goat',gall.PNGabro-magos(Noricum)`Bocksfeld',
`Bhmerwald'(illyr.),air.gabor,cymr.gafrm.`he-goat;billygoat',f.`goat',air.also
`mare',etc.,havedasg-perhapsfromanequivalentfromidg.ghaido- (aboveS.409)bezogen.
Togerm.hafra-`he-goat;billygoat'seemsas`Bockskorn'daswordHafertobelong,dathisoriginally
nurasViehfuttergebautwurde::anord.hafrim.,as.haoro,ahd.habaro,nhd.Haber,Hafer.Ein
miscellaneouswordisagutn.hagre,schwed.norw.dial.hagre,finn.Lw.kakra`Hafer';esbelongs
afterFalk-TorpaaO.asbehaartes,i.e.begranntesgrasstonorw.dial.hagrn.`coarseRohaar',
perhapsgleichzeitigtomir.coirce,cymr.ceirch,bret.kerc'h`Hafer',ifdiesethroughdissimilationfrom
*korkrio-.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):529
Root/lemma: kap-ut ,-( ) loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:head;pan,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kopf;PfanneamSchenkel;Kniescheibe'
Note:
Note:originallyperhaps`Schalenfrmiges',seeunder
Material:
Material:OldIndiankapcchala-n.(from*kaput-)`HaaramHinterkopf,Schopf,bowl';
lat.caput,-itis`head';bi-caps`bicipital';
anord.hfun.`head';inGerm.besidesgot.haubi`head',anord.haufu,ags.hafod,ahd.houbit,
nhd.HauptthroughamalgamationwithonetoOldIndiankakbh-f.`cusp,peak,acme,apex',ahd.
hba`Haube'etc.(comparekeu-2 )respectivewords;kret.Hes.
Withl-suffixes:OldIndiankapla-n.`bowl,cranium,cranium,PfanneamSchenkel,schalen-or
scherbenfrmigerbone',pehl.kaprak(ScheftelowitzBB.28,144)`vessel',kapl`Kniescheibe',
kapla-m.`cheek';
ags.hafola`head'.
Fraglichisaffiliationfromlat.capillus`hair,esp.hairofthehead',seeWH.I158.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):529-530
Root/lemma: kapEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(Variantens.amSchlusse);variousinwordsforGefe
Material:
Material:OldIndiankapa`twohandful'(mind.fort),Oldpers.`';withidg.e
npers.aspdan,apsdan,cafsdan`grasp,packen';
gr.àmeasureofcapacity',`crib,manger',ds.,thess.`theWagenkasten',
`schnappe,schlucke',`handle,grasp';
alb.kapèrgreife,catch',kapas`lgef',kam`habeo'(*kapmior*kab(h)mi-zurrootform*kabh-to
nhd.haben);
lat.capi,-ere,cp,captus`take',au-ceps,-cupre`Vogelfanger,Vgelfangen',parti-ceps
`teilnehmend',capx`fassungsfhig,suitable',capdo,-inisèinfachestnernesvesselin
Opfergebrauch;drinkingvessel',capulus`barrow,bier,latercoffin'and`handle,grasp,Handhabe',
capula`Schpfgef'(capulre`fromavesselinsotherscoop'),caputrum`loop,noose,snarezum
FassenaGegenstandes;esp.halter'(butcapis,-idisàbowlwithonehandle,usedinsacrifices',
umbr.kapie`capide',osk.òllarium'maybefromgr.withs-dropinallendreiital.
Sprachen;certainlyiscapisteriumLw.from);capsa`receptacle,Kapsel,Kasten',
capsus`theWagenkasten;cageforwildanimal'(outofitgr.,);
lat.captus,-a=air.cacht`Dienerin,Sklavin',cymr.caeth`slave',acorn.caid`captivus',nbret.keaz
ùnlucky,arm',gall.Moeni-captus`slaveofMains',mir.cachtaim`takegefangen'=lat.captre`to
gripesuchen'(coincidentalalso=aschs.haftn`haften');ir.can(*kapno-)`(See-)harbor';
got.-hafts(=lat.captus,ir.cacht)`behaftetwith',anord.haptr`captus',haptn.`manacle',ags.hft
m.`captive,slave,band,strap,manacle',n.`Heft,handle,grasp',as.haft`vinctus',ahd.haft`bound,
gefangen,behaftetwith',m.n.`Haft,manacle',whereofanord.heftin.`Heft,Handhabe',ahd.heftin.
`Heft,handle,grasp'andgot.haftjan`befestigen',anord.hefta`bind,hinder',ags.hftan,as.heftan,
ahd.heften`bind,verhaften';nhd.haschen(*hafskn)=schwed.dial.haska`nachlaufen,um
einzuholen';
got.hafjan(=lat.capi)`heave,life',anord.hefja(hafa),as.hebbian,ags.hebban,ahd.heffen,
heven,mhd.nhd.heben(schweiz.only`hold,stop');inaddition(comparezurformlat.habre)got.
haban,-aida`hold,stop,have',anord.hafa(hafa),as.hebbian,ags.habban,ahd.habn`have';
anord.-hafn.`Hebung',ags.hfn.,mnd.haf`sea'(ndd.Haff),mhd.hap,-bes`sea,harbor';anord.
hfnf.`harbor',ags.hfen(e)f.,mnd.havene,mhd.habenef.ds.(nhd.HafenfromNdd.;compareir.
cuan);ahd.havanm.`pot,pan,kitchenware',nhd.Hafen;anord.hfugr,ags.hefig,as.heig,ahd.
hebc,-g`heavy'(actually`somewhatenthaltend');ags.hefe,hfem.,ahd.heve,hepfo,nhd.Hefe
(`wasdenTeighebt');isl.norw.dial.havaldn.`band,strap',ags.hefeld,mnd.hevelte(*hafala-;ahd.
haba,nhd.Handhabe;
anord.hfrm.`Fischhamen,Reuse'(asinlat.cp);
anord.hfn.`dasrechteMaorrelationship',hfaàim,passen,sichschicken',got.gahbains
Ènthaltsamkeit',ags.behfian`bedrfen',ahd.bihuobida`praesumtio',mhd.behuofm.`business,
purpose,benefit,advantage',nhd.Behuf;
[anord.haukr(*hukr),ags.heafoc`hawk'(outofitmcymr.hebawc,andfromthisair.sebocc
`falcon'),as.hauk-inEN,ahd.habuh`hawk'fromgerm.*hauka-(finn.Lw.havukka),aretobe
comparedprobablybetterwithruss.(etc.)kbec,poln.kobuz`namesfromfalcon'skinds']
Maybealb.f.(*keboccna),gabonja,zh-gabonja,sh-kabonja,shqiponja,shkabaèagle'commonalb.kn->-nj-phoneticmutation:air.sebocc`falcon':Serbo-Croatian:kbacm.`merlin,smallhawk'
Probablywrongetymologysincealb.(*kaponti)èagle'isphoneticallyaderivativeofRoot/
Root/
lemma: (s)k p -2 ,(s)k p - and(s)k p - ;(s)k b (h)- ,skob(h)- andsk b (h)- :

:`toworkwitha
sharpinstrument':alb.kep`hewstones,cutout'(idg.*kopor*kap),whereforekmes,kms,
kamsf.`hack,mattock,hoe,scythe,pruningknife'(*kapneti),sqepàngle,bill,beak,neb';
Maybealb.(*kaponti)gabonja,shqiponja,shkabaèagle':sqep`beakoftheeagle',shqipta,shqip
`clear,sharp(language)',shqiptonj`speakclearly,dividewords',shqep`(*split),rip,tear;unpick':qep
`sew(withaneedle)'[seebelow]
withthemeaningfromgr.andgerm.ppasintens.consonant-Gemination(duetotherootform
inporbhorb)nhd.(actuallyndd.)happen,hapsen`devour'.holl.happen`snatch'underlikewise;
lit.kopa1.`troop,multitude,crowd,dividingoff,partitioningoff',2.`ransomfordistrainedlivestock'
(=gr.);lett.kmpju,kmpt`gripe,catch';
aboutTroernamen,lat.capys,capus`falcon'(illyr.)s.BonfanteREtIE2,113.
Thevocalismisabsolutelyfasta,alsoinOldIndiankapa(dasasisolierteswordnotprobablyaas
Entgleisungfori=havekann);besidesoccasional(cpi,hfr)and(n,lit.kopa,
presumablyalsogerm.hf-),diebarelyasNormalstufen(::)einzureihenare(Konstatierungby
ReicheltKZ.46,339).DasselbeVokalverhltnisbetweenosk.hafiest:hipid,lit.gabnti:preterit
atgbau,got.gabei:anord.gfr;hinsichtlichofKonsonantismusshowssichinWurzelanl.andauslautSchwankenbetweenTenuis,voiced-nonaspirated,voiced-aspirated,wasfromimitationof
Schnapplautes(kap,ghap,ghabhetc.)andimitationofraschenZugreifensthroughdiesensound
(`schnapp')todefineis.DarberausfhrlichCollitzpreterit85ff.,K.H.MeyerIF.35,224-237;s.also
aboveS.407ff.;differentEM3173.
Altaicetymology:
Protoform:
Protoform:*kp`
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosqueeze,presstogether
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*KpMongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*kajii
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*kapComments:
Comments:KW180,270,Poppe48.AWesternisogloss.DespiteDoerfer'sdoubts
(TMN1,450),theTurk.andMong.formscannotbeseparatedfromeachother.Itisinterestingalso
tomentiontheformsmeaning'towink'(<*'presseyelidstogether')amongthereflexesofPT*Kp(usuallyconfusedwith*Kp-'spark')andtheTMderivative*kapta-(usuallyconfusedwith*kapta-'flat').
Cf.also*kàp`V.
References:
References:WP.I342ff.,WH.I159f.,169.
Page(s):
Page(s):527-528
Root/lemma: kar-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscold,punish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmhen,strafen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.;
lat.carin,-re`scoff,mock'(probably);
air.cairef.`reprimand',acymr.cared`nequitiae',cymr.caredd`fault,error',corn.cara`rebuke',
mbret.carez`reprimand'(*kri);
ahd.harawn,mhd.herwen`deride',ags.hierwan`despise,deride',anord.herfiligr`verchtlich,
erniedrigend',mhd.here,herwer`herb',finn.Lw.karvasàmarus';zerogradeags.gehornian
`beleidigen';
lett.karint`banter,stir,tease,irritate';ablaut.ostlit.krintids.;
OldChurchSlavickor,u-kor`contumelia',u-koriti`vilify,scold',pokoritiùnterwerfen',ech.pokora`Demut',po-korn`demtig',ablaut.serb.-ChurchSlavickaraf.`fight',ech.kra`Vorwurf,
punishment',etc.;
maybealb.korit`makeashamed'
perhapsheretoch.Akrn-,karn-`torment,smite'.
References:
References:WP.I353,WH.I168f.;Trautmann118placesdiebsl.wordstoidg.kori o - ,seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):530
Root/lemma: kar-2 ,karEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topraise,glorify
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lautpreisen,rhmen'
Note:
Note:also(still)moreingeneralonomatopoeicwordsasvieleother,dieconnectionfromk andr
enthaltenderoots
Material:
Material:OldIndiancarkartièrwhntrhmend'(Aor.krt),carkrt-`fame,Preis',karkar-,karkar
èineArtLaute',krt-f.`fame,knowledge'(thereafterwithalsokr-,krn-`Snger');kru-`Snger,
Dichter'(:);
gr.èrdrhne',,dor.`Herold';
anord.herma(*harmjan)`berichten,melden',hrrm.`fame,Lob',ags.hrorm.`pleasure,joy',
hr(*hri-)`fame',ahd.(h)rd-,(h)ruod-ds.(inEN),got.hreigs`ruhmreich',anord.hrsa
`vaunt'(*hrsn);ahd.(h)ruom,as.hrm`fame,Lob,honour',inadditionags.brmeìllustrious'
(*bihrmi-);
maybealb.mbrmbjeèvening,dark'commonalb.b>mbphoneticmutation.
perhapsasb-extension:got.hrps`clamor',ahd.ruof`shout,call',as.ags.hrpan,ahd.(h)ruofan
`call,shout,cry',ahd.(h)ruoft,mhd.gerefte,geruoften.`shout,call,scream',mnd.ruchte,rochten.
`shout,call,scream,rumor',nhd.(fromdemNdd.)Gercht;
lit.kardasÈcho',alit.apkerdiuÌverknde',OldPrussiankirdt`hear'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):530-531
Root/lemma: kar-3 ,redupl.karkarEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hard
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise`hart'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankarkara-`rough,hard'=gr.Hes.,OldIndiankarkaa-`rough,
hard'(alsokaraka-m.,`hail');presumablygr.[F]`hard,rough,felsig'.
Inadditionprobablydiewordsfor`Krebs':OldIndiankarkaa-m.`Krebs'(karkin-`KrebsasSternbild',
Lw.fromgr.),karka-m.`crab';
gr.ds.,lat.cancer,-crds.(dissim.from*carcro-,perhapsalreadyidg.,compareOldIndian
kakaa-m.`Panzer'from*kakrta-);
daOldChurchSlavicrak`Krebs'from*krakdissim.sei,ispossible;diehnlichkeitwithnorw.
(etc.)rke`ccsquilla,Garnele'placesborrowingofnorw.wordsahead;
furtherwordsforhardSchale,Nu:gr.`Nu',f.`Nubaum';lat.carnaf.`Nuschale,
thekeelofaship,ship'(maybefromdemGr.afterKellerVolkset.279,inwelchemcasedie
wellspringis);cymr.ceri(*carso-)`kernel'.
Witht-suffixes:got.hardus`hard,stern',anord.harr`hard',ags.heard`hard,strong,valiant',as.
hard,ahd.hart,herti`hard,tight,firm,heavy',Adv.anord.hara,ags.hearde,ahd.harto,mnd.harde
`very,particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably'
(comparegr.),protogerm.*haru-fromidg.*kartu-;duetoanidg.extension*kre-t-,*krt-ol.
(Gramm.),nexttowhichwithdemvocalismofAdj.att.,ep.ion.`strength,
power',hom.`strong'Komparat.ion.,att.,Superl.,ep.,
Adv.`strong',,`strong,tight,firm,violent'(etc.);remainsfaroffOldIndian
krtu-,av.xratu`geistigepower'.
OldIndiankahin-,khora-`hard,tight,firm,stiff'kannalsowithidg.ltocymr.caled,mir.calad
`hard',gall.-caletosbelong(seekal-`hard').
BecauseoftheExistenzanweitverbreiteteniber.-mediterr.*carra`stone,Steinhaufe'(v.Wartburg
FEW.s.v.)isdieaffiliationfolgenderwordsdubious,diepartlyhereorto(s)ker- `cut,clip'belong,
partlynichtidg.originseincan:
air.carracf.(nir.carraig)`rocks,cliff'andcrecf.ds.,Gen.craice,creice,mir.alsoNom.craic(nir.
craig)f.ds.,Gen.creca,deriveallefromdemBrit.,alsomir.crach`rough'(=scabbed);toacymr.
carrecc,cymr.carregf.`stone,rocks'(*karrik),bret.karreg,corn.carrekds.,comparecymr.carrog
`stream,brook'(*karrk),eig.`Steinbach'=mir.carrach`scabbed'andgallo-rom.*cracos`stone'(v.
WartburgFEW.s.v),acymr.creik,cymr.craigf.(*krak)`rocks',bret.krag`Sandstein',cymr.crach
`scurf'=bret.(Vannes)krah`smallhill,cusp,peak'(*krak-,*krakk-,perhapsthroughmetathesisfrom
*kar-k-)etc.basicformsarevoridg.*karr-oridg.*(s)kr-s-(ergbekelt.carr-),respectively*kar-k-;also
zweidentigital.-venezian.(ven.)scaranto,caranto`steinigerBergbach'andven.PNScarantia>
Scharnitz(Tirol),Carantania`Krnten',etc.;
likewisegerm.*har(u)gaz`cairn,pileofstonessetupasamemorialormarkofsomekind,sacrificial
altar'inanord.hrgr`cairn,pileofstonessetupasamemorialormarkofsomekind',ags.heargm.
`heidnischertemple',ahd.harg`Hain,temple'(finn.Lw.karko`Holzsto,Stapel',harkko`clump,
heap'),perhapsalsotoair.cymr.bret.corn`Steinhgel,Steingrab',andahd.hart`Bergwald',ags.
hara,-eds.;barelyhereas`Waldbewohner'thealtgerm.VN,Harudes,ags.Hreas,
aisl.Hrdar;rathertoair.caur,cur`Held'(*karut-s).
References:
References:WP.I30f.,345f.,WH.I8,151,166,168,LothRC43,401f.,ThurneysenKZ.48,71;
59,7Anm.,MuchHoopsReallex.s.v.Harudes.
Page(s):
Page(s):531-532
Root/lemma: karsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,rub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,striegeln,krmpeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankaati`reibt,schabt,kratzt'(mind.from*krati),unclearkaya-`herb,bitter,
sharp'etc.(alsokuha-n.`leprosy',mind.from*krha-);
lat.carr,ere`(wool)krmpeln',carduus`thistle'(duetofrom*carridus`kratzend');
Maybealb.*carr,ere,kore`scab'
lit.kari,karti`comb,curry,krmpeln',lett.kru,krst`woolcomb';
abg.krasta(*kor-st),russ.korstaf.,skr.krsta`scabies,crust,scab,eschar';
mnd.harst`rake,rake',probablyalsomnd.nhd.harsch`hard,rough',nhd.verharschen`Schorfbuild,
byWunden',mdartl.harsch`Schneekruste',mhd.harsten,verharsten`rough,hardbecome';with
germ.ablautneologismandanlaut.s-fromtheWurzelsker-herealsoandd.ofskerranintenseVerb
àbkratzen',ahd.scerran,mhd.scherrenintenseVerb`scratch,scrape,scrape',Intensivbildung
*skarzninnorw.skarraèinenscharrendensoundbringforth',mnd.mhd.scharren`scratch,scrape,
scratch',schwed.skorra,mnd.schurrenèinenscharrendensoundgive'.
Maybealb.(*schurren)shkurre`thornybush'
Derrootvowelisa;theIntonationsunterschiedbetweenLit.andSlav.bleibtstilltodefine.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):532-533
Root/lemma: kat-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolinkorweavetogether;chain,net
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechtendzusammendrehen,toKetten,Stricken,Hrdengeflecht'
Material:
Material:Lat.catna`chain'(*cates-n),cassis,-is`Jgergarn,net'(becauseofcatnarather=
*kat-s-isas*kattis;perhapsalsocasa`primitivecottage'(originallyfromleichtemnetting;probably
dial.from*cati,asosk.BansaefromBantiae);
perhapsherecatervaf.`heap,troop,multitude,crowd,Truppe'(*kates-ou),umbr.kateramu,
caterahamo`catervamini,congregamini',yetseeunderunderket-1 .
cymr.cader`fortress'(onlyinPN),air.cathir`town,city';
Maybealb.(*cader)kodr`heap,hill(fortifiedhill)'[commonalb.a>oshift]
perhapsaisl.haddaf.`ring,Henkel,Bgel'(*hain:catna;rightdoubtful),probablyags.heaorn.
Èinschlieung,jail';
maybealb.kotec`cell,nest'ecdiminutiveendinginalb.
ChurchSlavickotc`cella,nest',russ.kotPl.`Fischwehr,fishweir',skr.kt,(dial.)ktac`small
stall';dial.`kindoffishing'etc.andbulg.ktara,ktora,ktor`hurdle',skr.ktar`fence',ktr`Gebiet,
limit,boundary'(`*fromZunen'),sloven.kotr`district,region,area'(seeBerneker386,588);
References:
References:WP.I338,WH.I175ff.,181f.
Page(s):
Page(s):534
Root/lemma: kat-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobearyoung;animalcub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Jungewerfen;Tierjunges'
Material:
Material:Lat.catulusàyoungofananimal,esp.awhelp,puppy[animal-young,esp.youngdogor
cat]',umbr.katel,Gen.katles`catulus';
Maybealb.kotele`youngcat'[commonalb.a>oshift]Also[OEcattmasc.(=ONkottr),cattefem.(=
OFris.,MDu.katte,Du.kat,OHGkazza,Gkatze),reinforcedinMEbyAN,ONFr.catvar.of(O)Fr.
chatf.lateLcattus.]fromtherepoln.kot`cat',germ.Kater`tomcat'.
Againalb.kotem`rest(likeacat)'
aisl.hanaf.`younggoat',mhd.hatele,nhd.-schweiz.hatle`goat';
slav.kotitis(russ.kottsjaetc.)`Jungethrow',dial.ktka`lamb',skr.kot`brood',poln.wy-kot
`younggoat,kid'etc.(seeBerneker589f.).
References:
References:WT.I338f.,WH.I183.
Page(s):
Page(s):534
Root/lemma: kau-l- ,ku-l-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hollow;bone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hohl;Hohlstengel;Rhrenknochen'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`Stengel;Federkiel,Schaft';lat.caulis(clis,caulus)`Stengel,Stielan
Pflanzen';mir.cuaille`picket,pole'(*kaulnio-);lit.kulasm.`bone'(glottalstopsecondary),lett.kals
`Stengel,bone',OldPrussiancaulann.`bone,leg'.
zerograde:OldIndianklyamn.`bone',kulyf.`stream,brook,ditch,trench,channel,canal';anord.
holr`hollow',ahd.ags.holds.,got.ushuln`hollowout'.
References:
References:WP.I332,WH.I188f.,Trautmann122;compareunder2.keu-.
Page(s):
Page(s):537
Root/lemma: kausEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrawlots
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasLosziehen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`lot,fate'(*-);ChurchSlavickm.`lot,fate';kitis`losen',
prkitiìndicegamegain'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):537
Root/lemma: kauEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputdown,discourage
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrniedrigen,demtigen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(,inlattermeaningto,SchulzeKZ.29270Anm.1)Hes.
and(or),alsoHes.;
got.hauns`low,demtig'(haunjanèrniedrigen'),ahd.hni`verachtet,woeful,wretched,miserable,
low'(hnen`vilify,scold,scoff'),ags.han`low,woeful,wretched,miserable,pitiful'(hynan`vilify,
scold'),ahd.hnida,as.hna`Schande',afries.hnetheàccusation',ahd.hna`derision,ridicule';
anord.h(*hawia-)n.`derision',mhd.hren`kauern';
lett.kunsm.`disgrace,shame,Schande,thegenitals',kuntis`sichschmen,stupidsein',
kungs`shamefaced,verschmt,stupid';
lit.kvios,kvtis`sichschmen'.
References:
References:WP.I330,Feist249f.,Trautmann122.
Page(s):
Page(s):535
Root/lemma: k d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toharm,rob,chase
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schdigen,berauben,verfolgen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankadana-n.`Vernichtung',cakda(doubtful,ifnotcakra)kadanam`habeeine
Vernichtungangerichtet';
gr.hom.`beraubend',Fut.`wirdberauben',,,
Hes.,inmedial-pass.meaninghom.to`siewichen',(Konjektur)()
Hes.,Hes.;Hes.
References:
References:WP.I341,WH.I128;compareunderkd-.
Page(s):
Page(s):516
Root/lemma: ki-d-4 ,ki-tGermanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)ki-d-,(s)ki-t-.
Page(s):
Page(s):519
Root/lemma: k i -3 ,k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hitze'
Material:
Material:Ahd.heiàrid',gihein.`heat,aridity',arheigtun`verdorrten',got.Dat.Pl.haizam`den
Fackeln'(es-stem*haiiz-).
With--d -extension:ahd.heiz,as.ht,ags.ht,aisl.heitr`hot'(whereofahd.nhd.heizen,ags.htan,
aisl.heitads.);got.heitof.`fever';ahd.hizza`heat',(*hitj)as.hittia,ags.hittf.,aisl.hitim.ds.
With-t-extension:lit.kaist,kaita,kasti`hotbecome',kaitr`Feuerglut',kaitrs`heatgiving',
prkaitasm.`Schwei',lett.kistu,kitu,kist`hotbecome,burn'underlikewise,figurativelett.
katintànger,stir,tease,irritate'(kate`damage,affliction,Gebrechen,plague',compare
Mhlenbach-EndzelinII135),OldPrussianankaittaiÀngefochtene';
aisl.hss(*hairsa-from*haisra-),ags.hs(*haisa-),engl.hoarse(frommengl.hs+coarse),as.
hs,ahd.heisi`hoarse'(unclearis,whetherherefrom*kirsemalb.kirrem`werdehoarse').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):519
Root/lemma: ki-t-
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hell'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderunderski-tPage(s):
Page(s):521
Root/lemma: kkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocroak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:NachahmungofKrchzens
Material:
Material:OldIndiankka-m.`crow',kkla-,kkola-m.raven';lett.kk'is`jackdaw'(alsoOld
Prussiankoceds.,ifsoforkotetoamend);tolett.FlNKak'upe,lit.FlNKakupis(compare,
FlNinSicily)Differentaboutdiebalt.wordsMhlenbach-EndzelinII190.
References:
References:WP.I335.
Page(s):
Page(s):521
Root/lemma: k l -3 (k l - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:prison
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gefngnis,gefangen(sein)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankr`jail';lit.kaliu,kaltiìnjailsit',kalin,kaljimas`jail',kalins`captive'.
References:
References:WP.I356.
Page(s):
Page(s):524
Root/lemma: k m Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.515k- .
Page(s):
Page(s):525
Root/lemma: k p ho- ork p hoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hoof,*claw,nail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Huf'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:k p ho- ork p ho- :
:hoof,*claw,nail'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:k e ub- :
:thorn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianaph-m.`hoof,claw,nail',av.safa-m.`hoofofPferdes';
aisl.hfr,ags.hf,ahd.huof`hoof'.
Maybealb.(*suha-)thua`(*hoof,claw)nail',thundra`hoof(*claw,nail)'commonalb.s->th-phonetic
mutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):530
Root/lemma: k p oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thingsthatfloatinwater
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vomWasserFortgeschwemmtes'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpa-m.`wasrunningWasserwithsichfhrt,drift,trailing,Gefltes',pam.`washedashorereedunderlikewise';lit.pai`verstreuteHalme,Rckstand,deneineinundation
aufdenFeldernzurcklt',pas`Halm,straw,bough'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):529
Root/lemma: kp- ,kpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apieceofland
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`StckLand,Grundstck'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`garden',Hes.(kret.ùnbearbeitetesGrundstck',s.
Gl.3,303);ahd.huoba,as.ha`StckLand',nhd.Hufe,Hube;alb.kopsht`garden'.
References:
References:WP.I345,SpechtIdg.Dekl.27,thehereahd.habaroetc.`Hafer'stellenwill.
Seealso:
Seealso:S.underunderkapro- .
Page(s):
Page(s):529
Root/lemma: krEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wax
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wachs'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Wachs',`honeycomb,Wabenhonig'kann,althoughdor.not
gengendgesichertis,outoflon.-Att.LehnformfromthisDialektgruppesein,welchenfallslat.craas
gr.Lw.gesichertwre;
lit.kors`Wabenhonig,honeycombofthebees',
Maybealb.(*hole)hoje`honeycombofthebees'commonshiftr/l
lett.kresNom.Pl.ds.;
poln.skarzyk`thethrustinbeehive'.
References:
References:WP.I355,WH.I202,SpechtIdg.Dekl.52.
Page(s):
Page(s):532
Root/lemma: k u ()l :kl
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:abscess,boil
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geschwulst;especiallyLeibschaden,Leistenbruch'
Material:
Material:Gr.ion.,att.`swelling,lump,growth,esp.Leibschaden',`hernia'
underlikewise;.Hes.,Hes.(vokalischverydifficult,hard;ion.
from*F--,att.ach.-,-fromF--);
anord.haull,ags.hala,ahd.hlaf.`hernia'(*ku[]l,atmost*ku[]l);
zerogradeChurchSlavickyla`ds.`;russ.kil`ds.;knagamtree',serb.klads.;lit.dial.klef.
`hunch,outgrowth,knag'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):536-537
Root/lemma: ku- ,kuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,cut
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hauen,schlagen'
Material:
Material:Lat.(withprsensbildendemd)cd,-ere`hit,knock,stomp,prgen'(probablyfor*caud
afterdenvielfrequentcompound;compare)caudex,cdex`treetruck,clot,chunk;toSchreibtafeln
clovenHolz,Notizbuch',cdicillus`Scheitholz',caudica`fromatreetruckmadebarge',incs,-disf.
Àmbo';toch.Akot-,kaut-`split';
ahd.houwan(ho),ags.hawan(how),aisl.hggua(hi)`hew,hit(blow)'(inadditionas`to
Hauendes'got.etc.hawi`hay');
lit.kuju,kviau,kuti(*kui)`hit,schmieden;fight',kov`fight,struggle',lett.nu-kat`slay,kill',
kava`blow,knock,layer'(*ku-),lit.kjis`hammer'=OldPrussiancugisds.(abg.kyjds.;lit.kgisis
reshapedfromkjisafterkgis`haycock,haystack');
abg.kov(laterChurchSlavickujo)kovati`schmieden'(=ahd.houwu),serb.kjm(dial.kvm)
kvati`schmieden,prgen;(ahorse)beschlagen',ChurchSlavickyj`hammer'(*kio-),russ.kuzn
`Schmiedearbeit',zerogradeabg.kznàrtifice'(`Rnkeschmieden')etc.;toch.Ako-,kau-`slay'.
Maybealb.pod-kua`horseshoe'[literally`pod=under+kua=horseshoe']
References:
References:WP.I330f.,WH.I186,300f.,Trautmann123.
Page(s):
Page(s):535
Root/lemma: k u - ,k u - ,kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohowl
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:,heulen'
Note:
Note:onomatopoeicwords,partlywithanlaut.k,partlywithk.
Material:
Material:OldIndiankuti`shouts,howls',Intens.kkyate`schreit,sounds,seufzt'(Gramm.),kkam.òwl,dog'(`schreiend;heulend');kokila-`cuckoo';
arm.kùk``'(:lit.kakti,MeilletMsl.12,214;dieNichtverwandlungof2.ktosafteruisin
onomatopoeicwordsnotobjection);
gr.--`cry,wehklage'(dissim.from*--),`lamentation';,-,ion.-,
hom.,-f.,,-èineMwenart';withfracturedreduplication(asOldIndiankka-,lit.
kakti,akti,slav.kukatietc.),,birdname(Hes.);
butmcymr.cuan,cymr.cwan,abret.couann,nbret.kaouan,dial.cavan,kohan,kouhends.(Ernault
RC36,2063)areprobablyonomatopoetischeneologisms;
lat.(gall.)cavannus`Nachteule'(Anthol.lat.);
ahd.hwoòwl',hwila,hiuwula`Nachteule',ahd.hiuwiln`jubeln',mhd.hiuweln,hiulen`howl,cry',
mnd.hlen,mengl.hlen,engl.howl;
lit.(seeabove)kauki,kakti,lett.kukt`howl,fromHundenorWlfen',lit.sukkti`ds.,aufheulen',
kaukalàkindofWasservogel',lett.kaka`whirlwind';
lit.kvasm.`jackdaw',kvaf.`Saatkrhe'(*ku=poln.kawa);
russ.kvka`frog',dial.`jackdaw',kvat`starkcough',klr.(etc.)kvka`jackdaw',kavty`screech,
shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell';ablaut.(*ku-)bulg.vka,serb.vka,ech.avka
`jackdaw';OldChurchSlavickuja-j,-ti`murmur';russ.kkat`murmur,mucksen',serb.kkati
`lament'etc.
maybealb.kuja`lamentation':OldChurchSlavickuja-j,-ti`murmur';avka,afka`heron':ech.
avka`jackdaw'
With--b -, -b ( h ) o -:
-:OldIndiankkkubha-m.`wildrooster,cock,pheasant',gr.`Vogelart'
(late,kaumechtgr.);onomatopoeicwordsare:probably`Nachteule'(besides,
(outofitlat.cicuma),ds.,`derenscream'),lat.cucubi,-reofscreamthe
Nachteule(ThomasStud.39nimmtHiatfllendesban);alsodieb(h)-`Suffixe'thevorgenannten
couldsoaufgekommensein.
With-- -:
-:OldIndiankjati`growls,brummt,murmelt';norw.hauke`johlen,call,shout,cry'.
Maybealb.kujit`growl'
With-p-: got.hiufan`lament',anord.hjfrads.,ags.hofands.,as.hiovan,ahd.hiofan,hiobands.
With--r -:
-:OldIndianckra-m.àkindofpartridge,gamebird';lat.caurre`cry,ofbrnstigen
Panther';OldChurchSlavickur`rooster,cock',ChurchSlavickurica`hen';
Withanlaut.palatal:
OldIndianka-m.`parrot';arm.sag`goose'(*kau)=OldChurchSlavicsovaòwl'(:kelt.
cavannus);lit.auki,akti`cry,loudcall,shout,cry,name';russ.sy`Zwergeule,Sperlingseule',
ech.scòwl'(*kk-ti-);doubtfulOldChurchSlavicum`noise'(*ku-mo-sBrugmannII21,247).
Maybealb.zhurma`noise'
compareSuolahtiDt.birdname185(hereabouttheneologismahd.kaha`jackdaw'etc.;comparelit.
kvasetc.ds.).
References:
References:WP.I331f.,WH.I184,190,298,Trautmann122.
Page(s):
Page(s):535-536
Root/lemma: kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolike,wish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gernhaben,begehren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankyamna-`gernhabend'(-kyya-`begehrenswert'withfromthisio-present
verschlepptem-y-),Perf.cak`sichwhereofgladden,lieben,lust,crave',-kti-(incompound)
`heischend,verlangend';av.k-`whereuponlong,want'(kay1.Sg.,kta-;akue);
-mo-stemOldIndiankma-m.`Begehren,wish,love',av.Oldpers.kma-m.`desire,wish';
km-inOldIndiankmyati,particlePerf.Med.cakamn-;kamra-`reizend,beautiful',kamana`begierig,lascivious';lit.kamaros`Geilheit'andlett.kmt`starve'.
ro -stem:lat.crus`lieb,wert,teuer(alsoofPreise)';got.hors(*hra-)Èhebrecher,Hurer',aisl.hrr
ds.,hrn.`Buhlerei,Unzucht',ags.hrn.ds.,ahd.huorn.ds.,ahd.huora(andhuorrafrom*hrin-)
`Hure',ags.hre,aisl.hra-(*hrn-)ds.;lett.krs`lascivious,covetous'(krut`lust,crave,long,
want');
reducedgradegall.Carant-us,-illusetc.,abrit.Carant-nus,-orius,air.caraim`love',carae`friend';
cymr.corn.bret.car`friend'(*k-rnt-s),cymr.carafÌlove';about(gall.)caris(s)as.WH.I169;
toch.Akk.Sg.Akrant,krent`good'(=kelt.carant-).
Beruhtar.kan-(OldIndianPerf.ckana,Aor.akniam,av.akana),can-(OldIndiancanim;Old
Indiancnas-n.`Gefallen,Befriedigung',av.anah-,inah-`desire,Heischen')`befriedigtsein,
Gefallenfinden',av.inman-n.`Begehren,Trachten'aufaidg.-(e)nes-stemkenes-Theforms
cani-,kani-canalsosecondaryseinaskami-yate,-tar-besideskma-(ifStokesKZ.40,246with
rightmir.cin,Gen.cena`love,affection'as*kenu-vergliche,wreken-:k-asksen-:kes-under
likewisetobeurteilen).
OldIndiancru-`pleasant,welcome,mellifluous',cyamna-covetous',nicyya-ds.,cy`begehrend',withpreviouslyind.replacementfromkthroughcafterdemconcurrentfromkan-and
can-(seeabove).
References:
References:WP.I325f.,WH.I169,175,885,886,PedersenToch.109,234.
Page(s):
Page(s):515
Root/lemma: k ,ke ,kom
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofparticle(allright)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Partikel,perhapsetwa`probably!'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankmbehindDativenfromPersonen(asDat.commodi;soalsoonceav.km)
andfromAbstrakten(asfinalerdative),alsobeimImper.,aftertheparticlesn,s,h,andinindik.
Hauptstzen;
OldChurchSlavick(n)withDat.`to'.
Nasallosgr.,(kannhave)perhaps`probably',Modalpartikel,slav.-ka(-ko,ku,-ki,-k,-e,-i,-u),Anhngepartikelesp.byPron.,beimImper.andbyAdv.,alsoprobablykoasprepositioninVerbal-andnominalcompound(e.g.russ.k-vorot`Halswirbel,Genick');
lit.-ki(perhapsoriginallyke),-kbeimImper.(e.g.doki,-k`gib!').
References:
References:WP.I326,SchwyzerGr.Gr.II568,Trautmann111f.
Page(s):
Page(s):515-516
Root/lemma: kedEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmoke,fume
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rauchen,ruen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankadr-`brown',perhapsalsokadamba-m.`Naucleacadamba,eintreewith
orangefarbenenBlten'andkdamba-m.èineGansartwithdunkelgrauenFlgeln';
OldChurchSlavickadiloìncense',kaditi`ruchern',russ.ad`haze,mist',serb.ad`caligo',aditi
`ruigbecome'(etc.,s.Berneker133,467),perhapsOldPrussianaccodis(*at-codis)`Rauchloch,
throughdastheRauchherauszieht';
as`Rucherhlzer'areanzureihen():
gr.`juniper;later:Pinuscedrus',`Wacholderbeere;fruitthecedar';lit.kadags,Old
Prussiankadegis`juniper'(fromestn.kadakasborrowed).
References:
References:WP.I384f.,Trautmann112,SpechtIdg.Dekl.147.
Page(s):
Page(s):537
Root/lemma: keg- ,keng- andkek- ,kenk-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hook,grapplinghook.handle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`PflockzumAufhngen,Haken,Henkel';also`spitzsein'
Note:
Note:comparedassimilark a k-, k a nk-;andk e nk-, k o nkMaterial:
Material:Npers.ang`claw,nail,fist'(*kengo-);
mir.ail-chengf.`rake,Waffengestell'(:lit.kng,seeunder);
germ.*hakan-,*hka-,*hkan-m.`hook'in:aisl.PNHakim.`hook',hakaf.`chin',ags.hacam.`bar,
bolt',hccef.`Krummstab';aisl.hkrm.`Frechling',ahd.hko,hggo`hook',ags.hcm.`hook',
mnd.hok,hukm.àngle,point,edge,foreland,promontory',aisl.hkjaf.(*hkin-)`crutch',hkillm.
`Hinterbug';withintensiveGemination:ags.haccian`hacken',mnd.,mhd.hackends.,anddiejverbs:ags.ofhccanàmputare',ahd.hecchen`bite,prick',mhd.hecken`hew,hit,prick';nasalized
mnd.hank`Henkel'(outofitaisl.hnkm.,hankif.`Henkel'),ndl.honk,ostfries.hunk`picket,pole,
Pfosten';
germ.*hakilf.`Hechel'(fromdengekrmmtenEisenzhnen)in:aschs.hekilon`hecheln',engl.
hatchel,mhd.hechel`Hechel',norw.hekla`Hechel,Stoppel';
germ.*hakuda-m.`Hecht'(afterdenspitzenteeth)inags.hacod;*hakidainags.hacidm.,ahd.
hachit,hechit,mnd.heket`Hecht';
lit.kngf.`hook,Klinke';
slav.*kogtm.inruss.kgot`claw,nail,crookedEisenspitze',osorb.kocht`thorn,sting,prick'(:
germ.*hakuda-);
perhapshere,asàufeinenhookhinaufhngen,aswithahookscratch,scrape,stir,tease,irritate':
bulg.k,k(u)vamèrhebe,erhhe,hnge',za-k,-kam`hnge,catch,necke',serb.zkaiti
ànhaken',sloven.kiti`banter,anger'(Berneker465f.).
References:
References:WP.I382f.,WH.I307,Trautmann112,WissmannNom.postverb.182f.,Petersson,
Heterokl.91f.;StokesBB.25,252.
Page(s):
Page(s):537-538
Root/lemma: keidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofall
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fallen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Cymr.cwyddo,di-gwyddo`fall,sichereignen',cwydd`fall',bret.koezaff`fall',di-gouezout
`sichereignen';
aisl.hitta`meet',hittai`hineingeraten',dan.hittepaaàufetwasverfallen',schwed.hitta`find',
mengl.(fromdemNord.)hittanàufetwastreffen,find',engl.hit(originallyàufetwasfall,verfallen').
References:
References:WP.I364.
Page(s):
Page(s):542
Root/lemma: keisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:arm;thigh
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àrm,Schenkeletc.`()
Material:
Material:OldIndiankiku-`forearm';
ndl.hijse,hijsf.`muscle,Lendenstck,club,mace,joint',limb.hies`popliteus';
lit.ki-k`popliteus';lett.cis-ka`Lende,Schenkel,hip,haunch'.
References:
References:WP.I365,E.LewyPBrB.32,140.
Page(s):
Page(s):543
Root/lemma: kekuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofstickorcudgel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`keulenfrmigerStock,StockwithhammerartigemQuergriff'
Material:
Material:Av.aku-n.`Wurfhammer,Wurfaxt',npers.aku`hammer';
OldPrussianqueke`stecle',i.e.`Tannen-orFichtenastasZaunstab',lett.aka`cudgel,clubwith
knagashandle,grasp';comparebutMhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I401.
References:
References:WP.I381.
Page(s):
Page(s):543
Root/lemma: kek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weasel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wiesel,Iltis'()
Material:
Material:OldIndiankaa-m.kakf.`weasel';butwithanlaut.Pal.lit.kas`polecat',lett.sesks
ds.Isbalt.-throughprogress.Assim.from*kekastodefine,whereasdieNachholungofinanlaut
verdrngtenk-inendingthe1.syllablethroughdenanlautk-the2.syllableverhindertwurde
Differentaboutlit.kaW.SchulzeKl.Schr.630.
References:
References:WP.I381.
Page(s):
Page(s):543
Root/lemma: kelg-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towind;windings,intrigue
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichwinden;Windung,Rnke'
Material:
Material:Mir.celgf.àrtifice,betrayal'(outofitcymr.celg`Verhehlen');
arm.keck``Heuchelei'isinKonsonantismusunclear;
changingthroughablautags.hylc`curvature,convolution'andslav.*lgatiinpoln.czogasi
`grovel,truckle,creep,glide,slide,sichschleppen'.
References:
References:WP.I447.
Page(s):
Page(s):554
Root/lemma: kel-1 ,kelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totower,behigh;hill;*projection,protrusion
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ragen,hoch(heben)'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`hill',m.àcme,apex,cusp,peak'insteadof*due
toan*kol-bho-s);
lat.ante-,ex-,prae-cell,-ere`hervorragen'(*cel-d-withprsensbildendem-d-),participlecelsus
`high';collis`hill'(*kln-isor*kolnis);columen,newerculmenàcme,apex,Hhepunkt'(*kelomn
èlevation'),columna`column'(*kelomn`dieragende');
mir.coll`head,guide,leader'(*kolnos);gall.celicnon`tower'(outofitgot.kelikn`Sller');
gallorom.calma`desLand'isprobablyvorkelt.;
maybealb.(*culmen)kulm`ridge,peak'.
ags.hyllm.f.,engl.hill`hill'(*hulnis,idg.*knis);as.holm`hill',nhd.Holm,ags.holmìsland,
Meereswoge,(hohe)sea',aisl.holmr,holmi`smallisland'(*kmo-);
maybealb.(*holm)kolm`fat,big,huge'
maybealb.(*hill-arya),Illyria`hillyland',(*Hilion),Ilion`citybuiltonahill'),alsogr.Olympus(*holum)
`mountaininNorthernGreece,homeofthegods'[commonillyr.alb.m>mpphoneticmutation.]
lit.keliu,klti(heavybasis)`heave,life,emporheben,bear,carry,bersWasserbefrdern',lett.cet
`heave,life',lit.ikltas.convex,elevated',klnas,lett.kalns`mountain',comparelit.kalvf.`small
hill',lett.kalva`hill,Fluinsel';inadditionlit.klti`sicherheben,aufsetigen',ikils`high',kilmf.
`lineage,gender,sex',kltisandkiltsf.,lett.ciltsf.`gender,sex';lett.kalàf.`Hebel';lit.klnasm.
`Fhre,barge',lit.kltaf.,kltasm.=kltuvasm.`Fhre';lett.celtavaf.`smallFhre';
slav.*clnm.inskr.n(Gen.na),`barge',ech.lun,russ.on`boat,Weberschifflein';
abg.elo`forehead',russ.el`forehead,head,cusp,peak'etc.,russ.-ChurchSlavicelesn
`praecipuus'(originally-es-stem).
maybealb.(*elo)aloj`walkwithalimp(*wavinglikeaboat)',al`lame'
Root/lemma:enu-1 ,neu- :
:(knee,joint)derivedfrom*koln:(totower,behigh;
hill,project).Proto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:kolno(knee)[seeenu-1 ,neu- :
:(knee,joint)]
References:
References:WP.I433ff.,WH.I197,245,249f.,855,Trautmann125f.
Page(s):
Page(s):544
Root/lemma: kel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;sting
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiankaamb-m.`Pfeil'(*kol-to-);
mir.cuilenn,cymr.celyn,corn.kelin,m.bret.quelenn`Stechpalme,Musedorn,Walddistel'(kelt.
*kolino-);
ahd.hulis,hulsds.,nhd.Hulst,mndl.mnd.hulsds.(ndl.hulst),ags.hole(g)n,engl.hollyandholmoak,mengl.alsohulvir,anord.hulfrds.;
OldChurchSlavicklas`hre'(`dieStechende'),russ.klos=alb.kallds.,kasht(*kallsht),JoklIF.
36,124,`straw,chaff'(-s-formsthenasinhuls);
alb.(JoklIF.37,95)r-kuall`thistle'(*pr-kl`Durchstich,sting,prick').
g(h)-extensioninmir.colg`sword,awnthebarley,sting,prick',acymr.colginnàristam',ncymr.cola
àwn',col`cusp,peak,awn',colyn`sting,prick',cal,cala,caly`penis',bret.kalc'hds.AufGrund
keltischerformstakeMeilletMSL.14,374,KretschmerKZ.38,100f.alsoeineequalmeaningroot
kel-`stecken,dig'an:cymr.palu`dig',pal,corn.bret.pal`spade'(fromlat.placertainlydoubtful
becauseofligur.pala`grave',cymr.paladr`hastile',also`balk,beam,ray').
kol-no-s inOldIndiank-`durchstochen,durchlchert,einugig'(*kolno-;tocompare
WackernagelOldIndianGr.I168)=air.(acymr.)coll`luscum,einugig',mir.(withsecondary
voiced-nonaspirated)goll`blind';changingthroughablautgr.Hes.
References:
References:WP.I435.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.kel-3andskel-`cut,clip'
Page(s):
Page(s):545
Root/lemma: kel-3 ,kel- ,kl- extendedkldEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,cutdown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,hauen'
Note:
Note:separationfromkel-`prick'andfromskel-`cut,clip'isbarelydurchfhrbar;beachteesp.slav.
*klti`prick'=balt.kalti`hit'.
Material:
Material:Gr.(*F)`Grnspecht'(as);Hes.;`'after
Heseeunder;`zweizinkigehack,mattock,hoe';compare`hack,mattock,
hoe'underskel-`cut,clip';`mutilated,ungehrnt',-`withgestutztemSchwanze',
`verstmmle,hindere;zchtige',`verstmmle;hemme';`tread';
withformants-bo-:`mutilated'(comparealsodierootform*k(e)lemb-);
withformants-bho-:`slapintheface,boxontheear,Backenstreich',therefromderived
`behaue,behacke',
fromtheheavybasis`break'(,,,),`dasBrechen,
BeschneidentheZweige',`piece,fragment',n.`twig,branch;vine-layer,-rebe',Demin.
esp.Pl.`deadwood';,dor.m.`Holzstckchenaslot,fate,lot,fate,allotment'
(=air.clr,cymr.clawr`board,Tafel',bret.kleur`Gabelbaumamcart');
,m.`sprout,Trieb,Reis',Hes.,Hes.(closekinshipto:
aisl.hlunnr`RollwalzenforFahrzeuge',hlu(m)mr`theoberethickTeilofRuders'from*hlunma-),-m.`cairn,pileofstonessetupasamemorialormarkofsomekind,rocks';
lat.calamitas`damage'(from*calamo-from*calimo-,idg.*kele-mo-`beaten'),inadditionincolumis
ùnversehrt';furtherfrom*kel-n:percell,-culi`schlagetoBoden,shatter',seprocellere`sich
hinwerfen',procellaf.`heftigerstorm',recell`schnelleback';not*kel-dbecauseofgall.GNSucellus`goodSchlger';
air.clretc.seeaboveS.545;
lit.kal,klti,lett.kalù,kalu,kalt`hit,schmieden',lit.pkalas`Sensenkeil',pre-,prei-klasÀmbos',
OldPrussiankalo-peilis`Hackmesser',lit.kltas`chisel',OldPrussiancalte`Mark(Mnze)',i.e.
`geschlagenes=geprgtesGeld',lit.klvis`smith',causativelit.kldinti`schmieden(lassen)',lett.
kaldtds.;lit.kuliu,klti`dreschen',lett.kul'u,klu,kult`hit,thrash,dreschen';lit.klmas`stump',
kannalso`geschnitten,split'sein;
abg.etc.koljklati`prick,schlachten'(abg.also`sacrifice'),russ.kolt`prick,schlachten;split,
hacken';abg.kol`peg,plug',russ.ko,Gen.ko`shaft,pole,picket,pole',ablaut.*klinklr.ko
(Gen.ka)Èckzahn,Hauzahn',sloven.kl(Gen.kl);ech.klanice`shaft,pole',poln.konica
`Seitenholzamcart'(aufparticiple*kolno-toklatibeingbasedon);serb.klto`kindofneckyokefor
Schweine',ech.klt`stump,clot,chunk,club,cudgel'(=lit.kltasseeabove);ChurchSlavicproklju,-klti`germinate',russ.(etc.)klin`wedge'(formationasmlintomelj);doubtfulslav.*kolt-j,-iti
inabg.klat,klatiti`move,shake,bump,poke',russ.kolo,kolott`hit,knock;chatter'etc.;whether
inadditionzerograder.kolttsja`sichbewegen,wobble,sway'
d -extensionkeld-, kld-:
Gr.(*klderos)`frail,breakable;abgelebt',Hes.,ablaut.
Hes.,m.`twig,branch',conservatived-stem*,etc.ds.,,-Hes.ds.,
`beschneidedengrapevine';
lat.cldsf.ìnjury;damage,mischief,Niederlage';
mir.claidim`grabe'(withad-`pursue,hunt,chase,fischen'etc.),cymr.claddu,bret.claza`dig',mir.
clad,cymr.cladd`ditch,trench,channel';lengthenedgradecymr.clawdd,corn.claud`ditch,trench,
channel',bret.kleuz`ditch,trench,channel,hedge'(*kldo-);cymr.cleddyf`sword',bret.klze
`sword,blade'(cleddyfdiss.from*cley,kelt.*kladios),ir.claidebisLw.fromdemCymr.,lat.
gladiusfromdemKelt.;
mir.caill(Gen.caille)`wood,forest',cymr.celli`wood,forest',corn.kelli`nemus'(kelt.*kald);
air.cymr.coll,bret.koll`ruin,damage';mir.cellach`war,fight'anddiewithitrelatedaisl.hildrf.`fight,
struggle,Kampfgttin',as.ags.hild`fight,struggle,war,fight',ahd.hiltia,hilta`fight,struggle'have
idg.-dh-andprobably`hit,dreinhauen'asbasicmeaning;
got.halts,aisl.haltr,ags.healt,ahd.halz`lame'(=air.coll;basicmeaning`broken'),perhapsatfirst
fromgebrochenenGliedmaen;
aisl.ags.holt,ahd.holz`wood,wood,forest'(=),inadditionaisl.hjaltn.`thehiltofasword',
ags.hiltf.ds.,ahd.helza`thehiltofasword,Heft',as.helta`Handgriffamrudder';
abg.klada`balk,beam,Block',russ.kolda`HoIzblock,clot,chunk,treetruck,fromastem
abgehauenesStck'etc.;ChurchSlavickladivo`hammer'(protoslav.*kld-:lat.clds).
Labialextension:
klomb(h)o- in:gr.`mutilated',ags.laempi-halt,lamp-healt`hinkend'(SpechtIdg.Dekl.262);
comparelit.klumbas`lame'.
References:
References:WP.I436ff.,WH.I135f.,225f.,691,SpechtIdg.Dekl.130f.,262,322,Trautmann
114f.
Page(s):
Page(s):545-547
Root/lemma: kel-4 andklEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofdark/lightspot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:indenWortenforhelleanddunkleFlecken,graueandschwrzlicheFarbentne
Note:
Note:comparealsoker-3andkers-1.
Material:
Material:I.OldIndiankalaka-m.`Fleck,Rost',kalana-n.`Fleck,smut',klua-`dirty,filthy,black',
kalmaa-m.`Fleck,smut',kalma-`varicolored,dappled';withformants-ko-:karka-`white',m.
`mildew',karkva`weiecow',kark`weiemare'(PerssonBeitr.169),kalk-m.òrdure,filth',
ca-m.`theblaueHolzhher'(*kel-so-);
npers.arma`mildew',kurd.erme`white'(:schweiz.helm);
gr.`black',`gray',`donkey'and`Zikade'(vowelasinbesides;-from--);veryprobably(*kolu-mbhos)àquanaut(Vogelart)',whereof
`tauche',fromthedunklenFarbegenannt;herealso-`Bachstelze'Hes.;
lat.columbaf.,-usm.`dove(r)'from*kol-on-bho-or*kolu-mbho-,thenidenticalwith;tomb-from-mbh-s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I333;
nhd.schweiz.helm`weierFleckbeimViehauftheforehead',helme`nameaKuhwith
weigeflecktemKopf',schwed.dial.hjlm`blssigeroxorblssigeshorse'(comparetom-formsOld
Indiankalmaa-);probablymhd.hilwef.`finefog',bair.gehilb`fog,Herdrauch'(-w-inrelationshipto
ufromOldIndianklua-),whereforeahd.huliwaùligo,sordeslimivelaquae',mhd.hlwe`puddle,
slop,pool,Sumpflache'inablautsteht;
here(fromdenschwarzenBeeren)alsoahd.holuntar,holantarèlder',aschwed.hylleds.;s.
Berneker473m.Lit.,thealsoforruss.kalna`Viburnumopulus'affiliationtokal(seeunder)
considers.
II.rootformkl - :kl- (withunclearrelationshiptokel-):
Gr.,-(dor.)`Fleck',`sully,bedraggle',Hes.,
,Hes.;
lat.clidus,callidus(Gl.)`weistirnig*(fromhorses)'=umbr.kaleuf(buf)`callidos(boves)';lat.clgo
f.`fog,darkness';
air.caile,mir.gaile`Fleck';
lit.kalbas,kalvas`weihalsig';
OldChurchSlavickal`,ordure'withdenmeaning`swamp,marsh,morass,withordure
smudge';inaddition(afterthepaint,color)russ.kalna`Viburnumopulus',asalsosloven.kalina
`puddle,slop'andruss.kal-ga`morass',kalu-a`puddle'.
References:
References:WP.I440ff.,WH.I139f.,249,SpechtIdg.Dekl.118,140,1433,Trautmann113f.,
PeterssonHeterokl.146f.
Page(s):
Page(s):547-548
Root/lemma: kel-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrive,forcetomovequickly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treiben,toschnellerBewegungantreiben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianklyati`treibt,carries,nimmtwahr,hlt';
alb.geg.qil,sizil.qel`bring,bear',shqilts`rennet,i.e.co-agulum',probablyalsokal`stifte,stellean'
(JoklIF.30,198);
gr.`drive(dasshipansLand);lande'(presentonlybyGramm.andin-trans.`drivedas
shipansLand;strande,scheitere';otherwiseonlyAor.Fut.,),,-`rusher,
racer(horse);schnellsegelndesship';ìntensemovement',`vorsichherdrive,push'
(compare-,-;Boisacqs.v.m.Lit.);perhaps(PerssonBeitr.179)
und,`kindofTanz'Hes.;
lat.celer`quick,fast,rash,hasty'(as),celeber,-bris,-bre`betrieben,befahren(via),animated
(locus,oppidum),frequent,often,gefeiert'(*kele-dhlo-,-dhli-);
ast-presentgot.haldan`Viehweiden'(toa-Vok.s.BrugmannIF.32,181),ahd.haltan`beware,
guard,hold,stop',as.haldan,ags.healdan,aisl.halda,aschwed.halla(*halan)`hold,stop',mnd.
hilde,hille`rash,hasty,keen,eager'.
References:
References:WP.I442f.,WH.I194f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyidenticalwithkel-6;s.alsokeleu-`wander'.
Page(s):
Page(s):548
Root/lemma: kel-6 ,k( e )l- ,k( e )l- orkl -
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rufen,schreien,lrmen,klingen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianu-kala-m.`rooster,cock'(`-'),kaldhika-,kalvika-ds.,kala-vka`sparrow',kala-`leisetnend,undeutlichvernehmbar',kalakala-m.`verworrenesclamor,noise';
gr.(insteadof*)`rufe,name,rufeherbei'(ol.),Futur.,att.,Perf.
,;èpithet',`shout,call,Einladung,Vorladung',,()w
`Rufer',`shout'(to1.partseeunderom-);(or)`rufean,flehe',,
`name'(*-F--);zerograde()-in`treibean(throughshout)',hom.Aor.
(),dor.=();[aboutseeunderkleu-];`rausche,riesle(water
underlikewise)',Hes.;extension`Getse,din,fuss,noise',,
`roaring',`tose;lasse(einensong)erklingen';
umbr.kaitu,kaetu,carsitu`calato,appellato'(*kaltd);daacorrespondinglat.*caleeinstinthe
AusrufungsformeltheKalenderdatenDiestequinque,respectivelyseptem,calo,IunoCovella
gestandenhabeanddacalendae`theerstedayofMonats'fromthisAusrufenbenanntsei,is
probably(SaloniusZ.rm.Dat.1ff.);
lat.cal,-reÀusrufen,Zusamenrufen'(:lett.kalùt),caltor`Rufer,Ausrufer',nmen-clator
`Namennenner'(fromnmencalrebackformation),calbra(curia)`diezumAusrufenthe
KalenderdatenbestimmteKurie',perhapsconcilium`Zusamenkunft,congregation,meeting,
associationfromDingen,geschlechtlicheconnection'(*cn-caliom),con-cilireùnite,connect,gain
etc.`,clm,-re`call,shout,cry'(compareahd.hlamnetc.),clmor`scream',clrus`lauttnend,
fernhinschallend;illustrious;clear,bright',umbr.anglarNom.Pl.,anglafAkk.Pl.òscines'(*an-kl
àvisinclamans');lat.classisÀufgebot:Heer,fleet;Klasse,dividingoff,partitioningoff'(*klad-ti-:
);
air.cailech,ogamGen.calic,cymr.ceiliog,corn.chelioc`rooster,cock'(*kaljkos);
ags.hlwan`rugire,boare',ahd.(h)lian,(h)luoen,mhd.lejen`roar,bellow';ags.hltan`grunt';ahd.
hluoticla`latratus';withlengthenedgradetheerstensyllableahd.hel`loud,tnend'(nhd.hell
`gleaming'),hllan`resonate',mhd.halècho,clangor',anord.hjala`babble,chatter',hjaln.`gossip',
hjaldr`Gesprch,Kampfgetse,fight,struggle';afries.halia`herbeiholen,heimfhren,take',ags.
geholian`bekommen',aschs.haln`berufen,herbeibringen',ahd.halnandablaut.holn,holn
`call,shout,cry,get,fetch',ndd.halen`pull,drag'.
lett.kal'ut`babble,chatter'(kalada`clamor,din,fuss,noise'isruss.Lw.),lit.kalb`language',Old
Prussiankaltz,kelsi`sielauten'(lit.*kalsti);redupl.lit.kakalas(*kalkalas)`bell',OldChurch
Slavicklakol,russ.klokol`bell',koloklit`luten,clink;babble,klatschen',TrautmannBsl.Wb.
115.
hitt.a-ra-akal-li-i-ta(sarkallesta)`rief(lockte)herauf'.
extension*k(e)lem- (comparelat.cl-m-re):OldIndiankrndati`shouts,howls,bellow,roar,
wiehert'(*klem-d-);ags.hlimman,hlymman`ring,sound,clink,sough,rustle,roar,bellow',hlimme
`reienderstream',hlemm(*hlammi)`clangor',ahd.(h)limmen`drone,grumble,howl',anord.hlymja
`clink,crack,creak,rant,roister',ahd.hlamn`sough,rustle,bawl,blaster';
*k(e)len- inags.hlyn(n)`clangor,din,fuss,noise,reienderstream',hlynnan,hlynian`hallen',
hlynsiands.,hlynrian`thunder',gehlyn,aschs.gihlunn`Getse';
Similartoskel -, (s)kel- (s -Dublettebesideskel-):
1.skel -:
-:aisl.skjallast.V.`sound,clink,loudhit'=ags.sciellan`sound,sound,clink',ahd.scellan
`sound,clink,ring,rant,roister',nhd.verschollen`verklungen';Kaus.-Iter.aisl.skella`knallen,rant,
roister,scold,chide,laughloudly',mhd.schellenschw.V.èrtnenlassen,shatter',nhd.zerschellen;
t-ordh-presentafries.skelda`scold,chide,rebuke,louddefine',ahd.sceltan`scold,chide,vilify,
scold,revile,rebuke';aisl.skllf.`derision,ridicule,din,fuss,noise',skellr(*skalliz)`clangor,Knall'
=ahd.scal(-ll-)`clangor,row';aisl.skjallr`lauttnend'=ags.sciell,ndl.schel`widerhallend,schrill';
ahd.scella`bell';witheinfacheml(das-ll-thevorgenanntenbasedonaufan-present*skel-n)aisl.
skaln.`din,fuss,noise',skjaln.`Geplauder';
lit.skliju,-yti`continualbark,bay,anschlagen'(ofJagdhund),whereofskalkasèincontinual
bellenderJagdhund(seeunderbecauseofgr.);OldPrussianscalenix`Vorstehhund'derives
frompoln.skoliàseinHundwhimper';lett.skal'`clinking,helltnend';with(b)h-extension(aslit.
kalb)lit.sklb-iu,-tièinrumorverbreiten';
ech.skoliti`belfern',poln.skoli,skulàseinHundwhimper'.
2.(s)kel-: aisl.skvaln.ùnntzesgossip,Wortschwall',skvala`loudtalk,call,shout,cry',skvaldrn.
`lautesdiscourse';withouts-aisl.hvellr`helltnend';
thechangingbyablautskel-perhapsingr.youngdog,dog;youngTier',also.
Hes.(--probablykurznamenartigeconsonant-lengthening),asfrom*skel-dasabove
genanntelit.skalkas,andfromkel-from:lit.kl,kal`bitch',alb.klsh`cub,esp.youngdog',mir.
cuiln,cymr.colwyn,acorn.coloin,bret.kolen`youngdog',(kelt.*koli-gno-);dieseNamenforyoung
animal,esp.Hunde,wrenalsoofKlffenorWinselngenommen.Immerhinbutcould,
as(s)kol-,alsoasidg.orgr.Reduktionsformen(influenceof)unmittelbarwithkelt.*koligno-,lit.
kl,alb.klshzusammengehren.
References:
References:WP.I443ff.,WH.I141f.,227,228,258,SpechtKZ.59,85ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyidenticalwithkel-5.
Page(s):
Page(s):548-550
Root/lemma: kel-7 (kol- ,k o l- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:goblet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Becher'
Note:
Note:withk -suffix
Material:
Material:OldIndiankala-m.`pot,pan,crock,pitcher,bowl'(*koleko-,-oko-);
gr.,-`goblet'(*keli-k);
=lat.calix,-icism.`deepbowl,goblet,Kelch'(fromcalixderivesahd.chelih,nhd.Kelch),wherefore
perhapswithbeweglichemsumbr.skalce-ta,scalse-toèxpatera',scalsieìnpatera';lat.culigna
`smallKelch'fromgr.(*-)ds.;
dass-alsoinnhd.Schale(dasto(s)kel-`cut,clip')andingr.,ds.Hes.,dasprobably
ebendahin.
Inadditiongr.,-f.`Fruchtkelch,Samenkelch'andperhapsOldIndiankalikf.`bud'(in
Gutt.ofsuffixesfromkala-different).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):550-551
Root/lemma: kel-7
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden';`schuldigsein';àustrocknen';`biegen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)kelPage(s):
Page(s):551
Root/lemma: keleuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towander;way
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wandern;Weg'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromkel-5.
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`way'(from*--reshapedafter-),-`zuPferdsich
fortbewegend',-(*-=sm-)`companion';
Maybealb.kalonj`walk'
lit.keliuju`fare,journey'(klias`way'probablypreviouslypostverbal).
References:
References:WP.I446,KretschrnerGl.20,253,E.Fraenkel,Ml.BoisacqI374f.
Page(s):
Page(s):554
Root/lemma: kelp- ,kl p -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:jar,cauldron
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Krug,Topf'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-,f.`crock,pitcher;Aschenurne';
lat.calpar,-ris`winecask'(*calp-li-,probablylat.furtherformationsofgr.);
air.cilornn,cilurnnùrna'(*kelpurno-),cymr.celwrn`Milcheimer',bret.kelorn`Kbel',brit.PN
Celurnum.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):555
Root/lemma: kemero- ,komero- ,k e meroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nameofaplant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pflanzenname
Material:
Material:Ahd.hemera(*hamir)`Nieswurz',nhd.dial.hemernds.;
r.-ChurchSlavicemer`poison'(originallytheNieswurz),russ.emercaf.`Nieswurz'(etc.s.
Berneker142f.);
lit.kemeraiPl.Àlpkraut,Wasserdost';presumablygr.`Delphinium',,
(latterspellingafterhom.ùnlucky')àconitum'andOldIndiankamala-n.`Lotus'(wrebis
aufsGeschlecht=ahd.hemera;alsointheBltenformsimilarly),camarika-m.`Bauhiniavariegata'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):558
Root/lemma: kem- ,kom- ,kmEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:piece
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bissen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`withoutImbi,hungry',(ol.),Hes.;zerograde
Hes.
lett.kumuss`morsel,mouthful'(-um-reducedgrade;theending-uossfrom-ansasperhapsthrough
hybridizationwitha*kan[d]s-as=OldChurchSlavicks`Stck,morsel,mouthful'compare
Mhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.II313);
ndd.ham,hamm`bite,morsel,mouthful,Stck,cut'.
References:
References:WP.I389.
Page(s):
Page(s):557-558
Root/lemma: kem-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,squeeze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammendrcken,-pressen,hindern'
Material:
Material:Arm.kàmel`topress,squeeze,wring;tofilter,makeflow';
anord.hemja(hamda)`curb,restrain,hemen',hemill`Beinfessel',hamlaf.`Ruderband',mhd.
hemmenandhamen`hinder,hemmen`,sal-frnk.chamian`clamp,press',afries.hemma`hinder',
nhd.dial.ham,hamen`Kummet'(comparedasmaybefromagot.*hamands`hemmend'borrowed
slav.*chomt,russ.etc.chomt`Kummet');mnd.ham,ags.hammèingefriedigtesStckLand',
ndd.hammeùmzuntesfield',ags.engl.hem(m)èdge,hem',engl.tohem(in)`tohem,gird,border,
umgeben';
anord.hafnaàufgeben,ablassenfrom'(`*gehemmtsein'),causativehefna`rchen';withlabial
mengl.hamperen,engl.tohamper`hinder,belstigen'(:OldPrussiankmpinna`hindert',kumpint
`verrcken');
bsl.*kama-m.`clump'inlett.kamsm.`clump',inadditionlit.kamoti`zusamenpressen,stuff',
kmanos`ledernerbridle,rein',kmuras`grape',kamenasm.`stem',lett.kamuot`torment,smite,
plague',lit.kamuols,lett.kamuolis`ball,tangle,knot';ablaut.lett.cmu(o)rsm.`grape',extended
lit.kem,kimti`stuff',lett.emsu,imst(lit.Lw.)`ds.`,also`devour',lit.kam`Dam';
russ.kom`clump',komt`zusamenballen',serb.km`Weintreber'(`wasfromdengepreten
Traubenbleibt');inadditionruss.kmelm.`thickendaBalkens',poln.komelm.`knag'(*kamlia-),
russ.komljaf.`clump',serb.kminaf.`Weintreber';inablautslav.*kmy,Gen.*kmenem.inech.
kmen`stem';as`gedrcktsein'presumablyalsoslav.*mainserb.ma`Langeweile',mati`with
displeasurewait,holdon';OldChurchSlavicst`dense'(=lit.kimtas`gestopft').
Maybetruncatedalb.(*kemtas)shpesh:Russian::styj`frequent,close(together),dense'
DoubtfulisPerssons(Beitr.159)appositionfromgr.,-`bundle;place,wheredasreed
withdenrootsdenseverwachsensteht'(`*Geballtes,clump'),`swarm,feastandlrmender
Umzug,FestaufzugtoEhrenofDionysios';gr.(*kmosbecauseoflat.Lw.cmus)`muzzle'is
invocalismnotcompatible.
References:
References:WP.I388f.,Trautmann115,126.
Page(s):
Page(s):555
Root/lemma: kem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuzz
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`summen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancamara-m.`bosgrunniens';
mhd.nhd.hummen,nhd.hummeln,holl.hommelen`buzz',mengl.hummen,engl.humds.,norw.
humre`leiseneigh';inadditionoriginallyprobablyalsoahd.humbal,mhd.humbel,hummelm.
`bumblebee',mnd.hummelf.,engl.humble-b,norw.mdartl.humlaf.ds.;
lit.kmstu,kmti`hoarsebecome',kminti`dievoicedullmachen',kims`hoarse,dumpflautend',
kamnÈrdbiene',kamn`Feldbiene',lett.kaminesf.pl.Èrdbienen,Hummeln',OldPrussian
camus`bumblebee';
slav.*mel(ablautequallywithHummel)inruss.dial.meletc.,`bumblebee,Erdbiene';Church
Slavicruss.komretc.`mosquito'(ablautequallywithlit.kamn).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):556
Root/lemma: keng- ,kenkSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveunderkeg- .
Page(s):
Page(s):565
Root/lemma: kenk-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind,girdle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grten,umbinden,anbinden'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankcat(Dhatup.)`binds',kacuka-m.`Panzer,Wams,Mieder',kcf.`belt,
girdle';
gr.`Gitter'(tofroms.SolmsenBeitr.I214f.),n.Pl.`Mauern'(*knk-),-()
`HolzzumFestlegentheFe';
lat.cing,-ere`grten,grtelartigumgeben',umbr.sihitu`cinctos',perhapsalsocihcea`cancellos'
(*kinked-);lat.-gforcEntgleisungduetothedoppeldeutigencinxi,cinctumafterPrsentienas
cling,ming;WH.I217placesherekelt.cing-`schreiten'(differentaboveS.439),whetheroriginally
`*sichinKreisewenden';dieVariationofAuslautswreallerdingslightverstndlich,asdieS.439
angenommeneAnlautsvariation;stilldifferentaboutkelt.cing-KuiperNasalprs.168f.;
lit.kinka,-ti`Pferdeanschirren'.
Anunnasalizedrootform*kek-seeksmaninOldIndiankaca-m.`hairofthehead
(`*Zusammengebundenes');scar,band,strap'andlat.cictrx`scar,scratch'(duetoa*cicrefrom
*cecre`zusammenbinden,vernarben')
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):565
Root/lemma: kenk-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,bedry;aburningfeel(hunger,thirst)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen(drren),wehtun;alsoespeciallyvonbrennendemDurstandHunger'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankkati`begehrt'(`burningverlangen'),kkat(Dhatup.)`drstet';commonOld
gr.(afterAor.*entstandeinneuespresent*,compare:)
Hes.,hom.()`verybrennend',àrid',,
Hes.,Hes.;;;Hes.
(intheendingvermuteteSchulzeKl.Schr.329*aidh-`burn');
got.hhrus,withgramm.variationanord.hungr,ags.hungor,ahd.hungar(*knkru-)`hunger'(=gr.
-);ablaut.anord.h`plague,torment,smite'(*hanhn');
lit.kank`pain,agony',kankntiàfflict',kekti`harm'.
References:
References:WP.I401,Trautmann126,WissmannNom.postverb.42.
Page(s):
Page(s):565
Root/lemma: kenk-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:knee-cup,heel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`KniekehleorFerse'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankakla-m.n.`bone,Gerippe';
anord.h(*hanha-)inh-mtm.`Sprunggelenk,Fersengelenk',h-sinf.`KniesehneofHinterbeins
byanimals,Fersensehnebeimpeople',ags.hh-sinuf.,afries.h-sene`Fersensehne',ags.hh
`calcaneus'(*hanha-),anord.hll`calcaneus'(*hanhila-),ags.hlam.`calcaneus';
lit.kenkl`popliteus',knka`ds.,Hachse',lett.cinksla`sinewintheknee-bend'.
References:
References:WP.I401.
Page(s):
Page(s):566
Root/lemma: ken-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,pinch,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:asbasisforextensionsthemeaning`zusamendrcken,kneifen,
zusamenknicken;Zusamengedrcktes,Geballtes'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ken-1 :
:`topress,pinch,etc.`derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gen- :
:`topinch,pluck,
press,etc.`.
Note:
Note:meaning-Umfangasbygen- .
Material: knek- (onlygerman.):
aisl.hnakki,hnakkrm.`nape'(norw.nakkalso`mountaintop,Kuppe'),ahd.hnac,-ckes`nape,acme,
apex',bair.nacken`bone',changingthroughablautags.hnecca`nape,Hinterkopf',mnd.neckeds.,
mhd.genicke`Genick';withthemeaning`knicken'hereisl.hnakkiÀnker',norw.nakke`small
eisernerhook',nkia`crook,bend',mengl.nk,engl.nookàngle,point,edge'(aisl.hnekkja
`zurcktreiben,hemmen',actually`topresstogether').
knes - perhapsinahd.hnel,mhd.nel(le)`cusp,peak,acme,apex,Scheitel',ahd.hnolàcme,apex',
ags.hnoll`Scheitel'(*hnezl-,hnuzl-)andlett.knese`club,cudgel'.
Ai-basisinkneigh-,knei-b-ìncline'(seethere).
u -basiskneu- andextensions:
mir.cn,Gen.cn(*kns,*knuuos),cymr.cneuen,Pl.cnau,mcorn.knyfan,mbret.knoen`Nu',gall.
*knou;derivedmir.cnuas`Nsse;harvest';withd -suffixaisl.hnot,ags.hnutu,ahd.(h)nuz`Nu';
withk -suffixlat.nux,-cis`Nu'(`Nu'alsoactually`pellet,globule,clots');LohmannZceltPh.19,62
ff.
kneu-b-: lit.knibti`sichbcken',lett.knubtèinbiegen';
nisl.hnyprasigsaman`sichzusammenkauern',hnypur`kauerndeposition'.
kneu-d-: norw.nut`knaginwood,mountaintop,mountainpeak,summit',aisl.hntrm.,hntaf.
`swelling,lump,growth,ankle',schweiz.nossenm.`Felszacke,protrusion'.
kneu-g-, -k-:
air.cnocc,nir.cnoc(*knukkos),cymr.cnwch(andasLw.fromdemIr.alsocnwc)(ablaut.cnuch`joint,
coitus'),abret.cnoch`tumulus';
aisl.hnka`sichzusammenkrmmen',hnokinn`writhed,crooked,humped',hnykill`swelling,lump,
growth,knot',norw.nykkja`bend,crook(e.g.einenEisennagel);hervorragen',nisl.hnjkr,hnkr
`roundmountaintop',norw.dial.nykklan.`ball,tangle,knot',nisl.hnokkim.,norw.nokkaf.`small
Eisenhaken',ags.hnocc`penis'(engl.nockìncision'isschwed.Lw.),mndl.nockeìncisionina
arrowhead',ndd.nock,nocke`hervorstehendesendfrometwas',ags.ge(*h)nycned`gerunzelt',nhd.
dial.nock,nocken`smallhill;Mehlklo'(alsoaisl.hnykkiaànsichreien',perhapsfrom`topress
together');besidesnockstehtnhd.dial.knock`hill'(alsoinganzenbrigengerm.Sprachraum),das
aboveS.372Mittetoerwhnengewesenwre(comparealsoanord.knjkr,knykillbesideshnjkr,
hnykill),butalsosecondarygerm.neologismtonockseincould,anddaskn-perhapsfromwords,as
Knollen,Knopf,Knorren,Knoten,Knppeletc.bezogenhavekann;compareWeisgerberRhein.
Vierteljahrsbl.1939,34ff.;
comparelett.knakìs`toddler;transomamlangenSensenstiel'andgr.,
Hes.;toch.Akùk`Genick'.
kneu-p- : lett.kpt`zusammengekrmmtlie',lit.knipotids.;
aisl.hnfaàbstumpfen,stutzen'.
kneu-t-: aisl.hnoan.`ball,tangle,knot'.
kondo- `Geballtes':
OldIndiankanda-m.`tuber,bulb',kandka-m.`Spielball',kanduka-n.`pillow,cushion';
gr..Hes.,`KnochengelenktheFinger,toggle,fist,slapinthe
face,boxontheear,bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulbofZahnfleisches',`swelling,
lump,growth';
lit.knduolasm.`Kern'.
References:
References:WP.I390ff.,WH.II191f.,J.LothRC.40,366.
Page(s):
Page(s):558-559
Root/lemma: ken-2,ken-,keni-, kenu-;
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub,scrapeoff;ashes
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,schaben,reiben'
Note:
Note:variouswithconservativeextensions
Material:
Material:I.Leichtebasis:Gr.,-f.`dust,ash'(-is-stem,compare`cloudofdust',
-Theokr.,`bestube'from*-,hom.`dust,sand,ash'from);
ùnbesiegbar'(JthnerGl.29,76);
Maybezerogradelat.cinis-erism.f.àshes'<arm.aiunàsh';alb.(*aski)hiàsh'[commonalb.ski>hi-phoneticmutation].
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ken-2,ken-,keni-, kenu- ::`torub,scrapeoff;ashes'musthavecomefromzero
gradeofanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: s - , therefromazd-,azg(h)- :
:`toburn'into s k-en withthe
suffix-en.Thisassumptionisprovedbyalb.geg.(*askini)hiniàsh'[commonalb.ski->hi-phonetic
mutation].
ablaut.withlat.cinis,-erisf.m.àsh'(from*cenis),Dimin.cinisculus(,cinisareprobably
originallyeinneutr.is-stemgewesen,andhaveersteinzelsprachlichbecauseofNom.auf-is
Geschlechtswechselerlitten).
II.Schwerebasisken-, kn-: att.,3.Sg.present,later-`scrape,scratch;itch',
,,`dasitchiness',`dasReiben,scratch;itchiness',
Àbschabsel',`Schabmesser',`rasper'and`backbone,spine'and`Brennessel';att.
`demonofGeschlechtstriebes'(aufeinar.*knth-samemeaningwillGntertKZ.45,200
av.xnaait`nameaPairika'zurckfhren).
Ahd.nuoen,mhd.nejen`throughSchabengltten,genauzusammenfgen',ahd.hnuo,nuoa`Fuge,
Nut',as.hna`Fuge,Nut,schmaleRitze',mhd.nuot`ZusammenfgungzweierBretter,Fuge',nhd.
Nut,Nute.
Mir.cnm`consume,gnaw';cna`Verzehren'(StokesKZ.41,385)isquitedoubtful;
mir.cnimm.`bone'(*knmis`Benagtes'),cymr.cnaw,Pl.cnofein.
1.d -extensionk e nd- , ken-d-:

gr.,-Pl.`diedenthehiltofaswordgegendiebladeabgrenzendenZhneorhook',Sg.
`sword',,-m.Àchsenzapfen'(`*tooth'),`(bissiges=)wild,gefhrlichesanimal'
(seitHom.),zerogradeHes.,withetheerstensyllable(as,,
seeunder)sizil.`fox',att.asswearword,byHes.,,';
Maybealb.kunadhe`marten'
lit.kndu,ksti(*kond-)`bite',kndis`Milbe',kadis`morsel,mouthful'(secondarysecondaccent)
ksnis`morsel,mouthful',lett.kuu,kudu,kust`bite,sharpsein,divide'(afterPerssonBeitr.808
alsokadas`NachbleibselbeimGetreidereinigen;Reizen,Necken,withsecondarysoftening);
ChurchSlavickus`frustum',serb.kus`morsel,mouthful,Stck',ChurchSlavickusaju,kusati,serb.
ksm,ksati(etc.)`bite'(schleiftonigasfromlightrootform);abg.st`part'(*kndti-);withoutsextensionpoln.kdek`morsel,mouthful,Stck,gobbet'.
Maybealb.ast`moment':OldChurchSlavic:st`part'[fi]
2.Labialextensions:
k e n-p-: gr.,-`bissigesanimal',Hes.;(*kenp-)ànimal,esp.
Schlangenandanderespoisonousworms'.
k e n-bh-, ken-bh-:
gr.`scabies,mange',withanlaut.s-Hes.`Brennessel';()`scratch,
kratzeauf,drum;tumble;tear,rend,mangle,rend,lacerate',`Weberkarde,wherewiththe
WalkerdasTuchaufkratzt;Marterwerkzeug',`fuller,Tuchscherer',(
Eur.,Alkaios)àbgekratzteWollflocken;pillow,cushion'(dieAuffassungfrom-as
hybridizationfrom-and-=n-isincredible,s.PerssonBeitr.139);
gall.GNCnabetius(:run.Gen.Hnab[]das),air.cnai`vellus'(fromdemCymr.),cymr.cnaif`Flie',
cneifio`tondere',ncorn.()kneu,bret.kreo,Vanneskaneo`Flie';differentJ.LothRC43,408f.;
run.Gen.Hnab(i)das(idg.*knbhets`mutilated'),aisl.hnafa,preterithnf`cut,clip',hnefim.`fist,
sword',mhd.neve`fist',PNags.Hnf,ahd.Hnabi;geminatedaschwed.nappa`nip,pinch,topickto
pieces'anddiej-verbsaisl.hneppa`nip,pinch,clamp,press',ags.(once)hnppan`hit,gegenetwas
bump,poke';
remainfaroffthoughags.hnappian`drowse',ahd.hnaffezends.,nhd.dial.na(p)fezends.
(WissmannNom.postverb.183);
lit.kniebi,knibti`leisenip,pinch';lett.knb-ju,-u,-t`picken,pluck',Iter.knbt;lit.knab-,-ti
`schlen(Kartoffelnunderlikewise)',knabs`langfingerig,diebisch,skilful',knabnti,knebnti
`(auf)picken',knimb,-a,knbti`pluck,klauben',lett.knibt,knibintIter.`klauben'(-ni-kannzero
gradeto-n-sein);whethertheconsecutivewordspreviouslyfromknib-gefolgertenablautafterthe
i-rowhaveorpartlyoldRestethei-variantkenei-bh-are,isnotcertainly;lit.knburiuoti`with
irgendeinerHand-orFingerarbeitbeschftigtsein',lett.knib-ju,-u,-t`pinch,tweak,nip',Iter.knaibt.
3.s -extensionkene-s- , k(e)n-s-:
OldIndianredupl.ki-knasa-m.`partsofzerriebenenKorns,Schrot,semolina';
gr.,-`Nesselart'(probablyfrom*[]);
got.hnasqus`soft,fine'(fromKleidern;originallyeither`throughReibenorKnisternsoftgemacht'or
`softasgekratztewool'),ags.hnesce`tender,soft,weak',ahd.[h]nascn`naschen(*abknipsen),
tidbitgenieen';lett.knosti,knuost`withdembill,beak,nebinGefiederrupfen'.comparefromtheibasiskenei-s-:lit.knisetc.,seeunder.
III.i -basiskeni- , k e n-i:
1.baseof-w-stemgr.,lat.cinis,seeabove;gr.-,-,-`zerschabe,grind,
pulverize,reibeaufunderlikewise'(seems*kni-withafter-,-bewahrtemi);in
additiongr.òbscene',actually`pruriens',grownfromanAdv.auf-as`Marsch'
fromAdv.
2.Dentalextensions:
k(e)n i -d- :
gr.(Fut.)`scrape,scratch,reiae'(*),ìtchiness,Sinnenkitzel',`das
Abgeschabte,Abgekniffene,shred,gobbet';`Brennessel';
mir.cned`wound'(*knid),inadditionir.cymr.cnes`skin'(*knid-t);
aisl.hnta(hneit)ànetwasanstoen',hneita(*hnaitjan)`bump,poke,beleidigen',hnita,-aa`nieten',
ags.hntan`bump,poke,prick',hnitol(mnd.netel)`stig,cornipetus',gehnstn.`Zusammensto,
fight,struggle',as.of-hntan`tearaway';
lett.knidt`nieten'(asaisl.hnita);lett.knidtìtch,grovel,truckle,creep,sichbewegen';besides
fromarootformauft:lett.knest,3.presentknepreteritkneteìtch',knittds.
Undertheimaginingofkratzenden,stechendenGeruchesareanreihbar:hom.Òpferduft,
Fettdampf,fume,smoke'(*--,comparelat.lixa:liquor,lit.tams:OldIndiantamas-;indieaDekl.bergefhrtatt.);
lat.ndor(*cnds)m.`Bratenduft,vapor,vapor,fume,smoke';
aisl.hnissn.`smell,odor,ekelhafterGeschmackbeimfood,eating'(:hnta;comparegot.stigqan
`bump,poke':ags.ahd.stincan`stink').
3.Labialextensions:
gr.,Akk.Pl.ànantkind,dieHonigorFeigenannagt;undertheRindelebendesinsect',
withanlaut.s-`smallHolzwurm',,`knauserig',,,
`kneife';Hes.,(seeinadditionalso*gen-,gneibh-`topresstogether');
mndl.nipenst.andschw.V.(ndl.nijpen)`pinch,nip,press,anrhren,grasp',mengl.npin`press'
(germ.-p[p]-,compare:)aisl.hnippa`bump,poke,stecken',hnippask`quarrel,squabble',mengl.
nippen`nip,pinch,clamp',engl.nip,nd.ndl.nippen`nippen',nhd.bair.nipfen,nipfeln`nippen';nd.
nibbelenàbbeien';perhapslit.knimbunderlikewise(seeaboveunderkenbh-),ifwitholdivocalism.
4.s -extension:lit.knis,knsti`whlen,dig',lett.knisis,knislis`smallmosquito'.
IV.u -basiskenu- , kneu -:
1.Gr.(F),`dasknarrendeReibenofRadesintheRadachse;LarmtheFebeim
Marschieren',`scratchlight',`thescratch,lightAnpochen',n.`scabies',
Hes.;
aisl.hnggva,hngg(andweakhnyggja)`bump,poke'(originally`rub,scratch,scrape')=ahd.
hniuwan,mhd.niuwen`zerstoen,zerquetschen'(ags.hnygelan,Plur.Àbschnitzel'from
*hnuvilan-);furtherwiththemeaning`penurious'(compareschbig:schaben)aisl.hnggr`concise,
penurious,economical',ags.hnaw`penurious,knauserig',mnd.nouweèng,narrow,tight,slim,
slender,thin,concise,small,genau',mhd.nou,nouweèng,genau,painstaking',nhd.genau;
lett.knduandknstu,Inf.kntandknst,preteritknduìtch'(d(h)-andst-present,comparewith
wurzelhaftbehandeltem-d-alsoknudtds.);poln.knowa`dismember,steln',knowie
`Strohsplitter'(seealsoBrcknerKZ.45,313becauseofslav.*kn`stem',*kiga`book',whereat
differentBerneker663,664).
2.Dentalextensions:
Withd : gr.,`scabies',`kratzemich';aboutseeunder;ags.hnot
àbgeschabt,naked,bald,bleak,kurzgeschoren'.
Withdh : gr.Hes.,Hes.;
aisl.hnja,hnau`bump,poke,hit,nieten',ahd.pi-hnotan`befestigen',mhd.nietm.f.`breit
geschlagenernail,Niet',nieten`nieten';aisl.hnyia`toolzumSchlagenorKlopfen';
norw.dial.nuddastàbgestumpftbecome'(withs-schwed.mdartl.snudda`gentletouch',Falk-Torp
undernudd);ahd.hnotn`shake',mhd.notten`sichhinandherbewegen',mengl.nodden,engl.nod
`nicken';aisl.hnossf.`Kleind'(`gehmmert'),ags.hnossian`knock'.Aboutlett.knudtetc.see
above1.
Witht : presumablygot.hnu,hnut`',aisl.hnr`shaft,pole,picket,pole',lett.knute,
knutele`dnneshaft,pole'(orLw.fromnhd.Knttel).
3.g -extensions:gr.,,`strong-smellingplant,ErigeronviscosumL.`(if--from-;also--isequallypossible;zurGeruchsbed.compareabove,ndor);aisl.hnykr(*hnuki-)
`fetidness'(besidesfnykr,snykr,knykr,nykrds.,wobllateAnlautswechselformen).
4.Labialextensions:
Withidg.b : got.dis-hniupan`tear',dishnupnan`zerrissenbecome',aschwed.niupa`nip,pinch',ags.
-hnopanàbpflcken';withintensiveconsonant-Doppelungnorw.mdartl.nuppa`pluck',ags.
hnoppian`pluck',dn.mnd.noppe`Wollflocke,tuftofwool,Hechelhede';
withidg.bh :aisl.hnyfill`kurzes,abgestumpfteshorn,lambwithsolchenHrnern',ndd.nobbe,nubbe
`Wollflocke',mhd.noppe,p`Tuchflocke'(ratherLw.frommnd.noppe).
5.s -extension:lett.knasis`smallmosquito'(asknisis,knislisfromthei-basis).
References:
References:WP.I392ff.,WH.I217f.,II166f.
Page(s):
Page(s):559-563
Root/lemma: ken-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toappear,beborn;tobegin;young
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frischhervorkommen(perhapsactually:sprieen),entspringen,anfangen;also
vonTierjungenandKindern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankanna-`young',compoundsSup.knyas-,kniha-,kanih-;kany,Gen.Pl.
kannm(oldern-stem)`girl',av.kaine,kain-,kainn-ds.;
gr.`neu,unerhrt';
lat.recens`fresh,young,neu',actually`geradevomorigin,source,beginning;anancestor,thebirth
her';
mir.cinimèntspringe',ciniud`gender,sex,Stam';air.cenl`gender,sex',acymr.cenetl,ncymr.
`gender,sex,Nation';perhapsalsoacymr.mcymr.cein,ncymr.cain,mbret.quen,air.-fromdem
Brit.-can`beautiful'(:gr.`beautiful'=`young');genuineir.iscin(*keni-)ds.;
mir.cano,cana`Wolfsjunges',cymr.cenau`youngdogorwolf'(*kenu:ken-);
gall.Cintus,Cintugntos(`Primigenitus'),air.ctne,ct-èrster',cymr.etc.cyn(t)`previous,before,
rather',cyntaf`theerste';
burgund.hendinos`king';strittiggot.hindumistsùerster,hinterster',ahd.hintana,hintar`behind',
ags.hindema`theletzte'(`novissimus');
OldChurchSlavicv-,na-n,-ti`begin',zati`ds.;receive(ofWeibe)',konÀnfang',konc
ènd',OldChurchSlavicdo`kid,child'(ifnotLw.fromnhd.Kind;s.Berneker154);with
beweglichems-osorb.eo`dasletztgeborenekid,child',russ.enk`youngdog',OldChurch
Slavicten`catulus'.
References:
References:WP.I397f.,Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII112f.
Page(s):
Page(s):563-564
Root/lemma: ken-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrain,strive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichmhen,eifrigstreben,sichsputen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,,,,Hes.,
,,Hes.,,ion.`servant,Aufwrter',
`hurry,verlegemichaufetwas',-`Dienerin';
lat.cnor,-ri`sichkrperlichanstrengen,denVersuchmachen';
protokelt.*kn-(idg.*kn-)`vollbringen'inmcymr.digoni`make',dichawn,digawn,cymr.dichon,
digon`kann',digon`sufficient',acymr.MNGuoccawn,mcymr.gochawn,gogawn`distinguished',abr.
MNUuocon.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):564
Root/lemma: kenth(o)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rag,cloth
Note:
Note:alsoket(h)-
Material:
OldIndiankanth`repaireddress';poor.k'ot'anak`dress,cover';
gr.`skirtfromrags,Flickpoem'isBedeutungslehnw.fromtheLat.;
lat.cent`fromclothzusammengenhtesdressorcover,patchwork';
withoutnasalahd.hadaraf.`Cloth,rags'(*har,idg.*kotr),nhd.Quarrel;inadditionwithl
derivativemhd.Hadel,ablaut.nhd.dial.Hudel,ofitworksloppily'smudge'.
OldIndiankanth`geflicktesdress';arm.kòtànak`dress,cover';
gr.`Rockfromrag,Flickpoem'isBedeutungslehnw.fromdemLat.;
lat.cent`fromragzusammengenhtesdressorcover,Flickwerk';
withoutnasalahd.hadaraf.`rag,clout'(*har,idg.*kotr),nhd.Hadern;inadditionwithl-derivative
mhd.Hadel,ablaut.nhd.dial.Hudel,therefromhudeln`schmieren'.
Maybealb.geg.(*hadara)andra`supportingbeamforthewallorfence'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):567
Root/lemma: kerd-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togirdle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grten'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andslav.
Material:
Material:Air.fo-cridigedaràccingat',cri(u)ss`belt,girdle'(*krd-su-),mir.fo-chrus`Grtung',cymr.
crys`belt,girdle,Hemd',gwregys(fur*gwe-grysfrom*gwo-grys)`belt,girdle',acorn.kreis`Hemd',
grugis`belt,girdle',bret.krez`Hemd',gouriz`belt,girdle';
russ.res(besidesrez,daszthroughinfluencetheprepositionrzhat)`Geldgurt',klr.res
`lederner,widebelt,girdle,Geldkatze',poln.trzos`Geldgurt,Geldkatze';
perhapseineextensionfrom(s)ker- `turn'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):579
Root/lemma: kerd-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:talent,craft;talented
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`handwerksmiggeschickt,klugberechnend'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`profit,gain,benefit,advantage',`ntzlicher,ersprielicher',
`theVerschlagenste(Hom.);ersprielichst',`gewinnend,ntzlich,cunning',
,`fox',`gewinne';fromgr.*deriveslat.cerd`gemeiner
Handwerksmann';
air.cerdf.`Kunst,Handwerk;Knstler,Dichter';cymr.cerddf.`Kunst,Poesie';
aisl.epithethortim.`smart'(),horskrds.,ags.aschs.ahd.horscds.(*hort-ska-).
References:
References:WP.I423.
Page(s):
Page(s):579
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(kerem- ),krem- (:krom- )andkermEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:1)onion,garlic;2)ash-tree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`Zwiebel-andKnoblaucharten';2.Èberescheunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:(esp.withs- forms);anlautk- ,occasionallyk Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.,otherwise(throughAssimil.outofit)`Zwiebelart'(*kremusom);
mir.crim,Gen.crema,cymr.(reducedgrade)craf`garlic';
ags.hramsan,engl.ramsons`Waldknoblauch',norw.schwed.dn.ramsds.,mnd.ramese,remese
ds.,ahd.ramusia,nhd.(bair.)rams`ds.`(AlliumursinumL.);
lit.kermf.`wildgarlic';
slav.*erma,*ermuchainruss.erem,eremca,ermuka`Brenlauch,Alliumursinum',
poln.trzemuchads.,withPal.skr.srjemum.-af.uudsrjemu,-a`kindofwildwachsendes
vegetables';inadditiondieBezeichnungof`Prunuspadus'(likewisestrong-smellingplant);
lit.ermknism.ermkl,ermknf.`rowan,mountainash',lett.srmkslisetc.ds.,withother
Gutturalreihelett.crmauksisetc.,ds.;
russ.ermcha,erma,ermuchaàlderbuckthorn,alderdogwood,Ahlkirsche,Prunuspadus',klr.
erm-cha,-uchads.,sloven.rm-ha,-sa(andwithpalatal)srm-a,-sads.,poln.trzemcha,ech.
temcha,nowadaysstemchads.,
perhapsherethevenet.PNCremna.
References:
References:WP.I426f.,Trautmann128f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.168.
Page(s):
Page(s):580-581
Root/lemma: ker()-3
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,glhen,heizen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankayti`sengt'(*kr-d-,i.e.*ker-d-);nasalizedkuat`burns';aboutkuku-,
kaku-seeunder;
dubiouslat.carb,-nism.`coal'(idg.*ker-dh),fromSpechtIdg.Dekl.266zurcolorrootker-(*ker-
bh)placed;
got.harin.`coal',aisl.hyrrm.`fire'(*hurja-,idg.*ker-io-);
ahd.herd,as.herth,ags.heor`stove,hearth';ahd.harsta`frixura',gahurstit`frixus',mnd.harst
`Rost(zumBraten)',ags.hierstan`roast',hierstepanne`Bratpfanne';
lit.kuriu,krti`heizen',krnti`continualheizen',krstyti`schren',lett.kur'u(kurstu),kurt,frequent.
kurstt,kurint`heizen',OldChurchSlavickurj,kuritis`smoke',kurenje`Kohlenfeuer'etc.;balt.
kr-,slav.kur-,mtenbythisinterpretationAblautsneubildungento*krfromaidg.reduplicationgradeosein;eineotherinterpretationunder(s)ker-`cut,clip';
lett.cri`Glutsteine',crasÌnbrunst',cert`lieben,sehnen,hoffen';russ.eren`Salzpfannethe
Salzsiedereien',klr.eren`bottomofBack-andKochofens,Feuerherd',poln.trzon`stove,hearth';
lit.krtas`hot',kartis`heat',lett.karsts`hot',karstèrhitzen',(*kor-s-);whereforeas`stormy,hot
tempered'alsolit.kertas`rage,fury',kers,kerngas`zornvoll',kirti`zornigbecome';probablyto
OldIndiankuku-`burning;fire,sun'andkaku-`fire,sun'(bothmind.from*krku-;comparearm.
xarem`cook,burn'fromintensive*khrs-);compareMhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.I375,II164.
Acognaterootformkrs-as`Feuerglanz,blaze,glow',fromwhichpartly`red',partly`luminous,
bright,beautiful',inOldChurchSlavickrasa`venustas,pulchritudo',russ.kras`beauty,Zierde,
jewellery',OldChurchSlavickrasn`beautiful,pleasant,whitegekleidet',russ.krsnyj`red,
beautiful',ech.krsn`beautiful',oldalso`licht,gleaming'and`reddish'(etc.);lett.krsus`beautiful'
isruss.Lw.
Maybealb.kreshnik`nobleman,lord'
Einfromker-widened*k(e)r-em-seeksmaninlat.crem,-re`verbrennen(tr.)',umbr.krematraPl.
*crematra`kindofvesselzumBratenofFleisches,Braten';
inadditionas`Decoct'alsocremor`thefromaufgeweichtenGetreidekrnernorotherwisefrom
Pflanzengewonnenejuice,sap,porridge,mash';furthergall.,,air.coirmn.,mcymr.
cwrwf,acorn.coref,coruf`beer',whereforeperhapsOldIndiankaram-b(h)-m.`Grtze,porridge,
mash',kulma-m.`sourmucusfromFrchten,sourReisschleim';comparefurthertoch.kark-,
krk-`fry,roast'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):571-572
Root/lemma: kerp- ,krpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cloth,leather;shoe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zeug-orLederlappen;especiallySchuh'
Material:
Material:Lat.carpisculumàkindofshoes'(previouslybyVopiscusandstrangeoriginverdchtigas
dassimilarcarpatinusfromgr.`fromleather',`Lederschuh');
air.cairem`Schuhmacher'(*kariamos,idg.*ker[]p-),cymr.cryddds.(*cerdd,kelt.*karjos),acorn.
chereor,bret.kere,kereourds.;
aisl.hriflingr,ags.hrifeling`shoe';
lit.krp,lett.kurpe,OldPrussiankurpe`shoe'(*krpi,idg.*korp-);
OldChurchSlavickrpa`textura,rag',is-krpiti,-atiàusflicken',bulg.krpa`rag,kerchief,cloth;
Flicken',serb.kpa`Fleck,Stuckcanvas,fabric';withthemeaning`shoe',serb.kplje`snowshoe',
poln.kierpce`kindofBeschuhung',ech.krpec`Bastschuh';
withfullgradethe2.syllable,-`shoe;FundamentaBaues'(lat.Lw.crpda).
Dakerp-extensionfrom(s)ker(e)-`cut,clip'sei,isprobably.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):581
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(kerk - :)kork - :kr k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towrinkle,becomethin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinschrumpfen,magern'
Note:
Note:(oratmostkark-:krk-)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankr-àbgemagert,hager,weak',kyati`magertab',av.krsa-`skinny';
lat.cracents,leg.gracents`graciles'togracilis`skinny,slim,arid',dissim.from*cracilis;
aisl.horr(*hurha-)`Magerkeit';
lit.karti,intensivkrtu,krtiòldbecome',ikrs`frailbeforeage',krÀltersschwche',lett.
nuo-krst`veralten,reifbecome';
klr.korsàusgerodeteStricheLandes',skr.kljavìngrowthzurckgeblieben',sloven.krm.`shrub,
bush',ech.krs`Zwergbaum',krs-ati,-noutiàbate',poln.dial.karlak`niedriger,crookedtree,
firewood'.
References:
References:WP.I420f.,WH.I284,Berneker670.
Page(s):
Page(s):581
Root/lemma: ker-1 ,kor- ,krEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofsound(hoarseshrieking,etc..),*crane
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schallnachahmungforheisere,rauheTne,solcheTierstimmenanddiesie
ausstoendenTiere'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ker-1 ,kor- ,kr- :
:àkindofsound(hoarseshrieking,etc..),*crane'derivedfrom
Root/lemma: ger-2 :
:`toshriek(inexpr.forms),*crane'.
Note:
Note:anlautmostlyk-,rarek-alsowithbeweglichems-:(s)ker- .
Material:
Material:I.OldIndiankaraa-m.`crow'(),karyikàkindofcrane'.
Gr.,-m.`raven',`bill,beak,nebofraven'(*kornk-,comparelat.cor-n-x),
`behandeleschimpflich(fromunderlikewise),`crow',
Hes.(*kor-n-bhos);`KollerninLeibe';
lat.corvus`raven',cornx,-cis`crow',umbr.curnco`cornicem'(-k-besides-k-);Specht,Idg.Dekl.
118,161placeswhereascorvusandcornxzurcolorrootker-;
ech.krkorati`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker'(*kor-kor-,compare),serb.krakoriti
`gracillare',klr.kerekorty`kollern,coo'.
seealsokar- `loudpraise'.
1.Dentalextensions:
lterdn.skrade`rattle,clash,rcheln',schwed.mdartl.skrata`sound',norw.mdartl.skrata`gaggle,
cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker,scold,chide,loudlachen',skratla`rattle,clash',schwed.skratta
`lachen',dn.skratteèinengesprungenenTongive'.
A.Auf-k- (brokenreduplication):kerk-, krek-,krok-:
OldIndiankrkara-,krakara-,krkaa-m.àkindofpartridge,gamebird',kka-vku-m.`rooster,cock',
krka,krklik`birdname';av.kahrkatt-f.`rooster,cock',npers.krk`chicken',av.kahrksa-m.
`vulture,actuallyHhneesser';OldIndiankarkati(uncovered)`lacht',krkama-,-kraka-,-krakinperhaps`knarrend';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
arm.perhapsasneologismkarka`Rauschen,noise',karkaemèxcessivelachen,roar';
gr.Hes.,Hes.,Hes.,...
Hes.,,Hes.,...Hes.,`',.
Hes.,èineVogelart',m.`hoarseness'(iffrom*-),,f.
`Turmfalke';
lat.crci,-reandcrc,-re`croak,caw'(:ir.crin,lit.kroki,lett.krcu,slav.krakati,compare
with-g:gr.,anord.hrkr);
mir.crin,Gen.crna`sow'(`grunzend';protokelt.*krkni-);cercc`hen'(butcymr.ysgrechf.`scream'
fromags.*scrc`clamor';mir.scrch`scream'fromanord.skrkr);abret.corcid,nbret.kerc'heiz,
cymr.crychydd`Reiher',ir.corr(*kork-so-)`crane';
OldPrussiankerkof.àquanaut(bird)',lett.rcu,rt`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker,sough,
rustle,din,fuss,noisemake',lit.karki,karkti`burr,croak,caw,gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,
snicker',lit.kirki,kirkti`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell(fromtheBruthenne)';lit.
krkinuos,-intis`rutting,inheatsein(ofswine)',lett.krect`hoarsebecome';OldPrussiankracto
(lieskracco)`Schwarzspecht',lit.krkds.,lit.kr(i)oki,kr(i)kti`rcheln,grunt'(:lat.crcietc.),
kr(i)okls`waterfall',lett.krcu,krkt`croak,caw,schnarchen,rcheln,bawl,blaster';lit.kurki,kurkti
`quarren',lett.krcu,krkt`quarren'(:OldChurchSlavickrknti;changingthroughablautwithlit.
kvarkti);compareMhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.WbII296,270,322;
OldChurchSlavickrknti`croak,caw'(etc.);russ.-ChurchSlavickreet`Zikade',russ.krk
Àufstehnen',kreet`Jagdfalke',serb.krka`clamortheHhnerorFrsche'(etc.),ech.kek
`clamor',osorb.kekavaÈichelhher';russ.krochl`Tauchergans',bulg.krkon`raven',serb.
krm,krkati`croak,caw'(etc.);russ.-ChurchSlavic(etc.)krau,krakatids.;inadditionslovz.krk
(*krak)m.`raven'.
Nasalized:ags.hringan`sound,clink,rattle,clash,clatter',engl.toring`lauten,clink',anord.hrangn.
`din,fuss,noise',hringia`luten',lit.kranki,krakti`croak,caw,rcheln',kranki,krakstids.,
russ.krjkat`crack,creak,groan,burr,croak,caw';toch.krakorooster,cock;OldIndiankru,
kruca-,krucam.`Brachvogel'.
Withanl.k - : OldIndianri-f.èinbird',srik`dieindischeElster';arm.sareak`Star';lit.rka,Old
PrussiansarkeÈlster',russ.sorka,ech.straka,serb.srkaÈlster';besidesOldChurchSlavic
svraka,serb.svrkads.,seeunder.
Withanlaut.k u - : alb.sorr(*kurn)`crow'(Jokl,Ml.Pedersen146);
OldChurchSlavicsoraka,serb.svrkaÈlster'.
B.Auf--g -:
OldIndiankharjati`knarrt',kharglèincertainNachtvogel(owl)';
gr.`krchze',,,`croak,caw(ofraven),cry';
Hes.;
anord.hrkr,ags.hrc,ahd.hruoh`crow';ndd.harken,dn.harke`sichruspern',schweiz.harchlen
`rcheln',anord.hark,skark`din,fuss,noise',herkir,skerkir`fire'(`*knisternd'),anord.harka`rant,
roister',ndd.harken`scratch,scratch,scrape',harke`rake',nhd.Lw.Harke;toOldIndiankharju-m.
(uncovered)`theitchiness,scratch',khrgala-m.`crutch'();
ahd.rachisn`sichruspern',ags.hracam.,hracuf.`throat',ahd.rahho`Rachen',ags.hrcam.
`dasRuspern;saliva',hrcan`sichruspern,spucken',anord.hrkam.`saliva';anord.skrkrm.
`scream'(*skrki-),skrkja,skrkta`cry',skrkn.Pl.`lie,falsity',skrkvaèrdichten,erlgen';
lit.kregd`swallow',krgti`grunt',krogi`rchle,grunt'.
3.Labialextensions:
A.With-p-: OldIndiankpat,Aor.akrapia`lament';
krcchr-`schlimm';n.`need',mind.from*krpsra-;
npers.srfk`clangor',surf(iran.*srfa-)`cough';
lat.crep,-sand-is,-re`knattern,knistern,crack,creak',crepundia,-rum`Klappernas
Kinderspielzeug,Kastagnetten'(afterM.Leumann,Gnomon9,240,ratherEtruscan);EM3268;
anord.hrafn`raven',urnord.HrabnaR,ags.hrfn`raven',ahd.hraban,hram`raven'(mhd.also
rappe),as.nahtram`Nachteule';
Withs -:
-:anord.skrafa`babble,chatter',skraf(andskrapseeunder)n.`gossip';anord.skarfr
`Seerabe',ags.skrfds.,ahd.scarba,scarvaf.,scarbom.ds.,nhd.Scharbe;bret.scrav
`Meervogel'isgerm.Lw.;
lett.krept,krpt`dirty,filthybecome',krpt`zhenmucusauswerfen'(from`*ruspern'),lit.
skreplntids.,lett.krpalasPl.,lit.skrepliaPl.`Schleimauswurf,OldChurchSlavickroplj,kropiti
`besprinkle,sprinkle'etc.,russ.kropott`drone,grumble,grumpy,surly,sullensein,sichsorgen'
etc.
With--b -:
-:anord.skrap`dasRascheln,gossip',skrapa`rustle,babble';lit.skrebti`rustle',OldChurch
Slavicskrobot`noise'.Nasalizedgr.`Kastagnetten'.
II.i -basis(s)(k)erei-:
Air.scretf.,nir.scread`scream'from*skri-zd(h);comparePerssonBeitr.I348;
withs -:
-:bret.screo(*skriu)`kreischenderMeervogel';
ahd.as.scran`cry',ahd.screin.`scream',ndd.schrwen,ndl.schreeuwen`cry'(*skraiwian),wflm.
schreemen,engl.screamds.(*skraimian);
withouts -:
-:anord.hreimr`clamor',anord.hrna`cry'(ofSchweine);comparelett.krna`sow'(alsoir.
crinds.:lat.crcio)andpiem.crin(ligur.)`swine'.
gutturalextensions:
A.With--k -:
-:gr.`(dasJoch)knarrte,kreischte';lit.kryki,krkti`screech,shriek,scream,
squawk,cackle,croak,yell',kriksti`quaken';
OldChurchSlavickrik`clamor',kriati`cry';
anord.hegri,ags.hrgra,ahd.heigaroand(h)reigaro,mhd.heigerandreiger,nhd.Reiher(*kroikro-,
*krikro-),partlywithdiss.Schwundeoferstenr;
cymr.cryg`hoarse',fem.creg,therefromcreg-yr`Reiher';
einevariousLautnachahmungisbulg.crkam`zwitschere,zirpe;cry,spritze'(etc.s.Berneker132);
B.With--g -:
-:gr.`dasSchwirren;creakiness(theZhne)',Hes.,,,
`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell,growl',bot.(=)`';
cymr.cre(*krig),dychre(*d-eks-krig)`clamor';derivedcrydd,cryr`Reiher';
anord.hrka`gnash',hrikta`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,cackle,croak,yell';
withs -:
-:anord.skrkia`Vogelschrei',asverb`chirp,twitter',ags.scrc`Wrger',norw.skrka,skreik
`cry',as.skriknds.,an.skrkr`scream';
lateneologism:nhd.Krickente,schwed.krickand,krikkads.,ndl.kriek,krekel`cricket,Heimchen',frz.
criquetds.,ndl.kricken,kreken`Zirpen(fromthecricket)',mengl.creken`creak',engl.creakds.,frz.
criquerds.;
withs -:
-:OldChurchSlavicskrgati(i.e.skrg-)`gnash',skrt(i.e.skr-)`Geknirsche'.
III.u -basis(s)k(o)reu- , (s)k(o)rau-:
1.Lat.corvus(seeaboveS.567);mir.cr`raven'(*krouos);ndd.schrauen,schraulen,norw.skryla,
ryla`cry',norw.dial.skrynia`clatter,noisemake,sharpclink;cough';anord.skraumi`bawler,crier,
Hanswurst';nordfries.skrummel`Getse,noise,rumor',nhd.schrummeln`thunder',anord.skrum
`gossip;lit.kriun,-ti`cough,groan,moan';perhapsalsotoch.keru`drum'.
2.Dentalextensions:
With--d -:
Anord.hrjta`roar,bellow,schnarchen,drone,grumble',ags.hrtan`schnarchen,pant,sniff,snort',
ahd.rzan,rzn`rattle,clash,schnarchen,buzz';compareags.hrotm.`thickFlssigkeit,mucus',
etc.underS.537;
mnd.schrten`schnarchen,wheeze,prusten',wfl.Schrute`Truthenne',schwed.skryta`brag,
boast',dial.`schnarchen',norw.dial.skryta`pant,sniff,snort,prusten',skrota(*skrutn)`brag,boast'
(perhapsalsoanord.skrautn.`splendor,jewellery',skreytaàdorn',ifactually`brag,boast',compare
norw.skrytaàdorn,praise,laud,brag,boast',rytads.).
Withidg.--t -:
-:anord.hryjaf.`Spucknapf',isl.hroi`saliva',norw.dial.ryda,skrydaf.`mucusin
Halse'.
With--k -:
-:lit.kraukls`crow',krauki,krakti`croak,caw',ablaut.krik-i,-ti`grunt',krk`Gegrunze';
lett.kraklism.`raven',krais`Saatkrhe',kraukt`cough,mucusauswerfen(ofcattle)';krakaf.
`Schleimauswurf';
OldChurchSlavickruk`raven'(etc.);
isl.hrygla`rattleinthethroat',mhd.r(c)heln,nhd.rcheln,norw.rugde`Waldschnepfe';inaddition
probablyags.hrog`nasalmucus';
withgemination-kk-:dn.skrukke`glucksen',skrokke`chat,prate',nexttowhicholderdn.krokke
`call,shout,cry,fromHhnern',mnd.krochen`grunt;hoarsecry(ofraven)'.
With--k - ::OldIndiankrati,av.xraosaiti`kreischt,shouts,howls',OldIndiankra-,kla-m.
`scream,Rufweite',(:ags.hram`Notruf'from*hrauhma),npers.xurs`rooster,cock';s.W.Schulze
Kl.Schr.166.
With--g -:
-:gr.`clamor',(`kindofSpecht')Hes.;got.hrukAkk.`das
Krhen',hrukjan`crow'.
References:
References:WP.I413ff.,WH.I275f.,290,291f.,293,Trautmann128,139f.,WissmannNom.
postverb.130f.
Page(s):
Page(s):567-571
Root/lemma: ker-2
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)ker- .
Page(s):
Page(s):571
Root/lemma: ker-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cherry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`Kornelkirsche,Kirsche'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.f.=lat.cornus(*krnos)`Kornelkirschbaum',=lat.cornum
`Kornelkirsche',lit.*kirnasasbasefromKirnis`deuscerasorum';inadditionprobablygr.
`Kirschbaum'(outofitlat.cerasus),perhapsthrakisch-phryg.word.
Contrarinessofphoneticallybereinstimmungremainfaroffthemeaningbecauseof:lit.krnaf.
`StrauchbandfromWeiden',kirnis`swamp,marsh',OldPrussiankirnof.`shrub,bush',ablaut.lit.
kras`hoher,verwitterterstump;Staude',kertiìndiesteschieen',lett.crs`shrub,bush,
knorrigeBaumwurzel',OldPrussianker-berse`Wirsenholz'(perhaps`Strauchbirke'),withformantsba,lit.krba(outofitlett.irba)`swamp,marsh,morass';russ.-ChurchSlavickrj,russ.kor`root',
ech.ke`shrub,bush',o-gradeOldChurchSlavic(etc.)koren,Gen.-ene(en-stem)`root';together
withruss.ren,erenk`Heft,Stiel,handle,graspaMessers;Pfropfreis'etc.(seeBerneker146f.);
perhapsto(s)ker- `cut,clip'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):572-573
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(ker-5 ),k r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohang
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hangen,hngen'
Material:
Material:Lit.kariu,krti`withaStrickerhngen',lett.kar'u,krt`hngen',lit.pakara`Kleiderstnder,
peg,plugzumKleideraufhngen',lett.pakars`hookzumAufhngen',OldPrussianpaccaris`strap',
lit.pakor`gallows';perhapsalsolit.pr-kartas`crib,manger',OldPrussianpracartis`trough',if
originally`vorgehngterFuttersack';
inadditionperhapsasextension*krem()-ingr.`hnge',olderds.(besides
,s.SpechtKZ59,97),`hange',`Hngematte',zerograde
`slope'.
References:
References:WP.I412.
Page(s):
Page(s):573
Root/lemma: ker-5
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,drehen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)ker- .
Page(s):
Page(s):574
Root/lemma: kermEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobetired,rest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrmden,rasten,schlafen'
Material:
Material:Ahd.mhd.hirmen,mndl.hermen`rest,rasten';lit.kirmy-j,kirmti,kirmtiànfaulen,faul
become'(influencedfromkirms`worm').
References:
References:WP.I426.
Page(s):
Page(s):582
Root/lemma: ker-6 andk e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:darkcolour;dirt,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Farbwurzelfordunkle,schmutzigeandgraueFarbentne
Note:
Note:oftenextendedwith-i and-u ;s.theextensionskerb(h)- andkers- .
Material:
Material:OldIndiankaraa-òxblood,indigo'(),kurug-,kulug-m.àntelope',kirmira`varicolored',kra-n.Àuswurf,manure',kardama-m.`slime,mud,smut,manure';kalka-m.
òrdure,filth',karka-`white'(:mir.corcach);npers.cardeh`blackish,darkish',kari,karah`smut',pehl.
karic`crap,muck';gr.`catarrh,Rotz',Hes.,Hes.,
Hes.;
aboutlat.carb`burningorburntwood'seeaboveunder3.ker-;
mir.corcachf.`swamp,marsh'(:OldIndiankalka-,karka-,seeabove);
ahd.horo,Gen.horawes,mhd.hor,hurweòrdure,smut'(*kr-u-);ags.horh,Gen.horwes,ahd.horg
`dirty,filthy'(*kr-k-u-o);aisl.horrm.`nasalmucus,snot,smut';ags.hrotm.`Rotz',ahd.hrozds.,
aschs.hrottag`snotty';ahd.ruoz,rouz,mhd.ruoz,ruost,aschs.hrot`smut';ags.hrumm.`smut',
aschs.hrum,mhd.PNRum-olt;
withpalatalinanlaut:
arm.san,Gen.sainìce',sanum`gefriere';
ven.-illyr.PNCarm(Steiermark,Austrianprovince),rtoroman.carmn`weasel';seeunderkormen-;
alb.thjer-m`gray',per-thjerm`lazuline'(*ker-uo-withsecondary-m);isurmàshen'(*kor-mo-);s.
JoklMl.Pedersen153ff.;
aisl.hjarnn.`frozensnow'(:arm.san,slav.*sern);ahd.hornunc,nhd.Hornung`Februar';ahd.
harmom.èrmine'(:ven.-illyr.carm);
lit.irvas`gray,greyish-blue'(*kruos),irmasds.(*kr-mo-s),lett.sirms`gray'(compareOldIndian
y-m-`black,dark'besidesy-v-ds.);lit.irvis`(*gray)hare';inadditionlit.armf.`hoarfrost',
lett.sarma,sermads.,lit.armu,ermu`(*gray)ermine'(:ahd.harmo,ven.-illyr.carm);
armuonsm.`(*gray)weasel',withablautostlit.irmuonlisds.,lett.sermulism.`(*gray)ermine';
protoslav..*serninruss.-ChurchSlavicsrn`',aruss.serenyj`white'(fromhorses)andas
m.sloven.srn,srnj`hoarfrost,frozenSchneerinde',russ.sern`frozensnow',poln.szron(older
srzon)`hoarfrost(:aisl.hjarn);
lit.erknas(besideserktas)`weigrau,mouldy',erknasm.`hoarfrost',ablaut.irknas`hoarfrost'
andirsijairnyti`coveritselfwithwhitefrost';lett.serns,serksnsm.,alsosersnim.Plur.,sersnaf.
`hoarfrost'andserstulaiks`time,datheSchneetrgt'.
Note:
maybe(*hurwe)Hrv>Hrwat`darkpeople'=Sarmoi>Serboi,Srbfromlit.sarma`gray,whiteweasel'
[commonPIEb>wmutation].
ItisinterestingthattheetymologyofthenameoftheCroats(root:Hrv)isalsounknown.Some
suggestthatthenamesactuallyoriginatefromthesameroot:indeed,therootsaredistinctlysimilar
(Srb/Hrv).However,itisnotknownwhetherthisismerelycoincidentalorindicativeofacommon
origin.
References:
References:WP.I409,428f.,Trautmann300,303,SpechtIdg.Dekl.118f.,179,199,W.Schulze
Kl.Schr.113underAnm.1.
Page(s):
Page(s):573-574
Root/lemma: kernoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:jaw
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kinnbacken'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andslav.;compareker-2 .
Material:
Material:Cymr.cern`mandible,lowerjawbone',bret.kern`Mhltrichter,Scheitel,Tonsur'.mir.cern
`point,edge,angle'(esliesdieimaginingofKnicksammandible,lowerjawbonevor);
slav.*ernin:abg.rnovnaja`',r.-ChurchSlavicrnovn(zub),rnovtc`'
`densmolaris',slovak.ren`mandible,lowerjawbone'etc.
AfterBgaRFV.67,234tolett.cruo-k(s)lis`Backenzahn',OldIndiancarvati`chew'.
References:
References:WP.I427,Trautmann129,SpechtIdg.Dekl.141,169.
Page(s):
Page(s):582
Root/lemma: kersEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcolour(black)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenforFarben,especiallydunkle,schmutzige
Note:
Note:andprobablyalsobloesker- ;comparealsokel-4andker-6.
Material:
Material:OldIndiankr-`black'=OldPrussiankirsnands.,FlNKirsnappe=abg.rn,russ.
ren,skr.crnetc.`black'(*rxn,*rsn);without-no-formslit.kras`blackandwhitemottled,
speckled,*tabby',kr`buntecow',kris`schwarzbunterox',kerulis`Ringeltaube';karsf.
`Brassen,lead(fish)',kirlsm.àsh';theintonationfromkraspatbutnotzumOldIndian;
Note:
OldChurchSlavic:rn`black':Lithuanian:kirsnas`black(ofahorse)':OldPrussian:kirsnan
`black':Krishna`Vedicblackgod'
schwed.norw.harr`sche'(*harzu-);ags.heard-hara,heardra-m.,nhd.holl.harder,herder`seaash'.
References:
References:WP.I428f.,Trautmann118,134f.
Page(s):
Page(s):583
Root/lemma: kert- ,kert- ,krtEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,roll,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,zusammendrehen',vielfachvomBiegenandVerflechtenvonstento
Flechtwerk;`festzusammengedreht=kompakt,massiv,knag'
Note:
Note:extensionfromker-7 ,S.574;seeunder(s)ker-3 .
Material:
Material:Air.krtti`drehtdenFaden,spinnt',karttar-`theSpinner',crtti`binds,heftettogether',
kaa-m.`netting,Matte'(mind.for*krta-),probablyalsoku-,kuf.`cottage'(*krt),kuya-n.(*krtya-)
`(*geflochtene)wall',plikoccha-`wickerwork'(OldIndian*krtsa-);OldIndiankrtsn-`vollstndig,
whole'(comparelat.crassus,slav.*rstv);
gr.()m.`basket',Àstknorren'(*);withu-coloredreducedgrade,
`Binsengeflecht,fishsnaringnet,cage',`wickerwork';
alb.kjerthull`circle,Garnwinde,Haspel'(:mir.ceirtleseeunder);
maybealb.*kjerth,kredhdive,rollinwater
lat.crtis`wickerworkfromstenorRuten,hurdle,Rost,Faschinen',crtsdentataeÈggen',crti,
-re`harrow'(*kerti-,or*krti-,comparelett.krti,lit.krtai);crassus`thick,strong,coarse';
probablycartilgo`gristle'(probablyker[]t-,comparepalma:);
mir.ceirtlef.`ball,tangle,knot'(*kerteli);certf.`scrap,shred,Kleinigkeit';
got.hards(*krtis)`door',anord.hurds.,as.hurth`netting',ahd.hurd,Pl.hurdids.,nhd.`Hrde=
hurdle',ags.hyrdeland(old)hyril`wickerwork';
maybealb.kurth`trap,(net)'
doubtful(*kert-s-to-,*krt-s-ti-)as.harstm.`wickerwork,Rost',harsta`Rost';mnd.harstds.,
`deadwood,shrubbery,bush,Rost'(whereofmnd.harsten,ahd.hersten,ags.hierstan`roast'),norw.
dial.rust`spinney',ags.hyrstm.`wood,forest',mnd.horst,hurst`shrubbery,bush',ahd.horst,hurst
m.`shrubbery,bush',nhd.Horst`Raubvogelnest';
OldPrussiancorto`paddock';nasalized(asslav.kr[t]nti)perhapslett.kretns(wrelit.*kretnas)
`proficient,valiant'(iforiginallyasmuchasruss.krut,seeunder);
lit.kratas`steilesbank,border,shore';compareklr.krutj`winded,upright,schroff',kra`steiles
bank,border,shore'(Trautmann142);
r.-ChurchSlavicrstv,rstv`tight,firm;lauter,genuine',russ.erstv`hard,dry;fhllos;
altbacken',serb.vrst`tight,firm,hard;vollfleischig'etc.(*krt-tu-os);
nasalizedslav.*krtati,*kr[t]nti,russ.ktat,knut`fromtheStellebewegen,umwerfen;touch',
sloven.krtati`wenden,lenken,turn,rcken'etc.,changingthroughablaut*krtinruss.-Church
Slavickrut`tortus,immitis',russ.krut`drall;jh,upright(seeabovetolit.kratas);thick
eingekocht;cold;hard,stern',serb.krt`violent',poln.krty`drall;winded,crooked;twiddled,twisted,
rotated,revved,revolved,gekruselt',ChurchSlavickrt,krtitis`torqueri',russ.krutt`turn,
winden,whirl,lace,tie'etc.,sloven.krotca`knotinGespinst',ech.krutna`ds.;convolution:cradle',
poln.skrtka`Weidenseil';
afterPedersenToch.Sprachg.heretoch.kerccye`palace'.
References:
References:WP.I421f.,WH.I285f.,Trautmann142,146.
Page(s):
Page(s):584-585
Root/lemma: kes- (*hes-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,itch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,kmmen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(zurforms.Boisacq)òakum'(*kes-kes-);
mir.crf.`comb'(*ks-r);
anord.haddrm.`KopfhaartheFrau'(*hazda-z);ags.heordf.`hair'(*hezd),inadditionheordanPl.
òakum',engl.hards,mnd.herde`Flachsfaser';hde,mnd.hde,heide(ndl.nhd.Hede)òakum';
lit.kas`braid,plait,pigtail',kasa,-ti`continualgelindescratch,scrape',kas,kstiùmgraben',
lett.kast`rake',kast`scrape,scratch,rake,scratch,scrape',inadditionkasaf.,kasusm.kaism.,
`scabies';OldPrussiankextif.`Zopfhaar,(developmentfromaparticiple*kestasora*koz-dho-=
germ.*hazda-);
maybealb.(*e)qeth`dresshair'[commonalb.s>thshift],(*kast)kosit`harvestthecrops'
OldChurchSlavice,esati`comb;stripe,abstreifen(e.g.Beeren)',bulg.(etc.)el`comb',ech.
pa-esm.`Hede,oakum',russ.ska`Hede,oakum',euj`dandruff',esotka`scabies';Church
Slavickosa`hair',russ.(etc.)kos`lichen,pigtail',ChurchSlavickosm`hair';OldChurchSlavic
kosnti`touch,anrhren',kasatis`touch'(from`pluck'),serb.ksm,-iti`lacerare,vellere'probably
iterativetoesati;ech.(etc.)kochatièrgtzen,caress,lieben'(tokosntias`liebkosend,zrtlich
touch',perhaps`krauen';compareBerneker152,491,538,580ff.).
Rootextensions:
ks-eningr.(*ksni)`scratch,comb;drum;tumble,prgle',`combzumWollekrempeln',
`gekrempeltewool',`clot,chunk,Haublock';
lat.sentis(*ksen-tis)`briar',sentus`horridus'(byPrudentius`dornig');
ks-n-eu- in:
OldIndiankuti`schleift,wetzt,reibt',ktra-n.`grindstone,whetstone',participlekut-av.huxnuta-`goodgeschrft';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lat.novcula`Schermesser,razor'(duetoaVerbums*novrefrom*ksneu-);
anord.snggr`kurzgeschoren',snoenn`naked,bald,bleakgeschoren';snaurùnverhllt,arm',
ags.besnyan`mug,rob',mhd.besnoten`sparse,arm',snde`small,weak',nhd.schnde.
ks-es- in:gr.(*ks-es-),Aor.`scrape,smooth',`geschabt';commonOldIndianh>k-:Avestanh->gz-,z-:gr.z-phoneticmutation
ks-eu- in:
OldIndiankur-m.`Schermesser,Dornpflanze';npers.or`salzig',kurd.rds.;commonOld
gr.`scrape,rub,gltte',participle`geschabt,geglttet',-`(gegltteter)spearshaft',
Àbschabsel',`Striegel',`rasper',(:OldIndiankur-)`Schermesser',
,,Hes.;(*ks-ou-enom)àllGeschnitzte',esp.`Gtterbild';commonOld
Indianh->k-:Avestanh->gz-,z-:gr.z-phoneticmutation
gr.,Hes.(`Striegel'),ratherwithks[u]-here,aswith*kss-zurrootformkses-;
hereprobablywithmetathesisbalt.*skuu`rasiere'inlett.skuvu,skt,lit.skut,skstids.
References:
References:WP.I449ff.,WH.I178f.,Trautmann119f.,268,SpechtIdg.Dekl.239,250,Kuiper
Nasalprs.851.
Page(s):
Page(s):585-586
Root/lemma: keud- ,k d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreien;anschreien,schelten,hhnen,spotten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankutsyati`schmht,tadelt',kuts`Schmhung,reprimand',npers.nikhdan
`rebuke,vilify,scold';
gr.,-`schmhe,beschimpfe',x,Hes.,
Hes.;fromastem-:`Schlachtlrm,-getmmel',`din,fuss,
noise`Tumultcause',-ds.;
maybealb.hutaòwl,cryingowl'
agutn.huta`herbeirufen',norw.dial.huta`cry,rant,roister,einenHunddrohendanschreien,
verchtlichbehandeln'(mengl.hten,hten,nengl.tohoot`cry,jucheien'fromanord.hta
`threaten');ags.hsc(*kd-sko-),ahd.as.hosc(*kd-sko-)`Schmhung,derision,ridicule',ags.hosp
`Schande,disgrace,shame,insult',hyspan`mock'(with-sp-suffix),mhd.hiuze`cheeky,alert,awake,
smart',hiuzen`sicherfrechen'(`*herausforderndcry'),gehiuze,gehze`Larm,clamor,derision,
ridicule',hiuzen,hzen`zurVerfolgungcall,shout,cry'(inadditiondieInterj.hussa);
withanlaut.s-(previouslyafterschallen,schreienunderlikewise)perhapsmengl.schten
`vociferari',engl.toshout`loudcry,call,shout,cry,jubilate',aisl.skta,skti`derision,Stichelei';
abg.kud,kuditi`zugrunderichten',ChurchSlavicalso`vilify,scold,rebuke',russ.prokdit
`schlechteStreichemake,Schabernackplay',kdf.`Schwarzkunst',skr.kudm,-ti`rebuke,
slander',poln.dial.prze-,przy-kudzi`spoil,langweilen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):595-596
Root/lemma: keu-1 ,skeu- ,lengthenedgradekuEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tonotice,observe,feel;tohear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`woraufachten(beobachten,schauen)',dann`hren,fhlen,merken'
Note:
Note:heavybasiskou - ; s-extensionkeu-s- ; aboutformswithanlaut.s- s.amSchlusse;kou o -s
`sorgsam';d -extensionkud -: kd - inkudos :kdos
kdos`fame'.
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiankav-`smart,wise;seer,Dichter',kavr-èigenntzig;penurious',-kava`notstingy';-kvat`beabsichtigt',-kta-n.,-kti-f.ìntention';
av.v1.Sg.Med.Aor.Ìerhoffte,versahmich';
gr.`merke,hear'(Denomin.from*kouos;=lat.cave);*Fplacedinion.-att.
`carebear,carry';dor.Hes.;,;,;,
Hes.;maked.`number';PN-(F),-,etc.;n.`fame'(see
undertoslav.udo);
fromthebasiskeu-s- :`hear'(*),,hom.`Gehr'(*),
`gehorsam,untertan',lak.`Zeuge',Hes.,gort.(witholde-Vok.,during
from*:abhngt);aboutseeunder;
etc.atfirstwithgot.hausjanetc.,seeunder,related;-isbarely=nìn',but=-(*h-h,
*h-h)throughHauchdissimilation,oridg.sm-`together';differentaboveS.18,whereas
ablautneologismseinmteorfernzuhaltenwre,waswenigprobablyis;
lat.cave,-ere`sichinachtnehmen,sichvorsehen'(*covre,Denom.from*kouos),cautus`careful',
umbr.kutefprobably`*cautens',`careful';
got.hausjan,aisl.heyra,ags.heran,as.hrian,ahd.hr(r)en`hear'(seeabove);lengthened
gradees*ku-inags.hwian`see,show';
lett.kavt(:lat.cavre)`zaudern,hesitate';
wruss.s-kum-ju,-ùnderstand,comprehend',ech.koumati,s-koumati`merken,gewahrbecome'
(denominativea(s)kou-mo-,-m);abg.uj,uti`feel,merken',serb.jmti`hear,feel'(etc.;
*ku-);
abg.udo,-ese`wonder,miracle',uditis`sichwundern'(*ku-dos,changingthroughablautwith:)
Maybealb.cudi'marvel'
gr.`fame,honour',`ruhmreichst',actually`whereofmanhrt';
serb.vati`beware,guard';protoslav.*ev,*evitiinaech.v-ieviti,na-v-ieviti,nowadays
navtviti`besuchen'.
keu-s- inruss.dial.chat`wahrnehmen,hear',sloven.ha-m,-ti`spren,ahnen',ech.ich
`sense,mind,Witterung,spoor';compareaboveto.
2.Withanlautendems-:
miran.kh,np.ikh,ukh(uriran.*skauaa-)`splendor,glory,magnificence,Majestt,
stateliness';arm.cucanem`lasseschauen,points,shows,evinces',coyc`dasZeigen,Schau'(skeusk);
gr.Òpferschauer';
got.us-skaws`(*ausschauend=)besonnen',ags.scawian,as.skauwn,ahd.scouwn`see,show';
aisl.skygn`seeing',skygginn`clear,bright'(*skuvvini-),whereofskygna`peer';got.skauns`beautiful'
(ibna-skauns`fromgleicherGestalt'),ahd.scnids.,aisl.skjni,as.skni`gleaming,beautiful',ags.
scencds.(actually`conspicuous');tiefstufiges*sku-ni-inaisl.skynf.n.òrder,Bescheid,
discernment',skynjaùntersuchen,understand,comprehend';aisl.skoa`peer';
OldPrussianau-schaudtwei`trust'.
References:
References:WP.I368ff.,WH.I186f.,Trautmann132.
Page(s):
Page(s):587-588
Root/lemma: keu-2 ,keu Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:oftenwithlabialenorgutturalenextensions:`biegen'inverschiedenen
Sonderungenasìnjointbiegen,Gelenk,sichbcken,sichdrehen';Èinbiegung,Einwlbung,
Hhlung';Àusbiegung,Buckel,roundHaufen'
Note:
Note:Zahlreicheparallelformationfromtherootgeu-seethere,compareesp.die
GegenberstellungenbyPerssonBeitr.100f.,104Anm.1.-AboutdenVersuchaVermittlungwith
(s)keu-`cover'seethere.
Material:
Material:Theeinf.rootinOldIndiankora-m.`beweglichesjoint';av.fra-,apa-kava-`vorn,hinten
hunchbacked';klr.klity`shrinkup,beforecoldness',poln.kuli`pulltogether,crook'.
EbensoisdieVorgeschichtefromlett.kuza`craw'underlikewisebecauseofReimverhltnissesto
guzaetc.notcertainlytobeurteilen,seeundergeu-`bend'aboveS.395.
UnderanAnlautvariantekhwillPeterssonKZ.47,277herestellenOldIndiankhlakaÀmeisenhaufe'(alsolit.kls`bundlestraw'),zuversichtlicherarm.xoyl,Gen.xuli`struma,scrofula',
russ.uljata`testicles',serb.ljevi`goldenevein'.
A.Dentalextension(redupl.)ka-ku-dka-ku-d-:OldIndiankakd-`Kuppe,acme,apex',kkd-`Mundhhle,
palate',kakdmant-`withaGipfelorhunchversehen';lat.cacmen`cusp,peak,acme,apex'(die
men-furtherformationsprobablyafteracmen),basicmeaning`bulge';aufeingerm.*hagu=Old
Indiankakd-oneintroducesalsoafries.heila`head'back(*hagila-,withSuffixwechselforhagu-la-);
comparealsoOldIndiankakbh-àcme,apex'under`labialextensions'.
B.gutturalextensions.
B.I.keu-g-:
aisl.hka`kauern,hocken'(hkta,st.participlehokinn),hoka,hokra`grovel,truckle,creep',hykiask
`sinkdown,zusammenkriechen',mhd.hchen`kauern,sichducken',nhd.hocken;schweiz.hockm.
`heap',tirol.hockenm.`heapofhay',withanlaut.s-mhd.schochem.àufgeschichteterheapofhay
underlikewise',(withkk:)aschs.skokm.`60piece',mhd.schoc(kes)`heaptussock,Anzahlfrom60
piece',mengl.shock`heapGarben(12-16)';aboutSchochs.lastlySommer`ZumZahlwort',S.78
ff.,S.-B.Bayr.Akad.1950,Heft7;
lit.kug,ablaut.kigis`Heuhaufe',OldPrussiankugis`knob,handle,button,pommelamthehiltof
asword',lit.kaugur`smallsteilerhill',lett.kudze`heap,barn,haystack'(andskaudze).
B.II.keu-k-:
OldIndiankucti,kucat`ziehtsichtogether,krmmtsich',kucik`Schlssel',kuca-m.`female
breast',kcayati`ziehttogether',kca-m.`dasEinschrumpfen',npers.k`gekrummt,
hunchbacked';
air.car`crooked'(*kukro-);
mhd.hocker,hogger,hoger`hump,hunchback,hunch';got.hauhs,aisl.hr,hr,ags.hah,as.ahd.
hh`high'(`*aufgewlbt');aisl.haugr,mhd.houc`hill',got.hiuhma`heap;bulk,mass',hhjan
`haufen,gather,collect',nhd.(md.)Hgel;
lit.kakas`swelling,blister,Eitergeschwr',kakosPl.f.`glands',kakas`fairydemon,ghost,
zwerghafterghost',OldPrussiancawx`devil',lit.kaukar`hill',kukuls`Mehlklo',kkis`Misthaken',
lett.kukurs,kukms`hunch,swelling,blister',kki's`dwarf;Zaunknig',kkaèineofAlter
Gebeugte',russ.-ChurchSlavickukonos`crooked-nosed';
russ.kka`fist',bulg.kka`hook,crutch',skr.kka`hook',kkonosast`hakennasig',kkara`hookby
thePflugdeichsel',kuka,kuf.`convolutionofaFlusses';skr.m,ati`hocken,kauern',
sloven.um,atiandkum,katids.;russ.dial.keriPl.f.,klr.kueryPl.m.`Locken';witha
meaning`heap'russ.ka`heap',dial.`haystack',kkat`conglobate,hufen',kki`diePlejaden',
ech.kue`mass',poln.kuczkiPl.`smallheap'.Abg.kknjÙnterschenkel'.
C.Labialextensions.
C.I.keu-b-:
a.InAnwendungaufbendambody,sichinGelenkbiegen:
gr.`cavitybeforethehip,haunchbeimVieh;Wirbelknochen-dice,cube'(outofitlat.cubus;
èlbow'Poll.eitherfromwithSuff.--orreshufflingfromds.-fromlat.
cubitum-underEinwirkungfrom);
lat.cubitumn.,-usm.elbow'(outofitgr.ds.);cub,-re`lie'(fal.cupa,i.e.cuba[t],besides
lofertaders.Inschr.,provesital.b;alsoplign.incubat),lat.(ac-,in-)cumb,-ere`sichlay,place'
(originally`sichzumLiegenniederbucken'),sabin.cumba`lectica';
cymr.gogof`cave'(derivativemcymr.guocobauc),bret.kougods.(*upo-kub);
got.hupsm.(stemhupi-),ags.hypem.,ahd.huff.`hip,haunch';aisl.hopa,ags.on-hupian
`zurckweichen',ags.(fen-,mr-)hopn.`hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole'(as`lair,cavity');
intensivej-verbisndd.hppen,nhd.hpfen,mhd.hpfen,hupfen,hopfen;-verbwithgemination:
aisl.hoppa,ags.hoppian,hoppettan,nhd.hopsen;geminiertevoiced-nonaspiratedinschwed.dial.
hobba,hubba`bump,poke',nhd.dial.hoppen`hpfen',engl.hobble`hinken'(WissmannNom.
postverb.174f.).
b.WithnotaufsBiegenofKrpersgewendetenmeaning:
OldIndiankubra-n.`cavityintheearth,pit,pothole;Ohrring';gr....Hes.;
[butags.hpigìnhillsandhollows',hpm.`Reifen',engl.hoop,ndl.hoep`ring,Reifen',aisl.hpn.
`bay'tolit.kab`hook'];
ags.hapm.f.,as.hp,ahd.houf`heap;troop,multitude,crowd',mnd.hpe,ahd.hfo,nhd.Haufe
(also),mhd.hste(seeaboveunderkeu-p-).
.II.keu-bh- (includingfromwords,diebhorbcontaincan).
OldIndiankubhany-perhaps`sichdrehend,tanzend';
redupl.OldIndiankakbh-f.`Kuppe,acme,apex',kakubh-`hervor-,emporragend'(previouslyafter
kakd-reshaped);
infinalsoundambiguousbakhi(pmird.)kubn`woodendrinkingbowl'(:poln.kubek`goblet',gr.
`',nas.gr.etc.;UhlenbeckOldIndianWb.59);
gr.`gebckt,writhed,crooked,humped',n.`hump,hunchback',`bendvorwrts,
curve',probablyalso`beugemich,duckemich',`demtig',`geduckt'(originally
labialnotobjektivfeststellbar);Hes.;maybefromthelanguage
nrdlicher(thrak.,maked.)Gauklerderivehenceprobably`'EM.,`'
EM.,`'EM.,`fromfuryergriffensein'Hes.Poll.,aswellas
`schlageeinenPurzelbaum,strzekopfber';
tothelabialextensionsinthemeaningfromunderlikewiseprobably`Kasten,
hutch;Bienenzelle;Ohrffnung',`dieinErdlchernnistendeUferschwalbe';
ahd.hba,as.hva,ags.hfe,aisl.hfaHaube,Kappe';
russ.kubar`Brummkreisel',kbarem`kopfber',kubc`Brummkreisel',kblmdartl.`wooden
ballzumSpielen',kbok`goblet,Pokal',klr.kub`fromHolzausgehhltesGeschirr',kbok`paten,
hauchigesvessel,smallGeschirr',poln.kubek`goblet,Schoppen,Obertasse'.
C.III.keu-p-:
a.OldIndiankpa-m.`pit,pothole,cave';
gr.Hes.(),,;`goblet',
m.`Getreidema';
lat.cpaf.`cask,butt',roman.also`Wanne'(besidesgloss.androman.cppa`goblet'seemslate
shortformwithKonsonantenverdopplungbesidestosein);aboutLehnformenfromdem
Lat.andRom.orientiertBerneker645f.;
aisl.hfrm.`Schiffsrumpf',ags.hyf`beehive';here(orzurrootformauf-bh-or-b-)probablyalso
ags.gehopp`folliculus',hoppef.àroundswelling;inwater,abubble,Kapsel',mengl.hoppe
`SamenkapselofFlachses';
atmostslav.*kp,ech.kep`vulva',poln.kiep`ds.;fool,Taugenichts'(Berneker664f.between).
b.Bedeutungsgruppe`bulgeafterabove,heapunderlikewise':
Apers.kaufa-`mountain',av.kaofa-`ds.;Kamelbuckel',npers.kh`mountain'(place-ph-ahead);
alb.(sdtosk.)kjip`heap'(*kp-j);
mir.canf.`Trupp,heap'(*koup-n);
ahd.hovar`hump,hunchback'(:lit.kupr),ags.hoferm.ds.,ahd.hubil`hill',as.huvilds.(therefrom
nhd.hobelnas`dieUnebenheitenentfernen');perhapsahd.hfila,hiufila`cheek',nhd.schweiz.
hfelinùnderdenAugenliegenderTeilthecheek';norw.hovn.Ànhhe,smallhill',aisl.hofn.
`temple',ags.hofn.paddock,house,temple',as.hof,ahd.hofm.ùmschlossenerroombeimHaus,
courtyard,blessing'(originallyfromtheLageaufAnhhen);mhd.hsteàufdemFelde
zusammengestellterGetreidehaufen,Hauste'(:lit.kpstas);*hfstoisablautequallywithahd.hfo
andseemsasdiesesprobablyrathertokeu-b-tobelong(seethere);wirdalsowithruss.kust`bush,
shrub,bush,Staude',klr.kust`shrub,bush,Staude'connected;
lit.kapas`heap'=abg.kupds.(serb.kpcertainlywithotherintonationaskapas;s.Berneker
646);lit.kaupi,kapti`hufeln',kupi,kptiàufeinenheaplay,place,sort,order,arrange',kupr
`hunch',kpstas`hill',kpeta`haycock,haystack',kpinas`gehuft',lett.kupt`sichballen',kupenis
`Schneehaufen',kuprs`hunch';
withlengthenedgrade*k[u]p-:lit.kuopi,kupti`hufeln(corn,grain)',lett.kuops`heap',kuopin
`fascicle,sheaf';
russ.(Berneker646)kupr,kper`Steibein,Brzel',poln.kuper`Brzel,buttocks'.
D.Nasalizedkum-bh-, mostlykum-b- :
OldIndiankumba-m.`dasthickend(aKnochens)';kumbha-m.`pot,pan,crock,pitcher',Du.`die
beidenErhhungenauftheforeheadofElefanten'=av.xumba-m.`pot,pan;Vertiefung',npers.
xumb,xum`pot,pan,crock,pitcher'(diesewithanlaut.Tenuisasp.);
gr.`Becken,bowl,barge',,`vessel',mostlyPl.`cymbalum,Becken'(after
BanateanuREtIE.1,120fromsemit.qubbh;VanWindekensLexique48comparestoch.Akumpc
`drum');
`head,'EM.,Suid.,hom.`cusp,peakaHelmes'(compare),s.Leumann
Hom.Wrter231ff.;
lat.(withpresentnasalization)-cumb(seeaboveS.590);
mir.comm`vessel';cummal`goblet,bowl',cymr.cwmm`valley'(m.),bret.komm`trough'(m.);from
urbrit.*kumbosderiveags.cumb`valley',engl.coomb,combe`Talmulde',whereasisgall.rom.cumba`valley,trough'Fem.;fromdemFrz.derivesbret.komb`valley';comparedieunnas.
Gefbezeichnungenpam.kubun,poln.kubek,alsogr.`';
aisl.aptr-huppr,norw.mdartl.huppandhump`thegroin,flankbeimVieh',nhd.humpeln,mnd.
humpelen`hinken'andinnotparticularlyaufdasBiegenofKrpersgewendetermeaning:
norw.humpm.`bumpiness,knag(ndd.Lw.),engl.hump`hump,hunchback',ndd.humpef.`thick
piece',humpel`niedrigerhillock',ndl.homp`thickStckbread';perhapsnhd.(ndd.)Humpen
(compare).
References:
References:WP.I370ff.,WH.I127,297f.,298,305,306,310f.,859,Trautmann121f.
Page(s):
Page(s):588-592
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(keu p- :)ku p- ,ku p- ,k p - nexttowhichoccasionalkeu ( e)p- ,k(e)u e pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmoke;toboil;tocook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rauchen,wallen,kochen;alsoseelischinAufruhr,inheftigerBewegungsein'
Note:
Note:Fromku - pluralbloesk- probablythroughpreviouslyprotoidg.simplification
Material:
Material:OldIndiankpyati(=lat.cupi)`gertinWallung,zrnt',kpa-m.Àufwallung,rage,fury',
kpyatièrschttert,angers';cpati`bewegtsich,rhrtsich';kapi-(uncovered)`Weihrauch',
whereforeas`*smoke-color'kapil-,kapi-`brunlich,reddish',alsokap-m.àpe';
alb.kapitemàtmeheavy'(aslit.kpoti);
gr.`smoke',hom.`hauchtefrom':uudHes.,
Hes.,Hom.àushauchend';zurdissimilationfrom*kuap-no-sto
compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.I302;
lat.cupi,-ere`lust,crave'(=OldIndiankpyati),cuppdo=`cupdo',alsocupps`lascivious,esp.
aufLeckereien',cuppdium`Nscherei,tidbit';umbr.Cubrar`Bonae',sabin.cuprum`bonum'
(`*erwnscht,begehrenswert'withpassivischemforms-ro-asclrusetc.);vapor`haze,mist,vapor,
vapor',olduaps(*kuaps);
maybealb.*cuprum,bakrbronxe
air.ad-cobra`wnscht'(*-kuprt),Verbaln.accobor(*ad-kupro-)`wish',ThurneysenGr.139;
got.afapjan(*kub-besidessonstigem*kup-)èrsticken,auslschen',afapnanèrlschen'(:
-),mhd.verwepfen`kahmigbecome,ofWein',nisl.hvap`dropsicalflesh';
lit.kvpasm.`breath,breeze,haze,mist,Wohlgeruch'(:lat.vapor),kvepi,-ti`duften'(--kann
balt.ablautneologismsein),kvpi,kvpti`breathe',lett.kvpt`qualmen',kvpesPl.`breath,breeze,
fume,smoke,smut',kvpt`ruchern',changingthroughablautlit.kpoti`heavybreathe',lett.kpt
`smoke;steam,stuben',kupintiesàufgehen(ofdough)',kupt`ferment,seethe',OldPrussian
kupsins`fog'(derivativefromanes-stemaslat.vapor);
OldChurchSlavickyplj,kypti`boil,berlaufen',kypr`lax,pors',ech.kyprold`strebsam,
emsig,fresh';klr.kvpytya`sichsputen,hurry';with(idg.)reduceduruss.kpot(*koput-)f.`fine
smut,dust',koptt`withsmokeblackmake,ruchern';perhapsOldChurchSlavickopr`dill'
(riechendeplant;s.Berneker564).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):596-597
Root/lemma: kiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìnBewegungsetzen,inBewegungsein'
Note:
Note:(:ki- :k - );eu -basis(partlywithn -Infix)k-(n-)eu- ; heavybasiski- (:ki- )
Material:
Material:Gr.`goaway,travel'islateneologismtoAor.;Imper.,participle;
hom.Prteritum-,-(metr.lengthening)`folgteafter,durchstreifte',Hes.
(heavyroot);-,-Èseltreiber',`movable,nimble,'(comparezur
formation,);
fromk-n-eu- :gr.`werdebewegt,erschttert,go',`schwankehinundher',
`putinBewegung,drive'(*F-);
alb.qojàwake,erwecke'(*kini),coj`send,senden'(*ds-kj),cys,cyt`reize,necke'(*ter-kiu-t-i),
syei,syen(*kiu-n-i)`bestrmen,anfallen'(JoklMl.Pedersen149f.);
lat.cie,cire(secondaryci,cre)ìnBewegungplace,astirmake,herbeirufen'(cire=idg.
ki(i)-),citus`quick,fast',cit,-reìnBewegungplace,comelassen,vorladen',solli-citus`whole,
starkbewegt,perturbed,inAngstanddanger',cunctus(*concitos)`gesamt,smtlich'.
extensionsfromtheeinfachenrootformkei- from:
Withd (d-present):perhapsir.cid-e.g.incisseìnvecta',Pass.Konj.as-cesargl.èxseri'(etc.,
PedersenKG.II490f.),veryprobablygot.haitan,ahd.heizan,ags.htan,as.htan,anord.heita
`heien(=antreiben),order,call,name';compareosset.sdin`call,shout,cry'.
Withl(o) -formants:Auf*ki-lo-s`moves,wippend'kannbasedon:lit.kel,kl,lett.cilawa,Old
Prussiankylo`Bachstelze',aech.ilàgile,lively';lat.cill,-ere`move'isperhapsonly
Grammatikererfindung.
Withs : OldIndiancati`bewegtdieGlieder,isinBewegung',ca-n.,c`movement,
Gebrde'.
rootformki - eu- withoutnasalinfix:
OldIndiancyvat`regtsich,gehtfort',av.(y)avaite`placessichingait,Marsch',Oldpers.
aiyavam`marschierte',OldIndiancyautn-n.Ùnternehmung,Bemhung',av.yaona-n.`Tun,
Handeln,Wirken',yaoman-n.`feat,dead,act,work';
arm.u(=OldIndiancyuti-)`departure',vemÌbrecheauf,fare,journeyab',Aor.(topresentertàm)
ogayÌwalked'(*kiou-):
gr.`putinrasche,intensemovement',Med.`hurry,binexcited,aroused'(=cyavat;the
diphthongkannafterdenauerprs.formsandafterunthemat.festgehaltensein),hom.
èilte',participlePerf.,-`herandrngend,daherstrmend'(=OldIndian
cyut-`getrieben',compareav.fra-ta-ìngaitgekommen'),-ìnhaste,hurry';att.
`budgemichrash,hastyorviolent'(*F),(Bacchyl.)`treibt',,
Hes.,hom.-`dieVlkerzumKampfeantreibend';att.`betreibe'
(compareav.yaoman-);`beschftigemichanhaltendwithetwas';eineDehnstufenbildung
asOldIndiancyautn-,butwithreducedu,isdasprobablyheregehrige`daswooden
wheel',`Radreifen'.
References:
References:WP.I361ff.,WH.I213f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I679,686,745.
Page(s):
Page(s):538-539
Root/lemma: kl- ,kl- ,klEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todeceive,enthrall,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`betren,vorspiegeln,schmeicheln,betrgen'
Material:
Material:Gr.att.(protogr.)ènchant,betren',ènthrallment',Pl.f.
`bezauberndecreature';
lat.calvor,-andcalvi,-re`Rnkeschmieden,hintergehen,deceive',calumnia`falseaccusation,
deceit,slander,Rnke'(*calvomni),veryprobablyalsocavilla(*calvilla)`Neckerei,Stichelei,
Trotzelei',cavillor,-r`banter,bewitzeln,behhnen';das-v-isunclear;
got.hln,afhln`slander',anord.hln.`Lob,boastfulness',hla`praise,brag,boast',ags.hln.
`slander',hlian`slander',hlunga,hlinga`vergebens,grundlos',hlan`slander',ahd.huolen
`cheat,deceive'.
SolltePerssons(Beitr.148)citationofgr.`Schmeichler'zutreffen(),wredierootas
kurzvokalischmustbeassumed,hencegr.-andgerm.hl-Dehnstufen,lat.cal-reducedgrade.
References:
References:WP.I446,WH.I143,187;WissmannNom.postverb.125.
Page(s):
Page(s):551
Root/lemma: k t - ,kotEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dwellingspace
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wohnraum'(originallyÈrdlochasWohngrube')
Material:
Material:Av.kata-m.`chamber,Vorratskammer,Kellerod.likewise'(:got.hj),npers.kad
`house',fromwhichfinn.kota;butaboutanord.kot`schlechtecottage',kytja`cottage',ags.cot
`cottage,chamber'etc.seeaboveS.393f.;
got.hj`chamber';
ChurchSlavickotc`cella,nest'etc.;whether`Wohngrube,holeintheearth'dieoriginalmeaning,
wrdensichanreihenlassen:
maybealb.kotecànimalshelter'(contaminatedbySlaviclang.),alsoalb.(*kotu-)katua`stable,
basement,cellar',nasalizedkatun,katund`house,village'[commonalb.shiftn>nd]notfromital.
cantone`corner'.
gr.,`Hohlung',further`hohlesvessel,bowl,goblet';
lat.catnusèineSchsselzumSpeisenauftragen'(Demin.catillus,outofitgot.katils,dt.Kessel,out
ofitagainabg.kotl,lit.ktilas)=ags.heden`Kochgeschirr'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):586-587
Root/lemma: k(i)- ,k(i)- (*h(i)- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toacquire,possess
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrwerben,VerfgungandGewaltworberbekommen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankyati`besitzt,beherrscht'(*ki-ti)=av.xayati`hatpower,force,might,
herrscht,verfgtworber,besitzt',xay`power';OldIndiankatr-n.`Herrschaft',av.ap.kara-n.
`Herrschaft,Reich;Herrschergewalt'(urar.neologismtokayati),Oldpers.xyaiya-ìnBesitzthe
Herrschergewalt,king'(npers.h),Xayran-`Xerxes'(xaya-aran-`Heldenbeherrschend');
commonOldIndianh->k-:Oldpers.h->x-:npers.x->-phoneticmutation
gr.èrwerbe'(=kayati),Perf.`besitze',(withunclear)`possession,
property,fortune',poet.,Dat.Pl.ds.,n.àcquisition,possession,property',
n.,Pl.`possession,fortune',Sg.`daseinzelneStckVieh';withthesameAnlautverhltnisas
between:gort.alsoatt.-[]=-;throughhybridizationfromand-(:)dial.`Landerwerb'.
commonOldIndianh->k-:Hittiteh->tk-:gr.tk->kt-phoneticmutationseeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
hem- ,hom- ,Gen.-ablativeh()m-s :
:èarth'.
References:
References:WP.I504,BSL.38,143,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I325f.,5196.
Page(s):
Page(s):626
Root/lemma: khakha!
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:interjectionoflaughter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:InterjektionofLachens
Note:
Note:withpartlyeinzelsprachlicherneologism
Material:
Material:OldIndiankkhati(Gramm.)`lacht';arm.xaxank`laughter',gr.(from*)
`laughloud';lat.cachinn,-re`hellauflachen',cachinnus`laughter';ahd.kachazzen,kichazzen,
ags.ceahhettan`loudlachen';OldChurchSlavicetc.chochotatids.;comparelit.kiknti,kiknti
`kichern'.
Similartoonomatopoeicwordskk- àuslachen'ingr.`schmhe';ahd.huohn`mock,scoff',
as.hhi-lk`laughable';withgerm.--k -:
-:ags.hocorn.`derision'.
--------------------------------
*)ThebyWP.I341,348f.,399angefhrtenrootskhd-`bite',khbh-:khbh-`feeble',khen`dig'
arenotasidg.toprove,ebensowenigdasfromSpecht(Idg.Dekl.263,Anm.4)angesetztekh-mo`crooked';diefromihm(see256)angefhrtenOldIndianBeispielekhalati-,kharva-,khara-,khaa-,
khora-aresmtlichnichtidg.origin.OldIndiankhdati`zerbeit,chews',npers.xyadds.,couldto
arm.xacanem`bite'belong,butalsowithsecondaryexpressiveAspirationas*knd-tolit.kndu`bite'
(somewhatdifferentaboveS.560).Zurgleichenrootken- (above559ff.)couldOldIndiankhnati
`grbt',Inf.khni-tum,participlekht-(*khn-to-)belong,togetherwithdenneologismskh-n.`cave',
-kh-`Maulwurf',kh-`stream,brook'=av.Nom.Akk.Pl.xds.;OldIndiankhan-`whlend',f.
`Mauseloch'=av.kani-`ditch,trench,channel';av.Oldpers.kann-`dig'(k-fromkh-fromden
compoundswithus-,ham-).Deranlautfromgr.,`drone',`dull,deaf'isdoubtful,
alsothefromChurchSlavicchabiti`spoil',chaben`woeful,wretched,miserable',asalsothefrom
ChurchSlavicchom-t`Kummet',fromSpechttolat.hmus(*kh-mo-)`hook',gr.`writhed,
crooked,humped'(andds.)placed(differentaboveS.555).ForProblemtheTenues
Aspiratae,diepartlycertainlyassecondaryexpressiveaufzufassenare,compareHj.Frisk,
GteborgsHgsk.Arsskr.1936:2,S.38ff.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.251ff.Forslav.anlautendenchcompareV.MachekSlavia16(1938),161ff.andJ.J.MikkolaUrslav.Gramm.174ff.
ZahlreicheOldIndianwordsnichtidg.originwithanlaut.kh-,darunterdieabovementioned,by
Kuiper,Proto-Munda47ff.
References:
References:WP.I336,WH.I126.compareaboveS.497haha.
Page(s):
Page(s):634
Root/lemma: kikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:jay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hher'
Note:
Note:onomatopoeicwords
Material:
Material:OldIndiankiki-,kikidv-m.`blauerHolzhher'(knottoczurFesthaltungthe
onomatopoeicwordSchallnachahmung);
gr.,att.(*-)`Hher';
ags.higoram.,higoref.`picus(ElsterorHolzhher)',mnd.hegern.`Hher',ahd.hehara`Hher'.
References:
References:WP.I451.
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: kist
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofbasket-work
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geflochtenerBehlter'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Kisten,Kasten'(outofitlat.cista,cisterna);
=air.cessf.`basket,hurdle'(comparero-cess`wurdegeflochten'),cisse`geflochten'(comparebut
PedersenKG.II491).
References:
References:WP.I452.
Page(s):
Page(s):599
Root/lemma: klauEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weinen'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andalb.
Material:
Material:Gr.(ion.),(att.)`cry,weep'(*F-:,,and
):alb.klanj,kanj`cry,weep'(*klauni).
References:
References:WP.I490;compare6.kel-.
Page(s):
Page(s):599
Root/lemma: kldhr
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:alder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrle'
Material:
Material:Gr.àlder,BetulaalnusL.`,nhd.dial.(Zillertal)lutter,ludere,ludern(SchmellerI2
1542)Àlpenerle,BetulananaL.`.
References:
References:WP.I490.
Page(s):
Page(s):599
Root/lemma: klEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toheapup,toput
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`breithinlegen,darauflegen'
Material:
Material:Lit.klju,klti`hinbreiten,breithinlegen',lett.klju,kltds.,lit.kltas`dasPflasterinHofe',
klodas`bedspread',pakld`Bettlaken'(-d-fromd-ordh-presentas:)
abg.klad,klasti`laden,lay,place'(etc.,inadditionalsoruss.klad`verschneide');
t-present(partlyperhapsalsooriginalto -nouns)ingot.afhlaan`berbrden',aisl.hlaa,ags.as.
hladan,ahd.hladan(participlegihlatan)àufschichten,laden';aisl.hla`PflasterinHofe,Stapel,
heap',ags.hldn.Èrdaufwurf,heap',hldel`dipper',andfullgrade(comparelit.kltas)nisl.hl
Nom.Pl.`stove,hearth'aswellasags.hlf.`booty;bulk,mass,troop,multitude,crowd',anfrnk.
hltha`booty',mhd.luot,md.lt`load,big,giantbulk,mass,Rotte'.
-to- or-sto- , -sti- nounto*hlaanisaisl.hlassn.`load,cargo',agst.hlstn.,ahd.last,Pl.lestif.

`load'.
Sonderstellungfromags.hlf.`robbery,booty',hlere`robber'(:ahd.landri`latro',aisl.hlenni
`robber,thief',hlanna`rob',germ.*hlan-);daalsomhd.luot,md.lt,dienotfrom*hlan-toderive
are,diemeaning`Rotte'have,isonlyfortheAgs.Zusammenflieenzweierdifferentwords
zuzugeben.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):599
Root/lemma: kleik Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,squeeze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(schmerzhaft)drcken,quetschen,klemmen,zwicken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianklitiàfflicts,belstigt',klyat`wirdafflicted,leidet',kla-m.`pain,
affliction,complaint',sa-kli-`squeeze';
lit.klf.`Krebsschere'(therefromprobablyalsoklas`schiefbeinig'),kleiioti`withcrookedFen
run';
slav.*kliaand*kla`pliers,scissors'(frombsl.*kleii-and*klaii-)placedinpoln.kliszawyand
klr.*klavyj`bowlegged';besidesr.-ChurchSlavickla`pliers',sloven.kle,klr.klif.Pl.ds.
(frombsl.*klaiti-);
ChurchSlavicklta`pliers',kltiti`premere',abg.s-kltatis`cruciari',russ.dial.klestt(=
klstt)`press,press,clamp'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):602
Root/lemma: klem- ,klm- ,kl e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,ailing,feeble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaff,matt,siech'
Note:
Note:(barelybetterasklm-:klm-mustbeassumed)
Material:
Material:DasOldIndianbietetontheonehandklmyati,klmati`wirdtired,erschlafft',ontheother
handrmyati`wirdtired,mhtsichab,kasteitsich',rnt-èrmdet,abgearbeitet',rma-m.
Èrmdung,tiredness,Erschpfung';rama-`sichkasteiend,Bettelmnch'isaboutdieostasiat.
SprachenasSchamane`magician'afterEuropagekommen(idg.Reihenwechsel;alsodie
DoppeldeutigkeittheLiquidaerschwertdasjudgement;fromkerm-èxhaust'jedenfallswenigstens
throughdieVokalstellunggeschieden);
gr.,Hes.;
air.clamÀusstziger',cymr.acorn.claf,mbret.claff,nbret.klav,kla`sick'.
References:
References:WP.I498.
Page(s):
Page(s):602-603
Root/lemma: kleng- andklenkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen,winden,zusammendrehen'
Material:
Material:1.Lat.cling,-ere`cingorcld'(Paul.exFesto49L.,Glossen);
aisl.hlykkr`curvature',hlekkr`ring'(*hlanki-,=)ags.hlence`limb,memberorringinachain';ahd.
(h)lanca`hip,haunch'(ìncurvation'or`place,wheremansichabbiegt'),mhd.lanke`hip,haunch,
Seite,Lende,Weiche',mhd.gelenke`bend',nhd.gelenkSubst.,gelenk`pliable',mhd.lenken`bend',
nhd.lenken`leiten',ags.hlanc`slim,thin'(eigentl.`pliable'),gehlencan`flax,wattle,braid',alsoags.
hlinc`slope,hill';toch.kleke`Befestigung';
2.withauslaut.Tenuis:
bsl.*klenki`humpele'in:lit.klnkti`quick,fastgo',lett.klenct`humpeln',OldChurchSlavickl,
klati,klr.klja,kljaty,skr.klknem,kli`knien',sloven.klcati`hinken',etc.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparedierhymerootslenk-`bend',sleng-,slenk-`winden,turn',skreng(h)-,skrenk-ds.
Page(s):
Page(s):603
Root/lemma: klenoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:maple
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àhorn'
Note:
Note:partlywithstillunsettledi,ei
Material:
Material:Maked.(seeG.MeyerIF.1,325f.)Àhornart',gr.(Lw.);
mnd.lnenholtÀhornholz';ndd.lne,lneinpomm.-rg.lnetc.Àhorn'(*hluni-z;fromdemNd.
nhd.Lehne,Lenne`Spitzahorn')=aisl.hlynr(hlunr),dn.ln,schwed.lnnÀhorn',ags.hlynds.
(probablybetterashln);besidesahd.mhd.ln-,lm-boum,nhd.Leim-,Lein-baum,-ahorn;
lit.(withquiteunclearv)klvasÀhorn';
russ.klnÀhorn',serb.klnandkljn`Feldahorn',kn(*kln)`kindoftree'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):603
Root/lemma: klepEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht'
Material:
Material:Gr.,,,Hes.;
air.cluain`meadow'(klop-ni-,alsokleu-ni-possible);
lit.lamp,lapti`dampbecome',lapum`nasseStelleaufdemFelde',lpias`damp',lett.slapt
`dampmake';
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.stillunderkleu-`splen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):603
Root/lemma: klg- ,klg- ,klg- ,klang- ;kleg- ;klg- ;kleig- ;kleikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocry;tosound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreien,klingen'
Note:
Note:variousextensionsofSchallworteskel-6 `call,shout,cry'
Material:
Material:1.Gr.f.`KIang,Getse,woozydin,fuss,noise',`clink,sound,esp.from
wirremGets;erschallenlassen'(*;,,,);fullgrade
()`schnalze,cry',`Glucken';
lat.clang,-ere`clash(Trompete);cry,krchze(frombirds)',clangor`Vogelschrei';
aisl.hlakka(=lat.clang)`cry(eagle),jubilate';ags.hlacerian`deride';afries.hlakkia`lachen';
lit.klagti,lett.kladzt`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker';with:lett.klgt`cry',lit.klegti`loud
lachen';
-forms:lit.suklgoèrschrieauf',lett.klidzt`cryaseinhawk',kledzu,klegt,Iter.klagt`cry'
(LeskienAbl.275,Mhlenbach-EndzelinII231f.).
-form:lit.klugti`glucksen';
2.withauslautenderTenuis:
gr.`glucke'(late,perhapsratherback-formationfrom);
mir.cloccm.,cymr.etc.clochf.`bell';diewellspringfromnhd.Glockeetc.ismlat.-rom.clocca`bell';
got.hlahjan(hlh),ahd.(etc.)lahhn,lahhan`lachen',hlahtarn.`laughter,laughter',ags.hleahtor
`laughter,jubilation,lust',afries.hlackia`lachen',Kaus.aisl.hlgia`zumLachenbringen',got.
ufhlhjanàuflachenmake';aisl.hlja`lachen',ags.hliehhands.;
russ.-ChurchSlavicklegtati,klektati`cry,esp.ofeagle',abg.klt`Zhneklappern'(etc.,s.
Berneker511),abg.klokot,-otati`glucken,gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker'(etc.,Berneker
521).
-forms:ags.hlgan`togiveareputationfor(wisdom);attributeto',hlsa,hligsaàccount,shout,call,
fame',mndl.lenb-len,lhen`say,melden',ndl.belijden,afries.hla`melden,bekennen';
lit.klinkklkti`suddenpfeifendaufkreischen';ablaut.klyki,klkti`screech,shriek,scream,squawk,
cackle,croak,yell';
russ.-ChurchSlavickliknutiàufschreien',Iterat.OldChurchSlavicklicati`call,shout,cry',klik
`clamor'(etc.,Berneker519).
Similartoonomatopoeicwordsare,withanlaut.g-:lat.glci,-re`glucken',mhd.klukken,ags.
clocciands.;aisl.klaka`babble',engl.clack`rattle,Klappern;Mhglckchen',mhd.Klechel,Kleckel
`Glockenschwengel';withanlaut.k-:ChurchSlavicklcati`knock',lit.klukti`glucken';Reimworte
bietetdieonomatopoeicwordsker-1 S.567f.
References:
References:WP.I496f.,WH.227f.,606,Trautmann136.
Page(s):
Page(s):599-600
Root/lemma: klpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toholdinthearms,inone'slap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withdenArmenandinSchozusammenhalten'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:klp- :
:`toholdinthearms,inone'slap'derivedfromlabialextensionsgeleb ( h )-,
glb ( h )-(:glb ( h )-)andgleb ( h )-(::gl b ( h )-)ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round,*fathom,arm'
[seeabove].
Material:
Material:Mhd.lfter`fathom,arm',lett.klpis`lap,Schovoll',lit.klbsÀrmweite,Klafter,armful,
armload'(bperhapsafterglbsàrmful,armload').
Anlautvariantebesideslit.glbs,nhd.Klafter(seeaboveS.359undergel-`clench').-Ahd.halftra
`halter',lit.klpa`loop,noose,snare,Steighgel'(Persson)seeunderskel-`split'.
References:
References:WP.I498,BgaKalbairs.I71,Mhlenbach-EndzelinII224.
Page(s):
Page(s):604
Root/lemma: klu- (alsoklu-)andkluEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hook;hookedbranchorpieceofwood,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:perhapsactually`Haken,krummesHolzorAstgabel,Pflckchen',verbal
einerseitsànhaken(sichanklammern),hemmen,alsovonhinkendemGauge',andrerseits`durch
einenvorgestecktenHaken,Riegel,einPflckchenverschlieen'
Material:
Material:Gr.ion.-,altatt.,att.,dor.,-`Schlssel'(also`bar,bolt;
hakenfrmigese;Ruderdolle').,dor.secondary,epidaur.Gen.ds.,(ion.),
(altatt.),(att.)`verschlieewithabalk,beam,abar,bolt,aSchlssel',(ion.),
(altatt.),(att.)`Verschlu';
lat.clvis`Schlssel',Demin.clviculae`WickelrankenofWeins',clvus`nail(zumnageln):rudder,
helm,Ruderpflock',claud,-ere`shut,sperren'(*klui-d,withprsensbildendemd);inaddition
probablyclaudus`lame,hinkend'(tocldus,clduss.WH.I231),claude,-re`hinken'.
air.cl,Pl.cli`nail';unclearmcymr.clom.`bar,bolt,Verschlu',Pl.cloeu`clavi',mbret.clou
`ferrement'(ErnaultRC.37,104f.);
fromdemGerm.probablyhere(withbeweglichems- )ahd.sliozan,mnd.slten,afries.slta`shut',
ahd.sluzzil,aschs.slutil`Schlssel',ahd.slozn.`Schlo'(sl-fromskl-);comparemengl.slote=nd.
slaten`bar,bolt',mnd.sltfrom*sleuta-`biegsameshaft,pole',iffrom`Pflckchen,Aststck'.
withouts- perhapsanord.hljtastrong.V.`losen,receive',ags.hlotan,as.hliotan`losen,erlosen',
ahd.hliozan`losen,wahrsagen,conjure,performmagic',got.hlauts`lot,fate,Erbschaft',aisl.hlautr
`lot,fate',ahd.hlzn.,as.hlt`lot,fate,zugeteiltesrightorproperty',aisl.hlutr`lot,fate,allotment,
thing,thing',ahd.(h)luzàslot,fatezugefallenerallotment,Landanteil',afries.ags.hlotn.`lot,fate',
ndl.lotds.;
lett.kt`become,succeed,erlangen',ktas`fate,destiny',lit.neklitas`Migeschick,mischief'and
lit.kliudtiànhakenmake';ifdiegerm.familyrelatedis,isratherfrom`Pflckchen,Aststckas
Losstbchen'auszugehen;
lit.kliv,klitiànhaken,hangenbleiben',klits,klit`hindrance',kliut`hindrance,Gebrechen',
pasikliu-ju,-ti`trustauf'(`*sichwhereofklammern'),lett.kstu,kt`(hangenbleiben),(whereto)
gelangen,become',kausttis`hangenbleiben',km-s,-a,-e`hindrance';causativewith-d-:lit.
kliuda,-tiànhakenmake',kliauda,-ti`hinder',kliaud`krperlichesGebrechen'(seeaboveto
lat.claudus),lett.kdtIter.tokt(seeabove);
withk -formsOldChurchSlavicklju`hook,Schlssel',klju-,-iti`zusammenschlieen';russ.kljuk
`crutch,Krummstab,Ofenkrcke',serb.kljka`hook,Schlssel,agrafe,hook,clasp',OldChurch
Slavicklju-im,-iti`bend,crook',alsoChurchSlavickljukaàrtifice,deceit'underlikewise,andas
ànhaken=sichzusammenfgen,passen,sichereignen'abg.kuitis`passen,zusammentreffen'
underlikewise;probablyalsoserb.kljna`kindofhook,cramp',kljn`somewhatGebogenes,
Krummes'.
References:
References:WP.I492ff.,WH.I231,Trautmann137f.
Page(s):
Page(s):604-605
Root/lemma: knei-gh- ,knei-bEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toincline,bend
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`neigen,sichbiegen'
Material:
Material:Lat.cnive,-re,-nvand-nx`sichzusammenneigen,sichshut(claustra,lineae);esp.
dieAugentopresstogether,einAugezudrcken,nachsichtigsein',as*con-cn(g)uetonict,-re
`wink,zublinzeln,nicken',ntor,-,nsusandnxus(gnixusFestus)`sichstemmen,prop,support;sich
whereuponabandon;sichindieHhestemmen,climb,ascend';umbr.conegos,kunikaz`conixus'
(asthough*conigtus:-g-probablyanalogicalformafterverbsauf-g);
got.hneiwan,hnaiw`sichneigen',hnaiws`demtig,low'(`*gebckt'),aisl.knga`sichneigen,sink',
as.ags.hngands.(ags.hng`gebeugt,verchtlich'),ahd.hnganìncline';ahd.hngn`geneigt
sein',ags.hnigian(seeinadditionSchulzeKl.Schr.599f.);Kaus.ahd.hneickenìncline',aisl.
hneigjaìncline,bend,bow,sichverneigenvor';denominative(fromhnaiws)got.hnaiwjan
èrniedrigen',ags.hngan`demtigen';ahd.nicken`bend,bebent,bow,nicken'.
Besidesidg.knei-b- inaisl.hnpa(*hnpn,-n)`denKopfhngenlassen,mimutigsein',hnpinn
`mimutig',gnpaf.(*ga-hnpn-)`berhngenderrocks',ags.hnipian`denKopfhngenlassen,
mimutigsein';got.*ga(h)nipnan`sadsein';lit.knimb,knbti`zusammenknicken'.
References:
References:WP.I476,WH.I261;WissmannNom.postverb.64,183.
Page(s):
Page(s):608
Root/lemma: kneugEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schallwort'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`growl(fromHunden),whimper(fromchildren)':lit.kniakti`miauen'.
Probablynurzuflligehnlichkeit.
References:
References:WP.I476.
Page(s):
Page(s):608
Root/lemma: knid- ,k n id- ,sknidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:louse,nit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Laus,EiderLaus,Nisse'
Note:
Note:oftendistortedtaboo;compareaboveS.437ghndds.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:knid- ,k n id- ,sknid- :
:`louse,nit'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghen- :
:`tocrack
open,grind,scratch'hereuponrootghn d `nit,louse'.Thatmeanszerogrademutations:ghen>kn,skn-:Aisl.,norw.dial.gnitf.,aschwed.gnether,schwed.gnet,dn.gnid;lett.gnda`nit,louse'
(Mhlenbach-EndzelinI633),lit.glnda(from*gnndadissimilated);russ.gnda,sloven.gnjda,
ech.hnda,poln.gnida;aboutlat.lns,-disf.ds.compareWH.I783f.andSpechtDekl.44.
Material:
Material:Arm.anic`louse'(*nids);
alb.thn`louse'(*k()nid-);
gr.,-f.(*knid-s),probablyan`dust'angeglichen;
mir.snedf.`nit',kymr.Pl.nedd,nkorn.ne,bret.nezds.(*s(k)nid);
ags.hnituf.,ahd.(h)niz,nhd.Nisseèggofthelouse'(*knid).
Knnteto(s)ken-`scratch,scrape'belong,asghndtoghen-ds.
References:
References:WP.I461,WH.I783f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.44,Trautmann93.
Page(s):
Page(s):608
Root/lemma: koko ,kak(k)- ,ku(r)kurEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.soundsofahenorcock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewiseasNachahmungofNaturlautestheHhner;wordsohne
nachweisbareltereGeschichte
Material:
Material:I.Gr.f.,f.`partridge,gamebird',ofNaturlauttheRebhhner
(alsodasborrowedlat.cacabre),`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker';
lat.cacillre`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker(fromthehen)';
ndd.kakkeln`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker',nl.kokkelen`kollern(ofrooster,cock)',nextto
whichahd.gackizn`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker(fromtheeinegglegendenhen)',nhd.
gackern,dial.gaggezen,nhd.Gockel(seealsounderghegh-).
II.Lat.cocococo`NaturlauttheHhner'(Petron59,2),franz.coq`rooster,cock',dn.kok,schwed.
mdartl.kokk`rooster,cock',anord.(afrz.Lw.)kokr,ags.cocc,nl.oldcockeds.;OldChurchSlavic
kokot`rooster,cock',koko`hen',russ.kokott`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker'etc.
Maybealb.kokoshcock
III.OldIndiankurkua-,kukkua-m.`rooster,cock',kukkubha-m.(mind.for*kurkubha-)`pheasant';
lat.ccurri,-re`kollern'(ofrooster,cock),ccuruinterjection;nhd.kikeriki(olderkkeruk,
kkerlkh),md.kuckern,kockern,kcken`crow,cackle';lit.kakark`kikeriki',klruss.etc.kukurku
ds.,serb.kukrijem-,-ijkati,russ.kukorkatetc.`crow,cackle',gr.ds.
Maybealb.kukurisemlaugh,kikirikucockcackle,kakaris(hen)cackle
IV.Gr.,`rooster,cock'Hes.;osk.cicirrus,CognomenofMessius,probably
`Kampfhahn'.
References:
References:WP.I455f.,WH.I126,212,242,300.
Page(s):
Page(s):611
Root/lemma: kobEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofarewell,besuccessful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichgutfgen,passen,gelingen'
Material:
Material:Air.cobn.`victory',gall.Ver-cobius,*Cobo-nertos>CobnertosMN,Cobrnus,-rniusMN
(alsoinsSlav.gewandertasKobryn,whereoftheStadtnameruss.bryn,poln.KobryinGouv.
Grodno);
ags.gehp`fitting',nas.schwed.hampasig`sichereignen'=norw.heppads.,heppen`lucky,
gnstig',aisl.happn.`luck'(engl.hap`chance,luck',tohappen`sichereignen',happy`lucky'from
demNord.);
abg.kobf.`,Genius,Schutzgeist',ChurchSlavickob`,augurium',russ.oldkob
`Wahrsagung,VorahnungafterdemVogelflugorBegegnung',nowadaysdial.`horror,Scheusal',skr.
kb`goodVorbedeutung,Glckwunsch;Vorahnung,mad,wicked,evilVorahnung',etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):610
Root/lemma: koi-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:naked;miserable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kmmerlich,nackt'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andbalt.
Material:
Material:Air.cil,cel`thin,narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin',cymr.corn.cul`macilentus,macer';
lett.kals`naked,naked,bald,bleak,bare',kaliaudisÈhepaarwithoutKinder'(couldalsotokaiàllein'belong).
References:
References:WP.I326,455,WH.I130.
Page(s):
Page(s):610
Root/lemma: koisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocarefor,cure
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sorgen'
Material:
Material:Lat.cra`care',cr,-re`carefor,worry',alat.coiravitetc.,pal.coisatens`curaverunt',
umbr.kuratu`curato';
inadditionatmostgot.ushaista`poor'as`vernachlssigt'
Hereperhapsdiegall.PNKoisis,Coisa.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):611
Root/lemma: koi- ,ku -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:squeakingnoise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:NachahmungofQuietschlautes;einzelsprachlicheLautnachmungen
Material:
Material:Gr.`quiekenaseinSpanferkel',nhd.quieken,quieksen,quietschen,lit.kvkti,russ.
kvit`quieken,chirp,twitter,whimper'etc.
References:
References:WP.I455,Berneker656f.,Trautmann147.
Page(s):
Page(s):610
Root/lemma: kok s (*hoh)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apartofbody(foot,hip.etc..)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Krperteilbenennung'
Note:
Note:(Aryanalso*kokso-s)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankkf.,kaka-m.Àchselgrube,GurtgegendthePferde',av.kaa-m.Àchsel'
(proves-ks-);commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lat.coxaf.`hip,haunch';
Mayberum.coaps`thigh':alb.kofsha`thigh',kafshaànimal(*meat)',kafshoj`bite(likeananimal)'
commonrum.-illyr.khs->phs-,fs-phoneticmutation..
air.cossf.`foot',abrit.-perhaps`Weifu'(butcymr.cs`leg'isborrowedfromLat.);
ahd.hhsina`kneebowofthehindleg',mhd.hehse,nhd.Hchse,Hessebair.Haxn.
References:
References:WP.I456f.,WH.I188,283,858.
Page(s):
Page(s):611
Root/lemma: kol( ) i Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:glue
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Leim'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:kol( ) i - :
:`glue'derivedfromareductionoftheextended*glei-bh-Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
gel-1 :
:`tocurl;round'[seeabove].
Material:
Material:Gr.`glue'(*);
mndl.mnd.helen`stick,glue'(*haljan);
OldChurchSlavicklj,klej`glue'(protoslav..forms*klj,klj,ke,s.Berneker659f.);lit.
kleja`glue'isLw.fromdemSlav.;slav.-l-reducedgradeto-ol-.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):612
Root/lemma: kol- :klEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spinnen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`spinne',eig.`dieSpinnerin',,-`filament,
spindle';
lat.colus,-sor-`Spinnrocken'.
Gegenconnectionfromcoluswithkel-`sichdrehendherumbewegen'speaks,dathedistaff(=staff
forholdingflax,wool,etc.,inspinning)sichnotdreht.
Formellkanneindh-presentfromaheavybasiskol-:kl-sein(*kl-dh-orkol-dh);
kinshipatfirstwith`basket'(`*netting')wredenkbar.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):611-612
Root/lemma: koliGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jungerHund,Tierjunges'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.550underkel-`call,shout,cry'
Page(s):
Page(s):612
Root/lemma: kom
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:by,beside,at,with
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Adverb(prefixandprepositionorPostpos.)`soanetwasentlang,daBerhrung
withitstattfindet;besides,bei,with'
Material:
Material:Gr.`common'from*--(*-i-s`going');
ligur.FlNCom-beranea,ven.PNCom-petalis,hispan.PNCom-pltum,Com-pleutica(ligur.venetoillyr.);
lat.cum`with,by',prepositionand(afterPron.)postpositionbeimAbl.(=Instr.),asprefixcom-,from
whichcon-andbeforev-(asinKelt.)andVokalenmostlycoc-;alsocram,dasafterpalam,clam
fromco-ro-`vordemfrontsituated'reshapedis;osk.com,conpreposition`with'beimAbl.(=Instr.),
com-,km-prefix`with'(derivativecomono,Lok.comenei`comitium'from*kom-no-);umbr.com
`with',preposition(onlybypronounPostpos.)beimAbl.(=Instr.),stetsPostpos.inthemeaning
`juxta,apud,ad',likewisebeimAbl.(=Instr.),prefixkum-,com-(c-againbeforev-:coaertu,
kuveitu);falisk.cuncaptum`conceptum',volsk.co-uehriuAbl.`curi'(*ko-urio-,comparelat.cria
probablyfrom*co-uri);
ital.comparativeauf-t(e)ro-,dasBeisammenfromzweien,dasComparedwithbezeichnend,inlat.
contr`comparedwith,againstit,against'contr-versia,osk.contrud`contra';
air.cn-`with',prepositionbeimDat.(=Instr.),prefixgall.com-,air.com-(proklit.con-),cymr.cyf-,
cyn-,corn.kev-;reductionof-mbeforeu-,e.g.cymr.cy-wir,abret.keuuir-gar,gall.CovrusMN,cymr.
cy-wely`bed';
therefromdifferentair.c`to,bis',prepositionm.Akk.coachle`toseinerGenossen'=cymr.bw-y
gilydd`(fromone)zumother',alsowithoriginallyk;*kom-dho-s`verstehend'istvielleichtdiebase
fromair.cond`sense,mind,Verstand'(=OldChurchSlavics-d`judgement');
alb.k-=lat.co(m)-;
forcitationalsoofgerm.Prfixesga-speaksdessenbasicmeaning`with',comparee.g.got.ga-juka
`conjunctus,comrade',ga-mains`com-mnis',ga-qiman`con-venire'andsimilarcongruities;germ.gfrom-inunbetontenprefix;thenasalschwandbeforetheassociationwithverbsandafterderen
examplealsoinperhapsberkommenenlterenNominalkompositisasgamains(manbeachtedie
Vortonigkeittheparticlealsoinletzteren);unzweideutiges*komstecktinafrnk.ham-dii
`conirtres';
OldChurchSlavics-d`judgement'seeabove.
Verwandteskm t a `besides,along,downwards,with'in:
gr.,prepositionbeimAkk.àlong,about-toward,through-to,in,by'beimGen.àbouttoward,along,downwards',beimGen.(=Abl.)`frometwasherherab',alsoprefix;
air.ct-,precedingceta-(*kmta);inct-buith`sense,mind'andalsootherwisewithdemverbSubst.;
acymr.cant,mcymr.can,gan,acorn.cans,bret.gan`with,by,lngs';
hitt.kat-ta(afromm),Postpos.withDat.ùnder,underan,by,with'withAbl.`from,from-herab';
kat-ta-ands.,inadditionalso()enklit.-kn,PedersenHitt.158f.
References:
References:WP.I458ff.,WH.I251ff.,857,SchwyzerGr.Gr.II473ff.,irrigZceltPh.22,325ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):612-613
Root/lemma: konmo- ,knmo- ork e nmoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shin;bone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schienbein,Knochen'
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`shinbone,Radspeiche',,-f.(ol.Akk.Nom.Pl.)
`Beinschiene';
air.cnim`leg,bone'(whethergr.kelt.-n-=idg.n,i.e.-en-,or=idg.-n-,i.e.fullgradethe2.
syllablesei,isunentschieden);
withfullgradethe1.syllable(kon[]m)andAssim.from-nm-to-mm-(outofitpartly-m-):
ahd.hamma`Hinterschenkel,popliteus',ags.hamm`popliteus',aisl.hmf.`Schenkel(ananimals)'.
Doubtfulis,whetherthemeaningfromhom.`Bergwald,bewachsenerBerghang'(`*calfof
Berges')throughndd.hamm`Bergwald'asolderwiesenwird,dalatterperhapsas
umzuntesWaldstckwithmnd.hamèingefriedetesStckLand',ndd.hammeùmzuntesfield'(see
kem-`topresstogether')toconnectis.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):613-614
Root/lemma: kopsoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blackbird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àmsel'
Note:
Note:(:k o p- ònomatopoeicwords')
Material:
Material:Gr.-`blackbird',-(diss.from*-)ds.;
russ.-ChurchSlavic(etc.)kos`blackbird'.-Meilletlegt(MSL18,171)underassumptionfromidg.k(dasinkosbecauseofconsecutivesaskfestgehaltensei)eineonomatopoeicwordskop-the
basic:ChurchSlavicsop`spieledieflute',abg.sopc`',russ.sopt`pant,gasp'etc.and
OldIndianb-d-a-m.`sound,clangor,discourse,word'(to-d-suffixinwordsfordin,fuss,noises.
BrugmannII21,467),pati`verflucht',-t`beteuert,gelobt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):614-615
Root/lemma: koro-s ,kori o -s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:war,warrior
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Krieg,Kriegsheer'
Material:
Material:1.withoutformant-io-,-ia-:lit.kras`war,fight'andlengthenedgradeOldpers.kra-m.
`Kriegsvolk,Heer;people',npers.kr-zr`Schlachtfeld'.
2.Gr.(from*)`militaryleader,king,master,mister'(derivativefrom*from
*withformants-no-;alsoaisl.herjann`Heervater'asepithetOdinsfromharja-`Heer'from;
`befehlige;herrsche',`Herrschaft',compareofunerweiterten*-ENas
(Boisacqs.v.);
mir.cuirem.`troop,multitude,crowd,bulk,mass',gall.Tri-,Petru-coriiVlkernamen(`diedrei-,
vierstmmigen');
got.harjis,aisl.herr,ags.here`Heer',ahd.as.heri`Heer,bulk,mass',PNaltgerm.Hari-gasti(Dat.),
perhapsGttername(NeckelKZ.60,284);
lit.krias`Heer',kr`war,fight',kars`warrior',lett.kar'`war,fight,Heer',OldPrussiankargis
(consignskragis)`Heer',caryawoytisAkk.Sg.`Heerschau';
comparealsoabovekar-1 S.530,wherediebsl.examplesalsoherebelongcan.
References:
References:WP.I353,462,Trautmann118.
Page(s):
Page(s):615-616
Root/lemma: kos(e)loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hazel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hasel'
Material:
Material:Lat.corulus`Haselstaude',colurnus(*corulinos)`fromHaselholz';
air.coll,acymr.colletc.`Hasel'(alsogall.Coslo-inEN);
ahd.hasal(a),ags.hsel,aisl.haslm.`Hasel',ahd.hesiln,ags.hslen`fromHaselholz';
alit.kasulas`Jgerspie'as`Hasler'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):616
Root/lemma: kostEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leg;bone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bein,Knochen'
Material:
Material:Lat.costaf.`Rippe';abg.kostf.`bone'(skr.kst`Rippe').
assumptionak-Prfixes(tolat.osetc.)incredible.
Maybealb.kosk`bone,legbone',kasht`straw,*bone'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):616
Root/lemma: krtSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.584underkert-.
Page(s):
Page(s):616
Root/lemma: kr[u]- :kru- :kr Englishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:toheapup,puttogether;heap;roof
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufeinander,aufeinenHaufenlegen,zudecken,verbergen'
Material:
Material:Air.cru,crm.`stall,cottage,shack,shed'(*kruo-),cymr.crawm.`stall',corn.crow,
bret.kraouds.;
lit.kruju,krviau,krutiàufeinanderlegen,hufen,packen,laden';lett.kanu(kauju),kvu,kat
`hufen';Iter.lit.krustyti,lett.kastt`hufen',kravt`snatch',krauja,kava,kuva`cairn,pileof
stonessetupasamemorialormarkofsomekind';lit.krv(Akk.krva)`heap',kriut,krut
`Bodenraum';
abg.krov`roof'(*kruo-),ablaut.kryj,kryti`cover,hllen,conceal'etc.;
withs -extension:
russ.kra`roof',serb.kromAdv.`clandestine'(etc.,also:)
aisl.hreysarPl.f.,hreysin.,besidesnorw.rsa,ndd.rse`heap';aisl.hraunn.`cairn,pileofstones
setupasamemorialormarkofsomekind,steinernerground'.
Aufkr[u]-basedonperhapslett.krju,krt`gather,collect,hufen',abg.(withprsensbildendemd)
krad,krasti`steal'.
Labialextension(-bh- ):gr.`verberge',`clandestine'underlikewise,ds.;
withp -extension(compareabove)lett.krpju,krpu,krpt`steal,cheat,deceive',lit.krpti
`steal';aboutgot.hrtandags.hrf`roof'seeunderkred-andkrapo-,alsoMhlenbach-Endzelin
Lett.-D.Wb.II269;toch.kraup-,krop-`gather,collect';comparealsoklep-;
foraisl.hraukr,ir.cruach`heap'underlikewise,dieansichak -extensionourrootderivingcould,s.
eineotherinterpretationundersker-,skereu-`turn'.Insamesensedubiousisanord.skrfn.
àufgestapelterheap',skrfrm.`Schopf',norw.dial.skrauv`Schaumgipfel',etc.(httenbewegliches
s-).
Dentalextensionsshine,appear,seem:aisl.hrauf.poet.`Brnne',ags.hradf.`jewellery';aisl.
hrja`cover,adorn',ags.hrodands.(comparelit.krudinu`lasseladen')besideshyrstm.
`jewellery,armament,armor',ahd.hrustm.ds.,ahd.(h)rusten`rsten'.
References:
References:WP.I477,Trautmann139,140.
Page(s):
Page(s):616-617
Root/lemma: kreb-5
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.567ff.underker-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):617
Root/lemma: kredEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beams
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Geblk'
Note:
Note:(kred-seeunder)
Material:
Material:Got.hrtn.`roof',anord.hrt`roof,Dachraum',as.ags.hrst`SparrenwerkofDaches'
(*krdsto-)=ndl.roest`Huhnerstange,Hhnerleiter',mhd.rz,rze`Scheiterhaufen'(*krd;fem.
collectiveasOldChurchSlavickrada);withmhd.rz(e)`Scheiterhaufen'decktsichmhd.rz,rze
`honeycomb',afr.rta,mnl.rte`honeycomb',nexttowhichwithablautmnl.rte(*hretn-)andrte,
mdartl.stillrte(*hruti-)`honeycomb';
abg.krada`Scheiterhaufen,Holzsto'(*krd).
As`Sparrenwerk,fromLattenetc.Gezimmertes'kannherebelong:lit.krslas`stattlicherStuhl',lett.
krsls,OldPrussiancreslan`Lehnstuhl',lit.krs`Stuhl',russ.krslo,ech.kesloÀrmstuhl',aswell
aslit.krsnis,lett.krsnsòven',ChurchSlavickrosno`liciatorium',russ.krsno`loom;Stck
canvas,fabric',bulg.krosnÀufzugbeimloom;Torriegel',krsnaf.`cradle',skr.krsna`loom',ech.
krosna,krusna(oldkrsna)`Traggestell'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):617-618
Root/lemma: kreg-1 (andkerg- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosuffer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`qulen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrjatiàfflicts,peinigt'(Dhtup.);
aisl.hrekja`torment,smite,belstigen,pursue',afries.hreka`rend'.
References:
References:WP.I484.
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: kreg-2
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.569underker-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: krei-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totouch,brush
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àboutetwasdrberhinstreifen,berhren'
Material:
Material:Aisl.hrna`wirken',ags.aschs.ahd.hrnan`touch,stripe'(no-present);afterWissmann
Nom.postverb.152ff.hereags.hrenianèinenGeruchausstrmen',afries.strong.V.hrenaèinen
Geruchfeel';ags.aisl.hrm,mhd.rm`hoarfrost';
lit.krnf.`skimmings,cream'(`wasmanabstreift,abschpft'),lett.kreju,krju,kret`diecreamfrom
themilkabschpfen',krimsm.`skimmings'(fromdeverbalemkrjums`wasmanabstreifenkann');
besideswithgerm.p:aschs.hrpo,ahd.hrfo`hoarfrost'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: krei-2 ,kreig- ,kreikSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.567ff.underker-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: krek-1 (-k - )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen',alsovomFestschlagenofGewebes,ofEinschlagesintheWeberei,
daheralso`weben,Gewebe'
Material:
Material:Gr.`hit,klopfe;schlagedasGewebefest',Èinschlagfaden,Gewebe',
ds.,`toweave',,-f.`Wollflocke';
aisl.hrll(*hrahilaz)`staffzumFestmachenofGewebes',ags.hrol(*hrehulaz)`Haspel';ags.
hrgln.`dress,garment',engl.rail,afries.hreil;ahd.hregiln.ìndumentum,spolium';
lett.krkls`Hemd';
ifdaslett.wordseinzweiteskthroughwestidg.influencereceivehat,kannalsofollowingslav.family
angereihtbecome:russ.kre,krest`withdemFeuerstahlfirehit',klr.kresty,kresnty`firehit',
dial.`hew,hit,strikegenerally',skr.krm,krsati`firehit;Steinebehauen;Asteabschlagen'(etc.,
s.Berneker611).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):618-619
Root/lemma: krek-2 ,kr k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:roe;slimystuffinwater
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Froschlaich,Fischlaich,schleimigesZeuginWasser'
Material:
Material:Aisl.hrognn.,ahd.(h)rogan,rogen`Rogen,Laich';
lit.kurkulaPl.`spawnoffrogs',lett.kurkulisds.,lit.apkurkti`sichwithWassermoosbeziehen';
Maybealb.karkalec`grasshopper(jumpinglikeafrog)':bulg.(skakalec)`grasshopper'
[bullg.erroneousfolketymologyfrombulg.(skakam)Ìjump'amisinterpretationoflit.kurkula
Pl.`spawnoffrogs',lett.kurkulis.
inspiteofphoneticSchwierigkeitenheredieslav.familyofserb.krijek`Wassermoos,Algen',slov.
krk,abo-krina`spawnoffrogs'etc.,ablaut.slov.krk`spawnoffrogs;grnerberzugan
Pftzen,Wassermoos',withaufflligemja:russ.krjak`spawnoffrogs',ech.mdartl.okaky
`SammelnameforWasserpflanzen'
References:
References:WP.I483,Berneker613f.
Page(s):
Page(s):619
Root/lemma: krek-3
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Page(s):
Page(s):619
Root/lemma: kremSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.580f.underkerem- .
Page(s):
Page(s):619
Root/lemma: krep-1 ,kr p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:body
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Leib,Gestalt'
Note:
Note:(orkerp- seeunder)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrpInstr.Sg.`shape,beauty',av.krf,khrpm`shape,body',mpers.karp
`rper'(av.xrafstra-n.`Raubtier'from*krep+*[e]d-tro-toed-èat');
perhaps()alb.sh-krep,sh-kep`gleicheeinwenig'(sh=idg.sem,som,sm-,comparetomeaning
ahd.gilh`gleich':lh`body');
lat.corpus,-orisn.`body,body';
mir.crf.`body'(*krpes);
ahd.(h)rfm.`body,lowerabdomen,womb',afries.href,hrif`belly',ags.hrifn.`womb,belly'(*hrefiz=*krepes-),ags.mid(h)rif,afries.midref`Zwerchfell'(`*intheMittetheLeibeshhle').
Gr.,mostlyPl.-`Zwerchfell',dasdenanlautaskerwiese,isinseinerZugehrigkeit
doubtful,dadiecorrespondingmeaningfromags.mid(h)rifprobablyaufdem1.partofKompositums
basedon;esmtebecauseeineshortformtoasimilarcompositionsein;afterVendryesRC
44,313ff.,SpechtKZ.68,193ff.wreidg.*kerp-taboometathesisto*perk-`life,world,oak'(got.
farus`world').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):620
Root/lemma: krep-2
Seealso:
Page(s):
Page(s):620
Root/lemma: kret-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtteln'
Note:
Note:(whetheras`bump,poke'withkret- `hit'identicalorextensionfromsker- `turn,kreisend
schwingen')
Material:
Material:Lit.krei,krsti`shake,schttelndstreuen',Iter.krata,-tids.,kretkretti`sichhinand
herbewegen,shakeoneself,shiver',lett.krst`shake',Iterat.kratt,krtulis`kindofSieb'(lett.kraitt
`lurch'Entgleisungfroma*krit-from);
mir.crothaim`shake',gall.-rom.*crottire`shake';
ahd.redan`sieben',nhd.mdartl.rder,rdel`Sieb';aisl.hrar`quick,fast',ags.hr,hred`quick,
fast,behend',engl.rather`lieber',ahd.hrad,hrat`velox,strenuus';aisl.hra`frighten(trans.)',
hrddrèntsetzt';
alsoags.-hreddan`befreien,retten',ahd.retten`move,drive,push;befreien,retten'as`fromthe
Gefahrwegstoen'
References:
References:WP.I484,Mhlenbach-EndzelinII274,261,256.
Page(s):
Page(s):620
Root/lemma: kret-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:probablyoriginallywithkret-1 identical
Material:
Material:Gr.`jedesthroughSchlagen,Stampfen,Klatschenentstehendenoise';
`klatschen,knock,hit',`Klapper',`Schlfe'(actually`*dasKlopfen');`Berghang;
Seite',`Spitzhammer';
inadditionwithoriginallyprobablybarepresentnasalizationaisl.hrinda,hratt,ags.hrindan,hrand
`bump,poke';
perhapsdieslav.familyofabg.krot,krotiti`tame',krotk`gentle,mild,mig',iforiginally
`throughPrgelnmrbemachen'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):621
Root/lemma: kreu-1 ,kreu- :kr- ;kreus- ,krusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blood,rawflesh;ice,crust
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`thick,stockendesBlut,blutiges,rohesFleisch',presumably`geronnen(vom
Blut)',inadditioneine2.groupkreus-,krus-forÈis(aserstarrendes),Kruste(originallyvonEisor
Wundschorf),Eisscholle,Erdscholle'(seeunder)andverbal`frieren,schaudern(Gnsehaut)'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndiankravs-n.`rohesFleisch'(=gr.F),kravyamn.`blood'(*krouio-=Old
Prussiankrawiann.),kr-r-`blutig,cruel,savage'=av.xrra-`blutig,grausig,cruel,savage'(:lat.
crdus)incompoundwithi-forro-stem,av.xrvi-dru-`theeineblutigeHolzwaffefhrt',i.e.xruvi-dru-,
av.xr-f.,xrm(=xruvm)Akk.`StckblutigesFleisch',xrvant-(i.e.xrvant-)`grauenhaft,grausig'(:
lat.cruentus),xrvyant-`blutdrstig,Grausenerregend',xrta-`grausig,cruel,savage',xrnya-n.
`Bluttat,blutigemaltreatment',xrma-`grauenhaft,grausig';withameaning`*geronnen*=`thick,
hard',OldIndiankryati`makesdick,tight,firm',av.xrdra-`hard'(besidesagainwithi-instead
ofro-stemincompoundxrudi-vaah-`withderber,lautervoicesprechend'),xraodva-`hard';
gr.n.`Fleisch'(*kreus);
lat.cruentus`blutig'(seeabove),cruorm.`dasrohe,thickblood'(*kreus),osk.krustatar`crusta
tegitor'(Denom.from*krus-t),lat.crusta`crust,bark,scurf',originally`dasfestgewordenebloodauf
anwound'(*krs-t),crdus`raw,rough,hard'(*kr-do-),crdlis`cruel,savage,herzlos';
gall.-rom.crdios`hard'(*kroudios);
maybealb.(*kroudios)krodhe`breadcrust,coagulatedblood,coagulatedsnot',krodh`beehive,
hole(wound)'
mir.cru(*krs),Gen.cru,cr(*kruuos),cymr.crau,corn.crow(*kruu)`blood'(seePedersenKG.I
61,251f.,II97,LohmannZceltPh.19,63f.),air.craid(*kroudis)`hard,tight,firm',bret.kriz(*krdis)
`cru,cruel'(PedersenKG.I207;notLw.fromlat.crdus);dasdinKelt.andLat.throughdissimilation
fromr
lit.krajas`blood'(:OldIndiankravya-m),OldPrussiancrauyo,krawiands.,lit.krvinas`blutig',
krvinu`makeblutig',participlekrvintas`blutiggemacht',lett.kreve`geronnenesblood,scurf,crust';
maybealb.kruaj`scratch,damage,injure',krua,krojePl.`liquid,rapid',(*krev-)kredh`plungein
water'[commonalb.f>th,v>dhshift];Krujaalb.city.
slav.*kry(*krs),Gen.*krve`blood'inslov.kr,apoln.kry,OldChurchSlavickrv;OldChurch
Slavickrvn`blutig'(=lit.krvina);
ahd.(h)r,(h)rawr,as.hr,ags.hraw,aisl.hrr`raw'(*hrawa-).
B.Skyth.*xrohu-kasi-,gr.`Kaukasus'(asèis-gleaming');
gr.`frost'(=*),`makecongeal,freeze',ìce;crystal',
`frost'(*),fromderived()èerie',èerie,cruel,savage';
aisl.hrisa,hraus`shudder',hrjstrn.`rauherbottom'(:lat.crusta),ahd.(h)roso,(h)rosaìce,crust'
(inadditionalsothenameofMonteRosa),ags.hrseèarth,ground'(dieses-formsinrelationshipto
and:)
lett.kruvesis,kruesis`frozenordure',lit.atkrsti,preterit-krsa`wiederaufleben,fromErfrorenem'
(`*auffrieren');Mhlenbach-EndzelinII291.
without-s-presumablynorw.dial.ryggja`shudder'(compare),vielfraglicherags.hroh
`rough(ofweather),grieving,wild'.
References:
References:WP.I479f.,WH.I294ff.,Trautmann141ff.,J.MarkwartMorgenland1(1922),3ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):621-622
Root/lemma: kreu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofalldown,collapse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammenstrzen,strzen,fallen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Aisl.hrunn.`Zusammenbruch',hrynia`fall';
OldPrussiankrt`fall',kruwis`fall'(butlett.kruts`steilabfallend,steilabhngend'asLw.toklr.krutoj
`winded,steil,schroff',seeunderkert-`turn');perhapslett.krulisÀbsturz',kruja`steilesbank,
border,shore',krauta`bank,border,shore';
with-s- ags.hrosan`fall';
with--d - aisl.hrjta`fall,spring',mhd.rzen`sicheiligbewegen';
with-t- ags.hrig`schneebedeckt',aisl.hroiòffal',hryrèsbrichthervor'(fromvapor,fireunder
dgl),hryja`nakaltesweather,rainandsnow'.
References:
References:WP.I480,Trautmann143,WissmannNom.postverb.127.
Page(s):
Page(s):622
Root/lemma: kreu-3 ,krou-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush,hit,break
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,schlagen,zerschlagen,brechen'
Material:
Material:Theunadjustedrootperhapsinahd.(h)riuwanàfflict,sadden,verdrieen',nhd.reuen,
ags.hrowanàfflict,sadden',aisl.hryggr`grieving',ags.hrowds.,f.`repentance',ahd.(h)riuwa
`repentance'(differentPerssonBeitr.178);aboutabg.krupa`gobbet,lump,Krmchen'(wreeinepextension)seeunderkreup- `scurf'.
krous- :gr.`poke,push,hit'(*,compare,;`stoend,
widerhallend');hom.`hit,stamp,ofPferde'(*),àbgebrochen,damages'
(*);
aisl.hrostim.`gemaischtesmalt';
lit.kru,krti(kriti)`stomp,zerstoen',kruf.`hail',lett.krusa`hail',lit.Iter.kriaua,-ti,lett.
krust`stomp',lit.kr(i)aius,pakraius`slope';
abg.u-kruch(ChurchSlavicalsokruch)`piece,fragment,gobbet',abg.s-kruiti`break,rupture,
grind(trans.)',s-kruenje`Zerknirschung'(poln.s-krucha`repentance'),ablaut.*krch`gobbet,
Krmchen'(russ.kroch`shred'),*krchk`frail,breakable,brittle'(poln.krechki),*kriti(slov.
kiti)`dismember,break,rupture,grind'(etc.,s.Berneker628-630).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):622-623
Root/lemma: kreu-4
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.570f.underker-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):623
Root/lemma: kreupEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:scab
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schorf,sichverkrusten'
Material:
Material:Gall.cruppellariiàrmouredgladiatorsoftheAedui[Celtictribe]',brit.MonsGraupius(leg.
*Croupios),becauseofidg.pveneto-illyr.origin(PokornyUrillyr.131);
aisl.hrjfr`rough,scabbed',hryfe`scurf,scab',hrfa`sorebark',ags.hrof`rough,schorfig,
ausstzig',ahd.riobàusstzig',hriup`scabies',(h)ruf,Pl.hruvi,mhd.ruf`blister,bubble,scurf,scab,
crust,eschar,leprosy',nhd.bair.rufff.`crustaufraschgetrocknetemErdreich',rfe,riefe`leprosy,
scurf,scab',ahd.ge-rob,nhd.grob;
maybealb.rrufe`(burning)lightning'
lit.su-si-krapti`shuddertogether',nukrps`scaly,scabby',kraups`rough',lett.kapa`crust,
scab,eschar,wart',kapis`crust,scab,eschar;toad'(fromthewartyskin;OldPrussiancrupeyle
`frog'),kpu,kupu,kupt`shrunk',krupis`toad,dwarf';oftherupturedskin(becomingrough)
(`goosebumps')alsolit.pakrapti,kruptis`shudder,frighten'.
Againstitruss.krpnyj`coarselygranulated;big,large',ech.krup`clumsy,rough'atfirsttoabg.
krupa`gobbet,tinybits',etc.[inadditionchangingthroughablautalb.krip(),krpf.`salt'(*krp)];
thisfamilyprobablyeigentl.`theruptured'orlikewisetokreu-3,krou-s-`break,rupture,bump,poke',
seethere.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):623
Root/lemma: kreu-t- (kreu-dh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake,throw,movevividly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtteln,schwingen,lebhaftbewegen'
Material:
Material:Mhd.rtten(*hrudjan)`rtteln,shake',nhd.`zerrttet`,engl.rudder,ruddle`Sieb';ags.
hrae-ms`Fledermaus';probablyaisl.hraustr`rash,hasty,gamy';perhapsas`sichschttelnd,
fluctuating':ahd.hriot,nhd.Riet,as.hriod,ags.hrod`reed'(*kreu-dho-);
comparetoch.Akru`reed'
lit.krut,-ti`sichregen,sichrhren',kruts`rhrig,active';
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):623
Root/lemma: kr k -4 :krokEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totower;beams
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ragen,hervorragen'and`vorspringenderBalkenorPflockunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:with-u- extended
Material:
Material:Gr.`Mauerzinnen,Abstze,stufenartiganthewallhinaufgefhrteSteine'
(*kroki);inadditionprobablyalsoas`vorspringenderfilament'`hervorragende
Einschlagfden,Verbrmung';
air.crchf.(*krku)ènd,limit,boundary,furrow'=cymr.crib`comb,cusp,peak,acme,apex';
ahd.*hragn,mhd.nhd.ragen,mhd.rac`stiff',torhe,ahd.*hrhi`starr,stiff',furthermhd.nhd.
regen`ragenmake,uplift,setup';ags.ofer-hrgan`berragen';
lit.em.krkf.`stick';
slav.*kroky,Gen.-veinruss.krkva`shaft,pole;toggle;Dachsparren',ech.krokva,oldkrokev,
Gen.krokve`Sparren,Dachsparren'(Berneker621).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):619
Root/lemma: krp-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strong
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stark,fest'
Note:
Material:
Material:Aisl.hrfa`bear,endure'(compareruss.krpitsjaèndure,beharren');abg.krp,
krpk`tight,firm,strong';
cymr.craff`quick,fast'fromaisl.krapprds.(=krapprèng',S.388).
References:
References:WP.I487.
Page(s):
Page(s):620
Root/lemma: krp-2
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.581underkerp- .
Page(s):
Page(s):620
Root/lemma: kr(o)k-sko- ,-uEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:arm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àrmunderlikewise'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankiku-m.`forearm;Stielanaxe;einmeasurementoflength'(mind.for*krsku-);
alb.krakùpperarm,shoulder,Flgel'(*krok-sko-);
maybealb.krahàrm'[commonalb.-k->-h-phoneticmutation]
probablytolit.krka`Schweinefu,VorderbeinofSchweines',ablaut.ostlit.kirklism.`Stelze';
slav.*korkaf.insloven.krka,kra`Schweinefu';
besidesslav.*korkinbulg.krak`leg,foot',russ.korok`ham';inadditionablaut.slav.*krokm.in
skr.krk(Gen.krka),ech.krok`footstep'andslav.*korakm.inskr.krk,sloven.korkds.
Quiteunklaretheablautrelation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):624
Root/lemma: kromEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:woodenfence,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`GestellfromLatten,hlzerneUmzunung'
Note:
Material:
Material:Aisl.hremma`catch,clamp',ags.hremmanèinengen,behindern'(probablyfrom
`*einzunen'),afries.hrembend`manacle',ndl.remmen`(einwheel)hemmen,sperren'(`*withabalk,
beam'),presumablyalsoaisl.hrefniùnterstePlankebermSchiffsboden'andgot.hramjan
`kreuzigen'(asàneinGestellheften');
russ.krmyPl.`loom',zakromt`withBretternumstellen',klr.prykromty`bndigen',russ.s-krmnyj
`bescheiden'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):623-624
Root/lemma: kr t Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:protuberance;breast;belly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wlbung,Brust,Bauch'
Material:
Material:Mir.crottf.`hunch,Harfe',nir.cruitds.,altbrit.-gall.crotta`Harfe',cymr.crwthm.`hunch,
Geige',crothf.`belly,uterus,vulva';
lit.krts`femalebreast',krtin`breast',lett.krts`hill,breast'.
Probablytokreu-`curve',seeunder(s)ker-,(s)kereu-`turn'.
References:
References:WP.I485,489,SpechtIdg.Dekl.772.
Page(s):
Page(s):624
Root/lemma: kseip- ,kseibEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,bethrown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,schwingendschleudern,inschwingenderheftigerBewegungsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankipti`wirft,schleudert',Kaus.kpyati,kipr-`quick,fast';withvoicednonaspiratedOldChurchSlavicoiba-j,-ti`sichabwenden',russ.ibt`throw',bkij`quick,fast',
oibt`chop,cut,reject',oibtsja`sichirren'.
HenceSlavicx->-phoneticmutationisofnpers.origin.
References:
References:WP.I501.
Page(s):
Page(s):625
Root/lemma: ks-en- ,ks-es- ,ks-euSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.585f.underkes- .
Page(s):
Page(s):625
Root/lemma: kseubh- (*hseubh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosway,swing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwanken,inschwingenderBewegungsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankbhyati,kbhat(kubhnti,-nti)`sways,zittert',kbhayati`placesin
Bewegung',kbha-m.`Schwanken,Erschtterung';av.xaob-ìnAufregunggeraten'(xufsn),
npers.-uftan,-oftanìnBewegungversetzen',-b`perplexity,Tumult';
poln.chyba`swing,hinandherbewegen';chybki`behend,rash,hasty';klr.chybty`doubt,
unschlssigsein',chba(*kb)`lack,fault,error'etc.
commonOldIndianh->k-:Slavich->ch-phoneticmutation
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):625
Root/lemma: kseud- (*heud-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrindinlittlepieces
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kleinstampfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankdati`stampft,zermalmt',kda-m.`shove,Stampfen,Zermalmen;meal,
flour,Pulver,Puder',kudr-`small;low,gemein',compoundskdyas-;kudr-n.`mote,speck';
commonOldIndianh->k-:Slavich->ch-phoneticmutation
abg.chud`small;small,evil,bad',compoundschudj(:OldIndiankdyas-).
Machek(Slavia16,174)nimmtasoriginallymeaning`skinny'an(ech.chud`poor,bad,lean'),das
ersomittoOldIndiankudhyati`hungert',kdh-uka-`hungry'stellenmchte.
OldChurchSlavic:xud`small,insignificant,scanty'[adjo];xudii`worse';Russian:xudj`thin,lean,
bad,fullofholes'[adjo];xe`worse'
Maybealb.(*kda-)holl`poor,bad,lean'commonslav.-alb.ch/hreading;commonalb.-d->-lphoneticmutation.
connectionfromOldIndiankudr-withav.xudra-`fluid'(seekseud-2 )versuchtBatakrishna
Ghosh(Lesformationsnominalesenp,S.21)tobegrnden.
References:
References:WP.I502.
Page(s):
Page(s):625
Root/lemma: kuku
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cuckoocooing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`NachahmungofKuckucksrufes'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankkil-m.`theindischecuckoo',kka-m.`cuckoo'(also`goose;wolf'seeunder
kn ).
Gr.,-m.`cuckoo'(dissim.from*-),:`shout,callofKuckucks',`rufe
cuckoo';
lat.cuclus`cuckoo'(unmittelbarfrom*cucshaped);
mir.cach(orneologismtoair.ci<*kovik-s,Gen.cch),cymr.cog`cuckoo';nhd.(without
consonantshiftinfolgestetsnebenhergehenderneologism)Kuckuck;
lit.kukoti,lett.kkut`cuckoocall,shout,cry';serb.kkavica`cuckoo'russ.kukaetc.ds.,r.
kukuvtetc.àseincuckoocall,shout,cry'.
maybealb.kukuvajk`cuckoo':russ.kukaetc.ds.,r.kukuvtetc.àseinKuckuckrufen'notfrom
serb.kkavica`cuckoo'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):627
Root/lemma: ku- ,kus- (*kukh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tokiss
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`Ku'
Note:
Note:(comparebu -S.103)
Material:
Material:Gr.,`kiss'(ne-Infixprsens*---[]).WithHemmungtheconsonantshift
inonomatopoeicwordsaisl.koss,ags.coss,ahd.kus`kiss',aisl.kyssa,ags.cyssan,ahd.kussen
`kiss';got.kukjan,ofries.kkkenseemsoutofitintheKindersprachereshapedtosein;
hitt.3.Pl.kuwassanzi`siekssen'.
similarOldIndiancati`sucks',cucu`Schmatzenbeimfood,eating'.
References:
References:WP.I465,KuiperNasalprs.151.
Page(s):
Page(s):626
Root/lemma: ku a kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:croaking,quacking
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:EinzelsprachlicheNachahmungenofFroschlautesandEntengeschnatters
Material:
Material:Gr.òfQuakenoffrog',lat.coaxare`quaken'(probablyNachbildungfrom),dt.
quack,quacken`fromFrschen;chatter(duck)etc.`,schwed.mdartl.kvaka`chatterwieeineduck',
aisl.kvaka`chirp,twitter',russ.kvkat`quaken',underlikewise
Maybealb.(*kuak)kuak`croak'
References:
References:WP.I468.
Page(s):
Page(s):627
Root/lemma: ku a t(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toferment,becomesour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gren,sauerwerden,faulen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankvthati`siedet,kocht',kvth-m.`Decoct';
got.af.`scum,froth,foam',ajan`schumen',schwed.dial.hv(*hvaa)`scum,froth,foam',
ags.hwaerian,hwoerian`schumen,branden';
lat.cseus`cheese'(from*cso-from*kut-so-`Geronnenes',ablautequallywithabg.kvas;das
Fehlenofuharrtstilltheexplanation);
maybealb.(*kut-so)kos`(sour)yogurt,clottedcurds'also(Du.kaas),OHGchsi,ksi(GKse),f.
WGmcf.Lcaseus.]`cheese'
abg.kvas`sourdough,suerlichesGetrnk'(kut-so-)etc.,zerogradeabg.v(s)-kysnti,-kysti
`sourbecome',kysl`sour'(-s-fromt+s);
lett.kst`boil,simmer,seethe,boil',ksuls`Sprudel',alsoprobablykstu,kust`melt';thefrom
`ferment,seethe,sourbecome'entwickelteconcept`faulen'schlgtdiebridgetoChurchSlavic
ksn`slow';comparelett.kust`melt,tauen-exhaust',kusint`tiredmake';lett.kusls`stiff,weak',
lit.dial.klas,kuls`weak',OldPrussianuckakuslaisin`schwchst'.
References:
References:WP.I468,WH.I176f.,Trautmann147.
Page(s):
Page(s):627-628
Root/lemma: ku e lk- orkelk- ,kolkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bundle,bale
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ballen,Bschel,Polster'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrc-m.`bundle,Ballen,tussock',lat.culcita`pillow,cushion,Polster';s.
ku e lp-2 `curve'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):630
Root/lemma: ku e lp-1 ,ku e lb- :ku l p /b- :klup/bEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostumble,stutter;totrot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withdenKnieneinknicken,stolpern;traben'
Material:
Material:Gr.`trot'(*F,*kulp);
nhd.holpern,mdartl.holpeln,hlpen,holpel`clumsyperson';underassumptionsecondary
lengthenedgrade*kleup/b-hatmangot.hlaupan`run',us-hlaupanàufspringen',anord.hlaupa
`spring,run',ags.hlapands.,ahd.(h)loufan`run'(mhd.participlegeloffen)angereiht;
OldPrussianpo-quelbtonNom.Sg.`kniend'(b=p),lit.klump,klpti`stumble',klpau,klpoti
`knien',lett.klpuAdv.`strauchelnd',lit.klaupios,klaptis`niederknien';lett.kluburt`hinken',
kluburs`lahmerperson'(lit.klumbas`lame'hereortolett.klambt`plumpgo').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):630
Root/lemma: ku e lp-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobecurved
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wlben'
Material:
Material:Gr.`sinus'(fromkuolposthroughdiss.reductionofuagainstdasfollowingp);
aisl.participleholfinnàrched',mhd.preteritwalb`wlbtesich',Kaus.aisl.huelfa`curve',ahd.
(h)welbends.,as.bihwelbian`berwlben',aisl.hualfn.`dome',ags.hwealff.`bulge'(heofon-hwealf)
`Himmelsgewlbe':gr.),Adj.àrched',mhd.walbeàrchedOberblatttheSchuhe,
incurvationofDachesantheGiebelseite',nhd.Walmunderlikewise;got.ilftrjmDat.Pl.`coffin'
(zweibereinandergelegteausgehhlteEinbume).
DaOldIndiankrc-m.`bundle,Ballen,tussock',lat.culcita`pillow,cushion,Polster'inrelationship
theWurzelvariation(*kuel-k-:-p-)toobigenwordsstand,isquitedoubtful.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):630
Root/lemma: ku e rp- ,alsokuerbEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichdrehen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Handwurzel'(Drehpunktthehand),`behende,quick,fast'
(formationas;reductionofuthroughDiss.againstdenauslautlabial);besideswithauslaut
voiced-nonaspirated`drehbarerPfeilerwithGesetztafeln';
zerogradeprobablymir.carrf.,cymr.parm.`spear,javelin'(StokesZceltPh.1,172;compare
perhapstelavibrre,fulminatorqure);
got.arban`'(eilaarbs`wetterwendisch',gaarbs`gehorsam'),anord.hverfa`sich
drehen,kehren,disappear',ags.hweorfan`sichwenden,reisen,sichndern',as.hweran`sich
drehen,zurckkehrenwandeln',ahd.hwerban,hwerfan`sichwenden,zurckkehren,(umetwas
herum)ttigsein';trans.ìnBewegungplace,betreiben',nhd.werben(comparez.meaninglat.
ambre),got.etc.arbn`wandeln',nexttowhichzerogradeanord.horfa`sichwenden,think,
belong'(*hwurn),Kaus.anord.hverfa,as.hwerian,ags.hwierfan,ahd.werban`wandeln',anord.
hverfr`quick,fast',hvirfill,ahd.wirvil,wirbil`whirl'(andahd.werbilfrom*hwarbila-ds.),as.hwarf
`circle,Menschenmenge',ahd.warb`turn,Umdrehungkreisfrmigerbattlefield',ags.hwearfm.
Àustausch,variation',anordhwarf`dasVerschwinden';
toch.Akrp-`climbdown,godown',krp-`sichwendenafter,go'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):631
Root/lemma: ku t- :ku t- :k t Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake,winnow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtteln,beuteln'
Material:
Material:Lat.quati,-ere,quassum`schttele;erschttere,poke,push,swing,brandish';
mir.cithàcus,furfur'(`*Abgebeuteltes';*kvti-);
verydoubtfulgr.(bran),.Hes.,whereof`bran'
inspiteofstillunclearnottoseparateis;
dafrom`shake'alsoàusschtteln,strew,distribute'couldhaveevolved,iswithquatipossibly
identicalgr.,att.(,,)`streue,besprenge'(intheWebersprache
`weavebunteFigurenein',hence`goldgestickt',m.`Brautkammer,Brautbett');
certainlyisatfirstwithdor.Hes.,
epidaur.toconnect;
ags.hdenian`shake',mhd.hotzen`run,swing',nisl.hossa`shake,toss,fling';aboutformswithsseeunder(s)k t - `jiggle';
lit.kutintis`sichzurechtzupfen'(frombirds),kunt,atkutu,ksti`sicherholen'(*aufrtteln).
References:
References:WP.I511,II601,WH.II399f.
Page(s):
Page(s):632
Root/lemma: ku o i- ,ku Englishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:towishfor;toinvite
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wollen,einladen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankta-m.`volition,eagerness,intention,Aufforderung,Einladung',ktana-n.
Àufforderung,Einladung';
gr.()Hes.,dubiousalso,att.(*)`krankhaftesGelst
schwangererFrauen';
OldPrussianquits`volition',quoièrwill',quoitt`wollen',lit.kviei,kvistièinladen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):632
Root/lemma: ku r es- ,ku e rs- ,ku r s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wood,trees
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gehlz,Baum'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Steineiche',whetherfrom*kurs-no-s();gall.prenneàrboremgrandem',
cymr.corn.bret.prenn`tree'(*kures-no-);ablaut.air.crann(*kurs-no-),Gen.cruinnds.,cymr.prys
(prysg)`spinney'(*kurs-to-);ags.hyrst`shrubbery,bush,spinney',as.ahd.mud.horst,hurstds.,nhd.
Horst`Raubvogelnest'(*kurs-to-;lessprobablyaboveS.548);slav.*chvorst,ChurchSlavic
chvrastije,russ.chvrost`deadwood,shrub,bush',slov.hrstòak'(*kuors-to-),withunexplained
anlaut.
References:
References:WP.I524,Morris-JonesWelshGr.128,MachekSlavia16(1939),182f.,Mikkola
Urslav.Gr.177.J.B.Hofmann(Etym.Wb.ofGr.284)contemplatesgr.becauseofkar.PNaspre
Greek-kleinasiatisch.
Page(s):
Page(s):633
Root/lemma: k e lu o - ,k e leu o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bald
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kahl'
Material:
Material:OldIndianti-krva-,-klva-`wholenaked,bald,bleak',av.kaurva-,npers.kal`haarlos,
naked,bald,bleak',OldIndianklvlkrta-`naked,bald,bleakgemacht';
lat.calvus`naked,bald,bleak,haarlos'(basicformital.kalouosfromidg.*keleuosbecauseof:)osk.
Kalvies(besidesosk.Kalaviis`Calvius',pl.Calauan[s]),whereforelat.calva`cranium,cranium',
calvriads.,inGlossenalso`goblet'.
AboutdieversuchteVermittlungwithnhd.kahlunderassumptionidg.Anlautschwankungseeunder
kal- `naked,bald,bleak';otheranklingendewordsare(withexpressivekh-)OldIndiankhalat`baldheaded',khalvta-ds.(:arm.xalam`cranium').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):554
Root/lemma: k e merEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cancer,turtle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`TierewithPanzer;Krebs,Schildkrte'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankamaha-m.`turtle,tortoise'(mind.from*kamar-tha-);gr.()
`Meerkrebs,Hummer'(outofitlat.cammarusds.)=anord.humarr,nd.nhd.Hummer;presumablyas
`berwlbteanimal'tokamer-`curve'.
References:
References:WP.I390.
Page(s):
Page(s):558
Root/lemma: k e nkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gold;honey
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`honiggelb,goldgelb'
Note:
Note:(withunclearAblautverhltnissen)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankcana-`golden',m.`nameofaplant',kcana-n.`gold';
gr.,dor.`yellowish,saflorfarben',`Saflor';
lat.canicae`bran';
aisl.hunang,aschwed.hunaghn.,ags.hunig,as.honig,ahd.honag,honang`honey'(aftertheFarbe
benannt;basicformprobablygerm.*hunaga-,fromwhichfinn.hunaja;daspartiallybeforeg
auftretendenbasedonaufnasalizationofVokalsthroughdasvorhergehendenanduntersttzendem
Einflusseofgerm.suffixes-ung-,-ing-);
OldPrussiancucan`brown'(l.ccan,i.e.cuncan;uisbalt.developmentfromreduz.vowelin
zweisilbigenBasen);
aboutOldIndianknaka-n.`gold's.Kuiper,Proto-Munda30f.;
gall.caneco-sedlonbarelyas`goldenerseat'here,alsonottomir.canach`Sumpfgras'(:cymr.pn
ds.);
References:
References:WP.I400,VendryesRC47,200f.,H.Lewist.Celt.1,320f.
Page(s):
Page(s):564-565
Root/lemma: k a d-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianad-,Perf.ada,Fut.atsyatiàbfallen,fallout'(:lat.cad);
arm.cacnum(*kadio-)`fall,lowbecome';
lat.cad,-ere`fall'(osk.ankaums.WH.I128);cadvern.`corpse'as`Gefallenes'(*kadues);
cadcus`hinfllig';
air.casarf.`hail;lightning'(*kadtar),Pl.cymr.cesair`Schloen',corn.keser,bret.kazerc'h`hail'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):516
Root/lemma: k a d-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine,toflaunt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,prangen,sichauszeichnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianPerf.ad,participleadna-`sichauszeichnen,hervorragen';
gr.Perf.,Plusqpf.,participle(Hom.Aisch.)`sichauszeichnen',
(Pind.)`prangend',actually`theGlnzende'(),-ùnderMnnern
distinguished',etc.;inadditionm.`beaver'withtransferenceofGNbecauseofthe
HeilwirkungofBibergeils:(>OldIndiankastrf.`Moschus');presentseems
neologismafter;
perhapsmir.c(i)d`holy',whereforegall.caddos`sanctus'C.Gl.L.V493,30;
abrit.Belatu-cadrusepithetof`godofwar'reshufflinga*katros`valiant'(comparekat- `fight')to
kadroswrecertainlynotganzausgeschlossen.
References:
References:WP.I340.
Page(s):
Page(s):516-517
Root/lemma: k a kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobecomethin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbmagern'
Material:
Material:Av.kasu-small,little',compoundsSuperl.kasyah-,kasita-;
nhd.hager(TrautmannZfdtWtf.7,267,KZ.43,153);
lit.nukati`ganzentkrftetbecome'.
References:
References:WP.I334.
Page(s):
Page(s):521-522
Root/lemma: k a k- (k e k- )(*keh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohelp;tobeable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vermgen,helfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianaknti`kann,isimstande,hilft',Desid.kati`hilft,huldigt,dient,lernt',akt-f.
`help',akr-`vermgend',agm-`vermgend,hilfreich',scf.`fortune,help',ka-m.`power,
help',k-`strong,helfend;m.helper',kman-n.`help';comparekvan-`skilful';commonOld
Indianh->k-:Avestanh->x-,-phoneticmutation
av.saaitiùnderstandssichwhereupon',Desid.sixaiti`lernt',npers.saxt`hard,tight,firm,very'=
OldIndianakta-`vermgend';
air.ccht`power'(*kankt-or*kenkt-);
Perhapslit.kank,kkti`wohingelangen,gengen,hinreichen'(Reihenwechsel);doubtfulalsoags.
hagan`genitalia',mhd.hagen`Zuchtstier',nhd.dial.hegelds.,haksch`breedingpig',nhd.hecken
`sichpaaren(frombirds)',engl.hatch`brood',ahd.hegi-druosa`testicle'.Ebenso,weilnie-h-,but
only-g-inWurzelauslaut,diegerm.familyaisl.hagr`fitting,skilful',hagrm.`Lage,benefit,
advantage,Wohlstand',haga`dispose',hgr,hgr`fitting,bequem',httr(*hahtu-)`kindofand
Weise'(wretu-stembesidesdemti-stemOldIndianakti-),ahd.st.participleki-hagan,bihagan
`cheerful',mhd.behagen`passen,rightsein',nhd.behagen,mhd.hagem.`Behagen,satisfaction',
as.bihagn`behagen,gefallen',ags.onhagian`passen,behagen',gehagianunpers.`Gelegenheit
sein';underassumptionfromauslaut-gh-comparesZupitzaGutt.104siewithprakr.ca(y)atiìs
fhig',Acoka-Inschr.caghatiìstoetwaswilling,ready,willing',av.agd-(withrafrm)`help
gewhrend',agman-n.`gift',agvah-`bietend,gewhrend',diecertainlywiederuminihremevocalismnotsounmittelbartogerm.a:stimmen;
toch.Akkmart,kamart`Herrschaft'.
References:
References:WP.I333,334.
Page(s):
Page(s):522
Root/lemma: k a nkSeealso:
Seealso:s.kk-1andkk-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):526
Root/lemma: k a s- ,k a s-no-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gray
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grau'
Material:
Material:Lat.cnus(*cas-no-s)`gray,aschgrau',plign.casnar`senex',ahd.hasan`graygleaming,
poliertfein';sabin.-lat.cas-cusòld'(originallyàltersgrau');
anord.hss(*kas-uo-),ags.hasu`graubraun',mhd.heswe`pallid,faint,languid'.
InadditiondieBenennungofHasen(compareruss.srjk`grauerhare':sryj`gray'):
OldIndiana-m.(from*as-),afghan.soe,Pmird.si;cymr.ceinach(-ach-extensiona*cein=
*kasn`Hsin',PedersenKG.I86);ahd.haso,withgramm.variationags.hara,anord.heri(eine
Ablautsneubildungwithgerm.eseemsnorw.schwed.mdartl.jase=anord.*hjasi),OldPrussian
sasinsm.`hare',sasin-tinklo`Hasengarn',PNSassenpile`Hasenberg'.
Aextensionthestem*kasen-(:kas-n-o-)and*kaseu-,kasou-(:kasuo-)withformants-dho-and
zerogradetherootsyllablewirdingr.`blond,brown'from*ks-en-dho-(whetheramalgamationfrom*-and*-=*n-)andostensibly`golden',whetherfrom*ks-ou-dho-,
angenommen,butverydubious.
References:
References:WH.I156,Hofm.Etym.Gr.Wb.221,Trautmann330,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I329.
Page(s):
Page(s):533
Root/lemma: k a tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofight;battle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kmpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantyati`hauttogether,wirftlow,base';tru-m.`Besieger,fiend';
gall.catu-`fight,struggle'inGNCatu-rx`Schlachtenknig',air.cath`fight,struggle;Truppe,troop,
multitude,crowd',cymr.cadds.,corn.casm.`fight,struggle';cymr.cadr(*kat-ro-)`strong',abret.
cadr,mbret.kazr,nbret.kaer`beautiful';cymr.cadarn`strong',bret.kadarn`valiant';inadditionalso
afterLothRC42,84f.cymr.cadwm.`Truppe,troop,multitude,crowd'(*katuo-),asVerb`preserve,
protect,shield';abrit.MarsBelatu-cadroscontainswhereasdierootk a d- `gleam';
aisl.hof.`fight'(=gall.catu-),GNHr,got.MNTheuda-hatha-s,ags.heau-,ahd.hadu-`fight,
struggle'innamesasHadu-mr,Hedwig;mhd.hader`quarrel,fight';
whethermanhereslav.k-fork-annehmenpossibly(compareaboveS.181),abg.kotora,russ.ChurchSlavickotera`fight,fight,struggle';
possiblewrecitationofthrak.VNthe,-;
daingr.`Luxuswagen',,dieasphryg.wordswitharm.sayl`cart'
(arm.-phryg.*satilia)interrelate,diemeaningof`chariot'dieoriginalsei,isunerweisbar.
References:
References:WP.I339,340,VendryesRC.43,246,M.LeumannHermes68,359.
Page(s):
Page(s):534
Root/lemma: k d- :k des- :k d-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:uneasiness,displeasure,hate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`seelischeVerstimmung;Kummer,Ha'
Note:
Root/lemma:od-2 (*had- )::`disgust,hate'earlierRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:od-1 (*had- )::
`tosmell,*haverepulsivesmell',oldlaryngealcentum->a-,e-:satem->s-;
Material:
Material:OldIndianri-das-`fordenFremdensorgend';
av.sdra-n.àffliction,Wehe,mischief'(GeldnerKZ.27,242f.);
gr.n.,dor.`sorrow,mourning,grief;Leichenbestattung;Familiengefhl',`the
liebste',`thesorrowwert,lieb;zurBestattunggehrig;blutsverwandt',,kret.
`Heiratsverwandter',`besorge,tend,lookafter;bury;verschwgere',
`Beschtzer;Leichenbestatter;Heiratsverwandter',`makebesorgt,betrbe',also`verletze,
schdige';ùnbesorgt,unbestattet',whereof`vernachlssige';
osk.cadeisamnudìnimcitiaecaus'(:nhd.Ha,KernKZ.21,242);
mir.caiss,cymr.cas,bret.cas`hate'(*kds-i-asfurtherformationsof-es-stemfromgot.hatis);cymr.
cawddòffensa,ira,indignatio'corn.cueth,mbret.cuez,nbret.keuz(*kdo-s)àffliction,mourning,
grief';
got.hatisn.`hate,rage,fury',anord.hatrn.,ags.hetem.,as.hetim.,ahd.hazm.`hate'partlyalsoin
Verfolgungausartend,hencediemeaning`pursue'fromanord.hata,as.htonpartlyalsoahd.
hazzn,comparealsoahd.hetzenfrom*hatjan;foreinebasicmeaning`pursue'therootsaydie
germ.Verhltnissenichtsfrom;ablaut.as.hoti`hostile';
toch.Akat`destruction'.
References:
References:WP.I340f.,
Seealso:
Seealso:compareabovekd-.
Page(s):
Page(s):517
Root/lemma: k k-1 :k k- ,probablyk [i]k- :k kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojump,springout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,hervorsprudeln,krftigsichtummeln'
Note:
Note:(withkk-asablautneologismfromkk-)
Material:
Material:Gr.èntspringe,sprudlehervor',.Hes.,,-,
dor.f.àllHervorsprudelnde(blood;Purpursaft;ausbratendesfat;vapor)';lesb.ds.
Hes.;
lit.kti`spring,tanzen';nasalizedanksàgile',anknti`(einhorse)springmake'(compare
)andahd.hengist,ags.hengest`Hengst',eig.Superl.àtbestspringend,bespringend',
germ.*hangistabesides*hanhista(gramm.variation)inanord.hestr`horse',toPositiv*hanha-,in
additionDat.urnord.hahai`demrusher,racer'andahd.Hh-,Hang-,aisl.H-inPN;inadditionkelt.
*kankstik`mare'incymr.casegds.,bret.Pl.kezeg`Pferde',dial.`Stuten',acorn.cassec`mare',gall.
PNCassiciate(Lok.)`Pferdepark'.
Frkik-:kk-oneintroducesprobablythrak.-phryg.()`TanztheSatyrntoEhrendesDionysos'
(zwarbydenLex.,butEur.Cycl.37alsowithmebar)an,probablyalsof.`power',genauer
`Beweglichkeit,Frische',,Zonar,ep.ion.,-`weak,flabby';
PedersenKG.I51placeshere(:)ir.cchf.`femalebreast',cymr.cig,bret.kik,acorn.chic
`Fleisch'.
References:
References:WP.I334,HofmannEtym.Gr.Wb.142,Kluge11s.v.Hengst.
Page(s):
Page(s):522-523
Root/lemma: k k -2 ,nasalizedk a nkEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àst,Zweig,Pflock'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankhf.`bough'(:got.hha,arm.cax);kala-m.n.`chip,splinter,splinter,
woodenlog,Schnitzel,shred'(:lit.akals);ak-m.`Holznagel,peg,plug,picket,pole,Stecken'(:
OldChurchSlavicsk,cymr.cainc,anord.hr);akti-f.`spear,javelin'(:air.ccht);
arm.cax`twig,branch',perhapsLw.frompers.xds.,andthesefromOldIndiankh;afterMeillet
Esquisse236,Slavecommun823f.ratherfromidg.*kskh-;
becauseofthemeaningdoubtfulalb.thek`fringe,Zipfel',compareafterallthesamemeaningfrom
norw.hekel`Zipfel'under*keg-;
cymr.cainc(*kank,comparedenu-stemOldIndianaku-),Pl.cangau,mcymr.canghau`bough',
mir.gc,nir.gag`bough'(withsecondaryvoiced-nonaspiratedinanlaut),with-sk-suffixgallo-rom.
*gascaria(frz.jachre)`Brachland',eigentl.`Pflugland',HubschmiedVoxRom.III1233;air.gscae
`twig,branch,bough';witht-suffixair.ccht`plough'(probablyas*kank-to-next-relatedwithOld
Indianakti-);
got.hha`plough'(=OldIndiankh),ahd.huohiliàratiuncula';nas.anord.hr`Ruderdolle'
(*hanha,finn.Lw.),hll`peg,plug,stick'(*hanhila-);
Maybealb.thua,thoi`nail,claw',kthetr`claw'
lit.ak`bough'(ablaut.withOldIndiankh),k`fork',akals`splinter'(:OldIndiankala-),
akns,OldPrussiansagnisf.,lett.sakne`root';lit.akarnis`stig',lett.sakrnis`Wurzelende';Old
ChurchSlavic*sk`surculus';
slav.socha`club,cudgel(OldChurchSlavicetc.),hook,plough(russ.),Gabelstange'(poln.),poln.
rozsocha`gabelfrmigerbough',OldChurchSlavicposochm.`cudgel,club'.
References:
References:WP.I335,Trautmann297ff.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.55,254;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareunderke(n)g-,ke(n)k-`peg,plug,hook'S.537f.andkenk-,konk-`waver,
hangen',S.565.
Page(s):
Page(s):523
Root/lemma: k s- ,k sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toteach,indicate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zurechtweisen,anweisen'
Note:
Note:onlyAryanandarmenisch
Material:
Material:OldIndiansti,1.Pl.im`weistzurecht,zchtigt,herrscht,befiehlt,belehrt',participle
Aor.int-ùnterweisend',si-`zurechtgewiesen,angewiesen,unterwiesen'(newersta-,asav.
ssta-);av.sstiìsnamed,lehrt',Opt.sit,a-sta-`verheien';OldIndianstr-`Bestrafer,lord,
master'=av.sstar-`lord,master,prince,lord',mpers.sstr`ruler',OldIndianstr-n.`directive,
Belehrung,Lehrbuch',av.sxvan-n.`doctrine',ssn`doctrine,command',OldIndianii-f.
`Bestrafung,command,order'(newersti-),siya-`toinstruct',m.`Schler';
arm.sast`Vorwurf,threat,austereness,severeness,Autoritt',sastem`drohe,schrfeein,gebiete',
sastik`violent'(alliran.Lw.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):533
Root/lemma: k e i-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toliedown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`liegen;Lager,Heimsttte,traut,lieb(vonderselbenSiedlung)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiant(oldery),3.Pl.r,av.sate(:gr.)`lies',3.Pl.sire,OldIndian
ayate,-ti`lies,ruht',ay,ayy`lair',madhyama--ìntheMittesichlagernd,lying',ni--tha-m.
`Mitternacht',etc.;
gr.`lies',3.Pl.from*jnt-,reshapedafter-,hom.;newishom.(:Old
Indianayant);m.,f.`lair',`Gemahlin'(withion.Psilosefrom*-);compare
bret.(d)argud`lightsleep(*-are-koito-);`bringtobed,schlfereein'(comparegot.haims,air.
cim,lett.sime,alsolit.eimna,ags.hman).Zweitescompositionpart---in,
,underlikewiseSehrprobablylat.cnae,cnbulaPl.`cradle,nest'(*koi-n)andanord.h,
hin.`lairofBren'(*keito-);
hitt.Mediopassivkiitta(kitta)andki-it-ta-ri(kittari)`lies';perhapsalsolyk.sijni`lies'(Pedersen,
LykischunderHitt.17).
WithdemBegriffe`home,traut,lieb':
withl-suffixOldIndianla-n.`consuetude,character',air.c(i)le`comrade,husband'(*keiliios),
withsecondaryicymr.cilydd`comrade',etc.;
withm -suffix:
gr.(seeabove),àufbewahrtesblessing'(from*n.`lair');lengthenedgrade
f.`village'(*k[i]m);
air.cim,cem`lieb',acymr.cum,ncymr.cuetc.`lieb'(koimo-);
got.haimsf.(i-stem)`village,Flecken;Pl.',anord.heimrm.`homeland,world',ing-heimr`die
beimThinganwesendecongregation,meeting',ags.hm,as.hm,ahd.heim`homeland,house,
dwelling'(ags.hman`beschlafen,marry',originally`');
lett.simef.`Hausgesinde,family',ablaut.lit.eimnaf.,OldPrussianseimnsm.`Gesinde';
OldChurchSlavicsmja`Gesinde,Sklaven',smin`zumGesindeGehriger,slave';
lit.kimas`farmstead,kimas`village',lett.cems`village,Versammlungshaus',OldPrussiancaymis
`village',lit.kaimnas`Nachbar',kamen`herd'aretheborrowingfromgerm.*haimazverdchtig;
Trautmann(112f.)nimmtablaut.urbalt.*kaima-m.and*kimf.an(idg.i:ai);
withro -suffix:arm.sr`Neigung,love',siremÌlove'(*keiro-);
withu o -suffix:OldIndianva-(=germ.hwa-)`traut,friendly,lieb,wert',iv-(=germ.*hwa-)
`vertraut,lieb,heilsam';
lat.cvis`Brger'=osk.ceusds.;diei-inflectionafterhostis(M.LeumannGnomon9,237);
got.heiwa-frauja`householder',ags.hw-cund`heimisch',hw-rdenf.`Haushaltung',ahd.h-rt
`Heirat',ags.hrdds.,agutn.h-skepr`family',anord.hy-byliNeutr.Pl.`Hauswesen'(besides
ablaut.*hwa-=OldIndiansiv-inanord.hera,aschwed.h-ra`district,region,area',h-skaper
`family'from*hwa-);thegerm.stem*hwa-isKompositionsformto*hwan-`Hausgenossen(schaft)'
inanord.hj(n),hjnÈhepaar,Dienerschaft,Gesinde',ags.hwan,hgan`Hausgenossen,family',
hwenn.`household',aschs.sinhwunÈhegatten',ahd.h(w)unÈhepaar,Dienstboten',h(w)o
`husband;housemate,Knecht',hwa`wife',aschs.hwads.;with-ro-extendedanord.hyrr`friendly,
kind,gracious',ags.hore,here`friendly,sanftmtig',mhd.gihiure`mild,behaglich',nhd.geheuer,
ahd.as.unhiuriùnheimlich,grauenhaft';
lett.siva`woman'(*eiuwithdemintonationchangeofFemin.).
References:
References:WP.I358ff.,WH.I224f.,306f.,856,Trautmann112f.,300f.
Page(s):
Page(s):539-540
Root/lemma: k e i-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofdarkcolour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inFarbbezeichnungen,meistfordunkleFarben
Note:
Note:(seealsok-ro-)
Material:
Material:OldIndiani-ti-`white',iti-g-a-`whitish';
gr.,`fox'Hes.,òrangegelb'(das-rr-probablyexpressive);
mir.car`darkbrown'(*kei-ro-),carannm.`beetle,chafer';cir(*kiru-),Gen.cera`Pechkohle';co
(*ki-uo-k-s)`fog',Gen.cach(:got.hiwi);
aisl.hrr`gray,old',ags.hr,engl.hoar,aschs.ahd.hr(*haira-)`wrdig,convex,elevated';
comparative*hriro,hr(r)o`Heer';ags.hwen`blue'(*haiwina-);got.hiwin.`shine,Aussehen',aisl.
hyn.`feineshair,Flaum',schwed.hy`skin,complexion',ags.hiew,hi(o)wn.àpparition,paint,color,
beauty',engl.hue`paint,color'(idg.*ki-uo-);
OldChurchSlavicsr,russ.sryj,sloven.sr`gray'(*koi-ro-),with-d-suffix()OldChurchSlavic
sd,skr.sjed,russ.sedj`gray'(whethernotaftersmd`pale,wan',bld`'reshaped);
aech.r,poln.szary`gray',aech.divds.weisenthoughaufeinprotoslav..anlaut.ch-,das
fromPedersen(KZ.40,176f.)fromidg.kh-expoundedwird(probablyexpressive);whereasnimmt
PerssonBeitr.304Anm.1forprotoslav..*chrborrowingfromgerm.*haira-an,dassichwith
genuineslav.srgemischthabe.
Besideseineextendedrootformsamemeaning:
k i -, k -; k i -mo-`darkgrey'.
OldIndiany-v-`schwarzbraun,dark',av.syva-`black',npers.siyh`black';
arm.(probablyiran.Lw.)seav`dark,black';
reducedgradelit.vas`whitish,schimmelig(fromhorses)',OldPrussiansijwan`gray',OldChurch
Slavicsiv`darkgrey',russ.svyj,serb.svds.;
OldIndianym-`schwarzgrau,schwarzgrn,black',ymaka-`swart'=av.symaka-m.`name
einesBerges'(alsosma-`black'withs-fromsy-,BartholomaeAiran.Wb.1571);
lit.mas,mas`greyish-blue,blue';
reducedgrade*k-mo-probablyinlat.cmex`bedbug'(`swart';forms-ko-,asSubst.afterthe
conservativeDekl.assenextoidg.*senos);perhapsingr.EN;
withothersuffix:OldChurchSlavicsin,russ.snij`dunkelblau';
maybealb.(*sin)thinj`grizzle,grayhair'[commonalb.s>thshift]
maybealsoturk.siyah`black'.
aufarootformkiei-shine,appear,seemOldIndianynf.(whereforem.yt-probablypreviously
aftern:ta-,hri:hrita-etc.andvt-neugeschaffen)Farbbezeichnung`bright,white,
reddish',unddieaftertheFarbebenanntenOldIndianyen-m.èagle,falcon',av.sana-èin
groerbirdofprey,probablyeagle'tobasedon
References:
References:WP.I360f.,WH.I216,Trautmann306,SpechtIdg.Dekl.121,179.
Page(s):
Page(s):540-541
Root/lemma: k e ipo- ,k o ipoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:peg,sharppieceofwoodorstone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pfahl,spitzesHolzorStein'
Note:
Note:alsosk e ipoMaterial:
Material:OldIndianpa-,pha-m.`tail,penis'(withsk-prakr.cheppa-ds.);
lat.cippusàpale,stake,post,pillar'(*keipos);
alb.thepm.`sharpcliff'(*koipos),tsep`prick,sting,point,edge,angle',metath.stepèdge,cusp,
peak'.
Additionalconnectionwithlat.scpio,gr.androotskip-`cut,clip'isprobably.
References:
References:WP.I364,II545,WH.I219f.,856.
Page(s):
Page(s):543
Root/lemma: k e ipEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towag,wave,pullfaces
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schweifen,wedeln,dasGesichtverziehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianiprf.`whisker,moustache,flowingplume,feather',av.(withmetathesis)srifam.`nostril';av.saf`whisk,smallbroomfordusting';themeaningofav.sapa-isunclear;
lit.iepios,iptisandaipas,aiptis`makingfaces,makingfacialexpressions',ypl`mocker,
personwhomocks,scoffer',ypsa,-ti`grin,smilebroadly,baretheteeth,grimace'.
References:
References:WP.I364,FriskLemondeoriental30,78ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):543
Root/lemma: k e kEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`cacare'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrtn.Gen.aknn.`crap,muck';comparechagaa-n.ds.;
gr.`crap,muck,manure,smut';
lit.ik,kti`defecate'.Perhapsherealsoair.cechorf.Gl.`palus'(*kekur),mir.cechair`slime,
mud,ordure'(if`leiblicheAusscheidung'dieoriginalmeaningis).
References:
References:WP.I381,BenvenisteOrigines9.
Seealso:
Seealso:Seestill*kakka- `defecate'.
Page(s):
Page(s):544
Root/lemma: k e lb- ,k e lpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohelp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`helfen'
Material:
Material:Got.hilpan,aisl.hjalpa,as.ags.helpan,ahd.helfan,helphan`help';
lit.elpiu,elpti,alit.elbinos`help,frdern';unclearisdasrelationshiptoglbti`help'.
maybealb.geg.shelbue,tosk.shrbej`help,serve'
References:
References:WP.I447f.,Trautmann302,Feist255f.
Page(s):
Page(s):554
Root/lemma: k e l-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cold;warm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`frieren,kalt',2.`warm'(Bedeutungsvermittlungsprobably`brennend')
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianiira-`khl,cold',m.`khletime,coldness',av.sarta-`cold',npers.sard
ds.,osset.sald`coldness',av.sar--`coldnessbringing';
aisl.hla`hoarfrost(hihln-,compareOldIndiani-ira-);ndl.haln.`frozenbottom',withlengthened
gradeahd.hli`schlpfrig,smooth',nhd.bair.hl,schweiz.hlds.,ags.hligùnzuverlssig',aisl.
hll`smooth,cunning';
lit.l,lti`freeze'(lett.salt),ltas`cold'(lett.salts),aln`hoarfrost(lett.salna),palas`frozen
earth'=OldPrussianpassalis`frost',lit.paols`Nachtfrost,frostintheearth';
abg.slana`hoarfrost'.
2.OldIndianard-f.àutumn',withZahlwrtern`year',av.sar-f.`year'(seealsoSolmsenKZ.34,
78tolyd.`year'),osset.srd`summer',npers.sl`year'(àutumn'as`warmeZeit',alsolit.
ilusÀugust',moreproperlyilius);
lat.cale,-re`warm,hotsein,glow',calidus`warm,hot',calor`Wrme,heat';
cymr.clyd(*kl-to-)`warm,wrmend'(:lit.iltas);inadditionperhapsfromanei-extensioncymr.
claear`lukewarm',bret.klouards.
As.halian`burn';inGerm.wurdeeineextension*kleu-frachtbar:ahd.lo,flect.lwr`lukewarm,
warm',aisl.hlrds.,ofweather(*hlwia-),hlna`mildbecome',bair.lunen`tauen',aisl.hlka
`Tauwetter':aisl.hlyr`lukewarm',hlyn.`Wrme',ags.hlowe`lukewarm',aisl.hl(*hlwa-)n.
`protection,Leeseite',as.hleom.`protectionvordemweather',afries.hl,ags.hlo,hlown.
Òbdach,cover,protection'(comparealsomhd.liewe,lief.`Laube',schweiz.l`geschtzteLage,
Sonnenseite',schwed.lya`cavefromanimals');norw.dn.lum,lummer`mild,lukewarm',schwed.
ljumds.,schweiz.lm`mild,ofweather'underlikewise,ndd.luk,holl.leuk`lukewarm'.
lit.yl,ila,lti`warmbecome';iltas`warm'(:cymr.clyd).
References:
References:WP.I429f.,WH.I137,Trautmann297f.,304f.
Page(s):
Page(s):551-552
Root/lemma: k e l-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toincline
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`neigen'
Material:
Material:basisthevielreicherentwickeltenrootformklei-`lean'(seeunder)andveryprobablyin
consecutivewordsanzuerkennen:
Lat.auscult`horche,lausche',originally`neigedasear'from*auscltre,derivativefrom*from-kltos
(SpechtIdg.Dekl.285,333);differentWH.I86f.;
lit.als`Seite,region';
aisl.hallr,ags.heald,ahd.hald`geneigt',ahd.halda,nhd.Halde`Bergabhang'(aisl.hallaìncline',
ahd.haldn`sichneigen',aisl.hella`diffuse,einvesselneigen',asschweiz.helde),got.wiljahalei
`Neigung,Gunst';got.huls`geneigtenSinnes,gracious',aisl.hollr,ags.as.ahd.nhd.holdds.(ahd.
huld`Huld,Geneigtheit'etc.);inadditionalsomnd.heldef.`slope',nd.hille`roomaboutden
ViehstllenzumSchlafen'(fromhilde`geneigte,schrgecover')anddienord.familyofnorw.hjell
`scaffold,trestle,bottom',olderdn.hjld`Heuboden,Hhnersteige,Seller',aisl.hjallr`scaffold,
trestle,elevation',hjalliÀbsatz,Terrasse',hilla`cornice,board,Regal'(=mnd.hilde);changing
throughablautdn.hylde`Regal',schwed.hylla.
References:
References:WP.I430f.,WH.I86f.,235;
Seealso:
Seealso:aboutkel-ìncline'(withVelar)s.(s)kel-`bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):552
Root/lemma: k e l-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:athinshaft,stalk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dnnerSchaft,Pfeil,steiferHalm'
Material:
Material:OldIndianal-m.`stick,sting,prickofStachelschweins',alala-n.,alal`sting,prickof
Stachelschweins',aly-m.n.àrrowhead,Speerspitze,thorn,sting,prick',lyak-m.
`Stachelschwein';dial.additionalformablaut.ila-m.`hre'=lit.las`Heide';inadditionar-`reed,
Pfeil',ru-`Pfeil,spear,javelin';
doubtfularm.saart``belaubtertwig,branch,langeshair';
gr.`Pfeil,Gescho';
mir.cail`spear,javelin',celtairf.`spear,javelin(spitze)';
anord.halim.`cusp,peakaSchaftes,tail';
OldPrussiankelian`spear,javelin'withwestidg.kfork;lit.las`Heide'(afterdenstarrenStengeln).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):552-553
Root/lemma: k e l-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toconceal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bergen,verhllen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianara-`schirmend',n.`Schirm,Schutzdach,cottage',rman-n.`Schirm,
Schutzdach,cover,Obhut'(:nhd.Helm),lengthenedgrade(aslat.cl,cella,ahd.hli)laf.
`cottage,house,Gemach',l-m.Èinfriedung,hedge',lna-`verlegen'(*versteckt);verydoubtful
OldIndiana-m.,f.`kerchief,cloth,Binde';
gr.:`cottage,barn,nest';m.`sack,bag,pouch';hom.,metrischgedehnt
,att.`vagina'(*F;unclearlat.culleus`leathersack',fromwhichruss.kul,poln.
kul`sack,bag',outofitagainlit.kulsds.,kulkas,OldPrussiankuliks`Beutel');withlabialextension
`wrap,verberge',Òbdach,cottage',n.`bowl,husk';labialshowsalsodas
probablycognatemhd.hulft`quiver'(seeunder);
maybealb.kul`hernia'
lat.*cl(=air.celim,ahd.helan)inoccul,-ere`conceal';color,-ris`paint,color'(arch.cols,
actually`Hlle,Auenseite');lengthenedgradecl,-re`verhehlen,conceal',nominalcella
`Vorratskammer,chamber,cell'(probablywithconsonantincreasefor*cl=OldIndianl);zero
gradeclam`clandestine'(Akk.a*cl),clandestnus`geheim'from*clam-de;alsoosk.kala`cellam'
(*kalj);
maybealb.kaltrbluecolor,possibly*ambi-hela,mbulojcover,hide,conceal
cilium(seitPlinius)èyelid,esp.dasuntere'anddasoldersuperciliumòbereseyelid'probablyfrom
*super-keliom`dieoberecover';
air.celim`verberge',cymr.celu`conceal',air.cuile`Keller,Magazin'and`Kche'(notfromlat.culna,
butinthemeaningtherefrominfluenced),mir.luidarcelòbiit',actually`fuhrzurhell';mir.cul
`protection',culaid`Hlle'(*colu-),probablyalsocolum,Dat.Pl.colomnaib`skin,hide'andcuilche
`mantle'(*koliki);mir.clitharm.`protection'(*kl-tu-ro-);
ahd.as.ags.helan`conceal',nexttowhichfromanAoristprsens-hulan,got.hulundif.`cave'(*kelnt
`dieBergende'),got.huljan,anord.hylja,ahd.hullen`verhllen',whereofwithgerm.Suff.-stra-,got.
hulistrn.`Hlle,cover',anord.hulstr`sheath';aufanold-es-stem(seelat.color)basedonwhereas
probablymhd.hulstf.`cover,Hlle'andmnd.hulse,ahd.hulsa,hulis`husk'(ags.helustr,heolstor
`Hlle,hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole,darkness'withgerm.Suffixablautoratmostwithidg.*kelu-);
compareinsimilarmeaningags.huluf.`bowl,husk',ahd.helawa,helwa`Haferspreu',schwed.dial.
hjelmm.ds.,ahd.hala`Hlle,bowl';got.hilms,ahd.as.ags.helm`helmet',anord.hjalmrds.,ags.
helmalso`Beschtzer'(:OldIndianarman-;daswordisbersSlav.insBalt.gewandert:lit.lmas
`helmet'etc.);got.halja,ahd.hella,as.hellia,ags.hellf.ùnderworld,hell`,anord.hel`Todesgttin'
from*halja-,idg.*kolio-,comparefinn.-ugr.KoljoÙnterweltsdmon';afterSzadrowsky(PBrB.72,
221ff.)sollgerm.*halj`dieHehlende,dasTotenreich'alreadyearlywith*hallj(n)`Steinplatte'(to
got.hallus`Fels')zusammengeflossensein;s.alsounder(s)kel- `split';ahd.as.halla,ags.heall
`ll',anord.hllf.`bighouse'(*koln);norw.hulder(participlePass.f.*hul),hulda`Waldelfe',
nhd.wife,womanHolle;
lengthenedgradeahd.hla`dasVerbergen',mhd.hle`Verheimlichung',anord.hlin.`hideout',
ahd.hli`verhehlend,verhohlen'.
Withlabialextension:mhd.hulft,holfte,hulfe,hulftr`quiver',mnd.hulfteds.(:);compare
alsok l ep- .
Maybealb.hol`thin,sharp,narrow(hole)'.
References:
References:WP.I432f.,WH.I195ff.,214f.,226f.;J.LothRC.42,88f.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsounderk l ep- `verheimlichen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):553-554
Root/lemma: k e m//-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobetired
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichabmhen,mdewerden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianamnt,mati,amyati,Imp.am-va`sichmhen,work,prepare,prepare,
concoct',amit-`zubereitet',amitr-`Zurichter,Zubereiter',mf.,min.`Bemhung.work,
Flei'(imyati=àmyati',ima-m.`Zubereiter'arethroughdasbedeutungsgleichem`Flei'
hervorgerufen);myati`hrtauf,ltafter'from`*ermdet',Aor.aamat,aamt;nt-`beruhigt,
peaceful,gentle,mild'(*kemts,wirdseineshalberinthemeaningnherwithmyatiassoziiert);
gr.`mhemich,ermde;tr.verfertige(withtoil)'(probably*km-n--,asOldIndianamnt),
Fut.,Aor.,Perf.,dor.,participle(F),,dor.,
`withvielerMheorSorgfaltzubereitet',Èrmdung,Anstrengung,hardship,
affliction',-,-,,-ùnermdet,fresh',`dieToten',asatt.;
o-grade-`woolbereitend',-`groom,stableman',`tend,lookafter'etc.,
`nourishment,care,cultivation,dasbringingetc.`;lengthenedgrade`tiefer,ruhiger
sleep';
mir.cuma,mbret.caffou`distress'(PedersenKG.I47,361);mir.cumal`Sklavin'(`*sichmhend,
anstrengend',as:)gall.Camulos`Kriegsgott'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):557
Root/lemma: k e m-1 ork a mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stick,pole,horn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Stock,Horn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmy`stick,spigot,Holznagel,Sttznagel',av.sim(-i-seemsidg.;or=Old
Indianmy)èinTeilofGeschirrofwithhorsesbespanntenWagens',npers.smds.;
arm.sami-k`Pl.`StirnholzofOchsenjochs'(iran.Lw.);
gr.f.m.`shaft,pole,picket,pole,SchaftofSpeeres';
dn.schwed.hammel,norw.dial.humul(-hmull)`dasQuerstckvornamcart',mhd.hamel`shaft,
pole,clot,chunk';
aboutdasdifficultlat.camox`Gemse',vorrom.*kamsso-,s.now,yetJ.HubschmidZrPh.66,9ff.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):556
Root/lemma: k e m-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hornless
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hornlos',beisonstgehrntenTierarten
Material:
Material:OldIndianma-`hornless';
gr.,-f.,lateralso`youngdeer';Hes.;
anord.hindf.,ags.hind,ahd.hinta`Hirschkub,Hindin'(*kemt);
lit.em.mlas`hornless',mlism.,mlf.òx,cowwithoutHrner'(*km--+forms-lo-),liv.Lw.
smoul`;
perhapshereruss.komolyj`hornless';comparealsoW.SchulzeKl.Schr.619.
References:
References:WP.I385f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.132.
Page(s):
Page(s):556
Root/lemma: k e m-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocover,wrap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedecken,verhllen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmuly-n.,mla-n.`wollenesHemd',am`Prosopisspicigera;
Hlsenfrucht';
lat.camisia(late)`Hemd'(gall.word;borrowedfromgerm.*amija-`Hemd';previouslyfromLat.
stamenagainair.caimmse`Hemd',acorn.cams`white',bret.kamps`Mehemd');
unclearistheanlautinmcymr.hefys`Frauenhemd',akorn.hevis,bret.hivizds.;ags.cemesds.isLw.
fromcamisia;
ahd.hemidin.`Hemd',ags.hemee(*hamiia-)`Hemd';anord.hamrm.`Hlle,skin,shape',ags.
homa`Hlle,cover,Anzug';lc-hama,as.lk-hamo`body',ahd.lhhin-[*h]amo`body,body,corpse',
got.ana-,ga-hamn`sichbekleiden',anord.hama-sk`(*sichinTiergestaltverkleiden,hence:)dash';
anord.hams`bowl,husk,Schlangenbalg'(*hamisa-),comparenorw.hamar`Kernhaus';herealso
got.himins,anord.himinn(Dat.hifnewith-n-from-mn-,compare:)ags.heofon,as.hean`sky,
heaven',nexttowhichahd.as.himil,md.humil`sky,heaven';ahd.himilalso`ceiling',ndl.hemel
`palate,roof',nhd.Himmelbett,ahd.himiliz(z)i,mnd.hemelte`ceiling';barelyrightaboveS.22toak`stone'.
As-formskem-seeksmanincredibleingot.skaman`sichschmen',ags.skamiands.,aisl.skmm,
ahd.scama`thegenitals,Schande'etc.(`*becovered').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):556-557
Root/lemma: k e nk- ,k o nkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosway,hang
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwanken';originally`hangen,geistiginSchwebesein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankat`sways,zweifelt,frchtet',ak`Besorgnis,fear,doubt',akita`besorgt';
lat.cunctor`zgere,binunschlssig'from*concitorfrequentativeto*conc,respectivelyAbleit.of
participle*concitos=OldIndianakita-;
aisl.htta`venture,risk'(*hanhatjan-),httaf.`danger,Wagnis',hskim.ds.(*hanhaskan-);got.st.
V.hhan(preterithahh)`hngen,intheSchwebelassen',aisl.hanga(preterithekk),ags.hn
(preteritheng),ahd.hhan(preterithiang)`hngen'(trans.);got.schw.V.hhan(preterithhaida)
`hangen',aisl.hanga,ags.hongian,ahd.hangn`hangen'(intrans.);causativeaisl.hengja,ahd.
hengn`hngen';ahd.mhd.henkenàufhngen'from*hengjan,therefromnhd.Henkel,schweiz.
henkel`Tragriemen',comparemhd.hengelÈisenhaken,Henkel';inadditionprobablyahd.hhila,alaf.,mnd.halen.`Kesselhaken'(*hanhil);
hitt.gaanki(kanki)`hngt'.
References:
References:WP.I382f.,WH.I307;compareabovekk-andkeg-.
Page(s):
Page(s):566
Root/lemma: k e nsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toproclaim,announce
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feierlichsprechen,verkndigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianasyati`ltaufsagen,kndetan'(=lat.cnse),asati`rezitiert,lobt',
sa-m.`Lob,Preisgebet',ast-f.`Lob'(*kns-),sf.`Loblied';
av.sah-`pronuntiare',Optat.sahyt,sasti-`word,Vorschrift';snghait,Oldpers.tiy`speaks,
verkndet'(*a(n)hati);
alb.thomÌsay'(*knsmi),2.Sg.thua,thue,ablaut.participlethan`gesagt'(*thonsno-);
lat.cnse,-re`begutachten,schtzen',osk.censamur`censetor',censaum`censere',keenzstur,
kenzsur(=cnsor:OldIndianastar-`thedarezitiert'),an-censtof.=in-cnsa`noncensa',lat.
cnsus(:OldIndianast-`gesprochen,gepriesen'),censtom-enìncensum',KenssurinesGen.(=
Cnsrnus);
abg.stìnquit'(olderWurzelaoristcompareMeillet,Slavecommun2209).
References:
References:WP.I403,WH.I198ff.,EM3201.
Page(s):
Page(s):566
Root/lemma: k e ntEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.(seitdem5.Jhd.;older:)*,Aor.`prick',`sting,prick'
(forms-ro-)`pricking',Ànstachler'(toshapedaftersonstigen-besides--),
`gestickt'(*-),`spitzesiron',`Pfeil',f.`Spitzhammer',
`shaft,pole,Schifferstange'(outofitlat.contusds.,whereofpercontractually`withthe
Schifferstangesondieren',henceùntersuchen,forschen');
air.cinteir(lat.Lw.)`calcar',cymr.cethr`nail',corn.kenterds.,bret.kentr`Sporn'(borrowingaller
fromlat.centrum`',PedersenKG.I198,isbarelyerweislich,butprobably;VendryesMl.
Saussure319ltonlydasir.wordfromdemBrit.derive);
ahd.hantag`sharp';got.handugs`wise',anord.hannarr`kunstfertig,smart'from*hanara-,actually
`sharpwitted,shrewd';
lett.sts(=lit.*itas)`Jagdspie'.
References:
References:WP.I402.
Page(s):
Page(s):567
Root/lemma: k e n-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:empty,puny
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leer,nichtig'
Grammaticalinformation:onlygr.andarmen.
Material:
Material:Arm.sinèmpty,bare,lacking,eitel',gr.hom.[F],kypr.F,ion.
(*F)=att.èmpty,bare,lacking,eitel'.
References:
References:WP.I390.
Page(s):
Page(s):564
Root/lemma: k e rbero- andkerberoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:variegated
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scheckig'
Note:
Note:(compareS.573ker-besidesker-6incolornames)
Material:
Material:OldIndianrvara-`varicolored,dappled,dotted,spotted',rvarf.ànimaltheMaruts,
night'(vstehtforb,compareWackernagelOldIndianGr.I184and:)abla-,abra-(diss.reduction
oferstenr)`varicolored,dappled,dotted,spotted'(besideskarbar-,karvar-,kabara-,karbura-,
karbu-ds.);
gr.originally`theScheckige';comparediemythologischeturnfromOldIndianarvar;
slav.sobol`Zobel'seemsfromdemAryantoderive.
Therootkerb-seeksLidnStud.50f.inair.corbaim`besmirch,sully'andlit.krba(>lett.irba)
`swamp,marsh,morass'andcontemplates*kerb-asextensiontheFarbwz.ker-(seeS.583kers- );
Mhlenbach-EndzelinII383.
References:
References:WP.I425,SchulzeKl.Schr.125,SpechtIdg.Dekl.119,262.
Page(s):
Page(s):578
Root/lemma: k e rdho- ,k e rdh
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:troop,line
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Reihe,Herde'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrdha-m.,ardhas-n.`herd,troop,multitude,crowd',av.sara-,Oldpers.
ard-`kindof,Gattung';
gr.`heap',èrhebemich',`hufeauf';
mcymr.corddf.`Truppe,troop,multitude,crowd,family'(*kordh;irrigLothRC42,276f.);
maybealb.kordh`sword(ofsoldiers)'.
got.harda,aisl.hjr,ags.heord,ahd.herta`herd'(therefromgot.hardeis,ahd.hirtietc.
`herdsman,shepherd')andahd.herta`variation'(actually`Reihenfolge');
inBsl.withwestidg.guttural:lit.kerdius(andskerdius)`herdsman,shepherd'(placesein*kerd
`herd'ahead),OldPrussiankrdanAkk.`time'(actually`*row,Reihenfolge');
abg.rda`,rowaftertheTagesordnung'and`herd',rditi`(*anreihen,dispose=)host',
klr.ered`row;herd,Rudel'(etc.).
References:
References:WP.I424f.,Trautmann127f.;comparepaelign.PNCorfinium.
Page(s):
Page(s):579
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(k e red- :)k e rd- ,k rd- ,k r d - ,k r edEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heart
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Herz'
Material:
Material:Arm.sirt,Instr.srti-v`heart'(*krdi-);
gr.(att.),(hom.),(lesb.),(kypr.)`heart;stomach;MarkbeiPflanzen'
(*krd(i)a),poet.,-n.`heart'(*krd);neologismafter:;
Maybealb.(*kardia)krthiz`navel,centerofthebody',krthi`baby'
lat.cor(from*cord),cordis`heart',con-cors,-disèintrchtig',dis-cors`zwietrchtig';
air.criden.,nir.croidhe`heart,Mitte',cymr.craidd`Mittelpunkt',corn.cre(y)s,bret.kreiz`Mitte'(das
Ir.ltsichfrom*krediomor*krdiomdefine,assumed,dadiedunklecoloringtheanlaut.Konsonanz
explanationfindet(aftercr`blood');diebrit.formsverlangenagainstiteinebasicform*krediom);
got.harto,ahd.herza,ags.heorte,anord.hjartan.`heart'(*krd-on-);
lit.irdsf.(olderm.),Akk.rd`heart,Kern,MarkfromBumen';lett.sirdsf.(olderm.)`heart'and
serdef.`Mark,Kerninwood'(basicforms*rd-andird-,comparedenaltenGen.Sg.irdsand
Gen.Pl.ird,dieaufidg.*kerdsand*kerdmbasedon;seeTrautmannBsl.Wb.302);Old
Prussianseyrn.(*krd),tom.o-stemextendedsras,Akk.sran`heart';
akl.srdce,serb.sce`heart';zerogradeOldChurchSlavicsrda`Mitte'(*serda),russ.seredds.;
hitt.ka-ra-az(karts)`heart',Gen.kar-di-a(PedersenHitt.41).
Maybealb.kredhìmmerse,dive'
Nothere(buttomir.cretair`relic')idg.k r ed-dh- `witchcraftwhereuponplace,believe,trust'inOld
Indianrd-dadhti`vertraut,glaubt'(apart,separatedstille.g.rdasmidhatta`glaubetanihn!'),
rad-dh`reliance',av.zrazd-`believe'(from*srazd-throughfolketymologysupportinzrd`heart');
Maybe
Luvian:
Luvian:UZUzrtMeaning:
Meaning:`heart'
Attestations:
Attestations:[N-ASg]UZUza-a-ar-za:16i7*();XXXII7,12.
[D-LSg]za-ar-ti-:133ii4.
alb.(*za-a-ar-ma)zemra`heart':HieroglyphicLuvianzar-za`heart',zart-`heart'(withlossofnasal
beforedentalstop):av.zrazd-`believe'(Melchert,1987:197-198;MA:262-263)](Sapir,1936:263,
VW:235;H:100).
lat.crd`glaube'(*krezd-,idg.*kred-dh-);
air.cretim`glaube',cymr.credafds.(not*crethaf,hencepreviouslylatezurfestencomposition
geworden),corn.crey,mbret.cridiff,nbret.credi`believe';inadditionair.cretar,mcymr.creir,cymr.
crair(*kredr)`relic'.
rhymewordtoker(e)d-ishrd-,hrd-,onlyAryan,inOldIndianhrd`heart',etc.
References:
References:WP.I423f,WH.I272f.,286f.,857,858;VendryesRC40,436.
Page(s):
Page(s):579-580
Root/lemma: k e r- ,k r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomix;tocook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mischen,durcheinanderrhren',partlyalso`kochen'(vomUmrhren)
Material:
Material:OldIndianryati`kocht,brt',rti`mischt,kocht,brt',rt-`gemischt',rt-ds.(:gr.
-),rt-,rt-`cooked,boiled,roasted'(ryaa-n.`dasMischen',ablautneologismas
Kaus.rapyati`kocht,brt,brenntTpfeetc.`),-ir-f.`ZumischungwarmermilkzumSoma';
av.sar-med.`sichvereinigenwith,sichanschlieenan,eshaltenwith',sar-f.àssociation,
connection';
gr.`mix,mingle,verbinde,gleichefrom',newer,,,att.v,Fut.
,att.,Aor.(),ion.Perf..-(:OldIndianrt-)
ùnmixed,pure:sichinungehemmterKraftuernd,unbndig'(*ker-ts);f.`Mischung',
`Mischkrug';hom.pinthemeaning`pure(water)',metr.lengtheningfor*
();
anord.hrra,ags.hrran,ahd.(h)ruorenìnBewegungplace,rcken,rhren=bestir',as.hrra
`movement,agitation',ahd.ruora`movement(alsoinLeibe:nhd.Ruhr)',ags.as.hrr`rhrig,strong',
ags.hrr(engl.rear)`halfcooked,boiled'.
References:
References:WP.I419f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I695,697,RischWortbildung227.
Page(s):
Page(s):582
Root/lemma: k e r-2 ,k e r- ,k r Englishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:togrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen;wachsenmachen,nhren'
Material:
Material:Arm.ser`lineage,progeny,gender,sex',se,Gen.seids.(ke-si-),serem`bringehervor',
serim`werdegeboren,grow',sen`gender,sex,progeny',serm,sermn`seed,sperm';
gr.,-(spterespresentand;Perf.)`sttigen',
`Sttigung';*Finatt.=hom.ion.,dor.àdulescens'(lateralso`lap,sprout,
youngtwig,branch'),fem.ark.Dat.Sg.F,att.,hom.ion.,dor.`girl,virgin;the
pupiloftheeye,eyeball',hom.`waffenfhigeJungmannschaft';probably,-
`son,offspring,descendant'(diss.from*,originallyn.`progeny');
alb.thjerm.àcorn'(*ker-),thjerr`lentil'(*ker-n-),eigentl.`Nhrung';
lat.Cers,-eris`goddessthefruchttragendenErde',osk.kerr`Cereri'(etc.),àcreando',lat.masc.
Cerusmanus`creatorbonus'withrasalat.spellingforrr(*cerso-)becauseofumbr.SerfeVok.etc.,
osk.caria`bread';lengthenedgradelat.pro-crus`fromhohem,schlankemgrowth';fromtheheavy
basiscre,-re`make,erschaffen'(Denom.a*cri`growth'),cr-sco,-v`grow',crber`dense
wachsend=denseaneinanderstehend,gedrngt,full;frequent,often'(*kr-dhros);
aisl.hirsi(mhd.Lw.)m.,ahd.hirso(*kers-ion-),hirsi`millet,sorghum';
lit.eri,rti`feed'(heavybasis),parasm.`food',ermensandermenysPl.`Begrbnismahl',
OldPrussiansermends.
References:
References:WP.I408,WH.I204,Trautmann302f.
Page(s):
Page(s):577
Root/lemma: k e r-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rope;toweave
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schnur,Gewebefaden;flechten,knpfen'
Note:
Note:onlyarm.andgr.
Material:
Material:Arm.sari-k`Pl.(Gen.sareac,Instr.sarec)`band,strap,cord'(*kerei),sard(i-stem)
`spider'(*kr-ti-);
gr.(*keri-os),'Phot.,perhaps`Schnrebeim
AnbindenofGewebes',`ds.,alsoGewebe',`bindedasGewebetogether',zero
grade`theGurtofBettgestelles',Pl.(NT.)`Grabtcher'(dieforms,s.Liddell-Scott;
diemeaning`Grabtcher'throughconnectionin`Todesgttin').
References:
References:WP.I409,KuiperProto-Munda122f.
Page(s):
Page(s):577-578
Root/lemma: k e r-4 andk e r- :k r Englishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tohurt,harm;tobespoiled
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`versehren';intr.`zerfallen,vermorschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrti`zerbricht,zermalmt',ryate,ryte`wirdzerbrochen,zerfllt',participle
r-,-rt-,rt-`broke,decayed',Inf.arito;
av.asarta-`notbroken,notmutlosgemacht'(=OldIndianrta-),sari-m.`piece,fragment,shard',
sri-f.`break,Untergang';eind(h)-presentinadditionisperhapsnpers.gusilem`rupture,slit,
separate'fromOldpers.*vi-srdmiy;
gr.`devastate,plndere'(*F-,duetoa*F-;-=OldIndianari-),
ùnzerstrt,unversehrt',`thunderbolt,lightning'(*-F[]-,actually`Zerschmetterer');
lengthenedgradegr.,,f.`death,ruin;Todesgttin',(protogr.;denatt.Spruch
()...erklrtmanfromasekundrenNom.*from*withfromdemeinstigen
paradigm:*);Hes.containsreducedgrade,asalb.ther;
ùnbeschdigt,nichtdemTodeverfallen',`spoil,schdige',whereofùnverletzt',
also`pure,lauter'(alsowithùnvermischt'zusammengefallen);
lat.caris(*kr-i-topresent*cari)`dasMorschsein,Faulsein',carisus`mrbe,morsch',carius
`tinea';
alb.ther`schlachte,cut,bite'(*kr-),tsirrs`prick'(*ker-n-);
air.ar-a-chrin(*-kr-nu-t)`zerfllt',do-cerèrfiel'(*-ker-t),crn`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered'(*krno-s),irchren.Ùntergang'(*peri-kr-io-m);
toch.Akryap,karep`damage'.
References:
References:WP.I410f.,WH.I167f.,ThurneysenGr.437,462.
Page(s):
Page(s):578
Root/lemma: k e r(s)-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bristle,stiffhair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Borste,steifesHaar;starren,rauhandkratzigsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndian*alainkapucchala-n.`HaaramHinterhaupt';
mir.carrach`scabbed,scabby,steinig';differentaboveS.532;
ahd.hursti`cristas',norw.herren`stiff,hard',aisl.herstr`rough,harsh',mhd.herstenèrstarren';
perhapsahd.as.aisl.hr,ags.hr`hair'fromas-losentheabbreviatedrootform(lengthened
grade);
lit.ers`bristle',erios,rtis`haaren,hairlassen',iurkts,iurgds`rough';ablaut.ostlit.
eras`Schauer';lett.sari`Borsten';
slav.*srst(=ahd.hurst)inruss.-ChurchSlavicsrstf.`wool',sloven.srst`Tierhaar',russ.erst
`wool',ablaut.russ.rom.`roughOberflche',abg.vsor`rough';slav.*srchinsloven.srhm.
`Schauer',russ.-ChurchSlavicsrchk`',sloven.shk`struppig'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):583
Root/lemma: k e rs-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen'
Material:
Material:FrpalataleskspeaksHes.,dasaslat.sarrcum,serrcum(ital.-rr-fromrs-)èinauslndischercart'einillyr.*sarsa=idg.*krszurwellspringhavecould;
gr.`tohelphurrying'(*korsos);
lat.curr,-ere`run'(*krs),cursus`run,flow',currus`cart',equirria`Wagenrennen'(*equi-curria,from
whichassimilatorisch*equi-quirriaandhaplologischequirria);
gall.carros,latinisiertcarrus`Karren,cart',air.mcymr.carr;bret.karr`biga,vihiculum'(*krsos);
comparemcymr.carrawcf.,ncymr.carrog`Sturzbach'(*karsk`dieLaufende'),differentaboveS.
532.
mhd.hurren`sichraschbewegen';doubtfulahd.hros,-ses,aisl.as.hross,ags.horg`horse,steed'
(*hrussa-),and.hersds.(*herssa-),dadas-ss-fromonein-sauslautroothchstensasconsonant
increaseinaKurznamenverstndlichwre;hencerathertoadentalextension(:OldIndiankrdati
`hpft,springt')thenotpalatalenroot(s)ker-`spring';
arm.kark``cart'isprobablyLw.fromdemGalatischen.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):583-584
Root/lemma: k e r- ,k e r- :k r - ,k e rei- ,k e reuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:head;horn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasObersteamrper:Kopf;Horn(andgehrnteTiere);Gipfel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianras-n.(ved.onlyNom.Akk.)`head,cusp,peak',av.sarah-n.`head'(inthe2.
syllablenotgenau=gr.fromker-sfromtheheavybasis;diereduplication-gradetheersten
syllable,insteadof*aras-,ispreviouslyind.orurarischfromdemVorluferfromOldIndianGen.
retc.verschleppt),Gen.OldIndianr,Abl.rat(*krsn-tos:gr.);
ga-(*kr-n-go-)n.`horn',ofn-stem*ker-(e)n-withperhapsoriginallybarenominativischemg,
comparegr.`crab'andfromtheu-basisgr.--(seealsounderaboutir.
congan);
fromtheu-basisav.sr-,srv-`horn;nailanFingernandZehen',srvara`gehrnt'(*sr+bhara-),
srv-sty-`withhrnernenWiderhaken';
arm.sar`height,acme,apex,slope'(kero-);
gr.inhom.àufdenKopf',Hippokr.àfterabove',originallyprobably*kerGen.
*ker-s(),fromwhichanalogical,;besides,ion.`head';eins-loserstem
-isunabweislichfor-(and-pwith-asTiefst.to),--`Gehirn';
perhapshereion.,-,att.,-f.`kindofKrebs',dor.ds.;
kers- ingr.`horn'(Gen.ep.,att.-,newer-,laterepisch-)seeunderlat.
cerebrum;
maybealb.geg.krja`head',tosk.krye-`head':rum.creier`brain'
*-(*kers-)in:att.`head'(n.*kers-n>*),ion.ds.,obliquerstem*krsn-(with
--for-n-)aeol.Gen.,outofit;Mischbildungenareand(*=OldIndianr-);;inaddition`sichschwerinKopfefeel';hom.Nom.Pl.
`Kpfe,Bergesgipfel'(secondarySg.,att.dor.,ol.-),basicform*
Pl.;compareM.LeumannHomer.Wrter159.
Hes.(*-;therefrom,fatherof);
about,dor.`headfascia's.SchwyzerGl.12,20;abouthom.(=
')s.LeumannHom.Wrter56ff.;
perhaps`vollfhre'.Wenn`Katzenjammerafteraintoxication'becauseoflat.
crpulaasaufzufassenis(in2.partthen),could[]-besides*-stand,
asbyAdjektivene.g.-besides;
*-(*krs-or*-,*krs-)inatt.`hem,edge;Heeresflgel';-(*--)
`ringswithKpfenversehen(Hydra)',-`100kpfig',ion.Hes.,
att.`cranium',[],èlbow';Hes.next
towhichwithlengthenedgrade(:)Hes.,-
`Schiffshaupt,Schiffsherr'(diss.-,-),bot.from*-`headof
Volkes';inadditionf.`head',etc.(from*-);
o-grade*-inion.,att.,dor.`Schlfe,head'(idg.*kors-);
of-(e)n-stemk e r ( e ) n - :`helmet'(*krno-s);...,Hes.;,
Pl.`diebeidenHervorragungenandenKnochenfortstzenthedorsalvertebrae'(*kern-or*kersn);
`crab'(compareaboveOldIndianga-);unclearisdieformationfrom,-
`Hirschkfer';m.`Meerkrebs;Kferart;kindofship'(>lat.carbusds.),perhapswithmaked.
()derivative(gr.*-)to`Seekrebs',seeabove;butalldoubtful.
Vonk e reu- :m.,f.`Haubenlerche'(:germ.herut-`deer');,-`helmet',hom.
`bumtsich',àcme,apex',`stoewithdemKopf,
denHrnern',vHes.(to--seeabovetoga-).
Vonk e rei- :àries,ram'(compareinders.meaning),ablaut.withanord.hreinn,ags.
hrn`reindeer'.
Vereinzeltes:.Hes.(if*kr-t`dieGehrnte');,`stoewith
denHrnern'(as;*kor-);
lat.cerebrum`Hirn'(*kers-ro-m,comparegr.);cervx`nape'(*cers-vc-);cernuus,cernulus
`Gaukler,thePurzelbumemakes,sichkopfberberschlgt'(*kers-nouos;ifnotratherLw.fromthe
languagethegr.Jongleure,compare),crbr`hornet'(seeunder).Vom(e)n-stem:corn
`horn'(theu-stemperhapsasgall.;`Trompete'throughamalgamationofn-andu-stem);
comparealsoillyr.PN(Moesia),PNCornunusetc.(KraheIF.58,222f.)from*krn-;
tocrbr`Hornisse'(*crsr,kersron-)stelltsich(idg.k r s -n- ):
ahd.hurnz,hornaz,m.,ags.hyrnet(u)`Hornisse'(*hurznuta);ndl.horzel(*hurzla-),nhd.Horlitze;
lit.rf.,irlsm.,ruolis,oldiruo`wasp',ruonas,rnas`Hornisse',lett.sirsis,Old
Prussiansirsilis`Hornisse';
russ.-ChurchSlavic(etc.)sren`Hornisse,gadfly,brake',serb.sljn`Hornisse';compareBga
KalbairsenovI191,224;
bret.kern`Scheitel,whirlofKopfes',mir.cernf.`point,edge';gall.`Trompete',
.;cymr.corn.bret.karn`hooftheEinhufer'(from`*horn';butmir.corn.bret.corn
`Trinkhorn',cymr.corn`horn';becauseofbrit.VNCornovietc.barelyfromdemLat.);
ahd.hirni,anord.hiarni`Hirn'(*kersniom),ndl.hersen`Hirn',anord.hiarsi`Scheitel,whirlofKopfes'
(*kerson-);of(e)n- stem:got.harn,ahd.anord.horn`horn,Trinkhorn,Trompete'(seeabovetolat.
cornu),witht -suffix(compareabovegr.)inadditionahd.(h)rind,ags.hrern.`Horntier',zero
gradeags.hryerds.,nd.ndl.rund`rother,cattle'.Vontheu -basis:ahd.hiruz,as.hirot,ags.heorot,
anord.hjrtr,nhd.Hirsch(-d-formsasingr.;alsoin:)anord.hrtràries,ram';
Maybezerogradeinalb.geg.(*kruni)truni`brain,head':OldChurchSlavicsrna`roedeer'
commonalb.k->t-:g->d-phoneticmutation.
lett.sirnasPl.`Rehe'.(EndzelinKZ.42,378)=OldChurchSlavicsrna`roedeer'(:);ablaut
equallywithcymr.carw;
inadditionbelongsdiederivative:
k e ru o -s : k u o -s`gehrnt,hirschkpfig,asSubst.deer'or`cow'.
gr.`gehrnt';
lat.cervus,-m.`deer',cervaf.`hind',therefromcervnusìsabellfarben',gall.-lat.cervsia,cervsia
`hirschfarbenes,braunesGetrnk,beer'(PokornyVoxRom.10,259);
cymr.carw,corn.carow,bret.karom.`deer'(*kruo-s);inadditiontheGebirgsnameKarawanken;
OldPrussiansirwism.`roedeer'(outofitborrowedfinn.hirvièlk,deer'comparealsosarve,lapp.
uarvièlk');
probablyfromaKentumsprachederive:
alb.kaòx'(*kru-);
Note:
Wrongetymologyalb.kauòx':rum.bouòx'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gou- :
:`cattle'.
lit.krv`cow';inadditionkrvienaf.`Kuhfleisch'(:ech.kravina`Kuhhaut');
russ.-ChurchSlavickrava,poln.krowa,russ.korvaf.`cow'(*koru);ablaut.apoln.karw(*kruos)
àlterox'(outofitborrowedOldPrussiancurwisVok.,Akk.kurwanòx').
References:
References:WP.I403ff.,WH.I164,203f.,206,207,276,283f.,284,856,858,Trautmann119,
305f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I583,BenvenisteOrigines24f.,175.
Page(s):
Page(s):574-577
Root/lemma: k e sEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiansti,ati`cuts,slices,metzelt',asta-`niedergemetzelt',str-n.`knife,
Dolch',s-m.`Schlachtmesser';
gr.`split',-`lighttosplit',àxe,Schusterahle';
alb.thadr(*kas-dhr)`zweischneidigeaxe';
Note
Note:
Commonalb.phoneticmutations>thsuggestsalb.beingadirectdescendantofSanskrit:alb.
thadr<OldIndianstrlat.care,-reèntbehren,sichenthalten,vermissen',osk.kasitòportet';to-participle,lat.castus
`free(fromFehlern),pure,enthaltsam',originally`cropped,truncated,cutoff,apart,separated';
thereofcastg`rge,strafe';neologismiscassusèmpty,bare,lacking,eitel.nichtig';*kastrom
`Schneidewerkzeug'(:OldIndianastrm)wirdassumedfromlat.castr,-reàbschneiden,
verschneiden,kastrieren',castrumèncampment'asàbgeschnittenesStckLand',osk.Gen.Sg.
castrous`fundi',umbr.castruo,kastruvuf`fundos'(u-stemafterpeku-`cattle');
alsoalb.(*castellum)kshtjellcastle
mir.cessf.`spear,javelin'(*kest);
anord.hesf.`ZapfeninKuhstrick';
OldChurchSlavickosaf.`sickle,scythe'(k-insteadofs-throughdissimilationagainstdasfollowing
s).
References:
References:WP.I448f.,WH.I167,178ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):586
Root/lemma: k e ubEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thorn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Dorn,Dornstrauch'
Material:
Material:Aschs.hiopo`briar',ahd.hiufods.,ags.hopam.,hopef.,engl.hip,norw.hjpa
`rosehip,dogrose';
OldPrussiankaubri`thorn'.
Maybealb.(*keub-)thumb`thorn'commonalb.s->th-phoneticmutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):595
Root/lemma: k e ukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine,glow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,hell,weisein,glhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancati,cyati`shines,glares,gleams,gluht,burns,leidetheftigenSchmerz,
trauert',ocyatièntzndet,grieving;issad,beklagt',ka-m.`blaze,glow,flame,pain,mourning,
grief',ci-`luminous,gleaming,pure',ukr-,ukl-`licht,white,pure',ukti-f.`Muschel,
Perlenmuschel,Perlmutter'(if`*gleaming'),perhapsukt-`sour'(if`burningfromtaste');
av.saoint-`burning',saoayeitiìnflammat=incitat',npers.sxtan`kindle,inflame,verbrennen',av.
upa-suxta-`kindled',tr-saoka-m.`firebrand',np.sg`mourning,grief,distress'(arm.sug
`mourning,grief'isiran.Lw.);av.suxra-`luminous(offire)',np.surx`red';
gr.`swan'as`thewhite'.
Maybealb.(*keuk)kuq`red'
References:
References:WP.I378.extensionfromk e u-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):597
Root/lemma: k e uk - ,k u k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomix,towhirl
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`durcheinandermischen,wirbeln'
Note:
Note:Sehrdoubtful.
Material:
Material:Gr.`Mischtrank',`rhreein,mix,mingle',`Rhrkelle';
lit.uktas`spoon',ikms`detritus,Auskehricht',iukts`withchafforKleiegemischt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):597
Root/lemma: k e u-1 ,k e u - :k - ,k u Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwellen,Schwellung,Wlbung'and`Hhlung;hohl',gemeinsame
Anschauung,Wlbungafterauenorinnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianv-yati`schwilltan,wirdstark,mighty'(Perf.-uv-u);u-n-n.`growth,
prospering;flourishing,luck,salvation';vas-n.`strength,Heldenkraft',vra-`strong,mighty'(
probablysecondaryfor,sothat=gall.),viha-`bermchtigst',n-`swollen,
aufgedunsen'(aisl.hnnetc.;aboutOldIndianna-m`lack's.ThiemeKZ.69,172f.);nyèmpty,bare,lacking'(andarm.sun`verysmall,entblotfrom');ra-`strong',mostly`Held'(=av.
sra-,gr.-etc.);-tha-m.ìntumescence,Aufgedunsenheit',-pha-m.`swelling,lump,
growth,ulcer';va-m.`dasJungeeinesanimals',OldIndiani-u-m.`kid,child,Junges';
v-tr-`gedeihlich,strong',n.`power,Strkung';-vant-`jeder',seeunder;fromans-extension
probablysui-m.`cavity'(=ags.hyse`youngling'),suir-(fromu-)`hollow';n.`cavity,ein
Blasinstrument';
av.sp(y),redupl.presentparticiplesispimna-`swellup',sra-(=OldIndianra-)`strong,vast,
grand',Superl.svita-(=OldIndianviha-);sra-m.`hole,lacuna',npers.srx`hole'(:=
:;s.alsoarm.sor,atmostlat.caver-na);
arm.sun(seeabovetoOldIndianna-èmptiness');sor`hole'(*so[v]oro-from*sovaro-=Old
Indian*avra-,gr.),soil`cave'(*keu-lo-);
alb.thel`deep'(=(F);toaandthroughumlauttoe);than`Kornelkirsche'(*kousn),tosk.i
thant`kerngesund'(JoklbyWH.I277);
gr.,Hes.(:lat.cavus,mir.ca),`hollow'(F=
alb.thel),lengthenedgrade`cave,jail';(*kuur)`hole'(seeabovetoav.sra-`hole',arm.
sor);(perhapsFremdwrter`goblet'and`lakon.bauchigesTrinkgeschirr'from
*F);Hes.(also`'
Poll.,Suid.;also,;inaddition,asitseems,`gaffeumher',actually
`Gaffer';
withthemeaning`toswell'etc.:,(),Aor.`pregnantsein',n.`foetus'(:cymr.
cyw),`pregnant',()ds.:`surge';Hes.(`*diestrong',ablaut.
withOldIndianavra-,gall.);-ùngltig'(=OldIndianra-),`power,Macht
habend,herrschend,magebend;master,mister',n.`power,force,influence,verdict';in
additionfromthegrade*k u - (asOldIndianvtr-)dor.Aor.,Perf.`Verfgung,
Gewaltaboutetwasbekommen',`Besitztum',PN-(<ku),ion.,dor.
`gleich,jedenfalls,generally';inaddition`kmmeremichumetwas',
èrgreife,berfalle'(`*takeinpossession'),èxpert,skillful'(`*inBesitzfrometwas');
`whole'(*--from*kunt-);also=-`jeder',OldIndian-vant-(*sa-vant-)`jederthe
rowafter,vollstndig';
lat.cavus`hollow,arched(concave)'from*couos(compareport.covoetc.),caverna`cave';cumulus
(*ku-me-losìntumescence')`heap';incins`pregnant'(*en-cuiens,similarlyOldIndianvayat);here
alsocaveaf.`cage',mlat.cavellum`basket',roman.*cavneum(M.-L.1786)`basket,cradle';
gall.PN,Cavarillus(assimil.from*covaro-:OldIndianavra-),cymr.cawr(*cawar),corn.
caur`giant';mir.Nom.Plur.craid`Helden',kirchlichto`sinner'verschlimmert;mir.ca(*kouios)
`hollow'(:,lat.cavus);cass`cave';bret.ko`Grotte'(*kouio-);cymr.cywm.`Tierjunges'
(*kuuos:gr.);
aisl.hnnm.`dice,cube,klotzartigespiece;Junges',ags.hnm.`Junges',*hni-`power,strength'in
ENasahd.Hn-mr(=OldIndiann-),elsss.hnsch`tumefactiontheMilchadern';probablyalso
dasverstrkendeaisl.hund-,e.g.hund-diarfr`-',i.e.participle*hunda=*ku-nt-(:*ku-ent-,
duringgr.-,*ku-ntfromtheheavybasisku-hasderived);ags.hyse`youngling'(:OldIndian
ui`Hohlstengel'),hossm.`twig,branch';
lett.va`scheidenartigecol,gaporcavityamtree'(lengthenedgrade,compare);from`to
swell'from:lit.anas,auns`strong,proficient',pan`power,strength'(:OldIndianun-m;
PerssonBeitr.192,thealsoaulis(alit.)`hip,haunch',uka`haycock,haystackaufdemFelde',
snis`heap',tis`Holzsto',tis`heapSteineorHolz'anreihenmchte);
Maybealb.suk`hill'
abg.suj`nichtig,eitel';compareBgaKalbair.sen.I291.
Arootformku-el-perhapsinags.hwylca(leg.hwelca)Èiterblschen,swelling,lump,growth',
whereforehwelian`fester'and()lett.kveldt,kvlt`glow'(Mhlenbach-EndzelinII352).
References:
References:WP.I365ff.,WH.I188,191f.,277,306,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I301.
Page(s):
Page(s):592-594
Root/lemma: k e u-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine,bright
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,hell'
Material:
Material:Av.savah-`nameofinOstengelegenenErdteils'(eig.Nom.Du.from*savah-`morning,
Osten'),withzerograderootsyllableOldIndianvaAdv.`cras';r-stemav.srm`frhmorgens'
(thematicAkk.aconservativestem),a-siriìnMorgendunkel'(sirya-),Akk.sirm`breakfast';
perhapsarm.ukh`radiance,splendor,fame'(as*ku-ko-;therefromkhe`glanzvolletc.`),ol`ray,
Lichtstrahl'(as*kuo-lo-),noyl`light,radiance,Gefunkel'(*ni-kuolio),probablyand,ant``spark,
lightning,glhendesiron'(kunti-;probablyfromaparticiple-stemku-ent-:ku-nt-derive).
no -stem:OldIndiana-`red,hochrot'(nforn),gall.COVNOS(Mnze),air.*cuan-dae,mir.
cuanna,cymr.cun`mellifluous'(SommerfeltBSL.24,219ff.);russ.sunica,sunika,skr.sunica
`Himbeere';russ.kun`marten'etc.,lit.kiun,lett.cana,cane,OldPrussiancauneds.couldein
correspondingcoloradj.fromarootformwithVelarthebasiclie;aboutlit.vnas`lead',dasPersson
Beitr.745betweenaskueno-anreiht,s.Boisacqs.v.`cyanus,adark-bluesubstance'.
Maybealb.kunadhef.`marten':gr.'marten':russ.kun`marten'.
Rootextensions:
k e u-bh- :OldIndianmbhati`shines',bhatìsstately,nimmtsichbeautifulfrom',bhan`beautiful,gleaming',ubha-`pretty,pleasant,joyful,gratifying',ubhr-`beautiful,gleaming,
hellfarbig'=arm.surb`pure,holy',srbem`clean,heilige'.
k e u-dh- :OldIndianndhati`purifies,cleans',udhyat`wirdpure',uddh-`pure',Kaus.
undhayati`purifies,cleans'(av.sudu-`ReinigungofGetreidesGetreidemhle's.Bartholomae
Wb.1583).
k e u-k- seeunderesp.Schlagwort(k e uk- );
k u - en- `holdfestivities,heiligen'seeunderesp.Schlagwort(k u - en- );
k u - eid- , k u - eit- seeunderesp.Schlagwort(k u ei-3 ).
References:
References:WP.I368,Trautmann122f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.121;s.k u o n- `dog'.
Page(s):
Page(s):594-595
Root/lemma: k e Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderk o Page(s):
Page(s):537
Root/lemma: k i-bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick,hasty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnell,heftig'
Material:
Material:OldIndianbhamAdv.`rash,hasty,quick,fast',bhya-`quick,fastfahrend',sibhr`horny,lustful()';
got.haifsts`fight,quarrel',anord.heipt,heifstf.ènmity,rage,fury,hate',ahd.heiftg`violent';ags.
hst`force,might,vehemency',afries.haest`haste,hurry',mnd.heist`vehemency';ags.hste,ahd.
heisti`violent,forcible'.
References:
References:WP.I364f.;belongstoki-gh-,seeunder.
Page(s):
Page(s):542
Root/lemma: k i-ghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick,hasty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnell,heftig'
Material:
Material:OldIndianghr-`rash,hasty,quick,fast';
ags.hgian`tendere,festinare,niti',engl.hie`hurry',geminatednorw.hikka`schluchzen',aschwed.
hikka`pant,gasp,denSchluckaufhave'(onomatopoeicwords);
russ.sigt,signt`spring',wruss.sig,signu`schreiten,big,giantSchrittemake';whereforealso
russ.sigàkindoffish',asSalmtosali,sothatlit.skisetc.andanord.skrmaybefromdemRuss.
borrowedare.
References:
References:WP.I363,WissmannNom.postverb.174,SpechtIdg.Dekl.249;
Seealso:
Seealso:belongstok i-bh- ,seeabove.
Page(s):
Page(s):542-543
Root/lemma: k (i)- :k (i)- :k (i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosharpen,whet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schrfen,wetzen'
Note:
Note:probablyfurtherformationsfromak - `sharp'(see18ff.)
Material:
Material:OldIndiani--ti(i--t),y-ti`schrft,wetzt',participleit-`gewetzt,sharp'(=lat.
catus,air.cath),sta-ds.,sa-m.(withmind.nforn)`Wetz-,Probierstein'(=npers.san
`whetstone');perhapsalsoOldIndianil`stone,Fels'(*k-l);
av.sani-`cusp,peak,Wipfel,sharp'(npers.sya`reibt')=anord.hein;
arm.sur`sharp'(*k-ro-),srem`schrfe',sur,Gen.sroy,sword,knife',sair`cuttingedge'(*ke-ri-),
compoundsairadir`cuttingedge',therefrom*sardrem,sadrem`reize,treibean';perhapsalsosal,
Gen.sali`Steinplatte,Ambo'(*k-li-,compareaboveOldIndianil);
gr.m.`Kegel,Pinienzapfen,Helmspitze,Kreisel'(=OldIndiana-),therefrom
`Schierlingskraut'(afterdenBlttern);
lat.catus(afterVarroSabine)àcutus,sharpwitted,shrewd'(=OldIndiani-ta-,air.cath);cos,cotis
`whetstone',alsocotes,cautesf.Pl.`spitzerFels,Riff'(das-au-Hyperurbanismus);catanus
`Zedernwacholder'isperhapsgall.Lw.;
air.cath`wise'(=lat.catus,OldIndianit-);
aisl.heinf.`whetstone',ags.hn`Grenzstein',engl.hone`whetstone'(*ki-n-:av.sani-);mhd.hr
`toolzumSchrfenthescythe'(*k-r-),mnd.haren`sharpen,sharpsein'.
References:
References:WP.I454f.,WH.I181,183f.,190f.
Page(s):
Page(s):541-542
Home
Root/lemma: k koEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:greengrass,greenfodder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grnfutter,frischesebaresGrn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianka-m.n.èbaresherb,vegetables';
lit.kas`freshgemhtesGras,grass,greenfodder',lett.sksds.,OldPrussianschokis`grass'
(theseatfirstfrom*sjkas;-j-from--);
aisl.hf.`Grummet'(probablyfromgerm.*hhn-).
References:
References:WP.I381.
Page(s):
Page(s):544
Root/lemma: k -roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcolour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Farbbezeichnung
Material:
Material:OldIndianr-`varicolored,dappled,dotted,spotted',dessen-ra-asformantisch
erwiesenwirdthroughdieav.Kompositionsform*-(i)i-insi-muay-EN`theungleichmig
gefrbteEselinnenhat';
gr.`theblauekingfisher'(diminutiveformans-).
*k-ro-perhapsas*ke[i]-ro-tokei-2in`colornames'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):582
Root/lemma: k u-1 :k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wackeln'
Material:
Material:Lat.cve,-re`wobble,sway;aseinwedelnderHundschmeicheln';
abg.po-kyva-j,-ti(hauptschlichwithglav)`denKopfschtteln,nicken',ech.kvati`winken,
nicken,wedeln,move,shake'(etc.).
References:
References:WP.I376.
Page(s):
Page(s):595
Root/lemma: k u-2 (:k u- ,k - )

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolight,toburn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànznden,verbrennen'
Note:
Note:Onlygr.andlit.
Material:
Material:Gr.(ion.),(att.)from*F-`zndean,brennean',Aor.hom.F,altatt.Gen.
Sg.(*F-),neuatt.,Med.episch,Pass.,,delph.,
',andds.Hes.,hom.`duftig,wohlriechend'(froma*F`blaze,
incense'),,n.`blaze',`trockeneswood'(*F-),ol.`burninghot',
hom.(*F)etc.;
lit.klti`brandigbecome,ofcorn,grain',kl`Getreidebrand'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):595
Root/lemma: k u e ro- ,k u e ro- (alsosk ro- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:north,northwind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nord,Nordwind'
Material:
Material:Lat.caurus(crus)`Nordwind'(*kuero-);
lit.idurf.`Norden',iaursm.`Nordwind';
abg.sver(*kuero-)`Norden';
mabezerogradeinalb.(*sveri)veri`north'[thecommonalb.sv->v-shift]
moreoverperhapschangingthroughablautandwithanlaut.s-:
arm.curt`cold;coldness,Schauer'(*skr-do-);
aisl.ahd.skr`thunderstorm',nhd.Schauer,afries.as.ags.scr,scor`shower',got.skrawindis
`whirlwind',norw.dial.skyra(*skaurin-)`Windschauer',skjra(*skeurn-)ds.,norw.skyra,skra
`driveoffblindlyonsomething',aisl.skyra`runtherefast'.
References:
References:WP.I377,WH.I190,O.SzemernyiKZ.70,65.
Page(s):
Page(s):597
Root/lemma: k eiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosettle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`siedeln,sichansiedeln,eineNiederlassunggrnden'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankti,kiyti`stays,dwells',av.aitids.,OldIndiankit-,av.iti-`residence,
settlement',OldIndianktra-,av.ira-n.èstate,residence',OldIndiankma-m.`quiet,
peacefulstaying';
Maybealb.(*kati)fshati`village':rum.sat`village,countryside'identicaltorum.coaps`thigh':alb.
kofsha`thigh'commonrum.-illyr.khs->phs-,fs-phoneticmutation.[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:kok s :
:a
partofbody(foot,hip.etc..)].
arm.n,Gen.iniìnhabited,farmed,village'(:gr.);
CommonOldIndianh->k-:Oldpers.h->x-:npers.x->-phoneticmutation;hencearm.n
`village'isofPersianorigin.
gr.òfacity,tofound,plant,build;toplant;setup,establish;tocreate,bringintobeing,bring
about;tomakesoandso;toperpetrateadeed',`well-built,furnished,well-made,ofa
garden,well-wrought',ds.,,`dwellersaround,neighbours',
`theythatdwellround,nextneighbours'(toformLit.byBoisacq525Anm.2),à
founding,foundation,adoing,anact,acreating,thecreationoftheuniverse,thatwhichwascreated,
thecreation,anauthoritycreatedorordained',rhod.àlocaldivision,township',also
`peaceful,tame;aram'(eigentl.`tame,docile,gentle,domesticated');
commonOldIndianh->k-:Hittiteh->tk-:gr.tk->kt-phoneticmutation(seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
hem- ,hom- ,Gen.-ablativeh()m-s :
:earth)
Seealso:
Seealso:belongsprobablytoconsecutive:k(i)-,k(i)Page(s):
Page(s):626
Root/lemma: k i k-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Riemen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianic-f.,ikya-n.`loop,noose,snare,suspenders',ikya-`damasziert,eigentl.
mitSchlingenversehen';
gr.andìvy'();
lit.ikn`feinesLederzurVerfertigungvonRiemenwerk,strap'.
References:
References:WP.I451.
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: k i k e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewiseÈrbse'
Note:
Note:barelyindogermanisch
Material:
Material:Arm.sisen`chickpea'(seemskeiker-orkoiker-fortzusetzen);
gr.(maked.)(soforberliefertesthroughdiealph.Reihenfolgegefordert).
;gr.`chickpea'(wirdfrom*dissimil.sein);
lat.cicer`chickpea';
[lit.kek`grape',lett.k'ekarsds.shine,appear,seemagainstitwithlett.k'eisùmbel,grape',
Lituanismustolett.cekulis`pigtail,tassel,fringe,bunch,tussock',cecers`Krauskopf'andech.
eeiti`struppigmake,kruseln'einevariousfamilytobuild.]
maybealb.(*k'ekar)kokrgrain,bean
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: k i phEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:asmalltwigorroot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dnnerbiegsamerZweigorWurzelteil'
Material:
Material:OldIndianiph`dnneroot,rod';gr.messenischn.`';atmostalsolett.
sipsna`strongrod',lit.ipuls`chipofwood,woodenlog'.
References:
References:WP.I452.
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: k k -2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torain,drizzle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trpfeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankra-m.`finerain',kyati`dribbles';norw.higla`drip,trickle',higl`finerain'.
Maybeabbreviatedalb.shi`finerain,rain'.
Note:
Theshifts->h-suggestsGermaniclanguagesabsorbedthisrootthroughillyr.-alb.intermediary.
ActuallyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:k k -2 :
:`torain,drizzle'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:seu-1 ,se- :s- :
`juice;liquid,*rain'.
References:
References:WP.I451.
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: k n - (k s n - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pillar
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sule'
Note:
Note:onlyarm.andgr.
Material:
Material:Arm.siun=gr.`Sule'.
References:
References:WP.I451.
Page(s):
Page(s):598
Root/lemma: k l eiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totip,incline,lean
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`neigen,lehnen';vielfachvonangelehntenStangen(henceZeltewith
Stangengerippe;Sattelstangen),Leitern,leiter-orgitterartigenHolzkonstruktionen,andrerseitsvon
Berglehnen,Hgelnunderlikewise
Material:
Material:OldIndianryati`lehnt,legtan',ryat`lehntsichan,befindetsich',rit-=av.srita-(:
sray-)`gelehnt';
av.sray-,srinav-,srinu-`lean'(comparegr.);
arm.lean,Gen.lein`mountain'(*kleitrno-);
doubtfularm.linim`become,entstehe,geschehe,bin'(compareOldIndianryate`befindetsich');
gr.,lesb.(*)`neige,lehnean'(Fut.,Perf.),`gelegen',
`Neigung',f.`cottage,tent',`zweiflgeligedoor',`bed',,
`Ruhebett',(lies,Herodian.)f.`slope,hill'(hellen.,`hill'),n.`Neigung,
region,Weltgegend',f.`ladder';
lat.cln,-re`bend,bow,incline'(previouslytocompoundsneologismandthematicreshufflinga*kln-mi),acclnisàngelehnt',triclnium`Speisesofa',clins,-tis`thesichSchutzeshalberanjemanden
Anlehnende,Hriger,Klient',clmens`milde,gentle'(*kliomenos);cltellae`Saumsattel,
packsaddlefordonkeyandMaultiere'(fromdengegeneinandergelehntenSattelstangen),diminutive
a*kleitr=umbr.kletram`feretrum,lecticam'(andgot.hleiraf.`tent');clvus`hill'(=got.hlaiwn.
`grave'),clvius`slant,skew=unlucky,fromomen,sign';
mir.cl,cymr.cledd,bret.kleiz,corn.cledh`link,unlucky'=`slant,skew'(*kleios),mir.fo-chla,cymr.
go-gledd`Nord';mir.clen`Neigung',wish'(:cymr.dichlyn`watchful,wakeful'from*d-eks-klin-,Loth
RC42,87f.);
air.clin,clen`slant,skew,krummrckig';gallorom.*clta`hurdle',mir.clath`crates',cymr.clwyd
`hurdle,Barriere',acorn.cluitgl.`clita',bret.kloued-enn`Hag'(kleito-,-t);inadditionacymr.clutam
`haufeauf',clut,ncymr.clud`heap'(*kloi-t);mir.clthen.`roofbeam,roof',zerogradecymr.cledren`Sparren,lath,fence'(*kli-tr=mir.clethar`pad'),mbret.clezr-en,nbret.klerenn`piceprincipale
delaclaie'(ablaut.withumbr.kletram,lat.cltellae,got.hleiraandahd.leitara);
ahd.(h)linn`lean(intr.)',aschs.hlinn,ags.hlinian,hleonian(*hlinn)ds.;ahd.hlina
`reclinatorium',ags.hlinbedd,hlinung`lair',ahd.hlin`cancelli';Kaus.ahd.(h)leinen,ags.hlnan
`lean(tr.)';got.hlainGen.Pl.`thehill',nisl.hleinn`Felsvorsprung',norw.dial.leinf.`Halde,slope'(:
lett.slains);got.hlaiw`grave',urnord.hlaiwads.,ahd.as.hlo`burialmound,grave',ags.hlw
`burialmound,Grabstein'(=lat.clvus);got.hlijam.`tent,cottage';ahd.(h)lta,nhd.Leite
`Bergabhang',aisl.hlif.`slope,Berghalde'(comparegr.,lit.latas);aisl.hlif.`Seite',ags.
hln.`Halde,hill'(:,lit.lt);got.hleira`cottage,tent'(seeabovetolat.cltellaeetc.);ahd.
(h)leitara`ladder',ags.hld(d)erds.;ags.-hldan`cover',hlidn.`cover,door',ahd.lit`cover'(nhd.
Augenlid),aisl.hli`door,Gattertr',got.hleiduma`linker';d-presentperhapsinaisl.*hlta(*klei-d-)
`trustauf,sichzufriedengebenwith';
lit.liej,liti(olderem.lej=OldIndianryati=)lett.sleju,sletànlehnen',inadditionlit.lti
`zurSeitesinken',su-ljs`sichneigend',causativenu-lajntiùmkippen';nouns:lett.slejsm.,sleja
f.`line';OldPrussianslayann.`sledgeskid',Nom.Pl.slayo`sled',lit.ljosf.Pl.ds.;at-lainism.
Èrker',lett.slains`wheremaneinsinkt',lit.latasm.`slope',lnaf.`loam,clay',atlamasm.
`Vorhof';lett.slitaf.`fence',lit.em.p-litas`slant,skew'(=OldIndianrit-,gr.);lit.lt,
litsf.`Garbenhocke'(:gr.),alit.lit`ladder';lit.leivas`bowlegged'(comparelat.clvus
`slope'),ablaut.livsm.`krummbeinigeperson';todenReimwrternlit.klevas,klvas`bowlegged'
seeunder(s)kel-`bend';differentSpechtIdg.Dekl.130,3171;
slav.*sloj`layer'(*kloio-s)insloven.slj`layer,lair',russ.ech.slojds.;compareformalaboveOld
Prussianslayann.`Sledgeskid'.
Aboutdiehchstzweifelhafteaffiliationfromabg.etc.klt`Gemach,cell'(lit.kltis
`Vorratshuschen,Schlafgemachforgirl'isslav.Lw.)underassumptionfromwestidg.Gutt.s.
Berneker517f.
References:
References:WP.I490ff.,WH.I231f.,233,234f.,236,WissmannNom.postverb.144f.,
Trautmann308f.,LothRC42,87f.,VendryesRC46,261ff.
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionfromk e l-2 ìncline';s.alsounder(s)kel- `bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):600-602
Root/lemma: k l ep- (sk l ep- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocover,conceal,steal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verheimlichen,verstecken,stehlen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*)`stehle'(,and),n.,(outof
itlat.clepta),,,`thief',`theft';
lat.clep,-ere`clandestinewegstehlen';
got.hlifan`steal'(hliftus`thief');
mir.cluain(*klopni-)f.`deceit,Schmeichelei',cluainech`trgerisch';
OldPrussianauklipts(*-klepts)`hide,conceal';s.alsounderklp-.
Withanlaut.sl-fromskl-seemsrelatedlit.slepi,slpti`conceal'.
Themeaningmakesprobably,daklep-extensionfromk e l- `conceal'is;mhd.hulft`quiver'seems
justlyzerogradeourrootformtosein,asOldPrussianauklipts;OldPrussianaukliptszeigtethen
westidg.guttural.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):604
Root/lemma: k l eu-1 ,k l eu - :k l Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hren'(aoristisch),also`whereofmanvielhrt,berhmt,Ruhm'
Note:
Note:(extensionarootk e l- );
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianrti(*kl-neu-)`hrt',rudh`hear'(=*),participlerut-(=,lat.
inclutus,ir.clothn.,ahd.Hlot-,arm.lu)etc.,ravyati`lthear',ryate`wirdbelongs',rti-`das
Hren';
Note:
Alb.shurdh`deaf':lat.surdus`deaf':rudh`hear'.
Alb.andlat.provethatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e r-2 :
:`tohiss'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e r-1 (also
ser- )::`tospeak'.FromthetranspositionofsoundsthenderivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:k l eu-1 ,k l eu - :
k l - :
:`tohear'
av.surunaoiti(*klun-)`hrt,stehtinRufe,isnamed'etc.,participlesrta-`belongs,illustrious',srti`dastoGehrbringen,Vortrag';
OldIndianrtra-n.èar',av.sraora-n.`dasSingen'(=ags.hloor,ahd.hliodar),av.sraota-n.
`dasHren'(compareserb.sltiti),av.sraman-n.`Gehr'(:got.hliuma),OldIndianrmata-n.
`goodshout,call'(=ahd.hliumunt);
arm.lu`kund'(=etc.),lur`knowledge,rumor,tidings',lsem,Aor.luaj`hear,heard'(*klu-ke-);
das-s-ofpresentisamwahrscheinlichsten-sko-);
gr.(F),-,ep.`rhme'aresecondary;`heard'(=OldIndianruvam),,
`hear!',ìllustrious',ìllustrious'(*F,as,lat.genitus),
`rhme;rufe,name'(*F[]-ofes-stem),,,-(*F-)`shout,call',
etc.;
lat.clue,-re(lateralsoclu,-re)`genanntbecome,heien'(-verbwiththezerogradeklu-),
cluvior(Gl.)`nobilior',inclutusìllustrious'(aboutlat.from-cultseeunderk e l-2 ìncline'),osk.-umbr.
onlyinnames(Kluvatiis`Clovatius',umbr.Kluviier`Cluvii'underlikewise);
air.clothn.`fame'(=OldIndianruta-),cymr.clod`laus';
cymr.clywedàuditus,audire',mcymr.clywaf,corn.clewafÌhear';bret.clevout`hear',air.ro-clui-
nethar(reconvertedfrom*cli-nu-,idg.*kl-)`hrt',Perf.1.Sg.ro-cuala,cymr.cigleuàudivi',air.Konj.
rocloor`daIhear',-cloth,newer-closs`wurdegehrt';ThurneysenGr.357,439;
aisl.hlj`Zuhren,Stille;sound'(=av.sraota-),ags.hloor`sound,tone,Melodie',ahd.hliodarn.
`sound,tone,clangor'(=OldIndianrtra-),got.hliumam.`Gehr',Pl.èars'(=av.sraoman),ahd.
hliumunt,nhd.Leumund(=OldIndianrmata-),participle*hlua-,*hlua-inahd.Hluderch,Hlothari,
ags.Hlo-wg,-hereetc.;besideswith(heavybasis,seeabove),ahd.hlt,ags.as.hld,nhd.laut;
lett.sludintànnounce,declare';lengthenedgradelit.lovandlv`glory,magnificence,
splendor',ablaut.ostlit.lv`fame';
abg.slov,sluti`heien,beillustrious',lengthenedgradeslavaf.`fame',therefromslavitiìllustrious
make',serb.sltm,sltitiàhnen'(Denom.a*slut;sloven.slt`suspicion'isprobablypostverbal),
slytije`shout,call,names';
toch.ABklw-ànnounce,declare';Aklots,klautsoèar,gill'.
Withwestidg.guttural:alb.kjuhem`becalled',gjuanj,kjuanj`name'(PedersenIF.5,36).
Note:
Alb.geg.kla,kja`cry,lament,call(thedead)':illyr.ENVes-cleves:OldIndianvasu-ravas
`possessinggoodfame',whereillyr.seemstheintermediarybetweensatemandcentum.
2.es -stem:OldIndianravas-n.`fame',av.sravah-n.`word',gr.F`fame',illyr.ENVes-cleves
(=OldIndianvasu-ravas`possessinggoodfame'),lat.cluor(Gl.)`',air.cl`fame'(butcymr.
clyw`Gehr'iseinenewerformation),dessenfromdemGen.Sg.derives;OldChurchSlavicslovo
`word';toch.Aklyw,klywe(*kleuos)`fame';PedersenTochar.225.
3.s -extensions:OldIndianrati`hrt,horcht,gehorcht',rti-`Willfhrigkeit',av.sraoa-`Gehr'
etc.;
arm.lu`closemouthed'(klus-ri-);
air.cluasèar'(*kloust)=cymr.clst`Gehr';
aisl.hler`dasLauschen'(from*hloza-,older*hluza-),ahd.hlosn`zuhren,listen',nhd.(bair.)alem.
losends.;aisl.hlustèar'(=OldIndianruti-),ags.hlyst`Gehr',as.hlustf.`Gehr,ear,Hren,
Lauschen',aisl.hlusta,ags.hlystan(engl.listen)àufhorchen,zuhren';with(asahd.hlt,see
above):ahd.lstrn,nhd.(schwb.-bair.)laustern`zuhren,listen',nhd.lauschen(*hls-skn);ags.
hlor,as.hlior,aisl.hlyr`cheek'(=abg.sluch);
abg.slyati`hear',sluch`Gehr',sluati(serb.slati,alsoheavybasisasslyati)`hear';
toch.Aklyo-,klyau-`hear';klo,klausaneDualèars'.
Withwestidg.Gutt.:messap.klaohi`hear!'(:OldIndianri);lit.klausa,-ti`hear',lett.klust
`hear,obey',OldPrussianklaustonèrhren',lit.paklusns`gehorsam'(againstitlit.klusiuàsk'=
`*willhear'from*kleu-s-ihatfuturischess).
References:
References:WP.I494f.,WH.86f.,237ff.,Trautmann307f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.285,333;Hj.Frisk,
GteborgsHgsk.Arsskr.LVI1950:3.
Page(s):
Page(s):605-607
Root/lemma: k l eu-2 :*k l [u]- :k l Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torinse,clean
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`splen,reinmachen'
Note:
Note:extensionk l eu-d- ,lett.alsoklu-k-.
Material:
Material:Gr.(*)`sple',m.`washofthewaves',n.,m.
`Pltschern',m.`Klistierspitze',rootnounsAkk.Sg.`surge';
altlat.clu`purgo'(*klou),lat.cloca(cluca,clovca)Àbzugskanal';
altgal.Cluad,acymr.Clut,Ptol.rivername,engl.Clyde(kelt.*klout);cymr.clir`bright,clear,
bright,cheerful,pure'(*kl-ro-s);
got.hltrs,ags.hlt(t)or,as.ahd.hlt(t)ar`bright,pure,clear,bright',nhd.lauter(*kld-ro-s);anord.
hlr`sea,sea'(*hlewa-,idg.*kleuo-);
lit.loju,lavia,loti,dial.lav(=lat.clu)`fegen,whisk',lota`besom',lett.slutads.;
extensionklu-k-inslact`fegen,whisk',slaukt`splash,pladdern',slukt`milk',lit.liaukti,
laukti`fegen'.
Perhapsextensiona*kel-`humid,wet,damp',dasalsoconsecutiverootsthebasiclies:klep-`humid,
wet'(seethere),klek-ds.(lit.lak,-ti`drip,trickle',lkti,liknti`spray'etc.),kleg(h)-ds.(russ.
slez`tears',OldChurchSlavicslzads.).Wennthesezutrfe,wreforkleu-:kel-dasrelationship
sreu-`flow':ser-eitherexampleorParallele.
Maybepoln.(*slez)za`tear',alb.(*loti)loti`tear'[thecommonalb.initialsl->l-shiftorthedrop
ofinitials- ].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):607
Root/lemma: k l ou-niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hinterbacke,Hfte'
Material:
Material:OldIndianri-m.f.,av.sraoni-f.`buttock,hip,haunch';
lat.clnis`buttock,Hinterkeule,rumpbypeopleandanimals'(clunculum`smallswordorDolch,das
manhintentrug');
cymr.corn.clunf.`hip,haunch',bret.klun`buttock';
aisl.hlaunn.`buttock';
lit.launs`hip,haunch,thigh,Deichselarm',lett.slauna`hip,haunch';OldPrussianslaunis`thigh'.
TheLautformfromgr.,-`Steibein'isstillunexplained.
References:
References:WP.I499,WH.I239,Trautmann306,SpechtIdg.Dekl.162.
Page(s):
Page(s):607-608
Root/lemma: k o i-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grass
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gras'
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.(perhapsNeutr.Pl.);lit.inas,lett.sens`hay'(finn.Lehnwrterout
ofitsignify`hay,grass,herb');OldChurchSlavicsno`',skr.sjeno`hay',aech.snods.
References:
References:WP.I455,Mhlenbach-EndzelinLett.-D.Wb.III859,Trautmann297.
Page(s):
Page(s):610
Root/lemma: k o lmo-s ,k o lm
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stalk;reed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Halm,Rohr'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`reed'(from-assimilated);
lat.culmus`Halm';
ahd.halm,halam,anord.halmr,ags.healm`Halm';
OldPrussiansalme`straw',lett.salms`straw';
OldChurchSlavicslama(*solm,idg.*kol-m),russ.soloma,serb.slma`straw';
toch.Akulmts-`reed'().
Fromgr.borrowedareOldIndiankalma-m.èineReisart,Schreibrohr'andlat.calamus
`reed',fromwhichagaincymr.etc.calaf`reed'.
Maybealb.kalam`reed'
relationshiptok e l- perhaps`dnnerSchaft,Pfeil,steiferHalm'isworthconsidering(see552f.).
References:
References:WP.I464,WH.I136,303f.,Trautmann298.
Page(s):
Page(s):612
Root/lemma: k o nkho-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:clamshell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Muschel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianakh-m.`Muschel,Schlfe';
gr.,`Muschel,measureofcapacity';,`Muschel,Schneckenhaus,snail',
maybefrom*-;
lat.congius`measureofcapacityforFlssigkeiten'ishchstwahrscheinlichgr.Lw.;
doubtfullett.sence`Muschel',dazencedierichtigereformseems.
References:
References:WP.I461f.,WH.I260,J.B.HofmannGr.etym.Wb.151.
Page(s):
Page(s):614
Root/lemma: k o nkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todoubt;tosway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìnZweifelsein,schwanken,inSorge,Angstsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianakat`sways,zweifelt,isbesorgt,frchtet',akita-`besorgt,ngstlichvor',
ak`Besorgnis,fear,suspicion,doubt';
lat.cnctor,-r`zaudernd,hesitate'(*concitorfrequentative,compareOldIndianakita-);
anord.htta`riskieren'(*hanhatjan),htta`danger',hskids.(*han-h(a)skan-).
Aboutahd.hhan`hngen'etc.s.S.566underkenk-`waver'.
References:
References:WP.I461.
Page(s):
Page(s):614
Root/lemma: k o p(h)elo-s ork a p(h)elo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcarp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Karpfenart'
Material:
Material:OldIndianaphara-m.`Cyprinussophore'=lit.palas`Cyprinusdobula';
gr.`Karpfen',perhapsafter,x,etc.reshaped;-possibly
popularetymologyafter,da*anthinkliee.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):614
Root/lemma: k o rk (k r ok ),- e l
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gravel,boulder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kies,Kiesel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrkar(rkara-)`Gries,gravel,detritus,Sandzucker';
gr.,`pebble';perhapshatein*:arkarpreviouslyafter`hit'
rearrangementtoerfahren.
References:
References:WP.I463.
Page(s):
Page(s):615
Root/lemma: k o rmenGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wiesel'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveunderker-6.
Page(s):
Page(s):615
Root/lemma: k o rmno- ,k r m noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:acidliquid,lye,urine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tzende,beiendeFlssigkeit,Lauge,Harn'
Material:
Material:Mhd.hurmen`dngen'(originallyprobablywithJauche),nhd.harn,harmahd.haran
ùrine';
lit.rmasÀschenlauge',lett.srms`lye',OldPrussian(withtheablautgradefrommhd.hurmen)
sirmes(for*sirmis)`lye'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):615
Root/lemma: k o rmoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:suffering,pain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Qual,Schmerz,Schmach'
Material:
Material:Av.farma-m.`thegenitals(gefhlvor)',mpers.armds.;
aisl.harmr`sorrow,distress,Harm,Krnkung',ags.hearmm.`distress,pain,damage,pity',as.harm
`pain,Krnkung',mnd.harm`pain',ahd.har(a)màffliction,Harm,insult',nhd.Harm,ags.hearm,as.
harm`painful,verletzend';
abg.sram`thegenitals'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):615
Root/lemma: k o - ,k e - (withparticlek e `here'),k ( e)i- ,k ( i)i o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:this
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pronominalstamm`this',ursprnglichich-deiktisch,spteralso`jener'
Material:
Material:Arm.-sàrticle'(e.g.mard-s`theperson'),sa`this',ai-sds.,a-s-t`here';
phryg.()`this'(*kem+i);differentPedersenTochar.259.
gr.particle*inand,dor.lesb.`that'from*()-;outofitbackformation
()`there',()etc.;*kio-in,att.`today'(*),whereuponalso*F
`thisyear'in,att.,dor.;
lat.-ce,ce-particleince-do`gibher'(alsoosk.ce-bnustèrwirdhergekommensein'),cterus`the
other,thebrige'(*c+*etero-,compareumbr.etruàltero');hi-c(*hi-ce),hs-ce,s-c(s-ci-ne),ill-c,
ill-c,tun-c,nun-cetc.,osk.ekak`hanc',ekk`hoc'=plign.eci-c,marr.iaf-cèas',esu-cèo';osk.
d-k,umbr.ere-kìd',osk.ekas-k`hae',umbr.esmi-k`huic',lat.ecce(probablyfrom*ed-ke,s.*e
Pron.-stem),osk.um-umextendedekk-umàlso',afterpuzàs'from*kuti-sreshapedekssìta';
Konglutinate-ko-e.g.osk.ekas`hae',plign.acuf`hc',ecuc`huc',ecic`hoc',*e-k(e)-so-e.g.osk.
exac`hac';
*ki-inlat.cis`diesseits',citer`diesseitig',citr`here',citr`dieseits',citimus`nchstbefindlich',umbr.
cive`citra'(stem*ki-uo-),cimu,simoàdcitima,retro';
air.c`here,diesseits'(*kei,comparechangingthroughablautOgomcoi`here',gall.),cen
(compareton-suffixahd.hina`weg'etc.)`diesseits'(incen-alpande`cisalpinus')and`without',centar
`diesseits';gall.eticbesidesetiàlso'couldlikewise-kecontain;
anord.hnn,hannèr'(*hnaR,idg.*knosfrom*ke-eno-s),hn`sie';aschs.h,he,hie,ahd.h,
herèr',onlyNom.,ags.hds.;
got.himma`huic',hina`hunc',hitan.`now,yet',aschs.hiu-diga,ahd.hiu-tu`hocdie,today'(:
aschs.ho-digods.),ahd.hiuru(*hiu-jru)`thisyear',nhd.jetzt,sterr.hietz(t),mhd.(*h)ie-zuo(from
*hiu+Postpos.t`to');ahd.hina`weg',nhd.hin,hinweg(compareair.cen);got.hiri`comehere'
(basicformdoubtful);ahd.hra,as.her`here';got.hr,ahd.hiar,ags.hr`here'(*ki-r);got.hidr
`here',ags.hider,engl.hither`here'(:lat.citer,citr),nl.heden`today',ahd.hitumum,hitamun
`previous,demum'(:lat.citimus);
strittig,whetherhere:got.hindana`behind,beyond',ags.aschs.hindan,ahd.hintana`behind',
anord.handan`fromthatSeiteher,beyond',komparativischgot.hindar,ahd.hintar`behind',
superlativischgot.hindumists`hinterster,uerster',ags.hindema`last',whereasdasnfrom*kint,*ko-n-tidenticalasinahd.hinawre;orwithgall.Cintugntos`firstborn',air.ctne,cymr.kyntaf
èrster'etc.to*ken-`freshcome,soebensicheinstellen,begin'(aboveS.564)withthemeaning`last'
=`novissimus'
OldPrussianschis(Adverbschai`here'),lit.s(lett.is=OldChurchSlavics`this'),Gen.lit.i,
OldChurchSlavicsego,Akk.Pl.OldChurchSlavicsj,fem.lit.(lett.)=OldChurchSlavicsi,
Akk.Sg.f.sj,lit.-tas`this'(*ki-to-),inadditionta`siehhere'(olditai),OldPrussianstas`the';
lit.iadien,lett.odien`today',lit.,lett.e`here',OldChurchSlavicsi-c`'etc.;
maybealb.(*iodien)sonte`today'
hitt.ki`dieses',ki-nun`now,yet'contains*ki(PedersenHitt.50).
Maybealb.tosk.m.ki,geg.ky`this'
References:
References:WP.I452ff.,WH.I192f.,208f.,222,390,644f.,855,862,Trautmann304,Schwyzer
Gr.Gr.I613.
Page(s):
Page(s):609-610
Root/lemma: k r p o- (k r p o- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:roof
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Dach'
Note:
Material:
Material:Aisl.hrfn.`roof,Schuppen',ags.hrf`roof,Schiffsverdeck',engl.roof,mnd.rf
`Schutzdach,cover,cover';
abg.strop`roof'(*krpos).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):616
Root/lemma: k r Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.574ff.underker-1andS.582underker-.
Page(s):
Page(s):616
Root/lemma: k r ebh- ,k r b h- ,k r embhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totrust
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vertrauen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrambhat,participlerabdha-(withvi-andotherpreposition)`trust,sich
whereuponabandon',nirmbh-`sicherauftretend';
air.crbud`Frmmigkeit,Askese'(*krbhitu-s)m.;cymr.crefydd(newercreddyf)`faith,belief'hat
seinefromcredu`believe'bezogen.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):617
Root/lemma: k r edSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.579f.underkered-.
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: k r eiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toappear,showoneself
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`hervorleuchten,sichhervortun'
Material:
Material:OldIndianr-f.`beauty,splendor,satisfaction,richness,glory,magnificence',av.sr`beauty',OldIndianr-l-`beautiful,lovely,superb,pretty,splendid',-rra-ùnschn',av.srra`beautiful',Kompar.OldIndianryas-,av.srayah-,Superl.OldIndianrha-(rha-),av.
srata-,OldIndianrmn-m.Àuszeichnung,Vorrang',av.srayan-n.`beauty',Adj.`beautiful',Old
IndianriysDat.n.`beautiful';
hom.poet.èdel,frstlich,ruler'(,)Pind.Aisch.,nachhom.EN
(*[]--participle`hervorleuchtend'(),stehtperhapsfor-comparative).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):618
Root/lemma: k r e- ,k r ei- ,k r Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.574ff.underker-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):617
Root/lemma: k r Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.578underker-4.
Page(s):
Page(s):617
Root/lemma: k r sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shank,leg
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ùnterschenkel,Bein'
Material:
Material:Arm.srun-k`Pl.(Gen.srvanc,sruni-c)`shinbone,calf'(*krs-ni-);
lat.crs,-risn.Ùnterschenkel,leg'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):624
Root/lemma: k s - (h-)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen(versengt,dunkel)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankyati`burns',kt-f.`blaze,glow',km-`versengt,ausgedrrt,
vertrocknet',kr-`burning,tzend';Kaus.kpyati`makesbrennen';commonOldIndianh->kphoneticmutation
tolatterp-formperhapsarm.cav`pain',casnum`rageagainst',Aor.caseay(`*stormy,hottempered
sein';s=ps-);tokm-probablyarm.camak``dry'(thearm.wordsweisenaufks-).
References:
References:WP.I500,FriskNominalbild.6;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderks-ro-.
Page(s):
Page(s):624
Root/lemma: k s - ro- (*h-ro-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dry;bright(ofweather)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trocken';vomHimmelandWetteralso`dry=hell,klar'
Material:
Material:Gr.(onlyAkk.)`festes,trockenesLand',lengthenedgrade`dry,arid';compare
aboveS.624OldIndiankar-;commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lat.serescunt(Lucil.I306)`(diedress)dry(inthesun)',sernus`cheerful,bright,clear,bright,dry'(of
sky,heavenandweather);
ahd.serawn`drybecome,tabescere,languere,marcere',mhd.nhd.serben`wilt,wilted;faded,
flaccid,witheredbecome';
toch.Aksr(k)`morning'
Daks-ro-eineextensionfromks-`burn,versengen'sei,isprobably.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):625
Root/lemma: k u ei-3 extendedkuei-d- ,kuei-s- ,kuei-tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shining;white
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten;hell,wei'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromkeu-,S.594f.
Material:
Material:a.k u ei-d-: OldIndianvindat`glares,gleams'(Dhtup.),Perf.ivind;gr.mountain
name`thewhite',PN();got.hveits,aisl.hvtr,ags.afries.aschs.hwit,ahd.(h)wiz
`white',zerogradenld.ndd.witt,afries.hwitds.;o-gradegot.hveiteis,aisl.hweitin.,ags.hwte,
afries.aschs.hwti,ahdweizzi,nhd.`wheat';changingthroughablautmengl.white,schwed.
dial.hvite,westfl.wit`wheat'.
b.k u ei-s- lit.viesf.`light',vaisf.`Lichtschein'.
c.k u ei-t- (k u e i-to- , k u e i-ti o - , k u i -t () no- , k u i -t () ro- `bright,white'):
OldIndianvt-`white'(f.vnbyVopadeva)=av.spata-ds.(=abg.svt`light');OldIndian
vtya-`white,licht',fem.-(=abg.svta`light'),OldIndianvtatìswhite',vtna-,vitny-,
vitr-(=lit.vitrs`Glaspapier')`white',Oldpers.-,npers.sipihr`sky,heaven';
Kompositionsformar.viti-inOldIndianvity-ac`gleaming',av.spiti-doira-`hellugig';
doubtfulgr.f.,m.`Kalk,Gips,Kreide'(*kuit-no-s),ds.,dissimil.from*kuit-u-no-sPN
T,ol.lakon.;mountainname;
lit.viei,visti`gleam,shine':veii,vesti`clean',vit,vittiàlwaystogleam,flicker',vint,
vsti`hellbecome',Kaus.vaita,vaitti`brightmake';vtrasm.`Glaspapier',vytroti`flicker';
OldChurchSlavicsvtits,svttis`gleam,shine'andslav.*svn(from*vitnbesideslit.
vint)inruss.-ChurchSlavicsvnuti;Kaus.OldChurchSlavicsvtiti`jemandemshine';slav.vaitam.`light'inOldChurchSlavicvt`light,world';inadditionslav.*vaitjainOldChurchSlavicvta
`light,candle';
besideswithwestidg.k-:
lett.kvitu,kvitt`flicker,gleam',Kaus.kvitint;
slav.*kvt,*kvisti`bloom,blossom'inOldChurchSlavicpro-cvt,-cvistièrblhen,bloom,
blossom',aech.ktvu,kvsti;ablaut.OldChurchSlaviccvt,ech.kvtetc.`bloom,blossom';
besidesslav.*kvttiinruss.-ChurchSlaviccvtti`bloom,blossom'andskr.cvtjeti`bloom,blossom'
(=lett.kvitt).
References:
References:WP.I469f.,Trautmann147f.,310f.,OsthoffZONF.13,3ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):628-629
Root/lemma: k u pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shoulder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schulter'
Note:
Note:(germ.withanlaut.s- )
Material:
Material:OldIndianupti-,av.supti-`shoulder';alb.sup`shoulder,back'(withoutformant-t-);mnd.
schuftm.,ostfries.,ndl.schoft`VorderschulterblataKuh,aPferdes'(*skuftu-).
Note
Note:
Clearlyalb.alb.sup`shoulder,back'istheoldestformIEcognatewhileotherIEformsareextensions
withsuffix-ti,-tu.
References:
References:WP.I467.
Page(s):
Page(s):627
Root/lemma: k u e i-1 ,k u e i-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt;todefile
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlamm,Kot,beschmutzen'
Material:
Material:Withformants-n(o)-: lat.caenum`smut,ordure,Unflat',obscnus,obscaenus(backformationfrom*obscnare)`dirty,filthy,disgusting,unsittlich'(caenumurbanisiertforplebejisches
*cnumfrom*coinom,*quoinom),in-,con-quinre`smudge,befoul',cnre`stercusfacere',
ancunulentae`feminaemenstruotempore';
schwed.dial.hven`marshyfield',aisl.hvein(*kuoin)inplacenames,whereforeas`Sumpfgras'
probablydn.hveneàgrostis,GattungsnameformehreresteifeGrasarten',schwed.hven,norw.
dial.hveinàgrostis,dnnerGrashalm'(mengl.whin`broom'fromdn.hvine);
lett.svntrefl.`sichschmutzigmake',svns`smudges';
withotherformantpresumablyarm.iv`residuumgepreterTrauben'(ku-uo-);much,alotof
insecureags.hwg,mndl.wey`wheys'(*kuoio-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):628
Root/lemma: k u e i-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohiss,whistle,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallwortenfor`zischen,pfeifen'underlikewise
Note:
Note:(seesimilarunderkues-`pant,gasp')
Material:
Material:Nisl.hva`neigh',schwed.dial.hwija`loudorviolentcry',mhd.wihe-n--nen,-len,-ren
`neigh',ahd.hwaijn,waijn,mhd.weihen`neigh';inadditionascausative`weep,crymake':ags.hwnan`plague,torment,smite',aschwed.hwin`Belstigung';
aisl.hvna`sausen',hvinr`schwirrendersound,tone',ags.hwnan`sausen',hwinsian,ahd.winisn
`lament',nhd.winseln;aisl.hvskra`flstern',hvsla`whistle,flstern',ags.hwiscettan`whistle,from
themouse',hwistlian`whistle',hwisprian`mumble,murmur',ahd.(h)wispaln`hiss,wispern',Old
ChurchSlavicsvistati`hiss'.
Maybealb.(*hvskla)fishkllej`whistle'
k u e i-k- inarm.em`fizz'(*iemfrom*kuki)andlit.vkti`pfeifendbreathe'.
References:
References:WP.I469.
Page(s):
Page(s):628
Root/lemma: k u e k- (nasalizedk u e nk- ):k u kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togape
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klaffen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvcat`ffnetsich,tutsichauf,ucchvak-m.`dasAufklaffen,Lcke,shard,
Sichauftun';
lit.kf.`Scharte',kosPl.`comb',lett.sukaf.`bristlebrush,Striegel'(probablyfrom`*comb'),
suk'ism.`shard',sukumsm.`Lcke,Scharte';
slav.*setf.inpolab.sact`bristle,bristlebrush',sloven.t`bristlebrush',russ.et`bristle'.
References:
References:WP.I470,Trautmann309f.,KuiperNasalprs.142.
Page(s):
Page(s):629
Root/lemma: k u e lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:muddy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlammig'
Material:
Material:Arm.aem`damp,benetzte,bereitetemortar',aax`loam,clay,slime,mud,mortar'(-al=lorel);lit.velns`soft,gentleanzufassen'
References:
References:WP.I473.
Page(s):
Page(s):629
Root/lemma: k u e nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocelebrate;saint
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feiern;heilig(en)'
Material:
Material:Av.spnta-`holy'(=lit.vetas,OldChurchSlavicsvt`holy'),compoundsSuperl.av.
span-yah,spnita-`sacred,heiligst',es-stemav.spnah-n.`Heiligkeit';
probablygot.hunsln.`sacrifice,oblation',ags.hsln.`Sakrament'(kun-s-lo-);
lit.vetas`holy',OldPrussianswenta-inPN,OldChurchSlavicsvt,russ.svjatjds.;furtherto
lett.svint`holdfestivities,heiligen'.
References:
References:WP.I471,Trautmann311,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.366.
Page(s):
Page(s):630
Root/lemma: k u e ndh-ro- ,-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofplant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inPflanzenbezeichnungen
Material:
Material:Lat.combrtumèinearomatischeplant,probablyeinewermutartige';nir.cuinneog
Àngelicasilvestris'(MarstranderZceltPh.7,359);basedonaufkuondhn=aisl.hunn
Àngelicasilvestris'fromkuondh-n,dn.fr.quanderds.,schweiz.Wannebobbellàrum
maculatum',lit.vedraiPl.àkindofreed,Typhalatifolia'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):631
Root/lemma: k u e s- ,k u sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topuff,sigh
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`keuchen,schnaufen,seufzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvsiti(inflectionperhapspreviouslyafteranitiàtmet'),vsatiàtmet,schnauft,
seufzt',su-`pfeifend',av.sui`diebeidenLungen';
lat.queror,-,questussum`wail,sichworberbemoan,lament'(:OldIndianvsati);
lengthenedgradeaisl.hvsa,ags.hwsan`pant,gasp';
lit.uinti`withzischendemnoisethroughdieLuftdrive'(couldasahd.ssneineindependent
onomatopoeicwordsSchallnachahmungsein).
Dakues-extensionthrough-es-aku-,keu-(atmostschallmalendenorigin,source,beginning;an
ancestor)sei,assumesmanbecauseofdesselbenAnlautesinOldIndiant-kr-m.`dasPfeifen,
Zischen'(perhapsratherast-kr-newonomatopoeicwordformation),arm.sulem`whistle,fizz'
(from*soyl=keu-lo-orkou-lo-);
Maybealb.sulem`dash,rush(breathheavely)'
lit.v-akti`breathe,wheeze,pant,gasp':arm.un`breath,breeze,breath,soul,ghost'(kuonkio-);
lit.virkti`whistle,sausen',vilpti`withdenLippenwhistle'andintherootk u e i-2 `hissunder
likewise'seethere.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):631-632
Root/lemma: k u o n- ,k u n-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dog(*animalwithastrongsenseofsmell)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hund'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyNom.Sg.k u (n) ,Gen.k u ns
Material:
Material:OldIndianvand(u)v`dog',Gen.nas,Akk.vnam,Akk.Pl.nas;av.sp,
spnm,Gen.Pl.snam,med.(Herodot)(*kun-ko-`hundeartig':OldIndianvaka-`wolf'),
mpers.sak,npers.sag,kurd.sah,wia;fromIran.derivealb.shak()`bitch',gr.
Hes.(from*)andruss.sobka`dog';comparenpers.sabah;
arm.un,Gen.an`dog'(withunclear);notgutcompatiblewithskund`Hndchen',whetherfrom
*kuon-to-,-t;ortodenaboveS.564under*ken- `freshhervorkommen'besprochenen
Tierjungenbezeichnungen;
withfortheThrak.-Phryg.aufflligemGutt.lyd.`-',thrak.GN-(to2.
parts.dhu- `strangle,throttle,choke');
maybealb.(*-)kunadhe`marten,musteline,sable'
gr.,`dog'(`hndischer,i.e.unverschmter',Sup.;to
comparelit.un-mus`Hundsfliege');
quiteunclearlat.canis`dog',cnsoriginallypreviouslyfem.`bitch',cancula(compareOldIndian
unf.)hinsichtlichofa;perhapsinterferenceademmir.cano,cana`Wolfsjunges',cymr.cenaw
`youngdogorwolf'(seeken-3 )correspondingwords(soalsolyd.-);
Maybealb.(*kuen-)qen`dog'
air.c(Gen.con=),cymr.ci(Pl.cwn-,lit.nes),bret.corn.ki`dog'from*ku;
got.hunds,aisl.hundr,ags.hund,ahd.hunt`dog'(kun-t-),seeabove;
lit.u(Gen.us)`dog'(toi-stemgewordeninlit.dial.unis,lett.suns,OldPrussiansunis`dog');tformlett.suntana`groerdog';lett.kua`bitch'probablywithwestidg.Gutt.,TrautmannBsl.Wb.
310orkfromkucads.(Lockruf);compareBgaKalbairs.I196;quitedoubtfulbutruss.poln.suka
`bitch';
toch.Aku,Obl.kon,Nom.kunder
Themeaningfromlat.canisasùnglcklicherWurfbeimWrfelspiel'kehrtingr.again,aswell
asinOldIndianva-ghnn-actually`Hundetter',i.e.`thedieschlechtenWrfevermeidende,
gewerbsmige,alsounredlicheSpieler';comparealsogr.`danger(*Hundswurf)'from*,toOldIndiandyt`game'SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,335above.
References:
References:WP.I465f.,WH.I152f.;KuryowiczAccentuation19;afterSpechtIdg.Dekl.32,121
f.
Seealso:
Seealso:derivativefromthecolorrootk e u-2 ,S.594.
Page(s):
Page(s):632-633
Root/lemma: k d hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mist,Kot'
Material:
Material:Gr.-Hes.,Hes.,`'Hes.;lit.
das,lett.sds`crap,muck,ordure'.
References:
References:WP.I467.DifferentSpechtIndog.Dekl.252f.
Page(s):
Page(s):627
Root/lemma: k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp;pike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spitz,Spie'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:k - :
:`sharp;pike'derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
:`sharp;
stone'.
Material:
Material:OldIndian-la-m.n.`spit,pike,spitzerpicket,pole;stechenderpain',arm.slak`(from
*sulak`)`spit,pike,Dolch,Pfeil',air.cuil`culex',cymr.cylion-ends.,lat.culex`mosquito';
OldIndian-ka-m.n.`sting,prickaInsekts,awnofGetreides',av.s-k-f.`needle',np.szan
`needle',sk`hre,awn';dubiousprkr.osukkai`wetzt,schrft';
lat.cuneus`wedge'(duetofromku-no-`cusp,peak').
Maybealb.kunj`wedge'lat.loanword.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):626-627
Root/lemma: kalo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofbigfish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinegrereFischart'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderunder(s)kalo-s .
Page(s):
Page(s):635
Root/lemma: kas-i o - ,-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:basket-work
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Flechtwerk,geflochtenerKorb'
Material:
Material:Lat.qulum(quallus)`geflochtenerbasket'(*kuaslom,comparedasdiminutive:)qusillus,
-um`Krbchen,Wollkrbchen'(withemphatischem-ss-);
abg.ko`basket'(*kas-io-s),russ.ko`basket,fishsnaringnet;hurdle'etc.,alsoChurchSlavic
koar(j)a`hurdle'etc.,russ.kol`basket,Brotsack'.
Maybealb.(*ko)kosh`basket'
References:
References:WP.I507,Trautmann119,WH.II397.
Page(s):
Page(s):635
Root/lemma: ks- :ksEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocough
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`husten'
Note:
Note:[addendumtoS.635]
Material:
Material:OldIndianks-,ks-`cough',therefromksate`hustet';alb.koll`cough'(*ks-l);mir.
cassacht(ach)m.`cough',cymr.pasds.(*ks-t-),pesychu`cough'(*ks-t-isk-),bret.pas`cough',
corn.pazds.;aisl.hostim.`cough',ags.hwosta,mnd.hoste,ahd.huosto,alem.wuteds.;lit.ksiu
(oldkosmi),ksti`cough',lett.ksju,kstds.,lit.kosuls,lett.ksulis`cough';slav.*kalin
russ.-ChurchSlavickael`cough',etc.
Note
Note:
Maybetruncatedalb.(*kosul)koll`cough'derivedfromlit.kosuls`cough'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):649
Root/lemma: kei-1(t)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toobserve;toappreciate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`woraufachten';outofiteinerseitsèhrerbietigbeobachten,scheuen,ehren',
andrerseitsànimadvertere,punish,curse,rchen,ben;Shne,Geldstrafe,derenWert,Preis,
Schtzung',fromwhich`Hochschtzung,Ehre'likewisegewinnbaris
Material:
Material:A.OldIndiancyati`nimmtwahr,beobachtet,hatfear,shyness,hatBesorgnis',cyÈhrfurchtbezeugend'=abg.aj,ajatièrwarten,wait,holdon,hoffen'(lengthenedgradees*ki);
OldIndiancinti,cikti`bemerkt',cit-f.`Verstndnis',c-tf.`ghost,Intellekt':gr.`beachtenicht'
from*---`notachtend';
k[i]-ro-ingr.`schtzend,wahrend',`takewahr,behte;observe,passeab,lauereauf,
perhapsalsoOldIndiancra-m.`Kundschafter,Spher';possiblybecauseofOldIndiancyati`hat
Besorgnis'withzerogradealsogr.`bingrieving',`timorous,grieving'angereiht
becomeTo*ki- `move'(aboveS.538f.)belongsk[i]so- , k[i]s `time'inOldChurchSlavic
asm.:alb.koh,JoklMel.Pedersen1591f.
Note
Note:
Phoneticallyalb.(*k[i]h)koha`time':OldPrussian:ksman`time'[Accs],hencenotofSlavicorigin.
B.OldIndiancyat`racht,straft',ctr-`Rcher',pa-citi-f.`Vergeltung'(=,);
av.ky-`repay,atone',e.g.ikayat`sollatone,punish,curse,rchen',pairi--kayayanta`siesollen
aspenance,atonementaufsichnehmen',kan-f.`penance,atonement'(=,sl.cna,
comparealsolit.kina),npers.kn-ènmity,hate,rage,fury',av.ka-n.`Vergeltung',ii-f.`Shne
throughGeld',i`ds.,punishment',osset.ith`honour'(as);
gr.and(ark.reshufflingafter,),Fut.,Aor.,participlePass.
`schtzen;hochschtzen,honour',-`hochgeehrt',ùngeehrt;notehrend';
hom.,att.(*F-)`be,bezahle',Med.`lassezahlenoratone,strafe'(Eur.Or.
323),hom.(askret.after,);Fut.,Aor.(thess.,
kypr.underlikewise),`Zahlung,penance,atonement,punishment,revenge,vengeance',
`Shne,punishment,revenge,vengeance'(outofitlat.poena);`Schtzung;honour;
penance,atonement,punishment',`withoutEntgelt;ungeehrt';
probablymir.cin,Gen.cinad`blame'(*kinu-t-s,compare-);
lit.kina`Wert,Preis';OldPrussianer-knint`(ofdevil)befreien';
abg.cna`honour,Preis',cniti`schtzen',-gradeabg.kaj,kajatis`repentance
feel',pokajatis`penance,atonementtun',okajati`bejammern',russ.kjat`rebuke',-sja
`repentancefeel'.
rootextensionkeis- , keit- (compareaboveOldIndianct,cit-):
Air.ad-c(*kis-e-t)`sees',callf.`Verstand'=cymr.pwyll,bret.poellds.(*keis-l),etc.(LewisPedersen350);
OldIndianctati,cktati`hatachtaufetwas,nimmtWahr',Perf.cikta,participlecikitvn
`verstehend,wissend',av.ikiv`berdenkend,berlegend',OldIndianctti-f.`Denken,
discernment',av.isti-ds.,OldIndiancint`Gedanken,care';
abg.t,isti`count,reckon,Geschriebeneslesen;honour',*ki-t-ti- >st(=OldIndianctti-)
`worship,veneration,honour';withanl.s-lett.etu,itu,ist`mean',Impers.`shine,appear,
seem',skaitt`count,Gebeteaufsagen',lit.skait-a,-ti`count,lesen'.
References:
References:WP.I508f.,Trautmann113,124,135,138,SchwyzerGr.Gr.686,697.
Page(s):
Page(s):636-637
Root/lemma: kei-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topile,stow,gather
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufschichten';daheràufhufen,sammeln',`derOrdnungafterauforto
einanderlegen',àufbauen',àbgeschwchtmachen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancinti,cyati`schichtet,reiht;sammelt,huftan;fgttogether,bautauf',cyam.àccumulation,heap,Aufwurf';kya-m.`body,body'(eig.`*Gliederbau';or`*mass');cit`layer,
Holzsto,Scheiterhaufen',cti-f.àccumulation,layer,Scheiterhaufen',ct-f.`dasSammeln';
av.kay-,ayeiti,invaiti`(*legere)aussuchen,whlen'withv-`divide,distinguere',withham`colligere,(Schrittlngen)aneinanderlegen';np.dan`gather,collect';
gr.`make'(arg.-bot.Funderlikewise),thenalso`dichte',denominativea*-F-
àufbauend,making'(compare-`Bcker');
abg.in(probablyu-stem:OldIndiancin-ti,av.invaiti,yetinSlav.withtheerstensyllable,asOld
Indianct-)òrder,row,rank',initi`sort,order,arrange,reihen,build',probablyalsoklr.koj,kojty
ànzetteln,bereiten(somewhatevil,harm)',asgr.`murderanstiften'),poln.dial.koisi
`succeed,proceed,goahead'.
As-furtherformationsinav.ka-(withPrverbien)`struere',fr-`prepare,bereiten',v-`to-,
herrichten'(BartholomaeWb.429).
References:
References:WP.I510,WH.II406,Berneker538,Trautmann124.
Page(s):
Page(s):637-638
Root/lemma: kei - ,kii Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torestquietly,quiet,peaceful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`behaglichruhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancir-m`Zgern,delay',cir-`langdauernd,long';Oldpers.iyti-
`Wohlbehagen'(=lat.quis),av.iti-`pleasure,joy'(-=y-,comparegathav.yeitiby),av.
yta-,ta-èrfreut'(=lat.quitus),a-ta-ùnfroh'(=lat.inquitus),-,av.ita`behaglichst,erfreulichst',np.d`blithe,glad',oss.ancayun`rest';sogd.'t`freudig';
arm.han-gimÌruhe',han-gist`tranquility'(-gi-from*-ki-);
lat.quis,-tis`tranquility',qui-sco,-scere,-v,-tum`rest',withformants-lo-(asgerm.*hwl-)
tranqulus,tranquillus`peaceful'(trans+klos);
maybealb.*kjt,qetquiet.
got.eila,ags.hwl,ahd.(h)wla`while,time',aisl.hvla`Ruhebett',hvld`tranquility',got.eilan
`weilen,hesitate,cease',ags.HwlaMN,ahd.wln,-n`weilen,sichaufhalten';
OldChurchSlavicpokoj`tranquility',pokoj,pokojiti`beruhigen',poij,poiti`rest';
toch.te`rich'(:av.yta-èrfreut');
lyk.tezi`Sarkophag'from*kjtis(),PedersenLyk.andHitt.50.
References:
References:WP.I510,WH.II406,Trautmann124.
Page(s):
Page(s):638
Root/lemma: kek - ,kk - ,kek - sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toseem,see,show
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrscheinen;sehen;zeigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankateàppears,glares,gleams,shines',cakiti,cakyt`shines,schaut',
kaa-m.`Sichtbarsein,shine';
av.kasatèrblickte';npers.ghèxpert,skillful',nigh`sight';s -extensionkeks-:OldIndianc
(3.Pl.cakat)àppears;beholds',incompoundsalsoànnounce,show',cakas-n.`shine,face',
caku-`seeing',n.`Helle,face,eye';av.a(te,-ite)ìnstruct,teach'(eig.`gewahrbecomelassen'),
mpers.tanìnstruct,teach',av.Oldpers.aman-n.èye',npers.am,ds.;commonOldIndian
h->k-:Oldpers.h->x-:mpers.x->-phoneticmutation
gr.,young(after)`mark,token,sign,Merkmal'(*kek-m[]r-);different
SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326;
withvoicedfinalsoundOldChurchSlavickao,kazati`show,mahnen',u-kaz`-'(also
kazn`,alignment'),probablyidg.*ke-besides*kek-commonOldIndianh->k-:Slavic
h->-,z-phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.I510f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I326,519.
Page(s):
Page(s):638-639
Root/lemma: ke- 2
Seealso:
Seealso:s.unkoPage(s):
Page(s):636
Root/lemma: kel-1 ,kelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn;wheel;neck
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,sichdrehen,sichherumbewegen,frsorglichumjemandemherum
sein,wohnen'underlikewise
Material:
ThisrootisrelatedtothenameofCelts,GaelicandIllyrianpeoplewhowerethechildrenofGalatea.
Allthosecognatesarerelatedtothecoilsoftheseaserpent.
OldIndiancrati,calati`bewegtsich,wandert,weidet,treibt'etc.(heavybasisincritum,carit-,
cr-;cartra-n.`foot,leg',carcryma-,crt-,alsoprobablytuvi-krm-`tatkrftig'),lengthened
gradecra-m.`gait',etc.;av.araiti`versatur,obliegtaTtigkeit'etc.,arna-`field',Oldpers.
parikar`tend,lookafter!cole!';
s-extensioninOldIndiankar-f.`furrow',krati,krti`turn,wenden,pflgen',av.kara-m.n.
`furrow',karaiti`Furchenpull';
gr.,`bininBewegung'(olismus),Aor.,participleùmzingelnd
(einetown,city);sichherumdrehend,denKreislaufvollendend()',withauerol.-=*ke-:
inders.meaning(`vollende'Pind.),hom.`bin,become',kret.
`',kypr.èrwillbe',alson.ènd',eigentl.`Wende'(`vollende',,
from*-F-`fertig,vollendet,reif,grown',`consummation,termination,end'),wherefore
(*F,compareaboveOldIndiankar-)`Grenzfurche',i.e.`WendestelleofPflugesauf
demAcker';Àchse(Drehpunkt);umgepflgtes(umgewendetes)Land',`bewegemich
herum,verweile',`Dienerin(Hom.),servant'=lat.anculus`servant,Knecht',
`Ziegenhirt',`binpriest'(besides-`priest');within`Rinderhirt'=mir.
bachaill,cymr.bugail`herdsman,shepherd'from*kol(i)oswithEntlabialisierungafteru;
`bewegemichherum'(`pflgeum'),ion.att.àuftheOberflche',
`Handelsware';`bewegemichanaOrteherum,kommehufighin';`back'(Akk.a
*`turn');seeunder;diegr.-formscontainprobablypartlyidg.pel- seeunder;
alb.sjel`dreheum,wende,bring'(*kel-);besideskjel`bring,bear'(*kolei),a-sul`Winterweide',
eigentl.`Zutrift',pr-kul`bend,curve'(*kel-n-),kulp,kulpr`Waldrebe'(*kel-bh-);
lat.col,-ere`bebaue,bewohne;tend,lookafter;ehre'(*kel);colnus`Landwirt,Bauer',incolere
ìnhabit',incolaÈinwohner',inquilnusÌnsasse',EsquiliaeÀuensiedlungen';aboutanculussee
above;
colus,-sf.m.or-f.`Spinnrocken'(*kelos`spindle'),collus,-m.(alat.),collum,-n.`neck,
Bergjoch'(*kol-so-,got.hals);
air.cul`cart'(Dual.*kol);mir.coll`head'=
got.aisl.aschs.halsm.,ags.heals,nhd.`Hals=neck';aisl.hveln.`wheel'=
OldPrussiankelan`wheel',lett.f.Pl.du-celes`zweirdrigercart';
OldChurchSlavickolon.,Gen.kolese`wheel',Pl.kola`cart'(Mischungfromkolo-m.andkelesn.);
bsl.*kelia-`knee'inlit.kels,ostlit.klias`knee',lett.celisds.;lit.kelnasm.`knee',ablaut.Old
ChurchSlavickolnon.`knee,stem,gender,sex',perhapsfurthertoslav.*elnm.,sloven.ln
`joint,limb,member',klr.en`limb,member';
toch.Akll`bringt',preteritl,Pl.kalar(PedersenTochar.183).
keklo- , koklo- ()`wheel'in:

OldIndiancakr-m.n.(Akzentsecondary)`Wagenrad,Scheibe,circle',av.axra-m.`wheel',gr.
`circle',Pl.and`Rder',aisl.hjl,hvl(*kkelon-,germ.*hwh(w)ula-)n.,ags.
hwol(engl.wheel),besideshweowol,hweogol(germ.*hweg(w)ul-),mnd.wl`wheel';alsofries.
fialisprobablyeinedissimilation-formfor*hwewla-;comparealsophryg.`thebig,giantbear'
(`cart'),lit.kklas,lett.kokls`neck'as`Dreher';toch.Akukl,kokale`cart'.
Lengthenedgradeperhaps(as`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,round')aisl.hvllandhll
m.(latterfromdemDat.Pl.hlumfromhvlum)`roundishhill'.
References:
References:WP.I514f.,WH.I45,245ff.,250,846,Trautmann125.
Page(s):
Page(s):639-640
Root/lemma: kel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:far(withregardtoplaceandtime)
Material:
Material:OldIndiancaram-`theletzte,uerste',cirs`long(temporal)',gr.,ol.àfar,
wide'(-,-,-),`lngst'(òld',,-),cymr.corn.bret.pellàfar'
(*kel-s-o-),cymr.pellaf`theuerste'.
References:
References:WP.I517.
Page(s):
Page(s):640
Root/lemma: kel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swarm,flock,shoal,school,clan,herd,crowd
Material:
Material:OldIndiankla-mn.`herd,bulk,mass;gender,sex';kr-f.`people,people';
gr.n.`troop,multitude,crowd';
OldChurchSlaviceljadf.`Gesinde',collectivetodeminelovk`person'presentelo-.
References:
References:WP.I517,Berneker141f.,MeilletBSL.22,18f.,KuiperProto-Munda55.
Page(s):
Page(s):640
Root/lemma: kemEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswallow,sip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlrfen,schlucken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancmatiandcamati*schlrft',participlecnta-,camas-m.`drinkingbowl,
goblet',cam-m.`platter';npers.am`theeating',aman`drink',osset.cumun`slurp';
arm.kìm-k`Pl.`faux,guttur'(*km-);withablautgrade:npers.km`palate',afghan.kmaids.;
dubiousisgr.and[probably]Hes.,whereasin
thespternmeaning`Flssigesaussaugen,auspressen'tofassenwre;
nisl.hvma(from*hvma,idg.*km=OldIndiancmati)`verschlucken,verschlingen',hvmaf.
`Speiserhre,gullet'.
References:
References:WP.I514.
Page(s):
Page(s):640-641
Root/lemma: kene
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:particleofgeneralization/uncertainty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:PartikelderVerallgemeinerungandUnbestimmheit
Material:
Material:OldIndiancana,av.inìrgend';oftennegativ,e.g.OldIndiannkacana`keiner';
germ.-ininaisl.hver-gin`keineswegs',ags.aschs.ahd.hwer-ginìrgendwo'(fromhwar`where'+gin)fromahd.io-wergin,mhd.iergen,nhd.irgend.
References:
References:WP.I399f.,Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII562.
Page(s):
Page(s):641
Root/lemma: kenthEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosuffer,endure
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leiden,dulden'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.àffliction,mourning,grief,misfortune';nachhom.n.àffliction,
misfortune,ferventness,passion',(*knth-sk),Fut.,Aor.,Perf.
`suffer,erdulde'(-for-afterdenformswith-,-);
lit.keni,ksti`withstand,leiden',pakantf.`Geduld',kani`heftigerkrperlicherpain',iem-kitis
`denWinteraboutwithstanding',lett.ceucest`leiden,dulden',ziem-ciesis(*kentsia-)`Wintergrn';
air.css(a)imÌsuffer'(*kenth-tor*kenth-s-),cssad`passi'.
PedersenKG.II486assumeseinennasallosenVerwandteninair.ar-cessi(*ket-s-)`schont,
erbarmtsich'(meaningwreasinlit.pakentti`withjemandemGeduldhave'),cymr.arbedu(*ket-)
`spare,lookafter',bret.erbedièmpfehlen'(olderalso`spare,lookafter'),acorn.henbidiat`parcus'.
References:
References:WP.I513,Trautmann126f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,708.
Page(s):
Page(s):641
Root/lemma: ker-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todo
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`machen,gestalten'
Note:
Note:perhapsoriginallyfromirgendeinernotmorebestimmbarenHandwerksttigkeit
Material:
Material:OldIndiankarti(Imper.kuru),krti`makes,vollbringt',participlekrt-;kar-`tuend,
making',m.`hand,Elefantenrssel',kra-`making',m.`feat,dead,act',krman-n.àction,work',
karmra-`smith';krti-`feat,dead,act';sa-krtònce';besideswiths- pari-kar-andsa-skar-;
av.krnaoiti`makes,vollfhrt,tut',krtay-`feat,dead,act',Infin.krte,Oldpers.akunavam,
karta-;av.r`Mittel,Hilfsmittel',np.r`Mittel',cra`Mittel,help,artifice'(=sl.ara`charm,spell',
seeunder);
osk.petiro-pert`viermal'(:OldIndiansa-krt);
cymr.paraf`bewirke,verschaffe',Verbaln.peri,whereforeredupl.(fromaredupl.present)probably
cymr.pybyr`tatkrftig';
air.cruth`shape',cymr.pryd(*krtu-)`shape,time';inadditionperhapsair.Cru(i)thin,mcymr.Prydyn
`Pikten';cymr.Prydain`Britannien'hatdieendingfromRhufain(Rman)bezogen;acorn.prit,mcorn.
prys,bret.pred`time';mir.creth`Dichtung'(*krto-),cymr.prydu`dichten',prydydd`Dichter';
lit.kuri,krtièrect,tobuild,make',outofitperhaps`fireanmachen,heizen';lett.kurtànfeuern,
heizen',OldPrussiankraèrbaute';differentaboveS.572.
Herewiththemeaningèsjemandemantun,verhexen',alsoOldIndiankrty(àction,feat,dead,act'
and:)`Behexung,charm,spell'underlikewise,gr.n.`Wunderzeichen',n.Ùngetm,
Ungeheuer',,Hes.;das-isolismus;,from*,*
dissimilated;lit.keri,kerti`jemandenenchant,intheGesundheitinjure,hurt',kras`charm,spell',
slav.araf.`charm,spell'inabg.arodj`magician',arif.Pl.`charm,spell,Reiz'etc.;
perhapswithanlaut.s - (compareOldIndiansa-skar-)OldIndian-carya-`seltsam,wonderful',n.
`wonder,miracle',aisl.skarsn.èinUngeheuer;giantess',skersaf.`giantess',skyrsem.`(bles)
omen,sign,Phantom'(welchediesuffixalezerogradeofes-stementhielten).
References:
References:WP.I517f.,WH.I165,273,Trautmann127.
Page(s):
Page(s):641-642
Root/lemma: ker-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofdishorpot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWorten,dieetwasSchssel-,Schalenartigesbedeuten
Material:
Material:OldIndiancar-`Kessel,pot,pan',whereforeprobablykarkar`waterjug',karaka`cranium';
air.co(i)re(thoughnotfrom*kerijo-,butfrom*kerijo-),cymr.pair,corn.pr`Kessel';
altn.hverrm.`Kessel',ags.hwer,ahd.(h)werds.
n-extensionliesbeforein:mir.cernf.`platter',nisl.hvrn`boneinFischkopf',norw.dial.hvannds.;
got.arneif.`cranium',aisl.hvernaf.`Kochgeschirr'.
References:
References:WP.I518.
Page(s):
Page(s):642
Root/lemma: keruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochew;togrind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kauen;zermalmen,mahlen(meal,flourandoutofitBereitetes)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancrvati`chewsup,zermalmt',participlecra-s,m.`finedust,powder,meal,
flour'(in--wirktthezweitevowelthebasiskeru-after);differentaboutcrvatiaboveS.576,582;
gr.Hes.(assimil.from*),Hes.(developmentfrom
ablautendem*korunorol.formfrom),n.,Pl.(Hom.)`Weizenbrot'(--instill
tountersuchendemconnectionwithdemsecondvowelfrom*keru-).
References:
References:WP.I519.
Page(s):
Page(s):642
Root/lemma: ketu e r- ,ketu r - ,k e tur- m.,ketes(o)r- f.
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:four
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vier'
Note:
Note:(contains*sor `wife,woman')
Material:
Material:OldIndiancatvram.(Akk.catra),catvrin.,ctasraf.;av.awrm.(Gen.
aturm),atarf.,npers.ahr;
arm.ork`from*orek`<*ketuores(Akk.ors);
gr.hom.,att.,bot.(withsecondarySchwachstufe);ion.ark.hellen.
(*ketueres);reducedgradehom.(Akk.=OldIndiancatra,lesb.
=av.aturm),lesb.also;dor.wgr.(*ketuores);
lat.quattuor(aseems,ashom.,efortzusetzen);osk.pettiur;petoran.(comparepetiro-pert
`viermal'from*petri-,dasafter*triinumbr.triiuper`dreimal');
air.ceth(a)ir(fem.cethoiraftertoir`3'),acymr.petguar,ncymr.pedwar(fem.pedair),corn.peswar
(abrit.Stadtname);
got.fidwr,nord.andwestgerm.duetoanassimilationform*kuekuor(bisaufdie
Kompositionsformensalfr.fitter-,ags.fyer-,aschwed.fier-:got.fidur-):aisl.firerm.,firarf.,
fiogorn.,ahd.feor,fior,as.fiuwar,fior,ags.fower;
lit.ketur(Akk.kturis=OldIndiancatra),fem.kturios;lett.etri;aksl-etyrem.,-if.n.
toch.Atwar(*ketuer-),(t)wr,(t)wer(*ketuores)`4',Atwark`40'.
Incompounds(andderivatives)ketur- , ketu r - , ketru- :OldIndianctur-[aga-`viergliedrig'],
withSchwundst.the1.syllableav.-xtirm`viermal'OldIndianturya-,trya-,av.tirya-`vierter';
av.awar-aspa-av.aru-[gaoa-];from*F(idg.*ketur-):gr.-[],-;
contaminatedfrom-and-:gr.;-`helmet'(compare-`withvier
Schirmenversehen')probablyzerograde*[k]tru-,asosk.trutom(ifes`quartum'standsfor);lat.
quadru-[ps];umbr.petur[-pursus`quadrupedibus'];gall.Petru-corii`dieVierstmmigen',petru-decametos`vierzehnter',cymr.pedry-`vierfach'(gall.petor-ritum`vierrderigercart'probablywithdem
vowelfrom*ketuores),`viereckig,strong';got.fidur-dgs(Westgermanischesseeabove);lit.
ketur-[kjis`vierfig'];arm.k`ta-a-sun`40'(from*twr-,compareOldIndianturya-`vierter').
ordinals:
OldIndiancaturth-,turya-,trya-,av.tirya-;arm.orir,orr-ord,ka-ord;gr.att.,hom.
(for*`vierter'in),bot.;lat.qurtus,prn.Quorta,osk.perhaps
truto-(seeabove);air.cethramad(*ketru-metos);gall.petuarios=acymr.petuerid;ahd.fiordo,ags.
fora,aisl.firi;lit.ketvirtas(lett.ceturtasasOldIndiancaturth-),OldChurchSlavicetvrt;
toch.Atrt(*keturtos),twerne.
VonotherZubehrseiberausgehobenlat.quattuordecim,got.fidwrtahun,ahd.viorzhan`14';dor.
ion.delph.p(*ketuor-komte)=lat.quadrgint`40';av.aru`viermal',OldIndiancat
=lat.quater(*ketrus);OldIndiancatvar-m.`viereckigerplace',lit.ketver`jevier',OldChurch
Slavicetver,etvords.,air.cethorcho`40'(*ketru-komt-s).
References:
References:WP.I512,Trautmann131f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I351f.,589f.,WH.II394,400f.,F.
SommerZumZahlwort,27.
Page(s):
Page(s):643-644
Root/lemma: ke 1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:and(encl.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:enklit.ànd'
Note:
Note:from*'irgendwie',asalsotoPron.-stemko-,ke-ofInterrogativumsandIndefinitumsinsame
relationshipstehend,as*ke`here'toko-,ke-`this'.DamitidenticalkebehindformsofInterrogativIndefinit-stemzurVerstrkungofindefinitenSinnes.
Material:
Material:OldIndianca,av.a,.enklit.ànd';lyd.-kànd';gr.ànd';venet.-ke,lepont.-pe,
piken.-p;lat.-que;ne-que=osk.-umbr.nep,neip`not;andnot,nor;rarelynoteven'=air.na-ch,
mcymr.etc.nac`not'(toafromeseeunderne `not'),comparelat.atqueàndinaddition'(ad+que)
=umbr.ap(e)ùbi,cum';got.nih(etc.,seeunderne )`not';(seealsoahd.etc.nohunder*nu `nun');
bulg.e`but,and,da,weil',ech.olda-e,aìf',poln.aczòbgleich,although';
Maybealb.geg.(*ne-que)nuk,tosk.nuku`not'
denindefinitensense,mindintensifyinge.g.OldIndiank-ca,av.i-ca`werirgend,welcher
irgend',inrelativeclausewithdemRel.-Pron.ya-;av.i-caalso`jederbeliebige';
arm.-kè.g.o-k``whoever'(ifdropofefrom*kebeforethePalatalisierung;fromJunkerwithdemk`
ofPluralsgleichgesetzt);
gr.-(herebehinddemRelativum;s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.II575f.);
lat.quom-que,cunque,umbr.pumpeoriginally`*whenalsoalways',thenwithcoloringofZeitsinnes
(asinnhd.werimmerwhoever)bareverallgemeinernd,e.g.qucumque,umbr.pisipumpeds.;
quisque(from*ququisque:OldIndianyk-ca)inStzenrelativenSinnes,quisque(mostly
angelehnt)`jederbeliebige';
got.-h,-u-hinaz-u-h,-h,a-h`jeder,-e,-esbeliebige';
hitt.ku-i-ki(=lat.quis-que)=lyk.tike;ni-ik-ku(:lat.neque)=lyd.nik.
Insimilarmeaningalsootherformsfromdenstemsko-,k,ki-:lat.quis-quam;OldIndiancit(cid),
av.it,.iyVerallgemeinerungspartikel(z..OldIndianka-cid`wernurimmer')=idg.*kidin
osk.-pd,-pid,umbr.-pe,-pei(e.g.osk.ptrs-pdùtrisque',umbr.putres-peùtrius-que')=arm.-
(in-ìrgendetwas');s.also*kene.
References:
References:WP.I507f.,WH.I309f.,II401f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.II573ff.,6482f.
Page(s):
Page(s):635-636
Root/lemma: k d - ,k d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprick;todrill,sharpen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`stacheln(Stachel,Spitz),bohren,wetzen,schrfen;antreiben,anreizen'
Note:
Note:(olderkeu e d- )
Material:
Material:Aisl.hvatr`quick,fast,gamy,sharp',hvtf.Ànreizung',hvata,-aaàntreiben,
beschleunigen',ags.hwt`quick,fast,gamy',as.hwatds.,ahd.(h)waz`sharp,violent',got.
gaatjanàntreiben,whet',aisl.hvetja`sharpen,anreizen',ags.hwettands.,mnd.wetten`whet',
ahd.(h)wezzen,mhd.wetzen`stir,tease,irritate,anfeuern,whet';to-participlegot.assabaAdv.
`sharp,stern'(assei`vehemency,austereness,severeness'),aisl.hvass`sharp,rash,hasty',ags.
hwss`sharp',ahd.(h)was,mhd.was(ser)`sharp,spiky,violent,stern';ablaut.aisl.hvta
`durchstoen';aschwed.hta`Lcherbohren';withabertragenenmeaningas.for-hwtan,ahd.farhwzan`verfluchen'andgot.taf.`threat',tjan`threaten',aisl.htn.`threat',hta`threaten';
probablylat.tri-quetrus`dreieckig'(`dreispitzig';probablyfrom*triquedros);possiblyalsoOldIndian
cdati,cdyati`treibtan,throngs'(*keud-).
References:
References:WP.I513,II554,WissmannPostverbalia64f.
Page(s):
Page(s):636
Root/lemma: keiSeealso:
Seealso:s.moreproperlyaboveS.487underghei()-.
Page(s):
Page(s):649
Root/lemma: ko- ,ke- ,fem.k ;keiEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:indefinite/interrogativepronominalbase
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:diebetontenFormensindInterrogativa,dieunbetontenIndefinita
Grammaticalinformation:(presumablyeinstonlyinNom.Akk.Sg.);ku- (onlyinAdv.);
Note:
Note:einzelsprachlichpartlyRelativumgeworden
Material:
Material:1.stemko- , ke- , fem.k- ; Gen.keso , Instr.k , Zeitadverbkom.
A.KasuelleformsandnureinzelsprachlichbelegbareAbleitungen:
OldIndiank-(=phryg.ìrgendeiner',got.as`wer'),fem.k`wer'andindefinit;idg.kos
probablytheoldNom.Sg.m.;
av.k(Gen.gthav.ka-hy,a-hy),fem.k`wer,who,what,which,theonethat',Oldpers.ka[iy],asIndef.with-t,orinDoppelsetzung,orinneg.orrel.Stzen;av.kàs';Oldpers.ada-kaiy
`damals'=gr.byPindar`'placed;
arm.`wer'(*ko-,MeilletEsquisse2189),indef.o-k``whoever'(-k`=lat.que),o-mn`wer'(relative
o-r`who,what,which,theonethat');kàni`howmuch',kànàs,afterthecomparative'(=lat.quam),
kànak`quantita'underlikewise;lat.quantusàsbig,large',umbr.panta`quanta'isfromqumwith
formants-to-derived;
gr.Gen.Sg.hom.,att.`wessen'(=abg.ceso,ahd.hwes;idg.*kes(j)o);Dat.Sg.f.dor.,
att.,ion.(*k-)`whereto,wherefore,as';Instr.f.ion.att.`whereto';Instr.Sg.m.n.kret.
-`where,whereto',dor.-,-,att.-`jeeinmal,nochje',,ion.
`(*abouteinenZeitraumhin,irgendwann=)still'andmodalìrgendwie'in`nochnicht'and
`nicntirgendwie,keinesfalls'(comparegot.aswellaslat.qu`whereto',ifnotablative);,ion.
às';`fromwoherstammend'(neutr.*kod+forms-ko-,compare-above
S.25under*aliosòther');att.etc.`whereto',dor.`where'(Lok.);att.,ion.`where'
(Gen.);`fromwhere';hom.,ion.`where';`when'(dor.`when',compare
SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,629),,lesb.,ion.ìrgendeinmal,einst',whereforealsoafter
Interrogativen,e.g.`wasthen'and-withpreviouslygr.reduplication-ds.(seeinaddition
underpoti-s),`whereto'(-from-)=got.a,ad`whereto';kret.Hes.,att.
`qualis'from*ko-+oiuo-=OldIndianva-`kindofandWeise',ahd.wa,comparegot.laiwa
às',seeunderei-`go';tovariationfrom-(:ion.-):-s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,293f.
alb.k`wen'(*ko-m),se`was'(Abl.*kdwithanalogicalPalatalisierung),siàs'(*kei);
lat.qu(alat.quoifrom*ko+Demonstr.-),quae,quodRel.andIndefinitum,osk.pui,pa,pd`qui,
quae,quod',umbr.po-i,-e,-ei`qu',pue,porse`quod',lat.cuius,cui,qu,quetc.,umbr.pusme
`cui';Adv.lat.qu`whereto'(Abl.)=umbr.pue`qu'(u=,dasbeforeEnklitikanotabbreviatedis);
lat.quamàs,as'(Akk.Sg.f.)=umbr.[pre-]pa`[prius-]quam',osk.pruterpamds.(av.km-itìn
irgendeiner,jederWeise',alat.quam-de=umbr.pane,osk.pan`quam';lat.quantusseeabove;
lat.quom,cumìf,as;sooftas'(Akk.Sg.n.asprimumetc.=av.kmàs',got.an`when',Old
Prussiankan,lit.(dial.)kìf';OldChurchSlavicko-gdafrom*ko-g(o)da,MeilletSlavecommun2470;
with-deextendedumbr.pon(n)e,osk.pn`quom';lat.quand`when'(*qumAkk.the
Zeiterstreckung+d),umbr.panu-pei`quandque',mnd.wante`bis';lat.quantus,umbr.panta
`quanta'(see644);
air.nech,adj.(proklit.)afteràliquis;ullus,quisquam',cymr.corn.bret.nep(*ne-ko-s,withcoloring
thenegationinneg.Stzenwithwiederholtenegation,alsolit.kaz-ne-ks`somewhat',kad-ne-kad
`zuweilen',abg.nkto`jemand');air.cch,connectedcach,mcymr.pawp,connectedpop,corn.
pup,pop,pep,bret.pep`jeder'(*k-ork-ko-s;toabg.kak`who,what,which,theonethat'),ir.
cech`jeder'(daseafternech);air.can,mcymr.pan(*kan),mbret.-ban`whence';air.cuin
`when',mcymr.etc.pan,pannàs,if'(*kani),air.cani,mcymr.po-ny`nonne'(*k-);
got.as(*ko-s)`wer'andindefinit(Gen.is,ahd.hwes=abg.ceso,gr.),aschwed.hvar,har,
adn.hv,ags.hw`wer',withdemeofGen.as.hw,ahd.hwer(*ke-s)`wer';neutr.got.a(*kod),ahd.hwaz,an.hvat,ags.hwt,as.hwat`was';fem.got.`werwelche':got.an`when,as',
as.hwan,ahd.hwanne`when'(closecomparisontoair.can`whence'isbecauseofthemeaning
doubtful),as.hwanda`weil',ahd.hwanta`warum';got.`wherewith'(Instr.);afries.h,as.hw,
ahd.hwuàs'tolat.qu`whereto'(Ablat.),gr.,ìrgendwie';
lit.ks`wer,was'alsoindefinit,fem.k,OldPrussiankasm.,kan.`wer',kasf.quai,quoi,n.ka
(Akk.alsokan,kai)`who,what,which,theonethat,-e,-es';lit.kadìf,da,withit'(Konjunktionas
lat.quod,fromdemfragendenGebrauch,compareOldIndiankad,av.katadv.Fragewort`nun,if');
lit.ka,ka-p,OldPrussiankigiàs'(=abg.c;butaboutgr.seeunder*kaiànd');
abg.k-to`wer'(Gen.eso),kyj,f.kaja,n.koje`qui,',c`,,'(seeabove).
B.derivatives,diesichthroughmehrereSprachenpursuelassen:ko-tero- `werfromzweien';kli- às';ko-ti-, ke-ti- àsviele'.
OldIndiankatar-,av.katra-`werfromzweien',gr.,ion.ds.,osk.Lok.ptere-pd
ìnutroque',umbr.podruh-peiadv.ùtroque',putres-peùtriusque',got.aar,aisl.hvrr,ags.
hwer`werfrombeiden'(ahd.hwedar,nhd.stillinweder,withe,ashwer`wer':got.as),lit.
katrs`welcherfrombeiden,who,what,which,theonethat',abg.koteryj,kotoryj`who,what,
which,theonethat'comparativeformation(BeschrnkungaufdieWahlbetweenzweiGegenstzen);
superlativischOldIndiankatam-`welcherfrommehreren';compareofstemku-:lat.uter.
OldIndiankad,av.kaa`when';butlit.kad`when'from*kadn;toendingseeaboveS.181ff.
(alsoforabg.kd,kd`whence',lat.quan-do).
Gr.-àsbig,largeasold',lat.qulisàsbeschaffen',lit.klei,kl'àslong';ofstemkofrom:abg.kolikàsbig,large',kol`quantum'(Trautmann111).
OldIndianktiàsviele'=hitt.kuwatta,lat.quotds.(ofapokopiertenquotfrom:quotus`the
wievielte'),OldIndiankati-th-`thewievielte'=lat.*quotitei(Lok.m.)di>cott-diàmwievielten
Tagealsoalways,daily';gr.lesb.(hom.),att.,ion.àsbig,large'
(*koti-os;`thewievielte'from*;besideswithidg.e av.aitiàsviele',bret.petin
petdez`howmanydays',petguez`quotins'.
OldIndiankr-hi`when'=got.ar,aisl.hvar(*kor)`where'andrelative(therefromgot.arjis,
aisl.hverr`who,what,which,theonethat',eig.`whereer',asfromlit.kur[*kr]`where'+jsèr'das
lit.Rel.kurs,kurs`who,what,which,theonethat'erwuchs); -gradeags.hwr,ahd.as.hwr
`where'; -gradelat.cr`warum,wherefore',oldqur.
Aparallelformationtolat.quisinalat.quirquirùbicunque'.
2.stemkei- , sameformforMaskul.,Neutr.andFemin.:
OldIndiankm`waswas',k`wer',n-ki-`niemand'(withkinsteadofc;latterlautgesetzlichin:)
OldIndiancit(cid),av.cit,Oldpers.iy`sogar,jedenfalls'(originallyNom.Sg.n.*ki-d ;s.alsounder
keànd');av.i`wer',ica=lat.quisque,gr.,Oldpers.i-iyds.;av.às'(Instr.);
arm.-inin-`somewhat'(=OldIndiankim-cid),dasalsoinerstenparthere,withdropofk-asi(zi)`was'(*kid-),Instr.i-v`wodurch,wherewith',(seealsoabovetoarm.`wer');toAlb.seeabove
under1;
gr.(*kis)m.f.(thess.,ark.kypr.),n.(*kid)`werwho,what,which,theonethat,-e,-es'
and,`(irgend)wer,was',Akk.m.*(*kim)extensionto,whereupon,,Pl.n.*ki
inmegar.`wieso';bot.`warum'=lat.quia;alsoinion.,att.,`Nom.
Pl.`(throughfalseseparationfrom)andwithdemrelativenconnected,att.;
lat.quis,quid`wer,was'(fragend,indefinit,relative),quAdv.`wodurch,whereof(rel.);asfor,warum
(frag.);irgendwie(inWunschformeln)'(couldAbl.*kdsein,butyetprobablyduetoanInstr.*ki=av.
,sloven.iìf',ech.iìf',ags.etc.hwàs,wherefore,warum');qu-n(from-ne)àsnicht;da
nicht,without',quia-nam`warum',quia`da,weil'(Akk.Pl.*ki)seeabove;
osk.pis,pd`quis,quid'(fragend,indefinit,unbestimmt-relative),umbr.sve-pis`squis',pisi`quis,
quisquis';doubledosk.pispis,lat.quisquis,argiv.inverallgemeinerndindef.sense;
air.cid`was'withdemifromcidòbwohlessei';originallyasdasadj.cedfrom*ceed;
air.cia`wer',cymr.pwy,corn.pyw,bret.piou`wer'(*kei);connectedcymr.py,pa,p-etc.(air.cote,
cate`wasis',`whereis'isunclear);
got.i-leiks,ags.hwilcàsbeschaffen';ags.hw,as.hw,hwiu,aisl.hvàs,wherefore,warum'(k
Instr.);
abg.-to`was';Instr.k(seeabove)insloven.iìf;alsointerrogativeparticle',ech.iìf',poln.czy
ìf',russ.oldiìf',abg.i-mInstr.outofitextended;
abouttoch.Akus,kuse`who,what,which,theonethat's.PedersenToch.121;
hitt.question-andrelativepronounkui`wer,who,what,which,theonethat',verallgemeinerndkui
kuietc.(=lat.quisquis)`whoever',Indefinitumkui-ki(=lat.quisque)ìrgendjemand',n.kuit-ki(=
lat.quidque);lyk.ti-ke(=hitkui-ki);s.P.TedescoLang.21,128ff.,A.HahnLang.22,68ff.
3.stemku-:
OldIndiank,av.k`where'
Maybealb.ku`where',k`whom'
ved.kuv-dìf,whether,perhaps',av.às,inwelchemMae'(-afteràs');OldIndiankva,
kv`where,whereto';OldIndianktra,av.kura`wherewhereto';OldIndiankta`whence';Old
Indiankha=gathav.kud`where'(=abg.kde;idg.*ku-dhe;seeunderlat.ubi);av.kuaàs';
herealsoar.kuas1.ZsgliedtoverbalismofSchlechten,Mangelhaften(eig.`wasforein...!'),e.g.Old
Indianku-putra-`badson',av.ku-niri`Hure',comparebot.`Heihunger'(*-),abot.
,alsofromdenstemsko-andki-:OldIndianka-,k-,kad-,kim-,e.g.k-purua-`Wicht',
ka-pya-`belriechend',ki-purua-`fairydemon,ghost,dwarf'(W.SchulzeKl.Schr.399f.);
kret.-`whereto',syrak.(*-),rhod.`whereto'(*neologismto);
alb.kuràs,when'(seeunder1.bydenr-formations=lit.kur,arm.ur),kurr`je'(*kur-nei),ku
`where',ku-sh`wer',k-shàs'(fromidg.);
lat.ub`where'(inadditionundeshapedafteribi:inde),nexttowhichinlaut.-cubinn-cubi,s-cubi,
ali-cubi,nesci-cubi,nun-cubi(n-cundeetc.);esisdasthroughdiestemlat.quo-,qu,qubefore
theEntlabialisierungthroughubewahrteq-beforeutoqw-gewordenandqwu-hatanl.wu-,uergeben,duringin*n-qwubietc.infolgetheSilbentrennungnq-wubtheGutt.erhaltenblieb;isub
afterLok.auf-(*ei,*oi)from*ub=OldIndiankha,av.kud,abg.kdereshaped=osk.pufùbi'
(umbr.extendedtopufeùbi');afterPedersenHitt.50f.containubi,ibivielmehrdieidg.adverbial
ending-bhi(gr.-),comparehitt.kuwapi(kwabi)`where,when';correspondinglylat.utàs,with
it,da'(uti-nam,-que)andut,alat.utei(reshufflingasinub)from*ku-ti(us-piam,-quamìrgendwo'
fromut+adv.s=osk.puz,umbr.puz-efrom*kut-s-),uter,utra,-um`welcherfrombeiden'from
*ku-teros(parallelwithetc.),unquam,umquamìrgendeinmal'(kum-temporalerAkk.);
whetherumbr.pu-e(-oparticle)`where'=OldIndiankisor*k,isdoubtful;
mcymr.cw,cwd(=),cwt(=d)`where,whereto'(*ku-)=air.às';
got.-hunzurformationunbestimmterpronoun:niains-hun`notirgendeiner',etc.;ags.hàs',engl.
how,afries.h,mnd.w;
lit.kur`where'(seeabove1.B);alsolit.dial.k`was'from*kunOldPrussianquei`where'from
*ku-eiandprobablytheoriginatorofqu-insteadofk-infem.Nom.quai,quoietc.;
References:
References:WP.I514ff.,WH.I313,II397f.,404ff.,408f.,410ff.,Trautmann110f.,120f.,133,
134,MeilletSlavecommun2442ff.,469,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,293f.,615ff.,Wackernagel-Debrunner
3,558ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):644-648
Root/lemma: kreiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kaufen'
Grammaticalinformation:presentkri-n-mi
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrti`kauft'(afterkrt-participle;ved.alsokrntiaccordingtoMetrums,as
alsoPlikiti),Infin.krtum,kray-`Kauf,Kaufpreis';npers.xardan`buy';
gr.`kaufe';
air.cren(a)im(*kri-n-mi)Ìkaufe',Konj.ni-cra(*kriit),crth`payment,Kauf',crthidèmax';cymr.
prynuèmere,redimere'(3.Sg.acymr.prinit),corn.prenne,perna,bret.prena`buy',cymr.prid(=ir.
crth)òppigneratio';mir.tochraÙmwerben'(`*Brautkauf'),t-ind-s-cran.`Kaufpreisfordiebride'
(seems*kroio-=OldIndiankray-),cymr.g(w)o-br`Preis,Belohnung',corn.gober,bret.gobrds.,
cymr.alsogo-brwyds.(-wy-suffix);Verbaln.Akk.mir.creicc(formalafterreicc`sell',whereats.
ThurneysenGr.454),air.fochr(a)iccf.`Belohnung';
alit.(Gen.)krieno`pretiumprosponsis',lett.kriens,krienis`giftandieBraut',alsolit.kratis
`Brautschatz,dowrythebride';
aruss.krnuti,krenuti`buy',Infin.kriti,russ.-ChurchSlaviconcealsou-kri-jen(*u-krjen)`gekauft'
withoutdenpresentnasal;
toch.Akuryar`trade',kuryart`Hndler',karyor`Kauf',kryorttau`Kaufmann'.
References:
References:WP.I523f.,Trautmann142,Mhlenbach-EndzelinII284,KuiperNasalprs.197.
Page(s):
Page(s):648
Root/lemma: kr m iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:worm,grub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wurm,Made'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankmi-`worm,Made';np.kirm`worm';
alb.krimp(krim-bi),geg.krmds.;
air.cruim`worm',urir.krimi-,cymr.pryf,corn.ds.`worm',bret.prvds.;gall.FlN*Primia>nhd.
Pfrimm,Primantia>nhd.Prims;
OldPrussiangirmis(leg.kirmis)`Made';lit.kirmsm.f.etc.ds.,lett.cirminsm.ds.,lett.crmef.
`Spulwurm'Mhlenbach-EndzelinI378under386;
sloven.rm`Karbunkel,Fingerwurm',poln.czer(for*czercompareskr.crn`robigo'for*crm)
`WrmerinfaulendenFleisch',czermie`Schlangenkraut',czermiwka`Natternkraut';
inadditionAdj.-formationsl.*rmn`red',abg.rmn`red',rmnovatis`feuerrotbecome'
etc.;
diee-lengthenedgradeseemsinlett.crmef.`Regenwurm',cerme`worm'vorzuliegen;besides
sl.*rmfindetsich*rvwitheigenartigemvi-suffix:abg.rv`worm',russ.ervetc.;compare
lit.*skirvisÀmeise'
References:
References:WP.I523,Trautmann134,SpechtKZ.65,212f.,Idg.Dekl.45,181.
Page(s):
Page(s):649
Root/lemma: ksep- ()(*hsep-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dark
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andeinigermaenanklingendewordsfor`Dunkel'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankp,kap`night',av.xap-`darkness';commonOldIndianh->k-:Old
pers.h->x-:npers.x->-phoneticmutation
gr.,n.`darkness',,`dark';`darkness';
Maybealb.geg.mshef,tosk.fsheh`hide(inthedark)'commonOldIndianh->k-:alb.kh->ph->
f-phoneticmutation
`darkness',laterds.,hom.`dark',`dunkelviolett';
`darkness',`dark'.
commonOldIndianh->k-:illyr.-alb.-hom.h->d-,z-phoneticmutation
Derwechselndegr.anlautbasedonauftaboo-Vorstellungen.
References:
References:WP.I524f.,WH.I289,SpechtIdg.Dekl.11.
Page(s):
Page(s):649
Root/lemma: labhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,hold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,ergreifen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianlbhat,lmbhat,rbhat(Perf.lalbha)èrfat,ergreift',lbha-m.Èrlangen,
profit,gain,benefit,advantage',rbhas-n.Ùngestm,force,might',rabhas-`wild,boisterous,vast,
grand';
gr.`booty',-ùmfassend,big,large';
lit.lbism.`blessing,possession,richness',lbti`richbecome',ablaut.lbasm.`blessing',also`gut',
lett.OldPrussianlabs`gut'.
References:
References:WP.II385,Trautmann148,KuiperNasalprs.148f.
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: lab- andlabh- (),lap(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosip,chaw,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlrfend,schnalzend,schmatzendlecken'
Note:
Note:schallmalend(comparedassimilarlak- )
Material:
Material:Arm.lap'el`lick';
gr.`verschlinge'(-ph-or*labhuki,demslav.lobz-atinherstehend);`lecke
schlrfend'issecondarybesidesold,;
alb.lap`leckewater';
lat.lamb,-ere`lick';
ahd.laffan(luof)`lick',ahd.leffil`spoon',mnd.lepelds.(:got.*lapins,fromwhichOldPrussianlapinis
borrowed);ags.lapian`drink,slurp',aschwed.lapads.(*lapn),nisl.norw.lepja`schlrfendlickas
einHund'=mhd.leffen`lick,slurp',ahd.gilepfends.;intensive.mhd.nhd.lappends.behavesto
schlappenaslecken`lick'toschlecken;
besidesnhd.dial.labbe`lip',labern`slow,oafishtalk;leckenddrink',skr.lbati`swigasHundeor
Katzen'underlikewise;
hereperhapsruss.dial.lopa`devourer',lopat`devour';bulg.lpam`devour,schlinge',etc.;also
abg.lobzati`kiss'(`*schmatzen')
Maybealb.lopcow(eatingalotofgrass)
References:
References:WP.II383f.,WH.I754,WissmannNom.postverb.72f.
Page(s):
Page(s):651
Root/lemma: laidh- ,lidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,hurt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,verletzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`Schrfeisen,spade;spoon',`hackeum',èbne',
n.`spoon';`hack,mattock,hoe'(*--);
lat.laed,-ereìnjure,beschdigen';
lett.ldu,lst`roden',lit.ldymas,lydmas`Rodung,Neuland'.
Maybealb.*laed,lndoj`hurt'contaminatedalsobylat.lento-are`tobend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: laiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fett'
Note:
Note:Onlygr.andlat.
Material:
Material:Gr.`gemstet,fat'(*laiesrnos);lat.lridum,lardum`bacon,gepkeltes
Schweinefleisch'(*laies-idom);lrgus`rich,richschenkend'(*laies-agos);lae-tus`fat,luscious,
fertile,freudig,cheerful',laetre`dngen'.
References:
References:WP.II379,WH.I750,764f.
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: lai u oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:left
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`links'
Note:
Note:originally`crooked'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:lai u o- :
:`left'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:seu i o - :
:`left'commonillyr.-alb.sue->
de-,le-phoneticmutation.(seealb.dergjem`liesick'ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e rgh- :
:`totakecareof;
tobeill').
Material:
Material:Gr.`link';illyr.PNLaevicus,Laevonicus,Levonicus,Levoetc.;lat.laevusds.;gloss.
laeviboves`withdownwardsgekrmmtenHrnern'pointatinassociationwithlit.ilaivti`makebent'
in`crooked,writhed,crooked,humped'perhapsinsensefrom`crooked=weak,left'asbasic
meaning;abg.lv`left'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: lakuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:waterbasin(ditch,lake,sea)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`WasseransammlungineinerGrube,Lache,sea'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*)`cistern,pond,pool';
lat.lacus,-sm.(ahd.lahha`puddle',mnd.lake`puddle,slop',ags.lacuf.`river,stream,brook'etc.,
arelat.Lw.)`pit,pothole,sea,trough',lacna`Vertiefung,pit,pothole,puddle'(therefromlacnarn.
`Felderdecke',aslaqueards.direktfromlacusfrom);
air.lochn.`sea,pond,pool'(*laku),outofitborrowedcymr.llwch,etc.;acorn.bret.lagen`sea,pond,
pool';sdostfrz.loyeprobablyfromvenet.-illyr.*loku;unklaresalsoingall.PNPenne-locs(Gen.
*-ous);
ags.aschs.lagu(*lak-)`sea'(inadditionthenordwestd.FlNLeinefromLagina),aisl.lgrm.`sea,
water,Flssigkeit';inadditionl,lf.`Strandwasser,sea'(*lah),mhd.l`stream,brook,
Sumpfwasser';
abg.lokyf.(*lak),Gen.-ve`puddle,cistern',serb.lkva`puddle,pool,slop',etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):653
Root/lemma: lakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolick,lap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnalzendlecken'
Material:
Material:Arm.lakem(from*kk)`lick';
lit.lkti,lett.lakt`leckenddevour';
ChurchSlaviclou,lokati`lick'.
SimilartoonomatopoeicwordsSchallnachahmungaslab-,lap(h)- .
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):653
Root/lemma: lak - (*lah-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobespotted;salmon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprenkeln,tupfen'
Material:
Material:Ahd.lahs,ags.leax,aisl.laxm.`salmon';OldPrussianlasassof.;lit.laif.,besideslis
andlett.lasism.;russ.loso`salmon';afterLwenthal(KZ.52,98)as`theGetupfte'tolit.las
`drip',lati`drip,trickle',lett.lse`Sprenkel,Tupfen',lsans`punktiert,dappled',etc.;toch.laks
`fish'.AfterThiemeKZ69,209ff.inadditionalso()OldIndianlk`Lack'(*`lachsartig,*red')and
()lak-ùnbersehbarebulk,mass'.commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.II381,Trautmann150,PeterssonHeterokl.199f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.31,HeineGeldernSaeculum2,247.
Page(s):
Page(s):653
Root/lemma: lasEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:willing,active,covetous
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gierig,lasziv,mutwillig,ausgelassensein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianlaati`begehrt'(*la-ls-ati),llasa-`begierig,violent,verlangend',ullasitaàusgelassen,bratty',lasati`strebt,plays,shows,isvergngt';
latterstandsforalso`seems,shines',comparegr.`blicke',whereforealso-`blind';
perhapsoriginallyvariousgroup;
gr.a`begehre,sehnemich'(*-),Perf.(analogyafter`bingrieving');
Hes.,`ludibrium'(etc.),(*[]-),Hes.,
.Hes.(*--),`Bacchantin'(outofitlat.lna`Kupplerin');
lat.lascvus`bratty,ausgelassen,zgellos,luscious,horny,lustful'(furtherformationsanAdj.*las-ko-
s);inadditionalso()Lr,Lris,alat.Lars`Geister'(eig.`dieGierigen,Lechzenden'),lrua,lrva
(*lsou)`ghost,Larve,mask'(Lrhatnominativischelengthenedgrade);
air.lainn`greedy'(*las-ni-s);
got.lustus,ahd.as.ags.lust`lust',aisl.lostim.`pleasure,joy,lust,eagerness'(reducedgrade);lystf.
ds.frommnd.lust;
lit.lokns`zrtlich'(*lsknus);
serb.lska`Schmeichelei',ech.lska`love';compareruss.lsyjèrpicht,naschhaft',lasovat
`naschen',etc.;lasko-srdyj`lustful,greedy',lsit`schmeicheln',lstitds.,etc.
References:
References:WP.II386f.,WH.I762f.,766f.,Trautmann150.
Page(s):
Page(s):654
Root/lemma: latEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet,damp;swamp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,na;Sumpf,Lache'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`drip,Weinrest'(comparedasLw.lat.latex,-icis),`schleudre
klatschenddieNeigeWein',ds.;
mir.laith`beer,Flssigkeit;swamp,marsh'=gall.Are-latetown,cityèasternofSumpfes',corn.lad
`liquor',acymr.llatds.,cymr.llaid(*latio-)`slime,mud',mir.lathachds.;
aisl.leja(*lajn-)`loam,clay,smut',ahd.letto`clay,loam',nhd.Letten(dessene,althoughinbair.alem.Mundartenopen,yetumlaute-is);
lit.FlNLt-up,Latuv,lett.FlNLate(Mhlenbach-EndzelinII425).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):654-655
Root/lemma: lauk(o)- (luk-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:throat,jaw
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kehle,Schlund',`schlucken,schlingen'
Material:
Material:Hom.`throat,gullet',lit.-lakis`diedewlapofRindes',wruss.ka(*lkati),
Iter.ka`schlucken,drink'etc.(klr.hati`schlucken'withhfromprotoslav.g,comparedie
probablycognateroot(s)leug- `schlucken').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):655
Root/lemma: l g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,acuttinginstrument
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,schneidendesGert(Spaten,Klinge)'
Material:
Material:Gr.`grabe',`Gartenkraut,vegetables';ir.lige`spade'(*lgj),ligen
`Lanze'(*lgin),cymr.llain`blade'(*lgn).
References:
References:WP.II381,WH.I757f.,differentO'Rahillyriu13,152.
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: lghGermanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)lgh- .
Page(s):
Page(s):652
Root/lemma: l-1 andlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.roots(bark,howl,etc..),onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzeln
Grammaticalinformation:presentli andli
Material:
Material:OldIndianryati`barks'(possiblyalsotor-`cry');osset.ran`bark,bay';
arm.lam`cry,weep';unclearlor`Wachtel'(seeundergr.);
gr.m.`gossip,prank,Tand'(containsl-orl-),`schwtze';unclearisthevocalism
(onomatopoeic)in`seagull'(comparearm.lor`Wachtel');
alb.leh`bark';
lat.lmentum`lamentation',lmentri`lament',ltr,-re`bark,bay';perhapsosk.lamatir`soll
verfluchtsein';
air.lid(*lieti)`klagtan';cymr.edliw(*atelu-)`rebuke';
got.lalun`sieschmhten'(present*laian,idg.*l-);anord.lf.,`Brachvogel',Pl.lr;lmr
`Meertaucher,loudschreienderbird',compareisl.lmur`clamor,lamentation';
lit.lju,lti`bark,bay',lett.lju,lt`bark,bay,fluchen',ldt`verfluchen';ldt`verfluchen';
OldChurchSlaviclaj,lajati`bark,bay,inveigh'etc.(lajatifor*latiafterdempreteritestem,compare
lit.ljo).
Reduplicatedlal(l)a-: OldIndianlalall`Lallen';gr.`gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,
blithering',`gossip',`babble',`leichtesmurmur';lat.lall,-reìndensleepsing',
lallus`dasTrllernthewetnurse'(comparediePNLalla,Lallia,Lall,Lollia);nhd.lallen;lit.laluti
`lallen',russ.lla`babbler',etc.
similarlel-, lul- èinlullen,einwiegen,swing'in:
OldIndianllati`bewegtsichhinandher',lulita-`fluttering',llati`tnzelt,plays,shows',llyati
`sways,swings';lat.lolium`darnel,cockle,tares,dizzinessexcitingplant';
Maybealb.lule`flower,narcoticplant,dizzinessexcitingplant',luanj`play,swing,move'.
mnd.lollen,nhd.lullen;lit.leliou,lelioti`lull,craddle,swing',lett.leluoju,leluot`lull,cradlechildren';
inadditionlit.llis,llsm.`Nachtrabe';lett.llisds.and`clumsyperson';serb.lljati`lull,swing,
cradle,dangle',ljljati`lull,swing,cradle',russ.ljulj`littlepoplar=(traditionalinlullabies)',lelja
àunt',etc.;inadditionruss.lelek,poln.ech.lelek`Nachtrabe'(seeabovelit.llis).
Alb.laluc,lal`derogatoryremark,southernpeople',lal,lali`relative'
Perhapsherewithk -extension:
gr.(*-),Aor.,Perf.,dor.`redeloud,cry',dor.-)ds.,
Hes.`gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,blithering';
afterJoklL.-kunderU.205toalb.laikatis`flatter,beschwatze'.
References:
References:WP.II376f.,WH.I752f.,754f.,819,Trautmann146,156,J.LothRC38,49f.
Page(s):
Page(s):650-651
Root/lemma: l-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeconcealed,covered
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verborgen,verstecktsein'
Note:
Note:alsoli- andl[i]-dhMaterial:
Material:Gr.,Hes.,duetoa*-F`hide,conceal'perhaps,
,frevlerisch'(*F-Fìnverborgenentuend,wasdaslightscheuenmu');
fromthedh - extension(dh-present),dor.`late',`dasoblivion',dor.n.ds.,
,dor.`notverhehlend,veritable',(,,)`binverborgen',
`clandestine',ion.,att.Adv.`clandestine',hom.-`denSchmerz
vergessenmaking';
li-dh- in-besides-;
lat.late,-re`hide,conceal,verstecktsein'(fromaparticiple*l-t-s);
aisl.lmr`betrayal,deceit',mhd.luo`pestering,temptation;snare';ahd.luog`cave,lair',luoga
`Lagerwilderanimal';
abg.lajati`nachstellen',ech.(duetoa*l-k=ahd.luoga)lkati`Nachstellungenbereiten,pursue';
toch.Alt-,lnt-,lt-,lant-`hinausgehen',preterit3.Sg.Alc,lac(:gr.),3.Pl.Alntsec,
laten(PedersenHitt.173,189).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):651
Root/lemma: lm
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swamp,puddle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pftze,Sumpf'
Material:
Material:Lat.lmaf.`puddle,slop,swamp,marsh',probablybarelygenuinelateinisch;asAppellativ
stilltodayinSpanien,Sdfrankreich,Oberitalien,frequent,ofteninPNinNPortugalsandSpaniens,
Korsika,OberitalienandApulia,alsoinvenet.-illyr.Gebiet;illyr.FlN(Bruttium),nowadays
Lamato;lett.lma`puddle,slop,pit,pothole',lit.lom(manerwartetlma),Akk.Sg.lmds.;bulg.
lamm.`pit,pothole,hole'.
Maybealb.llom,lloh,dirt,mud.
References:
References:WP.II385f.,WH.I753,870f.,Trautmann162,R.MenendezPidalZrPh.59,202ff.
Unclearisdasrelationshiptofinn.lampi,Gen.lammen`pond,pool',estn.lomm`puddle,slop,
lowland,depression',etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):653-654
Root/lemma: lpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kuh'
Material:
Material:Alb.lop`cow'(*lp),lett.lups`Vieh';alsoschweiz.loobe,lioba`cow'(influenced
from`lieb').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):654
Root/lemma: luEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toacquire,tomakeuseofsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrbeuten,genieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianltam,ltramn.`booty,geraubtesblessing'(uncovered);
gr.`geniee',dor.,ion.and,att.`booty'(*lui),oèrbeute',
,,,dor.`robber';probablyalso`Saat,Feldfrchte',dor.,
`sownfield'as`*Ge-winn,yield';hom.àrm',`reichbegtert'(originallyan
Ackerland);`lecker'(*lueros);
lat.lucrumn.`profit,gain,benefit,advantage'(*lu-tlo-m);
air.lg,lag,lachèarnings,Preis'(withg-orgh-forms),folad(foluth)`Substanz'=cymr.golud
`richness',acorn.wuludoc`dives'(*upo-lau-to-m);cymr.llawen`cheerful'(`*genieend');alsocymr.
llawer`much,alotof',air.lour`sufficient'asursprnglichesSubst.`number,big,giantbulk,mass'
from*lueros=gr.;
got.launn.,ahd.ln(n.,m.)èarnings,Vergeltung',anord.launn.Pl.,ags.leands.;
OldChurchSlaviclov`Fang,Jagd',loviti`capture,hunt,chase';lit.lvintiàbrichten'etc.isruss.Lw.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):655
Root/lemma: l[i]p- ,lip- ,lpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,bebright
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,brennen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`leuchte',`torch',`luminous'(withoriginallybare
prsensbildendemnasal);
air.lassaim`flamme',lassair`flamma',cymr.llachar`gleaming'(*laps-);
lit.lp`light',lett.lpa`torch',OldPrussianlopis`flame';
hitt.lap-`glow,hotsein'.
Besideswithi-Vok.OldIndianlip-èntznden',aisl.leiptr`lightning',lit.liepsn`flame',lpst`burns',
lett.lipt`gleam,kindle,inflame',nsorb.lipota`flicker'.
References:
References:WP.II383,Trautmann149,KuiperNasalprs.152,Mhlenbach-EndzelinII439,475.
Page(s):
Page(s):652-653
Root/lemma: leghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputdown;toliedown
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:originallyonlypunktuellaoristisch`(sich)legen',spterdurative`liegen'
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.,,,`sichlay,place(toSchlafe)',`lullte
ein',Hes.,n.`bed,Hochzeitsbett,Totenbett',`lair'(=ahd.
lehtar),`womb,uterus,placenta,afterbirth',`Wchnerin',rhod.`Ruhesttte=grave',att.
ÈrholungsortforMige,thenPlaudereiunderlikewise'(*leghsk,compareunderair.lesc,ahd.
irlskan),`Hinterhalt(outofit:bewaffnetetroop,multitude,crowd);Niederkunft',
`Kindbetterin',-`Bettgenossin,wife'(:slav.*s-log),`Wildlager;thicket';
alb.lagjef.`troop,multitude,crowd,Stadtviertel'etc.(older*lag=);
lat.lectus,-`Lagersttte,bed'(from*legh-to-),lectca`Snfte';
air.lige`bed,grave'(*leghiom),cymr.lle,corn.le`place'(*legho-),cymr.gwe-ly,bret.gwele,corn.
gueli`bed'(upo-leghio-);cymr.gwal`bed'=air.mucc-foil`Schweinekoben'(*u(p)o-legh-s);gall.
legasit`hasplaced,legte';mir.laigid`legtsich'(toafromes.Thurneysen,KZ.59,9),Perf.dellig`hat
sichgelegt',l(a)ige`concubitus',mbret.lech,nbret.leac'h`place'(*leghs-o-);air.*luigim(Kaus.
*loghei)info-lgim(*fo-ad-log-)`schlagelow,base',fu-llugaimm`verberge';air.fo-lachn.`hideout',
cymr.bret.go-lods.,gall.loganAkk.Sg.`grave';nasalizedandingradationtoslav.lgprobablyair.
im-fo-lngai`bewirkt',in-loing`combined'=mcymr.ellwng,ncymr.gollwng`toletgo,todrop';about
air.lescseeunder;lengthenedgradegall.-rom.lga(*lgh)Àblagerung';
hereveryprobablyair.lesc`piger',cymr.llesgìnfirmus,languidus',basicform*legzgho-from*leghsko-;
probablyas`sichlay,place':ahd.lscan,irlscan,as.leskanèrlschen,lschen'(dietrans.meaning
muthensecondarysein);
got.ligan`lie'(neologism);previousi-presentags.licgan,afries.lidza,as.liggian,ags.licgan,ahd.
ligen,licken,`lie'(liggiu=abg.le),Kaus.got.lagjan`lay,place'(=abg.loiti),ahd.leg(g)en,as.
leggian,afries.ledza,ags.lecgan,aisl.leggjads.;got.ligrs`lair',ahd.as.legarn.ds.;aisl.lagn.
`Lage,position',Pl.lg`law,staatlicheGemeinschaft';ags.ge-lg`surface,plain,area';fromdem
Urnord.ags.lagu,engl.law,mnd.lach`lair';as.aldar-laguPl.n.`diebestimmteLebenszeit',gi-lagu
n.Pl.`determination,fate,destiny,lot,fate'(:gr.);postverbalarerlgN.Pl.`fate,destiny',as.
orlag,orleg`ds.`,ags.orlaegn.,ahd.urlagm.ds.;mhd.urlage`fate,destiny,war,fight'(latter
meaningprobablyfromahd.urliugi,mnd.orlogeherstammend,s.leugh-);ahd.lehter`womb,uterus,
placenta,afterbirth'(:gr.),aisl.ltr(*logh-tro-)n.`Lagerstellefromanimals';lengthened
gradeaisllgahd.lga`Lage'(:lit.pa-lgs);
maybealb.geg.log`placeformen'
withgradationags.afries.lgn.`place',lgian`disponere,dispose',ahd.luog`cave,lair',aisl.lgi
`tranquility';
aboutahd.lescanseeabove;
lit.pa-lgs`Bettlgerigkeit';
abg.le(=ahd.liggiu),leati(*legti)`lie',nasalizedlg,leti`sichlay,place',causativeloiti(=
got.lagjan)`lay,place',Iter.lgati`sichlay,place',Iter.vlagatièinlegen'etc.;loe`lair,womb,
uterus',*s-log(skr.-kslsulog)`',za-log`pledge,agreement'(etc.);
toch.Alake,leke`lair';Alk-`lie',lyalye`dasLiegen';
hitt.la-a-ki(lagi)`bringttocollapse',la-ga-a-ri(lagari)`lies'.
Maybealb.(*lo)lodh`toweary,tire'[thecommonalb.shiftZ>DH]
References:
References:WP.II424f.,WH.I777ff.,SpechtKZ.62,40ff.,Trautmann158.
Page(s):
Page(s):658-659
Root/lemma: leg-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrip,ooze,flowout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trpfeln,sickern,zergehen'
Material:
Material:Arm.li`swamp,marsh'(*lgi);
air.legaim`lsemichauf,zergehe,schmelze',fo-llega`(dieink)runningfrom',d-leg-(3.Sg.do-lega)
`destroy,destroy',dlgend`Vernichtung',mcymr.dlein(*d-leg-ni-)ds.,dileithds.,cymr.llaith,bret.
leiz(*lekto-)`humid,wet',cymr.dad-leithio`melt',air.lecht`death',cymr.llaith`letum,caedes,nex'
as`*Auflsung',lleas`death'(*leg-astu-);perhapsalsoasKaus.air.do-luigim(*logei)`lasseafter,
verzeihe',dlgud`Verzeihung';
aisl.lekr`leck',lekim.`Leck',ags.hlec(withfalschemh)`leck',nhd.(actuallyndd.)Leck,Adj.lech
and(ndd.)leck,mnd.lak,aisl.lekastrong.V.`dasWasserdurchlassen',mnd.lekends.,ahd.
ze(r)lechen`zerlechzt,leck',mhd.lechen`Flussigkeitdurchlassen,vorTrockenheitRissebekommen,
swelter'(lechezenàustrocknen',actuallyàusrinnen',nhd.lechzen);Kaus.*lakjaninags.leccan
`benetzen',mnd.lecken`seihen',mhd.lecken`benetzen';mnd.lakm.n.`fault,error,lack,
Gebrechen',mengl.lac,nengl.lackds.,afries.lec`damage,pity';lengthenedgradeaisl.lkrm.
`stream,brook',norw.also`puddle,slop'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):657
Root/lemma: leg-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totakecareaboutsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichworumkmmern'
Material:
Material:Gr.`kmmeremichumetwas',ds.,`besorge'(-=diepreposition
n-ìn');hom.-,epithetofTodes,as`schlimmfordenpeoplesorgend',asalsodas
presumablyfor-einzusetzende-,likewiseepithetofTodes,atbestas
ìnconsiderate'tocomprehendis;afterW.SchulzeKl.Schr.538butto`zhle';
alb.plok,plogu,plog,plogt`careless,neglectful,idle'frompa-(`without')+log-fromidg.*lg`nec-legens'provesidg.gforunserefamily.
References:
References:WP.II423f.,WH.I351ff.;LeumannHomer.Wrter55.
Page(s):
Page(s):658
Root/lemma: leEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togather
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammenlesen,sammeln'
Material:
Material:Gr.`sammle,lesetogether,zhle,rede,say',`verzeichne',
`Sammlung',Àuswahl',,`discourse',`rechne,berlege'(also
`zhle,rechneunderetwas'with-`-'),Hes.,dor.Hes.;
Maybealb.geg.log`meadowforgatheringofmen,placeofdiscourse',loth,lodh(*log)`totire,
weary,exhaust,bechoosy,elegant'.
lat.leg,-ere`zusammenlesen,auflesen;whlen;lesen',legiàusgehobeneMannschaft,Legion'=
osk.leginum`legionem',legulusÀufleser',legns`choosy,elegant';hereprobablyalsolignumas
`Leseholz';furtherdligere(*dis-leg-)`hochschtzen',intellegere(*inter-leg-)`wahrnehmen',
neglegere`neglect',religi`Bedenken,religisefear,shyness';plign.lexe`legistis'.
palatalprovesalb.mb-leth`sammle,ernte,versammle',preteritmblodha(:lat.lg),Pass.mblidhem;
Maybealb.ledh(*leg-)n.`caress,fondling'
tolegpresumablyalsoas`SammlungtheVorschriften'lat.lxf.`law',lgre,lgtus,osk.ligud
`lge',ligats`legatis'andlegmen`Hlsenfrucht,vegetables';
germ.*lkja-`Besprecher,physician,medicineman'ingot.lkeis,aisl.lknir,ags.lce,ahd.lchi;
inadditionahd.lchinn.`healing',mhd.lchenef.`Besprechen,Hexen';ChurchSlaviclk
`remedy'fromdemGerm.;aboutair.liaigseeunderlep-1 .
References:
References:WP.II422,WH.351ff.,779f.,789f.
Page(s):
Page(s):658
Root/lemma: leghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:light(adj.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leichtinBewegungandGewicht',verbal`sichleicht,flinkbewegen'
Note:
Note:nasalizedlenghMaterial:
Material:1.OldIndianlagh-,ved.ragh-`rash,hasty,light,small',Kompar.lghyas-,Superl.
lghiha-;av.ragu-,f.rvàgile';Kompar.rnjy,Superl.rnjita-(ofstem*lengh-);
zerogradeOldIndianrhnt-`weak,small'(`*light');av.rnjaiti,rnjayeiti`makeslight,agile,ltsich
bewegen',OldIndianrhat,rghati,lghati`rinnt,hurries,springtauf,springtabout';
gr.`small',Kompar.,att.(withsecondary,s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,538and
Anm.4),Superl.(fromidg.*legh-,asslav.lgkandkelt.*lag-;OldIndian
lagh-perhapsalsoorzerogradeaslat.levis);`light,agile'(probablyfrom*lghrs=ahd.
lungar);afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,302thoughcontaminatedfrom*(=ahd.lungar)and
*(from*-F=lit.legvas);perhapsion.`sicherholen,relax,slacken,trans.
erleichtern,entlassen,befreien';
illyr.lembus(*lengho-s)`leichtesFahrzeug',outofitgr.,lat.lembusds.;oberital.FlN
Lambrus(:),Krahe,Gymnasium59(1952),79;
lat.levis`light,quick,fast,leise'(basedonaufdemf.*leghutom.*legh-s);
air.Kompar.laigiu(andlaugu)`small,bad'=mcymr.llei,ncymr.llai`minor',corn.leds.bret.-leiin
abret.nahu-lei`nihilominus'(protokelt.*lag-is,idg.*legh-,seeabove),Superl.air.lugimemand
lugam,mcymr.lleiaf,abret.lau,mcymr.llaw`small'(outofitmir.lau,lds.),air.lagat`parvitas';air.
lingim`spring'(preteritleblaingwithanalogicalimitationofp:b-reduplication),air.limm,cymr.etc.
llam`Sprung'(*lgsmen-);
Maybealb.(*leiht)leht`light'.
got.leihts,ags.loht,aisl.lttr,ahd.lht(i)`light',nndl.lichtn.`placenta,afterbirth'(*linta-,idg.
*lengh-to-);as.lungor,ahd.lungar`quick,fast',ags.lungreAdv.`quick,fast,bald'(*lghro-,see
above);ahd.gilingan`proceed,goahead,Erfolghave,succeed',mhd.lingen`vorwrtskommen';
lit.legvas,lengvs,lett.ligs`light';
OldChurchSlaviclgk(*leghu-,seeabove)`light',lgota`lightness',OldChurchSlavic(je)lz
èsiserlaubt'(Dat.Sg.tolga),po-ldza,po-lza`benefit',russlzja,oldlzèsispossible,man
possibly',besideslga,ds.(etc.).
2.HerealsoappellationtheLunge(lightasdiebrigenFleischteile,schwimmtinWasserabove):
ahd.lungnPl.,ags.lungen,anord.lungan.`Lunge',engl.lights`Tierlungen',russ.lgkoje`Lunge';
hencealsoarm.lanjk``breast'(older`*Lunge';*lghio-).
References:
References:WP.II426f.,WH.I788f.,Trautmann158f.,KuiperNasalprs.143.
Page(s):
Page(s):660-661
Root/lemma: leibhGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leben'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderleip-1`besmear'.
Page(s):
Page(s):666
Root/lemma: leidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplay,joke
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spielen,scherzen,necken'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.(from*,compareHes.);
`schimpfend',`schmhe,schelte'(comparetomeaningmhd.schimpf`joke,
Kurzweil':nhd.Schimpf);
lat.ld,-ere,ls,-sum`play,zumbestenhalten',ldus(oldloidos)`game';
maybealb.(*lod)luaj,loz`play,joke',alb.(oldloidos)loj`game'[commonalb.-d->-j-phonetic
mutation].
perhapsmir.ladid(*loid-)`treibtan,besingt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):666
Root/lemma: leig-1 andleik- betteroleig-/kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:poor,miserable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drftig,elend;Krankheit,schlechtesErgehen'
Material:
Material:1.Gr.`ruin,mischief,Untergang,death',`ruinous,tdlich';`small';
alb.lig`mad,wicked,evil,lean',lig`malice,bel';
lit.lig`disease,malady',lett.liga`schwereredisease,malady,Seuche',ablaut.lit.pliegism.ds.;
2.arm.akàtàrm,poor,wenig,concise';Subst.àrmerbeggar',akàt-anam`binorwerdearm;
takeab,werdeschwach'(*alik`-fromidg.*oliko-;accordinglyisalsodas-fromgr.probably
old,dierootalsoas*(o)leig-/k-mustbeassumed);air.lach`woeful,wretched,miserable,unlucky';
OldPrussianlicuts`small'.
References:
References:WP.II398,Trautmann161;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytolei-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):667
Root/lemma: leig-3 ,loigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojump;totremble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hpfen,beben;bebenmachen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrjati`makeshpfen,lterbeben',rjat`hpft,bebt',rjyati`makes
erzittern,quiver';
npers.ltan`spring,ausschlagen(ofPferde)',kurd.be-lezium`dances',lzim`spiele';
gr.,`makeerzittern,swing,brandish',[*]-Èrderschtterer'(inaddition
probablyalso-`whereuponlosstrmen'in`strmtlos',);
air.logm.`calf',bret.dial.lu-ds.,lu`Dummkopf,laughable';cymr.Pl.lloi`Klber'(Sg.llo)isir.Lw.;
got.laikan(lalaik)`hpfen,spring',bi-laikan`deride',laiks`Tanz',anord.leika(lk)`play,zngeln
(flame),fechten,jemandemmitspielen',leikr`game,derision',ags.lcan`sichquick,fastmove,play,
fechten',lc`game,fight,struggle,booty,gift',mhd.leichen`hpfen,foppen',ahd.leih,leich`game,
Melodie,song,Leich',nhd.dial.laich`lususvenerius',mnd.lk`dasLaichen,Laich',nhd.Laich(from
demGerm.entl.abg.lik`Reigen');
lit.ligyti`wildumherlaufen',verbalnounligymas.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):667-668
Root/lemma: leig-4 ,leiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind,*vow,makeanoath
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Alb.lith,Pass.lidhem`bind,verbinde,grte',lidh,lidhe`band,strap,Fessel;Garbenband,
Bruchband';
Note
Note:
Alsoalb.lidhbesn`vow,makeasacredoath'isidenticalwithhitt.li-in-ga-inAkk.òath';alb.
commonphoneticmutationg>dh,k>th.
Alb.andhitt.provethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:leig-4 ,lei- :
:`tobind,*vow,makeanoath'derivedfrom
Root/lemma: dn h ,dn hu :
:`tongue'[commonlat.-italicd->l-phoneticmutation].
lat.lig,-re`bind,zusammenbinden',obligti`commitment';lctor`bearerthefasces';
mnd.lk`band,strap',outofitaisl.lk`Saumtau',changingthroughablautprobablymhd.geleich
àrtus,joint';
withg:klr.polhatya`sichverbinden',zalyhtyìnBandehit,lace,tie,anknpfen,inBeschlag
nehmen',nalhaty`bridle,rein,loop,noose,snareanlegen,fesseln',presumablyalsolit.laignas
`brotherofthewife,woman',whereforeHes.;
hitt.li-in-ga-inAkk.òath',li-ik-zi(lenkzi)`swears',3.Pl.li-in-kn-zi.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):668
Root/lemma: leih- ,sleihEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lecken'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leih- ,sleih- :
:`tolick'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dn h ,dn hu :
:`tongue'
[commonlat.d->l-phoneticmutation.
Grammaticalinformation:presentleih-mi
Material:
Material:OldIndianlhi,rhi,lihati`leckt',lh-m.`Lecker',av.3.Pl.razaite`sielick',np.litan
`lick';
Maybealb.lpi-`lick':lap`tongue'commonillyr.k->p-phoneticmutation.
arm.lizum,lizem,lizanem`lecke';
gr.`lecke',`lichen,skinrash',`lecker,naschhaft',`belecke',
`forefinger'(`Lecker');
lat.ling,-ere,linx`lick',ligurrio,ligrio`lecke'(compareformalair.ligur,Corm.`tongue'),ligula
(*ligh-l)`spoon',asalsomir.liag,cymr.llwy,bret.loa,corn.lo`spoon'(*leigh),air.ligim`lecke',
cymr.llyfu,llyw`lick'(fisHiatuseinschub,PedersenKG.I100),mbret.leat`lick';air.ligur`tongue';
got.bilaign`belecken';ablaut.geminatedags.liccian,ahd.lecchn,as.likkon`lick';
besideswithanlaut.s-:aisl.sleikja`lick',mhd.slecken`schlecken,naschen';dass-hatperhapsin
thevariierendenonomatopoeicwordsSchallvorstellungofLeckensseinenGrund,asperhaps
westfl.slappernbesidessonstigem*lab-`lick';
lit.li,liszti`lick',iter.laia,-tids.,sz-liosf.Pl.`ZwischenraumbetweendenZhnen',lett.
laischa`Leckermaul';
abg.li,lizati`lick',skr.lznm(*lzn)ds.
References:
References:WP.II400f.,WH.I800f.,Wissmann,Nom.postverb.183f.,Trautmann155f.
Page(s):
Page(s):668
Root/lemma: leik-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprepareforsale
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feilbieten,feilschen,handeln'
Material:
Material:Lat.lice,-re`feilsein,zumsaleausgebotenbecome,soandsohighgeschtztbecome',
licetèsiserlaubt',liceor,-ràufetwasbieten',pollicr`(darbieten,sichanheischigmachen)
promise',osk.lktud,licitud`lict';
lett.lkstu,lku,lkt`handelseinsbecome',salkt`ds.,einentradeabschlieen',nuolkums`pact,
covenant'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):669
Root/lemma: leik-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:S.aboveS.309E(el-8,eli-,li-),whereforefurtherthekelt.()FlNLicus`Lech'
(Bavaria),dielit.FlNLikandLeik,lit.lekna`marshymeadow',lett.liknads.;compareillyr.Epilicusportus,FlNPacco-licus(Bruttium),mod.FlNLika(Kroatien).
Page(s):
Page(s):669
Root/lemma: leikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toleave
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lassen,zurck-,briglassen'
Grammaticalinformation:imperfectleik ,perfectiveli-n-k (originallyathematic);Aor.3.Sg.
e-lik-e ,Perf.le-loik-e ;participlePerf.likt-s
Material:
Material:OldIndianrikti(3.Pl.ricanti)`lt,ltlos,raumtein',rikt-èmpty,bare,lacking,free
frometwas',rcyt`wirdbefreitfrometwas,gehtverlustig',rku-ùnergiebig',atirka-m.
`berbleibsel',rkas-n.èrerbterpossession,property'=av.raexnah-`blessing,treasure,tribute,
inheritance',-irinaxti`rumt,ltfrei',npers.rxtan`diffuse',gurxtenèntbehren';
arm.lkànem`lasse',Aor.elik`=,lkànim`werdeabandon,werdefaint,languid';
gr.`lasse,verlasse',`brig',`lasse',Hes.(probablywith,
from*link-i);n.`berbleibsel',ds.;
lat.linqu,-ere,lqu(*loikai,compareOldIndianrirca,gr.,andesp.got.lai),relictus
`zurcklassen',relicuos`brig';
air.licid`lt,ltlos',afterStrachan(BB.20,31)from*link-,withdemvocalismofFut.andAor.
*leik-s-;
got.leian,aisl.lj,ahd.lhan,ags.lon`leihen'(*leik),participleas.ahd.farliwan`verliehen',aisl.
leiga`mieten',aisl.ln,ags.ln,ahd.lhan`geliehenesblessing,Lehen'(*laihna-=OldIndian
rkas-,compareton-formsalsoech.liknav);
lit.liek,oldliekm(reshapedfrom*link-mi),Infin.lkti`lassen'and`bleiben',lktas`brig',likas
`briggelassen',oldèlfter',plaikas`briggebliebenes',lakas`bestimmtetime,Frist'(lett.laiks
`time'),laika,-ti`behalten(brigbehalten)',lkius`Rest',tlykisÀrbeitspause';lett.leks(=lekas)
`berzhlig,berflssig;unecht;unpaar';OldPrussianpolnkaèrbleibt',alsoaltlit.palinktds.;
abg.otlk`berbleibsel'(:OldIndianatirka-),ech.liknovatise`sichweigern,scheuen,zaudern,
flee',liknav`fahrlssig'(seeabove),withs-formsabg.lich`,redundans,mad,wicked,
evil'etc.(*lik-ch,idg.leiqso-);liiti`mug,rob';
herealsolit.vienu-,dv-likaetc.`11,12'etc.(bis19),altlit.liekasèlfter'(`*wasaboutdiezehnout
nochberbleibt,berschu');butgot.ain-,twalif,ahd.ein-,zwe-lif`11,12',aisl.ellifu,anorw.llugu
`11',llykti`the11.ètc.areeithertoleip-1tostellenorwithMarstrander(riu5,206)fromkelt.*lipi(*liki-)entleht.
References:
References:WP.II396f.,WH.I808f.,Trautmann154f.,KuiperNasalprs.123f.,179,SpeehtKZ.
62,89,114.
Page(s):
Page(s):669-670
Root/lemma: lei-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toeliminate,dissipate,disappear;weak,thin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èingehen,abnehmen,schwinden;mager,schlank'
Note:
Note:(from*el-ei- )
Material:
Material:a.Gr.Hes.,`weichefrom,sinkehin',(handschr.)
Hes.(=lit.lelas),m.`hunger',`Seuche,Pest';-`from
zartemFleisch';
mir.lan(*lei-no-)`gentle';linef.`Hemd'(`*weichesUntergewand');
mhd.ln`lukewarm,faint,languid',ahd.LinoPN,nld.lenig`ductile',aisl.linr`tender,soft,weak';lina
`lindern,slacken';
got.af-linnanàblassen,fortgehen',aisl.linna`ceaselassen,hemmen',ags.linnan`cease',ahd.bilinnan`weichen,cease',with-nn-from-nu-;
aisl.ln.(*laiwa-)`damage,pity,misfortune,deceit',ahd.Gen.lwes`leider',ags.lw
`Verstmmelung';ags.as.lf`weak'(*li-bho-);
fromdemconcurrentfromgot.-nord.lit-(ingot.leitils`small,wenig',aisl.ltillds.,afries.ltik,bair.
dnn-leizig,aisl.Adverbltt`wenig,evil,bad')andwestgerm.lut-(inaschs.luttil,ahd.luzzil,liuzil
`small',ags.lytelds.)ergibtsich,dalei-from*el-ei-,besidesleu-from*el-eu-originatedsein
mssen;
lit.lelas`thin,slim'(from*leras,togr.),lett.lils`big,large'(`*slim'),withothersuffixeslit.
lenas,letas`slim',ablaut.linasds.;lebas`lean,thin',ablaut.libas`tender,thin,slim';
ChurchSlaviclibv,libav,libiv`lean',serb.linjati`dwindle',linjatise`mausern',Denomin.from
*lein-(:lit.lenas),slov.liliti`huten'(:lit.leilti`leanbecome'),levitise`sichhuten'(:lit.libinti
`dnnermake');
toch.Alalask-,lalaske`tender'.
b.s -extensionleis- , lois- in:
gr.`milde,lind'(*lisero-s),`thezurckbleibende,hinterste,letzte',ds.,maybe
from*h,Superlativto*h
=germ.*laisiz`less,minder',ags.ls,nengl.less,as.lsds.,Kompar.ags.lssa(*laisiza),afries.
lessa,Superl.ags.lstandlrest,engl.least,afries.lrestandlst,tokrimgot.lista`wenig';ahd.
lsoAdv.`leniter',mhd.Adj.andAdv.lse,nhd.leise;ags.ge-lsian`schlpfen,glide,slide';
lit.lesas,lett.less`lean';lit.lestiandlsti`leanbecome',lett.lestds.
References:
References:WP.II387ff.,WH.I807f.,Trautmann154,SpechtIdg.Dekl.125,Machek
Recherches75ff.Probablyhere1.leig-andleik-,seeunderS.676.
Page(s):
Page(s):661-662
Root/lemma: lei-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slimy;toglide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schleimig,durchNsseglitschigerBoden,ausgleiten,worberhinschleifenorstreichen,alsoglttendworberfahren;andrerseitsschleimig=klebrig'
Note:
Note:variousalsosleiMaterial:
Material:1.OldIndianlinti(gramm.),lyat,lyatlyati`schmiegtsichan,liesan,bleibtstecken,
verstecktsich,verschwindet';lna-`sichanschmiegend,anliegend';
gr.(--from--)`bestreiche,anoint,smear,rub';aboutlmusseeunder;
lat.lin,-ere,lv(*leiuai;fromd-lvseemstoderivedle),ltum`besmear,bestreichen',lini,-re
ds.;
air.lenaid,Perf.rolil`folgen'(actually`klebtaneinem';cymr.can-lyn`folgen'bettertoglynu,ir.
glenaid`steckenbleiben,anhaften'),air.lenomnaib`lituris',abret.linom`litura',air.as-lenaim
`besmirch,oblin';
lat.lmus`Bodenschlamm,ordure,smut'(*loimos)=ahd.leim`loam,clay',nhd.Lehm,ags.lm
`loam,clay,Humus',ahd.leime`loam,clay',nhd.Leimen,ablaut.ahd.ags.aisl.lm`glue,Kalk'
(`*ErdmassezumVerkleben');aufanes-stem*loies-basedonaisl.leirn.`loam,clay'(lajiz-),leira
(*laizn)weak.Fem.`lehmigerbeach,seaside'
andOldPrussianlaysof.(*lais)`clay,naturaldampnessofearth,Tonerde';inders.meaningfroma
d-extensionOldPrussianlaydis`loam,clay'andalb.leth`dampclay';
lit.laistau,-yti`verkleben,withloam,clayorKalkverschmieren',comparealsoOldIndianlindu`schleimig,schlpfrig';
2.asBezeichnungschleimigerFische:
gr.`Schleimfisch',ahd.slo,ags.slw,slo`Schleie',lit.lnas,lett.lnis,OldPrussianlinis
`Schleie',russ.linetc.ds.;
3.asBezeichnungof`(schleimig)Glatten':gr.`smooth':lat.lvis(*leiuis)`smooth',gr.
`smooth,schlicht',and,-`glatteskerchief,cloth',`glatterPels';,att.
`smooth,gerieben'areunclear;lat.lma`Feile'probablyfrom*(s)l-mor*(s)lei-m(compare
ahd.slm`mucus',slmen`smoothmake,blankschleifen',alsogr.`snail');
4.withanlautendemsl-:
kelt.*sli-m-no-`glitschig'inair.slemun`smooth,schlpfrig',cymr.llyfn`smooth,eben',acymr.limnint
`siesmooth',abret.gur-limun`smooth',mbret.di-leffn`hard';
Maybealb.limonjsmooth
ags.aisl.nfries.mnd.mhd.slm`mucus'(ahd.slmen`smooth');compareaisl.slyn.`schleimige
Wasserpflanzen';
lett.slinasf.Pl.`saliva'(*slins),OldChurchSlavicsliny,serb.slne`Rotz',russ.slna`saliva';
5.withk -suffix:
gr.`nacktesnail'(outofitlat.lmxds.)=russ.slimk`snail';compareOldPrussianslayxm.,
lit.slikasm.,lett.slikaf.`Regenwurm'andlett.slikasf.Pl.`saliva';perhapsalsolit.sils,lett.
seilasf.Pl.`saliva'(from*slils).
6.extensions:
(s)leib- `schleimig,schlpfrig,glide,slide,darberstroke,smooth'.
Gr.`schlpfrig,smooth'Hes.,Hes.;
perhapscymr.llym`sharp',bret.lemm`sharp;cuttingedgeaMessers(as*slibsms);
ahd.slfan`glide,slide,ausglitschen;glttendsharpen',nhd.schleifen,mnd.slpen`schleifen,smooth
make;intr.slink',ags.tslpan`zergehen';aisl.slpari`Schleifer',sleipr`schlpfrig,smooth'=mhd.
sleifds.,ags.slipor,ahd.sleffards.,norw.slipra`glide,slide',Kaus.mnd.slpen`drag,schleifen'(out
ofitnhd.schleppen),ahd.mhd.sleifends.,mhd.eineburcsleifen`siedemErdbodengleich
machen',Intens.ahd.slipfenàusgleiten,ausschlpfen',mhd.slipfec,slipferic`schlpfrig';
besideswithgerm.-bb-:ndl.slib,slibbe`Schlick,slime,mud',slibberen`glide,slide',mnd.slibber,ich`schlpfrig'.
(s)leidh- `schlpfrig,glide,slide',seeundereigenemSchlagwort.
sleig- `schleimig,glide,slide,smooth':
Gr.`dieOberflchestreifend',,`Reibstein,mortar';
air.sligim,fo-sligim`lin',adslig`locktan'(cymr.llith`Lockspeise',llithio`kdern'<*sligt-),perhapsas`stroke=hit'=air.sligim`hit',inadditionslige`road'();air.sliachtad`dasGltten,Ebnen';air.
slige`comb';
aisl.slkr`smooth',slkisteinn`grindstone,whetstone',ahd.slhhan`slink'(=`glide,slide'),sleihha
`loop,sled',mnd.slk,slick,mhd.slich`Schlick,slime,mud';participle*slihta-`geglttet'ingot.slahts
`schlicht,eben',aisl.slttr`smooth,eben,straight',ahd.slht`straight,eben,evil,bad',nhd.schlicht
andschlecht,ags.sliht,mengl.slight,sleght`smooth,eben';
abg.slzk`',russ.slzkij`schlpfrig',sliz`mucus',slzyPl.àkindofloop'.
leip- `withfatbesmear',seeundereigenemSchlagwort(leip-).
lei-t- `darberstroke,gentletouch,caress':probably`request',,`bid,beg,ask,
flehen',`flehend',`flehe';lat.litreùndergnstigenomen,signopfern;shnen,
vershnen'(basedonauf*litfrom);lit.lytti`touch',lett.litt`stroke,caress',lit.liei,listi
`touch,betreffen'.
References:
References:WP.II389ff.,WH.I789,801,802,807f.,Trautmann148,162,269,270;different
about3.and4.lei-EM2553f.
Page(s):
Page(s):662-664
Root/lemma: leip-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmear,stick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withFettbeschmieren,kleben'(outofitalso`sichanheftendhinaufklettern,
klettern')
Note:
Note:probablyextensiontolei- `schleimig'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianlip-(limpti-,lipyt)`besmear',lipta-`klebend,anetwashaftend',lpayati
`beschmiert'(=slav.lpiti),rip-`schmieren,stick,glue,cheat,deceive';rp-f.`deceit;
Verunreinigung'(=gr.Akk.),lpa-m.`dasBestreichen,dasAufgestrichene,smut',rpas-n.
`Fleck,smut',ripr-n.`smut'(similarlygr.,alb.lapars),rip`tckisch,cheater';
npers.fi-rftan`cheat,deceive',rw`deceit',osset.f-lwun,-lwyn`cheat,deceive';
gr.n.`fat',`fat,gesalbt',withAuslautentgleisungànoint,smear,rub',,
òintment';withthemeaning`climb,ascend'(aslit.lip,lpti)gr.`nurfromZiegen
erkletterbar',Hes.,eig.ùnersteiglich',,'Hes.;
alb.lapars`bedraggle,stinke',laprdh`dirtydiscourse',glep,shklepf.,glepÀugenbutter'
(prefixk-+*loiposor*loip);
lat.lippus`bleareyed,bleareyed,triefend'(withexpressiveconsonantincrease);
got.bileiban,ahd.bilban`bleiben',ags.belfan`bleiben,brigbleiben'(tos.MeilletMSL.14,351),
Kaus.got.bilaibjan;aisl.leifa,ahd.leiben,ags.lfan`briglassen';got.laibaf.,aisl.leif,ahd.leipa,
ags.lf`berbleibsel';got.aflifnan,aisl.lifna`brigbleiben',aisl.lifa`brigsein';
germ.l-`(stick,glue)bleiben'hatalsodiemeaning`brigbleiben'froml(leik-àbandon')
aufgesaugt,dasdadurchnunmehrinthemeaning`berlassen,leihen'lebendigblieb;
[einevarious,alsoinlat.cae-lebsfrom*caivi-lib-(seekai-àllein')vorliegenderoot*leibh- `leben'
containgot.liban(3.Sg.libai),ahd.lebn,as.libbian,len,ags.libban,aisl.lifa`leben',lifna
`lebendigbecome';aisl.lfn.,ags.lf,as.lf,ln.`life',ahd.lb,lp,mhd.lp,lbesm.n.`life;body,
person'];
lit.limp,lpti`klebenbleiben'(andlip,lpti`climb,ascend',seeabove),lipns`humidandsticky',
lips`ds.,anhnglich',lett.lpu,liptànhangen',lipigs`humidandsticky',lipns,laipns`mild,leutselig,
friendly';
slav.*ln,*lnotiinOldChurchSlavicpri-lntiànkleben'andslav.*lptiinOldChurchSlavicprilplj,pri-lptiànkleben',inadditionKaus.OldChurchSlavicpri-lpitisds.,etc.andOldChurch
Slavic*lm.`glue'(=OldIndianlpa-),alsoabg.lp`fitting,beautiful'(originallyànklebend');
toch.Alip-`brigbleiben';lyipr`Rest';
hitt.lip-`schmieren'.
References:
References:WP.II403f.,WH.I811f.,Trautmann161f.,JoklL-k.U.314,SpechtKZ.64,67.
Page(s):
Page(s):670-671
Root/lemma: leip-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towishfor,request
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren,etwasvonjemandemverlangen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,newer,participlePerf.Med.(inakt.meaning)`lust,crave',
Hes.,`desiretopissen';
lit.liepi,lipti,pa-liptiòrder',OldPrussianpallaips,Akk.-san`command'(-so-stem),pallaipstwei
`lust,crave',laipinna`gebot'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):671
Root/lemma: leisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:furrow,tofurrow;topursue,learn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àmBodengezogeneSpur,Geleise,Furche',inGerm.outofitalsoverbale
formationsfor`nachspren,alsoingeistigenSinne'
Material:
Material:Lat.lra(*leis)`furrowinAckerbeet',dlrus`spirituallyfromdemGeleisegekommen,
verrckt',dlr,-re`fromdemGeleisecome,verrcktsein'(alsodialekt.dlrus,dlrre);umbr.
disleralinsustìnritumfecerit'(*dis-leisa-li);
ahd.wagan-leisa`Wagenspur'(=abg.lcha),mhd.leis(e)`spoor,Geleise';zerogrademndl.lese
(*ls-)f.`spoor,furrow,furrowinface,wrinkle',ahd.lesa`wrinkle';got.laistsm.`spoor'(i-stemf.
ltereno-stem),aisl.leistrm.`foot;Socke',ags.lst,lst`footprint,spoor';ahd.mhd.leist`spoor,
Leisten'(*loisto-),whereofgot.laistjan`(aufthespoornachfolgen,nachstreben',ahd.leistenà
Geboteorpromisenachkommen,leisten',ags.lstan`folgen,help,commit,withstand'(engl.last
`dauern');got.listsf.àrtifice',aisl.listf.`Kunstfertigkeit,Scharfsinn',ahd.as.ags.list`Kunstfertigkeit,
Klugheit,artifice'(abg.lstàrtifice,deceit'fromgot.lists);got.laispreterit-presentÌknow,i.e.
versteheetwastotun'(examplewait),Kaus.laisjanìnstruct,teach'(galaisjansik`learn');ahd.lrran,
lren,as.lrian,ags.lranìnstruct,teach'(eig.`jmdn.einespoorguide,lead');ahd.lirnn,lrnn,
lrnn(*liznn),afries.lirna,lerna,ags.leornian`learn',as.lnnds.;got.lubja-leis`giftkundig'
(exampleweis);
abg.lchaÀckerbeet',russ.lech,skr.lijha,ech.lcha(*lois);
lit.ls`gardenbed,gardenplot',OldPrussianlysoÀckerbeet'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):671
Root/lemma: leit(h)-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togoout;die;go
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fortgehen;sterben;gehen'
Material:
Material:Av.ra-`die'(presentiriyeiti);
got.ga-leian`go',anord.last.V.`go,vergehen,dahinschwinden,verlaufen,toendgo,
verscheiden',as.lthanst.V.`go,wander,drive,befahren,vergehen',schw.V.lithon`bring,sich
begeben';ags.lanst.V.`go,reisen',ahd.ldanst.V.èinenwaynehmen,go,drive,goaway,pass
over,vergehen,spoil;skillful,erleben,leiden',nhd.leiden(differentofSubst.Leid,s.*leit`verabscheuen');anord.lin.`Fahrzeug',ags.n.`Fahrzeug,ship';ahd.z-litèxcessus';
germ.*laid:1.`way'inaisl.leif.ds.,ags.ldds.,`watercourse',Primrbildg.togerm.lan`go,
drive';2.`Fhrung'inags.ldf.n.ds.,`Transport,sustenance,livelihood',ahd.leita`Fhrung',to
causativegerm.*laidjan`go,make,guide,lead';3.ags.ld`Reinigungseid',afrnk.ldeds.,alsoto
*laidjanas`BeibringenfromEideshelfern',alsoahd.laida(dasdfromleidaàccusation');
Kaus.(germ.*laidian)anord.leia`guide,lead,geleiten,begleiten',ags.ldan,as.ldian`leiten,
bring',ahd.leittan,leiten`leiten,guide,lead,withsichbear,carry,have';anord.liinn`dead',liin.
`Grabsttte'(`*Geleit'),ahd.leita(*leitia),leit`funus'(`*toGrabegeleiten'),mhd.bileiten.`burial,
funeral';withlattermeaningpresumablyalsogr.`',Hes.,also
Hes.
toch.Alit-`fortgehen,tumble,falldown'.
fromextensionfrom*lei-`sichducken,disappear'comparegot.aflinnan`fortgehen'etc.
References:
References:WP.II401f.,WissmannPostverbalia57f.
Page(s):
Page(s):672
Root/lemma: leit-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobedisgusted;toviolate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verabscheuen;freveln'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Frevler',ol.`Rcher',`Frevler',`freveln,sndigen',
`sinner,Frevler',`ds.,mad,wicked,evil';
air.liuss`repugnance'(*lit-tu-),nier-lissaigther`nunquamfastiditur';
anord.leirùnpleasant;detested',ags.l(engl.loath),as.lth,ahd.leidds.,nhd.Subst.Leid(in
originquitedifferentofverbleiden);
dagot.sleija(N.Pl.n.)`schdlich,schlimm',anord.slir`schlimm',ags.slie,as.slthi`fierce,
grim,cruel,savage,mad,wicked,evil',ahd.sldcdseeunderassumptioneinesbeweglichens-
anzureihenseien,scheintpossible.
References:
References:WP.II401,WH.1813,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,411.
Page(s):
Page(s):672
Root/lemma: leizd- ,loizdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:edge,fringe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rand,Saum'
Material:
Material:Ahd.lsta`bandfrmigerstripe,hem,Borte,Leiste',nhd.Leiste,ags.lstèdge,hem,edge'
(fromaschs.lsta:aisl.listaf.`stripe,edge,Leiste');alb.leth`theerhhteedgeeinesGrundstckes,
Rain,wall,Fluufer'(*loizd-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):672-673
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(lek-1 ):lokEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscold,reprove
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tadeln,schmhen'
Note:
Note:Onlykelt.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Air.lochtm.(*lok-tu-)`blame,fault,error';
ahd.as.lahan,ags.lan`rebuke',nisl.lds.,ags.leahtorm.`Laster,Verbrechen,reprimand',mnl.
lachter`Schande,derision,ridicule';afries.laster,ahd.as.lastar`reprimand,insult,fault,error'
(*lahstra-),aisl.lstrm.`fault,error,Laster'(*lahstru-).
Unclear,whetherwithlengh-`vilify,scold'toconnect(OsthoffMU.VI7ff.)
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):673
Root/lemma: lek-2 (:l e k- )andlk- :lk- (*leh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:joint,member;tobend,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`Gliedmaen'andfor`biegen,winden,springen,zappeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrkal`FugelenkbyHuftieren'(*lk-s-el);commonOldIndianh->kphoneticmutation
gr.,`withdemFueausschlagend',(*)`dasAusschlagenwithdemFue',
`stoewithdemFue';,-`Mrserkeule';ablaut.,
Hes.(:lett.lkt);Hes.(*leq-);s.underlikewiseS.308
underel-`bend';
whetherlat.lacertus,mostlyPl.`dieMuskeln,esp.theupperarm',lacertaÈidechse'(`die
Biegsame')lacca`tumefactionandenUnterschenkelntheZugtiere'(wreeinelateshortformwith
consonant-Gemination);lcusta`locust,grasshopper;Meerkrebs'(`withGelenkenversehen');
gall.-rom.*lakre`bend',v.WartburgFEWs.v.;
aisl.leggrÙnterbein,bone',arm-,hand-leggrÀrm',ft-,lr-leggr`calf'(*lagiz);langob.lagi
`Schenkel';aisl.lr,aschwed.lrds.(*lahaz-or*lhaz-n.),ags.lra`dasDickfleischanWaden,
Schenkeln,groinandbuttocks'(*ligizan-);mhd.lecken,nhd.oldlcken`hintenausschlagen,hpfen',
norw.dial.lakka`(aufafoot)hpfen,walkontiptoe;trip'(*lakjan);
lit.leki,lkti`fly',Iterat.lakstti`hinandherfly',causativelakinti`flymake',lakt`Hulmerstange'
(`*Aufflug'),laks`fleeting,behend',lett.lezu,lkt`spring,hpfen',Iterat.lkat(:),lkasf.Pl.
`Herzschlag';OldPrussianlagno(from*lakno)`Beinkleid,trouser';perhapsabg.-let,-letti`fly',if
from*lek-t-beforedunklenVokalenorfromlek-andpet-contaminated.
References:
References:WP.I420f.,WH.I743f.,Trautmann156;comparealsoaboveS.308f.
Page(s):
Page(s):673
Root/lemma: lem-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrush;fragile
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerbrechen;zerbrochen,weich'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`fatigueless',maybefrom`notzusammenbrechend',duetoeineswith
prepositiono-refined*-n.*-;
ven.MNLemetor;
air.ro-la(i)methar`wagt',cymr.llafasu`venture,risk',corn.lauasosds.,mbret.lafuaez`licit',also
cymr.cyflafanÙntat',perhapstomir.la(i)meàxe';withothermeaning:mir.lem`fade,crazy,
impotent',air.lemnatÈibisch',mir.lemlacht,lemnacht`semilk',cymr.llefrith,bret.livrizds.,
mcymr.llyveithin`weak'(*lemekt-);
perhapsalb.lem,geg.lam`threshingfloor,lmhle'=russ.lom;
ahd.as.lam(*lom-),aisl.lami`lame,crippled',ahd.lemmen,aschs.lemmian`lhmen',ags.lemian
`ds.,tame(einhorse)',aisl.lemia`hit,entzweischlagen;hinder',-gradeahd.luomi`faint,languid,
nachgiebig,mild',mhd.lemen,luomen`languish',reducedgradeaisl.luma`loslassen',alem.lumme
`slackbecome',nhd.dial.lumm`slack',inadditionnhd.Lmmel;mhd.lunzen`lightdrowse',ostfries.
lm`lamed,hinkend,faint,languid',schwed.lma`stifforschwerflliggo';-stuf.:norw.laam`lame';
lett.l'imstu,l'imt,lit.lmtiùnderaloadzusammenbrechen',OldPrussianlimtwei`break,rupture';lit.
lmtièsfgen,vorausbestimmen',lett.lemt`decide,define,ordain,determine,adjudicate';lit.
lamnti,causativelmdytiàusbilden,trainieren';inadditionprobablyalsolit.lomas`kindof,
Gattung';
abg.loml'j,lomiti`break,rupture',-s`sichabmhen',russ.lom`break',Pl.lmy`Gliederreien'etc.;
abg.prlamati`break,rupture'etc.;e-gradeinosorb.lmi`break,rupture',probablyalsoChurch
Slavicleme`plough'(fromanes-stem,as),lett.lemesis`plowshare';with-gradeskr.
ljemm,lijmati`hit'.
References:
References:WP.II433f.,WH.I760,LothRC39,67f.,LidnMl.Vising378.
Page(s):
Page(s):674
Root/lemma: lem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:openjaws()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:withderAnschauungofaufgespanntenRachens,ofLechzens
Material:
Material:Gr.`gullet',N.Pl.Èrdschlund',`Menschenfresserin'(lat.Lw.lamia
Ùnholdin,Vampyr',lamium`Taubnessel'as`Rachenbltler,Lwenmulchen';alsobulg.lmija,la
`snake'fromngr.),`voracious,greedy';
lat.lemurs`Nachtgeister,Gespenster;SeelentheAbgeschiedenen';
cymr.llef`voice',mcymr.llefein`cry',bret.lev`clamor,lament';
maybealb.llaf`word,speech'
lit.lemti`lechzen',lett.lamtìnveigh,scold,chide',lamatas`Mausefalle'.
maybealb.lomotit`talknonsense'
References:
References:WP.II434,WH.I755,781f.,Trautmann162.
Page(s):
Page(s):675
Root/lemma: lendh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:liquid,spring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Na,Quelle'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andgerm.;orasli-n-dh- tol i -4
Material:
Material:Air.lind(u-stem)n.`Flssigkeit,Trank',Gen.lenda,nir.lionn,Gen.leannaàle',cymr.llyn
`Trank',therefromdifferent(s-stem)air.lind,Gen.lindef.`water,pond,pool,sea',cymr.llyn`pond,
pool',acorn.len`water',bret.lenn`pond,pool',abrit.PN,gall.Lindo-magusschweiz.river
name`Limmat';
fromdemAir.()derivesaisl.lind(poet.)`wellspring',butcompareas.LindaFlN.`Lenne',afries.lind
`pond,pool';ablaut.mhd.lndef.`wave'.
References:
References:WP.I438;HolthausenAltwestn.Wb.182,365.
Page(s):
Page(s):675
Root/lemma: lendh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hip;kidney
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lende;Niere'
Material:
Material:Lat.lumbus,olderonlyPl.lumb`loins'(*londhuo-);
OldChurchSlavicldvjPl.f.`lumbi',russ.ljdveja`Lende,Schenkel',ech.ledvin.`Lende',
ledvina`kidney';
ahd.lntf.`kidney',Pl.lent(n)`kidneys,loins'(*londhun-),ags.lendenuN.Pl.`loins',aisl.lendf.
`Lende'(eingot.*landjwirdoffinn.Lw.lantioassumed);zerogradeaisl.lund`Lende,sense,mind,
kindof',ags.lendenuN.Pl.`loins',lund-laga`kidney',lyndf.`(*nephritic-)fat',ahd.lunda`tallow,
suet',luntu-ssa`pectusculum'.
References:
References:WP.II438,WH.I832,Trautmann157,SpechtIdg.Dekl.86.
Page(s):
Page(s):675
Root/lemma: lendh-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:freeland,heath,steppe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`freiesLand,Heide,Steppe'
Material:
Material:Air.land`freeplace'(Dat.ith-laindàrea',withith`corn,grain'),gall.-rom.*land`Heide',
mcymr.llanàrea'(acymr.itlann,ncymr.ydlanàrea'),corn.lan,bret.lann`Heide,Steppe'(kelt.-anasintypelat.frang:brechen,i.e.en);
schwed.dial.linda`Brachfeld'(*lendhi),got.aisl.as.ags.land,ahd.lant`land';inadditionwithzero
gradeaisl.lundr`Hain';
OldPrussianAkk.Sg.lindan`valley';russ.ljd`withjungemHolzbewachsenesFeld;Neubruch,
Rodeland;niedriger,wetandbadbottom',ech.lada,lado`Brache'.
maybealb.(*linden)lndina`meadow'
References:
References:WP.II438f.,Trautmann157;afterE.LewyPBB.32,138tolendh-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):675
Root/lemma: lenghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmhen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`beschimpfe,tadle,berfhre',n.`Vorwurf,insult,Schande';tohitt.
link-`swear,vow'
unclear,whetherheremir.lang`thegenitals,deceit,betrayal';
lett.langtìnveigh,withSpitznamenbelegen'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compareunder(lek-):lok-.
Page(s):
Page(s):676
Root/lemma: lengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobendoneself;tosway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichbiegen,schaukeln,schwanken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianragati`sichhinandherbewegen';
alb.lngor`pliable';
lit.lng,lnkf.`Vertiefung';ablaut.lingoti`schweben,sichhinandherbewegen'(inadditionling
f.`shaft,polezumAufhangenthecradle',ligf.`Feldweihe'),langtids.;lett.lgut`swing,sing',
Imper.lg(u)`JubelrufbydenJohannisfeiern',luodzt`waver,swing';BachnameLangaf.;Old
PrussianLangodisSumpfname;
slav.lg`pliable'inslovz.lgo`pliable'(Adverb),lgc`bend,crook',ablaut.OldChurchSlaviclg
m.`',skr.lg`Hain,Rhricht',nsorb.lug`grasigerswamp,marsh',therefromuyca`Lausitz',
etc.;perhapsalsoruss.ljagatsja`swing,waver'.
References:
References:WP.II436,Trautmann157f.,Berneker739.Perhapsvarianttolenk-`bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):676
Root/lemma: lenkEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Ags.lh`strap'(inmst-lnPl.,sceaft-l,lh-sceaft)from*laha-,aisl.lengjaf.`strap,
stripe',dn.lnge`Seilstrippe',herealsoaisl.lyngn.`Heidekraut',aisl.endi-langrAdj.ìnseiner
ganzenAusdehnung',as.ags.and-lang,afries.ond-ling,nhd.entlang;ags.b-ling`backwards',
ahd.hrucki-lingn`rcklings'.chrumbe-lingnìnkrummerdirection'underlikewise;
lit.lenki,lekti`bow,bend';lnk`Vertiefung',linkst,likti`sichbiegen',linki,linkti`sichneigen
to,wish',lett.lkt`sichbiegen',liks`crooked',Iterat.lit.lanka,-ti`besuchen',lnkitiàusbiegen',
lett.loct`bend,bow,lenken',lockla`joint';lit.lank`valley,lowland,depression';lakas`Reifen',
lanks`pliable',lett.loks`Krummholz,Radfelge',loks`pliable',OldPrussianperlnkei`belongs',
perlnki`gebhrt';reducedgradeOldPrussianlunkisàngle',lett.lnkans`pliable',OldPrussianlonki
`Steg';withesp.AnwendungaufdasGarnaufwindenlit.laktis`Haspel,Garnwinde',lett.luoks,
luokids.(alsolit.lektistandsfor`haspeln';previouslysecondaryafterwardsreshapedlenktas
`Haspelstock'fromlektas:daswithitcomparedgr.,`spindle',ol.-dor.is
unclear);
abg.-lk,-lti`bend',l,lcati`Fallenstellen(*loop,noose,snare),capture',polànoose,
halter,snare,trap',russ.ljkyj`crooked',abg.lk`,bow',lkaàrtifice,deceit',ChurchSlavic
also`Meerbusen,valley,meadow,swamp,marsh',abg.si-lkìnflexus',ChurchSlaviclije
`bulrushes'(`bend-flax,wattle,braid'),abg.l,-iti`separate',sloven.liti`separate,segregate'
and`bend'(thesediebasicmeaning);
comparevorrom.(kelt.)*lankÈinsenkung,riverbed'(from*lonk)inSdfrankreich,Westschweiz
andOberitalien,schweiz.lauch`trough'.
References:
References:WP.II435,Trautmann159f.,J.HubschmidPraeromanica34f.
Page(s):
Page(s):676-677
Root/lemma: lentoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flexible
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegsam,nachgebend'
Material:
Material:OldIndianlat`Ranke,Liane'(*lnt);
lat.lentus`pliable,tough;slow';
maybealb.geg.land,alb.tosk.lnd(*flexible)wood,timber,material,alb.(*lentre)lndojhurt,
bendfromthesamerootaslat.lentrebend,makeflexible.
gall.()lantna`Schlinggewchs';compareBolelliItal.Dial.XVIII182;cymr.`smooth,gleaming'(*lntro-),ablaut.bret.lintr(*lent-ro-)ds.,corn.ter-lentry`gleam',cymr.llethrf.`slope'(*lent-r),mir.leittir
f.ds.(brit.Lw.);againstitcymr.llithr`Gleiten'from*slip-tro-to*(s)leib- aboveS.663;
ags.le,as.li`gelind,mild'(*lentiio-),engl.lithe`pliable,ductile',ahd.lind,lindi`soft,tender,
nachgiebig',nhd.lind,gelinde,nnorw.linn`pliable,gelenk,gelinde';
ostlit.letas`still,peaceful';
inadditionprobablythegerm.-slav.nametheLinde(*lent),becauseofihresbiegsamenBastes;
anord.lindf.`Linde(alsospear,javelin,shieldfromLindenholz'),ags.lind(e)f.ds.,ahd.linta,lintea,
lindads.,nhd.Linde,whereforeas`band,strapfromLindenbast'anord.lindim.`band,strap,belt,
girdle',mnd.lintn.`flachesband,strap'(outofitlit.linta`Zierbaud'),anord.lindin.`Lindenholz',nhd.
dial.lind,lintn.`bast';
probablylit.lent`board'(`fromLindenholz');
witho-gradeslav.*ltinruss.dial.lut,lut`Lindenbast',klr.t'n.`Lindenbast;Weidenzweige',ut
`Gerte,skin';
perhapsas`thesichBiegende,Windende'ahd.lind,lint(*lento-s),anord.linnr,linnim.`snake',poet.
`tree,Feier',linn-ormr`dragon'=ahd.lindwurm.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):677
Root/lemma: lep-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:expr.root,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianlpati`schwatzt,flstert,wehklagt,talks',rpatids.,pm.lwam,lewam`rede,
spreche,say',np.lba,lwa`Schmeichelei';
Maybetruncatedalb.*lpati,llapchat,talk,speak,llafword,speech
Root/lemma:plab- :
:(tobabble,etc..)derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:lep-1 :
:(expr.
Root)
presumablyas*lpagi-`Besprecher',air.laig(disyllabic),Gen.lego(*l-ago)`physician,medicine
man'(keinesfallstogot.lkeis);
russ.lepett`stammeln,babble,chatter,lallen',abg.lopotiv`stammelnd,stotternd',russ.lopott
`pltschern,rant,roister,klatschen',withsomewhatothermeaning-turnskr.leptati`flutter'.
Perhapsaufders.onomatopoeicwordsSchallvorstellung,butwitha-vocalism,basedongr.
`benehmemichminxish,wanton',Àufschneider,swaggerer,bragger'and
`whirlwind'(as`heulend').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):677-678
Root/lemma: lep-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topeel,flay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbschlen,abhuten,abspalten'
Material:
Material:Gr.`schaleab',n.,m.`bowl,bark,skin'(`schleab'),,
f.`scale,husk,bowl,bark',`flachesGeschirr',èinschaligeMuschel,
Napfschnecke',n.`bowl,husk',epithettheFische(eigentl.ìnSchuppenbeing'),
`leprosy'(`*sichschuppendeskin');ènthlst(fromKrnern);fine,thin,dainty,weak',
`hlsefrom;makethin',`schmchtig,thin'(*);lengthenedgrade():
`Hlle,garment,Ledermantel'(`*abgezogenesfell,fur'oratmostfromàbgetrenntenrag'),n.
ds.,Hes.;
alb.ljap`BauchfellfromSchlachttieren',lepj`meile',lat`smallaxe,hack,mattock,hoe'(*lapt);
lat.lepidus`dainty,cute,allerliebst'(compareabove),leps`Feinheit,pleasantness,
agreeableness,brightWitz';presumablyalsolapit`doloreafficit'(*lep-);
ags.lfer,leberf.`bulrush,Ried',engl.Pl.levers,ahd.leber`bulrush',ags.lfm.`Stirnband,head
fascia'(=lit.lpas);
lit.lpas`Flick,rag',lpau,-yti`flicken',lett.lps`Flick',lpt`flicken';
lit.leps`mushy,softish,delicate,mollycoddle',leputi`minxish,wantonsein',lpinti`verzrteln',lett.
lepns`pride';
sloven.lpen`leaf',osorb.changingthroughablautopjnon.`leaf';russ.lepn(*lepn)`shred,
scrap,shred',lpest`rag;Blumenblatt'(furtherformationsofes-stem*lepes-=gr.),lepcha
`leprosy'(asgr.);-grade(asgr.)russ.lpot(*lapt)m.`Bastschuh',lpit`flicken',
etc.
References:
References:WP.II429ff.,WH.I785f.,Trautmann149f.
Page(s):
Page(s):678
Root/lemma: lep-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stone,rock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fels,Stein'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.(onlyN.Akk.Sg.)`kahlerFels,stone',`felsig';lat.lapis,-idis`stone';
umbr.vapeeAbl.Sg.,vapersusAbl.Pl.`seat'(fromstone);lat.awirdasreduplication-vowele
aufgefat;eineadditionalpossibilitywreborrowingofgr.andital.wordsfromanichtidg.
Mittelmeersprache.relationshiptolep-àbspalten'asàbgespaltenesSteinstck'(saxum:sec)is
denkbar.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):678
Root/lemma: lerdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totwist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verkrmmen'
Material:
Material:Arm.Pl.lorc-k``convulsiopartiuminposteriora';
gr.`withdemOberkrperaftervorwrtswrithed,crooked,humped',,-àfter
vorwrtsgebogensein';
gl.lorcach,lurcach`lameamfoot';lurcm.`lahmerfoot';
ags.be-lyrtan`cheat,deceive',mhd.lrzends.,dn.lyrte`joke',mhd.lerzen`stammeln',mhd.lurz,
lerz`link'(`crooked');ags.lort`crooked',inadditionthePNLorting=nhd.Lortzing.
References:
References:WP.II439,HolthausenAengl.etym.Wb.206,209.
Page(s):
Page(s):679
Root/lemma: lergEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:smooth,slippery
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glatt,eben,schlpfrig'
Material:
Material:Arm.oorkèben,smooth,poliert,schlpfrig'(o-probablydiepreposition*po-),lerk
`smooth,unbehaart';
mir.lerggf.Àbhaug,way,Ebene',less-lergg`willow',cymr.llyry`Pfad,spoor',corn.lergh,bret.lerc'h
`spoor';ablaut.air.lorc,mir.lorggm.`spoor,troop,multitude,crowd,progeny',cymr.llwry>llwrw
`spoor';
inadditionnhd.Lurch,ndd.lork
References:
References:WP.II439.S.still*lorgo-`stick'.
Page(s):
Page(s):679
Root/lemma: lesEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togather,pickup
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sammeln,auflesen'
Material:
Material:Got.lisanst.V.àuflesen,reap',aisl.lesa`gather,collect,auflesen,einweben',later
(throughnhd.influence)`lesen(einbook)',ags.lesan`gather,collect',as.ahd.lesanàuf-,auslesen'
and(aftertheDoppelbed.fromlat.legere)`lesen(einbook)';herealsoaisl.lesa,mhd.(andnhd.
dial.)lismen`knit',andwelterahd.lesa,mhd.leseàkindofKleidungsstoff',aisl.lesniàkindof
Kopfzeug';
lit.les,lsti`withdembill,beak,nebaufpicken,corn,grainlesen',Iter.ap-lasti`herauspicken,
auslesen,whlen';
whetherhereair.lestar,Lw.fromcymr.llestr`vessel',acorn.lester,bret.lestr`ship'basicmeaning
wre`vesselzumEinsammelnfromBeerenunderlikewise'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):680
Root/lemma: leto- ,lti- ,lto- ,ltoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Brunst,Hitze,Zorn'
Material:
Material:Mcymr.aelet(*ad-let-)`pain',llet-gyntds.,lengthenedgradellit,tra-llit`rage,fury',ncymr.
llidm.ds.,withgradationllawd`rutting,heat'=mir.lthm.ds.;mcymr.aelawt`din,fuss,noise,pain'
=air.ladn.`wound'(*ad-lto-),cymr.tra-llod`din,fuss,noise,pain';
klr.itf.`rutting,heat',ityty`befruchten'.
References:
References:WP.II428,IforWilliamst.Celt.4,391.
Page(s):
Page(s):680
Root/lemma: letroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leather
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Leder'
Material:
Material:Air.lethar,cymr.lledr,bret.lezr`leather'=ahd.leder,ags.leer(engl.leather),aisl.lern.
`leather'.Isdasgerm.wordoldborrowingfromdemkelt.andlatteras*pl-e-trowithlat.pellisetc.(see
pel- `skin')relatedS.PedersenKG.II45.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):681
Root/lemma: leubhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocarefor,love
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gernhaben,begehren;lieb',partlywithEntwicklungvon`gernhaben'to
`gutheien,loben',ingerm.alsovon`Liebe'to`Zutrauen,reliance,Glaube'
Material:
Material:OldIndianlbhyatièmpfindetheftigesdesire',lbhyatièxcited,arouseddesire'(formal=
germ.*laujan,dasbutdenominativeto*laua-,ags.laf),lbha-m.`desire,greed,lust'(=ags.laf
etc.),lubdh-`greedy,ausschweifend;verfhrt'(=gr.);
gr.,Hes.;
alb.laps`wnsche,begehre',probablyalsotosk.lum,geg.lum`lucky,blessed',lumn`fame,
Seligkeit'(participle*lubh-no-actually`wasmangernhat,lobt');
lat.libet,olderlubet,-re,-uit,-itumestèsbeliebt,iscompliant',lubens,libens`gern,willing',lubdo,
libdoèagerness';osk.loufir`vel'(compareabgubo-ubo`vel-vel');
got.liufs,aisl.lifr,ahd.liob,ags.lof`lieb'(=abg.ub);therefromderived*liubn`liebsein,
gefallen'inags.lofian,ahd.mhd.liuben;*liubjaninags.ge-lfan,ahd.(ga)liuben,originally`lieb
make';got.galaufs`begehrenswert,schtzbar,wertvoll';ags.lafÈrlaubnis',ahd.urloub(andurlub)
Ùrlaub';got.Denom.ga-laubjan`believe',us-laubjanàllow',aisl.leyfa(Denom.)àllow;praise,laud';
ahd.gilouben`believe',irloubenàllow',ags.lefan,-lefanàllow',gelefan`believe';aisl.lofn.`Lob,
Erlaubnis',ags.lofn.`Lob,Preis',ahd.lobn.ds.arePostverbaliatoaisl.lofa`praise,gestatten',ahd.
lobn(Denom.)`praise,laud,praise,bewilligen,promise',nhd.loben,geloben,verloben;got.lubains
`hope';ags.lufu,ahd.lupaf.`love',therefrom*lubninags.lufian,ahd.lubn`lieben',ahd.gilubida
`profession,declaration';
lit.(duetoeineses-stem*leubhes-)liaups`Lobpreisung',liupsinti`lobpreisen';
abg.ub`lieb'(russ.byjetc.),whereofubiti`lieben',uby`love'(etc.).
maybealb.lyp,lip`beg,like,want'
References:
References:WP.II419,WH.I793f.,WissmannPostverbalia37ff.,80f.
Page(s):
Page(s):683-684
Root/lemma: leudh-1 (*leugh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrowup;people;free
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èmporwachsen,hochkommen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leudh-1 :
:`togrowup;people;free':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-dh-2 :
:`drive,go'derived
fromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:el-6 ,el- :l- ;el-eu-(dh- )::`todrive;tomove,go'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianrdhati,rhati`rises,grows',av.raoaitiìncreases,grows',OldIndianrha-m.
àscension,elevation,height',avardha-m.`Wurzeltrieb,Luftwurzel,Senkung',av.raoa-m.
`growth,prestige',npers.ri`face';
gr.`free'from*leudhero-s=lat.lber`free'=alb.lir`free';
Gr.`freedom'(Pi.,ion.att.):alb.liria`freedom';[]`1.tofree,setfree,
Hdt.,Aesch.,etc.;.tosettheentrancefree,clearit,Thuc.;hekeeps
histonguefree,i.e.doesnotcommithimselfbyspeech,Soph.:tofreefromblame,acquit,Xen.:-Pass.tobesetfree,Hdt.2.c.gen.tosetfree,looseorreleasefrom,Eur.;so,
,i.e.ceasingtoflee,id=Eur.`:alb.liroj`tofree,setfree'
fal.lofertaàfreedwoman';
maybetruncatedalb.(*)illurios`freeman(ancestorofIllyrians)'
MaybeToch.Alyutri`theupper(men),overseer'(Duchesne-GuilleminBSL41,181).
alb.perhapslenjìsborn,comesintobeing'(*leudh-n-),lind`givebirth',polem`people'(leudh-m-);
Alsolindje`sunrise'.
Alb.vla`brother'(*sue-loudh`memberofclan')
Note:
alb.vlla`brother':Phrygian:
Phrygian:vela- f.`family,relatives'():Estonianveli`brother'.Accordingto
phoneticmutationsalb.cognatederivedfromtheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e -lo- ,su e lii o (n)- :
:(akindof
relation):.(*svila-)vlla`brother'[commonalb.initialsv->v- phoneticmutation].
Alb.,klsh`youngling';
Note:
Thisseemserroneousetymologybecausealb.klsh`cub,esp.youngdog'derivesfromRoot/
Root/
lemma: kel-6 ,k( e )l- ,k( e )l- orkl - ::`tocall,cry'.(seeabove)
lat.Lberìtal.godofgrowth,fertility,cultivation',osk.Gen.Lvfres`Liberi',lat.lber,-rum`die
Kinder',juristischalsofromaeinzigenkid,child,also`*offspring,theyoung';lber`free'seeabove;
maybeLiburniIllyr.TN,alsoalb.(*libera)lir`free'.
air.lussm.`plant'(*ludh-stu-),acorn.lesds.,mcorn.leys,Pl.losow,cymr.llysiau,bret.louzouds.;
Maybealb.lule(*ludhe)`plant,flower'commonalb.-d->-l-phoneticmutation.
got.liudan,ahd.liotan,as.liodan,ags.lodan`grow',ahd.sumarlota`summerscion',anord.loenn
`bewachsen,haarig,rough',loa`(*havegrown=)festhangen,festkleben';got.laudif.`shape',swa-,
sama-laus`sobig,large',jugga-laus`youngling',mhd.lt`beschaffen';got.ludja`face(withthe
eyesandmouth)'(comparenp.ri),as.ludùeres,physicalstrength(onlyHel.154),ahd.antlutti`face(withtheeyesandmouth)';(theyoung,offspring=bulk,mass,people:)ahd.liut,ags.lod
`people',mhd.liute`people',ags.lodeds.,thenalsofromeinzelnenpeopleahd.liut`person',nhd.
dial.dasLeut`person',nd.ld,lt`woman,girl',burgund.leudis`theGemeinfreie';
OldChurchSlavicljudje(*leudeies)Pl.`thepeople'(Sg.russ.ljud,ech.lid),ljudin`the
Gemeinfreie',lett.udisPl.`people,people,Gesinde',lit.liudis`people'.
References:
References:WP.II416f.,WH.I791ff.,Trautmann160f.
Page(s):
Page(s):684-685
Root/lemma: leu-dh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:drive,go
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treiben,gehen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leudh-1 :
:`togrowup;people;free':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-dh-2 :
:`drive,go'derived
fromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:el-6 ,el- :l- ;el-eu-(dh- )::`todrive;tomove,go'.
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveunderel-6 S.306f.
Page(s):
Page(s):685
Root/lemma: leudEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend(intr.);bent,small,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`sichducken',daher`geduckt,klein,sichvorjemandducken,klein
machen,heucheln'
Material:
Material:Cymr.lludded`tiredness'(*loudet,compareahd.luzedaìnfirmatio');
Maybealb.lut`pray,bow,beg'
as.luttil`small,woeful,wretched,miserable',ahd.luzil,luzzil,liuzil,mhd.ltzel`small,wenig,small',
ags.lytel,engl.little;as.lt`wenig',ags.lyt`small',as.luttic,ahd.luzzc`small,wenig'(seeabove
under2.lei-);aisl.ltast.V.`sichvornberneigen,fall',ags.ltanst.-V.ds.,ags.ltian`hide,
conceallie,lurk',ahd.lznds.;ahd.lskn,mnd.lschen`versteckt,hide,concealsein;got.lutonin
lutondans`',zerogradeliuts`heuchlerisch',liutaiPl.`Gaukler',liutei`deception',lutn
`cheat,deceive,verfhren',ags.lotn.`deceit',lytig`hinterlistig',aisl.ljtrùgly',lytin.(*liutia-)
`Gebrechen',lyta`verunzieren,entehren,rebuke';
lit.list,listi`sadsein'(`gedrcktsein'),lidnas`sad',OldPrussianlaustinti`demtigen'(from
*laustas`geduckt');
r.-ChurchSlaviclud`crazy',post-verbaltoslav.*ludjinruss.lu(*laudei),ludt`cheat,deceive,
tauschen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):684
Root/lemma: leugh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolie
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lgen'
Material:
Material:Got.liugan,as.ahd.liogan,ags.logan`lie',aisl.ljga`lie,fehlen,fehlschlagen';ahd.as.
lugina,ags.lygen`lie,falsity',mhd.lucm.`Lug',ahd.luggi,lucki,as.luggi,ags.lycge`fallacious'(=
slav.l),aisl.lygif.,ahd.lugf.`lie,falsity',ags.lygem.`lie,falsity'(:slav.la`lie,falsity');ahd.
louganm.,lougnaf.`dasLeugnen'=aisl.launf.`ds.,Verheimlichung',got.analaugns`hide,conceal',
laugnjan`leugnen'etc.;probablyalsoahd.lochon,j-verblucchen,geminatedaisl.lokka,ags.loccian,
mnl.locken,ahd.lockon`locken';inadditionmhd.Gelcke`luck'
lit.lgoti`bid,beg,ask',lett.lgtds.;
abg.l,lgati`lie',l`fallacious,Lgner',l`lie,falsity'.
References:
References:WP.II415,WissmannNom.postverb.176.
Page(s):
Page(s):686-687
Root/lemma: leugh-2 .lughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:oath
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èid,Schwur'
Note:
Material:
Material:Air.lu(i)gen.,cymr.llwm.,bret.leòath,vow,pledge'(*lughiom);
got.liugan,-aida`marry',liuga`matrimony',(*oath),ahd.urliugi(*uz-liugja)`war,fight'(`*vertragsloser
state,status'),zerogrademnd.orloge,orloch,as.orlag,-logi,afries.orlochds.(therefromhatalso
mhd.urlage`fate,destiny'etc.partlydiemeaning`war,fight'bezogen,seeunderlegh- `lie');afries.
logia`marry'.
Maybealb.logu`lists(*fight)'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):687
Root/lemma: leug-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leug-1 :
:`tobend':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-g-2 :lu-g- :l-g- :
:`black;swamp'derived
fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-2 (*leuh- )::`tocutoff,separate,free'.
Material:
Material:Gr.`bend,coil,turn,twist,rotate',f.`biegsamertwig,branch',
`geflochten';
lat.luctaf.`Ringen,wrestlingmatch',luct,sek.luctor,-r`wrestle,struggle',luxus`luxated',luxre
`dislocate,luxate,crick'also(asàueredgeandBand')luxus,-s`ppigefertility,
verschwenderischerexpenditure',luxuria;probablylma`mint()'from*lg(s)m;
Mayberum.lupt`struggle,fighting,battle,fight,strife,combat,action,efforts,affair,striving,quarrel,
encounter,stour,war,warfare,match,mix':alb.lufta`struggle,fighting,battle'commonrum.-illyr.k>p-,f-phoneticmutation.
air.fo-long-`(er)bear,carry'(from*-lung-);
lit.lgnas`ductile,pliable';
ahd.loc,nhd.Locke,ags.locc,aisl.lokkrds.,aisl.lykna`bendtheknees';
withgradationbesidesperhapsahd.louh,nhd.Lauch,and.lk,ags.lac,aisl.laukr`Lauch';from
`bend,zusammenbiegen'seemsdiemeaning`zumachen,shut'originatedtosein()ingot.ga-lkan
èinschlieen',us-lkanàufschlieen',aisl.lka`shut,aufschlieen,finish,end',ags.lcan`shut,
ffnen',ahd.lhhan`shut',antlhhanàufschlieen';aisl.lokn.`Schlu,Verschlu,cover',lokaf.
`Verschlu,bar,bolt',lykja`shut',ags.locn.`Verschlu,bar,bolt,jail',ahd.lohn.`Verschlu,
hideout,cave,hole',got.us-lukn.àperture';ahd.lucka(*lukkja)`Lcke',ndd.Luke.
References:
References:WP.II413f.,WH.I826f.,831.
Page(s):
Page(s):685-686
Root/lemma: leu-g-2 :lu-g- :l-g-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:black;swamp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwrzlich;Sumpf'(afterderFarbe)
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leug-1 :
:`tobend':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-g-2 :lu-g- :l-g- :
:`black;swamp'derived
fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-2 (*leuh- )::`tocutoff,separate,free'.
Material:
Material:Gr.`dark,finster',wherefore(withprefix-,compareOldIndian-nla-`blackish,
darkish')`dark',`(whereasdarknessis=)schattengebend',,-
`berschatte,bedecke';
Maybealb.lug`spoon,scoop',geg.lug`valley,ditch',tosk.lugin`valley'
illyr.lugasm.orlugaf.`swamp,marsh'(Strabo314:by),whereof
withlat.forms-tumderivedalb.lgat`puddle,pool,slop,swamp,marsh';nasalizedalb.geg.lang,
tosk.lng`drink,liquid,broth,juice';lit.ligas`morass',besideslgas,lett.FlNLudze(*lugi);idg.
*lougiin:russ.-ChurchSlaviclua`swamp,marsh,puddle,slop',etc.;
perhapsheregall.`raven'inPNLugu-dnon`Lyon',etc.
Maybealb.lugat`monster,ghost':gall.`raven'
References:
References:WP.II414,Trautmann163;to1.leu-.
Page(s):
Page(s):686
Root/lemma: leu- (*leuh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brechen'
Note:
Note:inAr.withg,inBalt.with;ar.gprobablythroughinfluenceofleug-`bend'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrujti`zerbricht,peinigt',rugn-`broke',-rujf.`pain,disease,malady',rujds.,
rga-m.`Gebrechen,disease,malady',log-`clod,Scholle';
av.uruxti-`Brechen,Zerreien';
arm.lucanem`lselos,brecheauf',loic`released,liberated,free';
gr.--ùnzerreibaresband,strap',,`sad,terrible';
alb.lung`Geschwr';
lat.lge,-re`grieve'(*louei),lctus,-s`mourning,grief',lgubris`sad,pitiable'(probably
*lgos-ri-s);
air.lucht`load,Inhalt,troop,multitude,crowd,people'(*part),cymr.llwyth`load,burden,tribe',gall.
luchtos`part'(),Adj.luchtodos,LVXTIIRIOS,LucteriusMN;
ags.to-lcan`destroy',ahd.liohhan`tear,rend,pull,drag',mnd.lken`pull,drag,pluck',ags.lcan
`jten',schwed.luk,anord.lokn.`weed';hereGNLokias`destroyer';
`Lcke,hole',nhd.Lcke,(nd.)Luke;
lit.luiu,luti,lett.lau,lazt,trans.`break,rupture',ablaut.lit.ltu,lti,lett.lstu,lst,intrans.
`break,rupture';inadditionlit.luasm.`heapabgebrochenerZweige',lism.`break',lett.lai
`brokenBume'.
References:
References:WP.II412f.,WH.I830f.,Trautmann152f.
Page(s):
Page(s):686
Root/lemma: leuk- (*leuh-)
Meaning:
Meaning:bright,toshine;tosee
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`leuchten,licht';2.`sehen'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianrcat`shines,seems',av.raoant-`luminous',OldIndianrcyati`lt
shine,beleuchtet',av.raoayeitièrleuchtet,beleuchtet'(=lat.l);
OldIndianrcan-`luminous',rok-m.`light'(=arm.lois`light',cymr.llug),rcn.`light'(=ahd.
loug,ags.lieg,aisl.leygrm.,slav.lum.),lk-m.`free(heller)room,world'(=lat.lcus,lit.lakas
`field',ahd.etc.lh);rc-`luminous'(:lit.Adj.lakas,blssig'),ruc-`bright'(:gr.,,cymr.am-lwg,aisl.logn.`flame'),rci-f.`light,radiance'(=OldPrussianluckis),rukm-n.
`gold',m.`goldenerjewellery',rkmant-`gleaming'(comparedengerm.lat.-men-stem);rcas-,rcsn.,av.raocah-,ap.rauah-n.`light,shiner,esp.ofHimmels',OldIndianruk-`gleaming',av.
raoxna-`gleaming'commonOldIndianh->k-:Oldpers.h->x-:npers.x->-phonetic
mutation
(=ahd.liehsen)f.`light'(=lat.lna,mir.luan,OldPrussianlauxnos,abg.luna,zerogradegr.;
aufthis-es-stembasedonalsolat.lstrre,lucubrre,ags.lioxan,aisl.ljs,lit.lkestis);
arm.lois,Gen.lusoi`light',lusin`moon',lusn`weierFleckineye',lucanem`zndean,burn',Aor.
luci(originallysk-present);
gr.`licht,gleaming,white'(,fishnames),`weierKernin
Tannenholz'(:abg.luafrom*louki);f.`fury'(afterdenfunkelndenAugen);-
`twilight',-ds.,-`Schreckbild';`Neumondstag',isunclear;(compare
Leumann,Hom.Wrter2124;afterKretschmerGl.22,262to`wolf');`shiner'(*luk-snos,duetoof-(e)s-stem);unclearisHes.;
illyr.PN,inadditionvenet.()PN(Silesia);
Maybealb.lluke`blind',lush`berserk,carrion,lush`bitch,berserkwoman':f.`fury'
lat.lx,-cis`light'(olderi-stem)lce,-re,lx`gleam,shine,brightsein',alat.also`(einlight)shine
lassen'(*louki=OldIndianrcyati),pollcreoriginally`shine(orsee)lassen',hencepollcte
`precious',pollcibilis`kstlich,lovely,superb,pretty,splendid',pollctra`kstlicherfeast';
lculentus`gleaming;stately,respectable',lcerna`shiner,lamp,light'(compareair.lcharn,see
under);JuppiterLcetiusperhaps`Lichtbringer'(osk.;comparedengall.MarsLeucetius,got.liuha):
lcus,alat.Akk.loucom`Hain',actually`(wood,forest-)Lichtung'(comparecollcreìnawood,
foresteineLichtungvornehmen',interlcre`Bumeauslichten'),osk.lvkeìnlc'(seeaboveOld
Indianlk-);perhapsalsoumbr.Vuvcis`Lcius';
lat.lmen`light'from*leuk-s-men;lna`moon(gttin')(*louksn),praen.Losna(:OldPrussian
lauxnos,av.raoxn,mir.lan,abg.luna);lstrum`Shneopfer;stretchoftimefromfnfJahren'
(*leuk-s-tromÈrleuchtung'),lstr,-reèrhellen,beleuchten',also`clean',illstrreèrleuchten,ans
Tageslichtbringen,aufklren;verherrlichen',backformationillstris`hellerleuchtetindieAugen
fallend,illustrious',lcbrum`dawn,twilight'(*leukos-ro-),lcbrre`bylightornightwork';
cymr.llug`Schimmer,radiance',llugdydd`daybreak'(=OldIndianrk-,arm.lois)LothRC39,73;
gall.*leuxos`bright',*leuk`thewhite',s.WartburgFEW.s.v.v.
air.luchair`radiance',laichtide`gleaming',luach-te`weiglhend';air.lcharn,luacharnf.`shiner,
Laterne,lamp,light',cymr.llugorn(alsollygornm.,Pl.llygyrn),corn.lugarnds.,bret.lugernm.
`radiance';
gall.Leucetius,LoucetiusèpithetofMars'(comparelat.-osk.Lcetius);mir.lch,lach`gleaming',
air.lchet(n.nt-stem)`lightning',outofitborrowedcymr.lluched,acorn.luhet,bret.luc'hed-enn
`lightning';mir.lan`light,moon',dalain`Montag'(*leuk-s-no-:lat.lna);cymr.llwg`gleaming',
llygoèinenradiancethrow'(comparewiththemeaningfromgr.as`con-spicuus'undercymr.
am-lwg,cyf-lwg,eglwg`conspicuus');mir.loch`black'(*luko-),cymr.llwg`schwarzgelb',zerograde
llug`black'(*louko-)probablyoriginally`gleamingblack';
got.liuha`light'(:lat.Lcetius,gall.Leucetius),ahd.as.lioht`bright'andn.`light',ags.lohtds.;
got.lauhatjan`gleam,shine,flash',ahd.lougazzenandzerogradelohazzen`flame,burn,fierysein',
ags.legetuf.`lightning';ahd.lh`bewachseneLichtung,niedrigesshrubbery,bush',mnd.lh,lch
`spinney,bush',namesasWater-loo,ags.lahòffenesLand,meadow',aisl.lfn.`Lichtung'(=Old
Indianlk-etc.);ahd.lauc,loug,ags.leg,aisl.leygr,mask.i-stem`flame,fire'(=OldIndianrc-,
slav.lu),aisl.logim.=afries.loga`flame',mhd.lohe`flame';aisl.ljmim.,as.liomo,ags.loma
`radiance'(*leuk-mon-),got.lauhmuni`lightning,flame'(u,compareengl.levin`lightning'from
*lauhuni-);
aisl.lnf.(*luhn)`stilleswater',lognn.`Windstille'(comparegr.)`blankeWindstille');
aisl.ljrim.`Rauchloch',norw.ljra`sichaufklren',mhd.z-lierends.;
duetoof-es-stemaisl.lyrm.(*leuhiz)`Lub,Gaduspollichius'(fromthehellenFarbetheSeitenand
ofBauchesofFisches),aisl.lysaf.`Merlucciusvulgaris,Merlan',norw.lysingds.,compareschwed.
lja,lgaÀbramisalburnus'from*laugin,nhd.Lauge`Cyprinusalburnusandleuciscus');mhd.
liehsen`bright'(*leuhsna-=av.raoxna-),aisl.ljsn.`light'(*leuhsa-),lysa`gleam,shine,gleam,
brightmake,define,announce,declare'=ags.lexan,lxan`gleam,shine';
lit.lakas`blssig',lakas`field'(`Lichtung'),seeaboveOldIndianlk-,roc-etc.;OldPrussian
luckis`woodenlog'(=OldIndianruc-),ablaut.withsloven.letc.`Lichtspan';FlNlit.Laukes;
abg.lua`ray'(louki,comparegr.),ChurchSlavicalsolum.`ray,light'(=OldIndian
roci-,ahd.loug),sloven.lf.`light',Pl.`Lichtspne',russ.lu`ray',lu`chipofpinewood',ech.
lou`Kien';abg.luna`moon'(*louk-s-n,aslat.lnaetc.);
toch.luk-`gleam,shine,erleuchten';Alok,lokit,laukito`strange',lauke`wide'(comparelit.
lak,lakanòutofdoors,forth,out'fromlakas`field');
hitt.luk(k)-`gleam,shine,ignite,setonfire'.
2.withthemeaning`black'(from`gleamingblack'or`verbrannt'):seeaboveS.688;
butlat.lcius`Hecht'standsfor`theSchillernde'.
3.Withleuk-`gleam,shine'decktsichleuk- `see':
OldIndianlkat,lcat`beholds,wirdgewahr',lkyati,lcyati`contemplates',lcanamèye';
gr.`see,observe';
cymr.am-lwg,cyf-lwg,eg-lwg`conspicuus',go-lwg`vision,face'(alsocymr.etc.llygadèye'from
*lukato-);
lit.lukiu,luktiàufjemandenwait,holdon',lktièinwenigharren',lett.lkut`see,show,auf
etwassehen,versuchen',OldPrussianlaukt`suchen';from`whereuponsee,show':àim,meet
(throw)'and`receive,bekommen':luitis`tomeet,geschehen;mssen';inruss.-ChurchSlavic
luiti`jemandentreffen',etc.
4.Aparallelrootleuk - in:
OldIndianrant-`licht,bright,white',ChurchSlavicvs-lys`naked,bald,bleak',russ.lsyj`naked,
bald,bleak,blssig';inadditionperhapsthenameofLuchses(developmentfromdenfunkelnden
Augenorratherafterseinemgrauweienfell,fur):arm.lusanunk`Pl.,gr.,(whencedie
nasalization),ahd.luhs,ags.lox,nexttowhichaschwed.lfrom*luha-(compareperhapsdt.Fuchs
:got.fauh),lit.lis,lett.lss,OldPrussianluysis,abg.rys(withrinsteadoflafterrvati
àusreien');afterVasmerexpoundedsichdasslav.rperhapsthroughiran.borrowing;notganz
sicherstehtdiemeaning`Luchs'fordaszudemaufvoiced-nonaspiratedauslautendemir.lug,Gen.
loga;ontheotherhandexpoundedLothRC36,103cymr.lloer,bret.loar`moon'from*lug-r,sothat
one-g,-k,-kasextensionsauffassencould;comparealsoaboveS.688gr..
References:
References:WP.II408ff.,WH.I823ff.,827f.,832ff.,839,Trautmann151f.,164;differentKuiper
Nasalprs.1073.
Page(s):
Page(s):687-690
Root/lemma: leu-1 ,*leu - :l Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schmutz,beschmutzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`smut,disgrace,shame',,`vituperation',`beschimpfe;schnde;
richteelendzugrunde';,-`defilement,contamination';
alb.tosk.lum`slime,mud',geg.lm,tosk.lerds.(lum-,respectivelyleu-d(h)r-),illyr.PNLudrum(:gr.
);
lat.pollu`sully',lustrum`puddle,slop',lutum`filth,ordure'=
air.lothf.`smut',gall.PNLutva,inadditioncymr.(withlengthenedgrade)lludedic`muddy';with
othersuffixmir.con-luan`Hundekot',bret.louan`sale';
lit.lutnas,-n`pool,Lehmpftze';hereprobablyalsolit.linas`morass'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsounderleug-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):681
Root/lemma: leu-2 (*leuh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocutoff,separate,free
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbschneiden,trennen,loslsen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu-2 (*leuh- )::`tocutoff,separate,free':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:leu- (*leuh- )::`to
break'
Note:
Note:alsoleu - andlu- :lu- (:l - ),partlyleu-sMaterial:
Material:OldIndianlunti,lunti`cuts,slices,clips,cuts',ln-`cropped,truncated,cutoff,
geschnitten'(:mir.lon),lavtra-n.`sickle',lav-f.ds.(:gr.,aisl.lds.),lava-m.`dasSchneiden,
Schur,wool,hair,break,section',lva-ìncisive',lvaka-m.Àbschneider,Mher';
gr.`lse,befreie;vertilgeetc.`,f.Àuflsung,separation',f.`Lsung',n.
`Lsegeld';-m.`timeofAusspannenstheRinder,evening'(:so-ltus);`plowshare'
(F;compareaisl.l,mnd.l,lehe`sickle'from*lewan-andOldIndianlav-ds.);,att.
f.`threshingfloor';
alb.laj`zahleeineblame'(*luni,ablautequallywithgr.(F));prlaj`rob',perhapsalsolet
`Mhne'(*leu-t-)and(fromtherootformauf-s)lesh(*leus-)`wool,hair'(comparethesamemeaning
inOldIndianlava-);daafterJoklL.-k.U.127,147ff.fluer`Fachafootlocker'(*v-lor-fromidg.*lur-),sh-lor`Hangegerst',pluar(*p-luar)`plowshare',lug,lugu`trough',flug`board',lug`spoon';
Maybealb.pluar(*p-luar)`plowshare'derivedfromOldIndianphla-m.`plowshare'seeRoot/
Root/
lemma: (s)p(h)el-1 :
:tosplit,cutoff,tearoff;board
lat.lu,-ereàtone,pay',inGlossen`',relu`lseagainein',solv(*se-lu)soltus`loosen',lus
(`*Auflsung',hence:)ùnreineFlssigkeitetc.`;
mir.lon`Hammel,Schps'(:OldIndianln-),air.lof.`wool,Flie'(*lui),lds.(*lu);
got.lunAkk.Sg.`Lsegeld',us-luneinsÈrlsung',ags.-lynnan`release';aisl.lyja`hit,(mrbe)
knock,enfeeble',participlelinnèrmdet',nisl.liÈrmattung';aisl.lm.`sickle'(seeabove);*lawa
àbgelsteRindeasGerbmittel'inahd.l,Gen.lwesn.nhd.Lohe,mnd.lds.;aisl.lggf.
`residuum'(*lauu);ahd.lh-lawi(lhla,lhla),mnd.lk-lawe`scar'(ibd.);aisl.lr`trough'
(ausgeschnittener,gehhlterstem);ahd.ldara`cradle';ablaut.schwed.dial.ljuderàltercrackana
tree';
withthemeaningàbgeschnittenesboard'hereruss.lva`board,bench,Steig',lit.lva`bedstead',
lett.lva`Pritsche,Bettstelle',dn.olderlo,schwed.lofve,loge,aschwed.loi,lo,aisl.lfim.
`threshingfloor,barn'(aisl.lfiiseineoldAblautform*lwan-);
toch.Alo,lau`remote,distant,apart,separated';Alaw-,lyu-`fortschicken';Alot`ditch,trench,
channel,hole';
hitt.lu-uz-zi(luzzi)`tax,Belastung'from(*leuh-)(comparegr.).
s -extension:got.fra-liusan,ahd.far-liosan`lose';got.fralusnan`verlorengehen',aisl.losna`lose,lax
become',losa`loosen',postverballosn.`Lsung',ags.losian`verlorengehen',Denomin.tolosn.
`loss';lysuèvil,bad,mad,wicked,evil'(*lusiwa-),got.fralusts,ahd.forlust`loss';got.laus`los,
empty,bare,lacking',aisl.lauss`free,lose,aufgelst',ahd.ls`free,stolen;looted,lose',ags.las
èmpty,bare,lacking,stolen;looted,deceitful',aisl.lausungf.Ùnzuverlssichkeit',ags.lasung`lie,
falsity',lasian`lie';got.lausjan,ahd.lsian,lsn`losen';perhapsadn.liuskem.`Weiche'>aisl.
ljski,mnd.lsche,mndl.liesche,nndl.lies,ags.losca`Weiche',aswellasmndl.liesche`dnne
skin',schweiz.lsch`lax';withameaning`(los)hit,knock'probablyalsoaisl.ljsta`hit,prick,meet',
ljstr`forkzumFischstechen',nisl.lustr`cudgel,club'(`*abgehauenesAststck');asoldwirddiese
Anwendungerwiesen,ifmir.loss`tail,end',cymr.llost`spear,javelin',llosten`tail',bret.lost`tail'
anzureihenare;
here(SpechtIdg.Dekl.56)lett.laska`splinter,shard',ablaut.lit.lskos`rag',lzgana`husk,scale,
husk',lusn`husk,bowl',russ.lustds.,etc.Mglicherweiserelatedis*lu-`stone',seethere.
References:
References:WP.II407f.,WH.I830,834f.,WissmannNom.postverb.84ff.;fromvorrom.and
protogerm.*leisk,*leusk,*laskinnhd.Lische,frz.lacheetc.`carex'reconstructsJ.Hubschmid
ZcP24,81ff.einidg.elei-,eleu-,el-`cut,clip'.
Page(s):
Page(s):681-682
Root/lemma: leup- andleub- ,leubhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topeel,cutoff,harm,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbschlen,entrinden,abbrechen,beschdigen'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionsfromleu-2.
Material:
Material:Withb:
Aisl.lauprm.,-leypin.,-leypaf.`basket,Holzwerk',ags.lapm.`basket,trunk',mnd.lpm.`wooden
vessel',lpenn.`basket';diebaltoslav.examplesundercanjustaswellbasbhcontain.
Withbh:
Lat.liber`bast,book'(*luber,*lubh-ro-s);
alb.lab`bark,cork'(*loubh-);
air.luib,nir.luibhf.`herb',air.lub-gort`garden',acymr.Pl.luird`Grten';
got.lubja-leis`giftkundig',aisl.lyff.`Heilkraut',ags.lybbn.`poison,charm,spell',lyfesnf.`charm,
spell'.as.lubbi,ahd.luppi`Pflanzensaft,poison,charm,spell';got.laufsm.,laufn.`foliage,leaf',ags.
laf,ahd.loubn.ds.,loubaf.`Schutzdachfrombark',nhd.Laube;
lit.lub`board',lett.luba`shingle',OldPrussianlubbof.`board',ablaut.lit.lubasm.`bark,outer
coveringofatree'(*lubhos),lett.lubsm.`bowl';lit.lbenaÒbstschale';
russ.lub`Borke,bast',etc.,ChurchSlaviclb`cranium',serb.lbinads.;
Withp:
OldIndianlumpti`zerbricht,damages,plndert',lpyati`verletzt'(=slav.lupiti,lit.laupti),lptra-n.
`swelling,blister';
gr.f.`Krnkung',`betrbe',etc.;
lit.lup,luptiàbhuten,schlen',lett.lupt`ds.,mug,rob',lit.laupti,lett.laupt`schlen,abblttern;
rob',lit.lpenaÒbstschale',lupsnsàbgeschlteTannenrinde';
russ.luplj,lupt`schlen,peel;aufpicken(eggs);dieAugenaufreien,glotzen;hit,thrash',lpa
`Hautschuppe',ChurchSlaviclupe`robbery'(etc.);
unclearisthelabial(b,bhorp)inmir.luchtar`boat'(frombark),ahd.lo(u)ft`bark,bast',aisl.loptn.
`ceiling,Dachstube'and`Luft'(`sky,heavenasoberecover'),got.luftusf.,ahdas.luftm.f.,agslyft
m.f.n.`Luft,sky,heaven',mnd.luchtÒberstock,Bodenraum';alsounclearinair.lomm,cymr.llwm
`bare,naked'(*lup-smo-or*lub(h)-smo-),mir.lommraim`schle';unclearismir.lumman`covering'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):690-691
Root/lemma: l b - ,l b - ,lb- ,l e bEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohangdownloosely;lip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaffherabhngen',also`Lippe'()
Note:
Note:partlywithanlaut.s- ;besides,butlessfrequent,often(seeinadditionlep- `peel'am
Schlusse)formsauf-p- ;nasalized(s)lemb(h)- .Vieleexpressiveformations.
Material:
Material:Gr.`Schotenhlse,Samenkapsel;Ohrlppchen',`schotentragend',
`Schlangenhaut,Bohnenhlse'Hes.,Èrbsen';
lat.onlywith:lab,-re`wobble,waver',lbor,-,lapsus`glide,slide,sink,fehlgehen';lbs,-is
Èinsinken,fall,Erdrutsch;Untergang,ruin'and`Makel,Schandfleck';perhapslabor,-ris`toil,load;
Anstrengung;then:work',labrre`sichmhen,beafflicted'(actually`dastiredWankenundera
load');probablylabium(labeum),labrumn.(mostlyPl.labia,labra)`lip,edge';
richevolvedinGerm.:
1.isl.norw.lapa`schlaffherabhngen',isl.lapi`homosuinegligens',mhd.erlaffenèrschlaffen',nhd.
laff`slack,faint,languid';geminated:aisl.lepprm.(*lappja-)`rag,curl',as.lappo`Zipfel,rag',mnd.
lappe`piece,rag,dewlap',ags.l,lappam.`Zipfel,rag'(engl.lap`lap'),ags.ar-liprica,nhd.
(nd.)Ohr-lppchen(witheinf.pmnd.r-lepelds.,mhd.leffelèarofHasen',nhd.dieLffel);ndd.laps,
schlaps,lapp`lppischer,dummerperson',nhd.Laffe(*lapan-);besidesaufidg.-p :holl.laffaard
`Laffe'-atfirstfromholl.laf`faint,languid,slack,clownish'-andwithgerm.bbmhd.lappe-alsolape
-andnhd.Lapp,lppisch,finallylengthenedgrademhd.luof`fool';
fromtherootformaufidg.p furtheraisl.lafa`dangle,hangen',mhd.participleerlabenèrschlafft',
schweiz.labe`horsewithhngendenears,oxwithdownwardsgekehrtenHrnern';schwed.dial.
labbaànhngen',ndd.labbe`(hngende)lip',ahd.(fromdemNdd.)lappaf.,mhd.lappef.m.
`niederhngendesStckZeug,rag';
maybealb.laphardpieceofmeatorskin,peritoneum,leaf,*labba,llapatongue,*lip,llaptalk,
llap-ush(diminutive)longeared,animalwithlongears,llapushbroad-leafedcabbage,covering
leafofmaize,lopcow(withabigtongue),lepurrabbit,hare(withbigears)fromwhichderivedlat.
lepus-oris
lepus-oris,m.hare.lepusculus-i
lepusculus-i,m.ayounghare.AlsoOldIndianlop-m.`jackal,fox',Lith.
lapentitoswallowfood[seebelow];hencealb.provesthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:l b - ,l b - ,lb- ,
l e b- :
:(tohangdownloosely;lip)derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u l p - ,lup- :
:[akindofcarnivore(fox,wolf)]
2.withthemeaning`lip'as`diehngende'(aslat.labium):mnl.lippef.,nhd.Lippe,afries.ags.lippa
m.`lip',(*lepi-an-),norw.lepe(*lep-an-),ahd.leffur,as.lepurds.,ahd.lefs`Lefze'(*lep-s);
3.withanlaut.s- :got.slpan,saizlp,as.slpan,ahd.slfan,ags.slpan`Schlafen',got.slpsetc.
`sleep',aisl.slpr`trgerperson',ndl.slaap,ahd.slfm.,nhd.`Schlfe';mnd.ndl.slap`slack',ahd.
slaf(-ff-),nhd.schlaff,isl.norw.slapa(=lapa)`schlaffherabhngen';geminatedaisl.slappi`long,
verwachsenerperson',schwed.slappàrm,inactive';
Maybealb.*flen,flsleepfromOHGslfansleep,othercognatesareNw.dial.vale`deepsleep',
Sw.dial.valbjrn`whitethorn,*sleepthorn',OSw.*val-moghe,valmoghe`poppy'.
Alsoalb.sklepmatterfromtheeyes,rheumfromgerm.Schleimrheumandnhd.schlappen
withidg.-p- :aisl.slafaskèrschlaffen'and-fromtheimaginingherabhngendenSchleimesfromprobablyalsoisl.slafra`geifern',mengl.slaveren,engl.slaverds.,isl.slevjaf.`slobber',norw.slevjen
`schleimig,kotig';norw.slabbe,schwed.slabba`pollute',mndl.slabben`befoul,slurp',nhd.
schlappen(also`geifern'),mengl.slabben`sichinordurewlzen',nhd.(ndd.)schlappern,
schlabbern,schwed.dial.slabb`Schlammwasser',engl.dial.slab`schleimig,schlpfrig',Subst.`mud
puddle';
lit.slobst,slbti`weakbecome',lit.em.slbnas,ostlit.slbnas`weak',lett.slbt`zusammenfallen'
(fromaswelling,lump,growth);
OldChurchSlavicslbetc.`weak'.
Nasalizedlemb(h)- :
OldIndianrmbate,lambate`hngtherab,hngtsichan',lambana-`herabhngend',n.
`herabhngenderjewellery,Phlegma';
lat.limbus`BesatzamKleid,hem';aboutgr.seeunder;
ags.(ge)limpan`proceed,goahead,glcken',ahd.limphan,limfan,mhd.limpfenàngemessensein',
ags.gelimpn.Èreignis,chance,luck',mhd.g(e)limpfÀngemessenheit,schonungsvolleNachricht;
Benehmen',changingthroughablautandd.gelumplk`fitting',mhd.limpfen`hinken',engl.tolimp
`hinken',limp`schlaffherabhngend',ndd.lumpen`hinken',alsonhd.(ndd.)Lumpen`scrap,shred';
comparefromagerm.Nebenwurzellemb-(wreidg.*lembh-):mhd.lampen(andslampen),ndd.
lempen`welkniederhngen',schweiz.lampe`dewlap,herabhngenderrag';ags.lemp(i)healt
`hinkend';
maybealb.*lampe,laprdewlap
withanlaut.s- :norw.dial.slampa`careless,neglectfulgo',engl.dial.slamp`ds.,hinken',norw.dial.
slamsa`losehngen,dangle';norw.(mnd.)slump`chance,luck',engl.slump`morass,nasseplace',
toslamp,slump`plumpsen,klatschen',mhd.slampen`schlaffherabhngen',nhd.dial.schlampen
`schlaffherabhngen,careless,neglectfulsein',Schlumpe,SchlampeùnordentlichesFrauenzimmer'
(probablywithndd.p);
aisl.sleppa,slappèntfallen,entgleiten'(*slemp-),Kaus.sleppa(*slampian)`drivelassen',engl.dial.
slempàusweichen,wegschleichen,sichherabsenken';fromarootformaufgerm.b(comparegr.
`mucus,Rotz');mnd.mhd.slam(-mm-),nhd.Schlamm(*slamba-),sptmhd.slemmen
`schlemmen',norw.slembaf.`Schlampe',slemba`klatschen',isl.`dangle';furtherperhapsdiegroup
frommhd.slimp(-mb-),slim(-mm-)`slant,skew,slantwise'underlikewise;perhapstolett.slpsfrom
*slimpas`slantwise,steil',lit.nu-slimpaèntschlpft'.
Maybealb.*(s)liom,llom,llohmud,sludge,sediment[theshiftLI>LL]
References:
References:WP.II431ff.,WH.I738ff.,802f.,Trautmann270.
Page(s):
Page(s):655-657
Root/lemma: l(h)-1 :l(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zweig',originally`Haselstrauch'
Material:
Material:Alb.leth,laith(*l-)`Haselstaude';
lit.laz-d-`stick,Haselstrauch',lett.lazda`Haselstrauch',lagzdads.(*laz-g-da),secondaryl(g)zda
ds.,OldPrussianlaxdef.ds.,kel-laxde`spearshaft';
slav.ls-k-af.inserb.lijska`Haselstaude',poln.las-k-a`stick';
doubtfulwhetherhereOldChurchSlavicloza`Weinrebe,sprout',serb.lzads.,etc.(*l);s.also
underlo- `rod,Gerte'.
References:
References:WP.II378,442,WH.I766,Trautmann153,JoklL.-k.U.203ff.,MachekRecherches
25ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):660
Root/lemma: lh-2 :lh-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrawlontheground;low
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àmBodenkriechen,niedrig'
Material:
Material:Aisl.lgr`low'(outofitengl.low),mhd.lge`flat',nd.lge`low';
lett.lzns`flat',lzt,lt`rutschen',lit.lktas`flat',loas`NiederbeugenofGetreides',newer
lods.;OldPrussianlse`crawls';
slav.(abg.etc.)lz,lsti`grovel,truckle,creep,schreiten,ascend',toruss.lazna`Gereut',skr.lz
`Steig'etc.
Islh-einevariantfromlegh- `lie'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):660
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(l i g-2 ),lgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:appearance;body;similar
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gestalt;vonderGestaltjemandes,similarlyorgleich'
Material:
Material:Got.leikn.`body,Fleisch,corpse',aisl.lk`body,body,corpse',ags.lcds.,as.lk,ahd.lh
(Gen.lhhi,fem.)`Krpergestalt,Aussehen,body,corpse';got.galeiks`gleich',aisl.glkr,lkr`gleich,
gleichgut',ags.gelc,as.gilk,ahd.gilh,nhd.gleich(`thesameGestalthabend'),got.ileiksàs
beschaffen,who,what,which,theonethat'etc.;got.leikan,galeikan`gefallen',aisl.lkads.,ags.
lcian(engl.like`gernhave'),as.lknds.,ahd.lchn`ds.,gleichsein,angemessensein',aisl.lkr
`fitting',lkna`verzeihen'(`sichcompare');
lit.lg,lgus`gleich',lgti`gleichen',lett.lgt`bereinkommen',ldzis`gleich',OldPrussianpolgu
Adv.`gleich',lgint`richten'(rechtlich)=altlit.liginti`Gerichthalten',lit.lginti`compare,gleichmachen
(rechtlich)'.
References:
References:WP.II398f.,EndzelinLett.Gr.508f.
Page(s):
Page(s):667
Root/lemma: l i -1 ,lekGermanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.307ff.underelei-.
Page(s):
Page(s):661
Root/lemma: l(i)-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrant;possession;toacquire,possess
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gewhren,Besitz';med.èrwerben,gewinnen'
Note:
Note:originally`berlassen'and=l(i)-3`lassen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrt-`willingtogive,bereitwillig;f.Verleihung,grace',rti`verleiht,grants';
gr.n.èarnings,Sold',,`Lohnarbeiter',`dieneumSold';lat.latrisgr.
Lw.;
aisl.l,ags.ln.èstate',got.unlsàrm'=ags.unld(e)`woeful,wretched,miserable',with
gradationaisl.lf.,n.`yieldofBodens';
withs-suffixhereprobablyalsoahd.-lri(e.g.ingz-lri`Goslar'),ahd.ga-leswesÀngrenzer',ags.
ls,g.lswef.`Weideland'(*lsu),dieschwed.-dn.Ortsnamenendung-lsa,-lseand()abg.
ls`wood,forest';
maybealb.lisòak,oakforest'fromOldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:ls`forest,wood(s)',Russian:
Russian:les`forest,
wood(s)',Ukrainian:
Ukrainian:lis`forest,wood(s)'.
abg.lt,ltijjest`licet';inBalt.onlyDiphthongformen:lit.leta`thing,affair',Lw.fromlett.leta
`thing,supplementary',andprobablyalsolit.lima`luck',laims`glckhaft',laimti`gain'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):665
Root/lemma: l(i)-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweaken;feeble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachlassen'
Note:
Note:(=l(i)-`grant',seethere)
Material:
Material:a.Probablyingr.--`binidle,lazy,raste';lat.ltum`death,Vernichtung'(`*schlaff
dahinsinken',compare`dasLebenlassen');lnis`gentle,mild'(perhapsreshapedfrom*lnos=)lit.
lnas`peaceful,tame,domesticated,slow';lett.lnsds.,abg.lnìdle';withothersuffixeslett.llis
`schlafferperson';lts`light,wohlfeil',lit.ltas`stupid,oafish'(originally`slack');lett.laita`dieFaule'.
b.rootextensionl[i]d- :ld- :
gr.ìdle,tiredsein';
alb.loth`maketired',lodhem`werdetired'(*ld-),geg.la,tosk.lÌlasse'(*ld-n),participlegeg.
lan,tosk.ln`gelassen'(*ldno-);
lat.lassus`l,faint,languid,tired,abgespannt'(*ldto-);
got.ltan(lalt),aisl.lta,ahd.lzan,as.ltan,ags.ltan`lassen,abandon',zerogradegot.lais
ìdle',aisl.latrds.,ahd.laz`la,idle,faint,languid,late'(Superl.lazzst,lezzist,nhd.-fromdemNdd.
-letzter),as.latìdle,late'(Superl.letisto,lazto`last',ags.lt(Superl.ltost,engl.last)ds.;
causative*latjan`lassemake,hemmen'ingot.latjan`trgemake,hinder',ahd.lezzen`hemmen,
hinder,beschdigen,injure',reflex.`sichletzen(=sichwobeiaufhalten),sichgtlichtun',etc.,ags.
lettan,ne.tolet`hinder';aisl.lskr`soft,slack',mnd.lasch,wfries.lask`light,thin'(germ.*latskwa-);
lid- inlit.lidiu,lidmi,listi`lasse',ablaut.palidas`lose',palida`Zgellosigkeit,Hurerei',lydti
`geleiten',lidoti`bestatten';lett.last`lassen',abbreviatedImper.la,Permissivpartikel(alsolit.dial.
la,OldPrussian-laiinbo-lai`wre').
References:
References:WP.II394f.,WH.I767f.,782f.,787,Trautmann154,EndzelinLett.Gr.p.694.
Page(s):
Page(s):666
Root/lemma: l i -4
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gieen,flieen,trpfeln'
Note:
Note:perhapsidenticalwithlei-3 .
Material:
Material:OldIndianperhapspra-lna-àufgelst,ermattet',vi-linti`zergeht,lstsichauf'
(`zerfliet');
gr.n.`Weingef'(*lei-tu-om);
dubiousalb.lum,lym`river',lis,lys,lusàch';
lat.ltus,-orisn.`beach,seaside,seashore'(`Flutgegend')from*leitos;
cymr.llim.`flood,sea'(*liant-s=air.lids.),Pl.lliant`Fluten,sea'(*liantes);llifm.`flood,inundation'
(*lmo-),corn.lyfds.,mbret.livatìnundation',bret.liva`flood';cymr.llyr-m.`sea,Meeresgott'
(engl.PNLear),air.lerds.(*li-ro-);cymr.llin,corn.lyn,bret.lin`pus'(*l-no-);mcymr.dy-lly
Àusgieen'(*-liio-),di-lly`gietfrom';air.do-lin`streams'(*-linut),tu(i)len.`flood'(*to-liio-),tlae
n.ds.(*touksliio-);aboutliseeabove;
got.leiun.Akk.Òbstwein',aisl.ln.`beer',ahd.lth,aschs.lm.n.Òbstwein';
lit.leju,leti`pour'(oldlju,idg.*li),ljalti`rain,stream',ldau,lditi`rainlassen,fatzerlassen';
lytsm.`rain',lytsf.`form,shape'(`*Guform'),t-lajism.Àbflu';lett.lit`pour',lt`rain',litusm.
`rain';letasandlett.lits`vergossen',OldPrussianpra-lieiton,pra-leitonandpra-litends.;is-liuns
ds.;
perhapsherelit.Lietuv`Litauen'(`Kstenland'),lett.Letis`Litauer';
OldChurchSlavicljolijatiandlijliti`pour';ablaut.slav.*loj`tallow,suet'(lit.t-lajisÀbflu')in
ChurchSlaviclojetc.;slov.pre-lit`bergossen',ech.lit`gegossen';slav.present*ljisneologism.
References:
References:WP.II392,WH.794f.,815,Trautmann156,J.LothRC46,66ff.,50,143ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):664-665
Root/lemma: lk-1 :lk-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:trap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Reis,zurSchlingegedrehtesReisorStrick,ineinersolchenfangen'
Note:
Note:wordtheJgersprache(VendryesArch.Ling.I25)
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:lk-1 :lk- :
:trap':Root/lemma:
:totear'derivedfrom*nak(u),
lak(u)ofRoot/lemma:
:naked'.
Material:
Material:Lat.laci,-ere`locken',lacess,-ere`challenge,banter,stir,tease,irritate',lact,d-lect,
d-lici`verfhre,entzcke',lax`Koder,loop,noose,snare'underlikewise,laqueusànoose,halter,
snare,trap'(voneinemu-stem*lacus);
Maybealb.laktrap,snare,rope.
ags.ll(a)`twig,branch,Peitsche,Hiebmal,Strieme'(*lhil-)
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:Perhapstolek-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):673-674
Root/lemma: lk-2 :lkEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerreien'
Note:
Root/lemma:
:trap':Root/lemma:
:totear'derivedfrom*nak(u),
lak(u)ofRoot/lemma:
:naked'.
Material:
Material:Gr.`scrap,shred',n.ds.(.Hes.),`tear,rend'
.Hes.;
alb.(*nak(u)-na-)lakur`naked',lkur,likur`fell,fur,leather,bark,outercoveringofatree,pod';
lat.lacer,-era,-erum`zerfetzt,lacerate,zerfleischt',lacerna`mantelartigerberwurf',laciniaf.`Zipfel,
BesatzorFransenamKleid,limbus;partsfromHerden,ckernunderdgl';lancin,-re`tear,rend';
poln.ach,russ.lchma`scrap,shred'(express.ch),etc.
Maybealb.(*lchma)llokma`scrap,shred'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):674
Root/lemma: lp- ,lp- ,lp-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flachsein;Hand-,Fuflche,Schulterblatt,Schaufel,Ruderblattunderlikewise'
Material:
Material:Kurd.lapk`paw';
got.lfm.,aisl.lfim.`flathand';mnd.mengl.lf`Windseite',actually`bigrudder,wherewithdas
shipandenwindgehaltenwurde';changingthroughablautgeminatedahd.laffaf.,mhd.anddial.
nhd.laffe`flathand,shoulder',ahd.lappom.`flathand,Ruderblatt'(alsoinnhd.Brlapp
`lycopodium'),norw.schwed.labbm.,dn.lab`paw',isl.lppf.<nhd.dial.laff`Lwenzahn';withmformsnorw.dial.lm`Tatze,paw'(*lma-),handlm`palm',isl.lumma`big,gianthand';
lett.lpaf.`paw;Huflattig',also`Seerose,Laichkraut'(comparebennhd.laff`Lwenzahn');ablaut.
ostlett.lopa,throughderailmentofablautlett.lpa,lit.lpa`paw';alsolit.lpas`leaf',lett.lapads.;
russ.etc.lpa`paw,Tatze',poln.apads.,apiniec`Brlapp';ech.tlapa,slovak.dlaba`Tatze',poln.
aba=apa;
lit.lopet`shovel',lett.lpsta`shovel,spade,scapula',OldPrussianlopto`spade';withotherforms
andablaut:
abg.lopata`Wurfschaufel',russ.lopta`shovel',loptka`scapula',loptina`rudder,helmunder
likewise';alb.lpt`shovel'isslav.Lw.
References:
References:WP.II428,Trautmann149f.,160.
Page(s):
Page(s):679
Root/lemma: ls :lsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,feeble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaff,matt'
Note:
Note:extensiontol(i)-`slacken'
Material:
Material:Got.lasiws(*las-uos)`weak',mhd.er-leswen`weakbecome';aisl.lasinn`weak,
destructed',las-meyrr`weak,woeful,wretched,miserable',mnd.lasich=lasch,las`slack,faint,
languid',isl.larar`tired';
Maybealb.lashtòld,*weak'
slav.*loinbulg.loèvil,bad,evil,schlimm,ugly',skr.lùnlucky,evil,bad'underlikewise;very
doubtfuliscitationoflat.sublestus`weak,small';
hereas`schlaffniederhngenderscrap,shred'perhapsmnd.laskeilfrmigerrag',dn.norw.las,
lase`rag',mnd.mhd.laschem.`rag,scrap,shred';lit.lskana`rag,clout',russ.lskut`piece,rag';
toch.Aljk-`Weiche'.
References:
References:WP.II439f.,Trautmann150s.v.*lasia-and*laskan-.
Page(s):
Page(s):680
Root/lemma: lto- ,ltoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:warmseason;day,summer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`warmeZeit;Tag,Sommer'
Material:
Material:Air.la(i)then.`day',gall.lat...`days'inKalenderfromColigny;
altgutn.laigsìnspring',schwed.dial.lding,ling`spring',ildigsìnvorigenFrhjahr'(*lt-);
abg.lto`warmeseason,year',russ.lto`summer,year',dial.`south,Sdwind',etc.
References:
References:WP.II427,Berneker713f.
Page(s):
Page(s):680
Root/lemma: lu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toslacken
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachlassen'
Note:
Note:comparealso(s)leu-`slack'
Material:
Material:Got.lwn.`Gelegenheit',lwjan`preisgeben,verraten'(`*berlassen'),ags.lwands.,
ahd.gi-,fir-len`verraten';
lit.liujuos,liviaus,liutis`cease',lett.aju,wu,at`zulassen,allow',auts`sichhingeben',Old
Prussianaulat`die',ablaut.lit.lavnas`corpse';probablyas`zgellos',lit.linas`lose,pliable,mad,
wicked,evil',lett.auns`mad,wicked,evil';
klr.l'ivty`slacken,nachgeben',l'ivkj`lax,lose',ech.leviti`lindern,migen',levn`wohlfeil';russ.
dial.lun`death',lnut`losschieen,loslassen';ablaut.OldChurchSlavicvlovn`',ech.
povlovn`sachte'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):682-683
Root/lemma: lu-2 :luEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stein'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.,Gen.`stone'(Ausgleichungfromoriginally*F;F[]n.),att.
andm.,Gen.etc.;hom.,Pl.f.`smallstones'(probablywithsuffix
exchangefor*-,comparekelt.*luank-);`hartfelsig'(*-F);att.`steinige'
(),`Steiniger'(from*-,idg.*lus-);ablaut.(*lus-)m.`Steinarbeiter'>
`mhselig,woeful,wretched,miserable,withSteinenbelegterHausgang',`wolf
(*Reier);Schpfhaken';besidesdem--stemein--stem*Fasbasefromatt.,ion.
ìnFelsgehauenerway,alley',Hes.,mountainN
;
alb.ler,-a`Gestein,Felssturz'(*luer),JoklREBalk.1,46ff.;
air.le,newerla,Gen.lac(disyllabic)`stone'(kelt.*luank-,fromidg.*luank-or-nk-);bret.lia,
liac'h`stone'isir.Lw.
References:
References:WP.II405f.;SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,578.
Page(s):
Page(s):683
Root/lemma: lu-3 orluEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(seealsol-,l-),ungengendbeglaubigt
Material:
Material:Ad-extensioninlat.laus,-disf.`Lob',laudre`praise,laud'.
At-extensioninahd.liodn.,ags.lon.`song',aisl.ljn.`Strophe',Pl.`songs',ahd.liudn,ags.
loian,aisl.lja,got.liun`sing',awiliudn`lobsingen',awiliu`Lobgesang'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):683
Root/lemma: lut- :ltEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wrathful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wtend'
Material:
Material:Cymr.llid(*lto-)ìra,iracundia',abg.lut`gewaltttig,cruel,savage,terrible',uteAdv.
`wehe!,valde',skr.-ChurchSlavicutitis`saevire'etc.;differentaboutcymr.llidaboveS.680.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):691
Root/lemma: l[i]-1 :liEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wollen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(dor.)`wollen',el.`',gort.,etc.,ion.n.`volition',
*`wish,Wahl'(to,asto),therefromKompar.`better'(hom.only,
),Superl.,;`pert,audacious',`wild,ausgelassen',also
`cheeky,lascivious';doubtful,ion.`very,allzusehr',(Epicharm)ds.,Hes.,
Verstrkungspartikel-(),-(),-(;rhythm.lengtheningfor*-),as
wellas(*F),ion.Adv.`whole,vollstndig';whetheràfterwish,ingewnschtem
Ausmae'-`very,tovery'
Perhapshereair.airlef.`Beratung'(*ari-lai),irlithe`gehorsam';
germ.*la-f.Èinladung'inaisl.l`dasEinladen',run.lau,got.laaleikAdv.`willing',
denominativegot.lanèinladen,berufen',aisl.laads.,ags.laian,ahd.ladn`laden,berufen';in
additionablaut.mhd.luoder`Lockspeise,Schlemmerei'(outofitfrz.leurre),nhd.Luder.
References:
References:WP.II394f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I539,M.LeumannMus.Helv.2,7f.
Page(s):
Page(s):665
Root/lemma: lSeealso:
Seealso:s.l-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):655
Root/lemma: l - noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flax
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lein'
Material:
Material:Lat.lnum`Flachs,flax';
air.ln`net',nir.lion`Flachs,net',cymr.etc.llin`Flachs,flax'(fromdemLat.);abweichendcymr.lliain,
corn.bret.lien`Leinen'(insecurebasicform;s.PedersenKG.II103,PokornyKZ.45,361f.);
alb.liri,geg.l-nim.`flax'(fromdemLat.);
got.lein,anord.ags.ahd.ln`Flachs'(fromdemLat.).
With:gr.`flax',lit.lnas`Flachsstengel',Pl.lina`Flachs',lett.liniPl.,OldPrussianlinno
`Flachs',OldChurchSlavic*ln`Flachs,flax',lnn`leinen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):691
Root/lemma: loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rod,twig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rute,Gerte'
Material:
Material:Gr.-,Hes.,-()Hes.(probablyas
`densishastilibushorridamyrtus'Verg.Aen.III23,formationgleich-;afterSchulzeQunder
ep.496to:)
OldChurchSlavicloza`Weinrebe;sproutesp.ofgrapevine',russ.loza`rod,Gerte;Reis,stem,
willow'(etc.,s.Berneker736).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveunderl(h)-.
Page(s):
Page(s):691
Root/lemma: lorg- ,lorgiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stick,club
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stock,Knttel'
Note:
Material:
Material:Air.lorc(lorgg)f.`club,mace,joint,cudgel,club,penis',mir.lurgaf.`shinbone',Gen.
lurgan,mcymr.llory`club,mace,joint',llorf`foottheHarfe',acorn.lorch`staff',bret.lorc'henn`shaft';
aisl.lurkrm.`cudgel,club'.olderdn.lyrkds.(*lurki-),schwed.lurk`fool';nhd.tirol.lorg,lork
`mythicalgiant';aisl.lerka`zusammenschnren,torment,smite';ags.lorgm.f.`shaft,pole,spindle'is
kelt.Lw.
References:
References:WP.II443,LothRC40,358.
Page(s):
Page(s):691-692
Root/lemma: lou- ,lou Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towash
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`waschen'
Material:
Material:Arm.loganam`bademich'(*lou-n-);
gr.`wash'(Hom.=lat.lavre),,,,afterwardsalsonewpresent;
(F)ds.,(Hom.),(att.)`spa,bath'(:gall.lautro,aisl.laur);
lat.lav,-ereand-re,lv`wash,bathe'and`sichwash,bathe'(outofitborrowedahd.labn
`laben',etc.),ab-lu,-ereetc.(outofiteinneuesSimplexlu,-ere),participlelautus`gewaschen'
(withvulg.:ltus)andAdj.`sauber,nett',in-ltusùngewaschen',l(av)trnaÀusgu,indendas
Kchenwasserabluft;Abtritt',l(av)brum`Becken',diluvium,adluvisunderlikewise,polbrum
`Waschbecken',dlbrumÈntshnungsort=temple,Heiligtum';probablyalsoumbr.vutu(*lovetd)
`lavit';
maybealb.*lou-,lajwash,lottear
gall.lautro`balneo'(gall.-ou-to-au-beforea,basicform*lou-tro-),air.lathar,lthar`pelvis,
canalis',mbret.lovazr,nbret.laouer`trough';
ir.l-chasair`rain'(*louo-);air.laith,cymr.lludw,corn.lusow,bret.luduàsh'(*lou-tu-i`Waschmittel');mc.glau,cymr.gwlaw`rain';
aisl.laurn.`lye,Seifenschaum,scum,froth,foam',ags.laor`Seifenschaum'(*lou-tro-);ahd.
louga,nhd.Lauge,ags.lahds.,aisl.laugf.`Badewasser'(*lou-k),ablaut.ahd.luhhen`wash'
(*luk-);
hitt.la-u-uz-zi(lauzi)`gietfrom'.
References:
References:WP.II441,WH.773ff.;O.SzemernyiKZ.70,57f.
Page(s):
Page(s):692
Root/lemma: l s ,Gen.luu - s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:louse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Laus'(*Tier)
Note:
Material:
Material:Abrit.*luu>lou>cymr.llau`Luse'(Sg.lleuen),corn.lowbret.laou,Vannesleuds.;
ags.mnd.ahd.aisl.lsf.`louse';aisl.lyskif.`Lusekrankheit';
withtaboodistortion:OldIndian-k,pali-k,prakrit;lit.u-t,and(withablautand
reduplication)vevesa,vievesf.;ChurchSlavicv,Serb.v,Gen.viand,etc.(*usi-);
abouttoch.luwaànimal',Pl.lwsas.PedersenToch.72;comparedn.olyrànimal'and`louse';
ortoOldChurchSlaviclovaboveS.655
References:
References:WP.II443,SpechtIdg.Dekl.44,Trautmann336,LohmannZceltPh.19,62ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):692
Root/lemma: madEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet;glossy,fat,well-fed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`na,triefen;alsovonFetttriefen,vollsaftig,fett,gemstet'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmdati,mdate`boil,effervesce,cheerfulsein',mdyati,mamtti,mndatids.,
mda-m.`Rauschtrank'=av.maa-`Rauschtrank,Rauschbegeisterung',OldIndianmatt-`trunken,
freudig,excited,aroused',av.mad-(maait,maayaha)`sichberauschen,sichergtzenan';Old
Indianmadg-èincertainWasservogel,einfish'=np.mèinWasservogel',OldIndianmtsyam.,av.masya`fish'(`thenasse';derivativefroman-es-stem*mades-);OldIndianmdas-n.`fat',
mdana-n.`Mstung',mdyati,mdat`wirdfett',mdya-`fat'(mda-from*mazda-,idg.*mad-door*mad[e]z-do-and=ahd.mast`Mstung';diespecificmeaning`Mstung'alsointhisformation
previouslyidg.);mstu-n.`sourskimmings'(*mad-stu-),npers.maskah`frischebutter'(*mad-sk-);
OldIndianmdya-,madir-`berauschend';
skyth.`Donau',PN,VN`Donauanwohner';
arm.mata`young,fresh,tender';macun`sour,coagulatedmilk'(*madio-+arm.Suff.-un);macanim,
macnum`haftean,coagulate';additionaliran.wordsforDickmilchunderlikewise,sonpers.mst
`sourmilk',msdan`curdle,coagulate,harden',etc.;
gr.`zerfliee,lsemichauf,verlierediehair';`humid,wet';againstit`nipple'
(=ahd.mast,*madz-dos),`breast'(*mad-ts),ds.(reshufflingafter`breast');
alb.manj(*madni)`mste',maim`fat',maz`skimmings,cream,skinaufthemilk'(*madi);madh
`Maismehlbrei',changingthroughablautmodul,motul`pea',modh`ryegrass';
lat.made,-re`dampsein,fromNssetriefen,ripen,vollsein',mattus`trunken'(*maditos);
air.maidim`break(intr.),goinStcke'(actually`flowapart,zergehe',formal=lat.made);in-madae
`futile,withoutErfolg'(inadditionprobablyc.maddeuèrlassen,verzeihen',abret.inmadau
`pessum';gl.maistirùrina'(*madtri-);mir.mtf.`swine'(*mdd`Mast-swine');
ahd.mast`food,Mstung,Eichelmast',nhd.Mast,Mstung,ags.mst`Buchecker';got.mats`dish,
food',aisl.matrm.,ags.metem.,ahd.mazn.ds.(nhd.stillinMesserfromahd.mezzi-rahs),aswell
asgot.matjanèat,devour',aisl.metja`slurp',ags.mettan`feed',mnd.mat(e)`Kamerad,esp.inthe
Seemannssprache'(Maat),ahd.gamazzo`Kamerad',eig.`*Essensgenosse';inadditionalsomnd.
met`Schweinefleisch',nnd.mett`gehacktesFleisch'as`*saftiges,breiigesFleisch',ahd.(eig.ndd.)
Mettwurst(fromandd.*matja-);changingthroughablautags.as.ms`porridge,mash,dish,food',
ahd.muos`gekochte,esp.breiigedish,food,food,eatinggenerally',nhd.Mus,Gemse(*mdso-).
References:
References:WP.II231f.,WH.II6f.;KuiperNasalprs.140.
Page(s):
Page(s):694-695
Root/lemma: maghos ,-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:young
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jung'
Material:
Material:Av.maava-ùnverheiratet';
alb.makth`younghare';
kelt.*magusingall.PNMagu-rx,urir.(Ogam)Maguno-,air.maug,mug`slave';corn.maw,bret.mao
`youngling,servant',cymr.meu-dwyÈinsiedler'(eig.`DienerGottes');Fem.corn.mowes`girl',bret.
maouez`wife,woman';kelt.-smo-derivativeinair.mm,mam(m)`jugum,servitus';abstractnoun
kelt.*magot-akt`Jungfernschaft,youngWeiblichkeit'(otherformationsfrom*maghotis=got.
magae,fromwhichkelt.*makkot-aktthroughcontaminationwithmakko-`kid,child')inmir.
ingenmaccdacht`youngerwachsenesgirl',air.ro-macdactgl.`superadulta',mcymr.machteith,acorn.
mahtheid`virgo',mcorn.maghteth,maghtythds.,bret.matez`Dienstmdchen';nickname*magguos
ingall.Mapo-no-sGN,acymr.map,ncymr.mab`son';doppelteintensificationinurir.maqqas,air.
macc,nir.mac`son';
got.magus`knave,boy',aisl.mgr`son,youngman,husband',as.magu`knave,boy',ags.mago
`son,man,husband,servant';Fem.*ma()wingot.mawi`girl'(Gen.maujs),aisl.mr(Akk.mey)
`girl',Demin.got.mawil,aisl.meyla,ags.mowle`smallgirl';abstractnoun*maghotis`young
Weiblichkeit',fromwhichkonkret`girl',ingot.magas`youngwife,woman',ags.mge(engl.
maid),as.magath,ahd.magad,nhd.Magd,Demin.Mdchen;
lett.ma(fromma)`small'.
References:
References:WP.II228,Feist3339.
Page(s):
Page(s):696
Root/lemma: magh- :mghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeable;tohelp;power
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`knnen,vermgen,helfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmagh-`power,power,richness,gift',maghvan-,maghvat`strong',iran.
magu-,Oldpers.magus`Magier,magician'(outofitgr.,lat.magus);
Maybealb.(*magh-)math`big,powerful'[commonalb.-g>-dh;-k>-thshift]
arm.marthankh`Hilfsmittel'(*mag-thra-);
gr.n.(dor.),poet.`Hilfsmittel',,dor.(>lat.machina)`Hilfsmittel,
tool,artifice';
got.ags.magan,aisl.mega,maga,muga,afries.muga,mnd.mgen,ahd.magan,mugan`mgen';
1.Sg.presentgot.as.ahd.mag,aisl.m,ags.mg,afries.mei;aisl.magn,meg(i)nn.`power,
Hauptsache',ags.mgen,ahd.,as.magan,meginds.;got.mahtsf.`power,power',ahd.as.maht,
ags.meaht,might,aisl.mttrds.;
Maybetruncatedalb.geg.(*mugan)mun,tosk.mund`might'[commonalb.n>ndshift]
lit.mgulas`numerous,much,alotof';
OldChurchSlavicmog,moti`tobeable,vermgen',po-moti,Iterat.po-magati`help'etc.,Old
ChurchSlavicmot,russ.moetc.`power,strength'(=got.mahts).
References:
References:WP.II227,Trautmann164f.,H.Gntert,Weltknig108f.;whetherE.Fraenkel(Lexis
1,169f.)rightgr.withlit.mokti`tobeable,understand,comprehend'aufeinerootmkhzurckfhrt,coulddieotherwordsalsoaufmegh-:mogh-goback;comparetoch.Amokats`mighty'.
Page(s):
Page(s):695
Root/lemma: mahEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kmpfen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Lw.throughol.mediationfromaniran.Volksnamen*ha-mazan-`warrior',
compare'(:ar.kar-`make').Hes.and(ofVN
Hamazan-);gr.`kmpfe',`fight,struggle,battle',`sword,knife'(fem.to*
ìncisive'Odersemit.Lw.,tohebr.mekhrah`sword').
References:
References:WP.II227,WH.II3,4.
Page(s):
Page(s):697
Root/lemma: maEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress;toknead
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kneten,drcken,streichen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,to(topresents.menk-`knead'),`theKnetende',
f.`geknetetemass',(actually)`Koch',`shredbreadzum
Fettabwischen';f.`kneadingordoughtrough;doughtray;hutch';
mir.maistrid`buttert'(*magis-tr-),bret.meza`knead',cymr.maeddu`fight,stoend
durcheinandermischen'(*maged-);
abg.ma,mazatiànoint,schmieren',russ.mazòintment',abg.maslo`butter,l,ointment'(*maslo-),mastòintment,fat'(*ma-sti-),lett.iz-muzt`berlisten,zumNarrenhalten';
withesp.AnwendungaufdenLehmbaudiefamilyofnhd.machen(from`knead,form,mould,
zusammenfgen,fromthewithloam,clayverstrichenenwall;geformt,fitting),as.(gi)-makn`make,
erect,tobuild',ahd.mahhnds.,nhd.machen,ags.macian`make,cause';as.gemaco`comrade,
Seinesgleichen',ahd.gimahho`socius'(gimahha`conjux'),ags.macads.,gemcca`ds.,husband'
(aisl.makiàequalis'isndd.Lw.),ahd.ga-mah,gi-mah`zugehrig,fitting,bequem'(gimah
`connection,huslicheBequemlichkeit,Gemach'),un-gamah`malus,minusidoneus',ags.ge-mc
`fitting,suitable,(aisl.makr`fitting,bequem'isndd.Lw.);afries.mekn.`Verheiratung',mekere
Èhenunterhndler',mhd.mechele`Kuppelei';fromgerm.*makderiveslat.mac(h)i`Maurer';outof
itrom.*matsi,whenceagainahd.stein-mezzo`Steinmetz'.
References:
References:WP.II226f.,WH.II3,Trautmann173;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparemak-2andmenk-.
Page(s):
Page(s):696-697
Root/lemma: mai-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocutdown,workwithasharpinstrument
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hauen,abhauen,witheinemscharfenWerkzeugbearbeiten'
Note:
Note:probablyactuallymi-ands-loseformbesidessmi-:smi-:sm-`carve,withascharfentool
arbeiten'.
Material:
Material:1.Air.mel`naked,bald,bleak,dull,withoutHrner',acymr.mail`mutilum',ncymr.moel
`calvus,glaber'(*mai-lo-sàbgehackt');
2.d -extension:got.maitan`hew,hit,cut,clip',aisl.meita,ahd.meizan`cut,clip',aisl.meitillm.,ahd.
meizil`chisel',ahd.stein-meizo`Steinmetz';inadditionags.mte,ahd.mza`Milbe'(probablytogr.
`Made'),perhapsalsoags.-mette,engl.ant,emmet,ahd.-meizaÀmeise'(Àbschneider');
whetheralsoabg.mdÈrz',russ.md`copper'
3.t -extension:OldIndianmthati`verletzt'(expressivesth),gr.`mutilated,withoutHrner',
`zerstckle(Fleisch)';aisl.meia`krperlichinjure,verstmmeln,destroy',mhd.meidem
`malehorse'(eig.`Kastrat'),got.*gamai-s`crippled',wherefore(probablyafterdenHofnarren)ahd.
gimeit`verrckt',mhd.inbonampartemgewendetgemeit`lebensfroh,pert,beautiful,lieb',as.gimd,
ags.gemd,mded`verrckt',engl.madds.;
alit.ap-maitinti`verwunden',lett.mitt`spoil,destroy',lit.matlis`verschnittener,gemsteterboar',
OldPrussiannomaytis`verschnittenerboar',ismaitint`lose'(asit.perdere);differentMhlenbachEndzelinII552.
References:
References:WP.II212,HolthausenAltwestn.Wb.193,194.
Page(s):
Page(s):697
Root/lemma: mai-2 (moi- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmudge,dirty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beflecken,beschmutzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(Aor.)`sully,besmirch',n.`Befleckung',(*miuros)
`besudelt',-`withmurderbefleckt';
ags.mln.`Fleek,Makel',ahd.meiln.,meilaf.ds.;lit.Pl.mils,lett.meles`yeast';perhapsalsolit.
miva`Sumpfwiese'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):697
Root/lemma: makh-o-s ,-(s)loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wild,unbridled,bold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusgelassen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmakh-àlert,awake,smart,funny,ausgelassen',m.`Freudenbezeigung,
Feier';
gr.`horny,lustful;uppig(fromWeibern);inwilderlusttobend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):699
Root/lemma: makEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leatherpouch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Haut-,Lederbeutel'
Material:
Material:Cymr.megin`bellows'(*makn);
ahd.mago`Magen',ags.maga,engl.maw`craw,stomach',aisl.magi`stomach';
lit.mkas,mkeris`Geldbeutel';lett.maks,Demin.maci,maelis`Beutel,pouch',makstis`vagina',
lit.makn`sheath',makts`vagina(ofDegensorMessers)',OldPrussiandanti-max`gums';Old
ChurchSlavicmona`Beutel';
doubtfulisaffiliationfromair.mn(from*makno-or*mekno-)`mouth,bay',mnaigte`quiinhiant'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):698
Root/lemma: mak o - ormok - o- (*maho-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindoffly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stechfliege,Mcke'
Note:
Note:(-lo- ,-ko- ,diminutiveformantien)
Material:
Material:OldIndianmaka-m.`Stechfliege,mosquito',lit.maalas`mosquito',lett.masalas
`Rofliege',whereforeruss.moslit`plague,zudringlichanbetteln'(ofBildeofzudringlichen
Mckenschwarms),andwithandermforms(*most)osorb.mosiso,moseso`wimmeln(as
einMckenschwarm)',aswellasprobablyalsolit.maju,-tièinkid,childzeugen';
comparewithVelardiearischefamilyofOldIndianmka-m.,makf.`fly',av.maxi-`fly,
mosquito'etc.,andlit.mkatas`Kriebelmcke'.commonOldIndianh->k-:Oldpers.h->x-:
npers.x->-phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.II225,SpechtIdg.Dekl.43f.,Trautmann170.
Page(s):
Page(s):699
Root/lemma: mandEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hurdle,plaitedtwigs
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`RutenverflechtungasHrde,BandfromReiserngedreht'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmandur`stable',mandirmn.`house,Gemach';gr.(illyr.)f.`corral,
pen,fold,stall,hurdle',`bar,bolt';thrak.`Garbenband';illyr.PNManduriumor
Manduria(Calabrien);whetherprimarymeaning`stable,Pferdezaum',perhapstomendo`Tierjunges',S.729(mend-).
References:
References:WP.II234,KraheFestgabeBulle205f.
Page(s):
Page(s):699
Root/lemma: manu-s ormonu-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:man
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mann,Mensch'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmnu-,mnu-`person,man,husband'(alsoÀhnherrthepeople'),av.inPN
Manus-ira-,protogerm.*manuazinPNMannus(Tacitus),StammvatertheDeutschen,got.manna
(Gen.mans),aisl.mar,mannr,ags.afries.ahd.mann`man,husband',got.mannisks,aisl.mennskr,
ags.ahd.mennisc`menschlich';ahd.manniskoetc.`person';OldChurchSlavicmo,russ.mu
`man,husband'(*mangia-,suffixsimilarlyasinlit.mo-g-s`person').
Probablyhom.Menelausdiminutiveformof'husband'
Maybetherootwordisrelatedtothenameofthemoon
mooninPIE;Menelaus`moongod';alsoegypt.
Menes`lionofrevenge'(thechariotofthemoonwaspulledbylionsinEgypt).Lionwasthebeast
thatfellfromthemoon.
References:
References:WP.II266,Trautmann169;perhapsto3.men-`think'.
Page(s):
Page(s):700
InSanskrit,thenameManuappropriatelycametomean"man"or"mankind"(sinceManu,orNoah,
wasthefatherofallpost-floodmankind).ThewordisrelatedtotheGermanicMannus,thefounderof
theWestGermanicpeoples.MannuswasmentionedbytheRomanhistorianTacitusinhisbook
Germania.MannusisalsothenameoftheLithuanianNoah.AnotherSanskritform.manusais
closelyrelatedtotheSwedishmanniska,bothwordsmeaning"humanbeing."
ThesamenamemayevenbereflectedintheEgyptianMenes(founderofthefirstdynastyofEgypt)
andMinos(founderandfirstkingofCrete).MinoswasalsosaidinGreekmythologytobethesonof
Zeusandrulerofthesea.
TheEnglishword"man"isthusalsorelatedtotheSanskritmanu,aswellasitsequivalentsinother
Germaniclanguages.Gothic,theoldestknownGermaniclanguage,usedtheformManna,andalso
gaman("fellowman").
ThenameAnuappearsinSumerianasthegodofthefirmament,andtherainbowwascalled"the
greatbowofAnu,"whichseemsaclearreferencetoNoah(noteGenesis9:13).InEgyptian
mythologyNuwasthegodofwaterswhosentaninundationtodestroymankind.Nuandhisconsort
Nutweredeitiesofthefirmamentandtherain.Nuwasidentifiedwiththeprimevalwaterymassof
heaven,hisnamealsomeaning"sky."
Root/lemma: markoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:horse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pferd'
Note:
Material:
Material:Ir.marc,cymr.etc.march`horse',gall.Akk.Sg.,MarcodurumPN;
ahd.marah,ags.mearh,aisl.marr`horse'(nhd.inMar-schall,-stall),fem.ahd.meriha,ags.mere,
aisl.merr,nhd.Mhre.
Maybealb.(*mahar)magar,gomar`donkey'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):700
Root/lemma: math-1 ormothEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofharmfulinsect
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfornagendes,beiendesGewrmorUngeziefer
Material:
Material:Arm.matìl`louse';got.maa,m.ahd.mado,ags.maa`worm,Made',aisl.makrds.,
aschwed.matk,finn.Lw.matikka`Wrmchen'.
References:
References:WP.II228,H.Peterssonz.KenntnistheHeterokl.32f.
Page(s):
Page(s):700
Root/lemma: mat-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hack,flapper
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`Hacke,Schlegel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmaty-n.`harroworstumporlikewise',matkrta-`geeggtorgewalzt';lat.
mateola`toolzumEinschlagenindieErde'(inRoman.lebtnotdeminuiertes*mattea`club,mace,
joint');ahd.(gl.)medela`plough'(LehmannAfneuereSpr.119,188);fromvlat.mattiuca:ags.mattoc,
engl.mattock`hack,mattock,hoe',abg.motyka`hack,mattock,hoe';
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):700
Root/lemma: mau-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak;dark
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`matt,schwach,lichtswach,dunkel'
Note:
Note:alsom(a)ud- ds.
Material:
Material:Gr.()`weak;nebelhaft;blind',()èntkrfte,schwche,verdunkle';
anord.meyrr`mrbe';
russ.(s)muryj`darkgrey',chmra`dunklecloud',ech.chmouiti,mouitise`sichtarnish,soursee'
(underlikewise);
perhapsalb.murra`Northwind',murr-t,murrt`dark',murm-m,murm`dun,fulvous,dullgreyishbrown'.
perhapsinadditiongr.`dark,heavytoerkennen,weak',`verdunkle,schwche',
Ùndeutlichkeit,Schwche',OldChurchSlaviciz-mdti,u-mdnti`schwachbecome'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):701
Root/lemma: mazdo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole,mast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Mast'
Material:
Material:Lat.mlusm.`Mast,Mastbaum'(with`sabin.`l=dfrom*mdos,*mazdosorsupportin
plus)=ahd.mast`shaft,pole,Fahnen-orSpeerstange,esp.Mastbaum',ags.mst(frommnd.
mastderivesnorw.mastr`Mastbaum');mir.maide`stick'(air.*maite,i.e.*maidde,from*mazdios),
air.matan`club,mace,joint',mir.ad-mat,nir.adhmad`timber'.Asgerm.loanwordcontemplates
SchraderRI2168abg.most`Knppelbrcke',russ.mostovja`Pflaster',po-most`Diele';ratheris
eseinurverwandtescollective*mazd-to-`Stangenwerk'.
References:
References:WP.II935f.,WH.II19.
Page(s):
Page(s):701-702
Root/lemma: m k (en)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:poppy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mohn'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`Mohn';ahd.as.mho,mhd.mhen,mnandwithgramm.
variationahd.mgo,mhd.mage,nhd.bair.magen`Mohn',ndd.mn,ndl.maan-kop,aschwed.valmughi,-moghi`Mohn'(inerstenpart*wala-ànesthetization');mlat.mahonus`Mohn'andlit.
magn-nexttowhichdunklesaguon-derivesfromdemGerm.,OldPrussianmokefromdem
Poln.;ChurchSlavic(etc.)mak`Mohn'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):698
Root/lemma: m k -1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:damp,tosoak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`na;feuchten'
Material:
Material:Arm.mròrdure,slime,mud,swamp,marsh'(*mk-ri-);alb.mak`glue,skinauf
Flssigkeiten';
lit.makon`puddle,slop',maknti,maknti`throughordurewade',probablyalsolett.mkunis
`Bewlkung,dunklecloud',apmktis`sichumwlken';
abg.mokr`damp,humid,wet',mo,-iti`',russ.mknut`dampbecome',moit,Iterat.
mivat`dampmake,anfeuchten',moÙrin',moag`damp,sumpfigerplace';compareligur.FlN
Macra,span.FlNMagro;
lengthenedgradeslav.*makaj,*makatiinech.mkati,meti`nssen',etc.
References:
References:WP.II224f.,BernekerII8,69f.,Trautmann167.
Page(s):
Page(s):698
Root/lemma: mk-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toknead,press
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kneten,quetschen,drcken'
Material:
Material:Lett,mcu,mktùrge,press,push,press,plague,torment,smite',ech.mak-m,-ati
`press,press'(diminutivebildung,einbasic*makativoraussetzend);
lat.*maccarefrom*mcre,assumedfromital.ammaccare`squeeze',etc.,compareMeyer-Lubke
REW5196;
herealsolat.mceria,mcerisf.`wallasUmfriedigungumgarden,Weinbergeetc.`(as`fromloam,
claygeknetete,withloam,claygebundenewall',compare:fing);inadditionmcerre`steep,
mrbebeizen'.
References:
References:WP.II224,WH.II2f.,5.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparediesimilarrootsmenk-andma-.
Page(s):
Page(s):698
Root/lemma: mk - :mk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:long,slender
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`langanddnn,schlank'
Material:
Material:Av.mas-`long',compoundsmasy`thegrere',Sup.masita-,ap.maita-`the
hchste',av.masah-n.`length,greatness,bulk,extent'(*mas-for*mis-fromidg.ms-through
influenceofmazy`grer':),gr.,(*)besides(after
`nher')`lnger',`thelngste',,dor.n.`length',`Hochland',
hence`Hochlnder',`slim',nachhom.ds.,`long'(=lat.macer,dt.
mager);perhapsn.`Glckseligkeit';
lat.macer,-cra,-crum`lean',mace,-re`leansein',macisf.`Magerkeit';
perhapshereair.mrm.`finger'(*makro-);
ahd.magar,ags.mger,aisl.magr`lean';inadditionwithl-suffixhitt.ma-ak-la-an-te-e(maklantes)
Nom.Pl.`lean'.
References:
References:WP.II223f.,WH.II2,BenvenisteBSL.33,140f.
Page(s):
Page(s):699
Root/lemma: m-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeckonwiththehand;todeceive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withtheHandwinken';from`verstohlenzuwinken'dann`vorspiegeln,betrgen,
zaubern'
Note:
Note:(extendedmi- )
Material:
Material:OldIndianmy`Verwandlung,Truggestalt,deceit,illusion'(orto3.m-);
gr.,dor.`zeigean,verrate'from*--`winkewiththehand';s -extension
`touch,untersuche',Fut.,-`berhrt'=`befleckt',,`searcher,
Nachforscher',`Kuppler',,`Peitsche,whip,scourge';t -extension
`Verfehlung'(*m-t),,dor.-`futile',èitel,nichtig';
lit.mju,mti`withthehandwinken,einZeichengive',lett.mju,mtds.,mdt`withthehand
winken',mditis`Gaukeleidrive,push',mdi`Gaukelbilder';withs -extensionlit.msinti`locken',
mosoti`schwenken,swing',mostagotids.,msterti,mstelti`winken';
slav.*maj,*majati(anplacefrom*matiafterdembalt.-slav.preteritestem*mi-)inabg.na-maj,majati`zuwinken',po-mavati,-mantids.,russ.na-mjat`throughZeichenanzeigen,cheat,
deceive',withformants-mo- :serb.mmm,mmiti`locken';withformants-no- :russ.ma,mat
ànlocken,deceive'(fromdemSlav.derivelit.mnaiPl.`Zauberei',lett.mnt`cheat,deceive');with
formants-r- :russ.-ChurchSlavicmara`Gemtsbewegung',poln.mara`deception',etc.;s -extension
in:ChurchSlavicmachaju,machati`ventilare',etc.;t -extensionin:aserb.matam,matatiànlocken',
ech.mtatiàsghostspuken',etc.
References:
References:WP.II219f.,WH.II33,Trautmann166.
Page(s):
Page(s):693
Root/lemma: m-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:good,timely
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gut,toguterZeit,rechtzeitig'
Material:
Material:Withformants-no- alat.mnus`gut',immnis`terrible',adverbialmne,mnèarly,
matutinal';herealsomnsf.`dieabgeschiedenenSeelen',laterùnderworld,death';perhapsphryg.
àbgeschiedenesoul',`';orbelongslat.mnstogr.,dor.`Groll'compare
S.727.
Witht -formant:lat.Mtta`diegoddesstheFrhe,theMorgenhelle,butalsotheripeness',mttnus
`morgendlich',mtrus`rechtzeitig;zeitig=reif'(basedonauf*m-tu-,perhaps`good,gelegene
time'),osk.Maats(*Mts=`dMns');reducedgradeperhapskelt.*m-ti-inair.maith,cymr.
mad,corn.mas,mbret.mat,nbret.mad`gut'andgall.PNMatidonnus,Teuto-matos;alsoair.maithid
`verzeiht'.
References:
References:WP.II220f.,WH.II27f.,53f.
Page(s):
Page(s):693
Root/lemma: m-no- ,m-niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet,damp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,na'
Material:
Material:Lat.mn,-re`flow,stream',henceèntspringen';bret.Vannesmn`Moos,lichen',cymr.
mawn`turf'frombrit.*mni-,fromwhichborrowedair.minf.`Moos,swamp,marsh,turf';perhapsin
additionablaut.aschs.-mannia,-menniainFlNandPN,asThrotmennia`Dortmund',etc.
References:
References:WP.II224,WH.II30f.,J.LothRC42,91f.
Page(s):
Page(s):699-700
Root/lemma: mtrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mother
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mutter'
Note:
Note:basedonaufdembabble-wordm,seethere.
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:mtr- :
:`mother'derivedfromthenasalizedstemmhnt-r ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
me(h)- :m e (h)- suffixedin-er :OldIndianmahnt-,av.mazant-`big,large',OldIndianmah-,av.
maz-ds.(onlyoutofNom.Akk.),OldIndianmhiNom.Sg.neutr.(das-i=-,then=gr.),as
OldIndianmah-(av.mz-),mostlyextendedmaht-=av.mazant-`big,large';Kompar.Superl.
OldIndianmahyas-,mahiha-,av.mazyah-,mazita-;
Material:
Material:OldIndianmtr-`mother',av.mtar-,arm.mairds.(Gen.maur=gr.etc.);aphryg.
Nom.Akk.,,Gen.;gr.,dor.(withverschobenemNominativakzent
as);inadditionhom.,thess.;alb.motr`sister'(originally`dieltere,
MutterstellevertretendeSchwester');lat.mter,-tris`mother,wetnurse,wellspring',osk.maatres,
umbr.matrer`matris';gall.()`Matribus';air.mthir`mother'(cymr.modrydaf`beehive'with
bydaf`nestofwildbees'as2.part);ahd.muoter,ags.mdor,aisl.mir`mother';lit.mt(Gen.alit.
mots,lit.moters)`woman,wife'(mtyna`mother',motera`Frauenzimmer,woman'),lett.mte
`mother',OldPrussianmti,mothe`mother'(pomatre`Stiefmutter');OldChurchSlavicmati(Gen.
matere)`mother';toch.Amcar,mcer.
Inderivatives(e.g.mtruu i )compare:
OldIndianmtrka-`mtterlich',m.`Muttersbrother',mtrk`mother,grandmother';butncymr.
modryb`Muttersschwester',acymr.modrep-edPl.,abret.motrep,nbret.moerebds.(*mtrok,to
ok-`see',asàseineMutteraussehend');
gr.f.`womb,uterus,MarkthePflanzen',lat.mtrx`womb,uterus;Zuchttier',ahd.muodar
`BauchaSchlange',andd.mder,afries.mther`BrustbindetheFrauen',mhd.meder,nhd.Mieder;
arm.mauru,Gen.maurui`Stiefmutter'(*mtruui=)gr.`Stiefmutter',ton-stemextendedin
ags.mdrige,afries.mdire,mnd.mdder`Mutterssister'(*mdruuin-,ahd.muoterads.after
muoterreshaped),withlengthenedgradeforms*mtr[]-:gr.,-[F],dor.ùncle
orgrandfathermtterlicherseits',`mtterlich'(meaningafterverndert);
lat.mtrna`wife';mtertera`Mutterssister'(*mtro-ter);mteria,mteris`Schlingefrom
Fruchtbumen,timber,Nutzholz,Material';gall.FlNMtrna`Marne'=cymr.GNModronf.
slav.*mtero-inruss.materjàuerordentlich,big,large,strong,tight,firm',serb.mtoròld,esp.
fromanimals',abg.materstvo`'(:lat.mteris).
References:
References:WP.II229f.,WH.II49ff.,BernekerII25,Trautmann170f.
Page(s):
Page(s):700-701
Root/lemma: m 3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mother(expr.root)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Lallwortfor`Mutter'
Note:
Note:redupl.m m ,mamm ;partly(dissimilation)mn ,mann zweifelhaftenAlters
Material:
Material:OldIndianm`mother';
dor.`!'(inòMutterearth',Aisch.),whereofion.att.`mother,wetnurse,
Hebamme',dor.`grandmother';derivedmnd.mje`Mutterschwester',ahd.holz-muoja`witch';
OldIndianmma-vocativem.ùncle'(from*mm`Mutterschwester');npers.mm,mm,mm
`mother';arm.mam`grandmother'(gr.Lw.aspap);gr.Lallvokativ,whereofion.att.
`mother',`mother';lat.mammaKosewort`Mama,mother',also`brisket',mamilla`nipple';alb.
mmgeg.mam`mother';ir.cymr.corn.bret.mam`mother',air.muimme`Pflegemutter'
(*mammi);nhd.alem.mamme`mother',changingthroughablautahd.muoma`Mutterschwester',
nhd.Muhme;lit.mam,mom,lett.mmads.;russ.(etc.)mma`Mama,mother';hitt.divinity
Mamma;compareAsiaMinor,ngr.`mother',aisl.mna`mother',mnd.*mne,mme
`Mutterschwester'.
References:
References:WP.II221f.,WH.II21f.,Traulmann168;mis()basefrommter-(seethere).
Page(s):
Page(s):694
Root/lemma: medhi- ,medhi o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:middle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mittlerer'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmdhya-,av.maiya-`mittlerer',Superl.OldIndianmadhyam-,av.mama`mittlerer'(=got.miduma);
arm.mj`Mitte';
gr.(ep.),(att.)`mittlerer';
maybealb.mes`middle'
lat.medius,osk.mefiaìnmedi';osk.messimaspresumably`medioximas';
gall.Medio-lnum,-mtrici,air.mid-(*medhu-)incompound`medius',mir.mide`Mitte',Mide`Meath'
actually`mittlereProvinz',air.i-mmednìnmedio',cymr.mewn,mcymr.mywnìn'(*medugno-);
mcymr.mei-iau`Mittel-Joch'(*medhio-);gall.FlNMeduana;venet.FlNMeduana;
withVerschleppungofsfromaSuperl.probablyalsoair.messa`schlimmer',actually`mittelmiger'
(orto2.meit(h)-,germ.missa-);
got.midjis,aisl.mir,ags.midd,ahd.mitti`medius',Superl.got.miduma`dieMitte',aisl.mjmf.
`hip,haunch',ags.midmest`themittelste',ags.medeme,ahd.metemo`mediocris'(:av.mama-)
andgot.*midjuma(=OldIndianmadhyam-)inmidjun-gards,ags.middan-geardÈrdkreis',ahd.
mittamo`mediocris',inmittamenìnmitten';ahd.mittar`medius';
abg.meda`road'(originally`Grenzrain'),russ.me`limit,boundary,Rain'(etc.),abg.medu(Loc.
Du.)`between'Adv.preposition,aruss.mei(Lok.Sg.)ds.;herealsoprobablyas`*wood,forestauf
demGrenzrain':OldPrussianmedian,lett.mes`wood,forest,spinney',lit.mdias`tree';lit.FlN
Meduy.
References:
References:WP.II261,WH.II57f.,Trautmann173,SpechtIdg.Dekl.133f.
Page(s):
Page(s):706-707
Root/lemma: mdhu
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:honey
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Honig;especiallyMet'
Note:
Note:actuallysubstantiviertesadjective`sweet'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:meli-t :
:`honey':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:mdhu :
:`honey'derivedfromatruncatedRoot/
Root/
lemma: mel-1 (auchsmel- ),mel- :ml- ,mel-d- :ml-ed- ,mel-dh- ,ml-i- :ml - ,mel-k- :
ml-k- ,mlu- :ml - :
:`togrind,hit;fine,ground'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianmdhu-n.`honey,Met'(inadditionmdhu-`sweet';madh(u)v-d-`honey-eater':
OldChurchSlavicmedv-d`bear');av.mau-n.`Beerenwein';
gr.`Wein'(from`Rauschtrank';diemeaning`honey'hatsichaufzurckgezogen);
`bintrunken',`maketrunken';
air.mid(Gen.medo),cymr.medd,acorn.(Plur.)medu,bret.mez`Met',mir.medb`berauschend'
(*medhuo-),cymr.meddw`berauscht',bret.mezods.,mezvi`berauschen';
aisl.mjr,ags.meodo,ahd.metum.`Met';
lit.medsm.`honey'(mdus`Met'fromgot.*midus),lett.mdus`honey,Met',OldPrussianmeddo
(*medu)`honey';
abg.med(Gen.meduandmeda)`honey'(inadditionamongothersserb.o-mditise`spoil,e.g.
fromfat',actually`slich,fadebecomeorvergren);toch.with`honey'.
ZurKonkurrenzwith*melit`honey'(nie`Honigmet')andaboutfinn.-ugr.Vergleichungen(finn.mete-,
lapp.mtt,mordw.ed';chin.m4`honey')s.GauthiotMSL.16,268ff.,SchraderRL.85,2139.
References:
References:WP.II261,Trautmann173f.,BernekerII31.
Page(s):
Page(s):707
Root/lemma: med-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomeasure;togiveadvice,healing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`messen,ermessen'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndianmasti-f.`dasMessen,Wgen'(*med-tis,withinisoliertenwordnot
rckgngiggemachtemalterationfromdttost-);
maybealb.mas,mat`measure'
whetheralsoOldIndianaddh(*md-dh)`certainly,yea,intruth',av.Oldpers.azdds.,OldIndian
addht-`Weiser'withthemeaningfromlat.meditrietc.s.PedersenDecl.lat.72;
arm.with(Gen.mti)`thought,notion,sense,mind'(:etc.);
gr.`binwhereuponbedacht',,`Walter,ruler',`bushel';lengthened
gradeèrsinne,catcheinenBeschlu',Nom.Pl.`sorrows,Ratschlag',,-
`klugerBerater',PN-,-;
lat.meditor,-r`worbercogitate',modus`Ma,kindofandWeise',modestus`mavoll,
bescheiden',moderre`migen'(containeinneutr.*medos,butprobablyalsoeinmask.*modos),
modius`bushel',umbr.mes,mers`jus'(*med-os-),mersto`justum,legitimum',osk.med-diss`judex'
(*medo-dik-s)etc.;
air.midiur,Perf.ro-mdar(:gr.,got.mtum,arm.with)`cogito,judico',airmed`Ma',mess
`judicium'(*med-tu-),med(*med)`Waage',cymr.meddwlànimus,mns,cgitati',mcymr.medu
ìmstandesein,beherrschen',cymr.meddu`besitzen'(zahlreicheir.compoundsbyPedersenKGr.II
577f.,britischeformationsbyJ.LothRC.35,446;38,177,296;40,347ff.,350f.;IforWilliamsRC.
40,486;J.Lloyd-JonesRC.43,272);meddìnquit'etc.;
got.mitan,ags.metan,ahd.mezzan`messen',aisl.meta`schtzen',metn.`Gewicht',ags.ge-metn.
`dasMessen',Adj.àngemessen',ahd.mez`Ma,drinkingvessel',ags.mittam.`Getreidema',ahd.
mezzo`kleineresTrockenma',nhd.Metze(n);got.mitn,ahd.mezznèrmessen,consider',aisl.
mjtur`fate,destiny',as.metodm.`knife,Ordner,creator,god',ags.metodm.`fate,destiny',got.
mitas`(Trocken)ma';
-grade(besidesPl.preteritgot.mtumetc.)got.us-mt`Lebensfhrung',aisl.mtn.`das
Abschtzen',mhd.mzn.`Ma,kindofandWeise',ahd.mza`Ma,Angemessenheit,kindofand
Weise',aisl.mtr`respectable,wertvoll',ags.gemteàngemessen',ahd.mzids.;
-grade:got.ga-mt`findroom,havePlatz,Erlaubnis,possibly',ags.mtan`Veranlassunghave,to
beable'(engl.must`mssen'fromdempreterit),as.mtan`Platzfinden,Veranlassunghave,sollen,
mssen',ahd.muoz,muozan`tobeable,mgen,drfen',nhd.mssen;mnd.mte`freietime,Frist';
maybealb.motiàge,time,weather'.
ahd.muoza`freietime,attention,Gelegenheittoetwas',nhd.Mue;ags.-metta,mta,from*mtiaf.`Mue',whereofm(e)tig=engl.emptyèmpty,bare,lacking';aisl.mtn.`Bild,mark,
token,sign,kindof,Weise';
got.mta`toll',mhd.muoze`Mahllohn',ags.mt`toll,tribute,tax'(`*Zugemessenes,abzuliefernder
allotment');probablyfromdemGot.deriveahd.(bair.)mta,nhd.Maut,mlat.mta,abg.myto.
B.
B.AnalreadyursprachlicheAnwendungfor`smartermessender,weiserRatgeber=Heilkundiger'
liesbeforein:av.v-mad-`Heilkundiger,physician,medicineman',v-maayanta`siesollendie
Heilkundeausben',gr.,,etc.`Heilgottheiten';lat.medeor,-r`heal,cure',
medicus`physician,medicineman'(withSekundrformans-icusofSubst.*md`physician,medicine
man'=av.v-madderived).
Alb.mjek`doctor'notfromlat.medicusbutfromrum.medic`doctor'
References:
References:WP.II259f.,WH.II54ff.,99f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:med-isrelatedwithm-3(aboveS.703f.).
Page(s):
Page(s):705-706
Root/lemma: med-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.(Hesiod),(Archil.),(Hom.;lies)`mnnlicheGenitalien';
`full';mir.messm.(*med-tu-)Èicheln,Eichelmast,Fruchternte',cymr.corn.mesf.Èicheln',
bret.mezds.;alsomir.mess`Pflegekind'
References:
References:WP.II231;differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,208.
Page(s):
Page(s):706
Root/lemma: me(h)- :m e (h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:big
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gro'
Note:
Note:(zurOldIndianAspirations.Pedersen5edcl.lat.481,Hitt.36,181f.);zurreducedgrade
comparePedersenHitt.169f.
Material:
Material:OldIndianmahnt-,av.mazant-`big,large',OldIndianmah-,av.maz-ds.(onlyoutof
Nom.Akk.),OldIndianmhiNom.Sg.neutr.(das-i=-,then=gr.),asVordergliedOldIndian
mah-(av.mz-isTextfehler),mostlyextendedmaht-=av.mazant-`big,large';Kompar.Superl.
OldIndianmahyas-,mahiha-,av.mazyah-,mazita-;
OldIndianmahyatièrfreut,venerates',mah-m.`Feier,sacrifice,oblation',mahyt`freutsich';
av.mima`dusollsttoverherrlichensuchen',d.h.`holdfestivities';
OldIndianmahas-,av.mazah-n.`greatness,bulk,extent',OldIndianmajmn-`greatness,bulk,
extent':[alb.majm`fatten,makefat']
av.mazan-`greatness,bulk,extent,Erhabenheit',OldIndianmah`dieGroe,Alte,dieearth'(:lat.
Maia);
Adv.gthav.ma`very'(*mehs),zerograde(*mhs)jav.a`very';
arm.mec`big,large',Denomin.mecarem`holdhigh'(:gr.);
gr.,,(*me-n)`big,large'(tois,-neologism;das-thecase
obl.andofFem.contains*alo-`growth,Statur',as`low');Kompar.ion.dor.ark.from
*(att.after),Superl.;(:arm.mecarem)`schlagehighan,
bewundere;holdfortohigh,mignne';zerogradefrom*m-`very'(-etc.),`to
very',àegrefer',compare,Hes.andjav.a-`very';inadditionprobably
gr.`beneide',`bewundere',`glorify',`love',
`verehrungswrdig';
alb.math,madhi`big,large',madhnj`vergrere,praise';
Note:
Alb.math`big,:mcymr.maon(*maones)`theclumsy',maith`long,big'large'commonalb.-mcymr.
-k>-thphoneticmutation.
Maybealb.(*mad)mal`mountain(big)':illyr.TNMolossii
lat.magnus`big,large'(*me-n-s),Kompar.mag-is`more',maior`grer'(*me-is),Superl.
maximus(*me-semo-s);inadditionmaiests`greatness,bulk,extent,stateliness'(*me-ies-tt-),
comparealb.madhsht(*meis-t-ii)ds.(aboutosk.mais,maimas,umbr.mestruseeunderm-
`big,large'),Maia`dieGenossinofVulcanusandMutterofMerkur'(actually`dieGroe,Alte,die
mother',from*magi,toOldIndianmah`dieGroe,Alte,dieearth');deusMaius`Juppiter'
(Tusculum),whereoftheMonatMaius(asosk.Maesius`Mai'fromdemverschollenenGottesnamen
derives,s.SchulzeEigenn.469ff.),osk.PNMaiiDat.Sg.(comparealsokelt.magio-);lat.(kelt.,
alsoalb.)-a-isidg.e;aboutlat.mailisàcastratedboar's.WH.II13;
lat.mactus`throughGabegeehrt,gefeiert,verherrlicht',macteOpferruf`Heil!',mact,-reinthe
meaning`througheinOpferverherrlichen,holdfestivities',withotherobject`jemandenas
Opferweihen',then`schlachten,slay'goaufeinverb*magereàugere,vergrern'back;
magmentum`FleischstckeasZusatzzumOpfer'kanneineformationfrommagnusfromafter
augmentumsein;
air.mochtae`big,large'(o!),mir.maignechds.(*maginikos,comparegall.Maginusunderlikewise;
comparedasn-formsfromlat.magnus),mir.mag-,maige`big,large',PoimpMaige`Pompeius
Magnus',gall.Magio-rx,Are-magiosunderlikewise(formal=lat.Maius);mir.ml(*malos)Èdler,
prince,lord',gall.Maglo-singods-andPN,abrit.PNMaglo-cune(cymr.Mael-gwn),Cuno-maglus
etc.;gall.MagaluDat.Sg.Gttername,MagalosPN,mir.mag-lorg`club,mace,joint'(*mago-lorg
`groercudgel,club'),mass`stately'(*maksoscomparelat.maximus),Kompar.air.maissiu;cymr.
corn.mehin`fat',mbret.bihin`rpltion'(*magesno-);mcymr.maon(*maones)`dieGroen',maith
`long,big,large'(*ma-tio-),probablyalsoair.do-for-maigàuget',-magaràugetur',acymr.di-guormechis`hathinzugefgt'(acymr.chfrom*-g-s-);todividefromcymr.maguàufziehen'(*mak-);
whetherair.magn.Èbene,dasfreieFeld',mcymr.ma-`place',gall.Arganto-magus(whereofir.
magen`place',cymr.maen,corn.men,bret.mean`stone'),cymr.maes(*magesto-)`field',toOld
Indianmahèarth'
got.mikils`big,large',ahd.mihhil,as.mikil,ags.micel,aisl.mikellds.,ags.mycel,urg.*mikilaz
probablywith-losuffixafterleitils,ahd.luzzil;aisl.mjk`very'(engl.much)atfirstfrom*meku-after
felu`much,alotof';
toch.Amak,mak`big,largeannumber,much,alotof';hett.me-ik-ki-i(mekki)`big,large'.
References:
References:WP.II257ff.,WH.II4f.,10ff.,SzemernyiWord8,48.
Page(s):
Page(s):708-709
Root/lemma: meigh- ,alsomeikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toglimmer,twinkle;mist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flimmern,blinzeln;dunkel(vordenAugenflimmernd)'
Material:
Material:1.meigh- :
A.
A.withthemeaning`flicker,blink,micre'.
Mnd.mickenòbserve(*hinblinzeln)',awfries.mitza`heed';
lit.ming,mgtièinschlafen'(withu-);lett.megu,migtds.(withiz-,e-);OldPrussianenmigguns
`dozedoff',ismigèntschlief';lett.migt`dieAugenshut',OldPrussianmaiggunAkk.,lit.migas,
lett.megs`sleep',inadditionlit.mieg(oldmiegmi),miegtiandOldPrussianmeicte`sleep';
slav.*miginbulg.russ.migìnstant,eyeblink';slav.*mgntiinruss.-ChurchSlavicmegnuti
`nictare',serb.namgnuti`winken',andmgati`blink';Iterat.-Kaus.OldChurchSlavics-meziti
Àugenshut',withaor.-pass.meaningslav.*mati,sloven.mtiÀugengeschlossenhalten',russ.
mat`drowse';serb.-ChurchSlavicmigliv`blinzelnd';
B.
B.withthemeaning`darkvordenAugenbecome,fog,cloud'.
OldIndianmgh-m.`cloud',mh`fog,wsserigerNiederschlag',av.maa-`cloud';arm.mg`fog';
gr.(att.)`cloud,fog',hom.`nebelig,epithetfromLemnos'(with
Vokalvorschlag);
ndl.miggelen`staubregnen';aisl.mistr`trbesweather'etc.(*mistu-);
lit.migl`fog',lett.miglads.(=);abg.mgla`fog',russ.mga`snowflurry,kalterfog',ech.
mha`fog',russ.mt`staubregnen,nebeln'etc.
Note:
gr.Gr.`dark'derivedfromalb.mje(r)gul`fog,darkness'[commongr.<gw,p<kw
phoneticmutation];alb.provesthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:mer-2 ;*extendedmer-ek- : `toshimmer,
shine'derivedthetruncatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:meigh- ,alsomeik- :
:`toglimmer,twinkle;mist'.
2.meik- :Npers.mia,mua(pehl.*miak),balmiÀugenwimper';
lat.mic,-re`sichzuckendbewegen,sparkle,glitter'(*miki);d-mic`fechte,kmpfe';cymr.mygr
`luminous',di-r-mygu`despise'(asd-spici);air.de-meccim(cc=g)`verachte'isbrit.Lw.;abg.
mt`Vision,Spuk,Schimmer';osorb.mika`blink,blink,glitter,flash',etc.
References:
References:WP.II246f.,WH.II86,Trautmann174,184;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoundermeis -.
Page(s):
Page(s):712-713
Root/lemma: meihEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tourinate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`harnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmhati`harnt',participlemh-(=lat.mictus),mha-n.òrdure',mha-m.
ùrine';av.mazaiti`harnt,dngt',maesman-ùrine';
arm.mizem`harne',mzùrine';
gr.,Aor.(=lat.mx),newerùrinate,passwater',Hes.(-,areprobablyVokalvorschlag);comparem.,,-f.Èhebrecher(in)'
lat.mei,-ere,mixi,mictum(secondaryming,minxi,minctum)ùrinate,passwater'(*meigh-i);
aisl.mga,ags.mgan,mnd.mgenùrinate,passwater',ags.micgam.,micgef.migoaùrine',got.
mahstus,as.ahd.mist`crap,muck',ags.meoxòrdure,manure',nfries.mjuks,ags.miexenf.
`Misthaufe',as.mehsn.ùrine',mnd.mes,afries.mseds.;probablyherethenametheonlythrough
dencrap,muck,droppingstheVgelverpflanztenMistel:ahd.mistil,ags.mistel,aisl.mistil-teinn
`Mistelzweig';(withaufgefrischterTenuisofformants:)mhd.meisch`Maische',mnd.meisch,msch
ùngegorenerMalzsaft,Maische',ags.msc-,mx-wyrt`Maischwrze',engl.mash`Maische,
zerquetschen';
lit.m(neologismfor*min),mtiùrinate,passwater',lett.meznuandmu,participlemzu,Inf.
mztùrinate,passwater'(butlit.miu,mti`denmanurebearbeiten'israthermiu=lett.mu,
mto,mzt;eslieseinlengthenedgradeesrootnouns*m[i]h-thebasic);
skr.m-m,-atiùrinate,passwater'(fromdempresent*miz-jverallgemeinert);sloven.mz,
mzti`hervordringen(fromFlssigkeiten)',mzna`Moorgrund';slav.*mzga(*moizghfrom
*moih-sk)`Baumsaft'(`*hervortrpfelnd')inskr.mzga,ech.mzha,mzaetc.;
toch.mioùrine'.
References:
References:WP.II245f.,WH.II60f.,KuiperNasalprs.159,Trautmann185,BernekerII54.
Page(s):
Page(s):713
Root/lemma: mei-gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toexchange
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wechseln,tauschen;eineOrtsvernderungvornehmen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`wechsle',Med.èrwidere,vergelte,wandere',`wechselnd',
`variation';
lat.migr,-re`wander',Denom.eines*mig-ros.
References:
References:WP.II245,WH.II86f.
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionfrommei-`swap,vary,exchange'.
Page(s):
Page(s):713
Root/lemma: mei-k - (andmei-- )(*mei-h- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomix,stir
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mischen'
Grammaticalinformation:alsomei- :mi- e k - ,mi-n- e k - ;Prsensstmmealsowith-so- ,-sk o - ;
Material:
Material:OldIndianmkyati,mimik`rhrtum',mir-`vermischt',miryati`mischt';av.minati
`vermischt',misvan-`dieGemischtenenthaltend';mysaite`siemischensich';commonOldIndianh->-k->--:Avestan-k->--,--phoneticmutation
gr.(moreproperly),,,(),`mix,mingle',ds.,,
Adv.`gemischt',,-`mixture'(withunclear);`mix,mingle'from*-,orto
mezg-;commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Gr.illyr.-h->-d-,-z-phoneticmutation
lat.misce,-re`mix'(extensionfrommi[k]-sk);
air.mesc`betrunken',mir.also`baffle';mesc(a)id`mischt,tauchtein,baffle';cymr.mysgu`mix';
ahd.miskan,ags.miscian`mix'(ratherlat.Lw.);
lit.miei,miti(*meiki)`mix',Iterat.maia,maiti,lett.misu,mistds.;also`zumsecondMale
pflgen';compareOldPrussianmaysotan`gemengt',i.e.`varicolored';Intransit.sumandsumt,mtiìnVerwirrunggeraten',lett.samistds.;lett.mist`mix,makemad';lit.matasm.àgitation'
mras`vermischt',lett.mistrsds.;
maybealb.geg.mshoj`press,push',msoj`learn,teach(mixinone'smind),*makemad'
abg.m,mitietc.`mix',dasseineiterat.meaningverlorenhat.
HereprobablyOldIndian-mk`curdfrommilk',osset.misin`buttermilk',mir.medg,cymr.maidd,
ncorn.meith,abret.meid,gall.-lat.*mesga(frz.mgue)`wheys'(*misg),aisl.mysa`wheys'
(*mihswn-).commonOldIndian-h->-k-:illyr.Celt.-h->-d-,-th-phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.II244f.,WH.II95f.,Trautmann175;KuiperNasalprs.50,123.
Page(s):
Page(s):714
Root/lemma: mei-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrengthen;pole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`befestigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianminti`befestigt,grndet,baut',mit-f.Èrrichtun',mit-`befestigt',mtar-`the
Aufrichter',maykha-m.`peg,plug,ray',npers.m`peg,plug,nail'(*maia-),sogd.mykds.,Old
Indiansumka-`wohlgegrndet,tight,firm';
lat.Pl.moeniaÙmwallung,Stadtmauern'(`*Umpfhlung'),mni(arch.moeni),-reàufdmmen
(einenway),aufmauern,verschanzen,befestigen';mrus,oldmoiros`wall';
air.-tuidmen(*to-d-mi-na-t)`befestigt',Verbaln.tuidme;
germ.*mairja-`(Grenz)pfahl',ags.mre,gemre`limit,boundary,Gebiet',aisl.landa-mri`limit,
boundary,Grenzland',etc.
mei-d(h
mei-d(h)-in:mir.m(i)dem.`nape'(*mei-d-io-);lett.metèinpfhlen',madt`bestecken'.
Witht extendedm[i]t- :mit- :within:
OldIndianmth-m.,mthf.(prakritisiertmdh-,mdh,mh)`Pfeiler,Pfosten',mt-f.`column,
Pfosten'(perhapsalsoinav.brzi-mita-,if`hochsulig'),arm.moit``Pfeiler';lat.mta`(*picket,
pole),jedekegel-orpyramidenfrmigeFigur');mir.methas`Grenzmark'(*mitostu-);aisl.meir`tree,
balk,beam,shaft,pole';lit.mitas,lett.mets`picket,pole';zerogradelit.mita`Steckenzum
Netzestricken';probablyalsoabg.msto,skr.mjsto,ech.msto`place'from*mitsto-or*m[i]tsto-.
References:
References:WP.II239f.,WH.II30f.,Trautmann165f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparemei-4.
Page(s):
Page(s):709
Root/lemma: mei-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochange,exchange
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wechseln,tauschen';outofit`gemeinsam,Tauschgabe,Leistung'and
`tauschen,tuschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmyat`tauscht',ni-maya-m.`Tausch';lett.mju,mt`tauschen'.
Withn -formant:lat.mnis`dienstfertig',mnus,-eris(arch.moenus)`Leistung;Amt;tribute,tax;gift,
Liebesdienst',mnia,-ium(oldmoenia)`Leistungen',immunis`freefromLeistungen',commnis(alat.
comoin[em])`common'(=got.etc.gamains),osk.mnikad`communi',umbr.muneklu`munus,
Sporteln';
air.min,min`preciousness,treasure,tribute',dag-mini`goodGaben,Wohltaten';ablaut.cymr.
mwyn`Wert'(*meino-);
got.gamains,ags.gemne,ahd.gimeini`gemein(sam)';as`vertauscht=verflscht'alsoahd.mein
ìncorrect,trgerisch'(nhd.Meineid),ags.mnds.,aisl.meinn`schdlich',mein`damage,pity,
damage,misfortune';
lit.manasm.,lett.mains`Tausch',lit.maina,-ti,lett.mant`swap,vary,exchange,tauschen';abg.
mna`variation,Veranderung',izmniti`,'.HerealsoOldIndianmn-f.
`revenge,vengeance',av.mani-`punishment'(compareabg.mst`Rache'fromtheextensionroot
formmeit-).
Maybealb.geg.meni
menianger
extensionrootformseeundermei-g-,mei-k-,mei-t(h)-.
References:
References:WP.II240f.,WH.I254f.,II128,BernekerII48f.,Trautmann175f.
Page(s):
Page(s):710
Root/lemma: mei-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towander,go
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wandern,gehen'
Material:
Material:Lat.me,-re`go,wandeln'(perhapsprevious-verb=)poln.mijam,mija,ech.mjm,
mjeti`vorbergehen,vergehen,avoid';aufthisbasis*mei-kannalsodasn-present*mi-nmi
basedon:abg.min,-ti`vorbergehen,vergehen'(alsominuj,minovati`')andmcymr.
mynet`go';abg.mimo`vorber,vorbei';(comparegr.`Schauspieler')
herealsodierivernamesgall.Moenus`Main',mir.Mon(inKerry),poln.Mie,Mianka;*mein-in
poln.Minia,zerogrademin-inlit.Minija,poln.Mnina,hispan.Minius(Galicien),EtrurienMini.
Dasrelationshipmigrare:ltoldresemblancewithmei-`swap,vary,exchange'as
Òrtsvernderung'possibleappear,seem.
maybealb.(*migrare)mrgoj`migrate'.
References:
References:WP.II241,WH.II73,Trautmann176,BernekerII59,KraheBzfN1,256f.
Page(s):
Page(s):710
Root/lemma: mei-4
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`binden,verknpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmitr-n.(secondarym.)`friend'(originally`friendship'from`*connection'),av.
mira-m.`friend;pact,covenant;nameeinesGottes(PersonifikationofVertrages)',Oldpers.Mira`Gottesname';
gr.hom.`Gurt;headfascia,Mitra';doubtfulÈinschlagfaden';
lett.memuri,meimuri`Femerstricke'.
References:
References:WP.II241f.,GntertWeltknig50f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparemei-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):710
Root/lemma: mei-5mi-neuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolessen,small
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mindern'
Material:
Material:OldIndianminti,minti`mindert,schdigt,hindert',myat,myt`mindertsich',
participlePerf.mt-;manyu-m-`denGrollmindernd,vernichtend';
gr.`mindere',Adj.*-in-`kurzlebig',èinsmallWeilchen,onlyshort
time'(Akk.*,extensionafter-);,`geringer',afterfor*`dasstillin
`better'=`*notminder'receiveis(*mei-no-);
lat.ni-mis(`*nottowenig'=)àllzusehr'(*ne-mi-is),nimiusAdj(*ne-mi-os);lat.minor,n.andAdv.
minus`small',minimus`thekleinste'(*minu-mos),minister`subordinate,servant'(aftermagister;osk.
minstreis`minoris'),minerrimus(:minusaftervet-errimus:-us),minu`vermindere',osk.menvum
`minuere'(probablywithnachlssigemefori);
corn.minow`verkleinern,mindern',mbret.mynhuigenn,nbret.minvik`miedepain';
ndd.minn,minne`small,little,lean'isfromdemcomparativebackformation;Kompar.got.minniza,
aisl.minni,ahd.minniro`geringer,minder',Superl.got.minnistr,ahd.minnist,aisl.minnstr`kleinste,
mindeste'(-nn-from-nu-,idg.*minu-withneuerechterSteigerungsbildungthrough-izon-,-ista-),
Adv.got.mins(*minniz),aisl.minnr,ahd.ags.min`geringer,less';
abg.mnj(f.mi)`small,geringer,jnger'(*mnvj-j);
herealsolit.mila`Kleinigkeit,smallFische',lett.male`smallfish',slav.*ml-kinaltserb.mioki
`seicht',ech.mlk`small,seicht',mliti`crumb,spall,crumble',andaisl.mjr,mjr,mr`narrow,
tight,slim,slender,thin,thin'from*maiwa-,*maiwi-;toch.maiwe`small,young'.
References:
References:WP.II242,WH.II92f.,Trautmann165,184.
Page(s):
Page(s):711
Root/lemma: mei-6 ,mei u - ,min(u)- ,mim(ei)Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inSchallnachahmungenforhelle,dnneTneandSchreie
Material:
Material:OldIndianmimti`blkt,bellow,roar,shouts,howls',mimyat,mmt`brllte,blkte',
my-m.`dasBlken,shout';presumablymaya-m.`steed'(`*wiehernd'),mayram.`peacock'
(`*schreiend');mi-mia-ùndeutlichthroughdieNasesprechend';
gr.`wiehere',`dasWiehern',Hes.,
`wimmernd',,`winsle';fromlat.minur(r)i`zwitschere,girre'(gr.Lw.)reshaped
mintri,-re`whistle,piepen,fromthemouse';abg.mmati,mmati`stammeln'.
References:
References:WP.II243,WH.II93;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsom-.
Page(s):
Page(s):711
Root/lemma: mei-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wish,intention
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Meinung,Absicht'
Material:
Material:Air.mann.`wish,desire',cymr.mwyn(*meino-)ènjoyment',ermwynùm-willen';ahd.
meinaf.`sense,mind,opinion,intention',afries.mne,ags.mnf.òpinion,Erwhnung,lament';
ahd.meinen`mean,say',ags.mnands.,also`wail';slav.*maini`meine'inOldChurchSlavic
mnj,mnitièrwhnen,haltenfor',etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):714
Root/lemma: meisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twinkling,glimmering;mist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flimmern,blinzeln,dunkel(vordenAugenflimmernd),Nebel,Wolke;also
betrgen,Trug'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmiti`schlgtdieAugenauf',ni-mif.,ni-mia-m.`dasBlinzeln,Schlieenof
Auges';mia-n.`deceit,deception';mam`leise'(*miz-do-`verstohlen'),mlati`schlietdieAugen';
ndd.mis`nebligesweather',miseln`feinrain',ndl.(flm.)mijzelen,mzelen`dust,powderrain';
OldChurchSlavicmel`turpisquaestus',russ.mel`profit,gain',ob-michnta`sichirren'.
References:
References:WP.II248f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionthealsoinmeigh-,meik-presentroot.
Page(s):
Page(s):714
Root/lemma: meit(h)-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:staying(place)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àufenthals(ort)',fromwhichbalt.also`Lebensunterhalt,Nahrung'
Material:
Material:Av.maanmn.Àufenthaltsortforpeopleandgods,dwelling,house',miniti`stays,
dwells,bleibt';
lit.mint,msti`sichnhren',mtas`Lebensunterhalt',maitnti`nhren',mastas`nourishment,food',
alsolit.mait,lett.mita`carrion';OldPrussianmait`nourishes';lett.mititàbode,residenceand
nourishment,foodgive',mtu,mist`stay,dwell,sichaufhalten,seinenourishment,foodhave'.
References:
References:WP.II247,Trautmann185,Berneker2,52.
Page(s):
Page(s):715
Root/lemma: mei-t(h)-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toexchange
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wechseln,tauschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmthati,mithti`wechseltab,zankt,geselltsichto',mith-Adv.`gegenseitig,
abwechselnd,together'=av.miAdv.ìnverted,incorrect';OldIndianmth,mthus,mithuyAdv.
ds.,av.miwa(na)-,miwara-Adj.`gepaart';
gr.(sizil.)`Vergeltung,gratitude'(Lw.fromdemItalischen);
lat.mt,-re(*moiti)`ndern,verndern,tauschen',mtuus`wechselseitig';
air.Negativprfixm-,mis(s)-;dievollereforminmis-cuis`hate';compareundergerm.missa-;here
alsoair.messa`schlimmer'
got.maidjan`verndern,verflschen',in-maidjan`verwandeln';got.maims`gift',aisl.Pl.f.meimar,
ags.mum,as.mom`gift,preciousness,jewel';participle*mitsto-`verwechselt,incorrect'ingot.
miss`wechselseitig,einander',aisl.()miss,mnd.tomisseìnverted,ungnstig',ahd.missi
`different(artig)',prefixgot.missa-ìnverted,dis-'(missa-dds=nhd.Missetat,missa-leiks`different',
comparenhd.mifarben`ve-schiedenfarbig',perhapsalsogot.missa-qiss`Wortstreit'),aisl.mis(seldommissi-),as.ags.mis-,ahd.missa-,missi-,nhd.miss-;
somewhatdifferentahd.ags.missan`vermissen,entbehren,verfehlen',aisl.missa`vermissen,lose',
mhd.missef.`lack',ags.missn.`loss',aisl.missirm.missaf.`loss,damage',toahd.mdanàvoid,
entbehren',refl.`sichenthalten';intr.`wegbleiben,lack,sichconceal',as.mthan,mdands.,ags.
man`verhehlen;avoid';
baltoslav.*meitu-inlett.mitusm.`Tausch,variation',inadditionmitutandmietut`tauschen',mitt
`verndern',refl.`cease',Adv.pa-mu`wechselweise';
OldChurchSlavicmitàbwechselnd',russ.-ChurchSlavicmitusAdv.ds.,etc.;inadditionOld
ChurchSlavicmstetc.`revenge,vengeance'.
Maybealb.zemrimànger',frompoln.msta(arch.),zemsta`vengeance,revenge'.
References:
References:WP.II247f.,WH.II137,140,Trautmann176f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeundermei-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):715
Root/lemma: mekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobleat(expr.root)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwortfor`meckern'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmakamakyat`meckert',mk-m.`he-goat;billygoat';arm.makì`sheep';gr.
hom.`grouse,bleat,bleat';lat.micci,-re`grouse,bleat';mhd.meckatzen,mechzen,nhd.
meckern,mhd.mecke`he-goat';lit.meken,-nti`grouse,bleat,stammeln';klr.mkaty`grouse,
bleat,bleat',etc.
Maybealb.mek-sh(diminutive),mekshbuffalo-calf
References:
References:WP.II256,WH.II85f.,Trautmann177;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparemei-6 .
Page(s):
Page(s):715-716
Root/lemma: me-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:1sgpersonalpronoun(obliquestem)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:obliqueFormofPers.-Pron.the1.Sg.
Grammaticalinformation:Nom.Sg.e(h)omÌ'(see291)
Material:
Material:Gen.betont*me-me `frommir,meiner'inOldIndianmma;dissimil.*me-neinav.mana,
Oldpers.man;cymr.fyn,Bret.ma,Vannesme(asPossessiv);ChurchSlavicmene,lit.man;
differentdissimil.*emeinarm.im,gr.hom.,etc.;
Dat.betontme-hi `mir'inOldIndianmhy-a(m),lat.mihi,umbr.mehe;arm.injfrom*emeh-;
enklit.moi (alsoasGen.)inOldIndianm,me,av.me,gthav.moi;gr.;air.infig.andsuffig.Pron.
-m-;alit.mi,OldPrussianmaiy;hitt.-mi;
Akk.m inOldIndianav.m(enklit.),arm.is(*eme-ge),lat.m(d),gr.,;air.me-sse,m(Ì'),
infig.andsuffig.Pron.-m-(cymr.miÌ'withiafterti`du');m-m inOldIndianbetontmm,av.mm,
alb.mua,mue,OldPrussianmien,OldChurchSlavicm;with-ge erweit.gr.-,ven.meo,got.
mik`mich',etc.,hitt.am-mu-uk(muk)`mich,mir'(aboveS.291),enklit.-mu;
ablativem-d inOldIndianmt,av.mat,lat.m(d);
locativemoi inOldIndianm;
Possessivmo- inOldIndianma,av.mam.n.,mf.,arm.im,gr.,alb.im(articlei+em);-moi o - inabg.moj,OldPrussianmais,f.maia;me-i o - inlat.meus,hitt.mi-i(mes);secondarygot.
meins,ahd.etc.mn(*mei-no-);lit.manas,toch.i(*mi).
References:
References:WP.II236,WH.II84f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,599ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):702
Root/lemma: me-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:inthemiddleof,by,around,with
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:asGrundlagevonAdverbien(Prpositionen)`mittenin,mittenhinein'
Material:
Material:A.me-dhi (alsobasicformme-ti possible)ingot.mi`with',asch.mid(i),ags.mi,aisl.
me(e),ahd.with(i),etc.;compareunderS.706f.
B.me-ta ingr.(endingasin,aboveS.613),alb.mjet`Mittel',illyr.Met-aurus`Mittelflu'
(Brutt.,Umbr.),ligur.OsMetapnum(Rhnemndung)`betweendenWassern';compareillyr.locative
Metu-barbis`betweenSmpfen'(intheSave);intolienVN(hellenisiert)etc.,
aisl.me(r)`with,between',got.mi,ags.mi,ahd.with(i).
C.me-hri-(s
me-hri-(s)inarm.merj`by'(thefinalsoundreceiveinmerjenam`nheremich')=gr.()
`bis';containsdenlocativeofwordsfor`hand'(seeaboveS.447);zerogradeidg.*m-hri-(s)ingr.
()ds.
D.Uncleararegr.arkad.,kret.kyren.`bis',hom.,thess.etc.
Maybealb.(*me-)me`with'.
References:
References:WP.II236,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,629f.,840;2,481ff.,549f.
Page(s):
Page(s):702-703
Root/lemma: meldh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topronounceritualwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rituellewordsandieGottheitrichten'
Material:
Material:Arm.maltèmÌbitte';aschs.meldnàngeben,tell',ahd.meldaÀngeberei,slander',
meldn,-n`melden,angeben,verraten',ags.meld`Bekanntmachung';lit.meldi,melsti`bid,beg,
ask,pray',maldf.`request;prayer',Iterat.malda,maldti;OldPrussianmaddla`request,prayer';
duetofromdissimilationfrom*mold-lto*modl`request':ech.modla`Gtzenbild,temple'and
poln.modaf.`prayer';with-dl-to-l-:OldChurchSlavicmolj,moliti`bid,beg,ask',refl.`pray',etc.;
from`weihenandschlachten'then`tocertainZeitschlachten'inruss.molt,etc.;
hitt.ma-al-ta-i,ma-al-di(mald-)`betet'.
References:
References:WP.II289,291,WH.II20,Trautmann177,BenvenisteBSL.33,133ff.,MudgeLg.7,
252.
Page(s):
Page(s):722
Root/lemma: meldh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lightning
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Blitz,HammerofDonnergottes'
Material:
Material:Cymr.Pl.mellt,Sg.-en`lightning',withsecondaryt;
aisl.mjllnir`Thorshammer'(*mel[u]niiaz);inadditionaisl.poet.myln`fire';OldPrussianmealde
(*meldi)`lightning',zerogradelett.milna(*mildna)`thehammerofDonnerers';wruss.malada
`lightning'(*melda),zerogradeabg.mlnji,russ.mlnijads.(*mldnji).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):722
Root/lemma: melhEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianmalh-`withZpfchenanthedewlap(fromcowandgoat)',arm.maj,Gen.-i
`gall'(*mlhi-,originallyprobably`Gallenblase');
av.mrzna`belly'.
lit.milinas,lett.milzis`giant',lett.melto,milz`toswell,schwren'.
References:
References:WP.II300;extensionfrom4.mel-
Page(s):
Page(s):723
Root/lemma: meli-t
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:honey
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Honig'
Grammaticalinformation:n.,Gen.mel-ns
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:meli-t :
:`honey':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:mdhu :
:`honey'derivedfromatruncatedRoot/
Root/
lemma: mel-1 (auchsmel- ),mel- :ml- ,mel-d- :ml-ed- ,mel-dh- ,ml-i- :ml - ,mel-k- :
ml-k- ,mlu- :ml - :
:`togrind,hit;fine,ground'.
Material:
Arm.mer`honey',Gen.melu(tou-stemprobablyafter*medhugeworden),meu,Gen.meui`bee';
skyth.Hes.;gr.,-`honey',,att.-àbee,oneofthe
priestessesofDelphi,honey'(*or*-`honey-luscious'),`cutoutthecombof
bees,takethehoney'(*mlit-i);compare,att.`gentle,soothing,mild,gracious;
propitiatoryofferings,asreferringtohoneymixedinthedrink-offerings';
alb.mjal,mjalt(*melitom)`honey';commonalb.-celtic-kh>-ht,-t:gr.-kh>-ttphoneticmutation.
Note
Note:
Commonalb.phoneticmutationm>mb>bin(*melita,*mbleita)bletaf.`bee'whilealb.Arbresh
usesmiz(fly,insect)bletje`(*honeyinsect)'=`bee':gr.`cutoutthecombofbees,takethe
honey'.
lat.mel,mellis(*melns)`honey',mulsus`mixedwithhoney;sweetashoney,honey-sweet;stirredor
cookedwithhoney'(*melsos;oldimitationfrom*saldtos,salsus);air.mil`honey'(*melitto*meli,
whereuponGen.mela),cymr.corn.bret.melds.;ir.milis,cymr.melys`sweet',gall.PNMelius,
Melissus;alsocymr.etc.melyn`yellowish'isprobably`honey-colored'(seeundermelFarbenbezeichnung);got.mili(*melitom)`honey',ags.mildaw`nectar',ags.milisc`mellifluent';
hitt.mi-li-t`honey'.
References:
References:WP.II296,WH.II61f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,283,518,838.
Page(s):
Page(s):723-724
Root/lemma: melk-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`worberstreichen'
Note:
Note:parallelroottomel-.
Material:
Material:Lat.mulce,-re,muls,-sum`tostroke,graze,touchlightly,fondle;rustlethrough;to
move;tosoothe,soften,caress,flatter,delight;torelieve,alleviate',mulcetraàplant,calledalso
heliotropium,App.Herb.9.`(plantwithgiftlindernderWirkung),mulcdo`pleasantness,
agreeableness',Mulciber(WH.II120);`Streicheversetzen'inmulc,-re`tobeat,cudgel;to
maltreat,handleroughly,injure,damage'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):724
Root/lemma: melk-2 ,melgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`na,Nsse'
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.;got.milhmam.`cloud';mhd.milgen`corn,graintoViehfutter
steep';slav.*melko-inabg.mlko,russ.moloketc.`milk';ablaut.slav.*malka-inaruss.molokita
probably`swamp,marsh,Gewsser',serb.mlka`wsserigerbottom',mlkva`puddle',poln.pamoka`fog',etc.;ech.mlkl`humid,wet',lit.malkasm.,mlkaf.`gulp,ZugbeimTrinken',lett.
mlks,mlkads.
melg- inslav.*moliti,russ.dial.molt,za-molaivat`trbebecome'(ofweather).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):724
Root/lemma: mel-1 (alsosmel- ),mel- :ml- ,mel-d- :ml-ed- ,mel-dh- ,ml-i- :ml - ,melk- :ml-k- ,mlu- :ml Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrind,hit;fine,ground
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zermalmen,schlagen,mahlen',speziellKorn;from`zerrieben'also`fein,tender,
soft'andàufgerieben,schwach'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndianmrti,mrati`zermalmt,mahlt',mr-`verwelkt,slack'and`zermalmt'
(alsopartlywith3.mer-vermischt),ml-`soft,wilted;faded,flaccid,withered,slackbecome',mlt`softgegerbt',av.mrta-ds.,perhapsOldIndianmalv-`crazy,lppisch'(`*weak'ingeistigem
sense);comparegot.ga-malwjan,ahd.molawn,lit.malvinti;fromthei-basisOldIndianmrityati
`zerfllt,lstsichauf';
arm.malem`zerstoe'(*mel-),ml-ml-em`rub',mem`soft,slack',ma-mul`presses';
gr.f.,latem.`mill',`mahle,grind,pulverize,crunch'(alsoaslat.mol`beschlafe':
sizil.`pudendummuliebre');`zermalmend';`meal,flour'ishybridization
fromand;`weak,tender',`feeble,weak';fromthei -basisgr.
`Melde'(comparetomeaningnhd.Meldeundermel-dh-),-`Dummkopf',`wertlose
wife,woman';
alb.mjel`meal,flour'(*meluo-=nhd.Mehl);
lat.mol,-ere`mahlen'(=air.melid),molna`mill',mola`Mhlstein';umbr.kumaltu,kumultu,comultu
`commolit',kumates,comatir`commolits',maletu`molito'(idg.*mel);lat.mulier`woman'(from
*mulisi,idg.*ml-is`diezartere',Kompar.tomollis[S.718]);marcus`hammer',back-formationto
marculus,martellus(*mal-tl-os),dasaasinlat.palma:gr.;lat.malleus`hammer,beetle,
hammer'from*mal-ni-`Zermalmung';
air.melim`mol'(withcom-`grind',withto-`consume');cymr.malu(*mel-),bret.malaf`mahlen',meil
`mill'(*meli);air.mlithDat.`tomahlen,(*ml-t-),mol`Mhlstange';*maluo-`soft'inbret.divalo`(not
tender=)raw,ugly',cymr.malwoden`slime,mud';fromschwererbasisgall.*blto-(frz.bl),mcymr.
blawt,ncymr.blawd,acorn.blot,bret.bleud`meal,flour'(ml-t-=lit.mltai)air.mlith,mir.blith
`gentle,smooth',mbret.blot`soft,tender'(*ml-ti-;cymr.mwlwg`rubbish'(*molu-ko-);kelt.*molto-in
cymr.mollt,corn.mols,bret.maout,mir.molt,gall.-rom.multo,-ne`(verschnittener)aries,ram';
got.ahd.malan,aisl.mala`mahlen'(germ.a-present);ahd.muljan`crunch',aisl.myliads.,ahd.
gimulli`Gemll'(butahd.mul,-n,ags.myln,aisl.mylna`mill'fromlatelat.molna);got.mulda,ags.
molda,aisl.mold,ahd.moltaf.`dust,powder,earth'(*ml-t);got.malmam.`sand',aisl.malmrÈrz',
ablaut.ags.mealm-stn`Sandstein',mhd.malmen`crunch',as.ahd.melm`dust,powder,sand'(:lit.
melmu`Nierenstein,Steinkrankheit');nhd.dial.mulm`zerfalleneearth,dust,powder,vermodertes
wood';ahd.as.mlo,Gen.-wes,ags.melu-,Gen.-wes,aisl.mjl`meal,flour'(*meluo-=alb.miel);
maybealb.(*malma)miellmaswan,white,malmountain,snowwhitemountainfromgot.malmam.
`whitesand,dust,earth',MolossiIllyr.TN,perhapsGkMolokhf.Heb.molek,aCanaaniteidolto
whomchildrenweresacrificedasburntofferings(Lev.18:21),heldtobeold.ofmelekking.
Note
Note:
IllyrianandAlbanianprovethatvenet.FlNMal-ont-na`Maltein'(Krnten),sdillyr.PNMalontum,etc.
(Krahe,WrzburgerJahrb.1,214);arerelatedtolat.*mal-ont-na,
*mal-ont-na,montis
montis,mons,
mons,m.amountain;a
mass;agreatrock.AlsoMerumountinIndia
obviouslyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:mel-8
mel-8,melmel-:mlml-::(toappear,comeup)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
mel-1 (alsosmel- ),mel- :ml- ,mel-d- :ml-ed- ,mel-dh- ,ml-i- :ml - ,mel-k- :ml-k- ,
mlu- :ml - :
:(togrind,hit;fine,ground).
ahd.mil(i)wa`Milbe'(*melwj);got.maln.,aisl.mlr(*molu-)`Motte(mehlmachendesTierchen');
abg.mol(*moli-)ds.,arm.dial.mm(from*momo)`Motte';verydoubtfulisaffiliationfromOld
Indianmalka-m.`kindofworm',arm.mlukn`bedbug',anddiefromas.mnd.molm.,mhd.n.
Èidechse',ahd.mol,molm,moltÈidechse',nhd.Molch,dasanarm.mozÈidechse'reminds;
ratherto6.mel-S.721;
got.ga-malwjan`crunch,zerstoen',aisl.mlvaìnStckebreak,rupture',ahd.molawn`tabere';
aisl.mjll`finesnow',schw.dial.mjl(l)a`kindoffineSanderde'(*meln);got.mulda,ags.molde,
ahd.molta`dust,powder,earth'(participle*ml-t`diezerriebene');
lit.mal,mlti(Akzenttheheavybasis)`mahlen',malnas,OldPrussianmalunis`mill',mltai,lett.
milti`meal,flour'(=cymr.blawd),OldPrussianmeltan`meal,flour';lit.malins,milins,lett.mlna
`Quirlstange';lit.malvinti,mulvinti`plague';withformants-to-:lett.mltt,miltt`hit';lit.melmusee
above;
OldChurchSlavicmelj,mlt,russ.molt,skr.mljti(heavybasis)`mahlen';poln.mlon`handle,
graspantheHandmhle'(*meln),russ.mlen(*mel-eno),skr.ak.mln(*moln)ds.;skr.mlvo,
mlijevo`Mahlgut,corn,grain'(=ahd.melo,alb.mje;besidesserb.ml--vo,russ.ml-i-vo`Mahlgut');
klr.motm.`grapemarc,Hlsenfrommalt',sloven.mlton.,mltaf.`Malztreber',ech.mltods.,
OldPrussianpiva-maltan`Biermalz'(germ.s.mel-d-)etc.;probablyalso(lightbasis)OldChurch
Slavicmlat,russ.mlotetc.`hammer'as*mol-to-`Zermalm-ung,-er';ChurchSlavicmlatiti
(*moltiti)`hit';lengthenedgrademlk`small'andOldChurchSlavicml`Kalk'etc.;
toch.Amalywt`dudrckst,zertrittst',melye`siezertreten';
hitt.ma-al-la-i`zermalmt';
maybealb.mbllait`chew'[commonalb.m>mbshift].
withanl.s- :norw.smola`crunch';mhd.smoln`Brotkrmchenablsen',aschw.smola,smula,smule
`gobbet'(besidesaisl.molids.,mlf.`heapfromSteinen');lett.smelis,smlis`WassersandinFelde',
lit.smls,Gen.smlio`sand',smiltsds.
B.basism(e)li- :ml- in:cymr.blin`tired'(*ml-no-),abr.Pl.blinionìnertes';lett.blnis`mder
person',blnt`siechen';serb.mltm,-ati`faulbecome,amble'(comparewith:OldIndianmrityati,
gr.),russ.-ChurchSlavicmlin`cake',russ.blin`Pfannkuchen',serb.mlnac`gewalkterdough,
Matze';klr.mlity`vergehen',Kaus.mloity`nauseaerregen';
doubtfulserb.mldan`lean,weak',dial.`fade,flau'(inSlavonienmldan),etc.
hereprobably(as`Mahlfrucht')gr.,lat.milium(*m e lii o - ),lit.f.Pl.malnos`millet,sorghum';
originallyinflection*ml-i-, -n-s.
C.Vonanu -basis(comparegr.,OldIndianmalv-,nhd.Mehletc.):av.mruta-àufgerieben,
weak',mrraàufreibend,ruinous'.
mel-d- (perhapszuerstind -present);m(e)le-d- ;ml d u- , m(e)ldu i - `soft'.

OldIndianmrdati,mrdnti`zerdrckt,reibt,reibtauf',av.mard-(mardaite;mornda-tfrom
*mrnda-)`zuschandenmake',Kaus.OldIndianmardayati`zerdrckt,zerbricht,bedrngt,afflicts'
(diesear.wordscanandbecomepartlyalsoidg.mer-d-samemeaningfortsetzen);OldIndianmrd(=gr.)`welch,tender',fem.mrdv,Kompar.mradyn,Superl.mradiha-;vi-mradati
èrweicht';OldIndianmrt-(mrd-)èarth,loam,clay',mrtsn-m.n.`dust,powder,Pulver',mrtsn
`schneearth,goodloam,clay'(:nisl.mylsna`dust,powder');
arm.mek`mushy,softish,delicate,mollycoddle,slack'(*meldu-i-);
gr.`schwche,destroy,smash'(to*[]-=OldIndianmrd-);,
`slack'(*-,*mld-);`schmelze'(tr.,med.intr.=ags.meltanetc.);withtheVokalstellungand
meaningfromOldIndianvimradati,mradynalsof.,n.`mucus,Rotz',
`langsamfromVerstand,verdummt'(*mled-sno-,compareOldIndianmrt-sn-);
lat.mollis`soft,ductile,pliable'(*mldu-is,compareOldIndianfem.mrdv);blandus`schmeichelnd,
liebkosend,friendly'from*mlndo-;
cymr.blydd`gentle,tender',bret.ble`weak'(*mldo-),air.meldach`pleasant'(canalsotomel-dhbelong;also:)schott.-gl.mollm.`chaff';
mir.blind,blinnèinestotenMannesSpeichel'(probably*mld-sno-);
ags.meltan`melt,verbrennen,verdauen',aisl.melta`(instomach)disband,verdauen',norw.molten
`mrbe,soft',Kaus.ags.mieltan`melt,clean,verdauen';got.g-malteinsf.Àuflsung',aisl.maltr
`decayed,spoil',ahd.malz`hinschmelzend,feeble';ahd.malz,ags.mealt,as.aisl.malt`malt'(slav.
*molto,ech.mltoetc.ds.borrowedfromdemGerm.);
withOldIndianmrd-,mrtsn-comparenisl.mylsna`dust,powder',ags.formolsnian`todust,powder
become'(seeabove);
withanl.s-: ahd.smlzan`deliquesce,melt',smalzàusgelassenesfatorbutter',ags.smolt,smylte
`quiet,fromthesea',aschwed.smultna`peacefulbecome';hereperhapsahd.milzi,ags.miltef.,milt
m.,aisl.milti`Milz'(ltsichleichtausstreichen,gleichsamzerschmelzen);
maybealb.(*milzi)mli`thespleen(thatofadomesticanimal)'.
abg.mlad,russ.mlodetc.`young,tender'(*moldo-);OldPrussianmaldaiNom.Pl.m.`Jungen',
mald-ni-nAkk.Sg.`Jugend',maldian`foals';OldPrussianmaldenikis`kid,child',abg.mladenc,
mladnc`youngling'(*molden-,*moldin-);
mel-dh- (perhapszuerstindh -present*mel-dh- ):

OldIndianmrdhati,mrdhti`ltafter,vernachlssigt,vergit'(`*wirdsoft,slack=aufgerieben');
gr.`soft,tender,mild'(afterextendedfrom:)`Wachs',
Hes.,`Weichling',èrweiche';
here(ortomel-d-)cymr.blyddetc.;
got.unmildjaiNom.Pl.`lieblos',mildia`Milde',aisl.mildr`gracious,barmherzig',ags.milde,ahd.
milti`milde,kind,gracious,friendly';
ahd.melta,ags.melde,aschwed.mld,molda,ahd.malta,multa`Melde'(comparegr.
`Melde'from*mli-to-,fromtheMehlbestubungtheleaves).
(s)mel-kaisl.melr`sand-hill'(*melha-),schwed.dial.mjg(*melga-)ds.
lett.smelknes`Mehlabfall',smalknes`Feilstaub,Sgespne',smalks`fine',smulksne`mote,speck,
Kleinigkeit';
lit.smulks`fine',smlkti`feinbecome',smulkm`Kleinigkeit';
lit.smilts,lett.smlts,smilkts`sand'.
mel-k- , mlk- `soft,weak,faint,languid,clownish'.

Gr.`soft',,-`slack,idle,mushy,softish,delicate,mollycoddle,crazy';,hom.
`weak,gentle'(*-);`dassolidificationvorcoldness,Erfrieren',`habe
vorKltesteifeGlieder'weichtinthemeaningtoweitab;
mir.malcad`Verfaulen';presumablymir.bln(air.*mln)`thegroin'from*mlakn;
OldChurchSlavicmlati,russ.molt`schweigen'(*milk-),OldChurchSlavicu-mliti
`bezhmen',u-mlknti`verstummen'(:ir.malcaim`verfaule');bulg.serb.mlk`lukewarm',etc.in
additionlit.mlkis(*mlkios)`Dummkopf'.
With-sko-:got.un-tila-malsksùnbesonnen',as.malsc`stout,proud',nhd.mulsch`soft',mulschen
dial.`sleep'.
References:
References:WP.II284ff.,WH.I508,II16,103ff.,Trautmann167f.,177,184,188.
Page(s):
Page(s):716-719
Root/lemma: mel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofail;todeceive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verfehlen,trgen'
Material:
Material:Av.mairya-`deceitful,schurkisch';arm.me,Pl.mek``Snde';gr.`futile,nichtig,
unlucky,woeful,wretched,miserable'(seemsas*[]aufdem-es-stem*meles-tobasedon,
dessenschwchstegrade*mls-,-perhapsin-as`Verfehltes,Unpassendes
sagend');perhaps`Migeburt'to,`tueeineFehlgeburt';mir.mellèrror,fault,
error'(*mel-s-os,ofes-stem),mellaim`betrge',maileèvil,harm';cymr.mall`verderbt'(*mlso-);lit.
mlas`lie,falsity',lett.Pl.mlids.,mldtèrr,sichversehen',mldt`herumirren,fantasize,sich
plagen',mlst`baffletalk'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):719-720
Root/lemma: mel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohesitate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zgern'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Fut.`zgere,bininBegriffe'(`barely');èsliegtmiram
Herzen',,-,-,(dor.),àmHerzen,insenselie,besorgtsein',
,,`care',ds.,`Frsorger';lat.pr-mellere(-ll-=-ln-)`ltem
prmovre',re-melg`remoratrix',re-mulcum`Schlepptau',pr-mulcumds.;air.mall(*ml-so-)`slow'.
References:
References:WP.II291f.,WH.II370,427f.
Page(s):
Page(s):720
Root/lemma:mel-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:strong,big
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stark,gro'
Material:
Material:Gr.`very',`more'(for*=lat.meliuseingetretenafter,:
),àmmeisten';lat.melior`better'(originally`*stronger');multus`much,alotof'(*mlto-);
heremulta,oldermolta`punishment,penance,atonement',mult,-re`bestrafe',Dialektwort,
compareosk.moltam`multam',moltaum`moltare',multasikad`multaticia',umbr.motar`multae',
mutu`multa'(*mlt`Vergtung,replacement';comparegerm.*bt`penance,atonement':*bata`better');lett.milns`verymuch,alotof'.
References:
References:WP.II292,WH.II63f.,123f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Athrough(h)extensionrootformisperhapsmelh-`toswell',seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):720
Root/lemma:mel-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:member;tojoin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Glied;zusammenfgen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmrman-n.`limb,member,offene,ungeschtzteKrperstelle',arm.marmin
`body,Fleisch'(fromdemIran.),lit.mlmenys`Fleischandenkidneys
',lett.mlmei`groin,loins';differentMhlenbach-EndzelinII596(from*meldm-toS.718);
gr.n.`limb,member'and`gegliederteWeise,song,Melodie',hence`besinge';bret.mell
m.,corn.mel,Pl.mellowànkle',cymr.cym-malàrticulus,junctura,commissura'(protokelt.*melso-:
=lit.tamsi:OldIndiantmasn.);toch.ABmlk-`zusammenfgen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):720
Root/lemma:mel-6
Root/lemma:mel-6,melmelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:darkcolour(black,dirty,etc..)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inFarbbezeichnungen,especiallyvondunkeln,unreinen,schmutzigen
Farbentonen;`Schmutz,beschmutzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmalin-`dirty,filthy,schwarz',ml-na-`black,swart',mla-m.n.`smut,ordure,
Snde';
gr.,-,-`black'(probablyfor*afterdemFem.=OldIndianmalin),
`Rtel',`besmirch'(maybefrom*),`Rotbarbe'(ablautaslat.mulleus,lit.
mulvas),with-grade`Striemen,blutunterlaufeneplace';
alb.mel-n(Kollekt.*mel-inio-)èlm'(fromderpaint,colorofHolzes),mel-zds.,mjerùnlucky'
(*mel-ro-`black'),etc.;
vorrom.*melix,-ice(frz.mlze)`Lrche';
lat.mulleus`reddish,purpurfarben'(*mulneios);compareahd.molS.717;
got.mlaNom.Pl.`Schriftzeichen',mljan`schreiben',ahd.ana-mal`Fleck,scar',mhd.mln.
`Fleck',ahd.mln,-n`malen,draw,sign',anorw.mla`frben,malen'(originally`withschwarzer
Farbemalen');
balt.*mlna-(*mel-no-)inlett.mlns`black',OldPrussianmelne`blauerFleck',lit.melsvas
`blulich'(alsolit.melet,-at`Grnspecht;Hasel-,Waldhuhn',OldPrussianmelato`Grnspecht');
lit.mlas,mlynas`blue',mlyn`blauerFleckinfolgeeinesSchlages',lett.ml`dunkelblau'
(*mlias);OldPrussianmlinanAkk.fem.`Fleck';lit.mlis,lett.mls`loam,clay';
withu-coloredreduplication-grade:lit.mulvas`reddish,yellowish',mulv-yti,-inti`besmear',mulv
`slime,mud,swamp,marsh';
russ.malna`Himbeere,blackberry'.
References:
References:WP.II293f.,WH.II122f.,Trautmann177f.,188.
Page(s):
Page(s):720-721
Root/lemma:mel-7
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wool
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wolle,Wollgewand'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*ml-n-)`tuftofwool,Flocke';lit.mlas`kerchief,cloth',lett.mil(n)a`coarse
kerchief,cloth',OldPrussianmilands.(skr.mlje,Gen.mljPl.f.`Flaum,Milchhaar'isLw.from
ngr.Pl.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):721
Root/lemma:mel-8
Root/lemma:mel-8,melmel-:mlmlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toappear,comeup
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hervorkommen,erscheinen,hochkommen;Erhhung,Wlbung'
Material:
Material:PerhapsOldIndianmai-`pearl',maika-m.`(round)Wassertopf';gr.`go,come'
(Aor.),present,Perf.;;-`berlaufer',-Àuslauf
einesBerges,Flusses',`beschneidediePflanzenschlinge';
venet.FlNMal-ont-na`Maltein'(Krnten),sdillyr.PNMalontum,etc.(Krahe,WrzburgerJahrb.1,
214);
maybelat.*mal-ont-na,
*mal-ont-na,montis
montis,mons,
mons,m.amountain;amass;agreatrock.AlsoMerumountin
India
alb.mal`mountain'(*mol-no-);tosk.maje`cusp,peak,acme,apex,summit'(*moli);alb.mol`wood,
forest'(`Bergwald')from*mlo-;geg.moje`hochgelegenerOrt'(*ml-i);vorrom.malga
Àlpenwirtschaft'(*mal-ik);
alb.malsihighland,illyr.Molossii
MolossiiIllyr.TN
obviouslyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:mel-8
mel-8,melmel-:ml-:
ml-:(toappear,comeup)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
mel-1
mel-1(alsosmelsmel-),melmel-:mlml-,mel-dmel-d-:ml-edml-ed-,mel-dhmel-dh-,ml-iml-i-:ml
ml- ,mel-kmel-k-:ml-kml-k-,
mlumlu-:ml
ml- ::(togrind,hit;fine,ground).
air.Akk.Pl.mailgea(*mal-ik-),mir.Nom.Sg.malaÀugenwimper';mell`clump,Hgel'(*mel-no-)=
bret.mell`groerball';mir.mul`ball,clump'(*molu-),mul-lachàcme,apex,Scheitel';abrit.
Inselname,laterMaleaInsula(Adamnn),neugael.Muile`Mull';
lett.malaf.èdge,bank,border,shore,region';lit.lg-mala`heightofRandes';
serb.z-molm,iz-mlti`hervorzeigen'(d.h.kausatives`hervorkommenlassen'),slov.molti
`hinstrecken,hinhalten',molti`ragen,hervorragen',etc.;
References:
References:WP.II294f.,JoklL.-k-U.162,BernekerII74,J.LothRC.44,293ff.;46,161f.
Page(s):
Page(s):721-722
Root/lemma: meldh- (moldh-,moldh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:elevation;head
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrhhung,Kopf'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmrdhn-m.`head',av.ka-mra-`KopfdavischerWesen'(actually`wasfor
einKopf);gr.(*mlodh-rsor*moldhrswithidg-)`highaufschieend,highgewachsen',
also`scion,shoot,Trieb'(*mldh-tos);`Stubendecke,roof'(*meldhrom);ags.
molda`thetopofthehead',afries.meldke(*muldi-k);
toch.Amalto`zuerst'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):725
Root/lemma: melsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totaste
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`woranschmecken,kosten'
Material:
Material:Air.mlas,nir.blas,cymr.blas,bret.blaz`taste'(*mlasto-,probablyfrom*mlsto-);russ.
molst(*mlsati)`suck,gnaw',ech.mlsati`lick,naschen',poln.pomoski`tidbit'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):725
Root/lemma: membhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreproach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tadeln'
Material:
Material:Gr.`tadle',`reprimand,Vorwurf';got.bi-mampjan`deride,verhhnen';hat
air.mebul`Schande',nir.meabhal`betrayal',cymr.mefl,corn.meulds.,kelt.-bl-from-mbl-For
got.pcompareSpechtIdg.Dekl.261,Anm.1.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):725
Root/lemma: mendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topayattentionto;vivacious
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`seinenSinnworaufrichten,lebhaftsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmdh`Weisheit,discernment,Verstand',av.mazd,mazdh-n.`Gedachtnis,
Erinnerung',mazdh-m.nameofhchstenGottes(*mazdhfrom*mndh-t);
gr.(secondarypresentto),`learn',dor.-ol.,ion.n.,ion.-att.
`Lernen,Unterricht';`forehead;';perhaps(*)`Muse';
alb.mund`can,win';
Maybe(*mundi)Muji`HeraclesofAlbanians',mundje`struggle,defeat'
cymr.mynnu`wollen',corn.mennafÌwill',mynnes,mynnas`wollen,volition',cymr.go-fin(n)`long,
want,bid,beg,ask,fragen',corn.govynds.;
got.mundn`lookup',mundrei`purpose',aisl.mundaàim,strive',ahd.muntar`keen,eager,munter
`,muntarèagerness';ahd.mend`pleasure,joy',menden,as.mendian`beglad';
lit.madras,mandrsàlert,awake,smart,minxish,wanton';lett.mudrsandmusds.(*mandus),
mustisàufwachen';abg.mdr`wise'.
Maybealb.geg.men(d)-t`brains',alb.mend-im`thought',(*mentsur)menur`smart':lit.mandrs
àlert,smart'.
Idg.men-dh-throughcompressionfrom*men-dh-`sense,mindwhereuponplace',compareOld
Indianman[*z]-dhtr-`thethinking,thepious',av.mz-d-`committomemory,memorize'
(therefrommzdra-`sensible,smart,wise').-Fromgr.-`vorsorglich'(dor.--)tobeclosed
inidg.*m-dh-besides*men-dh-(asg-:gem-),seemspossible.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):730
Root/lemma: mend- ,mond- (mn d - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosuck(breast),tofeed;breast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sugen,saugen;Brust';also`junge,saugendeTiere'
Material:
Material:Alb.ment`suckle,suck',mezej`suckle';mes,mezim.`Fllen',mezat`youngbull,
Tierjunges',mezore`youngcow'(*mondio-);illyr.PNMendaf.`mare',ablaut.PNMandeta;mandos
`smallhorse',outofitdial.mannus:lat.`smallgall.horse';messap.JuppiterMenzana(*mendio-no-)
`god,demPferdegeopfertwurden';fromdemIllyr.derivesrom.mandius`Fllen,rother,cattle'(rum.
minz`Fllen',manzat`youngcow',nhd.TirolManz,Menzùnfruchtbarecow',rheinlnd.Minzekalb,
bask.mando`mulus',etc.);mir.menn(*mendo-),mennn`younganimal,calf,Fllen',secondary
bennn`Klbchen,kid,Hirschlein',nir.binnseach,gael.minnseach`younggoat,kid',cymr.mynnan
`kid',corn.min`haedus',bret.menn`younganimal',menngavr`younggoat,kid';gall.PNEpomanduo-durum,brit.PNMandu-essedum(illyr.Lw.);probablyalsothebair.FlNMindel;ahd.
manzonm.Pl.`teat,udder';illyr.gall.mand-couldalsoidg.ablautmnd-contain.
References:
References:WP.II232,WH.II29f.,MarstranderZceltPh.7,384f.,Krahe,Wrzburg.Jb.1,189,
202.
Page(s):
Page(s):729
Root/lemma: mend ( ,-om )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:defect,flaw
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fehler,Krperfehler,Gebrechen'(also`Makel,Fleck')
Material:
Material:OldIndianmind`Krperfehler'(for*mandafternind`reprimand');
lat.mendum,menda`fault,error,Gebrechen',-mendreàusbessern;heal,cure',whereofmendcus
`beggar'andmendx,-cis`fallacious'(*fehlerhaft);
perhapsair.mennar`macula',zerogradeair.mind`mark,token,sign,Merkmal'(*mndun.;alsointhe
meaning`diadema'=ìnsigne'dass.word),cymr.mann`place',manngeni`birthmark'.
References:
References:WP.II270,WH.II69,J.LothRC.44,362f.
Page(s):
Page(s):729-730
Root/lemma: men(e)gh- ,mon(e)gh- ,mn g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:abundant,excessive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reichlich,viel;reichlichgeben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmagh-n.`gift,present',maghvan(t)-`gabenreich,generous';m.`Spender',
mahat`schenkt,spendet',mahiha-ìnhchstenMaefreigebig,berausrich',mahn
`gern,bereitwillig';
air.menicc`frequent,often,rich,frequent',cymr.mynych`frequenter',corn.menoughds.(*meneggi-,
expressive);got.manags,ahd.as.manag,ags.manig,menig`much,alotof,manch',aisl.mengin.
`bulk,mass';mangr,margr`manch,much,alotof,freundschaftlich';OldChurchSlavicmnog
`much,alotof'(*monogo-),comparealsolit.mini`bulk,mass'(*meni).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):730
Root/lemma: men()kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toknead
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kneten(quetschen,zermalmen)'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmcat,macat`zermalmt,betrgt,isminxish,wanton()'(Dhtup.;with
probablyappositionalsofrom:)OldIndianmak-`weak,fluctuating';
alb.mekem`makehumid,wet,werdesenseless,unconscious,erstarre',imekan`faint,languid,
weak',mek`Dummkopf'(*mnk-);
gr.ion.(*mnk-i),att.`push,press,knead,streiche,wische'(paradigmaticcombined
withAor.Pass.,toetc.,rootma-,seethere;inGutt.ambiguous`kneadingor
doughtrough;doughtray;hutch'),Hes.;
ags.mengan,as.mengian,mhd.mengen,nhd.mengen(actually`durcheinanderkneten'),as.gimang,ags.(ge)-mangn.,mhd.ge-manc,-gesm.`Mischung,Gemenge`;
lit.mnkau,-yti`(dough)knead',mnktas`soft',ablaut.mnkau,-yti(=germ.*mangjan),lett.mct
`tread',mksts`soft';
OldChurchSlavicmk-k`soft',*mknti`softbecome',o-m-itièrweichen',russ.mjki`das
Weicheofbread',ablaut.OldChurchSlavicmka`meal,flour'(skr.mka,russ.mukds.),mka
àgony'(skr.mkads.)etc.;
References:
References:WP.II368,WH.I508,II3,23f.,Trautmann184f.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparediesimilarrootsmk-andma-.
Page(s):
Page(s):730-731
Root/lemma: mengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pretty,beautiful;usefulthing()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnermachen,schwindelhaftverschnern'
Note:
Note:onlynominal
Material:
Material:OldIndianmaj-,majul-àlready,mellifluous',magal-n.`goodOmen,luck';osset.
mng`deceit';gr.n.`magicalcure,magicpotion;philtre,Kriegsmaschine'etc.(outofit
borrowedlat.manganum`Maschine',alb.mang`Hanfbreche'etc.,mhd.mange`Wurfmaschine',
nhd.Mange(l)`Wscherolle'),gr*(outofitlat.mang`betrugerischerHndler'),
`betrge'etc.;mir.meng`deception,artifice',mengach`verrterisch';fromnhd.mangederivesOld
Prussianmanga`Hure',lit.mngaùngezogeneperson';toch.Amak`blame,fault,error'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):731
Root/lemma: men-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totower
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èmporragen'
Material:
Material:Av.framanyente(:lat.pr-minre)`siegewinnenprotrusion',mati-(*mti-)`protrusionof
mountainrange';
lat.-mine,-re`heraus-,hervorragen',im-minre`threateningaboutetwashereinragen',prminre`hervorragen';fromdiesencompoundsisprobablyalsodasifolgenderwordstodefine:minae
`diehervorraffendenZinnen(murorum);Drohungen',minor,-rèmporragen,berragen,threaten',
minx`ragend,berragend,threatening';mns,-tis`mountain'(hybridizationfrom*montosand
*mti-);mentum`chin,Gebudevorsprung',withcymr.mant`maxilla,mouth'as*mto-equatable(out
ofitmir.mant`dieStelleeinesausgefallenenZahnes,gums');abret.-monid,umgelautet
cymr.mynydd,corn.meneth,bret.menez`mountain'(*moniio-),cymr.gor-fynyddÀufstieg'(formal=
air.formna`shoulder');s.alsoundermenth-2 ;
aisl.mnir`ridgeoftheroof'(lengthenedgradebesideskelt.*mniio-),mnaèmporragen';
relatedisprobably*mono- `nape,neck'.
References:
References:WP.II263,WH.II73f.,90,108f.
Page(s):
Page(s):726
Root/lemma: men-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostep,treadover,press
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treten,zertreten,zusammendrcken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancarma-mnsNom.Pl.`Gerber';ol.`tretende'(*),
Hes.,Denom.fromamn-ts`getreten';cymr.mathru`withFentreten',bret.mantrads.(*mntr-),
gall.-mantalon(*gestampfter)`way'inPetro-mantalon`vierfacheroad'(=Petru-),Mantalo-magus
`Straenfeld',phryg.PN;alsomir.menf.`meal,flour,dust,powder';lit.min,mnti`tread,
Flachsbrechen,Fellegerben',lett.minu,mt`tread,tan,converthideintoleather';abg.*mn,mti
`topresstogether',russ.mnu,mjat`break,rupture(FlachsorHanf),knead,tread(loam,clay),
zerknittern,zerknllen';
gr.`Moos,Meergras'(,`moosig'),,(*F)`weicherFlaum',
Hes.,lit.mniava`Flachsseide,Filzgras'.
References:
References:WP.II263,VeudryesBSL38,113f.,Trautmann185.
Page(s):
Page(s):726
Root/lemma: men-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothink,mind;spiritualactivity
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`denken,geistigerregtsein'
Note:
Note:extendedmen- :mn- andmn- ,m e ni- :m e nMaterial:
Material:OldIndianmnyat`denkt',av.mainyeiteds.,ap.mainyhay(idg.*men-i-o-,=gr.
`rase',air.-muiniur,slav.mnj`meine',seeunder),OldIndianPerf.ma-mn,mn;many-atiìs
keen,eager',man--`keen,eager,godly,pious',man-s`Weisheit,Verstand;devotion,prayer'
(*meni-:men-);OldIndianmanut`denkt';mnatièrwhnt'(=lit.men,poln.-mion,ech.-menu);
OldIndianmnyatièhrt',(:lit.-monis`Verstand'),av.mnayn`mancouldbelieve';Supin.Old
Indianmntum,participlePerf.mat-`gedacht'(=gr.-,lat.commentus,lit.mitas,air.
dermat);
fromthe -basis(=gr.-):OldIndianmnt-èrwhnt';mnyt`wirderwhnt';
OldIndianmnas-,av.manah-n.`sense,mind'(=gr.);OldIndiandurmans(=);ap.
Hax-mani`fromFreundessinnbeseelt';OldIndianmnman-`sense,mind,thought,
notion'(=air.menme);mantr-`thinker'(=gr.,lat.commentor);mni-m.`Begeisterter,seer
(compare),Asket';mntra-m.`religiseformula',av.mrds.;
OldIndiansu-mn-n.`Wohlwollen';OldIndianmat-,mti-,av.-maiti-`sense,mind,thought,notion,
opinion'(=lit.mints,abg.pa-mt,got.ga-munds,lat.mns),nexttowhichalsoOldIndianmanti`think'(=got.ana-minds);mntu-ds.;abhi-mti-f.`pestering,temptation;snare'(*-mnt-i-);
arm.i-manam`verstehe'(*men-mi,compareunderahd.mann);
gr.(;,withmetr.lengthening)`gedenke,havelust,demand'
(Prteritoprs.aslat.memin,unredupl.got.man),Imper.Perf.(=lat.mement);-
`fromsichselberherausdenkendandhandelnd';`binverzckt,rase'(=mnyatetc.),Aor.
,,Perf.;compare`fury',`seer',,-`dieVerzckte',
,-`frenzied';
fromthebasisauf- :Perf.(dor.--)`bineingedenk',present(ol.)
èrinnere',Med.èrinneremich',Fut.;èrinneremich'inhom.,;
f.Èrinnerung',èingedenk',,dor.Èrinnerungszeichen,Grabmal';
n.(=OldIndianmnas-)`courage,rage,fury';`haveinsense,mind,havevor',
`wish',duetoeinesSubst.*()(comparedenwoman'snamen,anddiederivative
,);,dor.`Groll'(*);compareaboveS.693;
alb.mund,mnd`kann'(*mn-dh-);
lat.meminèrinneremich,bineingedenk'(:gr.;compareosk.memnim`monumentum,
memoriam');fromthebasisauf-(:-i)minsciturds.,comminscorèrinneremich';mns,-tis
`Sinnesart,Gemt,Denkvermgen,reason'(from*mnti-,seeaboveOldIndianmat-etc.),menti
Èrwhnung'(=airair-mitiu),Denom.mentior,-r`lie'(compareOldPrussianmntimai`wirlie'i.e.
Èrsonnenesvorbringen',comparez.meaningstillcommentumÈrdichtung,plan',toparticiple
commentusèrsonnen',andlit.pra-mantasèrdichtet,incorrect');Kaus.mone`mahne'(=lit.imanti,lengthenedgradeOldIndianmnyati),monitorm.`Mahner',monumentum
Èrinnerungszeichen',mnstrum`Mahnzeichen,Ungeheuer'(*mone-strom),mn-strreìndicate',
etc.;
air.do-moiniur`glaube,meine'(=,OldIndianmnyate,with-mo-from-ma-)andvieleother
compounds;Simplexinro-mnairèrhatberlegt',dia-ru-muinestar`fordieerbestimmthat';mitograde(comparemone)abret.guo-monimgl.`pollicri';air.cuman,cuimne(=mcymr.covein)
Èrinnerung',cymr.co-f(*kom-men)ds.;air.menme(=OldIndianmanman-)`ghost,sense,mind';
air.dermatòblivion'(*-mnto-),airmitiu(*are-menti)`honor',etc.;
Maybealb.drrmoj`destroy'.
got.*man,munum(Inf.munan,preteritmunda)`mean,believe'(preterit-presentas,memin,
),ga-munan`sichathingremind',aisl.muna`gedenken,sichremind',munu,monoìntend,
mean,aim,become',ags.mon,man`(ge)denke',as.far-munan(preterit-munsta)`notgedenken,
verleugnen';got.schw.V.munan(3.Sgmunai,preteritmunaida)`gedenken(todo),'
(munaifrom*meni-eti=OldIndianmany-ati,comparemen-in:)ahd.firmonn`despise'(and
slav.monti,lit.minti,aswellas-ifold-gr.);o-stuf.ahd.as.mann,ags.manian`mahnen'
(ahd.mant3.Sg.=lit.mnoùnderstands',comparereducedgradearm.i-manam`verstehe'
from*menmi);got.munsm.`thought,notion,opinion',aisl.munr`sense,mind,desire,lust',ags.
myneÈrinnerung,desire,love',as.muni-lk`mellifluous'(=OldIndianmni-);got.ana-minds
`suspicion'(=OldIndianmant-),ga-minin.Àndenken',aisl.minneÈrinnerung',ahd.as.minn(e)a
`love,Minne'(*minj,*mindj);got.ga-munds,ags.ge-mynd,ahd.gi-muntÀndenken,Gedachtnis'
(=OldIndianmat-etc.);
lit.men(=wslav.*-men,OldIndianmnati),miti`gedenken',red.-stuf.mini,minti(:ahd.
firmontetc.)`ds.,erwhnen',lett.mintds.,ablaut.lit.mantiùnderstand,comprehend';lengthened
grade-monis`Verstand';lit.mints`thought,notion'(=OldIndianmat-etc.);mnasm.`Kunst';prmintas`benannt';OldPrussianmntimai`wirlie';
OldChurchSlavicmnj(mnii),mnti`mean',-mnti`gedenken,sichremind',pamt
`Gedenken';toch.Amnu`Denken',mau`desire';
hitt.me-im-ma-i(memmi)`sagt',whetherfrom*memn-or*men-compareBenvenisteBSL.33,140,
PedersenHitt.116,BonfanteLg.17,205ff.
References:
References:WP.II264ff.,WH.II65ff.,68ff.,107,109f.,Trautmann180f.
Page(s):
Page(s):726-728
Root/lemma: men-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:small,todiminish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klein,verkleinern;vereinzelt'
Note:
Note:partlywithu- ,u o - ,partlywithk -formant
Material: u- , u o -stem:arm.manr,Gen.manu`small,thin,fine',manuk`kid,child,knave,boy,
servant';gr.-Hes.,(Hs.)Hes.,,
att.(*F)`thin,lax,sparse',diss.(=)Hes.;inadditionasìsoliertsich'
afterBrugmannRhMus.62,634f.(Lit.)Hes.;i.e.`drcktsich,slinkssichweg'
andwithDiss.possiblyatt.`(*wersichabseits,fromotherfernhlt'=)`thesmallMannwith
beschrnktemGesichtskreis';o-gradeion.,dor.,att.(*F)àllein,
occasionally';air.mn(*mni-)`smooth,gentle';menb`small',oldMenuehGen.,cymr.di-fanw
ùnbedeutend',di-fenwi(*mnu-)`verkleinern,vilify,scold'.
Withk -formants:OldIndianmankèinwenig';ahd.mengen(*mangjan)andmangolnèntbehren',
nhd.mangeln,mhd.manc(-g-)`lack,Gebrechen';lit.mekas`small,unbedeutend',mnk`codfish,
Aalquappe',etc.;
Maybealb.mungonj`lack'alsoital.mancare`belacking,missing'
toch.menki`minder';hitt.ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-eNom.Pl.`short'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):728-729
Root/lemma: men-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostay,standstill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bleiben,(sinnend)stillstehen'
Note:
Note:(=men- `think')
Material:
Material:OldIndianman-(parimamandhi,maman)`hesitate,stillstehen',av.ap.man-`bleiben,
wait,holdon',av.fra-man-àusharren';arm.mnam`bleibe,erwarte'(*mn-);gr.,
()`bleibe',f.`dasBleiben',àusharrend',`donkey'(`persistent');lat.
mane,-re(compare-)`bleiben'(*menei),Denomin.mantre`saepemanre';air.ainmne,
cymr.amynedd,mcymr.anmynedd`Geduld'(*an-meni);
toch.msk-`sein';hitt.mi-im-ma-i`refuse'.
References:
References:WP.II267,WH.II26,PedersenHitt.121.
Page(s):
Page(s):729
Root/lemma: menth-1 ,methEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomixup,stir
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`quirlen,drehendbewegen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmnthati,mathnti`quirlt,rhrt,schttelt',mntha-m.`gyration,Rhrlffel',av.
mant-`bestir';
gr.m.`Schlachtgetmmel',(*F)f.`HeftofRuders',dor.m.
`Metkenkind';att.`Frechling',lak.ds.;
lat.(osk.)mamphur,bettermanfurèinStcktheDrehbank';
aisl.mndullm.`DrehholzantheHandmhle',nhd.Mandel,Mandelholz`Rollholz,walzenfrmiges
wood';
lit.mentris,-r(lett.mieturis)`Quirl,Rhrstock',meni,msti`stir(meal,flour)',lit.ment`Spatel',
metf.`scapula';abg.mt,msti`,turbare',Iter.mtiti,*s-metana(russ.smetnaetc.)
`cream,Milchrahm',dissimil.from*s-mtana;
abg.motatisàgitari',russ.mottàufwickeln,shake;verschwenden',etc.
References:
References:WP.II269,WH.II22f.,SpechtKZ64,13;66,49,Trautmann181f.
Page(s):
Page(s):732
Root/lemma: menth-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochew,mouth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kauen;Gebi,Mund'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmath-`devour':
gr.Hes.(compare`maked.Fleischgericht'),`chew,bite'(from
*-,idg.*mnth-i),`chew',f.`mouth'and`mouthful',`knirschewith
denZhnen',Hes.(probablywithfrombefore,from*()
àssumedfromatt.,m.`parasita');e-grade
Hes.(*menth-to-);
lat.mand,-ere,-i,mansum`chew'(*menth);
nir.madal`belly,Gedarme'(*menth-lor*mnth-l);
ahd.mindil,gamindeln.`Gebiambridle,rein',ags.mlds.,aisl.ml(*minl),aschwed.mlds.;
aisl.minna-sk`kiss';zerogradegot.muns,aisl.mur,munne,ags.m,ahd.mund`mouth';orto
cymr.mant,seeabovemen-1 .
References:
References:WP.II270,WH.II24;SpechtIdg.Dekl.253f.
Page(s):
Page(s):732-733
Root/lemma: mereghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosoak,drizzle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`benetzen,rieseln'
Material:
Material:Gr.`benetze,regne,berstrme',,`rain';lett.mergut`gentlerain',
mrga,mrg`sanfterrain';ech.mrholiti`nieseln',mrhulka`finerain',russ.morgat`trbebecome'
(*mrgat),moroch,morozg`finerain'(*morgh-s-),morosit`feinrain'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):738
Root/lemma: mereEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:edge,border
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rand,Grenze'
Material:
Material:Npers.marz`Landstrich,Mark';lat.marg,-inisèdge,limit,boundary'(*mer-n-,-en-);
air.mruig,mir.bruig(*mrogi-)`Mark,Landstrich',cymr.corn.bret.bro`district,region,area',brogae
Galliagrumdicunt(Schol.toJuvenalVIII234),gall.PNBrogi-mros,VNAllobroges(=urnord.aljamarkiRÀuslnder')underlikewise;got.markaf.`limit,boundary',ahd.marc(h)a`limit,boundary,
Grenzland',ags.mearcds.,aisl.mrkf.`Grenzland,wood,forest'(*mor),aisl.landa-markn.,ags.
gemearcn.`limit,boundary,Grenzstrich,Abgrenzung,Definitio'(*morom),probablyalsoanord.
markn.`mark,token,sign,Kennzeichen',mhd.marc(h)n.`Marke,Kennzeichen',nhd.merken(also
MarkasGeld,actuallyprobably`MerkstrichamGewicht').
References:
References:WP.II283f.,WH.II39f.
Page(s):
Page(s):738
Root/lemma:merdhRoot/lemma:merdh-,mrdhmrdhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil;tojolt,shake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufsprudeln,aufschtteln'
Material:
Material:Gr.,att.(*-),Aor.,ion.-`simmer,seethe,roar,
foamauf,worfle',`dasSieden';lett.mrdt`tobubbleup',murdi`Sprudel',lit.mrdau,-yti
`hineinstoendversenken'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):738
Root / lemma: mer-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostripoff,towipe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbstreifen,abwischen'
Note:
Note:(partlyalsoostidg.merg-)
Material:
Material:OldIndianmr-a-j-ni(1.Sg.Konj.),mrjata(3.Pl.)`whisk,abstreifen'(compare
);s.alsoundermel-;arm.merem`scaccio,espello';gr.`streifeab(leaves,
Frchte)',àusdrckend',`mulschemassderausgepretenOliven'(outofitlat.
amurca);`wischeab;push,pressfrom'(--probablyfrom-er-underEinwirkungof
consecutive);lat.mergae,-rum`Mhgabel',merges,-itisf.`fascicle,sheaf'
(`Zusammengestreiftes').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):738
Root/lemma: mer-2
Seealso:
Seealso:seeundermerk-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):738
Root/lemma: meri o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:youngman,woman
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jungerMann'andzugehrigeorhnlicheFemininbildungen
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianmrya-m.`man,youngman,lover,suitor',maryak-m.`Mnnchen'(=
mpers.mrak),gr.m.f.`knave,boy,girl',`knave,boy'(thevowelthe2.syllable
probablyafter);alb.shemrf.`Nebenfrau,Rivalin'(*sm-mer),comparemrkosh
`Mnnchen,Wchner'(ofMnnerkindbett),perhapsalsomartojÌverheirate'(*mr-tonj),JoklL.-kU.
5ff.;
einfem.*mer`youngwoman'kannvorliegeninlat.mar-tus`beweibt,verheiratet(ofManne)'.
2.Withg -formant:lit.merg,OldPrussianmergo`girl,Dienstmdchen,bondmaid';presumablyalso
withbrit.-ch-from-kk-(consonant-DoppelunginKosewort):cymr.merch,bret.merc'h,corn.myrgh
`daughter,woman';with-gn-behindformanti:kelt.*morign,acorn.moroin`virgo,puella,ancilla',
cymr.mor-forwyn`Seejungfer,Sirene'(fromdemBrit.derivesair.muir-moruds.).
3.Auf-t :lit.mart`bride,Jungfer',OldPrussianmrtinAkk.Sg.`bride',lett.mraòfbrother
woman',krimgot.marzus`nuptiae'(i.e.marusorfrom*marjsassibiliert),gr.probably()in
,demkret.namestheArtemis.
References:
References:WP.II281,WH.II40f.,Trautmann170.
Page(s):
Page(s):738-739
Root/lemma: merk-1 ,mer- ,merk- ,merEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`morschen,faulen,einweichen'
Note:
Note:originally=(mer- ),merk- àufreiben'(see737),thoughalreadygrundsprachlichthroughdie
relationshipaufdiedampnessverselbstndigt
Material:
Material:Lat.marce,-re`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered,slacksein',marcidus`wilted;faded,
flaccid,withered,slack',marcor`Welkheit,Morschheit,Schlaffheit';gall.bracis`speciesofgrainzur
Malzbereitung';mir.mraich,braich,cymr.corn.brag`malt',i.e.èingeweichtes,gequollenescorn,
grain';gallorom.*bracu-(*mraku-)`morass'(:slav.*morkyds.),cymr.brag-wellt`Sumpfgras';gall.
mercasius`swamp,marsh',afrz.marchais;gall.embrektonèingetunktermorsel,mouthful'(outofit
lat.imbractum);mir.brn,cymr.braen(*mrakno-)`morsch,faul';mhd.mer(e)n,mnd.meren`breadin
WeinorWassereintunken'(*merhen),lit.merki,merkti`(Flachs)steep',ablaut.mirkst,mirktiìn
Wasserlie',markti`steep',mark`Flachsrste',lett.marksds.,mrka`dampness',mrct`tunken';
klr.morokv`morass'(reshufflingfrom*morky),wruss.mjarads.(*merki).
Note:
mir.mraich,braich,cymr.corn.brag`malt':lat.bracchileÀrmspange',bracchiolum`rmchen':alb.
alb.brrylèlbow'fromabbreviateddiminutiveoflat.bracchlum(brch-),i,n.dim.[bracchium]a
small,delicatearm]
bracchum(lesscorrectlybrch-um;
I.gen.bracchi,Lucr.6,434),ii,n.[perh.kindr.withGr.brachin;butcf.Sanscr.bhu;
Albaniankrahu,krahiarm(ph->h-inarm.):rum.cracbranch,branching,limb,arm,bough,roost
likefrango,Sanscr.bhang,Bopp,Gloss.p.239a],thearm;particularly,
I.Lit.,theforearm,fromthehandtotheelbow(whilelacertusistheupperarm,fromtheelbowtothe
shoulder)
Greek:
Greek:,-
Meaning:
Meaning:Òberarm,Arm'imGegensatzzu=`(Unter)arm'(seitIl.).
Derivatives:
Derivatives:DavonÀrmspange'(DelosIIa),`ds.`(Plu.u.a.);vgl.
(A.),Òhrgehnge'(Ar.,Lys.),`Weisheitszhne'(Hp.u.
a.)undandereGerte-undKrperteilnamenbeiChantraineFormation327f.Auerdem,(Sm.,Th.,Aq.)und(Alex.Trall.)imAnschluanlat.bracchileÀrmspange',
bracchiolum`rmchen',s.unten.
Etymologicalinformation:
Etymologicalinformation:NachPollux2,138wirdderOberarmgenannt,
;vgl.BechtelLex.s.v.WohlbegrndeteBedenkenbeiSeilerSteigerungsformen
42f.-DarausalsLWlat.bracchium,worausfernerkymr.braichusw.;vgl.W.-Hofmanns.v.
mer- insamemeaning(compareS.736mer-,merg-àufreiben'):
Alb.mardhem`frstle,schauere',marthm.`strongfrost'(=slav.*morz);air.meirc(nir.meirg)
`Rost',mergach`corrugated'(*mergi-);nir.meirgeall`scabrousness',cymr.merydd`humid,wet,idle';
merddwfr`Brakwasser',abret.mergidhaam`hebesco'(bret.mergl`Rost'isir.Lw.);mhd.murc
`morsch,wilted;faded,flaccid,withered',nisl.morkinn`morsch,mrbefromdecay',aisl.morkna
`morschbecome';bulg.mrzel`Faulheit',OldChurchSlavicmrzit(*mirti)`',slov.
mrziti`disgust'(basis*mer-),compareahd.bruoh`Moorboden,swamp,marsh',mnd.brk,ndl.
broek;withitisas`KlteinfolgeNsse'oras`goosebumps'(compareair.meirc`wrinkle')identical
OldChurchSlavicpo-mrznti`freeze',mraz,russ.morz(likewiseintonationtheheavybasis)
`frost'.
Maybealb.mrzit`bother,annoy',(*morz)muzg`dusk,darkness'.
References:
References:WP.II281f.,WH.II36f.,129,Trautmann182,187.
Page(s):
Page(s):739-740
Root/lemma: merk-2 ,morkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sullen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verdrielich'
Material:
Material:Corn.moreth`rger,distress',bret.morc'het`souci,malheur';poln.markot`growl,growl',
markotny`querulous,sullen'(outofitlit.markatnus`sullen'andwruss.markoci`verdrielichmake',
markotn`langweilig').
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:relationshipto(mer-),merk- àufreiben,consume'(see737)probably.
Page(s):
Page(s):740
Root/lemma: merk -
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianmrti`berhrt,fatan',gr.,`heavyto
behandeln'Hes.,,Hes.:
besidesthroughassimilationfrom*markt:gr.,`gripe',`Rauber';through
metathesis:`gripe',underlikewise,Hes.;
doubtfulisaffiliationfromlat.merx`Ware',mercs,-dis`Preis,earnings,Sold',mercr`handeln',
osk.amiricadut`handelsmig',amirikum`commercium'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):739
Root/lemma: mer-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplait,bind;rope
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,binden;Schnur,Masche,Schlinge'
Note:
Note:extendedmeregh- ,merghMaterial:
Material:Gr.,-f.`filament';lengthenedgrade`wickletogether,wickleauf',
`filament,cord'(Platowithsecondary-),assumed,daTheokrit1,29
Hyperdorismusis;aschwed.meri,aisl.mer`fish-Reuse'.
meregh- , mergh- :gr.(*)m.`rope,loop,noose,snare,Masche',Demin.f.,

`basketfrombark'(from*);mir.braige,braga`captive';lett.merga,ablaut.marga
`handrail',perhapslit.mrka`linen,fishingnet',whetherfrom*morgh-ska;OldChurchSlavic
mra`net,loop,noose,snare',russ.mera`Netzsack,Beutelnetz',Demin.merka`Maschein
net,feinesMuster'(outofitzurckgebildetmerga`Gewebe,netting,embroidery'),serb.mra`net'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):733
Root/lemma: mer-2 ;*extendedmer-ekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshimmer,shine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flimmern,funkeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmrci-,marc`Lichtstrahl,Luftspiegelung'(mar-:gr.,);
gr.,`schimmere',:-`Glutkohle',`thefunkelndeHundsstern';
`funkle',`radiance,Funkeln'(--throughmetrischelengthening,compare:)
`radiance,schnelleBewegung',(*-ki)`funkle',probablyfromabasismeru;perhapsf.`shape,(*schimmerndes)ueres'(*mor-bh),-Hes.,
`swart'(rhymewordtods.);
lat.merus`bare,pure,unvermischt',probablyoriginally`clear,bright,bright';
ags.-merian`lutern;prfen,aufdieProbestellen',ags.maref.,ablaut.aisl.muraf.`Silberkraut';
russ.dial.mar`Sonnenglut;sleep',mrevo`heat,bythedieLufttrbwhiteis;Hhenrauch,
Luftspiegelung'(*mreuom)underlikewise;with*mr-klr.mryj`misty,dismal,dank',mrju,mrty
`shimmer,dmmern,mistybecome';
doubtfulmir.br`Forelle'aspreviousFem.*mrtolat.merus,aswellasgr.()èingewisser
smallfish'.
gutturalextensions:
mer()k- `flicker,vordenAugenflimmern;sichverdunkeln',alsooftwilight.
Air.mrecht-`buntscheckig'(*mrkto-`varicolored'),nir.breachtachds.,ncymr.brith,f.braithds.,corn.
bruit`varius',bret.briz`fleckig',cymr.brithyll`Forelle',corn.breithil`mugil',bret.brezel`Makrele'
(MarstranderZceltPh.7,373f.underappositionfrom:)isl.murta`smallForelle',norw.mort
`Rotauge';
got.margins`morning',aisl.myrginn,morg-inn,-unn,ags.mergen,morgen,as.ahd.morgan
`morning'.
lit.mrk-iu,-ti`dieAugenshut,blink',mrks-iu,-ti`fortwhrendblinzeln',ablaut.-marka`someone,
theetwasanblinzelt',marksta,-ti`blink';
slav.*mrknotiinOldChurchSlavicmrknoti`sichverdunkeln',Aor.po-mre,serb.mknuti`dark
become',OldChurchSlavicnemremyjùnzugnglich',aech.mrkati`dmmern',ech.`blink,
drowse,finsterbecome';inadditionslav.*mrkinserb.mk`black',slovak.mrk`cloud',klr.smerk
`dusk,twilight',ablaut.slav.*morkinOldChurchSlavicmrak`darkness',russ.mrok`darkness,
fog,clouds';russ.mrek`Phantasieren,apparition;bserghost',bulg.mrzgav`trb,unfreundlich(of
weather)',mrd,mrt`werdetrb,finster',mrdolj`flimmere'(stimmhafterWurzelauslaut
throughFernassimilation),ech.dial.midtise`dmmern';
mer()g- :
Gr.`dark'(ol.for);alb.mje(r)gul`fog,darkness';
Note:
gr.Gr.`dark'derivedfromalb.mje(r)gul`fog,darkness'[commongr.<gw,p<kw
phoneticmutation];alb.provesthatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:mer-2 ;*extendedmer-ek- : `toshimmer,
shine'derivedthetruncatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:meigh- ,alsomeik- :
:`toglimmer,twinkle;mist'.
aisl.myrkr(*mirkwa-),acc.myrkvan`dark',mjrkvi,myrkvim.`darkness',as.mirki,ags.mierce
`dark';
lit.mrgu,-ti`flicker',lett.mirdzt`flicker,blink,glitter,flash',mirgasàbruptHervorblinken',lit.
mrgas`varicolored',marguoti`buntshimmer',lett.marga`Schimmer',mrgi`Phantasiebilder,
Nordlicht';russ.morgat`blink,winken';
perhapsherediefamilyofOldIndianmrg-`gazelle'etc.as`scheckigesanimal'(whereofmrgyati
`hunts,scuds,chases')
References:
References:WP.II273ff.,WH.II78,Trautmann182f.
Page(s):
Page(s):734
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(mer-3 ),mor-(u)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblacken,darkspot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwrzen,dunkleFarbe,Schmutzfleck'
Material:
Material:Gr.`',`(rauch)geschwrzt';lit.moraPl.`mildew';russ.
marju,-t`schmieren,slander',marka`Fleck,Mal',ech.morousàschfarbiggestreiftesrother,
cattle',morat`blackgestreift',poln.morus`Schmutzfink';n-steminpoln.morg`buntgestreift'under
likewise;herealsogr.Hes.(`schmutziggelb').
Hes.,perhapsalsowiths-extensionarm.mayl`darkness,fog,cloud;finster,dark'(*muayldueto
from*mor-so-),maaxul`thickvapor,darkness'(mrso-)andlit.mrinu`besmirch',mr(k)linu`wash,
sudle'.
References:
References:WP.II279f.,Trautmann169,SpechtIdg.Dekl.119.
Page(s):
Page(s):734
Root/lemma: mer-4 ,merEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todie
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sterben'
Note:
Note:(=mer-5 àufgeriebenbecome')
Material:
Material:OldIndianmarati,mrat`stirbt',arm.meanim`die',gr.`starb'Hes.(comparelit.
mrism.,mref.`death',mrdtiìnSterbenlie');causativeOldIndianmryati`slays',osset.mryn
`slay',lit.marnti,serb.mritids.,etc.;zerogradeOldIndianmriyt`stirbt',av.miryeite(=miryeit)
ds.,Oldpers.a-mariyatèrstarb',lat.morior(*mr-ir)Ìdie';baltoslav.*mir-inlit.mrtu,mirti`die',
lett.mirstu,mirtds.(inadditionlit.mr`theTote',lett.mirjsm.`Sterbender');OldChurchSlavic
mr,mrtiand-mrtids.,hitt.me-ir-ta(mert)`starb'.
participlemr - t- `dead'inOldIndianmrt-=av.mrta-`gestorben',arm.mard`person'(`mortal,
humanbeing'),lat.Morta,`Deathgoddess',baltoslav.*mirta-`dead'inlit.mirtjidien`Todestag',Old
ChurchSlavicu-mrtijen.`death',etc.;n - mr - to- ìmmortal,lebendig'inOldIndianamta-,av.
am-,gr.(ol.for),therefrom`belongingtotheimmortal';from
abstracted`perishable'and`bloodthathasrunfromawound,gore,
coagulatedblood'(M.Leumann,Homer.Wrter126ff.).
mr - t-m `death'inOldIndianmrt-n.`death',ahd.mord,ags.aisl.morn.`murder'(besides*mrtro-mingot.maurrn.,ags.mororn.`murder').
Maybealb.mort`funeral',mortje`death'
mr - ti- `death'inOldIndianmrti-,av.mrti-,lat.mors,-tis,lit.mirts,OldChurchSlavics-mrt
(from*-mrt),serb.smt,etc.
mr - t `death'inarm.mah,oldermarh;with-ti-contaminated:OldIndianmrty-,av.mryu-ds.
mr-to- `perishable'inOldIndianmrta-,av.maa-`person',withTonwechselmarta-`perishable,
mortal,humanbeing',gr.`person,mortal,humanbeing'Hes.(for*);derived*mor-tioinOldIndianmartya-,av.maya-,Oldpers.martiya-`perishable,mortal,humanbeing'.
mr - u - `dead'inair.marb,cymr.etc.marw,gall.*marvos(M.-L.5387a);uncleargall.()Morimarusa`mortuummare';throughinfluenceofmr-tu-to*mr-tu-o-inlat.mortuus`dead',OldChurch
Slavicmrtv(mrtv)ds.
mro-s `death'inOldIndianmra-`death',lit.mras`Pest',OldChurchSlavicmords.
AfterThiemeStudien55here()gr.(*-),-,hom.`Zeuge'(`Schwrender')
from*mrt-tur-()`thedeathgriping'(roottu e r- `catch').
References:
References:WP.II276,WH.112f.,Trautmann186f.,ThiemeStudien15ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):735
Root/lemma: mer-5 ,merEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub,wipe;topack,rob
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreiben,reiben'and`packen,rauben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmrti,mrati`raubt',-mar-tr-`Rauber',mrat`raubte',mal-mlu-`Rauber;
butmrti`zermalmt,zerdrckt,zerschlgt',mr-`zermalmt,aufgerieben'belongrathertomel-1;
alsomar-m.`sand,desert,waste,wasteland,Fels';
gr.`reibeauf,consume,entkrfte',Pass.`verzehremich,verschwindeallmhlich,ermatte',
`Hinschwinden,Krfteverfall';`kmpfe';`stone,Felsblock'(compare
lat.rps:rump),later(after)`whitestone,Marmor'(outofitlat.marmor);
lat.mortrium`mortar'(duetofrom*mr-ts`zerrieben');aboutmortum`Mrsergericht's.WH.II112;
morbus`disease,malady'(*mor-bhos);
air.meirb`leblos',mir.meirb,cymr.merw`slack,weak'(merui-);mir.meirlef.`robbery,theft',
meirlech`robber';air.mrath`betrayal',cymr.bradds.(*mr-to-)toair.*marnaid`verrt',subjunctivemera;
aisl.merja(preteritmara)`hit,zerstoen';ahd.maro,marawiandmur(u)wi`mrbe,tender,reif',ags.
mearo`mrbe,tender',aisl.morna`hinwelken',norw.moren,maren`morsch';nisl.morn.`dust,
powder',aschwed.mor`brckeligemass,offal';
serb.mva`crumbs';abg.iz-mrmrati`roden',aruss.-moromradi`gnaw,zerkrmmeln';
hitt.marriattari`wirdzerschmettert'.
mor f.Àlp':air.mor-(r)gain`lamia',actuallyÀlpknigin'(mrrgainangelehntanmr`big,large'),
aisl.mara,ahd.mara,ags.mare(nhd.Mahr,Nachtmahrm.)`bernatrlichesfemalecreature,das
sichinthenightdenSchlafendenaufdieBrustplaces',skr.-ChurchSlavicmora`witch',klr.mora
Àlp,Drude,Nachtmnnchen'etc.
mer-g-:
mnd.morken`crush',ags.murc(n)ian`sichgrmen',murc`drckend,nagend(ofhunger)';s.further
under(merk-),merg-`morschen,faulen'etc.
mer-d-:
OldIndianmrdnti(mrdnta-,mrdit-),mrdati,mardyati`zerreibt,zerdrckt,zermalmt,reibtauf',av.
3.Sg.mrndat(=mrnd-)`vernichtet'(diesear.wordsbecomealsoidg.meld-fortsetzen,s.mel-1;
OldIndianmrdntiperhapsinsteadof*mrtti(*mr-n-ed-ti)throughinfluenceofmrti(seeaboveS.
735);
arm.mart`fight,struggle';
gr.Hes.(*mrd-);`rob'and`blind,verdunkle'
(`robofGlanzes,ofAugenlichtes'),Hes.;toAor.neologism;
ostfries.murt`brockeligemass,dust,powder',nd.murten`zerfallen',mhd.murz`stump',schweiz.
murz,morz`smallshred';
lett.mrdtàbmergeln,starvelassen;einespeopleTodebeiwohnen'(lattermeaningnherzulit.
mrdti,presentmrdmi,mrdiu`die',dasaufdo-ordho-presentto*mer-`die'basedon,asalso
mer-d-`rub'inletztenGrundaufeinsolchesdo-presentgobackwird;islett.mrdtlikewisetomer`die'topull,drag);
lat.morde,-re,momord`bite'(=OldIndianmardyati,mamrd),alsofromGefhlenand
Geschmacksempfindungen;
comparedies -forms:
gr.,`terrible,dreadful'(`*aufreibend'),ahd.smerzanàche',smerzo`pain',
mnd.smerten,nd.ndl.smarten,ags.smeortanàche',engl.smart`biting,sharp,witzig'and`nett,
dainty';comparealsosmerd- `stink'.
mer-k- :
OldIndianmarcyati`gefhrdet,injures,hurts,disables,damages',mrkt-ìnjures,hurts,disables',
mark-m.`Hinsterben,death'=av.mahrka-`death',conservativestemOldIndianInstr.Sg.mrc-,
av.mrx`ruin,destruction',av.mrnaitiìnjures,hurts,disables,destructs';arm.mor`young,
tender'(*morkio-);perhapsalb.morr`louse'(*mrko-`dieKratzendeorlikewise'compareds.:
);lat.murcus`mutilated'(outofitsizil.`dumb')andmurcidusìdle,slack';mhd.morgen
`slack'.
Withanl.s- lit.smerktiìnNottoversetzensuchen',smarks`cruel,savage',pa-smerkti`spoil',nhd.
dial.schmorgen`darben,notleiden'.
Here(as`Hcksel')ags.mearg`sausage'=aisl.mrr`ds.,Eingeweidefett'(*marhu-),redupl.gr.
`Blutwurst';hitt.mar-kn-zi`zerschneidet'.
seealsomerk-2`sullen'and1.merk-`morschen,faulenetc.`.
mer-s- :
OldIndianmaam,mamkar-`pulverisieren',mai-,ma`Pulver';
ahd.morsri`mortar'(reshapedfromlat.mortrium,s.S.736),mhd.zermrsen`crush,
zerquetschen',md.zermorschends.,schweiz.morsen,mrsen`crunch,kleinstoen',mhd.nd.
mursch,murs,nhd.morsch,ndl.morzelen`grind'.
References:
References:WP.II276ff.,WH.42,110ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:identicalwithmer-4.
Page(s):
Page(s):735-737
Root/lemma: mer-6 ,mer-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobother,anger,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stren,rgern,vernachlssigen,vergessen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmyate`vergit,vernachlssigt,verzeiht',mara-m.`Geduld',m`free,irrig',
Kaus.marayati`duldet,verzeiht';arm.moanam`vergesse'(Meillet,Esquisse240);got.marzjan
ànger',ags.mierran,as.merrian,afries.meria,ahd.marren,merren`hinder,stren';
Maybealb.imarr`crazy,angry,mad',marrzi`madness'
ags.-mierran`spoil',afries.mre`band,strap,manacle';lit.marasòblivion',inadditionmars
`vergelich',lett.iz-mraf.`Vergelichkeit';lit.mirt,mirti(onlywithu-,pa-)andlett.iz-mrstu,
iz-mrst`forgotten',lit.Kaus.marnti`vergessenmake'.
Maybealb.mrzi`boredom',mrzej`restatnoon(livestock)'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):737-738
Root/lemma: metSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.703f.underm-2andm-3.
Page(s):
Page(s):741
Root/lemma: meug-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totakebysurprise,wily
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heimlichandtckischlauern'
Material:
Material:Lat.muger`theFalschspielerbeimWrfelspiel'(*mug-ro-s`lauernd');
ahd.mhhari,mhh(e)o`Wegelagerer,Straenruber',muhhn`clandestinelauern,anfallen',
mhd.vermchen`clandestineaufdieSeitemake',late-ahd.mhhilri(to*mchiln),nhd.Meuchler,
mhd.miuchel`clandestine',ahd.mh-heimo`cricket',ablaut.mhd.mocken`verstecktlie',mengl.
micher`thief',engl.dial.tomich`verstecktsein,steal'.
References:
References:WP.II255,WissmannNom.postverb.137;probablytoFolgendem.
Page(s):
Page(s):743-744
Root/lemma: meug-2 ,meukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toslide,slip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:A.`schlpfen,schlpfrig',outofit`schleimig,Schleim';andererseitsB.`darber
streichen,gleiten,entgleiten'
Note:
Note:alsowithanlaut.sMaterial:
Material:A.Lat.mcus`mucus',mcor`mildew',-mung,-ereàusschneuzen'(figurativeùmGeld
prellen');mgilm.`Schleimfisch';
gr.-`schneuze;betrge',-`dasSchneuzen'(:lat.-muncti),`nose,
nostril',`mucus,nose'(basedonauf*--`schleimig',asalso:),,
`Schleimfisch'(alsowithanl.s-,asbyHes.also,),Hes.
(*--),,ùnbefleckt,pure,holy';,-`fungus';
cymr.mign(*mkino-)`swamp,marsh';withanl.s-gael.smc,smug`Rotz'(expressive);mir.mocht
`soft',cymr.mwythds.(*muk-to-);
aisl.myglaf.`mildew',mugga`finerain',mengl.mugen`nebeligbecome',nhd.dial.maugel`nebelig,
bewlkt,dmmerig',ags.for-mogod`decayed';withidg.g: aisl.mykrandmykif.(*muk)`manure',
mhd.mucheln,mcheln`schimmeligsmell',aisl.mjkr(outofitengl.meek)`soft',changingthrough
ablautgot.mka-mdei`Sanftmut',mnl.muik`soft',nhd.dial.maukig`decayed',schweiz.mauch
`morsch,faint,languid,hungry'(asschweiz.mucht`faint,languid,hungry');mhd.mche
`Pferdefukrankheit',got.*maukinprov.mauca`Gedrm';
lett.mukls,muklans`paludsus',mku(*munku),muktìneinenSumpfsinkin';
skr.mukljiv`humid,wet'.
B.OldIndian*munkti,mucti,mucti`befreit,ltlos'(`*streiftab'),mkti-`Lsung,Befreiung,
Aufgeben';av.fra-muxti-`Losbinden';compareOldIndianmuhate`flieht',Oldpers.amu(n)aèr
floh'from*mu-n-eth-mi;
lit.munk,mktièscape;togetaway'=lett.mku,mukt`sichlosmachen,flee'(andìneinenSumpf
einsinken'seeabove);lit.(s)makti`gleitendstripe',lett.mauktàbstreifen',lit.(s)munk,(s)mkti
`gleitendsinken,entgleiten';
slav.*(s)mknti`(ent)glide,slide'inech.smeknoutiàbziehen',OldChurchSlavicRefl.smy,
smykatis`grovel,truckle,creep'(modernslav.also`schlpfen,glide,slide,abstreifen'),russ.ChurchSlavicmknutisja`transire',OldChurchSlavicmati(mk-)`jactare',etc.
Arootformmeukh- withthespecificmeaning`hineinschlpfen'probablyinarm.mxem(*muxam)
`steckehinein,taucheein,bade',mux`dyeing',mximènrare,insinuarsi,ingolfarsi',atfirsttogr.
m.ìnnersterangle'(perhaps`*hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole'),ìnnerst'.
Auf(s)meugh- basedondiegerm.familyof:
aisl.smjga`hinein-ordurchkriechen',ags.smgan`schlpfen,grovel,truckle,creep',mhd.smiegen
`sichducken',nhd.schmiegen,Kaus.aisl.smeygia`schmiegen,anziehen',mhd.sichsmougen`sich
ducken',ags.smag`smart,sharpwitted,shrewd',smagan`think,suchen',smagolèng,narrow,
tight,slim,slender,thin',aisl.smugaf.`Schlupfloch',furtherschwed.imjugg,norw.imugg
`verstohlen',withs- dn.norw.ismug,ndl.tersmuig(andtersmuik)ds.,dn.norw.smughandel
`Schleichhandel',ndd.smuggeln,nhd.(outofit)schmuggeln(withklndl.smokkelends.);probably
alsonhd.mogeln,nd.mogelen,muggelen`heimliches,betrgerischesSpieldrive,push';withgerm.
k(k):norw.dial.smokla,smukla`lurk,sichvorwrtsschleichen',schweiz.schmauchen`clandestine
entwenden,naschen';inthemeaning`schmiegen,hineinschliefen'mhd.smuck`dasAnschmiegen,
jewellery'(originallyanstreifbarer),smcken,mnd.smuckenànschmiegen,kleiden,adorn',ahd.
smocco;ags.smock`Hemd',aisl.smokkrm.`Frauenbrustlatz',mnd.smuk(-ck-)`ductile,schmuck',
mhd.gesmcket`slim';
-g-or-gh-inlett.smaugs`slim',lit.smugtièrdrosseln',lett.smudi,smdzi`Mcken,smallFliegen',
poln.smug,smuga(besidessmuk)Èngpa,schmalerstripe'.
References:
References:WP.II253ff.,WH.I402f.,Trautmann189f.,271,KuiperNasalprs.124f.,129.
Page(s):
Page(s):744-745
Root/lemma: meuk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscratch,tear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kratzen,ritzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.,,att.`ritze,
zerkratze',`crack,scratch',etc.;lat.mucr`sharpcusp,peak,spear,javelin,sword';perhaps
toags.ge-myscan`plague,deform'(*muhskjan)andlit.mti`hit';perhapsalsoOldIndianmutf.,
av.muti-`fist'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):745
Root/lemma: meu-1 ,meu - :m Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet;dirt;towash,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,moderig,netzen,unreineFlssigkeit(alsoHarn),beschmutzen',also
`waschen,reinigen'
Material:
Material:A.OldIndianmtra-n.ùrine',av.mra-n.`filth,smut'(:mnd.modderetc.);
Maybealb.mut,mutra(pl)'excrement,dirt'
arm.-moyn`plongdans'(*mou-no-);
gr.kypr.`sichwash',Hes.(*m-dlo-);
maybealb.geg.(*m-d)mys,myt,tosk.mbys,mbyt`drown'[theshiftM>MB]
mir.mnm.ùrine';mr`slime,mud';
perhaps()ndl.mooi,mnl.moy,nd.moi(e)`beautiful'(*mou-io-`gewaschen');
lett.mat`submerge,swim,swig',OldPrussianaumsnanÀbwaschung',causative(Iterat.)lit.
mudyti,lett.maudt`jemandenbathe',lit.mustytids.;lett.mudt`soft,schimmligwerden';
abg.myj,myti`wash,splen',mylo(protoslav..ech.etc.mdlo-)`Seife';
with.anl.s- lett.smalisèinschmutziggewordener',smult`befoul',smulisèinSchmutzfink';
poln.klr.mu`slime,mud',russ.dial.mlit(vdu)`(water)trben'(mou-lo-);formswithr-suffix,
respectivelyr-extensionseeunder;
from*mu-n-d-os(-d-torootextensionmeu-d-)inthemeaning`gewaschen'alsolat.mundus
`schmuck,sauber,pure,nett',Subst.`PutztheFrauen;Weltordnung,Weltall'(aftergr.);
B.extensions:
1.meu-d-; mud-ro- àlert,awake,smart'(compare`humid,wet-cheerful').
OldIndianmudir-m.`cloud',lex.also`frog';inadditionOldIndianmdatìsfunny',mda-m.,
mdana-n.`lust,Frhlichkeit',av.maoan-karana-`Wollustbereitend',OldIndianmudita`blithe,
glad',av.a-hmusta-(*a-sam-musta-)`dessenmannichtfrohbecomekann,unsavory,distasteful',
OldIndianmud-,mud`lust,pleasure,joy',mudr-`funny';
gr.w(*mudi)`suck',m.`Nsse,decay',`binhumid,wet,faul',`humid,
wet'(hom.:throughmetr.lengthening,whereuponnewer`bewssere');
lat.mundus(seeabovemeu-);
mir.muad(*moudo-)`pure,stout,proud';
mnd.mten`dasGesichtwash',ahd.muzzan`putzen',schwed.dial.muta`feinrain',ndl.mot`fine
rain';withanl.s- engl.smut`smirch,stain,splotch',mhd.smuz,nhd.Schmutz,mengl.smotten,
smoteren`befoul';
Maybealb.mot`weather':ndl.mot`finerain'[commonalb.sm->m-shift]
lit.mudrs,lett.mudrsàlert,awake,smart'(:OldIndianmudr-),lit.mdrinti,lett.mudtàntreiben'.
Fromin-es- stemm(e)udes- havederived:
Lat.mustus(*muds-to-s)`young,fresh,neu'(originally`damp,humid,wet');gr.(*)n.
`Befleckung,Makel';èhrlos';air.mossachìmpure,unclean'(*mud-s-ko-),cymr.mws,
bret.mousds.;ndd.mussig`dirty,filthy';russ.mslit`begeifern,besabbern',musljk`Sabberer,
unsaubererperson'.
Maybealb.musht`must,newwine'alat.loanword.
2.meug-, meuk- `schlpfrig'seeunderesp.Schlagworte.
3.meu-r(o)- etc.:
Arm.mr`smut,swamp,marsh'(*mu-ri-),mrur`residuum'(*murur);gr.(*),
`flieenlassen,weep,cry',-ìnsseaflowing';whetherhereùnendlich',
`10.000'lat.muria`Salzlake'lit.murstu,mrti`durchweichtbecome',m.Pl.mauraÈntengrn',
lett.marsm.`lawn',lit.muras`slime,mud',ablaut.mrasm.`smut',lett.murt`befoul';russ.mur
m.murvaf.`Wiesengras',dial.`mildew',mryj`darkgrey',etc.;compareS.741mir.mr`slime,
mud'.
4.meus-, muss, fromwhichms, muss, rootnouns`Moos,mildew'.
Ahd.ags.mosn.`Moos,swamp,marsh',aisl.mosim.ds.,zerogradeahd.mios,ags.mos`Moos,
Mies',aisl.myr-rf.(*meuz--)`moor,fen,swamp,marsh';lit.msam.Pl.`mildewaufsourmilk',
ablaut.msosf.Pl.;abg.mch`Moos'(*musos),nbulg.muchl`mildew';inadditionpresumably
arm.mamur`redorpurpledye;redorpurplecolor;rouge;ingen.,paint,dyeofanycolor;bee-glue,
alga,muscus,situs'(*memus-ro-).
5.Withformantguttural:lat.muscusm.`Moos';norw.dial.musk`dust,powder,finerain,darkness',
dn.dial.musk`mildew',mndl.mosch,mosseds.;OldChurchSlavic;muzga(*mouzg)`Lake,
Weiher',russ.mzgnut`spoil',mozgnutàbmagern',abg.mditi`schwchen',russ.mozg`rainy
weather',moit`steep'.
Maybealb.muzg`darkness,*fog,dusk',mys`clod(ofearth);breadcrust'similartoalb.mut`dirt,
excrement'.
6.meut- :
arm.mut``dark;darkness,fog',mtàr`dark';mir.mothar`thicket,dichtemass',nir.`swamp,marsh'
(*mutr-=)
Maybealb.mut,mutraPl.`faeces,dirt'
mnd.modder`slime,mud'=md.moder`verfaulenderStoff,swamp,marsh'(nhd.Moder,genuine
nhd.Essig-,Weinmutter),engl.mother`yeast'(*mutro-);engl.mud`slime,mud',mnd.mudde`thick
slime,mud'(holl.modde),md.mot(-tt-)`Torferde,morass'(schweiz.mott`turf'),ostfries.mudden
`smudge',muddig`dirty,filthy',schwed.modd`Schneeschmutz',dial.muddig`dirty,filthy';
maybealb.(*mott)mot`(bad)weather,dark,wet'
withanl.s-mnd.afries.smudden`smudge',ndd.smudden`feinrain',wflm.smodder`morass',
mengl.smod`smut',smudderen,ndl.smodderen`schmutzen',olderndl.also`tofeast'(originally
ùnreinlicheatanddrink';soalsoostfries.sms,nhd.Schmaus,olderndl.smuisteren`tofeast'and
`besmear',nd.ndl.smullen`tofeast'and`pollute,smudge'probablyfrom*smu-ln;lit.smtnas
`sad'derivesfrompoln.smutnyds.(Vasmerbrieflich).
Maybeabbreviatedalb.geg.(*smutny)s()mun,alb.smur`sad,ill,sick',alb.geg.smundjeìllness,
sadness'.
References:
References:WP.II249ff.,WH.II126f.,130,134,136,Trautmann172,188,190ff.,SpechtIndog.
Dekl.65,257f.
Page(s):
Page(s):741-743
Root/lemma: meu-sGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stehlen'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.753(ms- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):745
Root/lemma: meu - 2 ,meu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fortschieben'
Note:
Note:(Aryanpartlyalsomieu-:mu-)
Material:
Material:OldIndianmvati`schiebt,throngs,moves'=av.ava-mivmahi`wirbeseitigen,nehmen
weg',av.a-muyamnùnbeweglich,whereofnichtabzubringen',OldIndiankma-mta-`fromlove
bewegt',mr-`drngend,hurrying';
gr.`vorankommen,bertreffen'(probablyfrom`sichvorschieben'),gortyn.F
`tradedrive,push',`wehreab',Med.`verteidigemich(*schiebeweg)',Àbwehrer,
Rcher',`vorschtzen',`Vorwand,Ausflucht';compareair.mn-ùnterrichten'(E.
Lewy);
lat.move,-reìnBewegungplace,move(originallythroughFortschieben)',participlemtus(*movito-s)=umbr.comohotaAbl.Sg.f.`commota';
lit.muju,mutiàufstreifen,anstreifen(e.g.einenringaneinenFinger)',movàll,was
aufgestreiftwird',raktmova`Muff';mnd.mouwef.`Muff',nhd.hemds-mauen`Hemdrmel'.
As -extensionseems*meu-s- inOldIndianmuti,mati`stiehlt',ma-`robber,thief',frnk.(Lex
salica)chro-msido`Leichenberaubung';seeunderS.753underms.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):743
Root/lemma: mezg-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplunge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùntertauchen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmjjati`tauchtunder,sinktunder'(particlePerf.Pass.magn-from*mazgn-),
Kaus.majjayati`versenkt';lat.merg,-ere`taucheein,sink,verberge',therefrommergusm.
àquanaut(Wasservogel);Rebsenker':balt.iterative*mazgi`tauchemehrfachein,wash'inlit.
mazgti,lett.mazgt`wash'.compareestn.mskma,mordw.mukms,samojed.masuungar.
mosni`wash',etc.;doubtful,whetherheregr.`mix,mingle'from*mi-mzg;differentaboveS.
714.
References:
References:WP.II100f.,WH.II76f.,Trautmann173,H.GntertKalypso51.
Page(s):
Page(s):745-746
Root/lemma: mezg-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind,attach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stricken,knpfen'
Material:
Material:Ahd.as.msca,ags.max,mscr`Masche',aisl.mskvids.;
lit.mezg,mgsti`tie,bind,knot,knit',mzgas,lett.mazgs`knot',lit.mazgtiIter.`knit',makstti
`flax,wattle,braid',lett.met,mit`dislocate,luxate,crick',met`ranken'(russ.mzgar
`spider's.BernekerII28).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):746
Root/lemma: m g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:well-disposed,friendly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wohlgesinnt,freundlich,vergngt'
Material:
Material:Gr.-`binunwilling'(from*-ùnwilling');got.mgs,schwed.mg
Èidam'(comparefrz.belle-mre),aisl.mgr`kinsman,relativethroughHeirat',ags.mg,as.ahd.
mg`kinsman,relative',etc.;lit.mgstuandmgmi,mgti`gernhave',mgnti`prfen',lett.mgt
`taugen'.
References:
References:WP.II256,WH.II5;Hj.FriskEranos50,11f.
Page(s):
Page(s):707
Root/lemma: mi-7 :mi- :mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mild,soft
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mild,weich,lieblich'
Note:
Note:oftenwithl- ,n- ,r- ,t- extended
Material:
Material:OldIndianmyas-n.`Labsal,pleasure,joy,lust',inaddition*m(i)iesdh()inOldIndian
miydha-m.Òpferspeise',av.myazda-m.`sacrificialmeal';as*mei-dho-OldIndianmdha-m.
`Fettbrhe',mdhas-n.`sacrifice,oblation';
withl -:
-:cymr.mul`bescheiden',diful`bold'(*mi-lo-);OldPrussianmijls,lit.melasundmlas`lieb,
pleasant',milf.`love',meils`liebreich',mliu,mylti`lieben',pa-mlstu,pa-mlti`liebgewinnen';
lett.ml(olderu-stem)andmils(from*mielas)`lieb',mlt`lieben',milut`host';OldChurchSlavic
milèrbarmenswert',russ.mlyj`lieb',etc.;
withn - :cymr.mwyn`friendly',acorn.muin,moin`dainty',bret.moan`thin,winzig'(*mi-no-);air.mn
`smooth,gentle'(*m-no-);
withr - :alb.mir`good,beautiful';OldChurchSlavicmir`peace';ablaut.aserb.mijer(*moiro-),
apoln.mier`peace'(alit.mieras,lett.mirsds.areslav.Lw.);
witht - :lat.mtis`mild,soft'(*mit-);air.mith,meth(*mit-)ds.,also()Pl.m(i)th`fat,fertile';
cymr.mwydo(*mit-)èrweichen',mwydion`Weichteile';lett.at-mist`softbecome',at-mett
èrweichen'.
References:
References:WP.II244,WH.II96f.,Trautmann174,175.
Page(s):
Page(s):711-712
Root/lemma: m-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:prohibitiveparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(da)nicht'
Grammaticalinformation:prohibitiv
Material:
Material:OldIndianav.Oldpers.m,gr.,arm.mids.,alb.mosds.(from*mo=idg.*m+s,that
perhapsgoesbacktoidg.ke).
FromPIEtheprohibitiveparticlepassedtoAltaic:
Protoform:
Protoform:*ma
Meaning:
Meaning:anegativeparticle
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*-maTungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*-me
Koreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*m-t
Japaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*-maNote:
Note:2,57.Amonosyllabicroot,but,unlikethe1stp.pron.ortheaccusativeparticle,itdid
notundergodenasalizationinPA.Thismaybeexplainedbythefactthatitwasinmostcasesalready
incorporatedintotheverbalformasasuffix.ItisinterestingtonoteMong.*bi,*bu`neg.particle'whichmaybeoriginallythesamemorpheme,butfunctioningasaseparatewordandthussubjectto
therule*mV>*bV.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):703
Root/lemma: m-2 ,m-e-tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`mhen'
Material:
Material:Lat.met,-ere,messum`mhen,reap'(messor`reaper,mower');cymr.medids.,acorn.
midil`messor',air.meithlerai`messrs',mir.meithelàpartyofreapers',acymr.medelds.,antermetelic`semiputata',mir.de-mess`scissors'(`Doppelmesser');ahd.md`Mahd',ags.m`das
Mhen,dasgemhteHeu'(=gr.`dasErnten',originally*).
Idg.*met-stehtbesides*m-(or*am-)ingr.`mhe,cut,bite',ahd.men`mhen',ags.
mwands.;ahd.mato-screch`Wiesenhpfer,locust,grasshopper',nhd.Matte`meadow,diegemht
wird',ags.mdf.`meadow,willow'(*mdwu),engl.meadow,aschwed.mads.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):703
Root/lemma: m l - (ormel- )(*melh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topluck;tomilk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbstreifen,wischen',europ.`melken'
Grammaticalinformation:presentml-mi ,Pl.m e l-ms ,participlePerf.Pass.ml -tMaterial:
Material:OldIndianmri,mrjati,mrjti`wischt,reibtab,purifies,cleans',participlePerf.mr-,spresentmrkti`streicht,reibt,striegelt',mrkyati,mrakyati`bestreicht';
commonOldIndianh->k-:Avestanh->x->-:h->-,z-phoneticmutation
av.marzaiti,mrzaiti`berhrtstreifend',zast-marta-`throughHandschlag(i.e.Berhrungthe
hands)geschlossen(pact,covenant)';d -presentOldIndianmrti,mryatiìsgracious,verzeiht,
verschont',av.mrd-`verzeihen'(mrdika-,mardika-`sicherbarmend',n.`Barmherzigkeit');
diesear.wordscanalso*mer-contain;nichtpalatalengutturalshowsOldIndiannir-mrg-)
`Verwischung;Abgestreiftes,offal',ni-mrgra-`sichanschmiegend',vi-mrgvarf.`reinlich',apmargÀchyranthesaspera'(J.SchmidtKZ.25,114);
gr.`melke',hom.ìninstant,eyeblinkofnchtlichenMelkens';
,`steed-,Kuhmelker',,`Melkkbel';
lat.mulge,-re,mulsi,mulctus(=OldIndianmr-àbgewischt')`milk'(from*molei:lit.mlau,
mlyti),alsopr-mulgrelegemèinlawannounce,declare'(`*hervorziehen');mulctra`Melkkbel';
mir.bligimÌmelke'(from*mligim),Perf.do-om-malg`mulxi',mlegun`dasMelken',melgn.(es-stem)
`milk',Gen.b-milge`theKuhmilch',mlicht,blicht`milk'(*mlg-tu-s);besidesb-mlacht(from*b-
mlicht`Kuhmilch'):air.*to-in-uss-mlig-`prmulgre';causativemir.bluigid`milks,erpret';cymr.blith
m.`milk;milchgebend'(*ml-ti-);gallorom.*bligicre`milk';
alb.miel,mil`melke'(*mel-);
maybeattributealb.geg.(*tmel)taml`milk'.
ahd.milchu,melchan,ags.melcan`milk'(st.V.;againstitags.meolcian,aisl.mjolkaDenominative
from*meluk-`milk'seeunder),ahd.chumelktra`Melkkbel'(perhapslat.mulctrareplicated),anord.
mjaltr`milchgebend'(*melkta-);withzerogradeags.molcen,mhd.molchen,molken`thickmilk',nhd.
Molken,andaisl.schw.V.molka`milk',mylkja`suckle';
becauseofsecondVokalsstrittigisdieoriginalaffiliationfromgot.miluks,ahd.miluh,ags.meolc,
mioluc,aisl.mjlk`milk';einei-extensioninags.milcandnhd.hess.mel(*mili-k-);afterSpecht(Idg.
Dekl.126)isgenerallyeinedissyllabicrootmustbeassumed;fromdemWestgerm.probablylat.
melcaf.`Sauermilch';
lit.mlu,mlti,participlemltas(=OldIndianmr-,lat.mulctus)`milk';Iterat.mlyti;russ.ChurchSlavicmlzu,mlsti`milk',slav.*melzivoinslovak.mlzivo,russ.molzivo(etc.)`beestings';
witho -grade:serb.mlzm.`Milchstrahl'beimMelken(theglottalstopfromserb.msti=*mlz-tiis
fromthelterenDehnstufenformofInf.mlsti=lit.mltibernommen);
toch.Amlklune`dasMelken';Amalke,malk-wer`milk'.
References:
References:WP.II298f.,WH.I741f.,II62f.,121f.,Trautmann178,SpechtIdg.Dekl.147f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsomelk-andmer-.
Page(s):
Page(s):722-723
Root/lemma: mlo- ,smloEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:smallanimal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kleineresTier'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`smallcattle,sheep';air.mln.`(small)animal',cymr.mil,acorn.bret.mil
ànimal';germ.inmla(LexSalica),ndl.maal`youngcow',agerm.-`theresin';
changingthroughablautarm.mal`sheep,aries,ram'.
Da`smallcattle'eineoldSubstantivierungeinesAdj.themeaning`small'seinkann,onecompares
furtherabg.mal(*mlo-)`small,little'(whereofklr.mal'f.collective`youngsheep',etc.),lat.malus
èvil,bad'(assmall'),osk.mallom,mallud`malum'(withexpressivell);withanl.s- got.smals(*smlo-),ahd.as.smal,ags.sml`small,little,narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin',aisl.smalen.`small
animal',ahd.smala-nz,smalazfihu,mhd.smal-nz,smal-vihe`ds.,Schmaltier',mhd.smal-hirte
`herdsman,shepherdforsmallcattle'.
Maybealb.*maal,mll`longing,missing,suffering(oflove)'[commonalb.shiftli,lu>ll ]probably
fromthesamerootasndl.maal`youngcow'as`smallandlovelyanimal,human'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):724
Root/lemma: m-3 ,m-e-tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomeasure
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ètwasabstecken,messen,abmessen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmti,mmti`mit',mit-`gemessen',mtrf.,mtr-n.`Ma',mna-n.`das
Messen,Ma'(:ech.mn),mti-f.`Ma,richtigecognition'(=gr.,ags.m),pa-mti`Zuteilung',miti-`Ma,Gewicht,cognition',prkr.mettamds.(=OldIndian*mitram);aboutmys.1.
m-;
av.ap.m-`messen',participle-mta-,-mta-,ap.fra-mtar-`lord,master',av.miti-`Ma,Gewicht,
Wert';
gr.`Ma'(afterBrugmannGrundr.II21,342asOldIndiand--tra-m`gift'to*d-);`plan,
artifice',`beschliee',èrsinne';
alb.mat,mas(*mati)`messe',mat`Ma',mt(*mto-)`year,weather',matemèrhebedieHand
zumSchlage,throw,cast'(àbmessen=aim');
ir.to-math-(e.g.3.Sg.do-mathi)`threaten';
lat.mtior,-r,mnsussum(rhymemeaningtopnsus)`messen,abmessen',whereofprobably
mnsa`table,desk,Etisch;dieSpeisenselbst'=umbr.mefe`mnsae',mefa`lbum'assubst.Fem.
ofparticiplePerf.Pass.;
mcymr.medruèinZieltreffen,tobeable',tomedr`dexterity'(:gr.);gall.mataris`spear,
lance';perhapshereacymr.maut,mbret.meut(*mt),ncymr.bawd`Daumen'(asMa);
ags.mf.`Ma';got.mlam.`bushel';aisl.mlirm.ds.,ags.mle,mle`paten';aisl.mla
`messen';got.mln.`time',aisl.ml`Ma,Zeitpunkt,repast,meal',ags.mlds.,ahd.ml
`Zeitpunkt,repast,meal',nhd.mal`meal';
lit.mtas`year,time,Ma',OldPrussianmettan`year',lett.mts`stretchoftime'(vokalischasgr.
tobeurteilen);inaddition(*abmessen>*aim>throw)lit.met,msti,lett.metu,mest`throw',
Iterat.lit.mtyt,lett.mtt`hinandherthrow';OldPrussianmetis=lit.mtism.`Wurf';mstasm.
`Ma',mtasm.ds.,matoti`messen',pmatas`foundation'etc.;
OldChurchSlavicmet,mesti`throw',slov.mottiàufwinden',russ.-ChurchSlavicIterat.vmtati
`throw',slov.mt`Wurf',etc.;OldChurchSlavicmra`Ma',mriti`messen';ech.oldmn`Ma'(:
OldIndianmna-),russ.mtitàim;trachten',etc.;
toch.Ame-,mai-`messen'.
References:
References:WP.II237f.,WH.II70f.,81f.,Trautmann179,183;relatedwith1.med-.
Page(s):
Page(s):703-704
Root/lemma: m-4 ,m-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:big,important
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gro,ansehnlich'
Material:
Material:Positivm-ro-s ,m-ro-s :gr.-in-`big,large()inSpeerwerfen'
underlikewise,air.mr(dasfromdemcomparative),mr`big,large',cymr.mawr`big,large',bret.
meurds.,gall.-mrosinEigennamenasNerto-mros(`big,largeinpower');with ahd.-mrin
namesasVolk-mretc.,furtherdasdenominativegerm.*mrjan`*asgrodarstellen,vaunt',from
which`knden':got.mrjan,as.mrian,ahd.mren,anord.mraànnounce,declare',wherefore
nhd.Mr,Mrchenunderlikewise,aswellasdaspost-verbalAdj.ahd.as.mriìllustrious,gleaming',
ags.mre,anord.mrrds.,got.waila-mreis`fromgutemshout,call';
slav.-mrinnamesasVladi-mr;
m-lo- incymr.mawl`Lob',moli`praise,laud'(outofitair.molur`praise'),bret.meuliffds.;
comparative*m-i e s, -is, respectively(withthezerogradeofSuperlativs)m-i e s, m-is: air.mu,
outofitmu,m(from*m-is);cymr.mwy,corn.moy,bret.mui`more'from*mis;eine
Abstraktbildungaufprotokelt.-ant(*mantfromma-ant)inair.mit`greatness,bulk,extent',acymr.
pamintgl.`quam',ncymr.maint`greatness,bulk,extent',corn.myns,mbret.nbret.ment;perhaps
osk.mais(*m-is-)Adv.`more',maimas`maximae'(probablyfrom*mais[e]mo-),GNMaesius
`Maius',umbr.mestruf.`maior'(from*maister);got.mais`magis',maiza`maior',maists`maximus',
aisl.meir(i)`more',ags.m,mra,mst,as.mr,mro,mst,ahd.mr,mro,meist;OldPrussian
muisiesonAdv.`more'(muisfrom*mis-);toch.Amntàs',mant`so'(=air.mit).
References:
References:WP.II238,292,WH.II14.
Page(s):
Page(s):704
Root/lemma: mmso- ,m(m)s-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flesh
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fleisch'
Grammaticalinformation:n.conservativestemms n.(from*mms)
Material:
Material:OldIndianms-n.`Fleisch',ms-pacana-`Fleischcooking';msn.`Fleisch';
arm.mis,Gen.msoy`Fleisch';
gr.`skin,Fleischhaut,Hirnhaut'(*msno-or*mmsno-);`Schenkelstck',
èinzelneSchenkelstcke',,`dieausgeschnittenenSchenkelknochen'(=air.mr,
idg.*m(m)sro-);
alb.mish`Fleisch'(atfirstfrom*minsa);
lat.membrum`limb,member'(*mmsro-`fleischiges'),membrna`dnne,zarteskin';
air.mr`morsel,mouthful'(`*StckFleisch';=);
got.mimzn.`Fleisch';
OldPrussianmens`Fleisch',lett.mesads.;lit.em.meisa,lit.msds.(slavLw.);
abg.mso`Fleisch';slav.*mzdrainruss.-ChurchSlavicmzdrica`skinofEies',russ.mjazdr
(*memzdhr)`FleischseiteofFells'etc.;probablyalsoklr.znty`dickbecome',az`muscle;
Beleibtheit,mass'etc.;
toch.misan.Pl.`Fleisch'.
References:
References:WP.II262,WH.II64f.,Trautmann178f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.50.
Page(s):
Page(s):725
Root/lemma: m-5 ,m- ,mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohaveastrongwill;tobeintentonsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heftigenandkrftigenWillenssein,heftigstreben'
Material:
Material:Gr.(ol.)`strebe,trachte',whereforedienames,,
(*m-io-);withIntensivredupl.`demandviolent'(-withreduplication-gradetherootasetc.),Infin.`strive',participle;(Epich.),Hes.(andother
Glossen),fromo-gradePerf.grown;`Muse'hereortomendh-
aufaparticiple*basedon`search,seek,sucheauf;strebe';participle*,where
afteralso=;Hes.;
lat.ms,mris`diejedemeigenekindof;custom;throughconsuetudefestgewordenercustom',
mrsusèigensinnig';
got.ms(-d-)`courage,rage,fury'(mdagsàngry,irate'),ahd.mhd.muot`powerofEmpfindens;
ghost,courage,rage,fury,Begehren,Entschlu',nhd.Mut,Gemt,ags.mdds.,aisl.mr`rage,
fury';
baltoslav.*mat`takewahr'inlett.matu,mast`wahrnehmen,feel',originallyiterativelit.mata,
matti`see',lett.matu,matt`feel',lit.matrs`careful';aufaSubst.*motro-basedonChurchSlavic
motrj,motriti`spectare',etc.;inadditionprobablyabg.s-mjo,-mti`venture,risk'.
References:
References:WP.II238f.,WH.II114f.,Trautmann171;probablytom-,m-lo-.
Page(s):
Page(s):704-705
Root/lemma: mnt ,Gen.mneses ,fromwhichmnes- ,mns- ,ms- ,mnEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:month;crescent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Monat'and`Mond'
Note:
Note:probablyaspersonified`Zeitmessung'tom-`messen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianms,msa-m.,av.m,Gen.mh,npers.mh`moon,Monat';arm.amis,
Gen.amsoy`Monat'(*mnsos);gr.att.neologism,toGen.(lesb.),Nom.ion.,
dor.m.`Monat'(*mns),(*)`moon';alb.muai`Monat'(*mn-fromidg.*mn-);lat
mnsism.`Monat'(conservativeGen.Pl.mens-um),mnstruus`monatlich'(GNMnaisgr.Lw.),
sm(n)stris`sechsmonatig,halbjhrig',umbr.mnzne`mense';air.m(*mns),Gen.ms(*mnsos),
cymr.acorn.mis,bret.miz`Monat';got.mna,aisl.mni,ags.mna,as.ahd.mno`moon'(-enstem);got.mns,aisl.mnar,ags.mna,as.mnuth,ahd.mnt,nhd.Monat(*mnt-),lit.
mnuo(*mnt),mnesism.`moon,Monat',lett.mnes(i)s`moon,Monat'(dial.lit.mnasfroma
neutr.*mnos),OldPrussianmenins`moon';abg.mscm.`moon,Monat'(*ms-n-ko-);
toch.Ama`Monat',makt`moon'(=`godMonat'),mee`Monat',me`moon'.
References:
References:WP.II271f..WH.II71f.,Trautmann179f.,BrandensteinStudien11f.
Page(s):
Page(s):731-732
Root/lemma: mudh- ,mudh- ,mdhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocomplainorcareaboutsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`woraufbedachtsein,sehnlichverlangen'
Material:
Material:Npers.mja`lament'(-j-from-d-,compare:)must`klage'(-st-from-dhst);gr.m.
`discourse',`rede,berlege';got.maudjan,ga-maudjan`jemandenremind';lit.maudi,
masti`sehnlichlong,want',pmaudas`displeasure,care';abg.mysl`thought,notion'(*md-slio-);
perhapsnir.smainidh`denkt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):743
Root/lemma: m-r ,Gen.m-n-s ,mn t s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hand'
Grammaticalinformation:heteroklitischerr/n-stem
Material:
Material:Aufdemr -nominativebasedon:gr.f.`hand',`lighttohandhaben',,m.`Flssigkeitsma';alb.marr`take,empfange,hold,catch'(*marn,n-presentas
Denominativbildungfrom*mar-ìndieHandbekommen').
Aufdem*m-n- thecaseobliquebasedon:lat.manus,-sf.`hand'(theu-stem),umbr.mnuv-eìn
manu',Abl.mani,osk.Akk.manim,consonant-stemstillinumbr.manfAkk.Pl.;lat.mancus
`mutilated'(originallyànthehand');herelat.mand,-reèntrust,order',osk.aama-naffed
`mandvit',manafum`mandavi'frommanusand-dere(rootdh-),wrtl.ìndieHandlay,place';
mir.montar,muinter`rechtmigewife';
Maybeital.manca`lefthand,left':alb.majta`lefthand,left'
withasimilarmeaningaslat.manipulus`bundle'(*mani-plosèineHandfllend')alsokelt.*manatlo-
incorn.manal`fascicle,sheaf',mbret.malazn(for*manazl),nbret.malands.;
perhapsgot.manwus`willing,ready'(`zurHand'),manwjan`willing,ready-,zurechtmachen';
hitt.maniia-èinhndigen,verwalten'.
Aufmn-t-basedonaisl.mundf.`hand',mundrm.`KaufpreistheBrautanddiethroughdenKauf
erworbeneVormundschaftaboutdiese',got.PNMundila,ags.mundf.`hand,protection,
Bevormundung',ahd.muntf.ds.nhd.Vormund.
References:
References:WP.II272,WH.II24f.,34f.,VendryesRC.43,210.
Page(s):
Page(s):740-741
Root/lemma: mizdhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fee
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lohn,Sold'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmh-n.`Kampfpreis,contest',av.mda-n.,osset.mizd,myzdèarnings',np.
muzdèarnings';gr.`Sold';got.mizdèarnings',ags.meordds.andags.md,as.mda,
ahd.mta,miatads.,nhd.Miete;OldChurchSlavicmzda,mzdaèarnings'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):746
Root/lemma: modhro- ormadhroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blue;akindofplant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blau;Frberpflanze'
Material:
Material:Aisl.mara`galiumverum',isl.hvt-,kross-maretc.`Galiumboreale,glatteWiesenrte',
ahd.matara`Frberrte',ags.mdere,mddref.ds.,mnd.mde,afries.mdeds.;slav.*modr
(e.g.ech.modr)`blue'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):747
Root/lemma: moiso-s ormaiso-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sheep;hide,leatherwork
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schaf;Fell,outofitgefertigteSchluche,Scke'
Material:
Material:OldIndianm-m.àries,ram',m-`Schaffell',av.maa-àries,ram,sheep';
aisl.meissm.`basket',ahd.meis(s)a`Gepck',mnd.mse`barrel'.
abg.mch`hose',russ.mch`fell,fur,hose;sack,bag'(etc.);lit.mias,mie`Heunetzunder
likewise',lett.miss,mikss`sack,bag',OldPrussianmoasis`bellows';
References:
References:WP.II303,Trautmann165,SpechtIdg.Dekl.52f.
Page(s):
Page(s):747
Root/lemma: mok s ,Aryan*mok s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:soon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:(LokativPlur.)`bald'
Material:
Material:OldIndianAdv.mak`rash,hasty,bald,early,matutinal',makmaku`rightbald';Instr.
Pl.makbhi,Superl.maktama-;withnasal:OldIndianmaku`bald';av.mouàlsbald,
immediately,rightaway';commonOldIndianh->k-phoneticmutation
lat.mox`bald'=mcymr.moch`bald'(outofitmir.mochds.),air.m`bald',aspreverbmos-,mus-:
mos-riccub-sa`baldwerdeIcome',mus-creitfet`baldbecomesieglauben'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):747
Root/lemma: molkoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leatherpouch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ledersack,Ledertasche'
Material:
Material:Ahd.malaha,mhd.malhe`Ledertasche',aisl.malr`sack,bag',gr.tarent.`sack,
bagfromRindsleder';dieUnstimmigkeitinGutt.expoundedsichprobablythroughborrowingfrom
fromanotherlanguage(Thrak.)andEinsatzfromgr.gforderenk.
References:
References:WP.II308;VendryesBSL.41.134ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):747
Root/lemma: monoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:neck
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nacken,Hals'
Note:
Note:inderivatives(esp.withformants- ,-i o - )also`necklace,Halsschmuck'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmnyf.`nape';av.minu-`Halsgeschmeide'(ifromavest.)andwith
lengthenedgrademanaor`neck,nape'(*mon-eu-tro-);pon.-,-`Wisent'
(`mhnenartig');gall.-gr.,,`collar,neckbandkeltischerVlker'(
dorisch);lat.monle`collar,neckbandasjewellery'(from*mon-asabg.moni-sto);air.muin-`neck'
inmuin-torc`necklace',muinl`neck'(*moniklo-),cymr.mwn,mwnwgl`neck';air.formnae`shoulder'
(*for-monio-);air.muince`collarium',Lw.fromacymr.minci`monile'(frommwng`Mhne'+ci,see
aboveS.518);from*moniio-`neck':cymr.mynydd`mountain',corn.meneth,abr.-monid,bret.
menezds.;aisl.men,ags.mene,ahd.menni(*manian)`Halsgeschmeide',aisl.mn,ags.manu,ahd.
mana(germ.*man)`Mhne';OldChurchSlavicmonisto`collar,neckband',polab.mimestia
`Koralle';withformantg:mir.mong`Mhne,hair',cymr.mwng`Mhne',aisl.makkeùpperpartof
Pferdehalses',dn.manke`Mhne';perhapshereillyr.(paeon.),-`Wisent'
(`mhnenartig');
References:
References:WP.II305,WH.II108,Trautmann169,J.LothRC45,196ff.
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveS.726men-èmporragen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):747-748
Root/lemma: mori ,mri
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Meer';germ.also`stehendesWasser'
Material:
Material:Lat.mare,-isn.(i-stem;Gen.Pl.marumsecondary;withuncleara);air.muirGen.mora
n.,cymr.corn.bret.mor`sea',gall.Mor-in,Aremori-cVN`Meeranwohner',mori-marusa`mare
mortum';PNMori-dnum`Murten';got.mareif.`sea',as.meri,ahd.mar,merds.(-n-stem);got.
mari-saiwsm.`sea',aisl.marr,Gen.mararm.`sea,sea',ahd.mari,meri(Gen.meres)m.n.`sea',
ags.merem.`sea,sea,pond,pool',as.merim.`ditch,trench,channel,pond,pool';with-sk -Suff.
ags.meriscm.`swamp,marsh'(comparemlat.mariscads.,germ.Lw.),as.mersc,mndd.mersch,
marsch,`Marsch';with-g -Suff.ags.merecem.,aisl.merki;lengthenedgradeags.mrm.,as.mr
n.,ahd.muorn.`moor,fen,sea',aisl.mrrf.`Sumpfland',ahd.salz-muorra`Salzsumpf'(*mri);Old
Prussianmary`Haff'(*mar);lit.mr,mostlyf.Pl.mrs,mrios`sea,Ostsee,kurischesHaff';Old
ChurchSlavicmorje`sea';baltoslav.*pa-mariia-n.`Meeresgegend'inlit.pa-marsm.,pa-mrf.
`Seekste',OldChurchSlavicpo-morije`Meeresgebiet',nhd.Pommern.
References:
References:WP.II234f.,WH.II33f.,Trautmann169f.;afterSpechtIdg.Dekl.119tomer-3 .
Page(s):
Page(s):748
Root/lemma: mormor- ,murmurEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomurmur
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwort`murmeln,dumpfrauschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmarmara-`soughing'm.`dasRauschen',murmura-m.`knisterndesfire',
murmur`nameeinesFlusses';arm.mrmram,mrmrim(*murmur-am,-im)`grumble,murmle,brlle';
gr.(*)`murmle,rausche';lat.murmur`murmle',murmurn.`murmur,Gemurr';
ahd.murmurn,murmuln,nhd.murmeln,shortformanord.murra,mhd.nhd.murren;further
formationsags.murc(n)ian`wail,murmur';changingthroughablautnorw.dial.marma`roar(ofsea)';
lit.murmlnti,murmnti`mumble,murmur',murmti,marmti`murmur,drone,grumble';ablaut.
marmala`big,giantBremsen'(eineshortformwithDissim.m-mtom-vseemsmarv,merv
`gadfly,brake');OldChurchSlavic*mrmrati`mumble,murmur'.
Maybealb.mrmrij`murmur'.
Unredupl.withn-suffixir.muirn(*murni-)f.`Lrmen,Sausen'.
References:
References:WP.II307f.,WH.II130f.,Trautmann190;
Seealso:
Seealso:toconsecutive(mormo(ro)- )
Page(s):
Page(s):748-749
Root/lemma: mormo(ro)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fear,terror
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Grausen,grausig,especiallyvonGespensterfurcht'
Material:
Material:Gr.,f.`bugbear,spectre,bogeyman',`fear',-
`Schreckbild',-,`putinfear',Hes.,actually`das
peopletheSchreckgespenster';
lat.formid`dasGrausen,peinigendefear;esp.religiseEhrfurcht';form-diss.from*morm-(asby
formca:).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):749
Root/lemma: moroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blackberry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Brombeere'(dannsdeurop.aufdieMaulbeerebertragen)
Material:
Material:Arm.mor,mori,moreni`blackberry';
gr.(Hes.)`Maulbeere;blackberry';cymr.merwydden`Maulbeere',isbutwitheas
umlautfrom.alsoaseinefurtherformationseinesCelticmoro-deutbar;lat.mrum`Maulbeere,
blackberry'gr.Lw.,lat.asreplacementofgeschlossenengr.o-goodfromborrowingexplicable;is
alsoperhapsein*mrum`blackberry'throughdasborrowedmrumfromphonetically
absorbiertwordenfromtomer-3 S.734
FromdemLat.deriveahd.mr-,mrbere,mhd.mlber`Maulbeere'andlit.mrasds.
References:
References:WP.II306,WH.II114,SpechtIdg.Dekl.119.
Page(s):
Page(s):749
Root/lemma: moru Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àmeise'
Note:
Note:distortedtaboou o rmo- ,mormo- ,mouro- (germ.alsomeuro- )
Material:
Material:Aufmoru - arezurckfhrbar:av.maoir-(secondarym.maurvay-),sogd.'m'wrf.,npers.
mrÀmeise';
air.moirb,Pl.cymr.myrion,bret.merien,corn.muryon;abg.mravi(outofitreshapedruss.muravj,
slov.mrv,bulg.mravij).
Aufmorm-: lat.formica(comparetophoneticallyabovelat.formd:gr.);gr.
(Lycophr.),,dor.(k-extensionto-stem,aslat.formica,OldIndianvalm-kato-stem,andOldIndianvamra-ktoo-stem);uncleararm.mrjiun(*murjimno-),Gen.mrjman.
Aufu o rm- ;gr.,Hes.(-SchriftbehelfforF,comparealsoHes.);Old
Indianvalmka-m.Àmeisenhaufen';besideswithganzalleinstehenderLautfolgevamr-m.,vamrf.
Àmeise'.
Aufmouro-: aisl.maurr,besides*meur-indn.myre,schwed.myra(*meurin-),mndl.Pl.mure
(oncecovered)miere,nndl.mier,mnd.mre(tos.vanWijk),mengl.mire,myre(skand.Lw.),ags.
myre,engl.mire,nowadaysonlystillpis-mire(ofAusspritzenihrerSure),krimgot.miera.
References:
References:WP.II306f.,WH.I531f.,Trautmann170,SpechtIdg.Dekl.45.
Page(s):
Page(s):749
Root/lemma: mo[u]-lo- :m-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:root,plant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wurzel,Pflanze'
Note:
Note:as`mouthoftheplant'tom- S.751.
Material:
Material:OldIndianmla-n.`root',mla-karman-n.`Zaubereiwithroots';
gr.èinfabelhaftesWunderkraut(Hom.);gelbblhendeKnoblauchart(Theophr.Dioscor.)',
`Knoblauchart'.
References:
References:WP.II303,310,WackernagelSitz.-Ber.Pr.Akad.1918,410f.
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: moz-g-o- ,moz-g-en- ,mos-k-oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:brain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mark,Hirn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmajjn,majj,majjas-`Mark',mastka-`Gehirn',mstaka-`head,cranium';av.
mazga-`Mark,Hirn';ahd.mar(a)g,mar(a)k,as.marg,ags.mearg,aisl.mergr(Gen.mergjar)`Mark',
aschwed.mirgher;ChurchSlavicmozg`Gehirn',modan(*mozgn),Akk.Pl.modeni`Mark',
OldPrussianmusgeno`Mark',wherefore(withrearrangementfrom*mazgens)lit.f.Pl.smgens,
lett.smadenes`Gehirn';toch.Amunt`Mark'.
References:
References:WP.II309,Trautmann172f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.78f.
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: mozho-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:youngbull
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jungesRind'
Note:
Note:onlyarm.andgr.
Material:
Material:Arm.mozi`youngrother,cattle,calf'=gr.,Demin.tom.`youngbull,calf',
f.`youngcow,girl';probablyidenticalwith`Pflanzentrieb,sprout'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: md- :md- ormd- :mdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomeet,approach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begegnen,herbeikommen'
Material:
Material:Arm.matim`nheremich',Aor.mateay,matucanem`bringenahe'(maut`nahe'after
Pedersenwitharm.u-Epenthese);
aisl.mtn.`Begegnung,Zusammenkunft,ffentlichecongregation,meeting',ags.(ge)mt,as.mt,
mhd.muozds.,got.ga-mtjan,aisl.mta,as.mtian,ags.mtan,engl.meet`meet';aufidg.*m[d]tlo-mbasedongot.mal`Versammlungsort,market',ags.mel`Ratsversammlung,discourse'and
(as*mal-)ags.ml`discourse,fight',mnd.ml`congregation,meeting',as.ahd.mahaln.
`Gerichtssttte,court,pact,covenant'(nhd.Mahlstatt),aisl.ml`Sprechvermgen,discourse,
Verhandlung,Rechtssache',mlat.(germ.)mallum,mallus`Gerichtssttte,gerichtlicherTermin',
whereofgot.maljan,ags.maelian,mlanandmlan,ahd.mahelen,aisl.mla`talk'and(from
demffentlichenpromise)ahd.gi-mahalo`husband,Gemahl,bridegroom',gi-mahala`wife,
Gemahlin,bride',nhd.vermhlen.
References:
References:WP.II304f.,Feist3349f.
Page(s):
Page(s):746-747
Root/lemma: m[u]-ro- :m-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stupid,crazy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stumpfsinnig,tricht'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmr-`stumpfsinnig,dull,stupid';gr.,att.`stupid,crazy'(outofit
lat.mrus`foolish,loony,clownish').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: m- ,mo-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrainoneself
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichmhen'
Material:
Material:Gr.Ànstrengung,toil',,kret.`prozessiere',èrmattet',perhaps
`barely'(forafter);-`fatigueless';lat.mlsf.`load,mass',Denom.mlior,-r
`withAnstrengungwegschaffen',mlestus`sullen,grievous,troublesome,annoying,beschwerlich'
(analogytomodestus);got.af-mauisèrmdet',ahd.muoan,mhd.men,mejen`beunruhigen,
beschweren',ndl.moeijen`belstigen,bemhen';ahd.muodi,as.mi`tired',ags.me`tired,
grieving',aisl.mr`tired';lit.pri-si-muolti`sichabmhen';russ.mj-u,-atèxhaust,plague',maj,
majet`plague,hardAnstrengung',etc.
References:
References:WP.II301f.,WH.II101f.,Trautmann188;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytom-5.
Page(s):
Page(s):746
Root/lemma: mregh-m(n)oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:brain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hirnschale,Hirn'
Material:
Material:Gr.,n.(and)`Vorderkopf,Oberschdel',ags.bregen,brgenn.
`Gehirn'(engl.brain),afries.brein,mnd.bragen,bregen,nhd.Brgenm.ds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: mrehu- ,mr huEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:short
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kurz'
Material:
Material:Prkr.mhu-,av.mrzu-jti-,-jva-`',sogd.murzak`short';
gr.`short',`seichteStellen';inadditionùpperarm',comparativebesides
;
lat.brevis(atfirstfromdemFem.*bre()u)`short',brma`Wintersonnenwende,winter,coldness'
(*brevi-m,*breu-ma`timethekrzestendays');
maybealb.bryma`hoar,rime,frost,hoarfrost',murriz`haw,hawthorn,thorn-apple,brier,whitethorn,
shortshrub',mbrmja`night,longestnight'[relatedtolat.bruma-aef.`thewintersolstice;ingen.,
winter,wintrycold'.]whennightisthelongest.
got.gamargjan`verkrzen',ahd.murg(i)`short',murgfri`frail,breakable',ags.myrge`pleasant',
engl.merry.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):750-751
Root/lemma: mrkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:edibleroot,carrot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èbareWurzel,Mohrrbe,Mhre'
Material:
Material:Gr.`wildvegetables'Hes.;ahd.mor(a)ha`Daucuscarota',nhd.Mohr-rbe,
Mhre,ags.more,moruds.,sptahd.Demin.morhila`Morchel'(mhrenhnlicherfungus);againstit
seemsruss.morkv,morkva`Mhre',serb.mrkvafromdemGerm.borrowedtosein.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):750
Root/lemma: mut-o-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:circumcised
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gestutzt'
Material:
Material:Lat.mutilus,mutidus`mutilated',*muticus`truncated,choppeddown,cutdown,cutoff,
circumcised',mt,mutt`penis',GNMutunus,rom.mutt-àbgestumpft';ir.mut,gael.mutach`short'
(withexpressivett);perhapsalsoir.moth`penis'as`Stummel'.
References:
References:WP.II312,WH.II136f.;afterE.Lewyrathertolat.mtusS.751,compare`dumb':
`verstmmeln'.
Page(s):
Page(s):753
Root/lemma: m k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heap,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haufe'andZubehr
Material:
Material:Gr.Hes.;protogall.*mukina`Steinhaufe'(JoklV.Rom.8,193);aisl.
mgi,mgr`heap,bulk,mass',ags.mgam.`(corn,grain-)heap',mhads.(alsomwa),compare
furtherschwed.dial.moa`zusammenhufen'(*mhn),ahd.m-werf`Maulwurf',with-k(k)-:mnd.
mke,ndl.muik,mhd.mche,nhd.(halfnd.)Maukef.,bair.(genuinehochd.)Mauche`hunch,
outgrowth,FugeschwulstthePferde;mallenders',schweiz.mauchm.`hunch,outgrowthan
Rebholz,unordentlicherheap'andwith:norw.dial.mukka`heap,bulk,mass',mhd.mockem.
`clump,gobbet'(withitidenticalismhd.mocke`Zuchtsau');aisl.mostr`big,giantbulk,mass'(*muhstra-);einzigelengthenedgradeforminags.magol`(*lumpy,massig'=)`tight,firm,strong'.
maybealb.(*urif),urith`mole'[commonalb.f>thshift]fromahd.m-werf`mole'ormaybea
contaminationfromgerm.Maulwurf
Maulwurf`mole'.
References:
References:WP.II311;afterHubschmidZnPh.66,33f.nichtidg.
Page(s):
Page(s):752
Root/lemma: m - 1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomurmur,moo(expr.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:SchallnachahmungfordenwithgepretenLippenerzeugtendumpfenLaut:
ùndeutlichreden,unartikuliertmurmeln(hencealsowordsfor`stumm');mouth,muzzle;denMund
geschlossenhaltenorschlieen'
Material:
Material:1.Gr.,ÀusrufgepretenSchmerzes',lat.mfacere,mutmutfacere`mucksen'.
2.OldIndianmka-`dumb',arm.munj`dumb',gr.,,,,,Hes.
`dumb',lat.mtus`dumb';comparealsoolderdn.mue,norw.mua`schweigen,notmucksen';ahd.
mwen`cry',lett.maunu,mwu,mat`roar,bellow',ech.myjati`muhen';herealsonhd.Mwe,ags.
mw,mw,aisl.mr(Pl.mvar),as.muds.
3.[OldIndianmukh-n.`mouth'derivesfromdemDravidischen];gr.`lip';
`verziehedenmouth,cut,biteGesichter'(Òberlippe,whisker,moustache',s.Boisacqm.Lit.),
ahd.mlaf.,mhd.mln.`muzzle',mnd.mle`muzzle,snout',aisl.mli`muzzle,esp.Oberlippean
animals,hervorragendecrag',got.farmljan`dasMaulzubinden'(whetherwithanl.s-inaddition
norw.smaul,lett.smaule`muzzle');s.alsoundermu-lo-S.750.
4.Withdentalformant:
Lat.mutti,-re`mucksen',muttumnullum`keinenMuckser'(compareabovemutmut);ahd.mutiln
`mumble,murmur,trickle',musse`wellspring',aisl.mula`mumble,murmur',besideswithgerm.t:
norw.dial.mutra,mengl.muteren,engl.mutterds.;lit.mt`muzzle'.
5.gutturalextensions(compareabove2.):
Withk: gr.`brlle',`snort,spotte',mhd.mhen,mgen,mwen`roar,bellow',abg.
myk`bellowing,braying,roar',russ.myat`roar,bellow',skr.slov.ech.mukati`roar,bellow'.
Withg: OldIndianmjati,mjati`giveseinenTonfromsich'(Dhtup.);mucchan`schwellender
sound,tone';gr.`bringewithgeschlossenenLippeneinensoundhervor,sthne'(outofitlat.
mussre),`sigh';
lat.mgi,-re`roar,bellow',conmgent`convocant',mgnor`murmeleloud,roar,foam'(also
`ngretquasitardcnri'),umbr.muieto`mutttum',mugatu`muttt',lat.mgilreofNaturlautof
Esels;ahd.muckazzen`leisetalk,mucksen',nhd.mnd.mucken`withhalboffenemMundetalk'(kkis
expressive),ostfries.muk`kiss'.
6.s -extension:gr.`sichshut,fromdenLippenanddenAugen'(hence`dieAugen
zusammenkneifend,shortsighted';`bitedieLippentogether';from*`verschwiegen':
ìndieMysterienEingeweihter',`dieMysterienbetreffend',`mystery,
geheimeZeremonie',comparealsoìndieMysterieneinweihen';norw.mysa`dieAugen
zukneifen';fromdemGerm.herealsomnd.mummelen,engl.mumble`mumble,murmur',mump,
norw.mumpads.;mhd.mupf,muff`VerziehungofMundes',mupfen,muffen,mnd.mopen,engl.
mope`gawk',engl.mop`Fratze';perhapsnhd.bair.muen`wiederkauen'underlikewise;
lett.musint`flustern,mumble,murmur';hitt.mu-u-ga--mi(mgmi)`sprecheKlagegebete'.
References:
References:WP.II309ff.,WH.II117,119f.,135,139f.,Trautmann188.
Page(s):
Page(s):751-752
Root/lemma: m-2 ,musEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flyn.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:schallnachahmendfor`Mcke,Fliege'
Material:
Material:Arm.mun,Gen.mnoyàmosquito,gnat'(*mus-or*mu-no-);alb.m-z,mi-z(z
Diminutivsuffix)`mosquito';gr.(*)`fly';lat.musca;aisl.myn.(*mja-)`mosquito';schwed.
mygg,mygga,ags.mycg,as.muggia,ahd.mucka`mosquito'(*muki);with-s-gotlnd.mausa
(*msa),flm.meuzie(*mus);lit.mus,OldPrussianmuso,lett.msa,mua`fly';abg.mucha`fly'
(*mous),mica`mosquito'.
References:
References:WP.II311,WH.II133,Trautmann191,SpechtIdg.Dekl.43.
Page(s):
Page(s):752
Root/lemma: ms
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mouse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Maus'also`Muskel'
Note:
Note:(older*ms,mussfrom*meus,muss)
Material:
Material:OldIndianm-m.`mouse,Ratte',np.m`mouse';
arm.mu-kn`mouse,muscle';gr.(,after,,)`mouse',also`muscle';alb.m
`mouse',lat.msm.`mouse'(mrnus:mhd.miusn`fromMausen');ahd.mhd.as.mnd.aisl.ags.
ms`mouse,muscle'(consonant-stem);abg.myf.`mouse'.
VielfachaufKrperteileangewendet:arm.mukn`muscle',gr.`muscle',`muskelreiche
regionofLeibes'(fromwhichalso`wollstigeswoman'ingr.),,-m.`Miesmuschel,
spoon':lat.mrex`Purpurschnecke';lat.musculusds.,`muscle',ahd.etc.ms`muscle,esp.of
Oberarms',mnd.msesp.`theFleischballenofDaumens',nhd.Maus,Muschen,abg.my
`';ontheotherhandOldIndianmuk-m.`testicle,vulva',npers.muk`Bibergeil'(fromdem
Pers.derivesgr.,nhd.Moschus);gr.`Geschlechtsorgan';
Maybealb.geg.muskul`muscle',mushk`shoulder',mushkni`lungs,*chest'.
probablytoOldIndianmuti`stiehlt,raubt'etc.,seeundermeu-2 `fortschieben'.
References:
References:WP.II312f.,WH.II132f.,Trautmann191,SpechtIdg.Dekl.40f.
Page(s):
Page(s):752-753
Root/lemma: m e niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindoffish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fischname'
Material:
Material:Gr.(outofitlat.maena),èinsmallSeefisch',slav.*mn,russ.menetc.
Àalraupe';butOldIndianmn-m.`fish'(whereofminik-,minal-`fisherman')isdravid.origin;
perhapshereahd.muniwa,ags.myne,engl.minnowÈlritze,einfish'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:belongsprobablytomen-4.
Page(s):
Page(s):731
Root/lemma: nakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fur
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fell'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.,f.`wolligesfell,fur,Vlies',f.(for*-)`Schaffell',
()Hes.;ags.nsc`weichesleatherase.g.Hirschleder'(*nak-s-ko-,-k;compare
den-es-stem);OldPrussiannognan(from*noknan)n.`leather'(*nk-no-);inadditionafterE.
LewyOldIndiannka-`Himmelsgewlbe'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):754
Root/lemma: nana ,nena etc.
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mother,etc..(childword)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Lallwort
Material:
Material:OldIndiannan`mother,Mtterchen',*nannreshaped(aftersvas:svasr-)tonanndar
òfMannessister',np.nana`mother';gr.,`Base,aunt',,ùncle';alb.nan
`mother,wetnurse';lat.nonnusm.,nonnaf.late`Mnch,Nonne',also`PflegerineinesKindes';cymr.
nain(*nan)`grandmother';russ.njanja`Kinderwrterin'(dial.alsoòldersister'),bulg.neni`the
ltere',skr.nena,nana`mother',sorb.nan`father';comparealsonhd.Nenne,Kinderwortfor`milk'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):754
Root/lemma: nantEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todare,risk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wagen,sicherkhnen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Air.nitm.`fight,struggle(*nanti-);got.ana-nanjan`venture,risk',aisl.nenna`bers
heartbringen',ahd.preteritginand`couragewhereforehave',ginenden,as.nthian,ags.nan
`venture,risk',aisl.nenninn`ttig,strebsam'(`*wagefroh')mhd.genende(c)`keen,eager',ahd.nand
(alsoinnamesasFerdinand),ags.nf.`courage'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):755
Root/lemma: nas- (*ena--)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nase'
Note:
Note:(ns-fromthelengthenedgradecasethisconservativestem,originallyNom.Sg.),originally
probably`nostril'
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:nas- :
:`nose'derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:an()-3 (*ena--)::`to
breathe'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannas-,-,-Instr.Lok.Sg.,Gen.Du.;nsNom.Du.`nose'(originally
`nostril'),secondarynsf.`nose',nas-tAdv.òfthenose',nasya-àntheNasesituated',etc.,
nsik`nostril,nose';av.nh-,nhan-`nose',ap.nhamAkk.Sg.(=lat.nrem)`nose';lat.nris,
mostly.Pl.-s,-ium`nostril'(i-stemgeworden;Akk.Sg.Pl.stillconservativeform);nsumn.(alat.)
andns(s)usm.`nose'(expressivesss);
Note:
lat.(*nsus)narisf.`thenostrils,nose'reflectcommonlat.s>rrhotacism.
ags.nsef.`foreland,promontory',aschwed.norw.ns`snout',afries.nsids.(*ns-);ablaut.ahd.
nasa`nose',anord.nsf.`nostril,nose,projectingcliff',ags.nasu`nose'(presumablyDual`both
nostrils');ns-incompound,anord.nesn.,Gen.Pl.nesja`foreland,promontory,Landzunge',mnd.
nes(-ss-)m.ds.,ags.nssm.ds.(germ.*nasja-);OldPrussiannozy,lit.nsisf.`nose',nasram.
Pl.`Rachen'(oldnsras`mouth'),OldChurchSlavicnozdri`Nasenlcher'(from-sr-),s`nose'
(russ.`foreland,promontory').
Maybezerogradeofattributenouninalb.(*nasu-t)hunda`nose'[theoldlaryneal-]:OldIndian
nas-tAdv.òfthenose':Hittitetitita`nose'seealb.numbers.AlsoOldindianjnas-[m]PN(RV
.052.02);uras-[adj]`withabroadnose'(RV10.014.12);Alsonasy-ot-[adj]`grabbedatthenose'
(TS+);pavnas-[adj]`withanoselikeafelloe'(AV);nasvnt-[adj]`nosed'(AV)
Luwiantitita(*nini-ta:ntintita):Hittitetitita`nose':av.nh-,nhan-`nose'commonAnatolian,
Albanianattributenounswith-tasuffix(seealb.numbers).
References:
References:WP.II318,WH.II143ff.,Trautmann193f.,HolthausenKZ.69,166f.,SpechtIdg.
Dekl.75.
Page(s):
Page(s):755
Root/lemma: nghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sober
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nchtern'
Note:
Note:Onlyarm.andgr.
Material:
Material:Arm.nautì`sober';gr.v,dor.`binsober'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):754
Root/lemma: n-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohelp,beofuse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`helfen,ntzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiann-tha-n.`help',m.`Schtzer',n-tha-t`fleht';gr.---,--`ntze',
Fut.--,Med.---,Aor.`havebenefit',n.,moreproperly,-
`benefit'(*o-n-ur),etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):754
Root/lemma: n-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeafraid,ashamed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichfrchten,schmen'
Material:
Material:Air.nr`bescheiden'(*n-sro-),n(i)re`thegenitals'(*n-srii);hitt.na()-`fear,dread,
sichfrchten',naariia-`beafraid'.
References:
References:H.PedersenHittitisch187.
Page(s):
Page(s):754
Root/lemma: nu-2 :nu- :nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:death;corpse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:A.`Tod,Leiche',B.`biszurErschpfungabqulen;ermattetzusammensinken'
Material:
Material:A.Got.naus`corpse'(ga-nawistrn`bury'),aisl.nrds.,ags.n(o)m.ds.;aruss.nav`
corpse',h.nv,-im.`Jenseits,hell',lett.nwe`death',therefromnwt`slay',nwtis`sich
mhen,sichslay';OldPrussiannowis`trunk'.
B.air.nne(oldernaunae)f.,cymr.newynm.`Hungersnot'(*nuenio-),bret.naoun(*nueno-)ds.;
mcymr.neued`Sehnsucht,need'(*nu-it);lett.nwtis(seeabove),lit.nvyti`torment,smite,slay',
i-nvyti`destroy';causativeOldChurchSlavicech.unavitièxhaust',Postverbalech.nava
Èrmdung',russ.dial.onva`tiredness',zerogradeOldChurchSlavicunyti`slacksein,erschlaffen',
ech.nti`dahinschmachten',russ.ntèlegiacbecome'.
nu-ti- ingot.nausf.`need,Zwang',aisl.nau,naurf.`Zwang,tribulation,Notwendigkeit',as.
nd,ahd.nt`crowdedness,tribulation,need',ags.nad-,nedf.`need,obligation,tribulation';Old
Prussiannautin(*nuti-)(Akk.)`need';inSlav.formswithuand,tandd(seeMeillet,Slave
commun261f.):OldChurchSlavicnda`Zwang,force,might,Notwendigkeit',poln.ndza`need',
abg.nditi`ntigen',butalsoOldChurchSlavicnuda`Zwang,need',nuditi`ntigen',poln.nuda
`Langeweile';withtpoln.nt`Lockung',bulg.nut`Zwang',poln.nuci(16.Jhdt.)`constrain,oblige';
das-d-stehtasidg.extensionbesides-t-,dasisthroughsecondarynasalizationoriginated.
References:
References:WP.II316,Trautmann201f.;LothRC45,199ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):756
Root/lemma: nus-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:boat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schiff'(ausgehhlterEinbaum)
Grammaticalinformation:f.Akk.nu m
Material:
Material:OldIndiannu-(Nom.nu)`ship,boat'(nvya-`schiffbar');ap.nviy`fleet'(:gr.
`zumSchiffgehrig');nvja-m.`Schiffer',av.navza-ds(:gr.-ds.,comparealsolat.nvigre,-ium);av.nvaya-`schiffbar'(aboutOldIndianati-nus.BrugrnannII1137Anm.2);arm.nav
`ship'(fromdemPers.);gr.hom.,(*F),att.,`ship';lat.nvisds.(originally
conservativestem,compareAkk.nvem=OldIndiannvam,gr.;air.nu(Gen.n,Dat.Pl.
nib)`ship';cymr.noe`flachesvessel,kneadingordoughtrough;doughtray;hutch',bret.neods.
(*nui);heregall.(vorrom.)nv`Talschlucht',alsoFlN;gall.nausum`ship';aisl.nrm.`ship',nau-
st`Schiffsschuppen',na-tn(na=gr.)`Schiffsburg',ags.nwend`Schiffer',(butmhd.nwe,
nwe`smallship',nhd.dial.NauefromdemLat.);norw.n`troughfromaausgehhltentreetruck',
nla(*nwiln-)`groertrough,schweresboat'ahd.nuosc,mhd.nuoschm.`trough,gully',afries.
nst`trough',mnd.nste`Viehtrog,Wassertrog';herethelit.FlNNva,polonis.Nawa.
Maybealb.*nviy,anijaship
References:
References:WP.II315,WH.II148f.,J.HubschmidR.int.d'Onom.4,3ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):755-756
Root/lemma: ne2 ,n
Encliticparticles
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:enklit.Partikeln
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.320f.(eno-).
Page(s):
Page(s):758
Root/lemma: nebh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburst
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bersten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannbhat`cracks';aisl.nfr`dieouterbirchbark'as`berstend,sich
losschlend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):758
Root/lemma: nebh-2
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.315f.(enebh-).
Page(s):
Page(s):758
Root/lemma: ned-1 :n e dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torollup;toattach,bind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammendrehen,knpfen'
Material:
Material:1.Lat.ndus`knot'(idg.*ndos);presumablynassa(*nad-s-)`fishsnaringnet,
geflochtenerKorbmitengemHalse';nect,-ere,nex,nectum`tie,bind,knot,bind'isneologismafter
plect;withthemeaning`nahe'fromèngjoined':osk.nessimasNom.Pl.f.`proximae',umbr.
nesimei`proxime';
air.Kompar.nessa,Sup.nessam`propior,proximus',cymr.nes,nessaf,corn.nes,mbret.nes,
nessaffds.;air.nascim`bind,verpflichte'(*ned-sk),arnenasÌwillbind'(etc.),naidm`dasBinden,
pact,covenant',for-naidm`band,strap',nasc`ring'(comparezur-sk-formationahd.nusca,dasalso
imu=e`bereinstimmt,furtherav.naska-`Textsammlung',probablyeig.`bundle');bret.naska
ànbinden';
got.nati,ahd.nezzi,as.nt,ntti,ags.aisl.net`net',lengthenedgrade(aslat.ndus),aisl.ntf.`big
net';
withformant-s-k-,-st-:ahd.nuska,mhd.nsche`Mantelschnalle',as.nusk(i)a`Spange'(see
above);aisl.nist,nistin.`SpangeamKleid',nista`zusammenheften';nesta`festheften,festnageln',
mhd.nesten(nesteln)`festbinden,lace,tie',ahd.nestilo,nestila`loop,Schnrriemen,Binde',nhd.
Nestel,as.nestila`Binde,Haarband',agutn.nast,nestli;reducedgradeags.nos(t)le`band,strap';
daned-eineextensionfrom(s)n-`zusammendrehen'sei,wirdbesidesthroughdiemeaningalso
throughdies-anlaut.formsair.snaidm`knot'(compareabovenaidm)andnhd.hess.Schnatz`das
geflochteneandumdieHaarnadelgewickelteHaartheFrauen,KopfputztheBrute'(*snatta-with
germ.-tt-)probably.
2.Herepresumablydieappellationthenettle(asolderGespinstpflanze):
Gr.(*nd-ik);ahd.nazza,aisl.ntr,ahd.nezzila(germ.*natiln),ags.netele;besideswithidg.t-(also*n-t-,n-t-ast-extensionzurvermutlichenroot(s)n-)OldPrussiannoatis,lit.nter,notr
`nettle',ntryn`Taubnessel',lett.ntre,ntra`nettle',slav.*nat`Krautbltter'inslov.nt(Gen.
nat),poln.nads.andatmost(asredupl.protokelt.*ni-nati-)mir.nenaid,nir.neantg`nettle',
dissimil.bret.linadds.
References:
References:WP.II328f.,WH.II144f.,155f.,172f.,Trautmann194,H.JacobsohnArierunder
Ugrofinnen90f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)n-.
Page(s):
Page(s):758-759
Root/lemma: ned-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound,roar,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tnen,brllen,rauschen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ned-2 :
:`tosound,roar,etc':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:neid-2 :nid- :
:`toflow,stream'
Root/lemma:neig- :
:`towash'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianndati`sounds,bellow,roar,soughs',nada-m.`Brller,bull,river',nad-f.
`river,flood',nad-na-m.,nad-a-m.`sea',etc.;av.nad-`vilify,scold';gr.(illyr.)FlN(Arkad.),
(Messen.);thrak.FlN;illyr.FlN(Dalm.)from*ned-to-.
MaybeMoHGNetteNofariver;MoHGNetzeNameofariver
Note:
Againillyr.displayssatemcharacteristicsthesameasalb.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*ndati)deti`sea':OldIndiannad-a-m.`sea'.
References:
References:A.MayerMl.BoisacqII132f.,KraheIF.58,209ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):759
Root/lemma: nedoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:reed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schilf'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannada-m.presumably`reed',npers.nai,dial.nad`reed';arm.net`Pfeil';lit.
nndr(andlndr)`reed'(withnasalafterlekti`bend');lett.nali`reed'from*nadslis
References:
References:WP.II329;compareKuiper,Proto-Munda82.
Page(s):
Page(s):759
Root/lemma: nehEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topierce,stick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`durchbohren,stechen'
Material:
Material:Mir.ness`wound'(*neh-s-);reducedgradeOldChurchSlavicv-nz`steckehinein',
Infin.v-nznti,Kaus.russ.-ChurchSlavicv-noziti`hineinstechen';OldChurchSlavicno`knife';
whetherhereOldIndianku-`shaft,pole'(*nh-su-)commonOldIndianh->k-:Avestanh->
x->-:Slavich->-,z-phoneticmutation
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):760
Root/lemma: neid-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toscold,puttoshame
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heruntermachen,schmhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannndati,Pass.nidy-t`vilify,scold,rebuke,reproach,despise',ndya-`notto
vilify,scold',nd-,nid,nid,nind`Schmhung,reprimand,disdain,contempt';av.nad-(nism)
`vilify,scold';arm.anicanem,Aor.3.Sg.anc`fluche'(*oneid-s-et);
gr.`Vorwurf,disgrace,shame',`schmhe'(o-prefix`be-schimpfe',asalsoarm.
anicanem);got.ga-naitjan`vilify,scold',naiteins`Lsterung',ahd.neizzen`torment,smite,plague',
ags.ntands.;lit.nedti,lett.nst`despise',nads,nadus`hate,enmity'.
References:
References:WP.II322f.,KuiperNasalprs.130,Trautmann193;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytonei-S.312f.
Page(s):
Page(s):760
Root/lemma: neid-2 :nidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow,stream
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieen,strmen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ned-2 :
:`tosound,roar,etc':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:neid-2 :nid- :
:`toflow,stream'
Root/lemma:neig- :
:`towash'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianndati`flows,streams';gall.FlNNida`Nidda'and`Nied',brit.FlNNida,cymr.
Nedd`Neath';fullgradepoln.FlNNida,lit.FlNNied,OldPrussianFlNNyda`Neide'.
References:
References:J.LwenthalZONF.6,81,KraheBzNF.1,248ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):761
Root/lemma: neigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towash
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`waschen'
Grammaticalinformation:Pass.participlenig-toMaterial:
Material:OldIndiannnkti`wascht,purifies,cleans',Aor.anikt,Pass.nijyat,participlenikt-,
niniktaImper.`waschet',Kaus.njyati;Aor.naniaitiIntens.`wschtab,swillsweg';gr.
(*nigi=ir.nigim)`wash',Fut.,Aor.,`Waschwasser',-ds.,-
ùngewaschen'(=OldIndiannikt-,ir.necht);gr.`';lat.noegeum(*noig-io-)
`Schweituch';commonOldIndianh->k-:h->-:gr.h->z-phoneticmutation
air.nigid`wscht'(*nigieti,losstheLabialisieruugbeforei),Fut.-ninus=OldIndian(Gramm.)
ninikati;necht`pure';mcymr.enneint`spa,bath'(*an-nig-antio-;dasgfromdempresentfigurative);
germ.*nikwes,-us-inaisl.nykr(Gen.nyks)`Wassergeist,Flupferd',ags.nicor`Wasseruntier,
Krokodil',ahd.nihhus,nichus`Fluuntier,Wassergeist',nhd.Nix,ahd.nichussa`femaleWassergeist,
Nixe',mndl.nicker,mnd.necker`Wassergeist'.
References:
References:WP.II322,ThurneysenGr.115;differentVendryesRC.47,442ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):761
Root/lemma: neikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towinnowgrain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Getreideschwingen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`handhabedieGetreideschwinge',`thedascornschwingt',,
`Getreideschwinge',diss.from*,*,compare,,Hes.,as
alsoHes.(orhaplologybehind);mir.cruth-necht`roterwheat',cymr.
nithio,bret.niza`winnow,fan'(alsoprobablycymr.gwenith,bret.gwiniz,corn.gwaneth`wheat');lit.
niekti,lett.niekt`corn,grainthroughSchwingenclean';besideslit.liekotids.,lett.lieka
`winnowingshovel';dasbalt.l-ltsichnotthroughdissimilationdefine.
References:
References:WP.II321,Trautmann195f.;J.LothRC.40,352f.;41,193ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):761
Root/lemma: nei-1 ,nei- :nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolead
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fhren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannyati(participlent-),av.nayeiti`leads',mpers.ntan`guide,lead,drive,
push',OldIndiannthf.`direction,way',ntho,net`guide,leader',ntar-,ntr-m.ds.,ntr-n.
`direction,eye';mir.n,na`warrior,Held'(*neit-s),Gen.Sg.urir.ntas,air.nath(*nei-t-os;s.also
nei-2);hitt.ni-`lenken,guide,lead'.
References:
References:WP.II321,PedersenHitt.p.77f.,81,FriskSuffixales-th-5f.
Page(s):
Page(s):760
Root/lemma: nei-2 ,nei- :nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomovevividly,beexcited;toshine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lebhaftbewegtsein,erregtsein,glnzen'
Material:
Material:Lat.nite,-re`gleams,strahle',nitidus`gleaming',nitor`radiance'(fromaparticiple*nit-);perhapsre-ndeèrglnzen'(withprsensbildendem-d(h)-);*nei-bho-inmir.nab`vitality',
cymr.nwyfds.;noi-bho- inOldpers.naiba-,npers.nw`beautiful,good',air.nob`holy';*nei-min
mir.nam`radiance,beauty';*nei-ko-inmir.nachm.`Held',nachusm.`Tapferkeit';*nei-to- in
cymr.nwyd`ferventness,passion',hispan.KriegsgottNt;air.PNNall(Gen.Nill)from*neit-s-lo-s;
placedperhapsalsoinair.na`Held'(seenei-1);germ.*na-ingot.nein.ènvy',ags.nm.`fight,
struggle,hate,enmity',as.afries.nthèagerness,hate,envy',aisl.n`derision,ridicule,disgrace,
shame';couldalsotoair.nthn.(idg.*ntu- )`fight,struggle'belong;dubiousOldIndiannla-`bluish
black',nayan-n.f.èye',ntra-n.ds.
References:
References:WP.II321,336,WH.II168,171,VendryesRC.46,265ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):760
Root/lemma: nei-3 ,niSeealso:

Seealso:seeaboveS.312f.(en- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):760
Root/lemma: nek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:death,dying;deadperson
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leiblicheTodesvernichtung'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannayati,naati`gehtverloren,verschwindet,vergeht',nyati`makes
disappear,richtetzugrunde'(lengthenedgradecomparedwithlat.noce),av.nasyeiti`verschwindet',
participleOldIndianna-`verlorengegangen',av.nata-ds.(=lat.-nectus),nasita`verderblichst',nas-f.`need,misfortune'(=lat.nex,gr.-,;OldIndian-naAdj.),nasu`corpse,carrion'(=gr.,lat.nequ-lia;compare*nku-inair.cetc.),lengthenedgradeOld
Indianna-m.`dasZunichtewerden';gr.Hes.(therefrom`heapLeichen',
example),,`corpse',n.`sluggishness,Todesschlaf';about
`Gttertrank's.KretschmerAnz.sterr.Akad.1947,Nr.4(totoch.kt`god')andThieme
Studien5ff.(àboutdenTodhinwegrettend');lat.nex,necisf.`death,murder',therefromdnicles
friae`denecepurgantes',nec,-re`slay',-nectusèrschpft',whereofnectreùmbringen,
torment,smite';pernicis`ruin,Untergang',internecis,-neciumds.;noce`schade',s-Konj.noxit;
noxaf.`damage,punishment,blame';nequlia`dtrmenta'(duetoofstemneku-);air.c,bret.
ankou,corn.ancow,cymr.angeu`death'(*nku-);bret.(Vannes)negein`slay',aisl.Nagl-far
`Totenschiff';toch.Ank-`vergehen',`destroy',Med.`vergehen';aboutlat.necesseseeunder
sed-.
References:
References:WP.II326,WH.I153ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoank-1aboveS.45.
Page(s):
Page(s):762
Root/lemma: nek-(t-) ,nok-t-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:night
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nacht'
Grammaticalinformation:stemnokt- f.(originallyneutr.),nokti- ,noktu- f.,nokt(e)r n.
Note:
Note:aboutAblautformenseeunder
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:nek-(t-) ,nok-t-s :
:night'derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ong- :
:to
anoint,darkointment':OldIndianakt-[f]`night'(RV01.062.08){2};akt-[m]`flowing;ointment;
(lightordark)color;(finalpartofthe)night'(RV+){3}.
Material:
Material:OldIndiannk(*nkt)Nom.`night'(nagjiht),naktf.Du.,naktamAdv.solidifiedAkk.
`nachts',Instr.Pl.naktbhids.(imitationfromhabhi),Akk.Pl.nkt`Nchte';
gr.,f.`night',incompound-,-,Adv.`nachts'(*Akk.shapedas),
,`nchtlich'(:lat.nocturnus);unclearareHes.,hom.
`neunNchtehindurch',`nchtlich',`dieganzenightlasting',ìnthe
samenight';
alb.nat`night';
Note
Note:
Clearlyalb.geg.not,tosk.nat,netPl.`night'derivedfromaisl.ntt,ntt`night'.
lat.nox,noctis`night'(Gen.Pl.noctiumi-stem,butdistinctconservativesteminAdv.nox`nachts'
fromGen.*nokt-es,-os);nocturnus`nchtlich'(:,);ofstem*noktu-:lat.noct`by
night',noctua`Nachteule';
air.i-nnocht`hacnocte',mcymr.peu-noeth`jedenight',trannoethàmconsecutiveTage',acymr.
henoid,cymr.he-no`hacnocte',corn.haneth,mbret.henozds.;cymr.corn.nos,bret.noz`night',
probablyfrom*nokt-su-cymr.neithiwyr,neithwyr(containshwyrèvening')`lastnight',corn.nehues
mbret.neyzor,nbr.neizeurds.;
got.nahts(Dat.Pl.nahtamafterdagam),aisl.ntt,ntt,ahd.as.naht,ags.neaht,niht`night'
(conservativestem),ags.nihterne`nchtlich';
lit.nakts(conservativeGen.Pl.nakt),lett.nakts,OldPrussiannaktin(Akk.Sg.)`night',nak(t)v-n
`Nachtherberge',nak(t)vti`bernachten',nkvinas`zurnightherbergend',abg.not`night',russ.
netop`Nachtschmetterling,Fledermaus';
hitt.neku-`dmmern';Gen.ne-ku-uz(nekuz)`night';toch.An[a]ktim`nchtlich',nekciyeàbends';
zerograde:OldIndianakt`night'(perhapsn-stem),akt-m.`darkness,night,light,ray'(actually
`dawn,twilight'),compareinlattermeaninggot.htw(:lat.noctetc.),aisl.tta,ahd.hta(uohta),
mhd.hte(uohte),as.thaf.,ags.th(a)m.`frheMorgenzeit',got.hteigs`zeitig';
eineotherablautgrade*onkt-seemslit.ankst`frhe',aksto`fromfrhan',ankstsAdj.èarly,
matutinal',OldPrussianangstainai,angsteinaAdv.`frhmorgens'.
References:
References:WP.II337ff.,WH.II181ff.,Trautmann9,193,SpechtIdg.Dekl.11.
Page(s):
Page(s):762-763
Root/lemma: n1 ,n ,nei
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:negativeparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:SatznegationderreinenVerneigung
Note:
Note:(neeinzelsprachlichalsoWortnegationgeworden)
Material: n :OldIndiann`not',nd(nid)ds.,av.ap.na-`not',av.nit(=OldIndiannd),Old
Indiann-v=av.na-vaòrnot'(comparelat.n-ve,andgenauerair.nseeunder);OldIndiannaca
àndnot'(=lat.nequeetc.);=alb.nukòrnot'
aboutne-inArm.(nua`languissant'from*ne-val-,etc.)s.DumzilBSL.40,48f.;
gr.-only(asreplacementfromn-)beforeverbalen,thenalsootherAdj.withdemanlaut,,,
withdenenescontractedis,e.g.,,()(thereaftersecondary-in
ùngercht',dor.,etc.);
lat.n-inne-fs,ne-sci(ne-sciens,ne-scius),ne-cesse,ne-uter,n'unquam,nusquam,nllus,nn
(*n'oin[om],compareahd.nhd.nein),ne-que`not;andnot,nor;rarelynoteven'(=osk.nep,got.nih,
air.na[ch]`not',OldIndianna-ca),oskne`non,n';comparealsolat.neg[re,-tium]aboveS.418;
lat.neu,n-ve,oldneive,nveòrnot';
air.ne-chàliquis',cymr.nep`quispiam'(=OldIndiannakis`niemand',butwithAbstreifungof
negativenSinnesinStzenwithwiederholter,buteinandernichtaufhebendernegation;thesame
Vorganginlit.nkasìrgendsomewhat',nekursàcertain,akindof,asonemightsay',etc.;similarly
gelangtene-u e òrnot'zurpositivemeaningòr'in:)air.n,n,cymr.neu,abret.nouòr',also
verbalSttzpartikeln(forpronouninfixaanddasrelative-n-)air.no-,nu-,mcymr.neu-asoriginally
formelhaftprefixedòrnot':proklitisches*neergab*na(ase.g.ir.ass-èx')inVortoninthe
connectionair.na[ch],mcymr.nac(etc.)`not'fromne-ke withprotokelt.Apokope()ofauslaut-e;
got.ni,ahd.as.ni,ne,ags.ne`not';aisl.nintheonlypoet.meaning`non',duringninthemeaning
`neque'=got.nih(equalmeaningwithnigeworden)from*ne-ke=ahd.nih-ein,as.(withgramm.
variation)nig-n`not'(butas.necàndnot'=lat.neg-,seeaboveS.418);ahd.Konjunktionnoh`yet'
from*neh(*ne-ke)orfromne+ahd.ouchàlso';ahd.nein,as.nn`no'from*ne+oinom`nicht
einer'(seeabovelat.nn,nllus);ags.n`nie,not,no',engl.n`no'(alsoaisl.nei`no'from*ni+aiw
=as.ahd.nio`nie');
maybealb.(*nio)jo`no'
OldPrussianni,lit.ne`not',nkas,nekurs(seeabove);OldChurchSlavicne`not';
maybealb.*(*ne-ke),nuk`not'=lat.ne-que`not;andnot,nor;rarelynoteven'acompoundofRoot
Root
/lemma: n1 ,n ,nei :
:negativeparticle+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ke 1:
1:and(encl.)
Note:GermanicandBalticcognatescouldbeofprotoillyr.origin.
hitt.natta`not',nwi`nochnicht'.
n :OldIndian(ved.)n`not';lat.n`not'inn-quidem,nququam,nququam,nquam,gekrzt
probablyinnutiquam(butn-uterwithold*n,seeabove),nKonj.`danicht',osk.ni`ne'(ni-p
`nve'),marruc.ni`n';air.n,mcymr.ny,ncymr.ni,corn.ny,bret.ne`not'(partlywithsecondary
abridgement);air.nìsnot'isdasgewhnlichenwithausgelassenercopula;
got.n`no'.
nei accentuated`not':av.na-i`keiner',adv.naiintensifiednegation;lat.n,altlat.neiAdv.and
Konj.1.older`not,danicht',2.`sinon',quid-n;osk.nei`not'(nei-p`neque');got.nei(..)`not',
aisl.n`no',ahd.nemphatisches`not';lit.ni-kas`niemand',neàlsonot,nichteinmal';OldChurch
Slavicni`neque',ni-kto`niemand';diegerm.formsperhapsbut=OldIndianndàbsolutelynot,
withitnicht',av.nit,ap.nayfromidg.*neid`dasnicht';perhapsisidg.neifrom*ne+(compare
-:)todeuten.
n - Verneinungspartikelaserstespart:OldIndianav.ap.a-,beforeVokalen(alsoi,u)an-;gr.-,
beforevowel-;lat.in-,oldesten-(dievorkonsonantischeform);osk.umbr.an-;air.in-(before
Med.),-(beforeTenuis),an-(beforevowel),cymr.corn.bret.an-;got.ahd.as.un-,aisl.-,-;in
Bsl.absolutelythroughne-verdrngt;aboutChurchSlavicne-j-vrùnglubig',ne-j-syt
ùnersttlich=Pelikan's.Berneker429;toch.ABa(n)-,am-,e(n)-,em-,on-;through
mehrereSprachendurchgehendeequivalentaree.g.:OldIndianamta-,,immortlis;Old
Indianjta-,,arm.ancanaut`,igntus,air.ingnad,got.unkuns;OldIndiananudr-,
,etc.
References:
References:WP.II319f.,WH.II150f.,152,165f.,Trautmann194f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,431f.,2,
590ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):756-758
Root/lemma: ne-3 ,n- ,Plur.n s - ,nsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:we
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wir'
Note:
Note:(originallyoutofNominativs;Nom.seeunder*ue)
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianDu.Akk.Dat.Gen.nu,gthav.Gen.n,OldChurchSlavicn,gr.,hom.
from*-F(dessen2.parttheNominativst.*ue-,*ui-is);air.n(tha)rGen.,got.ugkis,as.unc,
anord.okkrùnsboth(n)'(unc=*n-ge,comparemikfrom*me-ge).
2.Pluralisch:OldIndiannaenklit.,av.n,n,n,lat.ns,alb.naNom.(*ns),neGen.Dat.Akk.
(*ns);ir.nietc.(seems*s-ns),Gen.arn-(*ns-r-m),cymr.corn.bret.ni,ny`wir'(*ns),got.ahd.
uns,as.s,anord.ossùns'(*ns),OldChurchSlavicnasGen.(*ns-sm),OldPrussiannuson
(also);
auf*nsme(probablyns+particle*sm-,relatedwithdem-sm-thePron.-Dekl.,e.g.OldIndiant-smt)basedonav.ahma(OldIndianasmn,ap.Gen.amxam)=ol.-,dor.-,ion.-att.-;Poss.
lesb.,dor.=av.ahma-,ion.-att.)etc.;hitt.Dat.Akk.anz,enkl.naùns'.
References:
References:WP.II320f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,600f.
Page(s):
Page(s):758
Root/lemma: nem-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totake;toputinorder,count
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zuteilen,nehmen'(vontheVorstellungderhingestrecktenHand);von`zuteilen'
fromànordnen,rechnen,zhlen(Geldwesen)'
Material:
Material:Av.nmah-n.`Darlehen';
gr.`dividefrom,lasseweiden';later`beherrsche',Med.`teilemirto,devour,weide',Herod.àllot,aufrechnen',`distribution;Weideplatz',,-`weidend,afterwillow
wandering',`herdsman,shepherd;Verteiler',`willow,Wohnsitz',àlignment,
order',`see,observeasgeltendan',`custom,custom,Einrichtung,gebruchliche
Geldwhrung';lengthenedgrade`divideto';Ùnwille,gttlicherevenge,vengeance'
(*,eig.`dasZurechnen'),(),-,-`beangrywith,rebuke,reproach',
`Rcher';alb.nam,nme`curse,oath,malediction,imprecation',formal=;nms
`theFluchende,Gotteslsterer';herealsoair.nmae,Gen.nmait`fiend'
Dan.`Weideplatz'heregehre,isnotganzcertainly;seeundernem-2 ;
lat.numerus`number'(*nomes-o-),nummus`Geld,Mnze'(fromgr.`gesetzmig,
ordinary');
air.nemf.,mir.neim`Gift'(comparenhd.Gift:geben'give');
got.as.ags.niman,ahd.nman,aisl.nma`take';
maybealb.causativenem`give'
lengthenedgradegot.anda-nmn.Èmpfang',ahd.nma`gewaltsamesNehmen,robbery';ags.
nmf.`thegriping'fromaisl.nmm.`dasNehmen,Lernen';got.anda-nms`pleasant',ahd.nmi
`genehm';lett.nemt(contaminatedfromnemtundjemt)`nehmen';lit.nmas,mostlyPl.nama
`dwelling,house',lett.namsm.`house';ablaut.lit.dial.numa`nama'(*nom-);lit.noma,lett.numa,
ìnterest,rental'(vowelgradationasgr.).
References:
References:WP.II330f.,WH.II158f.,Trautmann193,201,E.Laroche,Laracine-;E.
BenvenisteBSL.32,79ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):763-764
Root/lemma: nem-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiannmas-n.=av.nmah-n.`bowing,bending=worship,veneration,Huldigung',
OldIndiannmati`beugtsich,neigtsich,beugt,bends'(Kaus.nmayati),av.nmaiti`beugtsich
(weg)'(nmaiti,Kaus.nmayeiti),withapa-,fr-èscape,flee';participleOldIndiannat-`bent,
curved';
gr.n.`Weideplatz'=lat.nemus,-oris`Hain',etc.;gall.`sacredHain',PNNemeto-brig,
VNNemetes,air.nemed`Heiligtum',then`Privileg,privilegierteperson';aschs.nimidas`sacra
silvrum';lit.FlNNmunas`Niemen'(=`sumpfigerstream'),nmuog`Heidelbeere';gall.nanto
`valle',trinanto`dreiTler',VNNantuates,cymr.nant`valley,stream,brook'(*n-tu-,compare
participleOldIndiannat-fromnmt-);savoy.n`stream,brook';perhapshereair.nem`sky,
heaven';differentaboveS.315.
References:
References:WP.II331f.,WH.II158f.,E.FrnkelREIE.1,405ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):764
Root/lemma: nept- (*nepotis)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:uncle;nephew,*descendant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ènkel;Neffe'
Grammaticalinformation:fem.neptMaterial:
Material:OldIndiannpt(secondarynptr-)`grandson,descendant',av.napt-,naptar-,.naptds.,OldIndianapmnapt,av.apmnap-n.nameofadivinity(`primevaloffspringofthewaters');
hom.()`youngones,children'fromaN.Sg.*;perhapsherelemnisch-tyrsenisch
òffspring,descendant,son'(Kretschmer,Glotta28,266);alb.nip`grandson,nephew';lat.
neps,-tis`grandchild,grandson',lateralso`nephew';altlit.nepotis,nepuotis`grandchild,grandson';
ahd.nevo`nephew,kinsman,relative',ags.nefa`grandchild,grandson,nephew',aisl.nefe`nephew,
kinsman,relative'(*nepts);mir.n,Gen.nath`sister'sson'(fortheformintheendPokorny
ZfceltPh.10,405f.),cymr.nei,naids.,corn.noi`grandchild,grandson',mbret.ni`nephew'.
Fem.OldIndiannapt-`granddaughter,femaledescendant',av.napt-`granddaughter';
lat.neptis(for-ti(s)afterthe-stem)`granddaughter',later`niece';air.necht,cymr.abret.nith,mbret.
niz,corn.noith`niece';ahd.nift`neptis,privigna',nhd.(actuallynd.)Nichte,anord.nipt`sister's
daughter,niece';alit.nept`granddaughter';russ.-ChurchSlavicnestera`niece'(*nept-ter).
furtherformations*nepti o -: av.naptya-òffspring,descendant';alb.mbes`niece'from*nepti;
Note:
Alb.geg.mesa,tosk.mbesa`niece(sister'sdaughter)'derivedfromHittiteLuwian*nosa-(a
descendant);Luwiannsa`grandson':Hittiteama-haa(agrandson):Latvianmsas-meita
`niece(sister'sdaughter)'=Latvianmsa`sister(:alb.motra,motr`sister')+meita`daughter';alb.
haslosttheAnatolianoldlarygeal.
gr.-`brother'sorsister'sson'(*sm-neptiios);russ.-ChurchSlavicnetij`nephew'.
ProbablyasÙnmndiger,Unselbstndiger'tone-andpotis.
References:
References:WP.II329f.,WH.II161f.,Trautmann196.
Page(s):
Page(s):764
Root/lemma: ner-1(t)- ,aner- (ner- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vitalenergy;man
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.('magische)Lebenskraft';2.`Mann'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannr-(n)`man,person',av.nar-(n)ds.(OldIndiannara-,av.nara-afterAkk.
nram,narmneologism);OldIndiannr,av.nir`wife,woman'(previouslyar.feminineformation);
OldIndiannrya-,av.nairya-`manly,virile':probablyalsoOldIndiansnra-`vollfromvitality,
jugendlich',av.hunara-m.`Wundermacht',OldIndiannrt-m.`Held',snt`vitality'(su-bietetalso
dasKelt.:air.so-nirt,cymr.hy-nerth`valiant,strong');osset.-kaukasVNNart-(iran.*nar-ra-);
arm.air,Gen.an`man,person'(z.Lautlichens.MeilletEsquisse283),aru`virile',whereofarvest,
arhest`Kunst';neuphryg.`man';luw.annards.;
gr.Hes.(:lit.nras,seeunder),,-,`man',`Mannhaftigkeit'
(Hom.;-metr.lengthening),`manly,gamy',-`richanvitality',-`gamy',(*-`Mannesantlitzhabend');about`person'(*-with
secondaryAspiration[])s.KretschmerGl.28,246,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,4264;
alb.njer`man,person';
Note
Note:
Probablyalb.cognatenjeriu`man'derivedfromsabin.Neriusbecauseofsolidifiedalb.Pl.njerz
`men,people',njerzim`humanity'where-os,-usendinghasbeensolidified.
lat.nerisus`resistens,fortis',Neri,-inisèinewithMarsinKultverbindungstehendegoddess'
(`*dieStarke'),Ner,Sabine=`fortisacstrenuus'(SchulzeEigenn.315,363,485;sabin.Nerius
stimmttoOldIndiannrya-),osk.Gen.Pl.nerum`vir,procer',umbr.nerfAkk.Pl.`proceres,
principes';
cymr.ner`Held',air.ner`boar'(alsoPN),gall.GNNerios,air.nert(*ner-to-),cymr.corn.nerth
`Mannhaftigkeit,Heer',bret.nerz`power',gall.Nerto-briga,Esu-nertusetc.,air.nertaimÌstrke',
cymr.nerthu`strken,support',bret.nerza`festigen';air.nr(*nro-)èdel,groherzig',gall.GN
Nriaf.;aboutair.nr`bescheiden's.S.754;
agerm.Nerthus,einegoddess,aisl.Njrrm.Gttername;lit.nrasm.`volition',nriu,norti
`wollen',OldPrussianPNNor-mans,ablaut.Ner-man;lit.nrtti,ablaut.nartnti`beangrywith',nirtsèrgrimmt',nartsasm.(*nar-sa-s)`boldness,rage,fury',narss`fierce,grim';OldPrussian
nertienAkk.`rage,fury',er-nertimai`wirenrage';slav.*norvm.inOldChurchSlavicnrav`custom',
etc.;
gr.hom.afterKretschmerGl.32,3ff.ÈrzfromNoricum',alsonothere;afterKuiper
`vollfromvitality'.
References:
References:WP.II332f.,WH.II164f.,Trautmann197f.,KuiperMeded.Koninkl.Nederl.Akad.
vanWetensch.,NieuweReeks,Deel14,No.5.
Page(s):
Page(s):765
Root/lemma: ner-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:under
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnder'
Material:
Material:Gr.ùnterer,tieferer,unterirdischer'(throughhybridizationwith`die
Unterirdischen',s.S.312*enìn',also);()(andagain(),dor.ol.)
`fromunder';`theUnterste'(*nerio-);osk.nertrakàsinistra',umbr.nertru`sinistro'(=
);zerogradeaisl.norrn.`Norden',ags.norerra`morenrdlich',ahd.nordrni
`nrdlich'(NordenisbytheRichtungofBetendenafterOsten=links);
possiblekinshipfromn-er-with*nei-`low,base'(see312).
Maybealb.geg.nr,alb.ndrùnder'[commonalb.n>ndshift]
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):765-766
Root/lemma: ner-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toconceal,cover,hidingplace,hollow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èindringen,untertauchen,Versteck,Hhle'
Material:
Material:GesichertonlyfortheBalt.-Slav.:lit.neri,nrti`(under)tauchen,durchschwimmen,flee,
einschlpfen',nersm.`beaver',nrasm.`Taucherente',narv`celltheBienenknigin',lett.nrt,
nirdt`submerge';OldChurchSlavicnr,nrti`penetrate',sloven.po-ndrti`submerge',klr.ponerty`dive',OldChurchSlavicnora`,latibulum',russ.nor`hole,cave,pit,pothole',aruss.
po-norovÈrdwurm',serb.nracàquanaut';aufazerograde*nr-(*nor-toidg.*nor-)basedon
slav.nyr-,nur-inruss.-OldChurchSlavicnyrjati,`seimmergere',nura`janua'(etc.);hereprobably
dieFlNOldPrussianNarus,lit.Nar-upe,illyr.`Narenta'=schott.-gael.AbhainnNarunn
`Nairn';lit.Ners,Ners,Neret,OldPrussianNeria`Nehrung',russ.Neretva(toBug).
References:
References:WP.II334,Trautmann196f.,PokornyUrillyrier3f.,45;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstoner-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):766
Root/lemma: nesEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojoinwith;toconcealoneself
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichvereinigen,geborgensein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannsat`geselltsichto,combinedsichwithjemand',redupl.notthematic
nsat3.Pl.`sieberhrennahewithdembody,kiss'(*ni-ns-at),participlens-na-(old
Deponentien);GNNsatyaum.Dual.`diebeidenNothelfer',urind.Naattia,av.Nhaiya-,
compareH.Gntert,Weltknig259;
zerogradeOldIndiansta-,av.asta-n.`homeland,domicile';gr.,ion.`comeluckyan,
kehreheim',eig.`thealwaysWiederkehrende',m.`Heimkehr',redupl.ep.
`'(*--withpreservationof--afterunthematicformsas2.3.Sg.*--,-);
reducedgrade,Fut.`stay,dwell,bewohne',`stay,dwell,bewohne;bewohnt
sein';*-F:dor.thess.,lak.F,lesb.(i.e.FF),ion.,att.m.
`(Gtterwohnung=)temple,Heiligtum';zerograde`gerettet,geborgen';alb.knelem
`recover,belivingagain'(prefixk-+*nes-lo-);got.ga-nisan`gerettetbecome,recover,recuperate',
ahd.as.gi-nesands.,ags.ge-nesan`gerettetbecome,entkommen,berleben',got.ga-nists,ahd.
as.gi-nist`Genesung,salvation';Kaus.got.nasjan`fit,healthymake',ahd.nerian,nerren`retten,
heal,cure,nhren',as.nerian,ags.nerian`retten,shield'(besideswith,:aisl.nraandnra
`beleben,erfrischen,nhren',schwed.dial.nra`fireanmachen');aisl.aldr-narim.`(lifepreserver=)
fire',as.lf-naraf.`nourishment,food',ags.neruf.`Rettung,nourishment,food',ahd.ner,naraf.
`Rettung,nourishment,food';lattermeaningalsoinahd.wega-nest,-nistn.`tripfood',ags.nestn.
`nourishment,food',aisl.nestn.`viaticum,nourishment,food';toch.Anas-,nes-`sein';Anau-
`friend'.
References:
References:WP.II334f.,M.LeumannHomer.Wrter,191ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):766-767
Root/lemma: neu-dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toyearnforsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`begehren,gelsten'
Material:
Material:Ahd.niotèagerness',mhd.nietlche`withdesire,witheagerness',nhd.niedlich,as.niud
m.`desire,Begier',ags.ned,nodf.`wish,Sehnsucht,eagerness';got.PNNeudis(*Niudeis);lit.panstu,-ndau,-nsti`whereuponGelstehave,sichwhereuponsehnen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):768
Root/lemma: neu-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toacquire,tomakeuseofsmth.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrstrebtesergreifen,inNutzungnehmen'
Material:
Material:Got.niutan`,reach',ga-niutan`gripe,catch',nuta`Fnger,fisherman',aisl.njta
`benutzen,genieen',ahd.niozan`somewhatansichnehmen,benutzen,genieen',as.niotan,ags.
notands.;got.un-nutsùnntz',ahd.nuzzi,as.nutti,ags.nytt`whereforentze'(zerogradeaisl.
nytr);ags.nyttian`need,lack,genieen',ahd.nuzzen,nuzzn,nhd.ntzen,nutzen;aisl.nytf.
`benefit,milk'(nytja`milk'),ags.nyttf.,mnd.nutte,nut`benefit',ahd.nuz,-zzesm.`Nutz',ags.notuf.
`yield';aisl.nautn.`StckVieh',nautrm.`valuablepossession',ags.natn.`StckRindvieh,animal',
ahd.nzm.`(Nutz)vieh',as.notiln.`smallcattle'(ChurchSlavicnuta`Vieh'fromdemGerm.);ahd.
ganz,-o`comrade',as.gent,ags.genat,aisl.nautrds.;
lit.naud`benefit,profit,gain,property',nadyti`lust,crave',lett.nda`Geld';
perhapsair.Nuado,Gen.NuadatGN,cymr.NuddGN,abrit.-lat.Dat.Ndonti,NdentiGN(participle
*neudont-s,-os),actuallyÀngler,fisherman'afterVendryesRC.39,384.
References:
References:WP.II325f.,Trautmann194,Feist3379;
Seealso:
Seealso:toconsecutive(neu-dh- )
Page(s):
Page(s):768
Root/lemma: neu-ks- ,neu-s-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosniff,smell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wittern,schnffeln',fromwhichàufspren,auskundschaften'
Material:
Material:Got.bi-niuhsianàuskundschaften',niuhseins`Heimsuchung',perhapstoaisl.nysa
`wittern,snuffle,sniff,peer',njsnf.`tidings,Suche',ahd.niusen`versuchen'(toalterationfrom-hsto-s-s.SverdrupIF.35,149),etc.;
neus- in:ags.nosian,nosan,as.niusian,niusnùntersuchen,nachspren';inadditionags.nosu,
engl.nose,ndl.neus`nose',norw.nosa`wittern',ns`smell,odor,Witterung',nuska`suchen',nhd.
nschen`withtheSchnauzewhlen',engl.nuzzle,ndl.neuzelen`snuffle,sniff',mnd.noster(en),
nster(en)`Nster';russ.njchat`snuffle,sniff,smell',serb.njuiti`snuffle,sniff'.
Maybealb.(*njchat)nuhat,nuhas`snuffle,sniff,smell',throughmetathesisderivedalb.geg.
(*nuhas)huna,tosk.hunda`nose'[commonalb.n>ndphoneticmutation]
ClearlyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:nas- :
:`nose'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:neu-ks- ,neu-s- :
:`tosniff,smell'
whilebothnas- :
:`nose',neu-ks- ,neu-s- :
:`tosniff,smell'arezerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:an()3 :
:`tobreathe'
References:
References:WP.II325,HolthausenKZ.69,166f.;probablyto2.sneu-,seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):768-769
Root/lemma: neukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dark,indistinct
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dunkel,undeutlich,vonGesichts-andGehrseindrcken'
Material:
Material:Lat.nuscitisus`quipropteroculorumvitiumparumvideret',nexttowhichwithl-(afterlux,
lcre)luscus`blinzelnd;bldsichtig;einugig',luscnus`geblendet',luscisus,lusctisus
`nachtblind';lit.niksti`darkemporragen',niki,nikti`din,drone,dullsound,clink',apsi-niukti
`sichbewlken',lett.apnauktisds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):768
Root/lemma: neu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocall,topraise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rufen,preisen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannavat,nuti`sounds,jubelt,preist',air.nall(*neu-slo-)n.`scream,din,fuss,
noise,proclamation';perhapslat.nntium`Botschaft'(*nouention).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):767
Root/lemma: neu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomakeapush;tonod
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinenRuckmachenorStogeben',especially(europ.)`nicken,winken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannvat,nuti`wendetsich,bewegtsich',nvayati`wendet,kehrt',asd-present
probablynudti`sttfort,rckt';gr.`nicke,winke'(*),`Wink',`nicke';
lat.nu,-ere`nicken,winken,sichneigen',nt,-re`sichhinandherneigen,waver,wobble',ntus,
-s`dassichNeigen,Wink,command,order',nmen`Wink,volition,Gehei,esp.gttliches'(*neumen,oras*neu-smen=gr.from*-withhereindeedwurzelhaftem);air.nd`makes
bekannt',*ate-no-èntrust',verbalnounaithne`depositum'=cymr.adnauds.;
withformant.-r(o)- russ.(etc.)ponryj(*neu-ro-)`gesenkt(ofKopfe),niedergeschlagen(fromden
Augen)';withthemeaning`stupfen'presumablygr.,,Hes.,and()
lit.nirkyti`press,squeeze';
withg -furtherformations:gr.,att.`prick,pricke',Hes.,Pass.Perf.,
participlepresent;withintensiveintensificationHes.,mnd.nuck(e)`pltzlicher
shove,Tcke',md.nuckenèinnicken',mhd.ent-nuckends.,perhapsalsoOldChurchSlavicn(j)ukati
èrmuntern'.
References:
References:WP.II323f.,WH.186,189f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,7174.
Page(s):
Page(s):767
Root/lemma: neu o s ,-i o s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:new
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`neu'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannva-,av.nava-`neu',Kompar.navatara-(:gr.),gr.(F),lat.
novus,osk.Nvlanis`Nlns'(from*Nvel=lat.Nla),alit.navas,OldPrussianneuwenencertain
Nom.Sg.n.(*nawanjan;OldPrussiannaunsprobablyafterjauns`young'),abg.nov`neu';-i o -form
OldIndiannvya-,ion.,gall.Nevio-,Novio-dnum(`Neuen-burg'),air.n,cymr.newydd,
abret.nouuid,neuued,bret.neuez,got.niujis,aisl.nyr,ahd.as.niuwi,ags.nwe,nowe,lit.najas
`neu';toch.u,uneds.,hitt.neua-ds.;with-ro -formsgr.(F),arm.nor`neu'(*nouero-),
lat.nover-ca`Stiefmutter';
Maybetruncatedalb.(*nouero-)re(fem.),ri(masc.)`new'.
gr.=lat.novreèrneuen'(therefromnovlisèinfarmland,thezumerstenMaleorafteroneyear-oldRuhegepflgtwird';formsasinaequlis,also`jungesAlterhabend');=lat.novits
`Neuheit';Femininawith- besides -suffix(seeSpechtIdg.Dekl.323f.)lieconsecutiveformations
thebasic:lat.novcius`neu,Neuling';russ.novk`Neuling';gr.`youngKerl';ChurchSlavic
novak`Neuling';but`youngling'fromF--`youngAtmender';`neu'seeabove
S.414.
References:
References:WP.II324,WH.II181,Trautmann194.
Seealso:
Seealso:Changingthroughablautn`nun'seethere;s.also*e-neuen`nine'.
Page(s):
Page(s):769
Root/lemma: nik- :nk- :nikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toattack;tofight,rail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànfallen,losstrzen,heftigbeginnen'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`quarrel,fight',`zanke,streite,schelte',perhapsalso,dor.f.
`victory',`siege';kelt.()FlNNicros`Neckar';ags.ge-nstan`quarrel'(*naihstian);bsl.*nink
`beginsviolent'inlit.-nink,-nktids.,lett.niknsàngry,irate',ablaut.naks`violent',lit.dial.neikom
`very',OldPrussianneikaut`wandeln',slav.*nikn,*nikntiinOldChurchSlavicvz-nikntiàgainto
sichcome',russ.-ChurchSlavicniknuti`hervorwachsen',etc.
References:
References:WP.II321,Trautmann199,KuiperNasalprs.186f.,HofmannGr.etym.Wb.213.
Page(s):
Page(s):761
Root/lemma: n-tr ...,n-tr ...
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:snake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlange,Natter'
Material:
Material:Lat.natrix,-icism.f.`watersnake,penis'=air.nathir,Gen.nathrach`natrix,serpens';
cymr.neidr`snake'(*natr),Pl.,nadroedd,corn.nader,mbr.azr,br.aerds.,abret.natrol-ion
`Basilisken'(Pl.einesAdj.`sichaufdieSchlangebeziehend');got.nadrGen.Pl.,aisl.narm.,
naraf.`Natter';withags.nddre,as.ndra,ahd.ntara,ntraf.`Natter'(*n-tr).
References:
References:WP.II327f.,WH.II147;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyas`diesichWindende',zurroot(s)n-.
Page(s):
Page(s):767
Root/lemma: ni- ,neiSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.312f.(en-).
Page(s):
Page(s):767
Root/lemma: niz-doGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nest'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeundersed-.
Page(s):
Page(s):769
Root/lemma: nogo- ornagoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Baum'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannaga-m.`tree,mountain';aisl.nkkuim.,ahd.nahho,as.naco,ags.naca
`Nachen,dugoutcanoe'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):770
Root/lemma: nog- ,nogod(h)o- ,nog-noEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:naked
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nackt'
Note:
Material:
Material:Anord.nkkva`nakedmake';lengthenedgradelit.nogas,lett.dial.nugs,OldChurch
Slavicnag`naked';
withDentalformantien:lat.ndus`naked'from*noged(h)osor*nogod(h)os=got.naqas(-d-),
anord.nkkuir(alsonktr),nexttowhichaschwed.nakuer,ags.nacod,ahd.nackut,nachut,nhd.
nackt;air.nocht,cymr.etc.noeth`naked'(*nog-to-s);
withformants-no-: OldIndiannagn-`naked',av.mana-ds.(m-throughdissimilation,dieVorstufe
fromwestosset.bn);arm.merk`naked';hieheralsogr.,byHes.(for*)and
.;aisl.nakinn,afries.naken`naked'(kinsteadofnord.kupointat
aufrearrangementfrom*nak(u)-na-afterdenparticipleauf-inn);hitt.neku-manza`naked'.
References:
References:WP.II339f.,WH.II185,Trautmann201,SpechtIdg.Dekl.251.
Page(s):
Page(s):769
Root/lemma: nok-(t)Seealso:
Seealso:s.nek-(t)-.
Page(s):
Page(s):770
Root/lemma: noGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pronominalstamm
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.320,eno-.
Page(s):
Page(s):769
Root/lemma: nmn
Seealso:
Seealso:s.enomn.
Page(s):
Page(s):770
Root/lemma: nt- ,ntEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:back,behind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hinterbacke,Hinterer,Rcken'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`back',changingthroughablautwithlat.ntisf.,mostlyPl.nats
`buttock,backside'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):770
Root/lemma: n Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:now
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nun'andhnlicheFormen
Material:
Material:OldIndiann,n,av.n`nun',OldIndianntana-`jetzig,young,neu',nnm`now,yet,
nun'(aslit.nna,OldChurchSlavicnynprobablyadv.solidifiedcaseeinesAdj.*n-no-`jetzig'),av.
nrm,nrm,ap.nramds.(afterparm`prospectively'shaped);gr.,,`now,yet'(latter
probablyfrom*n-m=)lat.num`nunnoch,nochjetzt',thenpadforFragen,etiamnum`nochalways',
nunc`now,yet,nun'(*num-ce)=hitt.ki-nunds.,n-per`neulich,beforekurzem;beforeZeiten',next
towhichnu-stillinnu-distertius`*nunisthedritteday'(aboutair.nu-,no-,mcymr.neuVerbalparticle,seeunderne `not');got.nu(n),aisl.ahd.ags.n`now,yet,nun',mhd.nhd.n,previously
seitsptmhd.timealsonn;lit.n,lett.nu`nun',OldPrussianintei-nu`nunmehr',lit.nna`nun'(see
above);abg.n`but',nyn`nun'(seeabove);toch.nunoenkl.`but,because';hitt.nu
(satzeinleitendeparticle);ki-nun`now,yet',n-wa`still',nu-kwit`numquid';got.nah`still',afries.
noch,as.ahd.nohAdverb`still,alsonow,yet'from*nu-ke;aboutdieKonjunktion`(neither-)noch'
seeaboveS.757underne1 .
Idg.nisprobablyzerogradetoneuo-`neu',compareOldIndianntane-`jetzig'and`neu',gr.
èben,neulich',ahd.niwes(adv.Gen.),lit.nauja`fresh,neulich'.
Maybealb.ta-ni`now'[ta-(at)`this,that'+*ni`now']:OldPrussianintei-nu:Skt.n`now,just,but'
[adv];Go.nu`now'[adv]
References:
References:WP.II340,WH.II186ff.,Trautmann201.
Page(s):
Page(s):770
Root/lemma: n d hos ,n d heri
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:under
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnder'
Material:
Material:OldIndianadhùnder'(asprepositionm.Akk.underGen.),av.adùnder',arm.nd
(m.Instr.)ùnder',aisl.andds.,toch.aùnder,afterunder'();
av.aairiùnder,below',got.undaretc.,ahd.untaranduntariùnder',neologismafteridg.*uperi
(OldIndianuparietc.àbout');
OldIndiandhara-,av.aara-`theuntere',lat.nferusds.(*enferos,idg.*ndheros),nfernusds.(after
supernus),infr`below'(*inferd)withAnlautsbehandlungof-dh-;gr.-placedperhapsin
`verachte'(compareOldIndianadhara-`verachtet');got.undaroprepositionùnder'(Abl.
auf-d)=OldIndianAdv.dhartùnder';
OldIndianadham-`theunterste'=lat.nfimusds.
References:
References:WP.I323,WH.I698,SpechtIdg.Dekl.2591.
Page(s):
Page(s):771
Root/lemma: n s i-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sword
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwert'
Note:
Note:onlyAryananditalisch
Material:
Material:OldIndianas-m.`sword,Schlachtmesser';av.ah-f.ds.;lat.nsis`sword'.
References:
References:WP.I324,WH.II406,SpechtKZ.66,34f.
Page(s):
Page(s):771
Root/lemma: n s iEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirt,black
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmutzfabrig;Schmutz,Schlamm'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansi-ta-,fem.si-kn`swart,black';gr.`slime,mud(einesFlusses)',
`muddy'.
References:
References:WP.I324,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.116f.
Page(s):
Page(s):771
Root/lemma: obhelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosweep;tomultiply
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fegen'and`vermehren'
Note:
Note:onlyarm.andgr.
Material:
Material:Arm.avelumÌsweep'(a-avelumÌvermehre':aveli`more'),gr.`sweep'and
`vermehre',`besom'and`benefit,advantage',`besom'Hes.,`sweep';
`benefit',`ntze'.
References:
References:WP.I178,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,57,LeumannHom.Wrter120ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):772
Root/lemma: obhiSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.287(ebhi-).
Page(s):
Page(s):772
Root/lemma: od-1 (*had- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmell,*haverepulsivesmell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`riechen'
Material:
Material:Arm.hot`Duft,smell,odor'(sek.o-stem),hotim`rieche',hototim`wittere';
gr.`rieche,dufte'(*-,withlat.olreunderanextensionbasis*odi-compatible),,
hom.etc.,dor.:,att.`Duft,smell,odor'(*-),-,-èvil-,wohlriechend',
-`rieche,wittere'with*-(:lat.odor)aserstempart;alb.amùnpleasantsmell,odor'
(*odm=);lat.odor`smell,odor',odefaci,ol(e)faci`rieche,wittere',ole,-re`smell,stink'
(`sabin'l=dperhapstight,firmgewordenthroughsupportinoleum);schwed.os`smell,odor,
erstickendesGas',norw.dn.os(*d-s-o-)`haze,mist,erstickendervapor',aisl.spn-sa`neu,neu
hergestellt'(ofshipetc.),actually:àfterchip,splintersmelling';
lit.odiu,osti`smell'(*di),lett.uu,ust`smell',lit.ostyti`herumriechen,snuffle,sniff'=lett.
ustt(anduksttds.;withthesameparasitischenklit.oksautiùnaufhrlichlauern'under
likewise);aech.jadati`forschen,untersuchen'(`*ausschnffeln').
References:
References:WP.I174,WH.II203,Trautmann202.
Seealso:
Seealso:seealsood-2`repulsion';aboutgall.odocoss.S.289.
Page(s):
Page(s):772-773
Root/lemma: od-2 (*had- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:disgust,hate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Widerwille,Ha'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:od-2 (*had- )::`disgust,hate'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:od-1 (*had- )::`tosmell,
*haverepulsivesmell'
Material:
Material:Arm.ateamÌhasse',ateli`detested,hostile';
gr.-(as*--dasparticiplePerf.enthaltend)inHes.(-metr.lengthening
for-),,,,`beangrywith,grumble,rumble';lat.d
èmpfindeWiderwillen,hasse',dium`natrlicherrepulsion,hate';ags.atol,aisl.atall`dirus,atrox';
hitt.atuki`terrible,dreadful';
as`repulsioninfolgeGeruches'perhapstood-1`smell'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):773
Root/lemma: oid- (*gheid-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell;strong,*fast,swelling,lump,water
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Consideringphryg.`water':nasalizedillyr.Bindus`watergod',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:band(*gheid-)::`drop':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:oid- (*gheid-)::`toswell;strong,*fast,swelling,lump,water'
derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r-(*akuent-)::`toflow,towet;
water,etc.`
Material:
Material:OldIndianndra-`strong',alsoGN'Indra-,urind.(mitanni)Indar=av.GNIndra-;OldIndian
indriymn.`power,fortune';perhapsalsondu-m.`drip'(originally`Sehwellung,ball');
arm.ait(i-stem)`cheek',aitnumÌswell'(*oid-nu-mi),aitumn`swelling,lump,growth';
gr.,`swell',n.`swelling,lump,growth',ùnripeFeige',o`swelling,
tumescence,SchwallofMeeres',-`Schwellfu';
ahd.eiz,nhd.dial.EisÈiterbeule,ulcer',andasBezeichnungfromderengiftigemInhaltahd.eitar,
ags.t(t)or,aisl.eitr`pus'(aisl.alsofigurative`fury,bittersense,mind',ostfries.eitelàngry,irate,
frenzied');aisl.eitillm.Èinschluinastone',norw.eitel`gland,knagamtree,knot,bud'(=mhd.
eizel`smallpustulatingulcer');aisl.eista`testicle'(*oid-s-to(n)-,fromthezerogradeofes-stem:gr.
);perhapsalsoags.te,engl.oat`Hafer';lett.idra`dasfauleMarkeinesBaumes';withslav.
*-,*ja-fromoi-probablyabg.-dro,jadro(etc.)`sinus;velum,sail',poln.kaschub.also`net'(basic
meaning`swelling');
OldChurchSlavicjad`poison'(*oidos),slov.jditiànger',serb.ijditiènrage';lit.aidinti`stir,tease,
irritate'andOldChurchSlavicisto,Pl.istesa`testicle,kidney'fromschwundstufigem*id-s-to-,nextto
which*oid-s-to-(:aisl.eista)perhapsinaruss.jestesn.Du.`testicles',ifwithit*stesgemeintis;
nasalized*ind-roto*d-(jd-)inslav.*jdro,*jdr:OldChurchSlavicjdro`quick,fast'(from
`*strong'=`*swollen'),serb.jdar`full,strong,fresh,strong'andr.-ChurchSlavicjadro`nucleus,
testiculus',russ.jadrovtyj`kernig,strong',jdrica`Gersten-,Hafergrtze',poln.jdro`Kern;Pl.
testicles',jdrny`kernig,strong,lively';
inadditionbalt.FlNIndus,Indura,Indra,IndrajandIndrica,alsodieInnerste,NFltheLeine
(Hildesheim),oldIndrista(probablyven.-illyr.).
Maybealb.gjendra`(*testicle),lump,tumor,swelling,gland':ChurchSlavicjadro`nucleus,
testiculus'.
References:
References:WP.I166f.,PeterssonHeteroklisie83,248,GntertWeltknig13f.,MachekKZ.64,
261f.,PokornyUrillyrier114,127,Trautmann2f.,108.
Page(s):
Page(s):774
Root/lemma: oi-no- ,oi-u o Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.286(e-).
Page(s):
Page(s):774
Root/lemma: oiu
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.297(ei-).
Page(s):
Page(s):774
Root/lemma: okEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothinkover,*understand,see
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berlegen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:`tothinkover,*understand,see'derivedfromareducedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
`tosee;eye'.
Material:
Material:Gr.`dubiousness,hesitating',`hesitate',`dilatorily';
got.aha`sense,mind,understanding',ahjan`believe,mean',ahmam.`ghost';ahaks`dove'(asspirit
bird);ahd.ahtaòbservance,payingattention'(nhd.achtgeben),ags.eahtf.`calculation,
consultation,estimate',ahd.as.ahtn,ags.eahtian`consider,observe,appraise',nhd.achten,
beachten,aisl.tla(*ahtiln)`mean,think,intend,mean,aim'.
References:
References:WP.I169;afterSpechtKZ62,211took-.
Page(s):
Page(s):774
Root/lemma: ok t (u)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:eight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àcht'
Note:
Root/lemma:
:eightderivedfromtheextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:`tothinkover,
*understand,see,count'+-taformantmodelledafterillyr.attributenouns,adjectives.HencePIE
numbersderivedfrompreviouslyordinalnumbers.
Material:
Material:OldIndiana,au(besidesat-f.àchtzig'),av.atatoav.ati-`Breitefromvier
Fingern'(toSg.*ata-),HenningTrPhSoc.1948,69;arm.ut`(probablyfrom*optwithfromthe
Siebenbernommenemp);gr.;alb.tet(*okt-t-);
Note:
septitas;alsoOldIndiansaptat-,av.haptiti-70;inalb.-ta,-tareattributeformantsthatwere
solidifiedinAnatolianandIndiccognates.Theattribute-taformant(usedinthegenitiveand
adjectives)isuniquetoalb.-Anatolianlanguagesalone.
Thereforegr.Greek:n.`theeighthletterofheGreekalphabet(Ar.)',gen.Demokr.20,
Lat.pl.tetatesfrom;furtheruninflected.Origin(seeintro):LWSem.Etymology:from
Semitic,cf.Hebr.th;cf.Schwyzer140.isofAnatolianorigin.
comparemaked.Otto-lobus`8hglig';lat.oct;air.ochtn-(Nasalwirkungaftersechtn-andnin-);
cymr.wyth,ncorn.eath,bret.eiz(*ocht,older-from-);got.ahtau,aisl.tta,ahd.as.ahto,ags.
eahta;lit.atuo-n;OldChurchSlavicosm(afterdemordinalssmreshaped);toch.okt,Aokt.
ordinals:
ordinals:lat.octvus(comparealsoosk.UhtavisÒktavius')probablyfrom*octuos;aphryg.F
Fìn8.years'(*oktuoiuetesi);gr.ion.att.(F)(after),obstructedin
(hom.toreshapedafter),comparelat.octugint`80',dasearlierexamplefrom
septugintaandinverylatertimeafterlatteragainneuaufgekommen;afterdemordinalstoseptm
(anddekm)gerichtethavesichOldIndianaam-,av.atma-,gall.oxtumetos,air.ochtmad,cymr.
wythfed,lit.mas,OldPrussianasman(Akk.),OldChurchSlavicosm(oktmo-);comparetoch.A
oktnt,oktante`theachte'.
Anothercongruitiesaretonameved.adaa-18,av.atadase-`the18.`,gr.(),lat.
octdecim,ahd.ahtozehan18;gr.,lat.octingent`800'.
References:
References:WP.I172f.,WH.II199f.,Trautmann15f.
Page(s):
Page(s):775
Root/lemma: ok- ,(*heh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee;eye
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:besidesok- ,seethere
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:tosee;eyederivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:deik - :
:toshow':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:
dek - 1 :
:`totake,*offerasacrifice,observeacustom'[commonillyr.-balt.d->zerophonetic
mutation].Thedropofinitiald-inprotoAryanlanguagescausedthebirthofoldlaryngeal-.
OneoftheoldestcognatesisGr.`tosee,discern,perceive,observe;tothink,suppose,
imagine,expect',thenMarathidola(*dokula)èye'.
Material:
Material:Aryanoutofthecompoundsonlyformsofstem*ok-(whereuponpartlythei-andn-stem
islayered):
OldIndiankin.èye'(thisi-stemved.onlyNom.Akk.Sg.andincompounds,aki-ptàlittle,abit',
afterved.alsoinbh-caseandinLok.Pl.),Gen.Sg.ak--etc.,Nom.Du.ak=av.ai`(both)
eyes'
commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-,--phoneticmutation
(compare*okds.inlit.ak,abg.oiandasbasefromarm.a-kàndgr.),formationof
conservativestem*ak-;thisstemak-alsoinved.an-k`blind';av.aifor*axafteruièars',
compareav.aiwy-xayeinti`theysupervise',aiwyxtar-`supervisor,custodian,keeper';redupl.Old
Indiankat`sees'(idg.*k-from*i-ok-);aka-m.`dice,cube',i.e.`providewitheyes';kaa-m.n.
ìnstant,eyeblink'(seemsgrownfromaLok.*[a]kn);isnotovergrownthe-steminthedarkened
compoundsOldIndianprtka-`turned,opposite',n.`face(withtheeyesandmouth)'(:-),
nka-n.`theturned,front',av.ainka-m.`face(withtheeyesandmouth)'(*proti,*eni+ok-;
compareslav.nicunder*ni-`low,mean'),ghrtcf.`greasy(looking);sacrificialspoon',vitcf.
`gleaming';
arm.(withexpressivegemination)akn,Gen.akanèye,aperture,hole'(n-stem),Nom.Pl.a-k`
pluralizedfromdemNom.Du.*oki;
gr.(*oksi)Nom.Du.Àugen'
commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-ss-phoneticmutation
(*okiefor*ok),att.*,whereof`necklacewiththreeglasseyes';`see,observe
(spiritually),foresee,predict',att.`foresee,predict,dread';
commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-ss-:-tt-phoneticmutation
Ìwillsee',commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-kh->-phs-phoneticmutation
`haveseen';`gawkat,lookafter',òverseerofgirls'withredupliz.
root(+>-);èye'(*-n),
commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-k->-p-phoneticmutation
--èye'(*okh-withexpressiveAspirata);
commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-k->-ph-,-f-phoneticmutation
withoutAspiratabot.;with(afteretc.)analogical;
commonOldIndian-h->k-:AnatolianTocharianGreek-h->-kt-phoneticmutationsee
Root/lemma: hem- ,hom- ,Gen.-ablativeh()m-s :
:èarth'
lak.,epidaur.;similarlybehavestolesb.`'
(probablywithexpressivegemination);òpening,aperture'(f.Pl.èarrings'underlikewise,
-`netswithalotofopeningsormeshes');
commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-k->-p-phoneticmutation
lengthenedgrade`face';`face(withtheeyesandmouth)',`forehead',,-underlikewise;-`shortsighted';besides-underlikewisewithabbreviation
(comparablelat.atr-x,fer-x);commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-kh->-phs-phonetic
mutation
perhapsgr.`thevengeanceorvisitation,awestruckfear;punishment,retribution',eig.
ìnvestigation,inquiry';commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-k->-p-phoneticmutation
`youhavereprimanded,havepunished,pressedhard,oppressed',commonOldIndian-h->
k-:gr.-h->-kh->-phs-phoneticmutation
-`rebuking,reprovingappellation',commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-h->-k->-p-phonetic
mutation
(changed),Aor.and`rebuke,reproach,reprove,punish,avenge,
scold'(idg.*k-fromredupl.*i-ok,compareOldIndiankat);commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-
h->-k->-p-phoneticmutation
alb.sèye';
Note:
[conservativedefinitiveformsversusindefiniteforms(alb.phonetictrait)],hencealb.gegsnièye':
OldIrish(*sli--)silèye':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:s u e l- ,su o l- ,suu l- ,su e l- ,sl- :
:`sun'.
Finallyzerogradealb.gegsnièye':OldIrish(*sli--)silèye':lat.oculusèye':lit.aklas
àttentive'.
Hitt.akuua-n.Pl.èyes',akuui-`see'itseemsthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:`tosee;eye'derived
fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sek-2 :
:`tosee,show;tospeak'.
lat.oculusèye'(kelo-s);atr-x`grisly'(toter,aboveS.69),fer-x`wild'(tolat.ferus,aboveS.
493),etc.(:gr.-`shortsighted',etc.);
air.enech,mcymr.enep`face,face(withtheeyesandmouth)',mbret.enepds.andpreposition
àgainst',andcymr.wyneb`face(withtheeyesandmouth)',acymr.let-einepp`halbeSeite'are
unclear;commonOldIndian-h->k-:Celtic->-b:-k>-pphoneticmutation
inGerm.findenwirbesidesdemstem*aw-(*k-,ahd.ac-siunif.`species',auc-siunoèvidenter'):
*awi-(*ok-)inahd.awi-zorahtàugenscheinlich',ags.awis(*awwis)àpparent,manifest,
obvious',awan`show,offenbaren',afries.wia,auwiads.(*awjan),mhd.z-ounen,mndl.t-nen
`show'(withabbreviatedprefix);besidesgerm.*aun-(*ok-n-);throughAusgleichandinfluenceof
*ausèar'entstandeinstem*auan-:krimgot.Pl.oeghene(oe=),thengot.aug,aisl.auga,ahd.
ouga,ags.agen.èye';stem*augja-ingot.and-augin.`face(withtheeyesandmouth)',ags.andages,amd.and-ougeàngesichts',aisl.-eygr,ahd.-ougi,ags.-aged`-ugig';
maybealb.geg.(aug-)agu`dawn,sunshine,dark',agull`blindness'
lit.aksèye',ak(=abg.oi)`diebeidenAugen',lett.acsèye',OldPrussianackisNom.Pl.Àugen',
abg.oko(russ.ko),Gen.oese,Du.oièye';lit.aklasàttentive',poln.obaczy(lengthened
grade)`see,bemerken,behold',fromwhichdurcbSuffixverkennung(ob:o):baczy`lookout,
aufpassen,wahrnehmen,see';ofn-stemserb.-ChurchSlavicokno`window';compareengl.(aisl.Lw.)
wind-owds.,eig.`Windauge';
affiliationfromlit.kas`Wuhne,holeinEise',lett.aka`gegrabenerstream,brook',russ.rivername
Ok(differentaboveS.23),lit.eket(aket,akyt)ìndasicegehauenesholezumWasserschpfen,
Wuhne',lett.akate`withWassergeflltepit,potholeinmorass'probably:`Wasserauge',compare
`Meeraugen'asBezeichnungtheTatraseen;
toch.Aak,Du.a,ek,Du.eanen.èye';Aak-mal`face'(èye+nose');compareW.Schulze
Kl.Schr.248.
MaybeSumerianig[~]
ig[~]2 i :noun,eye(s);face;front.
verb,tosee
prep.,before,infrontof
References:
References:WP.I169ff.,WH.II200ff.,BenvenisteOrigines1,48,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,299,
PeterssonHeterokl.121.
Page(s):
Page(s):775-777
Root/lemma: ol-(e)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todestroy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vernichten'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*-:-),Fut.`spoil',`Vernichter',`destroy',
(*F)`verhngnisvoll';
lat.ab-ole`destroy';perhapswithsek.h-umbr.hondu,holtu`prosternito';
hitt.hulli-,hulliya-`fight,struggle',etc.
References:
References:WH.I4f.(thedieZusammenstellungbestreitet),CouvreurH143.
Page(s):
Page(s):777
Root/lemma: om(e)so-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shoulder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schulter'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansa-m.`shoulder';arm.us,Gen.usoyds.;lengthenedgradegr.ds.
from*msos,compare-byTheokr.;lat.umerusfrom*omesosds.,umbr.uze,onseìn
umero';got.amsds.(germ.*amsa-),aisl.ss`ridge';toch.Aes`shoulder'(*omso-),Bntse
(*omeso-).
References:
References:WP.I178,PedersenToch.250;W.SchulzeKZ.63,28,WH.II815.
Page(s):
Page(s):778
Root/lemma: omEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toproceedwithenergy;tomakefirm;tosuffer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ènergischvorgehen';outofit`festworaufbestehen,festmachen=eidlich
bekrftigen'and`zusetzen,qulen,schdigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmti`bedrngt,versicherteindringlich,swears',themat.sam-amant`sie
geloben'(:-),abhy-amti`plagues,schdigt',mv`tribulation,affliction,disease,malady'
(:gr.),withthemat.Gestaltungthe2.syllablemat`bedrngt',matra-`tight,firm',mavn`boisterous,strong'=av.amavant-`strong,mighty,vast,grand',OldIndianma-m.`rush,Ungestm'
=av.ama-`power,mnnlichePotenz,Angriffskraft',Adj.`strong',OldIndianmyati`schdigt;is
schadhaft,sick',maya-m.`disease,malady';av.amyavàffliction,tribulation';
gr.,`schwre'(,;Fut.neologism),(:OldIndiansamamant),hom.`plagend,leidvoll'(probablymetr.lengtheningfromF,to*-F);,
ion.`distress'(dissimil.from*F,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,259,309);
aisl.ama`plague,belstigen',amaskÀnstonehmen,Unwillenfeel,sichwherewithabplagen',nisl.
ami`plague',amstr`rastlosework,Anstrengung',amln.ùnaufhrliche,esp.erfolgloseBeschftigung
withathing',norw.amla`sichabmhen,work,esp.withoutErfolg',aisl.PNmlungr;Amalithename
ofostgotischenKnigshauses,dieAmalunge,Amulingethedeutschenundags.Heldensage,ahd.
Amal-olfunderlikewise;ahd.emiz`bestndig,fortwhrend',emizzg,emazzg`bestndig,beharrlich',
nhd.emsig.
toch.A.amikeÙnzufriedenheit',Bomskeèvil,bad'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):778
Root/lemma: om- (*amel)

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:raw,bitter,*sweet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`roh,bitter'
Note:
Note:reducedgradeo mRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:om- (*amel)::`raw,bitter,*sweet':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sem-1 :
:`topour':Root/
Root/
lemma:
lemma:sem-3 :
:`summer',OldIndianaml-,ambl-`sour,sorrel,Oxalisacetosella':gall.
samon[ios]`summermonths',samolus`sour,sorrel,Oxalisacetosella'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianaml-,ambl-`sour,sorrel,Oxalisacetosella'(=maked.-,germ.*ampra-),
zerogrademr-m.`Mangobaum',m-`raw,unreif'(=gr.),md-èatingrawflesh';skyth.
VNfromiran.*md-aka-`Rohfleischesser';
Note
Note:
PhoneticallytheclosestcognatetoOldIndianaml-,ambl-`sour'isalb.geg.amla,tosk.mb()la
`sweet'commonalb.shiftm>mb .ClearlythecognateofOldIndianaml-`sour'derivedfromalb.
geg.ama`mother',taml`sourmilk(ofthemother),breastmilk'.
arm.zerogradehum`raw,cruel,savage';
maked.-`zusammenziehend',Hes.;
gr.`raw,cruel,savage',`rohesFleischfressend'etc.(=OldIndianmd-withalready
idg.contractionfrommo-anded-èat');
alb.taml`(sour)milk',ambl,mbl`sweet',tmbl`Galle'(articlet-);
lat.amrus`bitter';air.om`raw',cymr.ofds.,inadditionair.um(a)e`copper,Erz'=cymr.efydd
`copper,bronze'(*omiio-);
germ.*ampra-(from*ambra-<*am-ro-)inndl.amper`sharp,bitter,unreif',aisl.apr(*ampraR)
`sharp',Subst.ags.ampre,ahd.ampfaro`(Sauer)ampfer';doubtfulags.mm.`Rost',mef.
`Rotlauf',aisl.maf.,mu-sttf.`Rose'(disease,malady),mr`reddishbrown',nhd.Ahm,Ohm
`Rotlauf';
lett.amuols`sorrel,Oxalisacetosella'.
References:
References:WP.I179,WH.I35,Frisknominalformation14.
Page(s):
Page(s):777-778
Root/lemma: ond- ,n d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stein,Fels'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandri-`stone,esp.zumSomaschlagengebrauchter;Fels,mountain',Oldpers.
Ark-adri();mir.ond,onn,Gen.uinde(stem*ondes-)n.`stone,Fels'.
References:
References:WP.I181.
Page(s):
Page(s):778
Root/lemma: onerEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dream
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Traum'
Grammaticalinformation:olderr/n -stem
Material:
Material:Arm.anurj`dream'(*onr-io-,comparegr.:`mark,token,sign');gr.
Nom.Akk.n.`dream'andAdv.ìndream';,-,ol.,kret.(probablythrough
influencederpreposition-)`dream',Gen.att.ion.(originally*);alb.gegh.drr,
tosk.ndrr`dream'(onrio-).
Note
Note:
Commonalb.n>nd phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.I180,MeilletEsquissedel'Arm.2150.
Page(s):
Page(s):779
Root/lemma: ong- (betterang- )(*heng-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:coal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kohle'
Note:
Root/lemma:
:`fire'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ong- (betterang- )(*heng-)::coal
<Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ok- :
:`tosee;eye'
Material:
Material:OldIndiangra-m.`coal',npers.angitds.;gael.nir.aingeal`light,fire';
balt.-sl.*angli-:OldPrussiananglis,lit.angls,lett.ogle`coal'(lett.ogleisneologism);OldChurch
Slavicglm.ds.,butruss.ugol,skr.galj,poln.wgields.etc.(io-stem).
Maybealb.thngjill`(*coal)ash'
References:
References:WP.I181,MacbainEtym.Gael.Dict.8f.,Trautmann8,H.Wagner,Lexis3,134.
Page(s):
Page(s):779
Root/lemma: ong- (*ongh- )

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toanoint,darkointment
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`salben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianaj-,ankti(3.Pl.ajnti)`salbt,bestreicht,schmckt',participlePerf.akt-,
Pass.ajyte;ajanam`dasSalben,ointment',jas-n.òintment',aj-`salbend';m.n.òintment,
jewellery',jyamn.Òpferschmalz'(+ajya-<*ngio-);
arm.aucanemànoint,smear,rub'(compareMeilletEsquissedel'Arm.237);
lat.ungu,unctus;umbr.umtuùnguito';OldPrussiananctan,ancte`butter'.
ongen- òintment,Schmiere'.
Lat.unguen,unguen-tum`fat,ointment',umbr.umends.,ahd.ancho,ancom.,mhd.anke`butter',
alem.-sdschwb.Anke(m.,seldomf.)`butter'.
n g -en- :ir.imb(Gen.imbe)`butter',acorn.amen-en,bret.amann,aman-enn,cymr.ymen-yn(from
umgelautetem*emen-yn);compareaboveOldIndianjyam.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*ngh-en)ngjyenj`towet,moisten;todye,color,imbue'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):779
Root/lemma: onogh- (:ongh- ,nogh- ;kelt.n g h- ),ongh-li- (*henegh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fingernail,claw
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`NagelanFingernandZehen,Kralle'
Note:
Note:partlywithformants-u- (extended-ut- )and-loMaterial:
Material:OldIndianghri-f.`foot'(presumablywithrfroml,*ogh-li-);withar.khOldIndiannakh
m.,n.,nakhra-m.n.,`nail,claw,talon',np.nxunds.(ar.kh-aninnovation);perhapsarm.eungn
ds.(*e-nungn):
gr.,-`nail,claw,talon'(from*-);
lat.ungu-is`thenailanFingernandZehen',ungula`claw,nail,hoof',lateralso`nail'(*ongh-(e)l);
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*honus)thoi,thua,pl.thonj`nail':gr.,-`nail,claw,talon',also
alb.(*hunghula)thundla,thundra`hoof':lat.ungula`claw,nail,hoof'commonalb.h->k->thphoneticmutation,preservationoftheoldlaryngeal;alsocommonalb.-n->-nd->-d-phonetic
mutation.
Note:alb.thoi,thua,pl.thonj`nail':alb.thngjill`(*coal)ash';Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:onogh- (:ongh- ,
nogh- ;kelt.n g h- ),ongh-li- (*henegh-)::`fingernail,claw':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ong- (betterang- )
(*heng-)::`coal';alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal.
air.ingenf.Dat.Pl.ingnib,Nom.Pl.ingnea,acymr.eguin,ncymr.ewinf.,corn.euuin,bret.ivin(m.
geworden)`nail'(*nghu-n);ahd.nagal,ags.ngel`nail',aisl.naglds.(conservativestem
geworden,Pl.negl);neglperhapsoriginallySg.i-stem,compareOldIndianghri-,andtoPl.
umgedeutet,whereofsichdieadditionalconservativeDekl.angliederte),got.ga-nagljanànnageln';
lit.ngasm.`nailanFingernandZehen;claw,nailbeibirdofprey',lett.nagsds.;lit.nag`hoof',Old
Prussiannage`foot',abg.noga,russ.nog`foot'(collective-formation);lit.nagtis,OldPrussian
nagutis`Fingernagel',abg.nogt,russ.ngot`nail,claw,talon';
afterSpechttogr.(aboveS.46),alsorooton- .
Maybealb.(*ungula)ngul`jab(anail)',(*ngel)ngel`bestuck,remain'.
References:
References:WP.I180f.,Trautmann192,SpechtIdg.Dekl.2531.
Page(s):
Page(s):780
Root/lemma: ono- andon- ,also(o)no-dEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmhen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`schelte,tadle',`getadelt,tadelnswert',`schelte,tadle';with-thesecondsyllablehom.and.Hes.;mir.on`Schande';perhaps
withreduplication-stemalsotheerstensyllablemir.anim(i-stem)`Makel,fault,error',acymr.anamou
`mendae',ncymr.anaf,mbret.anaff`Makel,fault,error'.
extension(o)no-d- in:av.nadnt`schmhende,lsternde',gr.`rebuke,reproach'etc.,
`tadelnswert'.
References:
References:WP.I180.
Page(s):
Page(s):779
Root/lemma: opi
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderepi .
Page(s):
Page(s):781
Root/lemma: op-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towork,perform
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àrbeiten,zustandebringen;ErtragderArbeit,Reichtum'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpas-n.`work'(=lat.opus),av.hv-apah-`goodwork(verrichtend)';pas-n.
`work,religiseaction';pnas-n.`yield,property,possession',av.afnah-vant-`richanBesitz';
gr.f.`nourishment,food,Brotfrucht',`nourishing';
lat.opus,-eris`work,Beschftigung,action,work',opusestèsisntig'(`*isMuarbeit'),whereof
oper,-re`work',osk.psannamòperandam',upsatuhsent(`factsunt'),Perf.upsed`fecit',
uupsens`fcrunt',(lengthenedgradeesPerf.asinlat.d),umbr.osatu`facit',plign.upsaseter
`fieret';lat.ops,opis`fortune,richness,power;help,Beistand',byEnniusalso`Bemhung,Dienst',
officiumòbligation'<*opi-ficiumÀrbeitsverrichtung',Ops`goddessofErntesegens',inops,cpia
(*co-opia),opulentus`richanVermgen,mighty',probablyalsooptimus`thebest'(eig.`the
Wohlhabendste');perhapsthenametheOsc,Opsc,as`dieVerehrertheOps'andlat.
omnisàll,whole,jeder'(*op-ni-s);perhapsair.somme`rich',dommeàrm'(su-,dus-op-smio-);
ags.efnan,aisl.efna`wirken,do';lengthenedgradeahd.uobo`Landbauer',uobenìnsworkplace,
ausben,worship',nhd.ben,ahd.uobam.Pl.`Feier',mhd.uop`dasben,Landbau',as.ian
`holdfestivities',aisl.fa`train,practice',fr`vast,grand,violent',aisl.efna`commit',efni`Stoff,Zeug
foretwas';aboutaisl.afl`power'etc.seeaboveS.52;hitt.appina-`richmake'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*appina-)puna`work,labor'notfromlat.opus`work'.
Note:lat.opus,-eris(*opines)`work'isatruncatedcognateofolderhitt.appina-`becomerich',
alb.punoj`work,gainealth'.Theshifti>uiscommoninalb.m.endingalb.ahi,ahu`beech,oak'.In
lat.thesameasinalb.thedefiniteformwasprimaryhencelat.operis(definite)>opus(indefinite),
alsorhotacisminlat.n/risregular.
Notonlylat.opulentus-a-um,alsoopulens-entis,adj.`rich,wealthy'derivedfromhitt.cognatebut
lat.alsodisplayedcommonalb.n>nt phoneticmutation.AlsoOldIndianpas-n.`work',pas-n.
`work'derivedfromhitt.appina-`becomerich'whichhaspreservedtheoldlaryngeals.Hencewe
aredealingwithhistoricdevelopmentsandnotwordroots.Clearlyhitt.istheoldestlanguageofIE
family.Phoneticallyhitt.appina-`becomerich'isarealtreasureasitshowsthatprotoIndo
EuropeanandinitiallyHittitenotonlyusedlaryngealsatthebeggingofthewordbutalsoattheendof
it.Thereasonforthatwasthecommonsandhioragglutinationoftheendofthefirstwordwiththe
laryngealofthesubsequentwordinthesentence.Inhitt.appina-`becomerich'wasthefirstpart
ofacompoundclearlymarkedby--geminationoflaryngeals.
Inlat.initiallaryngeals
initiallaryngealsdisappearedwhileingr.andpartlyinalb.theywerepreserved.Inlat.and
gr.endinglaryngeals
endinglaryngealsbecamespirants:protoIEa>gr.-os,lat.-es,-us.Illyr.andalb.droppedthe
endinglaryngeals
endinglaryngealstogivef.-a
-a>-a ,m-u
-u>-u,-i
-u,-i>-i endings.Grammaticallyspeakingillyr.
andlateralb.derivedfromHittite.InIndicandAvestantheendinglaryngeals
endinglaryngealswerepreservedasin
av.hv-apah-`goodwork'whileinOldIndianinitiallaryngeals
initiallaryngealswerefrequentlydropped.
References:
References:WP.I175f.,WH.II209,217f.
Page(s):
Page(s):780
Root/lemma: op-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochoose;tosuggest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àuswhlen,denVorzuggeben,vermuten'
Material:
Material:Gr.to--`whlen,auslesen';lat.*opereisthrough*praed-opiont(Festusp.
205praedotiont)`praeoptant'covered;derived*opi(n)èxpectation,opinion',wherefore
Denominativumopnor,-riàssume,whnen,mean'opnioòpinion,expectation';Frequentativumto
*opi,-ereislat.opt,-re`wish',whereforeoptif.`freieWahl',m.`Gehilfe';
umbr.upetuòptt',opeterGen.`lct',osk.ufteisòptt';
OldChurchSlavicza-(j)ap`Vermutung',ne-vz-apnùnvermutet'(comparelat.in-,nec-opnus
ùnvermutet',welcheRckbildungenfrominopnatusare);
toch.Aopyc,`Verstand'(iran.Lw.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):781
Root/lemma: orbhoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:orphan;servant;work
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verwaist,Waise';outofit(arm.gr.with-ano-,kelt.germ.withio-derivative)
`Waisengut=Erbe',whereof`theErbe';`Waise'=`smallkid,child,klein,schwach,hilflos'(OldIndian,
slav.);`verwaistes,schutzloseskid,child,dasfrsGnadenbrotalleniedrigeArbeittoverrichtenhat,
Knecht,Sklave'(slav.,arm.),whereof`Knechtesarbeit'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrbha-`small,weak;kid,child';arm.orb,-oy`Waise';arbaneak`servant,
Gehilfe';
gr.-Hes.,Hes.,`verwaist'(compare
arm.arbaneak),lat.orbusàthingstolen;looted,verwaist';
maybealb.geg.verbonjÌblind'fromlat.orbus-a-umthroughFr.murorbe`blindwall'a
contaminationfromgerm.verblenden`blind'.
alsoalb.geg.(*)vorfn`poor';initialalb.prostheticv-provesthepresenceofoldlaryngeals
inarchaicalbhenceitsinotaloanword.
air.orb(b)e,orpem.n.`the,dasErbe'(*orbhio-),comarbe`Miterbe',gall.OrbiusMN(inadditiondas
verbair.no-m-erpimm`committome',ro-eirpset`siebergaben'etc.,maybefrom*air-orb-);
got.arbin.`dasErbe',ahd.arbi,erbin.ds.,ags.ierfe,yrfen.ds.(aisl.arfrm.`dasErbe'istoarfi,arfa
`theErbe,dieErbin'neologism),aisl.erfi(run.arija)n.`Leichenmahl';got.arbja,aisl.arfi(f.arfa),
ahd.arpeo,erbo`theErbe',ags.ierfen.`dasErbe';diegerm.wordsderivebecauseofconsecutive
barelyfromdemKeltischen;
fromeinintr.verb*ar-i`binverwaistes,zurhartenArbeitverdingteskid,child'oneleadsback
got.arbaisf.`hardship,work',aisl.erfiin.ds.,as.aradf.,ardin.,ags.earfof.,earfeen.
`toil,work',ahd.arabeit`work'(aisl.erfir,ags.earfee`beschwerlich'),basicform*ariiiz;very
doubtfulisformationfrom*ar-ma-forgot.arms`woeful,wretched,miserable',aisl.armr`woeful,
wretched,miserable,unlucky',ahd.as.ar(a)m,ags.earmàrm,poor';basicmeaningwreperhaps
àrmesWaisenkind';
abg.rab`Knecht',rabota`servitus',ech.rob`slave',robe`smallkid,child',russ.rebjta`Kinder',
rebnok`kid,child';dieruss.formsgoaufrob-,protoslav..*orb-back(Vasmerbrieflich);
maybealb.rob`slaveofwar,captive'
perhapshitt.arpa-Ùngunst,Mierfolg'.
Alb.jetimòrphan'(nonIE)fromturk.YETMòrphan'
References:
References:WP.I183f.,WH.II219f.,Trautmann12.
Page(s):
Page(s):781-782
Root/lemma: oreu - ,e reuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:entrails,intestine,bowel,gut,*skin
Material:
Material:Gr.ìntestine'(kannalsofor*stand,compare:)lat.arvna`Schmer,fat,esp.
betweenskinandEingeweiden'(wre`dastodenDarmenGehrige,Gekrsefett');.
Hes.(couldbeoflat.origin).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):782
Root/lemma: orgGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kill;killoff;zap;deaden'()
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderperg- .
Page(s):
Page(s):782
Root/lemma: orhi- ,r hiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:testicle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hode'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ergh- :
:`toshake,tremble,*evil,lustful'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:orhi- ,r hi: `testicle'(henceatabooword)
Material:
Material:Av.rzi-m.`Hodensack',Du.rzi`testicles';
arm.orji-k`Pl.`testicles',orji`notkastriert'(*orhi-ios),mi-orji`';
gr.m.`testicle';alb.herdhef.`testicle'(*orhi-);mir.uirggef.`testicle'(*orhi),nir.uirghe
withsecondarygh;lit.ars`lascivious',erilas`stallion',lett.rzelisds.
Note:
Commonalb.-h->-dh-,-d-phoneticmutation,alsoalb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngealalb.herdhe
f.`testicle'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):782
Root/lemma: ortEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vine,*grape
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rebe'
Material:
Material:Arm.ort``Rebe';alb.hardi`grapevine'.
alb.hardhi`vine,*grape,roundfruit'andherdhe`testicle'provethatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:orhi- ,
r hi- :
:`(testicle)'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ort- :
:`(vine,*grape)'.
Note:
Commonalb.-h->-dh-,-d-phoneticmutation,alsoalb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngealinalb.
herdhef.`testicle',hardhi`vine,*grape,roundfruit'.consequentlyarm.cognatesderivedfromalb.
References:
References:WP.I183,PedersenKZ.36,99,BB.20,231.
Page(s):
Page(s):782
Root/lemma: ost(h)- ;ost(h)i ,ost(h)r(g) ,obl.ost(h)-(e)nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bone
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Knochen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansthin.,Gen.asth-n-`leg,bone',av.ast-,asti-n.`bone',Gen.Pl.astm,
Instr.Pl.azdb,asti-aojah-`Knochenkraft',astn-tt`vitality';pliahitaco`Krebs'(*asthi-tvacas
`knochenhutig',comparetomeaninggr.`Meerkrebs');gr.`bone'(probably*-
`*Beinernes'=lat.osseumds.),lat.ssu,ossuaprobablyasinnovationaftergenu,genua;
(hellenist.toassimil.)`Meerkrebs'from*-F-`dessenskinboneare',nexttowhichof
r-stem`hardbowl,shard',Àuster'(probablyalso,,`tree
withhartem,weiemwood'throughdissimilationfrom*-),ànkle'(assimil.
from*;placeseinenNom.*ost(h)rgahead);wenat.ostakonòssurium';
alb.asht,asht`bone';lat.os,moreproperlyoss,Gen.ossisn.`leg,bone'(ossamehesten
Auslautentwicklungfrom*ost);alat.alsoossum;
unclearisdasa-inair.asil`limb,member'(acorn.esel,bret.ezelds.),mir.asnam.`Rippe'
(*astonio-),mcymr.ass-en,Pl.eis(*ast),asseu`Rippe,lath,shaft,pole',cymr.asgwrn(seeunder),
whereforeprobablylat.asser`lath,shaft,stake,pole';perhapshereair.odbm.`knot,hunch,
outgrowth',cymr.oddfds.from*ozbho-,older*ost-bho-,weltertogr.`hip,haunch'(differentS.
773);
hitt.asti-`bone,Widerstandskraft'.
Note:
hitt.asti-`bone':alb.geg.ashti`bone'provethecommonoriginofthosetwocognates.
Ako -derivative*ost-ko- liesthebasicin:av.asa-`shinbone,calf',arm.oskr`bone';cymr.asgwrn
`bone',Pl.esgyrn,corn.ascorn,bret.askournds.(kelt.forms-rno-).
References:
References:WP.I185f.,WH.II225f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,518,BenvenisteOrigines1,6f.,Specht
Idg.Dekl.74;MeilletBSL33,259.
Page(s):
Page(s):783
Root/lemma: oug- ,ou-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kalt'
Material:
Material:Arm.oic`cold'(*oug-);
gall.Monatgron...;mir.ar`cold'=cymr.oerds.(*ougro-);air.cht,achtm.`coldness'(*ougtu-);
lett.aksts`cold';lit.uti`coldbecome'(*aug-ske-ti);causativelett.aust,lit.uytiàbkhlen';
afterPedersenKGr.I103wrelit.utifrom*au-s-titodefineandtoOldIndian-man-`coldness',
av.aota-`cold',ao-dar-`coldness',alsotoarootau-(ou-)`cold'tostellen.
References:
References:WP.I222,WH.I88,Trautmann20,Mhlenbach-Endzelin1,222f.
Page(s):
Page(s):783
Root/lemma: u i -s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sheep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schaf'
Grammaticalinformation:m.f.Gen.Sg.u i o s ;f.ou i k ds.
Material:
Material:OldIndianvi-m.f.`sheep',avika-m.ds.,avik`femalesheep(=abg.vca),vya-òf
sheep',comparegr.;arm.hov-iw(*oui-p-)`Schfer';gr.,(argiv.Akk.Pl.F)`sheep',
òfsheep',,`Schaffell',lengthenedgrade`Schaffell,hem'(asOldIndianvika-n.);lat.
ovis,umbr.oui,uvefAkk.Pl.òves'(au-bubulcus`pastorbovum',alsoavillus`lamb',see
belowaghnos);air.i`sheep';cymr.ewig,acorn.euhic`cerva'(*ouk);aisl.r,ags.owu,owe,
as.ewi,ahd.ouwi,ou`sheep(*aw,Gen.*awjz),got.awistr`sheepfold',ags.owestreds.,ahd.
awist,ewist(withtost-`stand'gehrigem2.part-sto-,-st[]tro-),got.awi,ags.owde,ahd.ewit
`Schafherde';lit.avs,lett.avsf.`sheep';lit.vinas,lett.avins,uns,OldPrussianawinsàries,ram'
=abg.ov-nds.;abg.ov-ca`sheep'.
Maybealb.zerogradeinalb.geg.(*ov-ca)voc,vocaPl.`youngboy,child'.
References:
References:WP.I167,WH.II229,Trautmann20f.
Page(s):
Page(s):784
Root/lemma: o 1
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`to,with'
Note:
Note:inadditionthrak.VN-`Waldanwohner'.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.280f.(e-,o- )
Page(s):
Page(s):772
Root/lemma: ozdo-s
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àst'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ozdo-s :
:branch'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ozgho- :
:bud,sprout,branch'
commonillyr.-gr.dor.gh->z- phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:Arm.ost`twig,branch,bough',gr.ds.,got.asts,ahd.ast`bough';withVriddhi*zdos
inags.st,mnd.st`knotinwood,knag'(=`dieStelle,whereeinAstofstemausgegangenis');
probably()-ozdo-s`(amstem)ansitzend',s.prefix-,-andsed- `sit'.
References:
References:WP.I186,W.SchulzeKZ63,28.
Page(s):
Page(s):785-786
Root/lemma: ozghoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bud,sprout,branch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Knospe,Pflanzentrieb,Zweig'
Material:
Material:Pehl.azg`bough',npers.aza`twig,branch,bud':gr.,,`twig,branch,
sprout';
diegr.wordspossiblyalsoeinedemidg.*o-zdos`'parallelcomposition-zgho-(:,)
`sich(amstem)festhaltend'
References:
References:WP.I185,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,491.
Page(s):
Page(s):786
Root/lemma: d (e)go- or d (e)goEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stalk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stengel'
Material:
Material:OldIndiandga-m.`Rohrstab,Stengel';lit.uodeg`Stengel,Stiel;tail',lett.uodega`tail'.
References:
References:WP.I175;
Seealso:
Seealso:whetherhereair.odb`knot',underS.783(ost(h)- )
Page(s):
Page(s):773
Root/lemma: g- ,gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow;fruit,berries
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen;Frucht,Beere'
Material:
Material:Lit.oga`berry,Kirsche',lett.uga`berry;blister,bubble,Pocke';OldChurchSlavic
agoda,jagoda`,fruit',russ.jgoda`berry',ChurchSlavicvin-jaga,slov.vin-jga`wild
Weinrebe';
reducedgrade:got.akrann.`fruit,partlyfromBumen,partlyofcorn,grain',aisl.akarn,ags.cern,
mhd.ackeran,eckern`wildBaumfrucht,esp.acorn,Buchecker',nhd.Ecker,whereforekeltorom.
*agrani,ir.irne(*agrni)`Schlehe',cymr.aeron`Baumfrchte',eirin-en`plum'(umlaut),mbret.irin,
nbret.hirin`Schlehe';perhapsherearm.aem`grow'(*gi);herealsoair.ru`kidney'(sek.from
*rann<*agrn),cymr.arenf.`kidney,testicle'(Neubild.toPl.eirin`testicles,plums').
MaybeTokharian:
Tokharian:A,Boko`fruit'(Adams109)
References:
References:WP.I174,Trautmann202,PokornyKZ.50,46ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):773
Root/lemma: k -s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnell'
Grammaticalinformation:Kompar.k i s ,Superl.k i stoMaterial:
Material:OldIndian-`quick,fast',Kompar.yn,Superl.iha-,av.su-`quick,fast',
Kompar.sy,Superl.sit;gr.,,poet.,lat.cior`schneller',Superl.
cissimus(Positivlacks),acymr.di-auc,ncymr.di-og,corn.di-oc,bret.di-ecìdle',actually
ùnschnell';
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*assu-pedis)shpejt`(*swiftfooted)quick,fast':lat.acu-pedius`swiftfooted':zerogradealb.
perhapsinablauttoak-,ok-`sharp'(aboveS.18f.);thenlat.acu-pedius`swift-footed'andaccipiter
`hawk,falcon'(aboveS.19)couldalsobelonghere;
[seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:p d -2 ,p d - :
:`foot,*genitalia']
maybezerogradeinrom.(*accipiter)oim`hawk'[-p->-m-phoneticmutation]:alb.(*accipiter)
skiptarèagleman',shqipeèagle',skifter`hawk,flyingfast',probablyillyr.*k-pedios,*k-(pe)-lios
>Achilles`swiftfooted'.
Note:
IllyrianAlbanianfrequentlyabbreviatedlongIErootwords.Hencetheabbreviationofprotogr.*k(pe)-lios>Achilles`swiftfooted'couldhavetakenplaceonlyinIllyrian.Theshift-d->-l-is
characteristicofItalicIllyrian.ThatmeansGreekstranslatedtheIllyrianmythandthenameof
Achilles`swiftfooted'.ClearlyGreekstranslatedwronglythecompoundasRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:k -s
Meaning:
Meaning:quick+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:p d -2 ,p d - :
:`foot'.Whilethetruemeaningwasthecompound
ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak - , ok -(*hek- )Meaning:
Meaning:`sharp;stone,edge,painful'+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:p d 2 ,p d - :
:`foot'.HencethenameofAchillesmeantactuallypainfulfootsincehisfootwasvulnerable
toamortalwound.
Acognate*k-ro-(comparetoforms*ak-ro-besides*ak-u-)isperhapsthebasefromChurchSlavic
jastrb`hawk'.
References:
References:WP.I172,WH.II198.
Page(s):
Page(s):775
Root/lemma: r- ,rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospeak;tocall
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reden,rufen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianryati`preist'();
gr.att.:(*F),hom.`prayer'(*F,compareark.F`verflucht'),whereof
`bete,fluche';,;,;Hes.,
lat.r,-re`sprecheeineRitualformel,verhandlevorGericht,rede,bete';osk.urust`rverit';russ.
or,ort`cry',serb.oritise`widerhallen'(perhapsalsolett.urdtàntreiben,scold,chide');hitt.
aruui-`sichprostrate,anbeten'(alsoariia-èineOrakelfragestellen').
maybealb.uroj`wish,pray',urt`sage'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):781
Root/lemma: us-1 :us-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mouth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mund,Mndung,Rand'
Material:
Material:Aufidg.*us goback:OldIndian-n.`mouth'(compares-n-sd.,symn.`mouth,
aperture'),av.h-,han-ds.;lat.s,ris`mouth,face(withtheeyesandmouth),edge,bank,
border,shore';butmir.Gen.Sg.`mouth'from*sos;
inaddition -derivative:ved.say`frommouthtomouth'(Instr.);lat.raèdge,hem,limit,boundary,
esp.Meereskste',inadditioncramAdv.(underpreposition)àngesichts,inpresent,before',
Nachbildungfrompalam,clamfrom*co-ro-`vordemfrontsituated';aureae(reae)`Gebiam
bridle,rein',therefromaurga(riga)`Wagenlenker'(-igtoag);sculum`kiss'isDemin.froms;
aisl.ssm.`Flumndung'(germ.*saz),moreoverags.rn.,ram.èdge,Anfang';fromags.ris
mir.oròra,margo,linea',acymr.rds.borrowed.
Thereducedgradeidg.*us- proves:alb.an`Seite,hem,bank,border,shore,Borte'(*ausn);
possiblyalsohitt.ai,Gen.ian.`mouth'(*aies,*aisos)s.PedersenHitt.47f.
t -derivativesareOldIndianha-m.n.`lip',av.aota-,aotra-ds.(*us-),lat.stiumèntrance,
Flumndung'(=slav.*ustje);OldChurchSlavicustaPl.`mouth';slav.*ustjen.èstuary'ismust
beassumedafterbulg.stije,russ.stjeetc.;compareOldChurchSlavicustna,slov.stna`lip';
OldChurchSlavicustiti(naustiti)`move,anregen,berreden';probablyOldChurchSlavicuzdaetc.
`bridle,rein';lett.ap-ai(*-austi-)`halter';OldPrussianausto`mouth'(Nom.Plur.;Akk.Sg.ustin),
lit.uioti`babble,chatter,rumor,gossip',lett.at`babble,chatter';changingthroughablautlit.
uostf.,ostasm.èmbouchure,estuary,mouthofariver,lagoon',lett.uostsm.,ustaf.`harbor'.
References:
References:WP.I168f.,WH.II224f.,Trautmann19f.
Page(s):
Page(s):784-785
Root/lemma: us2 :us- :usEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Òhr'
Note:
Note:extendedwith-i (usi-s ),-es (usos- n.)and-en
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:us2 :us- :us- :
:èar',derivedfromzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghous- :
:`to
sound;hear'.
OnlyIndoIranian:OldIndianghati`sounds,announcesaloud,hears',av.gao-`hear',Oldpers.
gaua-,av.gaoa-m.èar',npers.gèar'
Material:
Material:Av.uiNom.Du.`bothears,understanding,mind,sense',Instr.Du.ui-bya,npers.ho
(Iran.*au-)èar';
arm.unknèar'(*us-on-ko-m);knafteraknèye';
Maybegr.Fàuricular,ears':Luwian(*gh(o)umata)tumman-(anear)Bretonskouarnèar':
arm.unknèar'(*us-on-ko-m);
gr.dor.(*us)èar';u alsoinFàuricular,ears'Alkm.,-Theokr.`withtwohandles',
dor.-èarrings',-`palate',att.-,hom.-n.`hare'(*slg-usos)`with
looseears';us- ingr.lak.èar',Pl.(*-)Alkm.,tarent.(*);ion.,att.-,lesb.-`Schlfe'(:air.arae);gr.ous-(hybridizationofnominativeus-with
us-)inatt.(*)èar',hom.Gen.(*n),èarrings'Hes.(*ous-n-ko-);
aboutseeaboveS.18,587;aboutatt.(*--)s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,348;
alb.veshm.èar'(*us-,s-);
Note
Note:
Thisseemserroneousetymology.Alb.cognateprovesthatillyr.usedaprotheticv-beforebareinitial
vowels,whilegr.preservedtheoldlaryngealH-.
Alsoalb.(*ves)vathèarring',vath`loop,sheepfold,pen',[thecommonalb.-s>-thshift].
Thetrailofthealb.cognategoesbacktothelossoftheoldlaryngealinIE:
Baluchigosh,Tadzikgus,Afghangvaz,Albanianveshi,GreekCretanhous,Byelorussianvuchi,
vuxa,LusatianLhucho,LusatianUwucho,Ukrainianvucho,vuxo,Macedonianuvo,usièar'
Phoneticmutationweresk->h-fromCeltictoGreekwhileIllyriandialectsintroducedprotheticvbeforebareinitialvowels.
lat.aurisf.èar'(*ausi-s);from-cult`horche'seeaboveS.552;
air.u,n.èar'(*usos-);air.araem.`Schlfe'(*par-ausios),Plur.inPNArai;gall.PNArausi
Òrange'(ThurneysenKZ.59,12);PNSu-ausif.`withnice,beautifulears';
got.ausn.èar'(germ.*ausan-);withgramm.variation(*auzan-):aisl.eyra,ags.eare,afries.are,
as.ahd.ran.èar';therefromahd.ri,mhd.re`hr';
lit.aussf.(olderalsom.),Gen.Pl.aus(konson.stem),lett.ussf.;OldPrussianAkk.Pl.usins
`theears',besidesausinsVok.m.;
OldChurchSlavicucho,Gen.uese(s-stem).
References:
References:WP.I18,WH.I85f.,Trautmann18f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,348,520.
Page(s):
Page(s):785
Root/lemma: (u ) i - om
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:egg
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èi',d.h.`daszumVogelgehrige'
Grammaticalinformation:reducedformim
Material:
Material:Av.ap-vaya-èntmannt'(),whetherfromapa-vaya-`withouttesticle',compareOld
pers.xyaègg';
gr.att.(*ui-om),ol.(*uii-om),dor.(*uei-om)ègg';
cymr.wy,acorn.uyègg'(*uionfrom*uiom);
withoutu,dasprobablyinlangdiphthong.*uiomdwindledwar:
arm.ju,Gen.jvojègg'(*iio-,throughassimilationfrom*io-);lat.vumègg'afterSzemernyiKZ.
70,64f.fromlat.*oom,idg.*iom;
OldChurchSlavicajce,slov.jjce,aech.vajce,ech.vejce(*ia-n.)ègg';
difficultarekrimgot.ada(got.*addja);aisl.egg,ahd.ei,ags.gègg'(germ.*ajjaz-;ahd.Pl.eigir,
ags.gruprove-es-stem);perhapsafterSpechtfrom*im,notabbreviatedfromprotogerm.
*iiam,idg.*iom.
Thisiswrongetymology.TheevolutionoftheeggcognateinIEfollowedaphoneticpattern:Persian
tokhm,Tadziktuxmègg',thebalt.-illyr.d->zerophoneticmutationcreatedoldlaryngealsinIE:
GreekCretanhoon,Armenianhavgit,Baluchihaikh,Afghanhagej,Irishubh(*ukh),Spanishhuevo,
Frisianeike,Danishaeg,Swedishagg(*(t)okhm)ègg';thenillyr.-slav.-kh->-d-,-z-phonetic
mutationreflectedinsatemlanguages:Gujaratiindu,Lahndaenda,Panjabianda,Hindienda,
Bengalianda,Marathiende,Albanianvez,Slovakvajce,Czechvejce,vayco,ègg'.
References:
References:WP.I21f.,WH.II230,Trautmann202,SpechtIdg.Dekl.29;Spechtexpoundedlat.
avis`bird'fromthefinal-stressedidg.Nom.Sg.ues;compareaboveS.86,whereonestillcould
havementionedgr.`birdofprey'(from*,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.662).
Page(s):
Page(s):783-784
Root/lemma: 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vocativeparticle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ausruf
Material:
Material:OldIndiana(partlyalsofromidg.,s.d.).
Gr.,Ausrufesp.ofErstaunens,Vokativpartikel(therefromòh;call,shout,cry',`heda!',
comparealso,èrmunternderZuruftheoarsman'!afterKretschmerKZ.38,135alsoingr.`howl,roar,bellow').
Lat.AusrufverschiedensterStimmung.
Maybealb.`vocativeparticle'.
Ir.,a=cymr.corn.bret.aVokativpartikel.
Got.(dreimal`',once=`,fie!'),mhd.esp.beimvocative,and(nowadaysohinscribed)
Ausruftheamazement,Rhrung,lament(seealsoWeigand-Hirt;germ.mightpartlyalso
phoneticallydevelopmentfromidg.sein,s.d.).
Lit.ÀusrufofTadels,theamazement,Vokativpartikel';lett.a`Vokativpartikel'.
OldChurchSlavic`'(neologism).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.also S.281.
Page(s):
Page(s):772
Root/lemma: pando-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:crooked
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gekrmmt'
Material:
Material:Lat.pandus`writhed,crooked,humped,bent,curved,geschweift'(pand,-re`bend,
crook')=aisl.fattr(*fanta-)`zurckgebeugt,zurckgebogen'.
Maybeatruncatedalb.pier(*pand,-re)`bend,incline'.
References:
References:WP.II6;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderpet-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):788
Root/lemma: pank- ,pangEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:bedeutungs-andursprungsverwandtwithbaxmb-,paxmp-,bu-,pu-etc.(aboveS.94f.)
ìnflate,bloat,schwellen'
Material:
Material:Lat.pnus(*pank-no-)èntzndlichetumefaction,tussockofthemillet,sorghum',rom.
pna;therefrompncum`plantwithatussock';panceps`'Gloss.(from
*pno-caps),pantex`paunch,Gedrme(duetoeinesparticiple*panc-to-s`swollen,aufgeblasen');
OldChurchSlavicpoitisìnflri',pina`mare',poln.pk`bud',pk`bundle',russ.puk`bundle,
tussock,bunch',pca`Blhung'etc.;withvoiced-nonaspiratedOldChurchSlavicpgy`corymbus',
pgvica`globulus'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: pap(p)a
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:Daddy;meal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Kinderlallwortfor`Vater;Speise'
Material:
Material:Gr.Vok.,-Gen.`Papa',,`grandfather'(out
ofitlat.pappus),`Vterchen',`Papasay';skyth.;lat.ppa,pappa
Kinderlallwortfor`dish,food;father',papp-reèat';nhd.pappenèat'(withfalteringconsonantshift
throughnebenhergehendeneologism).
References:
References:WP.II4,WH.II249,250;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareappaaboveS.52.
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: park
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:concubine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Buhlerin,Konkubine'
Note:
Note:onlyiran.andIrish
Material:
Material:Av.pairik`dmonischeBuhlerin',mp.park,np.par`Peri'(iran.*parka);mir.a(i)rech
`concubine'.
References:
References:ThurneysenIF.42,146f.,WP.II7.
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: pastoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:solid
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fest'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpasty-m`Wohnsitz';arm.hast(i-stem)`tight,firm';aisl.fastr,ags.fst,as.
fast,ahd.festi,nhd.fest.
References:
References:WP.II7f.
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: pausEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toletgo
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`los-,ablassen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`makecease',Med.`hearauf,lasseab',`tranquility',`rest';
OldPrussianpausto`wild',OldChurchSlavicpust`deserted,abandoned,forsaken,waste,
desolate';pustiti,russ.ustt,puskt`(los)lassen',sloven.delo-pust`Feierabend'etc.
maybealb.pushtoj`hug,notletgo',alb.geg.p()shtoj,alb.shptojèscape,save,rescue'.
Maybealb.boshèmpty'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):790
Root/lemma: p k - andp Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torepair,strengthen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`festmachen',teilsdurchEinrammen(Pflock,Pfosten),teilsdurch
Zusammenfgen(Fuge;festgefgt,kompakt,fest:partlyalsoFessel,Strick)
Grammaticalinformation:present*p-mi ,pk - si ,pk - ti
Material:
Material:OldIndianp-(Instr.Pl.pabh)`loop,noose,snare,rope',pa-m.ds.,pajr-`thickset,
strong';
av.pas-àneinanderbefestigen,zusammenfgen',fbi`withFesseln'(aboutpourupaxta-`much,
alotof,reichgefaltet's.BenvenisteBSL.29,106f.);
gr.,att.m.`peg,plug,nail'(--),,att.`';(dor.--)
`befestigethroughHineinschlagen,Hineinstecken;lasseerstarren'(,,),
n.`plant,Gestell',`tight,firm,strong',n.`Raute',-`Schiffbaumeister',
Adj.f.`reifig,icy',m.ìce,hoarfrost'(alsoDat.Pl.`frost'),hom.`cragcliff';
(*)`hoarfrost,frost',`loop,noose,snare,Falle',`maketight,firm,
verschliee,verstopfe',-`simple,just';Adv.ènough!';here,dor.ùeulle';
lat.pacsc(sek.-or)èinenpact,covenantorcomparisonmoor,abschlieen',alat.paci`pacti',
pacunt`paciscuntur',px,-cisf.`peace;freundlicheGesinnung'(umbr.pasetua`pcetu'inthe
appellationanGottheiten),plus`picket,pole'(from*pak-slos,compareDemin.paxillus);pang
(pepig;geneuert=renamed,haschangedpgiafterfrgi,andpanxi)`befestigen,einschlagen;
aneinanderfgen,schriftlichverfassen,festsetzen'(zurnasalizationofpresentcomparegerm.
*faan),compgs`Fuge',pgina(*diezumleafgefgtenPapyrusstreifen)`leafPapier,Seite,
Kolumne',pgus`Landgemeinde,village,Bau',prpg,prpgs`Setzlinge',prpgreèinen
seedlingintheErdefestmachen,hencefortpflanzen';umbr.pase(seeabove),pacaAdv.`caus',
osk.prupukidèxantepacto',umbr.pl.marruc.pacri-`propitius,plctus';mir.ge`limb,member,
Pfeiler'(*pgio-),il`pleasant'(*pgli-;oras*pkli-toaisl.fgiligrds.,s.*pek-1);cymr.aelod`limb,
member'(*pagltu-);
germ.Nasalprs.*faan(:lat.pang)ingot.fhan,aisl.f,ags.fn,ahd.fhan,as.fhanand
fangan`capture',got.gafhn.,aisl.fengr,ags.fengm.,ahd.fangm.`Fang,booty';ahd.fuoga
`Fuge',gafuogi`fitting',h-fuogeÈhestifterin',ahd.fuogen,as.fgian`fgen',ags.gefgan`passen,
connect',mhd.vagen`fgen';from*pag-: as.facÙmfassung,Umzunung',mnd.vakm.ds.and
`dividingoff,partitioningoff',ahd.fah`moenia',nhd.Fach,einfach;fromzeitlicherdividingoff,
partitioningoffags.fc`stretchoftime',mnd.vaken,vake,sptmhd.gevachòften',mhd.drer
vacher`dreimal';
slav.*pa-m.insloven.pz`Fuge',p`Bretterwand'.
References:
References:WP.II2f.,WH.II232f.,235f.,245f.,Trautmann209.
Page(s):
Page(s):787-788
Root/lemma: p n Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fabric
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gewebe'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.,f.`Gewebe'Hes.,àufgewickelterfilament,Gewebe,garment',
`weave'(dor.Theokr.);ablaut.lat.pannusàpieceofcloth,garmentofcloth'
(expressivesnn);got.fanam.`rag,Schweituch',ahd.fano`stuff,kerchief,cloth',nhd.Fahne,ags.
fanam.`banner,ensign,flag,kerchief,cloth;Iris',fane,fanuf.`banner,ensign,flag,Schwertlilie';
unclear.mir.an-art`leinerneskerchief,cloth';drftemandasgr.andlat.asexpressiveauffassen
(compareaboveS.211togall.drappus),couldrelationshipto(s)pen-`spannen,spinnen'
angenommenbecome.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):788
Root/lemma: p r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshow;bevisible
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zeigen;sichtbarsein'
Material:
Material:Gr.`vorzeigen',,Hes.;lat.pre,-reàppear,
seem,bevisible,sichzeigen;Folgeleisten,obey',appre,compreèrscheine'(parret,after
Festusforpret,asbca:baccaetc.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: ps-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:arelation
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Verwandter'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`Verschwgerter',Hes.;lat.pri-cda(*pso-kaid)
newerparri-cda`murdererannahenVerwandten';afterWackernagelGnomon6,458from*parsocdatoind.purua-`person'fromOldIndian*pura-.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):789
Root/lemma: puson- :psonEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:nameofadeity
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gttername'
Material:
Material:OldIndianP-m.`vedischerGott,HterundMehrerderHerdenunddes
menschlichenBesitzesberhaupt',gr.,ark.(*);illyr.(messap.)PNPaus,-onos,
gall.(venet.)PNPusam.;doubtful,whethertoOldIndianpuyati,puti,pati`prospers,becomes
overgrown,makesprosper,nourished',pa-m.`prospering;flourishing,growth';
References:
References:WP.II2;compareCharpentierIdg.Jb.19,90.
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderp-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):790
Root/lemma: p- :p- andp-t- :p-tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofeed,graze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fttern,nhren,weiden'
Material:
Material:Arm.hauran`herd'(*p-tro-),hoviv`herdsman,shepherd'(*oui-p-);gr.dor.
,;lat.psc,-ere,pvi,pstum`lasseweiden,fttere',Dep.`devour,
weide'(*ps-sc),pstor`herdsman,shepherd',pbulum`food'(*p-dhlom),pnis`bread'(because
ofpastillus`pellet,globulefrommeal,flour'from*pa-st-nis);messap.`bread'islat.Lw.;air.
ain-chess`Brotkorb';perhapsasven.-illyr.elementinKeltischen*p-ro-`willow'incymr.pawr
`willow',Pl.porion,therefromVerbalnom.pori,mbret.peuriff,bret.peuri`Weiden';with-tro-suffixaisl.
frn.,ags.forn.,ahd.fuotar`food';OldChurchSlavicpas,pasti`weiden'(*psk);toch.Aps-,
psk-`beware,guard';hitt.pa-(paa-)`shield'.
Maybealb.geg.mepa,aor.pash`towatch,protect'.
With--t - furtherformations:gr.èatandtrinke';`withoutSpeiseandTrank';doubtful
air.s(a)id`wchst'(èsmehrteinen'),mir.s`Wachsen'(*pt-to-);got.fdjanèrnhren',aisl.fa,
ags.fdan,as.fdian,ahd.fuotends.,ags.fda,engl.food`nourishment,food',ags.fstords.,aisl.
fstrùpbringing,sustenance,livelihood'(*pt-tro-);ablaut.ahd.kauatot`pasta'(ahd.Gl.2,333,65),
fatunga`nourishment,food',mnd.vedemef.Èichelmast'.
References:
References:WP.II72f.,WH.II246f.,260,Trautmann207f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsopen-1`feed'.
Page(s):
Page(s):787
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(peg- :)pog- :pg- ,p k -s- (*peh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shoulder,hip,side
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àchsel,Hfte,Lende,Seite'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpka-m.`shoulder,Flgel'and`Seitenpfosten',pkas-n.`Seite';common
OldIndian-h->-k-phoneticmutation
lat.pectus`breast';commonOldIndian-h->-k-:lat-h->-ct-phoneticmutation
lett.paksis`Hausecke';
toch.p,pcane`diebeidenBrste';commonOldIndian-h->-k-:toch.-h->-phoneticmutation
langvokalischOldIndianpjasy-n.`Bauchgegend,groin',russ.(etc.)pach`groin',pachaàrmpit',
pachvaàrmpit,groin';besideseinio-stem*pgio-inech.paeÀrm'underlikewise
Note:
Note:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(peg- :)pog- :pg- ,p k -s- :
:`shoulder,hip,side'isareducedrootofbalt.
lit.pa-ast,pa-astsf.`placeunderthearm,armpit'.
AcommonsatemRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dous- :
:àrm'(seeabove)derivedfromanarchaicroot*heus
`hand,arm'(seebelow).Butsheshifth->d-isauniqueOldpers.,balt.,celt.,illyr.-alb.phonetic
mutation.
Twootherroots,respectivelyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
hesto-2 :
:`hand,arm'derivedfromanextendedarchaicrootheus +reducedformofthecommon
PIEsuffixvariants-tar,-ter,-tra,-tre.:OldIndianhsta-m.`hand',av.zasta-,Oldpers.dasta-ds.;
ThekeylinkbetweenRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dous- (*heus- )::àrm'derivedfromanarchaicroot*heus
`hand,arm'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesor-1 ,hesr- (*heus- )::`hand'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hesto2 (*heus- )::`hand,arm'arebalt.:lett.pa-duse(zerograde)àrmpit':lit.pa-ast,pa-astsf.
`placeunderthearm,armpit'.
References:
References:WP.II3f.,WH.II270,SpechtIdg.Dekl.237f.
Page(s):
Page(s):792
Root/lemma: peig-1 andpeikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:coloured,speckled
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kennzeichnendurcheinritzenorfrben;bunt,farbig'(besideswordsfor
`stechen'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianpikt(unbel.)`malt',piga-,pigal-`reddish,brown',pinjra-`reddish,
golden';gr.(Hes.)Èidechse',`Kcken'Hes.;lat.ping,-ere,pinx,pictum`malen;
withtheneedleprick',pictor`Maler';abg.pg`varicolored';toch.Apik-,pek-`schreiben,malen'
(pekant-`Maler'),pink-,pai(y)k-`schreiben'.
Maybealb.pik`dot,stain',pis`dirty,stained'
B.
B.OldIndianpiti`hautfrom(esp.Fleisch),cuts,sliceszurecht,gestaltet,schmkt',pa-n.,
pa-m.`shape,form,paint,color',pal-`verziert;mellifluous;skilful'(compare);piga`reddish,reddishbrown',pia-m.`Dammhirsch'etc.;perhapsilp-`varicolored',whetherfrom*pil(Tedesco,Lang.23,383ff.);
Maybealb.pis`dirty,stained'
av.pas-`farbigmake,adorn',pasa-m.pasah-n.`jewellery,Zierat',Oldpers.ni-pit
`niedergeschrieben',av.fra-pixta-`verziert';
gr.`varicolored';`sharp(ofPfeil),bitter,shrilly,screaming,feindselig'(formal=abg.
pstr`varicolored');lat.pignus,-oris`pledge'(if`festgestecktes');got.filu-faihs`verymannigfaltig'
(compareOldIndianpuru-pa-`mannigfaltig'),ahd.as.fh`varicolored',ags.fh,fg`varicolored',
whereofaisl.f(*faihn)`frben,adorn',frnar`Runenritzen'(originally`redfrben'),finn`bunt
dappled',ags.fgian,ahd.fhenàdorn';
lit.piti`malen,schreiben',paas,pias`Rufleck',pie`smut',painas,puiinas,puius`ruig,
dirty,filthy',ipaiuàdumbr';OldPrussianpeisi`sieschreiben';OldChurchSlavicpipsati
`schreiben',pstr(=)`varicolored',pstrg`Forelle'(alsos`dog'fromtheFarbe
genannt).
References:
References:WP.II9f.,WH.II301f.,305f.,Trautmann210f.
Page(s):
Page(s):794-795
Root/lemma: pei-1 andpeik Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hostile
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feindseliggesinnt',teilsinaktiveranimosityorHeimtcke,teilsinpassivem
WiderwillenorDummheitsichuernd
Note:
Note:(balt.peik-probablywithwestidg.guttural)
Material:A.
Material:A.Lat.pigetèsverdrietmich,excited,arousedWiderwillen',piger,-gra,-grum
`querulous,slow,faul';aisl.feiknn.`ruin',ags.fcen,as.fcann.`betrayal,malice,deceit'(ags.
fcne`deceitful,mad,wicked,evil'),ahd.feihhann.`guilefulness,deceit',ags.gefic`deceit',ficol
àrglistig,unzuverlssig'.
B.
B.OldIndianpuna-`bsgesinnt,verrterisch,verlumderisch',pic-`demon';herethegall.
(ven.-illyr.)VNPictones,Pictvi(:lit.pktas)`Poitou';wgerm.*faihiinahd.fhida`hate,fight',nhd.
Fehde,ags.fh(u)f.ènmity,Fehde';ahd.fhan`zlre'and`hate',as.-fhjan`feindlich
behandeln',ofAdj.ahd.gifh`hostile',ags.fh,fg`gechtet,verfemt'(engl.foe`fiend');inaddition
alsoahd.feigi`demTodeverfallen',nhd.feige`timorous'(dial.also`demTodeverfallen',`fastreif',or
`faul'),as.fgiòfTodes',ags.fge`demTodenahe,bang'(engl.fey),aisl.feigr`demTode
verfallen'(*poikis,comparelit.pakas`stupid');
lit.pakas`stupid',peiki,pekti`rebuke,reproach,vilify,scold';pktas`mad,wicked,evil,angry,irate',
pykst,pkti`rageagainst,mad,wicked,evilsein';lett.peikstsùnzuverlssigerperson';Old
Prussianpaikemmai1.Pl.Konj.,aupaickt`cheat,deceive',pickuls`devil',lit.piklas`devil',lett.piks,pikuls`devil'.
References:
References:WP.II10f.,WH.II300f.,Trautmann203f.
Page(s):
Page(s):795
Root/lemma: pei-m(i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quick,perky
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rasch,flink'
Note:
Note:Onlykelt.andgerman.
Material:
Material:Air.im(*peimi-)`rash,hasty,agile';aisl.fimrds.,or-fimif.àdroitnessinwords';but
norw.fimraùmhertappen',mnd.fimmelen,fimmerends.,engl.dial.fimbleds.;schwed.famla,fumla,
ndd.fummeln,engl.fumbleùmhertappen'aredistinctlautnachahmend.
References:
References:WP.II11,SommerIF.51,247.
Page(s):
Page(s):795
Root/lemma: peisk- ,piskEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fisch'
Material:
Material:Lat.piscism.`fish',piscna`Fischteich',piscor,-ri`fischen';got.fisksm.,aisl.fiskr,ahd.
ags.fisk`fish'(*piskos),got.fiskn,nhd.fischen(:lat.piscri;comparemhd.vischn:lat.pis-cna);full
gradeair.asc(*peiskos),Gen.isc`fish',Kollekt.`Fische';poln.piskorz`Peiker',russ.piskr
`Grndling';basedondiebereinstimmungwithmir.esc`water',schott.FlNEsk(kelt.*isk):acymr.
FlNUisc,ncymr.Wysg(kelt.*skfrom*eiskor*eidsk)aufchance,lucks.alsoaboveS.794.
Note:
FromPIEthecognateforfishpassedtoAltaiclanguages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*psa(-io-)
Meaning:
Meaning:ak.offish
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*basiga
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*puseJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*pansai
References:
References:WP.II11,WH.II310,MaxFrsterThemse840f.
Page(s):
Page(s):796
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(peis-1 ):pis-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerstampfen,zermalmen'(especiallyGetreide)
Material:
Material:OldIndianpini`zerreibt,zerstampft'(3.Pl.pnti=lat.pinsunt),pi-`gemahlen',n.
`meal,flour',par-`Zerreiber'(:lat.pistor),av.piant-`zerstampfend';gr.`stamp,schrote'
(probablyexpressives),,ènthlstebarley',,`dasStampfen',
àusgepreteWeintrauben'(diss.from*);lat.pns,-ere,pinsi,pi(n)s,re`zerstampfen,zerstoen'(ps-withNasalreduktionfrompins-),*pstum,pnsum,pinsitum;pistor
`Bcker',ps`mortar',plads.,plum`Mrserkeule'(and`spear,lance'),pistillum`Stampfer';umbr.
pistu`pistum';mnd.vsel`mortar',mhd.fisel`penis';lit.Iterat.paisti`(barley)abklopfen,den
GerstenkrnerndieGrannenabschlagen',primrpsti`coirecumfemina';OldChurchSlavicps
andpchaj,pchati`bump,poke',*peno`meal,flour',russ.penn.ènthlstemillet,sorghum',
ech.Iterat.pchovati`stomp'.
References:
References:WP.II1,WH.II267,307f.,Trautmann220f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,692.
Page(s):
Page(s):796
Root/lemma: peis-2 ,speisEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blasen'
Material:
Material:Withs-: lat.spr,-re`blow,breathe,breathe'(*speis-),spritus,-s`breath,breeze,
breath,soul,ghost';spirculum`Luftloch';
withouts-: OldIndianpihr`Pfeife,flute';mhd.vsen,vstenèinenwindstreichenlassen',vst
`breakingwind,fart',ags.fstingds.,ndd.fster`podex',ndl.veest(*faist)`breakingwind,fart',aisl.
fsa`furzen',norw.fsads.and`blow',nhd.fispern,fispeln`hiss';baltoslav.*pketi`piept,pfeift'inlit.
pykti`knallen',slav.*pi,*piatiinruss.pi,pit`piepen,screech,shriek,scream,
squawk,cackle,croak,yell',ChurchSlavicpitalf.`Pfeife',OldChurchSlavicpiskati`whistle'etc.;
maybealb.piskat`tosrceam',piscam`scream'
withn -formants:cymr.ffun(*spoi-n)`breath'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):796
Root/lemma: pei ( )- ,p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fat;milk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fettsein,strotzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpyat`schwillt,strotzt,makesschwellen,strotzen',pipy`strotzend,
milchreich',av.(a)-pipy-`(keine)milkintheBrusthabend,(not)sugend'(:lit.pa-pjusi),Old
Indianpn-`fat,fat,obese,thick',pyyat`schwillt,strotzt',pinvati`makesschwellen',av.fra-pinaoiti
`bringtzumGedeihen';OldIndianpyas-n.`juice,sap,water,milk',av.payah-n.`milk',av.pamann.`Muttermilch'(:ags.fmne);np.pn`sourmilk,freshcheese'(:lit.penas`milk'),OldIndian
pru-,pr-ànschwellend,tumescentmaking'(probablywithidg.l,sothattonorw.fl);
norw.fl`skimmings,dickgemachtemilk';ags.fmne`virgin,youngwife,woman',as.fmea
`schwangerewife,woman',aisl.feima`girl'(:av.paman-`Muttermilch');
lit.papjusikrv`cow,diebeimMelkendiemilknichtzurckhlt',pdau,-dyti`zumMilchenstir,
tease,irritate',pti`milkspenden',penas`milk';
pmo-s `fat'ingr.`fat',lat.opmus`fat,wohlgenhrt;fertile;rich'(probablypnguis`fat':
hybridizationfrom*pmosand*finguis,seeaboveS.128).
u -formations:
att.,ep.-ion.,dor.`grass,Rasenplatz',from*F=lit.peva`meadow'(*poiu );
pu o -s- andpu - er/-en- `fat,fat':OldIndianpvas-n.,av.pvah-n.`fat,bacon';OldIndianpvan-,f.

pvar`tumescent,strotzend,fat,obese,fat',pvar-ds.,newerformationofFem.from,withdem
likewisenotoldgr.,=gr.,f.`fat,fertile,rich',(onlyNom.Akk.Sg.*pur)`fat';air.riu,Gen.renn(*p-uer-i)Èrdboden,land',ifeigentl.`';
tu -stempei-tu-, p - tu- `fat,juice,sap,Trank,nourishment,food':ei inlit.pits`Mittagsmahl';
compareOldIndianptv-a-m.`he-goat;billygoat,Hammel'(eig.`fat,obese'),av.piwa`fat,
obese';
p - tu- `Trank,dish,food':OldIndianpit-m.,av.pitu-m.`juice,sap,Trank,nourishment,food,dish,
food',av.armpiw,ra-piwf.`midday,Mittagszeit',eig.`diezumMahlepassendetime';air.ith
`(*nourishment,food),corn,grain',acymr.it,ncymr.yd(*pitu-)etc.`ds.`;lat.ptuta`reiche
dampness,catarrh';mir.th`tallow,suet'(*ptu-);whereforeasdenominativeOldChurchSlavicpitti,
jngerpitati`feed,ernhren,aufziehen';herefromthemeaning`resin'from:OldIndianptu-druèine
Fichtenart',eig.`Harzbaum',andasKurzformeneinessolchenKompositumspamird.pit`fir,spruce',
gr.ds.;fullgrademir.athn.(`fette)meadow,land'(*pei-tu-);diemeaning`resin'alsointhek derivative*pi-k-: gr.att.f.`tar',n.`Schreibtfelchen,Pflaster',lat.pix,picisf.
`tar'(outofitahd.pehetc.),perhapsmnd.v(g),vhe`swamp,marsh,break';(lit.pkis`tar'isgerm.
Lw.),OldChurchSlavicpcl,russ.-ChurchSlavicpkl`tar';butlat.pnus,-sand-`fir,spruce,
pine,pinetree'becauseofalb.pish`fir,spruce,pinewoodtorch'(*pit-s-i)probablyfrom
*pitsnus;
extensionpoi-d- , p - d-: gr.`quellenreich',`wellspring',`lassedurchsickern,
quellehervor',Nom.Pl.n.`dampOrte,Wiesen'(*p-d-s-es-);aisl.fitaf.`fat',germ.*faitian
`msten'(ahd.feizen,ags.ftan,aisl.feita),*faita-`fat'(ahd.feiz,aisl.feitr),participlegerm.*faitida-:
ahd.feizzit,mhd.veiz(e)t,nhd.feist,ags.fted,engl.fat,mnd.vet`fat';aisl.fit`meadow',ostfries.
`puddle,slop';lett.psa,pse`morass,Buschwald';aboutmir.esc`water'(seeaboveS.45aboutmir.
esc-ungÀal'),whereforemir.escaf.`swamp,marsh',seeunderpeisk-`fish';orescfrom*pid-sk
References:
References:WP.II73ff.,WH.211f.,306,308,311,312,Trautmann207f.,210,217.
Page(s):
Page(s):793-794
Root/lemma: pek - 1 ,pk - ,pk -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomakepretty;tobejoyful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`hbschmachen,aufgerumtorvergngtsein'
Material:
Material:Ahd.gifehan,ags.gefon`sichfreuen';as.ahd.fehn`consume',ahd.gifehnds.=ags.
ge-fon,ahd.gi-fehan`sicherfreuen';Kaus.got.fulla-fahjan`sufficiencyleisten,satisfy,serve',ahd.
fagn`beistehen';got.fahs`pleasure,joy',aisl.feginn,ags.fgen`blithe,glad',got.ahd.faginn,
ags.fgenian`sichfreuen',aisl.fagnads.,got.ga-fhaba`fitting,ehrbar',aisl.fgiligr`pleasant';got.
fagrs`geeignet',aisl.fagr,ags.fger`beautiful'etc.;got.ga-fahrian`prepare,concoct';inmaterieller
meaningmhd.vgen`clean,scour,rub,clean,fegen',aisl.fgaàdorn,clean',fgja`gleaming
make,putzen'andlit.poiu(*pkei),potiàdorn',lett.post`clean,subern,adorn',refl.`sich
putzen';perhapshiehermir.il`pleasant'as*pkli-(yets.alsounderpk-`moor').
References:
References:WP.II16,WissmannNom.Postverb.14,91,Trautmann229.
Page(s):
Page(s):796-797
Root/lemma: pek - 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofleece;cattle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`WolleorHaarerupfen,zausen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpu-,pa-n.,Gen.pav;pa-m.`Vieh';av.pasu-m.`Vieh'(mostlystill
`smallcattle'),incompoundf-,-f-,wherewithOldIndianku-mn-`nahrungsreich',puru-kds.
(twicealsobasicku)asDiss.-formsforpu-identical;=lat.pec,-sn.àheadofcattle,beast,
brute,animal,oneofaherd',nexttowhichpecus,-orisn.(formal=gr.),pecus,-disf.ds.;
derivativespecnia`property,riches,wealth',peclium`property';umbr.pequoPl.n.`pecua';=got.
fahu`possession,fortune',aisl.f,ags.feoh,as.fehu,ahd.fihu`Vieh';=lit.pekus,OldPrussian
pecku`Vieh'(westidg.Gutt.);got.bi-,ga-fahon`bervorteilen'areafterW.Wissmann(Theltesten
Postverbalia79ff.)Denominativafromfahu,andbi-fah`deceit'isnounpost-verbal;
arm.asr,Gen.asu`Schafwolle,Flie',asve`fleecy'(*poku+r,withfrominoffenerAnlautsilbe);
gr.(=lit.pe),(=lat.pect,ahd.fehtan),`comb,schere',n.`Flie,wool',
m.;`Flie',,`comb'(fromzerograde*-;lat.pecten);
alb.pil`toolzumFlachskmmen,-hecheln'(*pekl);lat.pect,-ere,pex`comb',pecten,-inis
`comb',umbr.petenata`pectinatam';ahd.as.fehtan,ags.feohtan`fechten';ahd.as.fahs,ags.feax
`(head)-haar',aisl.fax`Mhne'(*-pok-s-o-,comparedenes-stem),aisl.fr,aschwed.fr
`sheep'(*fahaz=),aschwed.ft(*fahti-)`wool,Flie',ags.feht`Flie',ndl.vachtf.`wool,
Schur',ags.fihlàpieceofcloth,garmentofcloth';lit.pe,pti`pluck,andenHaarenzausen',Iter.
pati,susipti`totear,rend'.
HereprobablyOldIndianpak-man-n.èyelashes,hair',pak-mal-`withstarkeneyelashes,
dichthaarig',av.pana-n.èyelid',compareinnotsospezialisiertermeaningnp.pam`wool'.
commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-,--phoneticmutation
References:
References:WP.II16f.,WH.11269f.,270ff.,Trautmann217,SpechtKZ68,205ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):797
Root/lemma: pek- (*kekh)

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocook
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kochen'
Grammaticalinformation:participlepek-to- `cooked,boiled'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpcati,av.paaiti`kocht,bckt,brt'(=lat.coqu,cymr.pobi,alb.pjek,abg.
pek,comparealsolit.kep);Fut.pkyati:gr.);commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Gr.-h->kh-:-kh->-ps-phoneticmutation
Supin.paktum=lat.coctum,OldChurchSlavicpet;participlepakt-(=gr.,lat.coctus,
cymr.poeth),OldIndianpcyat`reift',pakv-`cooked,boiled,reif',pakt-f.`dasKochen,gekochtes
Gericht'(=gr.,lat.cocti-,abg.t,OldPrussianpectis),paktr-`theKochende'(=lat.
coctor,fem.gr.)pk-m.`dasKochen,Backen,Reifen',av.nasu-pka-`Leichen(divide)
cooking,verbrennend';arm.probablyhac`bread'as*pok-ti-;gr.,att.`cook,verdaue'
(*peki),to-present;f.`Kochen';,-`reif'(f.after:),
`pastry,cake';umgestelltes*koposin-(besides-)`Brotbcker';alb.
pjekÌbake';lat.coqu,-ere`cook'(ital.kelt.Assim.from*pekto*kek),coquus`Koch'(:),coquna`Kche',asosk.-umbr.Lw.popna;cymr.pobi(ofrome),corn.pobas,bret.pibi
`backen',bret.pobet`gebacken',cymr.poeth(*kek-tos)`hot',bret.poaz`cooked,boiled',mcymr.
poburies`Bckerin',corn.peber,bret.pober`Bcker';
commoncelt.-illyr.k->p-phoneticmutation
air.cuchtar`Kche'fromlat.coctrads.;ags.-figen`roasted';lit.(reconverted)kep,kpti,lett.
cepu,cept`backen,fry',ceplisòven';withoutrearrangementOldPrussianpectisÒfenschaufel'=
OldChurchSlavicpetòven,hle';lit.pktas`roasted',OldChurchSlavic*pek,*peti`backen'
inserb.pm,pids.,etc.;OldChurchSlavicpek`heat',pot`Schwei'(*pokto-),petòven',
petera`cave,oven'etc.;
toch.ABpk-`zumReifenbringen,cook',participlePass.pepaku;Apukl,pikul`year'(=
`ripeness').commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Toch.-h->-k-phoneticmutation
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):798
Root/lemma: pel- ,plEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wideandflat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`breitandflach,ausbreiten;durchDruckorSchlagflachformen,breitschlagen,
breitklatschen'
Material:
Material:Arm.hoèarth,dust,powder,bottom,land';lat.palamòpen,ffentlich'(eig.ìnflat,open
Hinbreitung'),Akk.asclam,froma*pel-orol-;alb.sh-palòffenbare';air.ltharn.`plan,place,
Lage'(*pl-tro-),tocymr.llawdr`britches',acorn.loder`caliga',bret.loer`bas,chaussure'(originally
Ùnterlage');lett.plti`breitschlagen',lett.plt`thinaufstreichen';russ.plyjòpen,free,unbedeckt,
ausgetreten(ofwater)',OldChurchSlavicpolje`field'(àusgebreitetesurface,plain,area',hencedas
LandPolen);aschwed.-nschwed.falaf.Èbene,Heide';hitt.pali-`breit';
asdh -presentprobablyheregr.(*,phoneticallydempresentfromGutturalstmmen
angeglichen),Aor.,`fromweichermassbuild,gestalten',-,-
`streicheauf',n.`Gebilde',m.`molder',n.>lat.emplastrum>nhd.
`Pflaster';inadditionm.,f.`Kuchenbrett',-`clayformend,aworkerin
clay,potter';nominalesdhin`flatFruchtkuchen';
withformants-no-: lat.plnus`platt,eben,flat'(idg.*pl-no-s)=gall.Medio-lnumeig.`mitteninthe
Ebene',lit.plnas`thin',lett.plns`flat,eben,thin',plns`threshingfloor',OldPrussianplonis(alit.
plnas)`threshingfloor':
slav.*pol-no-inosorb.poÈbene',klr.poonna`Hochebene',ech.plauùnfruchtbar,field-,
wood,forest-',plÈbene,Prrie',sloven.pln,f.plna`freefromBaumwuchs',plnjaòffene,freie
surface,plain,area',skr.planna`Bergwald'etc.;
here-perhapsofziellosensichAusbreitenweidenderHerden-gr.ìrrend,wandering',
m.,f.ìrrenderrun,flow',òfrechtenwayabfhren',-`herumirren',
,-f.`herumirrend',aisl.flanaùmherfahren',frz.(fromdemGerm.)flner`sichaufthe
roadumhertreiben';
withn -formants:gr.`flatOpferkuchen,flatMnze';
withm- orn -forms,meaningesp.`flathand':*p e lm (pl m ):gr.f.`flathand';
maybealb.(*pelm)pllmba`palm'[commonalb.m>mb shift].
lat.palma`flathand;alsoGnsefu,GeweihschaufelofDamhirsches,shovelofRuders,Palme',
palmus`dieHandasmeasurementoflength,span',palmes,-itis`Rebenscho',air.lm,acorn.lof,
cymr.llaw`hand'(ifinadditionair.fo-laumur`wage');ahd.folma`hand',ags.folm`flathand';other
ablautinOldIndianp-m.`hand'(mind.from*pari-),av.prn`hohlehand';
withr -formants:aisl.flrrm.`DieleofViehstalles;cattleshed',ags.flr`Diele',mnd.vlr`Diele,
meadow',mhd.vluor`bottom,meadow,sownfield',nhd.Flur;air.lr,cymr.etc.llawr(*pl-ro-)
`solum,pavimentum';
withdentalemforms*pl-tosn.,*pel-tu-sm.,*pl-t`surface,plain,area':ahd.as.feldn.`field,
bottom,Ebene',ags.feld(u-stem)ds.;aisl.foldf.èarth,land',also`Fjord'andFlN,ags.folde,as.
foldaèarth'(OldIndianprthiv),ahd.FlNFuld-aha`Fulda';finn.pelto`farmland'fromdemGerm.;
aboveexamplesbelongactuallytoextensionplet- .
References:
References:WP.II61ff.,WH.II237,240f.,Trautmann204,222;
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionsunderplk-,plet- .
Page(s):
Page(s):805-807
Root/lemma: peli-s- ,pel-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rock
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fels'
Material:
Material:OldIndianp-m.,py-n.`stone',(from*par-=idg.*pels-);gr.Hes.
(*);Pashtoparamir.alln.(*plso-)`cliff'(s-inflectionafterslab`mountain');germ.*falisa-ins
Gallorom.as*falsiborrowed(afrz.falise,faleise);ahd.felism.,felisaf.,mnd.vels(*falis-),nhd.
Fels,aisl.fjall,felln.(*pelso-)`Fels';vorrom.(illyr.)*pella:*pallads.
References:
References:WP.II66f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.24,156;HubschmidZnP.66,70f.
Page(s):
Page(s):807
Root/lemma: pelk - :polk Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wenden,drehen'
Material:
Material:Ahd.as.felga,ags.fielg`Radfelge',germ.*felgam,`wenden'inahd.ungifolganìnflexus';
ablaut.gall.olca`Brachland',ags.fealg,bair.falgds.,russ.polos`dividingoff,partitioningoffeines
Feldes,Streif'.
addendumtoS.807:
Gall.olca`Pflugland'(frz.ouche`goodAckerland')=ags.fealg`Brachfeld'(germ.*falg),engl.fallow,
ostfries.falge,bair.falgds.,mhd.falgen,felgenùmackern',nhd.Felge`gepflgtesBrachland';
ablaut.germ.*felg`Radfelge'inags.fielg,engl.felly,ahd.felga`Felge,harrow';besidesgerm.
*falgizinmnl.felghe,ags.felg(e),engl.felloeds.;germ.felgan`wenden'inahd.un-gifolgan
ùngewendet';
russ.polosetc.`stripe,Ackerfurche';
perhapsherepel-, pol- inslav.*lz,*pelzti,russ.-ChurchSlavicplzet`crawls'etc.andslav.
polzinruss.ploz`Sledgeskid',slov.plz`Pflugsohle,stripe'.
WP.I516,Trautmann218f.,Vasmer2,396,397,Kluge-Gtze197f.
References:
References:WP.I516.
Page(s):
Page(s):807,850
Root/lemma: pel-1 ,pel- ,plEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:full,tofill;topour;town()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gieen,flieen,aufschtten,fllen,einfllen';also`schwimmen,flieen
machen,fliegen,flattern'and`schtteln,schwingen,zittern(machen)'
Material:A.
Material:A.Arm.heumÌgieefrom'(*pelnumi),zeum(*z-heum)`lassestream',Pass.
`flieeber';
cymr.llanwm.`flood',Verbalnom.llanw,llenwi`Fllen,Flieen',mbret.lano,lanv`flood',corn.
lanwes`fullness,wealth'(*plen-uo-);
lit.trans.pilu,plti`pour,schtten,aufschtten,fllen',intrans.`flow',lett.pilt`drip,trickle',pile`drip',
pilt`drip,trickle',paliìnundation',lit.ampalas(*ant-palas)ÀufwasseraufdemEise';russ.vodopol(je),pol(n)o-vodje`Hochwasser',kslov.pol`Schpfgef'.
B. pel `castle'inOldIndianpr,Gen.purs`castle,town,city',pura-n.,newerpuri-,purds.,
compareSingapur`Lwenstadt',gr.(ol.)`castle,town,city,Staat'(*peli-s),hom.kypr.
ds.,lit.pils,lett.pile`castle,Schlo'(seeSchwyzer,Gr.Gr.1,325,344,SpechtKZ59,65f.,11f.,
Trautmann217).
C.
C.wordsfor`swamp,marsh'(pel- , pel-eu- ),asosset.farwe,freràlder',ahd.fel(a)wa,nhd.Felber
`Weidenbaum'(as`Sumpfbaum'),andlat.palus,-disf.`stehendeswater,swamp,marsh,puddle,
slop'(*pel-ou-d-),probablytoOldIndianpalval-n.`pond,pool'andpalvalya-`sumpfig';inaddition
stillpelk- :plk- ingr.Hes.,(*)`bespritze',lit.plk`Moorbruch',
OldPrussianpelkyds.,lett.pelce`puddle,slop':plcis`morass';afterW.SchulzeKl.Schr.112alle
originallyFarbenbezeichnungen,alsotopel-8.
D.
D.`fllen,fullness,wealth':OldIndianpparti:piprm;prti(prti)`fllt,sttigt,nourishes,
spendetreichlich,beschenkt',alsoprtids.,pryat,pryt`flltsich',Aor.prt(:),Imp.
prdh,Perf.papru(:lat.plv),participleprt-(=lat.-pltus,alb.pot;comparealsoprt-:lat.
com-plti-),prt-`full',pra-`full'(=lat.plnus,av.frna-`Fllung',air.ln-aim`flle'),pr-`full'
(=got.fulls,litt.plnas,abg.pln,air.ln;from*pel-whereasav.prna-`gefllt');paran.
`fullness,wealth'(:av.parnah-vant-`rich'),par-man-`fullness,wealth,Spende'(*pel-);av.par`fllen';
arm.li,Gen.liog`full'(from*pl-io-s=gr.orfrom*pl-to-s=OldIndianprt-),lnum`flle'
(*linum,neologism),Aor.eli-cÌfllte';lir(i-stem)`fullness,wealth';presumablyholom,holonem
`hufeauf,sammlean';
gr.`flle'(originally,thenasalfrom),Fut.,Aor.`flltesich',
`binvoll,fllemich',n.,ion.`bulk,mass',`binorwerdevoll,swellan'
(:lat.plbs),`flood',Ànfllung,Sttigung',`lightfllend,sttigend',
`Fllung'Hes.(:lat.plminreànfllen');hom.,att.,ion.`full'(*-[]-;
=arm.li),`full',`makevoll'(from*-=lat.plrus,comparearm.lir`fullness,
wealth',i-stem);-,-f.`flood',toS.742;
alb.plot`full'(*pl-t-os);alsopjel`beget,gebre'intrans.`full=pregnantsein'withformants-gohereplok,plogu`heap'(*pl-go-compareahd.folc`heap,Kriegshaufe,people',ags.folc`troop,
multitude,crowd,Heer,people',aisl.folk`troop,multitude,crowd,people'as*pl-go-or*el-go-);
lat.ple,-remostlycom-ple,im-ple`flle',participlePass.(com)pltus;plnus`full',umbr.plener
`plenis';plrus,-a,-um`zumgrtenparts',plrusque,plrqueèinebig,giantnumber,verymuch,a
lotof,ammeisten';plbs,-eiand-,plbs,-is`Volksmenge;diemassofVolkesincontrasttoden
Adeligen'(*pldhus),manipulusèinehandful;bundle;HantelntheTurner;Soldatenabteilung'
(*mani-plo-s);plminreànfllen'to*plmen=gr.;
air.ln(a)imÌflle'(fromanAdj.*ln=*plno-s),ln`numerus,pars';air.ln,acymr.laun,ncymr.
llawn,corn.luen,leun,len,bret.leun`full'(=OldIndianpra-etc.),air.comalnurÌflle'(Denom.
fromcomln`full');u(i)le`whole',Pl.àlle'(*polio-);
got.fulls,aisl.fullr,ags.as.full,ahd.fol(-ll-)`full'(=OldIndianpr-etc.,seeabove);=lit.plnas,
abg.pln,skr.pn`full';aboutags.folcetc.seeabove;mhd.vljen`splen'to-aboveS.
799.
plu `bulk,mass',einzelsprachlichalsoadjektivischgewordenesneuter`much,alotof';besidesidg.
p e l- Adj.`much,alotof';Kompar.pl-i o s, -is-, Superl.pl-is-t- `more,mostly':
OldIndianpur-,av.pouru-,ap.paru`much,alotof'(=gr.,ifthesefrom*,lit.pilus),
Kompar.OldIndianpryas-Adv.`meistens,usually',av.fryah-,Superl.frata-`themeiste';here
iran.*pelu-,*polu-inPlejadennamennpers.parv,av.paoiryain(*paruiiain-),ablaut.gr.,
hom.(*pleuii-),originally`Sternhaufen';
gr.`much,alotof'(assimil.from*=OldIndianpur-),brigecaseofstem-,
-,wohlausgegangenoff.*FOldIndianprv;Kompar.Superl.originally*[]>
(*plisn):(*plisto-),dasthroughinfluenceof*`more'(*plis=air.la)andof
Kompar.towurde;fromaidg.*pleu-es-`berflu,big,giantbulk,mass'wurdesecondary
thegr.Kompar.n.,whereforetheachischeNom.Pl.neologismwurde;alsowurdealat.
plous,lat.plstoKompar.,andwithpls-(olderKompar.*pl-ies-inalat.pleores,and*plis-in
Superl.plsima)to*plois-contaminated,fromwhichlat.plrimus`mostly'(oldploirume,plouruma,
plusima);compareBenvenisteOrigines1,54f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,537f.,E.-M.2783;
air.il`much,alotof'(=got.filu),la`plus,plures'(*pl-is);acymr.liaus,ncymr.lliaws`multitudo'(plis-tu-sor-to-);
got.filuadv.neuterm.Gen.(previousSubst.)asreplacementfromgr.,also`very;umvieles
(beimcompounds)',similarlyindenothergerm.Sprachen:ahd.as.filu,filo,ags.fela,feala,feola
`much,alotof,very',aisl.fil-`much,alotof',n.`bulk,mass';compoundsSup.aisl.fleiri,fleistr
`more,most'(*pl-is-,-isto-,av.frata-);
lit.pilusìnberflu'.
E. pel-ed- ingr.n.`dampness,decay',`humid,wet',,-`dampsein';
ahd.fledirn,nhd.flattern,ahd.fledar-ms`Fledermaus';lett.peldt`swim',peldtis`bathe',
peldint`bathe,schwemmen':pildint(*pld-)ds.;pledint`withdenFlgelnhit',pledins`butterfly';
compareE.FraenkelMl.Boisacq1,357ff.
F.
F.wordsfor`butterfly':reduplicatedlat.ppili,-nism.(*p-pil-);germ.*ffalrn-inaisl.ffrildin.,
ags.ffealde,ahd.ffaltra,mhd.ffalter,nhd.Falter;lit.petelkds.,lett.petelgs`flatterhaft'(*peltel-);
fromthesamerootdiebalto-slav.words(*paipal-)for`Wachtel':lit.pepalaf.,lett.papala,Old
Prussianpenpalo(inadditionOldPrussianpepelis,Pl.pippalins`bird');ech.pepel,kepel,slov.
prepelca(also`butterfly')etc.
G.
G.wordsfor`swing,shake,tremble,hin-andherbewegen'etc.:gr.(*pl-i),Aor.`swing,
brandish,shake',Med.`spring,zapple',`geschwungen',`Zucken,Vibrieren',
m.`lot,fate',`lose';redupl.Hes.`shake';aisl.fla`frighten',ags.eal-flo
`frchterlich',mhd.vlant`devil';perhapstoOldChurchSlavicplach`zitternd,ngstlich'(*polso-),
plaiti`frighten'etc.;
dieextensionpelem- ingr.`swing,brandish,erschttere',Pass.èrbebe',,
`battle,war,fight'(PN-,),got.us-filmaèrschrocken',aisl.felmsfullrds.,felmta`bangesein'(*falmatjan),ahd.bair.felm`fright';
daaisl.falmalikewise`berraschtbecome',as`tap,feel'standsfor,couldherelat.palpor,-ri(also
palp)`streichle',palpit`zucke',palpebraeèyelids',alb.palun`fluttering,zitternd'andÀhorn'as
wellaswestgerm.*fljan(ahd.fuolen,mhd.felen,ags.flanetc.)`feel'belong,alsomnd.vlader
Àhorn',vladarn`flutter'.
References:
References:WP.II63ff.,WH.320f.,322f.,327f.,Trautmann218;
Seealso:
Seealso:diewordsunderG.
G.couldalsotopel-2belong;herealsopleu-`flow'.
Page(s):
Page(s):798-801
Root/lemma: pel-2a ,pel- :plEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocausetomove,drive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoendorschlagendinBewegungsetzen,treiben'
Material:
Material:Lat.pell(probablyfrom*pel-n),-ere,pepuli,*pultus(assumedfrompultre`bump,
poke'),pulsus(afterperculsus:percell)`stoendorschlagendinBewegungplace,driveaway',
pulsus,-s`blow,knock',umbr.a-peltuàppellit,admovt',lat.pilio(*oui-pili)`Schafhirt'
(`Schaftreiber'),Pals`Hirtengttin';appell,-reàddress,speakto';
air.ad-ella(*pel-n-t)`besucht'(=lat.appellat),di-ella`weichtab';dasFutur.toagid`treibt':eblaid
(*pi-plseti)anddiebrit.Konjunktivewithel-(aboveS.307);air.la`day'(*pliom),originally*`turn';
aboutOldChurchSlavicpopelàsh'seeunderpel-2b;
probablyaufd-present*pel-d-basedon:ahd.anafalzm.,ags.anfilten.Àmbos',ags.felt,m.,ahd.
filzm.`Filz'(*`gestampfteWollmasse'),ahd.falzanànfgen,anlegen',nhd.falzen`fold,plait,foldup,
merge';
einespecificgr.meaning-developmentànstoen'=`sichnhern,nahe'probablyin`nahe',
(ol.),`sichnhern';trans.`nherbringen,heranbringen'(
`warftobottom'),`Nachbar,Taglhner';`nheremich',,dor.`nahe,
by',ion.-,dor.-`demmannichtnahenkann,entsetzlich',`wife'(Ar.Ach.
132),`ganznahe',,dor.preposition`besides'.
References:
References:WP.II57f.,WH.II276f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:hieherprobablyalsopel-3`meal,flour'.
Page(s):
Page(s):801-802
Root/lemma: pel-2b ,pel-en- ,pel-t- ,pel-u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:powder,flour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`Staub,Mehl',weiteralso`Mehlbrei'
Material:
Material:OldIndianplala-n.`zerriebeneSamenkrner,porridge,mash,smut';gr.`dust,
powder,Staubmehl',-,-`feinesmeal,flour';`bestreue';lat.paleaf.`chaff,
straw,Getreidehlse';
witht -formants:`porridge,mashfrommeal,flour',Demin.,;lat.puls,-tis
`thickBreifromSpeltmehl'(*poltos);mir.littiu(Gen.litten),nir.lite,cymr.llith(iinsteadofyafterllith
`bait')`Mehlsuppe,pulmentum'(*plt-;withexpressiveGemination);
withu -formants:lat.pulvis,-eris`dust,powder'(*polui-;inflectionaftercinis);gall.(rom.)*ulvosds.;
maybetruncatedalb.geg.(*pulvereum)pluhun`dust,powder'[M/Nallophones]fromlat.pulvereuspulvereusa-um
a-um,'fullofdust,dusty'
here(idg.*pelus , pelu - s )OldIndianm.Pl.palvs`chaff',baltoslav.*pel-and*plu-f.`chaff'
inlit.plsf.Pl.,lett.pelus,pelavasf.Pl.ds.,OldPrussianpelwof.andlett.pelvasf.Pl.ds.;Old
ChurchSlavicplvyf.Pl.`',klr.povads.etc.;
withn -formants:lat.pollen,-inis`veryfeinesmeal,flour,Staubmehl'(llfromn.Ausgleichungan
inflection*polen,*polnes);pollentaf.`Gerstengraupen';herealsoOldPrussianpelannef.àsh',lit.
pelenam.Pl.,lett.plnids.,whereforeOldPrussianpelannof.`stove,hearth',lit.peln`stove,
hearth';OldPrussianplieynis`Staubasche',lit.plnysf.Pl.`Flockasche',lett.plne`weieAscheauf
Kohlen';s.S.805;
withoutn -forms,butwithRedupl.russ.ppel,OldChurchSlavicetc.popelàsh',amehestenas
`zerstoenes,zermalmtes'topel-2a`pellens,pultre'.
References:
References:WP.II60,WH.II331,388,Trautmann212f.,225;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytopel-2`bump,poke'.
Page(s):
Page(s):802
Root/lemma: pel-3a
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofold
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`falten'
Material:
Material:.plo-as2.compositionpartinAdj.asgr.-`simple,just',-,`twofold'
(comparearm.ha`Mal'),lat.simplus,duplus,duplex,triplus,triplexèin-,two-,dreifach',umbr.dupla
`double,twiceaslarge,twiceasmuch',tuplakAkk.Sg.n.`duplicem',tripler`triplis';mir.dabul
`double'(*duei-plo-);got.twei-fls`doubt',ahd.zvfal`dubious',m.`doubt',probablyalsoav.bifra-n.
`comparison,hnlichkeit',inGr.besidesdieUmbildungenoftype(to)andion.
;furtherwitholdert-Ableitg.(seeunder),dor.etc.`double,doubleso
gro'(*pltio-;`twofold'from*).
.alb.pal(*pol-n)`crease,row,Joch,pair';gr.m.`Frauengewand';aisl.felf.(*falja-)
`furrow,stripe,crease',norw.felaf.`Faltenmagen'.
.-to- nounsandverbs:OldIndianpuatiùmhlltwith',pua-m.n.`crease,Tte,pouch'(*pulta-),
mir.alt`junctura,artus'(aRedukt.fromidg.,asperhapsalsoOldIndianpua-),redupl.strong.V.
got.falan`fall',aisl.falda`denKopfcover',ags.fealdan,ahd.faltan`fold',weak.Vaisl.falda`fold',
ags.fealdian,ahd.faltnds.,aisl.faldrm.`crease,Zipfel,KopfputztheFrau',feldrm.(*faldi-)
`mantle',mhd.valte`crease,convolution,angle';got.ain-fals,ahd.einfald,-t,aisl.einfaldr,ags.
nfeald`simple,just'underlikewise
References:
References:WP.II55f.,WH.I383f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsidenticalwithpel-3bandpel-4.
Page(s):
Page(s):802-803
Root/lemma: pel-3b ,pel- ,plEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocover,wrap;skin,hide;cloth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verdecken,verhllen;Haut,Fell;Tuch,Kleid'
Material:
Material:Gr.`skin',-`Hautentzndung',-`nichtverheiltewound';n.
`Sohleamfootorshoe',`lightshield'(*fromHuten),lat.paleaf.`Lppchenam
Hahnenschnabel',palearn.`Wampe,dewlap';afries.filmene`skin',ags.filmen`Hutchen';herewith
k -Erweit.germ.*felh-`save,store'ingot.filhanetc.`conceal,bury',aisl.fela`conceal,handover',
ags.folanànhngen,eintreten'withgramm.variationgot.fulgins`hide,conceal',aisl.folgennds.;
germ.bi-felhanèntrust,save,store'inags.be-folan,ahd.bi-fel(a)han,mhd.bevelhan,nhd.
befehlen.
Withn -formant:gr.Akk.Pl.`Hute',-`pellrius',lat.pellis`fell,fur',ahd.fel,-lles,
ags.fell,aisl.fjalln.`skin',got.rts-fill`leprosy';(lat.pellnus`fromfell,fur'=ahd.filln,ags.fellen
`ledern');withotherWurzelstufenOldChurchSlavicpelena,russ.pelen`diaper,kerchief,cloth,
Hlle'(comparewithoutn-formsruss.plkads.)andruss.plen(forpln),sloven.plna,ech.
plna,plnads.,lit.pln,plns`Hutchen',OldPrussianpleynis`Hirnhaut';
lat.palla`langesObergewandtheFrauen,curtain',pallium`bedspread,esp.einfurtherberwurfthe
Griechen',maybefrom*par(u)l(),Lw.fromgr.`mantle'
Witht -formants:OldIndianpaa-m.`StckZeug,linen,garment',palan.`Hlle,cover,Schleier,
Membrane',gr.`lightshield';OldChurchSlavicplatno`canvas,fabric'.
Withu -formant:gr.-[F]`dieNetzhautumdieGedrme';lit.plvf.`feinednneskin',
sloven.plvaèyelid';perhapsaisl.fl,flvaf.`dnneSchneeschicht'(*falw),asnorw.folgads.to
got.filhanetc.`conceal'.
References:
References:WP.II58f.,WH.II238f.,275f.,Trautmann226;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstopel-4`fold'.
Page(s):
Page(s):803-804
Root/lemma: pel-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofvessel,dish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inGefbezeichnungen
Material:
Material:OldIndianplaviàkindofGeschirr';pr`Melkeimer',pla-m.Àlmosentopf,ein
bestimmtesmeasureofcapacity',plik`Kochtopf'probablyalsopala-n.èinbestimmtesmeasureof
capacity'palya-n.èinsack,bagforcorn,grain';lat.pluis`Becken,platter',(*ploui-s);gr.,`helmet'(from*F-)and`Melkeimer'(from(F)or*peli,compareOldIndianpr
`Melkeimer');fromisforfigurativeauf,-`platter,Becken',compare,
,Demin.(endingnach,-)`goblet',dielikewise*pelu-i-seincan(or*peli-);
aisl.ags.as.full`goblet'(*pl-no-m).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstopel-4andpel-5asoriginally`containerfromskin'.
Page(s):
Page(s):804
Root/lemma: pel-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosell;tomakemoney
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verkaufen,verdienen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`sell',dor.:,att.(Gramm.)f.`sale';ahd.fli`verkuflich,feil'
(*plio-),aisl.falrds.(*polo-);ahd.feili,mnd.veile,afries.fl`feil'arenotrelated;
lit.pelnasèarnings,pay',pelna,-ti`verdienen',peldti`spare',lett.pe'lns,pel'naèarnings,
Gewinst',pe'lnt`verdienen,gain,verschulden',OldChurchSlavicpln,russ.poln`booty'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):804
Root/lemma: pel-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grey;pale
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inAusdrckenforunscharfeFarbenas`grau,fahl',also`scheckig'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpalit-,fem.plikn(from*-tn)àltersgrau,greis'(:),paru-`fleckig'=
av.pourua-,paourua-`gray,old';pers.pr`gray'(*parya-);
arm.alik``die(weien)waves,billows;whiteBart,weieshair'(*pliio-);
gr.`gray'(for*=OldIndianpalit-afterdemFem.*=OldIndianpalikn);
ion.outofitafteretc.reshaped;(*peli-uo-)`farblos,pallid,grauschwarz,
bluishblack'(herethePN),ds.(**),`gray,greis'(*poli-uo-),
Hes.;,`wilddove'(aftertheFarbebenannt,compare,
,eig.diegraukpfigen,old,asBezeichnungthePriesterinneninDodonaaswellas
àge'Hes.;alsolat.palumbs,OldPrussianpoalis`dove'),`swan'(`theschwarzweie');
from*F()-+;maked.`'Hes.;probablyherealso,dor.
(*)`loam,clay,slime,mud,ordure,morass';
lat.palle,-re`pale,wansein',pallor`paleness',pallidus`pale,wan'(atfirstfrom*paluos,older
*poluos=germ.falwa-,lit.pavas,OldChurchSlavicplav);pullus`schwarzgrau'(ulfromlinfolgeof
anlaut.p-;forms-no-);palumbsor-is`wood-,Ringeltaube'(*pelon-bho-ratherparallelformationto
columbus,-a,seeaboveS.547);
Note
Note:
Alb.(*palumb)pllumb`dove'sharesthesamerootwithlat.palumbes-is,m.andf.àwoodpigeon,
ringdove'.Itisnotalat.loanwordotherwisetheending-es,-is wouldhavebeensolidifiedinalb.like
lat.radius>alb.rreze`ray';actuallylat.couldhaveborrowedthiscognatefromillyr.sincetheshiftm
>mb isatypicalalb.notlat.phoneticmutation.
alb.plak`graybeard,ltester';
mir.liath,cymr.(etc.)llwyd`gray'(from*pleito-,compareOldIndianpalit-,gr.);
germ.*falwa-inaisl.flr,ags.fealo,as.falu,ahd.falo,falawr`sallow,paled,falb'(inadditionas
`graueash'aisl.flskim.,ahd.falawiskaàsh,Aschenstubchen');*falha-(:lit.plas)inaleman.rheinfrnk.falch`falb,esp.fromhellbraunemVieh';*fela-or*felwa-inwestfl.fl`falb',fle`fahles
roedeer,fahleshorse';withdemgerm.k-formsasinotherbirdnameherepresumablyahd.(etc.)
falco`falcon'(latelat.falcofromdemGerm.);
lit.palvas`blagelb'(=germ.*falwa,lat.palli-dus)=abg.plav`white',serb.plv`blond,blue';lit.
pel`mouse',lett.peleds.,OldPrussianpelesPl.`mouse(=Armmuskel)',OldPrussianpele
`consecration';asderivativefrompel`mouse'alsolit.pelkas,lett.pelks`mausfarbig,sallow,
paled,gray';lit.pelda,lett.pldaòwl'(`Musefresserin');froma*pel`mildew'deriveslit.pel-ju,ti`mildew',pelsiaiPl.`mildew'andinablautplk-stu,-ti`mildew,modern';inablautlit.plkas`gray',
plk`Moorbruch',alsoplas,lett.plss`sallow,paled'(*polkos)aswellasOldPrussianpoalis
`dove'(*plis);slav.*plsninruss.-ChurchSlavicplsn,aech.plse`mildew'andChurchSlavic
peles`pullus',russ.pelsyj`mottled,speckled,*tabby,varicolored';dasformsidg.-so-or-ko-.
References:
References:WP.II53f.,WH.II239f.,242,386,Trautmann205,212;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.799C(pel-1 ).
Page(s):
Page(s):804-805
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(pel-9 ),pol- ,pl- ,pl Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,bewarm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,warmsein'
Note:
Note:alsowith-u o - extended;perhaps=(s)p(h)el-`gleam,shimmer'
Material:
Material:Aisl.flr(*fl-wa-)`lukewarm,warm';ndl.flouw`faint,languid,lukewarm',nhd.flau(*pluo-);OldChurchSlavicpolj,polti`burn'intr.,causativepaliti`burn'tr.,vs-planets
`',plamy,plamenm.`flame'(*polmen-);whetherherelit.plnysaboveS.802
inadditionprobablycymr.go-leu`light',bret.gou-louds.(*plo-uo-);differentLewis-Pedersen29(to
GNLugus),compareaboveS.690.
References:
References:WP.II59f.,Trautmann212f.,J.LothRC.36,157.
Page(s):
Page(s):805
Root/lemma: pelpo- orpolpoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:woodwork
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fromBrettern,Holzgezimmertes'
Material:
Material:OldIndianparp-(Lex.)`benchorWgelchenforcrippleandFulahme',parp-m(Lex.)
`house'(`Bretterbude'),lat.pulpitum`BrettergerstasBhneorTribne'.
References:
References:WP.II66.
Page(s):
Page(s):807
Root/lemma: penke
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:five
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fnf'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianpca,av.pana;arm.hing;gr.,ol.;ànden5
Fingernzhlen'(:bret.pempt`dieGarben[to5]fold,plait,foldup,merge');alb.pes,geg.ps
(*pekti);lat.qunque(afterqun(c)tus),osk.-umbr.*pompe(compareosk.pumperias,umbr.
pumpeias`quincuriae');air.cic,acymr.pimp,mcymr.nc.pump,corn.pymp,bret.pemp,gall.
`';got.fimf,aisl.fimm,ahd.fimf,finf,as.ags.ff(schwb.fuchze15after
sechze;dasutheseformsaswellasahd.funf,funfzichandofOrd.ahd.funftopointatnotaufidg.
n);lit.penk(inflectional);OldChurchSlavicpt5(tfromktafterdemordinals;originallycollective=
OldIndianpakt-`Fnfzahl',aisl.fimtf.`numberfromfnf';alsoumbr.puntesif`quiniones');toch.
p,Bpi;here.-hitt.panta.
B.
B.15:OldIndianpaca-daat,av.pancadasa,arm.hnge-tasn,gr.(),got.fimftahun,
ahd.finfzehan.
C.
C.50:pact,av.pancsat,arm.yisun(from*hingisun),gr.,lat.quinqugint(after
quadrgint),air.coco(withdiphthong).
D.
D.ordinalspenktos: OldIndianpakth-,av.puxa-(after*kturtha`vierter',comparepatahva`Fnftel');gr.,lat.quntus,osk.*pontos(compareabovePntiis,,pl.Ponties
`Quinctius'=lat.Quinctius,alsoosk.pomptis`quinquies';-m-afterdemKardinale,asalsodasnfrom
Quinctiusandquinctus);ahd.fimfto,finfto,as.ffto,aisl.fim(m)ti,got.(incompound)fimfta-;lit.
pektas,abg.pt,toch.Apant,pinkce;*penketos: OldIndianpacath-(gewhnlicher
pacam-aftersaptam-),alb.ipeste,ipest,gall.pinpetos,air.ciced,acymr.pimphetetc.;withrformsarm.hinger-ord`thefnfte';compareperhapsair.cicer`numberfromfnf'andgot.figgrs,aisl.
fingr,ags.finger,ahd.as.fingar`finger'(*finraz,idg.*penkrs).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):808
Root/lemma: pen-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofeed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fttern;Nahrung;AufbewahrungsortderNahrung'
Material:
Material:Lat.penus,-orisn.andpenus,-sm.`Mundvorrat',also`dasInnereofHauses'(wheredie
Lebensmittelaufbewahrtbecome);penes(solidifiedLok.)prepositionwithAkk.`by';penitus`(from)
inside,deep,grndlich'(*pene-to-);inaddition(afterintus:intr)penetr,-re`penetrate';Pents
`dieGtterinInnerenofHauses';perhapsgot.fenea(*finja)`Gerstenspeise';lit.pen,penti`feed,
msten',lett.pent`verwhnen',lit.pnas`food'.
References:
References:WP.II25,WH.II280ff.,283,E.-M.2753f.,Trautmann214;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstop-`feed'.
Page(s):
Page(s):807
Root/lemma: pen-2 ,pen-koEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swamp;water,wet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schlamm,Sumpf,Wasser;feucht'
Material:
Material:Mir.en(*peno-)`water',enach`swamp,marsh',en-glas`wsserigemilk',cymr.en-wyn
`buttermilk',mir.on-ch`Fischotter'(`Wasserhund'),FlNOn,PNOnach(`swamp,marsh'),kelt.FlN
,newer*EniosÌnn',gall.FlN*Ona`river',alsoassuffix(Bebronna`Biberbach'etc.);zerograde
mir.anf.`water,Urin',gall.anom`paludem';
got.fanin.`slime,mud',aisl.fenn.`swamp,marsh',ahd.fenna,fennf.,mhd.vennen.,as.fenin.
ds.,mnd.vennef.`moorigewillow',ags.fennm.n.`swamp,marsh,moor,fen',whereforechanging
throughablautags.fyne`dampness',fynig`schimmelig',mnl.vunsc,mndl.vuns`muffig';Old
Prussianpannean`Moorbruch'(=germ.*fanja-),lit.paniabd`Fliegenpilz',lett.panef.`Jauche';
alsoillyr.Pannonia.
Withko -formants:OldIndianpaka-m.n.`slime,mud,ordure,swamp,marsh';mir.icne`salmon'
(*penk-nio-);tiefstufige-t(i)o-derivative*fut(j)a-inahd.fht,fhti,ags.fht`humid,wet'.
References:
References:WP.II5f.,Trautmann205,PokornyBzNF2,37f.
Page(s):
Page(s):807-808
Root/lemma: pentEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togo,walk;way
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`treten,gehen;worauftreten=antreffen,finden'
Note:
Note:(inAr.withth)
Material:
Material:OldIndianpnth(=av.pant),Akk.Sg.pnthm(=pantm),andpnthnam(=av.
pantnm),Instr.Sg.path(=paa);i-steminInstr.Pl.pathbhi(av.padb),Oldpers.Akk.Sg.
im;av.pantalso`room,place',asinablaut.OldIndianpthas-n.`place,homeland';
arm.hun,Gen.hni`ford,way'(*pont);
gr.m.`Meerespfad,sea',zerogradem.`Pfad,Tritt',`trete';`deceive'
(*-`bringevomWegeab'),`deception,deceit';
lit.pons,-tis`PrgelwegthroughSmpfe,bridge';pontifexÒberpriester',originally`Brckenmacher';
germ.*paa-inags.p`Pfad,way'(engl.path),ahd.nhd.pfadderivesprobablyfromaniran.
Mundart,compareav.pa-;
got.finan`find,learn',aisl.finnads.,ags.findan,as.fthanandfindan,ahd.findan,fintanst.V.`find,
learn,erfinden';as.fthin.`thegoing'(*fanio-);ahd.fend(e)o`Fuganger',mhd.vende`Fuganger,
youngBursche',ags.fam.`troop,multitude,crowd,Fuvolk'(*fanjan-);ahd.fandn=ags.
fandianùntersuchen';mhd.vanden`besuchen',nhd.fahnden;as.fundon`sichaufmachenafter,
strive,go,hurry'=ags.fundiands.,ahd.fundends.,aisl.fss`geneigt,willing',as.ags.fs`quick,
fast,keen,eager,willing',ahd.funs`willing,ready,willing'(*fund-sa-),norw.fsa`quick,fastrun';
maybealb.fus,futìnsert,thrustin,plant,putin'.
OldChurchSlavicptetc.m.`way'(*pontis),zerogradeOldPrussianpintisds.
References:
References:WP.II26f.,WH.II336f.,Trautmann205f.;WackernagelKZ55,104ff.,OldIndian
Gr.3,1,306f.
Page(s):
Page(s):808-809
Root/lemma: perdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofart
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lautfurzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianprdat`furzt'(Gramm.),av.raiti`furzt';gr.,(mostlyMed.
asinOldIndian)ds.,,;`breakingwind,fart';perhapsherem.f.
`partridge,gamebird'(ofschwirrendenFluge);alb.pjerth`pedo'(Aor.pordha),pordhe`breaking
wind,fart'(*prd);ahd.ferzan,ags.feortan,aisl.freta`furzen',ahd.firz,furz,aisl.fretr`breaking
wind,fart';lit.prdu,prsti,lett.pirdu,pirstds.,lit.pirdis(=nhd.`breakingwind,fart');sloven.prdti,
russ.perdt`furzen';cymr.rhech`breakingwind,fart'(*rikkfrom*prd-k);forschallmalenden
originoftherootsprcheschwed.dial.prutta`furzen(esp.fromhorses)'.
References:
References:WP.II49,Trautmann219f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparepezd- .
Page(s):
Page(s):819
Root/lemma: perg-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole;trunk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,stem'
Note:
Note:(originally`felledtrunk')
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:perg-1 :
:`pole;trunk'derivedfromillyr.:balt.:slav.prefixpre-+g`road'ofRoot/
Root/
lemma: g- ,gem- :
:`togo,come':lit.gita`way,road',prgaòpportunity,term(*endofthe
road)'(Prfix*pr+g);gr.m.`step,threshold,footstep'.
Material:
Material:Aisl.forkrm.`shaft,pole,stick';(ags.feorcol,as.fercal`bar,bolt,Verschlu'fromlat.
veruculum);
lit.prgas`fishingcanoe'(*dugoutcanoe);
OldChurchSlavicprag`threshold',porgds.,poln.prg`threshold,house,dwelling',progiPl.
`Dielen,Bnke';
maybealb.prag`threshold,doorstep'.
perhapsherelat.pergula`protrusion,VorbauanaHause;vestibule,Weinlaube'asDemin.eines
*perg`Geblk'.
Maybealb.pjergull`pergola'.
References:
References:WP.II48,WH.II288;compareaboveS.819Mitte(per-3,per-g- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):819-820
Root/lemma: perg-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fear,tofear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Furcht,sichfrchten'
Material:
Material:Got.fauhrtei,ags.fyrhtuf.`fear';got.faurhts,ahd.as.for(a)ht,ags.forht`timorous';ahd.
as.forhta`fear';got.faurhtjan,ahd.furhten,for(a)hten`fear,dread';perhapstotoch.prsk-,A
prask-,prsk-`fear,dread',Apraski,prosko,proskye`fear'(-sk-from-k-sk-).
References:
References:WP.II48,HolthausenAltengl.etym.Wb.112.
Page(s):
Page(s):820
Root/lemma: perk-1 ,prek-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fllen,auffllen'
Note:
Note:OnlyindischandIrish.
Material:
Material:OldIndianprkti(prcati,piparkti)`fllt,givesrich;mengt,mischt',participleprkta`gemischt,erfllt,vollfrom',Aor.aprk;upala-praki-`dieHandmhledrehend',commonOldIndian
-h->-k-phoneticmutationsa-pcìnBerhrungstehend';pracura-`much,alotof,rich';mir.
ercaim`flle'.
References:
References:WP.II47,KuiperNasalprs.81.
Page(s):
Page(s):820
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(perk-2 ):pr k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:glowingashes,coals
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glhendeAsche,Kohle'
Material:
Material:Lit.pirknysf.Pl.àshwithglhendenFunken',lett.prkstis,pirkstesPl.ds.;air.richesf.
`glowingcoal',bret.regez`Kohlenglut'(*prki-st,comparedaslett.forms);unclearcymr.rhys-yn,Pl.
rhys-od`glowingash',withotherformsacorn.regihten,Kollekt.regythds.;whetheras`sprhend'to
*sp(h)er-`strew,distribute,sprhen'comparelett.spirgsti`glowingcoalsundertheash'under
sp(h)er(e)g-`twitch,sprhen'.
References:
References:WP.II47,Mhlenbach-EndzelinIII223.
Page(s):
Page(s):820
Root/lemma: perk - 1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rib;breast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rippe;Rippengegend,Brust'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpru-f.`Rippe,gebogenesknife',prv-,-m`Rippengegend,Seite',av.
parsu-f.`Rippe',prsu-m.`Rippe,Seite',osset.fars`Seite,line,region';OldChurchSlavicprsi
`Bruste',f.Pl.probablyfrom`Rippengegend';comparelit.em.prysf.Pl.`BrustofPferdes'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):820
Root/lemma: perk - 2 ,prek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spotted
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gesprenkelt,bunt',oftenzurBezeichnunggesprenkelter,farbiggetupfterTiere
Material:
Material:Withn -formant:OldIndianpni-`mottled,speckled,*tabby,varicolored',gr.,
originally`',then,dunkelfleckig,dark,blauschwarz',`wirddark';
Hes.;`dieswallow';without-n-mir.erc`mottled,speckled,*tabby,oxblood,indigo',also
`salmon,Forelle,cow,Eidechse',cymr.erch`mottled,speckled,*tabby'(=);ahd.forhana,
mhd.forhe(n),forhel`Forelle',as.furnia,ags.forn(e)ds.(*prk-n),ablaut.schwed.frna`dace'
(*perk-n);
with-u o :ahd.faro,mhd.vare,flekt.varwer`farbig',substantivizedahd.farawa`paint,color'(*porku-);lat.-germ.fari`Lachsforelle'(germ.*farhjn-,older*farhwjn-);
otherformations:gr.m.`Sperber'(Aristot.),-`weikfigeGeierart',
`wirddark,black';,-f.and,-`Hirschkalb',,-`Tautropfen';(lat.
percaLw.)`perch',lat.porcusèinfishwithStachelflossen',ligur.FlNPorco-bera(`Forellenfhrend');
mir.orc(anderc,seeabove)`salmon';aisl.fjrsungr`trachinusdraco'(*perks-k-);redupl.perhaps
einthrak.Seefisch(`Forelle');
perhapsherethroughDiss.eines*perk-ro-sto*pelcro-,*polcro-:lat.pulc(h)er,alat.polcher`beautiful'
(=`varicolored').
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionfromper-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):820-821
Root/lemma: perk - 3 ,pr k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totearout,digout;furrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreien,aufwhlen,aufkratzen';`Furche,anddiebesidesaufgewhlteErde'
Material:
Material:OldIndianprna-m.`cleft,gap,abyss,Einsenkung';
lat.porca`furrowinfarmland',`Wasserabzugsrinneinfarmland'(porcu-ltumÀckerbeet'mars.umbr.
`porculeta`);cymr.rhch`furrow'(withexpressive-kk)perhaps=bret.rec'h`distress',againstitwith
kabret.rec,gl.`sulco',ro-ricse[n]ti`sulcavissent';gall.rica`furrow',frz.raie`stripe';ahd.furuh,ags.
furhf.`furrow',aisl.forf.`drainageditch,canal'(*prk-);zerogradenorw.ferem.Àckerbeet';afterF.
R.Schrder,FestgabeK.Helm25ff.hereaisl.Fjrgynf.as`goddesstheAckerfurche';
lit.pra-peris`Blnkeinice',pra-paras`ditch,trench,channel',perti`burningache'(from
Wunden);
inaddition*porks`swine'(`Whler').
References:
References:WP.II46,47,WH.II340f.
Page(s):
Page(s):821
Root/lemma: perk - 4 ,prek - ,pr k -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toask,askfor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fragen,bitten'
Material:
Material:1.sko-present*prk-sk,worfrom*prsk:OldIndianprcchti`fragt',av.prsaiti`fragt,
begehrt'(participleparta-),ap.aparsamÌfrug';arm.e-harcèrhatgefragt'(:OldIndian-prcchat),
therefromdaspresentharcanem;lat.posc`fordere,demand,erbitte';ir.arcoÌbitte',cymr.archaf,
corn.arghafds.,mbret.archasìlcommanda'(air.imm-chom-arc`gegenseitigesFragen,Begren'
etc.)witharfromrbeforedemsthebasicform*prsk(from*prk-sk);lit.per,pirti`forjemanden
freien'(pirls`Freiwerber'),ifwithanalogicalpresent-ablauteinsteadofi;inadditionOldIndian
prcch`question,Erkundigung'=arm.harcds.;ahd.forsca`Forschung,question'ispost-verbalto
forscn`fragen,forschen';lat.postul`fordere'(diminutiveofparticiple*posctostoposc);inOsk.Umbr.is*porscto*perscreshaped:umbr.persnimuImper.Med.`prector',inadditionwith(forms
-(e)lo-)umbr.persklu,pesklu`supplictine',furthermars.pesco`sacrificum',andofparticiple
*pes[c]to-from:osk.pestlm,peeslmànopenplaceforobservation,placemarkedoffbythe
augur'sstaff',fromwhichmessap.`Bethaus'.
2.OldIndianprs-`(gerichtliche)Befragung',av.frasf.`question',OldIndianprh-(=av.part-)
`Gerichtsfrage',pran-,av.frana-m.`Befragung,question'(=ahd.fragan`Specht'KZ62,31,2),
arm.harsn`bride,Neuvermhlte,daughter-in-law'(comparegot.frahnan);lat.procus`suitor',prexf.
`request',precor,-r`bid,beg,ask',umbr.pepurkurent3.Pl.Fut.`poposcerint';got.frahnan
`fragen',aisl.fregna,ags.frignan(andio-presentfricnan)ds.,as.preteritfragn;ags.friccea`Herold';
germ.*frehti-inaisl.frttf.`question,Erforschung',ags.frehtf.`Wahrsagung';ahd.frga`question'
(*frg-n,-n,frhn`fragen'),aisl.frgr,ags.ge-frge,as.gi-frgiìllustrious';ablaut.ahd.fergn
`bid,beg,ask';aisl.prositi`bid,beg,ask';
Maybealb.porositòrder,demand':aisl.prositi`bid,beg,ask'
lit.Iterat.praa,-tiàrrogate,bid,beg,ask';toch.Aprak-,prek-`fragen'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):821-822
Root/lemma: perku-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:oak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èiche'
Note:
Becauseofthecommonlat.,gr.,illyr.,celt.k->p-,g->b-phoneticmutations,lat.quercusf.òak'is
theoldestIEcognate,henceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:perku-s :
:oakderivedfromanearlierRootkerku-s .
Material:
Material:OldIndianparkat-`sacredFeigenbaum',nind.pargi`Steineiche';ven.VNQuarquni
Èichenmnner'(lat.Relikt);NymphisPercernibusperhapsligurisch(Vaucluse);lat.quercusf.òak';
ital.-trent.porca`pine'(rt.*porca);kelt.Hercyniasilva`dasdeutscheMittelgebirge'(from*Perkuni,
older*Perkuni),cymr.perthf.`bush,hedge'(*kerk-t-);kelt.VNQuerquerni(goidel.)inHispania
Tarrac.;from*Perkuniprobablyborrowedgerm.*ferguni,ahd.FergunnaÈrzgebirge',mhd.Virgunt
f.`WaldgebirgewestlichBhmens',got.fargunin.`mountainrange',ags.firgen`Waldhhe';ahd.
fereheih,langob.fereha`Speiseeiche',aisl.fjrrm.`tree,man';ablaut.ahd.forha`pinetree',ags.
furh;aisl.furaf.`pine',fyrin.`Fhrenwald';fromahd.*forh-is`Fhrenwald':nhd.Forst;fromahd.
kien-forha(kien-toags.cen`pinewoodtorch',ablaut.toags.cnan,aboveS.355)wirdnhd.Kiefer;
doubtfulwhetherafterVendryesRC44,313ff.herealsogot.fairus`world',ags.feorh,ahd.ferah
`life',westgerm.Alaferhuiae(=*Alaferhwis),toaisl.frr(*firhw-jR),ags.frasPl.`Mnner'etc.;alit.
perknasDonnergott,lit.perknas`thunder',perknijaf.`Gewitter',lett.prkuns`thunder,
Donnergott',OldPrussianpercunis`thunder';
Maybealb.prkund`shake':lett.prkuns`thunder,Donnergott'
aruss.Perun`Donnergott',russ.pern`thunderbolt,lightning'arevolksetymol.afterslav.*per`hit'
transfigured;unclearisOldIndianParjnya-`thunderstormGod'(seeaboveunderper-3 ,perg-).
Maybealb.pirun`fork(sharpweaponoftheskygod)'correspondingtoengl.fork,
fork,[OEforca,force
corresp.toOFris.forke,OSfurka,OHGfurcha(Du.vork,G(dial.)Furke),ONforkr,f.Gmcf.Lfurca
pitchfork,forkedstake,whence(O)Fr.fourche,ONFr.fourque(whichreinforcedthewdinME).].
Sincelightningusuallystrikestheoaktree,AryansandIllyriansnamedthefork,weapon,afterthe
thundergoddess.
Alsoalb.(*Perun)perndif.`goddess',perndimm.`west,sunset'.
References:
References:WP.II42f.,47f.,WH.II402f.,SpechtKZ.64,10f.,68,193ff.,Thieme,
UntersuchungenzurWortkundeofRigveda71.
Page(s):
Page(s):822-823
Root/lemma: per-1 ,per- :pr- ,preuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrizzle,sprinkle,jet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprhen,spritzen,prusten,schnauben'
Note:
Note:identicalassper-`sprhenetc.`
Material:. per- :pr :gr.--,*(,)`(fachean=)zndean,
verbrenne;blow;spritzefrom',,-f.èntzndlichetumefaction',`blowviolent',
`tobe',`lightning,whirlwind,impetuousstream';slav.*prietiinpoln.prze
`sicherhitzen,braise',russ.prejet,pret`schwitzen,simmer,seethe,boil',OldChurchSlavicpara
`smoke,vapor',(OldPrussianpore`vapor'frompoln.para);hitt.pari-ànfachen,blow';
witht -formsaschwed.fradha`scum,froth,foam,slobber',mnd.vradem,vratem`haze,mist,breath,
breeze';withs -formsaisl.frsf.`dasblast,Zischen',reducedgradenorw.frasa`knistern';grade()norw.frsaèffervesce,pant,sniff,snort,fauchen'(perhapscontaminatedfromfrysaand
fnsa).
Maybealb.fryj`swell,blow',fryma`breath'
B. pr-eu- :unerweitertperhapsinOldIndianvi-pru-àfterallenSeitenhinsprhen'(butcompare
pravat`springtauf',eig.àuseinanderspringen');
preus- :OldIndianpruti`spritztfrom',Intrans.pryati`spritzt',aisl.frysa`prusten,pant,sniff,
snort',schwed.frustads.,frsa`spray';lautmalendmnd.ahd.prsten;baltoslav.*prausi`spritze'in
lit.prasti`dasGesichtwash',lett.praslt`leiselachen',prlut`prusten',lit.prsnos,lett.prusnas
`Lippen,mouth',OldPrussianAkk.Sg.prusnan`face';OldChurchSlavicprysnti,russ.pryskat
`spray';frombaltoslav.*pra-(:schwed.frsa)slav.*prychatiinChurchSlavicprychanijen.
`fremitus'etc.;inadditionperhapsasven.-illyr.elementinGallischendiePNPruso,Prusoniusand
theVNPrausi(leg.*Prousi);
preu-t(h)- :OldIndianprthati`prustet,schnaubt(ofRosse)',av.fraat-aspa-`withschnaubenden
Rossen',OldIndianapa-prthati`schnaubtweg,blstweg',pra-prthatiàufpusten,inflate,bloat';
aisl.fraun.,froaf.`scum,froth,foam',ags.-froan`schumen';
hereeinigegerm.wordsfor`frog',as`theGeiferige':aisl.fraur(comparefrau`slobber'),mengl.
frde`toad'.
C.
C.consonantextensionsfromper-s.stillunderperk-,prek-`dappled',pers-`sprhen,spray,
dappled'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):809-810
Root/lemma: per-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togoover;over
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasHinausfhrenabout'
Material:
A .Dientaspreposition,preverbandAdverb:a.
a.per,peri (locativeofWurzelnomens)`vorwrts,in
Hinausgehen,Hinbergehenabout,inDurchdringen,inberma',fromwhichàbout-out,throughtoward';
OldIndianpri,av.pairi,Oldpers.pariy,gr.,,alb.pr(partlyalso=idg.*pro),pej,pe;
besidesper(*peri)withwiederhergestelltemr;lat.per(*peror*peri);osk.-umbr.per-andpert(*perti);gall.eri-,air.ir-,er-(analogical*ero-);cymr.corn.bret.er;got.far-,ags.fyr-,ahd.fir-`ver-',ahd.
as.firi-ds.;OldPrussianper,lit.per,per-;slav.per-inOldChurchSlavicpr-etc.;from`vorwrts'
entwickeltesichalreadyidg.diemeaning`very'(OldIndianpari-pr-`verylieb',gr.-`very
beautiful',lat.per-magnus`verygro';lit.per-didis`tobig,large',OldChurchSlavicpr-blag`very
good'),thendietheberlegenheit(OldIndianpri-as-,pri-bh-`bertreffen',gr.-ds.),of
bermaesorhohenGrades(OldIndianpri-vid-,gr.-,lat.per-vidre`genauknow,have
knowledgeof');esp.OldIndianandgr.isdiemeaning`ringsum,umherum'(OldIndianpriiùmhergehen',gr.-;gr.-=lit.pr-joustiùmgrten');
derivativesare:
Got.farraAdv.àfar',aspreposition`fernfrom',aisl.fjar(ri)Adv.àfar'(therefromKompar.firr,
Superl.first),ags.feor(r),engl.far,as.ferr,ahd.ferroAdv.àfar,very',Kompar.ferrr(*fer-ro-from
*fer-ero-);OldChurchSlavicprd`before;voran;dasVordere'(asna-d),przàbout-toward';ko-Adj.:prk`quer',ech.p(ka)`transom'=umbr.percam`virgam',osk.perk[ais]`perticis';
inzeitlicherVerwendung:OldIndianpar-t,gr.etc.(seeunderuet-`year')anddiederivatives
lit.prnaiìnvorigenyears',lett.prnsAdj.`thepreviousyear,firn',mhd.verne`thepreviousyear',
vernìnvorigenyears',got.onlyinaffarninjraòfVorjahre',as.fernungre,fernuniraìn
Vorjahre',therefromwithio-formsgot.farneis`',aisl.fyrndf.àge',ahd.firniòld;wise',nhd.
Firnàltersnow';alsotozerogradegot.fardasaisl.fornòld',besidesdemi-stemas.anfurndagun,
ags.fyrn,firnòld';compareOldIndianpur-`vormalig'topur,ap.paranam`vormals'topar;lat.
perendi`bermorgen'from*peren-die
aufper-inotherVerwendungpointat*per-u-r/n-inhom.(Pind.),,att.,ènding,end',hom.ùnendlich'=(att.)Hes.,hom.,
att.`vollende';-besidesinOldIndianeinegleichlautendefamilythemeaning`knot':Old
Indianprva-Nom.Akk.Pl.n.`knot,Gelenke'(insteadof*parvr),pru-m.`knot,joint,limb,member
(Ozean,sky,heaven)',paru-n.`knot,joint,limb,member';gr.`knot'isdoubtful(G.Bjrck
Ml.Boisacq1,143ff.).
b.
b.Adj.pero-s `further':OldIndianpra-`further,jenseitig,fiend;prior;later',Superl.param-
`fernster,last,best',av.ap.para-ùlterior,theother,sptere,knftige',para-tara-`fiend';OldIndian
par(Nom.Sg.m.withadv.Endstress)prepositionm.Akk.àbout-out',withAbl.`fernfrom',with
Instr.`beyondfrom',seldomadverbal=av.parprepositionm.Akk.`besides-apartfrom';OldIndian
pr,av.para(Instr.Sg.)adverbal`fort,weg,zurSeite';OldIndianpar(Lok.Sg.)`darauf,fernerhin';
OldIndianparam(Nom.Akk.Sg.n.=osk.perum)òutabout,beyond,after',prepositionwithAbl.;
arm.heri`remote,distant,afar';
gr.(),ion.(Akk.Sg.f.)`darberout,beyond',Adv.,prepositionm.Abl.(Gen.);lat.perpermìnverted',per-perusìncorrect',fromwhichgr.`Geck';gr.`darberout,
beyond'(Instr.Sg.f.ofstem*pero-=OldIndianpr`weg,fort');therefrom`jenseitig'
(),`frombeyondher',()`gegenWesten';
fromaschwundstufigenadditionalformfromthrough-ko-extendedisdelph.`withe.
Geldstrafecovered',ion.att.`durchfahre,vollstrecke,vollfhre,verrichte,do';
osk.perum(=OldIndianparam)`sine';
air.re`further,lnger'(*perio-,dasaftersr`long');
hitt.par(=gr.)`vorwrts,further,further',Postpos.`from-heraus';periia(n)`darberout',
Postpos.àbout-out',parrandads.(*=gr.+).
c.prai, p e rai (Richtungsdativofstemper),alsoprei, pri,p e ri.
OldIndianpar`daraufhin'(Lok.Sg.);
gr.`',outofhom.(ion.att.)onlyincompounds,askyren.-;(hom.also
)`vorher;before';probablyreshapedfrom*(*pri-is,tolat.prior,prscus)comparekret.
from*;
alb.pa`bevor',iffrom*pari-(invowelafterparèrster'reshaped);
lat.praeprefix`voran,ahead,beraus',preposition`before,becauseof',osk.prai,prae-,umbr.pre
`',prefixandpreposition,pre-pa`priusquam',Kompar.lat.praeter`vorbeian=besides,
ausgenommen'(*prai-tero-),umbr.pretra`prirs';
alat.pr(*prei)`prae'(prehendèrgreife'from*praehend),Kompar.*pri-is,*pri-is(fromwhich
prs-)inprior`thefrhere',prmus(from*prs-mos),pl.prismu`prma',presumablyalsoprdem
`beforelngerertime,lngst';prs-cusàrchaically'(*preis-ko-,comparearm.erc,Gen.ericu
`ltester,priest',*preis-ku);prstinus`vorig,vormalig,old',plign.pri-trom-e`prtinus',pristafalacirix
`*praestibultrx';hereprobablyalsolat.prvus(*prei-uos)`forsichconsisting,einzeln;eigentmlich;a
thingstolen;looted',prv,-reàthingmug,rob',prvtus`stolen;looted;jemandemas
Sondereigentumgehrig',umbr.prever`singulis',preve`singulriter',osk.preiuatudAbl.`prvt,
re';
p e ri- =kelt.[p]ari-ingall.are-(Are-morica,Are-brigium,abrit.Are-cltetc.)`by,before,esp.stlich
from'(compareir.an-air`fromOsten');
ahd.as.furi`before,for,vorbei',aisl.fyr(andwithKomparativendungfyrir)`before,for';Kompar.ahd.
furiro`thefrhere,vordere',Superl.furist,mhd.vrstèrster,vornehmster',as.furist,ags.fyr(e)st,
engl.first,aisl.fyrradv.`prior,vorher',fyrri`thefrhere',fyrstr`theerste',ags.fyrsta,as.ahd.furisto
`prince,lord';got.fri-sahts`Bild,example,riddle'containszerogrades*pri-,asalsoahd.fri-liez
besidesfir-,far-,fra-liez.
prei- inlit.pri,em.pr`by,an',Nominalprf.pre-,pri-,prie-,pr-(alsoprei-klasm.Àmbo'),
preverbpri-;prepositionpriàgainst',pre`before';lett.pre(k)a`dasVordere'(*preiti);lett.pere
`forehead,Vorderseite'(*prere);OldPrussianprei`to,by',asprefixàlso,before,an',prisiksm.
`fiend';OldChurchSlavicpriprepositionandprefix`by,an,to';
fromlat.pr[s]mussimilar*prsemi-,-ei:air.rem-prefix(lenierend)`before,voran'(ram`vorihm',remi
`vorihr'),remi-aspreverb,prepositionre(nas.).
d. p e res, p e ros (andas1.compositionpartpres- `before',Gen.-Abl.ofstemper-):

OldIndianpurAdv.andprefix`voran,vorn',preposition`before',av.parAdv.`vorn,before',
preposition`before',gr.Adv.`prior;voran,vorn',preposition`before';pres- ingr.-,òld'(`*inAltervorangehend',compareOldIndianpur-gav-`guide,leader'(*Leitstier),see
undergou-`rother,cattle';tokret.seeabove);ahd.fristm.n.,as.fristn.,ags.firstm.
`Frist'from*pres-sti-,aisl.frestn.ds.from*pres-sto-,compareOldIndianpura-sthita`bevorstehend';from*peros-stti-sìnAltervoranseiend'probablyair.arsaid,arsid`vetus'(OldIndian
purstt`before,voran,vorn,vorher'iscertainlypura+Abl.-tt).
e. pr - `hervor',perhapsNom.Sg.n.ofstemper-:gr.inEigennamenas-,inel.
-underlikewise,underlikewise;lat.por-tend(:got.faraanjan),-rig,
pol-liceoramongothers,umbr.purdouitu`porricito',falisk.por-ded`brachtedar,widmete';got.far,
as.for,furpreposition`before,for',ags.fords.,aisl.for-`before',withsteigendermeaningaisl.forljtr`veryugly',ags.for-manig`garviele,allzuviele';
germ.derivatives:aisl.forr`hasty,voreilig'(*furha-,comparefrom*pro:gr.underS.815);as.
afries.forth,ford,ags.for`fort,vorwrts';mhd.vort`vorwrts,further,fort`,norw.fort`quick,fast,
bald',aisl.fora,ags.ge-forian`fortbringen';Kompar.*furera-inas.furor,furdorAdv.,ags.furor
Adv.`further',furraAdj.`grer,higher',ahd.furdir,-arAdv.Adj.`vorder,vorzglicher,prior,
vormalig'.
compoundswithformsfromst-`stand'inOldIndianpri-f.`Rippe',pr-h-m`hervorstehender
back,acme,apex',av.par-ta-m.`back',par-ti-f.(Du.)`back',mnd.vorst-f.`ridgeoftheroof'from
*for-st,ags.fyrstds.from*fur-sti-;besideswithlengthenedgradeprefixahd.firstm.,ags.fierstf.
`First'from*fir-sti-;probablyalsolat.postis`Pfosten,doorpost'(*por-sti-s`hervorstehendes');gr.
(besides)`Pfosten,Pfeiler,Trpfeiler',Hes.(*-),lit.
pirtas,OldChurchSlavicprst`finger'(`hervorstehend');
f. per Instr.Sg.ofstem*per;OldIndianpurAdv.`vormals,prior;ehe,bevor',preposition`(to
Schutze)before,without.besides',av.para,ap.parAdv.`zuvor',preposition`before',therefromOld
Indianpur-`vormalig,prior,old',ap.paranamAdv.`vormals';gr.,verbalprefix`before
-toward,dar-',prepositionànetwashin,along,besides;during';`by,fromtheNheweg,from
seiten';got.fara,ahd.as.foraAdv.`vorn,vorher',verbalprefix`vorher,ahead,before',preposition
`before',ags.forepreposition`before'.
g. pro,pr `vorwrts,vorn,voran',formationas*apo,*upo;pr withAuslautsdehnung.
OldIndianpr-prefix`before,vorwrts,fort'(beforeSubst.andverbs),`very'(beforeAdj.),av.fr,
fra-,.fra-prefix`vorwrts,voran;fort,weg';gr.preverb`before',preposition`before',(rhythm.lengthening)ìnvorvorigenyear';lat.pr-,pr-incompounds,prpreposition
`before,for';prnus`vorwrtsgeneigt'(from*prne,comparepne`behind'from*post-ne);about
prdests.WH.II365;osk.-umbr.preverb.pro-,pru-;
air-ro-,cymr.ry-,abret.ro-,ru-,mbret.nbret.ra-,preverbandintensiveprefix,e.g.air.ro-mr`tobig,
large',gall.GNf.Ro-smerta;
got.fra-,ahd.fir-,nhd.ver-preverb(latterpartlyalso=got.far-,seeaboveA.);
OldPrussianpra,pro`through',aspreverb`ver-',lit.pra,pr`vorbei',aspreverb`vorbei-,through-,
ver-',comparepr-garas`wolverine'=lett.pra-garisds.;lett.pru-jm`weg,fort';OldChurchSlavic
preverbpro-`through-,ver-',prepositionruss.ech.pro`becauseof',ablaut.russ.pr-dd,serb.
pr-djed`greatgrandfather';
doubled:OldIndianprpra,gr.àlwaysvorwrts'.
pru- (Reimauf*pu,s.*apo)liesthebasicingr.--`durchgehend',`das
uersteendfromperhapsforming'(`Hinterschiff'etc.).
pr- èarly,matutinal,morgens'inOldIndianpr-trèarly,matutinal,morgens',gr.(att.)
èarly,matutinal,morgens',`morgendlich',dor.,(*),att.(*F
scil.)`krzlich,vorgestern',ahd.fruoìntheFrhe',fruoi,mhd.vreje(=)Adj.èarly,
matutinal'(idg.*pr);lit.pr`vorbei',slav.pra-seeabove.
derivativesfrompro-:
pro-tero- inOldIndianpratarm,-mAdv.`further,prospectively',av.fratara-`thevordere,frhere',
gr.`thevordere,vorige';osk.pruterpan`priusquam'iseinzelsprachlichto*pr-shaped,
alsoOldIndianprtrèarly,matutinal,morgens'seeabove;
inadditionwithSuperlativsuffix-temo-:OldIndianpratamm`vorzugsweise',av.fratma-,.
fratama-`thevorderste,vornehmste,erste'(besidesOldIndianpratham-èrster'andeinzelneiran.
formswithth);gr.*-(from)perhapsindor.èrster';butgr.ds.
from*pr-to-(reshapedfrom*pr-mo-ds.);inadditionm.òne-year-oldlamb'(seeaboveS.
314);
pro-mo- :gr.`Vorderster,Vorkmpfer,guide,leader',umbr.promomAdv.`prmum',got.fram
Adv.`further',preposition`from-her',aisl.framAdv.`vorwrts',fr(*fram)preposition`wegfrom',
ahd.framAdv.`vorwrts,fort,further,immediately,rightaway',preposition`fortfrom,from-her',ags.
fromAdv.`fort',preposition`wegfrom';aisl.framr`voranstehend,vorwrtsstrebend,distinguished',
ags.fram`tchtigpert';
pr e -mo- ingr.`guide,leader'(ratherkorruptfords.),got.frumaèrster'(Sup.
frumists),mhd.frum,vrom`proficient,brav'(nhd.fromm;ahd.as.frumaf.`benefit',nhd.Frommen);
similarlylat.probus`good,proficient,brav',umbr.profe`probe'from*pro-bhuo-s:OldIndianpra-bh`salient,superbanpowerandFlle',aswellasinabg.pro-st`rechtschaffen,simple,just,schlicht',
and(from*pr - mo- )as.formo,ags.formaèrster'(Superl.fyrmest),lit.rmasOldPrussianpirmas
èrster',probablylat.prandium`Frhmahlzeit'from*prm-ediom(*prm-).
pr - ko- `voranseiend':gr.(Nom.Akk.Pl.n.)Adv.`sofort',lat.reci-procuseig.`backwards
andvorwrtsgerichtet',alat.procumGen.Pl.,`procerum',afterpaupersreshapedtoprocers,-um
`dieVornehmsten;diefromthewallherausragendenBalkenkpfe';proculàfar'(comparesimul);
lat.prope`naheby',Superl.proximus,eigentl.*pro-keàndvorwrts(anetwasheran)',withAssimil.
p-ktop-p;inadditionpropter`besides'(*propiter)andpropinquus`benachbart,related'(compare
OldIndianpraty--`zugewandt');compareaboveS.813germ.*furha;
OldChurchSlavicprok`brig',proeAdv.`,igitur'(*prokiom);
aufein*pr-ko-goesbackbret.a-raok`vorwrts,voran,prior',cymr.(y)rhawgàuflange',with
Proklisenkrzung:bret.rak,corn.rag,cymr.rhag`before'.
pr - u o - :inOldIndianprava-`(vorwrts)geneigt,abschssig',n.`slope,Halde';aboutlat.prnus
seeabove;gr.,hom.`vorwrtsgeneigt'afterLeumannHomer.Wrter77f.from
*-`faceahead';withothermeaningahd.fr,as.frao,ags.fra`master,mister'(*frawan-),
got.frauja`master,mister'(aisl.FreyrGNtoo-stemgeworden),as.friods.,aisl.freyja`mistress;
namethegoddess',ahd.frouwa`wife,woman';besidesas.fra,mnd.frwe`wife,woman'from
*frwn,idg*pr-uo-,dasalsoinatt.(lat.Lw.prra)`Schiffsvorderteil'(F-,-idg.
*pruri);perhapslat.prvincia,ifaufa*pruin`master,mister,Herrschaft'beingbasedon;abg.
prav`right,right'(`*gradaus');
withthesameforms,butaslit.prmasèrster'from*per-`shaped',idg. r-u o - in:OldIndian
prva-,av.paurva-,pourva-,.paruva-`thevordere,frhere'(OldIndianprvy-,av.paouruyapaoirya-,ap.paruviya`prior',then`primus'),alb.parèrster',para`vor';OldChurchSlavicprv
prv`theerste';probablyalsodiebasefromags.forwost,forwest`theerste'.
h. preti, proti `comparedwith,entgegen,against',partlyinsenseofEntgelts;preti - os èqualin'.
OldIndianprti(inIran.throughpaitiverdrngt)prefixàgainst,backetc.`prepositionàgainst'etc.;
gr.hom.(kret.reconverted),ion.att.lesb.(compare()`vorwrts'from
*proti,()`fromvorn'),pamphyl.(reconvertedfrom*),ol.,Adv.`yetin
addition,moreover',prefix,prepositionàgainst-toward,to,against',àn',àfteraBereichhin;by(in
Schwren)',`from-her,from';lat.pretium`Wert,Preisathing'(Neutr.einesAdj.*pretios),compare
OldIndianprati-as-`gleichkommen',aprat(stem*pratay-)`withoutEntgelt,free',av.prsk(*prt-
sk)`PreisorWert',OldChurchSlavicprotiv,protivèntgegen',kaschub.procim;wruss.preci,
poln.przeciwàgainst'(alsoinsense,mindofTauschverhltnisses);lett.pretetc.
i. pors(d) :arm.a`by,an,besides',verbalprefixandpreposition;inadditionaaj`Vorderseite,
Anfang',aajinèrster';gr.,(Pind.)`vorwrts'=lat.porr`vorwrts,frder';through
ihreno-vocalismaufflligeformation.
References:
References:WP.II29ff.,EM.2754f.,801,808ff.,811f.,WH.II283ff.,351,364ff.,Trautmann
214f.,220,229f.,230ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,491ff.,499ff.,505ff.,508ff.,541f.,543ff.,654ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):810-816
Root/lemma: per-2 :B.per- ,perEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocarryover,bring;togoover,fare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinberfhrenor-bringenor-kommen,bersetzen,durchdringen,fliegen'
Note:
Note:notcertainlyfromper2
per2:C.toseparate
Material:
Material:OldIndianpparti`fhrthinber,geleitet,furthers,bertrifft',causativepryati`places
about'(=playati`schtzt'),av.par-(withPrfixen)`hindurch-,hinbergehen',Kaus.-prayeit,Old
Indianpra-`hinberbringend,bersetzend',m.n.`jenseitigesbank,border,shore,purpose,
uerstelimit,boundary'(inadditionprya-`wirksam'),av.pra-m.`bank,border,shore;limit,
boundary,end';
arm.hord`begangen,betreten',hordan`fortgehen',hordantam`lassefortgehen',andheriun
`Pfrieme';thrak.,-inplacenames=gr.`ford';
gr.`dringethrough',()`durchdringe,durchbohre'(=ChurchSlavicnaperj),-`durchbohrend',`cusp,peak,sting,prick,Spange';`passage,
Zugang,junction,ford;Ausweg;Pl.incomings',hom.`verschaffen',Aor.;ìs,
warofSchicksalbestimmt'(*pr-),`lead,guide,verschaffe',Med.`fare,journey',
`grant,bestowpassage;verschaffe',`berfahrt,Meerenge';
alb.pruva,prura`brachte,fhrte',sh-poroj`durchbohre,durchsteche'(dis-+*pr-i),sh-poj,tsh-poj,
sh-puay`ds.,durchbrecheeinewall,brecheein'(dis-+*prei),sh-pie`lead,guidehin'(*sem-+
*per);pirr()f.`thorn'(*per-n)etc.;
Maybealb.perndim`sunset,west':MiddlePersian:xwarfrn,(Man.)xwrwpr'n`sunset,west':
Avestan:
Avestan:prtu-[m]`crossing,bridge';OAv.(fra)fr[1sg.subj.aor.act.]`tocross'(Y46.10);LAv.fra-
praiihe[2sg.caus.subj.act.]`tobringover'(Yt71.16);ni-praiieiti[3pl.caus.act.]`toleadto'
lat.port,-re`bear,carry,guide,lead,drive,bringen,offer',umbr.portatu`portato',portust
`portaverit'(*porit,toaniterative*porei);
got.faran,for`wander,pull,drag',farjan`drive,schiffen',st.V.ahd.ags.faran,aisl.fara`drive',schw.
V.as.ferian,ahd.ferien,ferren,aisl.ferja`drive,schiffen'(farjan=*porei);aisl.frf.`journey,Fahrt',
ags.faruf.`Fahrt,journey,pull',mhd.varf.`Fahrt,way,kindof,Weise'(fem.togr.);aisl.
farmr,ags.fearmm.`shipload',ahd.farm`Nachen'(=russ.porom);lengthenedgradeKaus.as.
frian,ahd.fuoren,nhd.fhren,aisl.frads.,ags.(asIter.)fran`gehn,pull,drag'(=av.pryati,
OldChurchSlavicpariti);ahd.fuora`Fuhre,Fahrtetc.`,ags.frf.`Fahrt,cart';aisl.frr`fahrbar,
geeignet',ahd.gi-fuori`fitting,bequem,ntzlich';Verbalabstr.aisl.fer,ags.fierd,ahd.mhd.fart
`Fahrt'(*por-ti-);
russ.-ChurchSlavicna-perj(=),-periti`durchbohren';per,prati`fly';Iter.pariti`fly,
schweben'(=OldIndianprayati,germ.*frjan);pero`feather';russ.porm,skr.prm`Fhre'(=aisl.
farmr);presumablyherealsoOldChurchSlavicporj,prati`carve,slit';aboutnhd.Farnetc.s.
addendumS.850.
per-tu-, por-tu-, Gen.pr - teus `passage,ford':av.prtu-m.f.(urar.*prt-)andpu-m.(urar.

*ptu-)`passage,ford,bridge'(hu-prwa-`goodtoberschreiten'=Èuphrat');lat.portus,-s
`Haustre'(XIItab.);`harbor',angi-portus`narrowPassage,Nebengchen';besides-stemporta
`Stadttor,gate'=osk.[p]rtam;illyr.PNNau-portus;gall.ritu-`ford'inRitumagus,Augustoritum,
acymr.rit,ncymr.rhyd,corn.rit`ford';ahd.furt,ags.ford`ford'(zerogradeaisl.fjrr`narrow
Meerbusen'from*per-tu-s);besidesf.i-steminnhd.PNFrth(*furti-).
Maybealb.port`door'fromlat.porta`gate',port`harbor'fromlat.portus`harbor'.
addendumtoS.817:
ToChurchSlavicpero`feather'belong*por-no- `feather'inOldIndianpar-n.`feather,leaf',av.
parna-n.`feather,Flgel',as.ahd.farn`Farnkraut'(*Federkraut),ags.fearnm.ds.,lit.sparnas,lett.
sprnsm.`Flgel'(dass-fromtherootspher-);
*prti-singall.ratis,mir.raithf.`Farnkraut',bret.rad-enncollectiveds.;
*po-port-io-inlit.paprtis,paparts`Farnkraut',lett.paparde,paparskeds.;withlengthenedgrade
slav.*paparti-f.inruss.pporotetc.ds.
WP.II21,Trautmann206,Vasmer2,313.
References:
References:WP.II39f.,WH.II344,Trautmann206,215f.
Page(s):
Page(s):816-817
Root/lemma: per-2
per-2:C.per- ,perEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verkaufen(eig.toVerkaufhinberbringen'),`hinberhandeln,zuteilen';from
demWertandGegenwertinHandelalsoWrterfor`gleich,compare,begleichen'
Material:
Material:.Gr.(presentandImpf.),,-(formal=`dringethrough'),
(),and,(att.),,`verkaufe',(gr.stem*per-),
`meretrix';air.ren(a)id`verkauft'(*pr-n-:gr.-),Konj.3.Sg.-ra-(*r-afterIndik.*[p]rina-for*[p]er-eingetreten),Perf.3.Sg.-rir(*ri-r-e);verbalnounreicc(Dat.)`Verkaufen'(infinal
soundaftercc`healing,payment'directed);comparewithanoldGutt.-extensionlit.perkpirkti
`kaufe'.
.Av.pairyante`siebecomecompared',aipi-par-`(seineblame)begleichen,penance,atonement
make',a-prti-`Shne',pra-n.Àusgleichung(ablame),Shne,punishment',pra-m.`blame'
(inadditionprobablyalsopar-`verurteilen');lat.pr(lengthenedgrade),pris`gleichkommend,
gleich,pair',therefrompar,-re`gleichschtzen',comparre`compare'(umbr.parsest`parest'hat
dassfrommersest).
.OldIndianprt-n.,prt-f.èarnings'=lat.pars,-tis`part'(*pereti-),porti`part,allotment'
(nachklass.;klass.onlyprportine,assim.from*prpartine);air.rann,cymr.rhan,mcorn.ran,
abret.Pl.rannou`part'(*per-sn);air.ern(a)id`grants',Konj.r-a-raèrmgeesgewhren',preterit
ro-rèrhatgewhrt'(*pr-e),Fut.*ebraid(*pi-pr-s-e-ti);ro-rathìsgewhrtworden'(*pr-to-);hitt.
par-`break,rupture,grind,splitup,cutup,divide'.
References:
References:WP.II40f.,WH.II250f.,256f.,257ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):817
Root/lemma: per-2 :D.perEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobear(child)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gebren,hervorbringen'
Note:
Note:(asfer:`gebre'ineinstigerrelationshiptoper-2:Càllot')
Material:
Material:.Lat.pari,-ere,peper,partum,paritrus`togivebirthtochildren',reperi,-re,repper,
repertum`wiederfinden,find,learn',partus,-s`togivebirthtochildren,birth;Leibesfrucht',Parca
(*parica)originally`Geburtsgttin',Propertiuseig.`theFrhgeborene'=umbr.Propartie`Propertii',
par,-re`bereite,erwerbe,kaufe',compar`kaufe'(`sichetwasbesorgen,verschaffen');imperre
ànschaffen=order';
lit.periu,perti`brte',peraNom.Pl.`Bienenlarven'.
.OldIndianprthuka-m.`rother,cattle,calf,Tierjunges',arm.ort`,-u`calfofRindesorHirsches'
(withformants-thu-);gr.,,`calf,youngcow';cymr.erthylàbortus';ahd.far,farro,
nhd.Farre,ags.fearr,aisl.farri(*farz-)`bull',withgramm.variationmhd.verse,nhd.Frse`young
cow'(germ.*frs,Gen.*frsjs),toags.hah-fore,engl.heifer;originallyfromjungenanimals,
compareengl.farrow`notpregnant',wfries.fear`gelt';lengthenedgradeags.fr,mnd.vr
`Schweinchen';OldChurchSlavicza-prtk`wind-Ei',ech.s-pratek`frhgeborenescalf',klr.vyportok`Frhgeburt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):818
Root/lemma: per-2 :E.perEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totry,dare,risk;danger
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`versuchen,probieren,riskieren,Gefahr'
Note:
Note:(=per-`hinberfhren,durchdringen')
Material:
Material:Arm.pòrj`Versuch'(express.p`-);gr.f.Èrfahrung,Versuch',ol.(*),
,-`versuche',`skillful,smart,adroit';lat.experior,-r`versuche,prfe',
expermentum`Versuch,Prfung',comperi,-reèrfahregenau',opperior,-r,-tus(and-tus)sum
`warte,erwarte',pertus`skillful',perculum`Versuch,Probe;danger;Proze;accusation';dasfrom
per-tus,-culumderivesfromdencompoundswith-perior;air.a(i)re`Wachen,attention',nir.faire,
becauseofgallo-brit.arenPl.`Kundschafter'from*prei;germ.*firina-`dasAuergewhnliche'in
got.farinaf.`blame',ahd.firina`Verbrechen'etc.;germ.*fra-`danger'inaisl.frn.`danger,
misfortune',ags.frm.,ahd.fr(a)`pestering,temptation;snare,danger',togot.frjam.
Àufpasser',ahd.frnàuflauern'etc.;perhapsinadditionwithAbtnunggr.-àfflicted'
as`Gefahrenerduldend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):818
Root/lemma: per-3 ,per-gEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Aryanonlywitht-formants:OldIndianpt-,ptan`fight,struggle,fight',av.prt-,pan
`fight,struggle,battle',prtamna`diemiteinanderKmpfenden',paiti-partata`bekmpft';
arm.hariÌschlug'(Aor.topresentharkanem,seebelow),harac`vulnus';orot`thunder',orotam
`donnere';
alb.pres`haueab,low,base;cut,bite',Aor.preva,mpretèskmmertmich,ismirangelegen',
pritem`werdegeschnitten;zerkratzemich;kmmeremichumetwas';
lat.prem,-ere,pressi,pressum`push,press',prlum`Presse,Kelter'(*pres-lom);rootpr-em-(with
durativem-em-)andpr-es-asgr.`tremble:'(*tres)ds.;
lit.peri,perti`withdemBadequasthit,jemandenbathe;hit',lett.peu,prtds.;lit.pirts,lett.prts
`Badestube';
OldChurchSlavicper,prati`hit,esp.withdemBluelhit,wash',skr.prm,prti`wash';ablaut.
OldChurchSlavicprj,*prti`contendere',s-prja,s-r`fight',ech.pru,pitise`quarrel'and
OldChurchSlavic*pr,*pertiinruss.pru,prat,peret`press,urge,press,push',napor`shove'
etc.,aruss.prt`Badestube';
perg-: arm.harkanem(prg-)`hit,zerhaue(wood),flle(Bume),slay,kmpfe';air.orcaid,mir.
oirggidèrschlgt,slays,verwstet';mir.cymr.orn`Morden,Zerstren'(*[p]org-no-od.-n);abret.
treorgam`perfor',orgiat`caesar'(=caesor),gall.orgeòccide',PNOrgeto-rx;differentaboutkelt.
org-s.Lewis-Pedersen387(tohitt.harganu-`destroy';comparedasair.verbalnounorcunfrom
*orgen);perhapshereOldIndianParjnya-rain-andGewittergott;seeunderperku-s.
References:
References:WP.II42f.,WH.II288,Trautmann215;
Seealso:
Seealso:furthertoperg-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):818-819
Root/lemma: persn ,-sn - ,-snoEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:heel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Ferse'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpri-f.,av.pna-n.`calcaneus';gr.f.;lat.pernaf.(*prsn)
`Hinterkeule,Schweineschinken,Schenkel,leg',perns`quick,fast'(withthecalcaneus);got.farsna,
as.fersna,ahd.fersana`calcaneus'(*persn),ags.fiersinf.ds.(*prsni-);hitt.parina(leg.parna)
`thigh,Lende',par-(a)ni-`hocken'(aufdenOberschenkeln).
References:
References:WP.II50f.,WH.II289f.,PedersenHitt.258.
Page(s):
Page(s):823
Root/lemma: persEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrizzle,sprinkle;dust,ashes
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprhen,stieben,spritzen(bespritzt=gesprenkelt),prusten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpat,prat-mn.`drip';pant-,f.pat`dappled,dotted,spotted,varicolored',
prat`scheckigecow,gefleckteantelope';av.paruya-òfwater',n.,perhaps`Schneewasser';aisl.
fors,fossm.`waterfall';
lit.purslas,pursla`Schaumspeichel',purktiàseineKatzeprusten,schnarchen';lett.prsla`Flocke'
(ofsnow,ash,wool)ablaut.prslads.;(comparelett.spurslt`prusten');slav.*para-m.`dust,
powder'>*porchinOldChurchSlavicrachds.;slav.prstinOldChurchSlavicprst`',
(*pers-),besidessloven.prhm.`dust,powder,ash'(=aisl.fors),phati`strew,distribute,whisk',ech.
pretids.etc.;toch.prs-`sprinkle';participleAkt.paprs,hit.pappar-`spritzen,sprinkle'.
References:
References:WP.II50;Trautmann206f.,
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionfromper-1 `sprhen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):823
Root/lemma: perthEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole;sprout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Schling'
Material:
Material:Arm.ort`(o-stem)`grapevine,Rebe';
Maybealb.hardi,hardhi`grapevine'(seeabove)[commonalb.ph->h-phoneticmutation]
gr.m.`sprout'(compare:etc.);perhapslat.pertica`shaft,pole',whether
notfromper-ti-catoosk.pert`bisto'from*per-ti,alsooriginally`transom';compareech.pskads.,
S.810.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):823
Root/lemma: pes-3 ,pesos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:membrumvirile
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasmnnlicheGlied'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpsas-n.=gr.n.`penis',gr.f.ds.,lat.pnis(*pesnis);ahd.fasel,
ags.fsl,ahd.faselt`penis',mhd.vaselrint`Zuchtstier',nhd.Faselschwein`breedingpig',ablaut.
mhd.vesil`fertile',visel`penis'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):824
Root/lemma: pet-1 ,p e t- ,petEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toopenwide(thearms)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusbreiten',especiallydieArme
Material:
Material:Av.paana-`wide,breit'(dasafterpru-ds.);
gr.Aor.,,thereafter`breitefrom,ffne',previouspresent,
(from*pet-),n.`curtain',m.`breitkrempigerHut',àusgebreitet',n.
`Platte,leaf',f.`platter'(from*;outofitlat.patinads.);
lat.pate,-re`sicherstrecken,offenstehen';inadditionpand,-ere`ffne,breitefrom'(thevariation
t:dexpoundedsichthrougholdathemat.inflectionafterKuiper,Nasalprs.163),passusm.
`footstep,Klafter';patera`flatbowl'(frompatinathroughinfluenceofcrater);whetherherepetlus
`thinandschmchtig';osk.pat[t]`patet',patensns`panderent',volsk.Imper.an-patitu
`*adpandit';
schott.-gl.aitheamh(*eitheamh)`filament'(asMa),=acymr.etem,ncymr.edauds.(*petim);
aisl.famr`hugging,embrace,Klafter,filament',FlNF,Gen.Faar,ags.fmmf.ds.`filament,
Klafter',engl.fathom,ahd.fadam,fadum`filament';herealsoags.foer,engl.fother,nhd.Fuder,
ahd.fuodar,as.fther,ags.for`Wagenlast',nhd.Fuder,fromgerm.*fra-`dasUmfassende';got.
faa,mhd.vadef.`fence'(asÙmfassung');ahd.fedel-gold`Blattgold'(:gr.),doubtfulags.
gold-fell`Goldplatte',mhd.golt-vel`goldplating';
lit.pets`shoulder',OldPrussianpettef.ds.;pettism.`shovel,scapula';
hitt.pattar,Dat.paddani`Tablett()'.
References:
References:WP.II18,WH.II244f.,262,Trautmann217.
Page(s):
Page(s):824-825
Root/lemma: pet-2 ,pet- :pt- ,pt- (gr.pt- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofall;tofly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufetwaslos-orniederstrzen,fliegen,fallen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianptati`flies,wirftsich,fllt'(=,lat.pet,acymr.hedat),Aor.apaptat;
pet-inFut.patiyati,Supin.ptitum,participlepatit-);patyati`flies'(=gr.),ptyati`lt
fliegen,schleudert,ltfall'(lengthenedgradeaspta-m.`Flug,fall,Sturz',gr.`flattre'),
pra-pat-`hineilen,fall',ptman-n.`Flug,Pfad,pathway'(:,);av.pataiti`flies,hurries',
ap.ud-apatatèrhobsich',av.patayeiti`flies',acapastiInf.`hinabzufallen',paitipasti-f.
Èntgegengehen,-treten'(compareOldIndianati-patti-`Zeitablauf'),fromanu -presentparapawant`fortfliegend(ofPfeil)';av.tta-(*ptt-),`fallend(ofrain':gr.ds.);
arm.tìmÌfliege'(*pter-i-sk).
gr.hom.`fliege'();otherwisealso,èntflog',,,dor.,
Fut.;`quick,fastfliegend',,(*),(*)
`geflgelt,flgge',`Flug',,-`zumFliegenbefhigt,beflgelt,fliegend',
(and,seeabove)`flattre',ds.,,bySuidas`Flug',,dor.
`fliegend';
stem-,-`fly',but-,-,-withthemeaning`fall'::-(for*-after)
`fall';Perf.,participle,att.from*;(Pind.),(dor.
inschr.)`notfallend,nichtdemFalleausgesetzt';`fall',-`bequem,gnstig',-
`vorwrtsfallend,geneigt'(:OldIndianpra-pat-),n.(Gen.from*)`cadaver',
`lot,fate,fate,destiny,esp.trauriges',`river',eig.`Wassersturz';,`fall'
(:);`fallend';
withthemeaning-frbungoflat.petere:gr.ìntensemovement'(:lat.petulans;comparealso
ìmpetumfacere');
finallyhat-:-:-alsodieprobablyfrom`niederstrzen'developmentmeaning`sich
niederducken'and`verzagt,infearsein':-`(diePferde)scheuten',`geduckt',
`fear,shyness,fright'(*F,compare,),()`frighten,in
Bestrzungversetzen',Pass.`fromSchreckenergriffenbecome';withgutt.extension(*)`duckemich'(Aor.,dor.alsotrans.`frighten';-),`ducke
michtimorous,flee',(*)ds.;,-`shy,fleeting'(m.`hare'),ablaut.m.f.
`wimp',Gen.;`beggar';toletzteren,asitseems,alsoarm.tàkìm,tàkèay`sich
conceal';
lat.pet,-ere,-v,tumàufetwaslosgehen,toerlangensuchen,long,want'(pet-tor,-tio,also
probablypetgo`mange;scabies'as`Befall');petulansàggressiv,pert,bratty,ausgelassen',petulcus
`stoend'(from*petulus,comparetol-formsgr.),impetusàssault,attack',praepesìnFluge
vorauseilend;quick,fast';
acymr.hedant`volant',ncymr.eh-edeg`dasFliegen';eh-edyddm.`Lerche';
lett.ptt`desirehave,nachforschen'.
r- andn -formations:1.withdemg -formsOldIndianpatag-`fliegend,bird',pataga-`bird'(*petngo-s;fromdenIndernasìnFlugegoing'umgedeutet);av.fraptrjt-(-jant-)`bird';gr.,-

`Flgel'(compareOldIndianpatru-);dasDenom.`hitwithdenFlgeln'after
`shake';ahd.fed(e)rah`Flgel',anfrk.fetheraccoàlarum'(-a-c-throughinfluenceofahd.fedara-,
anfrk.fethera);
2.OldIndianpttra-,pta-tra-n.`wing,feather',patar-,patru-`fliegend',av.patarta-`fliegend';
arm.tìr`Flug',tìten`butterfly'(redupl.),tèrt``leaf,foliage'(*pter-);gr.`feather,Flgel';
`Farn';
lat.acci-piter,-pitris`hawk,falcon'(to1.partseeunder*ku-`quick,fast');penna`feather,Flgel'
(*petn);alat.pesnafrom*pets-n;pinnaisprobablydial.formforpenna;pro(p)tervus`boisterous
vordringend,cheeky'(*pro-pteru-o-);
Maybealb.(*penna)pend`feather'[commonalb.n>ndshift].
acymr.eterin`bird',Pl.atar,ncymr.aderyn,adards.(asecondaryfrome);air.n`bird'(*petno-),
cymr.edn,acorn.hethends.,abret.etn-coilhaam`holdVogelschau',mbret.ezn,nbret.evn,ein`bird',
acymr.atan(*peteno-),ncymr.adain`Flgel,Arm'(*peten-),bret.(h)adan`nightingale',with
secondarya,ascymr.adaf`Flgel,hand'(*petem);abret.attanoc`volitans';mir.ette,nir.eite
`Fittich'(from*pet-enti),mir.ethait`bird'=OldIndianptanti`fliegend'(*pet-ont);mir.eithren.`tail'
(*peterio-);
Note:
Commonarm.ph->h-,zerophoneticmutation,spreadinSanskritandCeltic
ANATOLIAN
Hittite
Hittitepata-`foot'
WESTEUROPEAN
Latin
Latinpe:s,pedis`foot,offoot'
OldIrish
OldIrish'water'
Tocharian
TocharianApts`foot'
SOUTHEUROPEAN
Greek
Greekpos,pods`foot,offoot'
Armenian
Armenianotn,otk'`foot,feet'
Sanskrit
Sanskrit:ts`foot',p:dam(accusativecase)
Avestan
Avestanpad-`foot'
ahd.fedara,anfrk.fethera,ags.feer,aisl.fjdrf.`feather'(*ptr);ahd.fetth,mhd.vittich,mnd.
vit(te)k,nhd.Fittich;
hitt.pattarn.,Gen.Pl.paddana`Flgel'.
*pti-,pti-:gr.`stoeanetwas(intr.),strauchle,irre,havewhereasmisfortune'(,
,),raretr.`bump,poke,umstrzen',`damage,loss,misfortune,
Niederlage',`geradausfliegend'(probablyeig.`geradaustreffend=stoend,
aufschlagend'),`feather,Flaumfeder'.
References:
References:WP.II19ff.,WH.II282f.,297f.
Page(s):
Page(s):825-826
Root/lemma: peuk - andpeuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;topunch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen',also`boxen'('withvorgestrecktemKnchelofMittelfingers')
Material:
Material:1.peuk - :gr.*n.`cusp,peak,sting,prick'ingr.-,hom.-`with
acusp,peakversehen';`pricking,verwundend',later`bitter',`sharp,
eindringend';
hereas`diestechende'dasrootnounspeuk - :puk - `fir,spruce'ingr.f.ds.,thrak.PN,
illyr.VNPeucetii,mir.ochtachf.(*puktk)`fir,spruce,spear,javelin';ahd.fiuhta,aschs.fiuhtia
(*fiuhtjn)`fir,spruce',OldPrussianpeusef.`pinetree'(balt.*piau),zerogradelit.pusf.,Gen.
Pl.pu,ostlit.Nom.Pl.pes(conservativestem).
2.peu- :gr.Adv.`withthefist',f.`fist,Faustkampf',èineFausthigh,dwarf',
,-m.ùlna,ell',-,`Faustkmpfer';lat.pugilds.,pugnusm.`fist',pgn,re`fight',pung,-ere,pupug,punctum`prick',pgim.`Dolch'.
References:
References:WP.II15,WH.II383f.,Trautmann232,SpechtIndog.Dekl.57f.
Page(s):
Page(s):828
Root/lemma: peu-1 ,peu - :p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclean,sift
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reinigen,lutern,sieben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianTrans.punti,Med.pvat`purifies,cleans,lutert(sich)',pvitum;pavtr-,
ptar-m.`Reiniger,Luterer',pavtram`Luterungsmittel,Seihe,Sieb';pvana-`reinigend',pvak(alsopavk-)`lauter'=mpers.pavg,np.pk`lauter,pure';OldIndianpt-`pure',pti-f.`cleaning,
purification';av.pitika-`zurLuterungdienend';
lat.prus`pure'(formationascl-ru-s),prg,olderprig,-re`clean';ptus`pure',nepus`non
prus'(*nept-s);putre`clean,putzen';mir.r`neu,fresh,edel',cymr.ir`fresh,green';ahd.fowen,
mhd.voewen`sieben,corn,grainclean'(*fawjan=OldIndianpavyati`purifies,cleans,lutert');
doubtfulgr.,`Wurfschaufel'(:ahd.fowen).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):827
Root/lemma: peu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toresearch,tounderstand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrforschen,begreifen,verstndigsein'
Material:
Material:Gr.-(*-F-)and--ùnverstndig,kindisch',`smart',
Hes.(duetoeinespresent*--from*-);lat.puto-are(putre)`to
cleanse,clear;oftrees,tolop.Transf.toclearup,settle,esp.ofaccounts;hence,toweighup,
ponder,reckon,estimate;toconsider,believe,think';OldChurchSlavicis-py-t`perscrutatio',pytaj,
-ati`scrutri,quaerere'.
maybealb.(*peus)pyesàskquestions',pyetje`question':gr.,f.`question'.
Proto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:pytati:OldChurchSlavic:
OldChurchSlavic:pytatièxamine,scrutinize'[verb],Russian:
Russian:pytt'
`torture,torment,tryfor'[verb],Slovak:
Slovak:pytat'àsk'[verb],Polish:
Polish:pytaàsk'[verb],SerboSerboCroatian:
Croatian:ptatiàsk'[verb],Slovene:
Slovene:ptatiàsk'[verb],Othercognates:
Othercognates:lat.putre`cutoff
branches,estimate,consider,think'[verb].
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:bheudh- ,nasal.bhu-n-dh- :
:`tobeawake,aware'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
peu-1 ,peu - :p - :
:`toclean,sift',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:peu-2 :
:`toresearch,tounderstand'(see
above).
References:
References:WP.II13f.;differentSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,6962.
Page(s):
Page(s):827
Root/lemma: peu-3
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schaum'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderp-1,S.847.
Page(s):
Page(s):827
Root/lemma: peu Seealso:
Seealso:s.p-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):828
Root/lemma: peu r ,p r ,Gen.pu-n-s ,Lok.puu ni
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fire
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:withmannigfacherAusgleichungther- andn- formsandofvocalism
Material:
Material:Arm.hur(Gen.hroy)`fire'(*pr-),hn-ocòven'(*pn-);gr.,`fire',wherefore
`Feuersttte,stove,hearth,Scheiterhaufen',m.`fever',m.`Brandfackel',
korinth.F`Pferdename'(*`feuerrot'),,poet.`feuerrot'(*F);
Maybeillyr.TNPirustae(Pipustae)
umbr.pir`fire'(*pr),Akk.purom-eìnsfire'(*pr-),osk.aasapurasiaìnaraigniaria';
aisl.frrm.`fire'(*pr-)andfyrr,fyri;ahd.as.afries.fiur(*peuri);ahd.olderfuir(disyllabic,compare
Musp.vugir),ags.fyr(fromdemLok.*puuri);
got.fn`fire'(*pun),Gen.Dat.funins,funin(latterfrom*puneni,ahybridizationfrom*puuni:*puns),aisl.funim.`fire';ahd.funko,mengl.fonke`spark';withablaut(*puon-)mnd.vanke`spark';
Maybeillyr.TNPerestae(Penestae)
OldPrussianpanno`fire',panu-staclan`Feuerstrahl'(*puonu),Lw.finn.panu`fire';
slav.*pria-m.`glowingash'inech.pm.andpin.ds.;inadditionaech.pyina`favilla',ech.
peti`glow',serb.upritiànfachen'etc.;
hitt.paur,pauwar,Dat.pahu(e)ni`fire';toch.Apor,puwr,pwrds.
References:
References:WP.II14f.,WH.II391,Trautmann206,232,BenvenisteOrigines1,10;Pedersen
Hitt.187f.
Page(s):
Page(s):828
Root/lemma: pezdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobreakwind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leiseeinenWindstreichenlassen'
Note:
Note:(compare*perd-`loudfurzen')
Material:
Material:Gr.`leiseeinenstreichenlassen'from*z(reconvertedfrom*pezd),wherefore
-`fetidness'withnewformationero-grade,and*--`pdens,scornful,ridiculing'in
-`Cleontoppdns',aswellasasbasefrom`disgusting',
`verabscheue,empfindedisgust,repulsion,loathing',`verabscheue,dread',butalso`';
lat.pd,-ere`furzen'(*pezd),pdex`theHintere'(*pozd-ek-s),pdis`louse'(becauseofDemin.
pdiculusolder*pdex);
klr.pezdtyandzerograde(protoslav.*bzd-)bzdty,russ.bzdt`leiseeinenstreichenlassen',
sloven.pezdti,lit.bezd,bezdti,lett.bezdt`leiseeinenstreichenlassen',lit.bzdas`podex',
bzdius`Stnker';balt.*bezdtibasedonauf*pzdtibesides*pezdti;perhapshandeltessichalso
umcontaminationwiththerootbhes-`blow',aboveS.146.
References:
References:WP.II68f.,WH.II272ff.,Trautmann221;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareabovepes-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):829
Root/lemma: p d -1 ,p d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:container,vessel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen;Gef'
Material:
Material:OldIndianperhapspalla-m.`Kornbehlter',pall`Getreidema'(whether-ll-from-dl-);
ahd.fazzn,mhd.vazzenìneinvesseltun,catch,rsten,sichbekleiden',ahd.fezzil,mhd.vezzel
`band,strap,manacle',ags.fetel(s)m.`belt,girdle',aisl.fetillm.`Schulterband'(germ.*fatila-),ahd.
vazz`container,Kasten',as.fatn.`vessel',ags.ftn.`vessel,barrel,vat,cask',aisl.fatn.`vessel,
fur';ags.ftels`vessel',ahd.givazzi`Bagage',mhd.gevzze,nhd.`vessel';got.fetjan,ags.ftan
àdorn',aisl.ftaèswithjemandemtotunhave(àdorn'from`beautifultunmit');lit.pdas
`Getreidegarbe',lett.pda`bundle,armful,armload',ablaut.lit.podas,lett.pudsm.`pot,pan'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):790
Root/lemma: p d -2 ,p d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:foot,*genitalia
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fu';verbal`gehen,fallen'
Grammaticalinformation:m.Nom.Sg.p t s ,Gen.ped-s/-s ,Nom.Pl.pd-es
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianpad-`foot'(pt,pdam,pad),av.pad-ds.;Oldpers.pdaibiy`withden
Fen';arm.ot-k``',ot-n`,';gr.,att.,Gen.`foot'(`100
feetlong');lat.ps,pdisds.,umbr.pei,persi`pede'(dupursus`bipedibus',-u-probablyfrom--);
air.s`below'(whereofse`low')m.dative,fromdemLok.Pl.*pd-su`toFen'deutbar=alb.posh
inprposhùnder',posh-t`herab,unterirdisch;under,downwards';got.ftus,aisl.ftr,ags.ft
(Nom.Pl.aisl.ftr,ags.ftfrom*ftiz)ahd.fuoz`foot';hitt.luv.pata-,Hierogl.-hitt.patds.;toch.A
pe,pai,DualApe,paine;
Note
Note:
Maybealb.(*po-s)posht`below,under'fromthesamerootasslav.languagesslav.pod`below,
under'fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:apo- (p , ap-u, pu)::(from,out,of)notfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:p d -2 ,
p d - :
:(foot,*genitalia).
toped-`foot'belongsgr.dial.`',originally`(jemandem)aufdemFue',comparelat.
pedisequus,-a`servant,-in'eig.àufdemFuefolgend'andunderdiearm.fromhet`footprint'
refinedprepositions;
with-i - s , -i-t- `going'areshaped:gr.`pedestris',lat.ped-es,-i-t-is`Fugnger,Fusoldat';
fromlat.psderivespedre`withaFuversehen,prop,support',andtherefromagainpedum
`Hirtenstab,pad';
pdi o - inOldIndianpdya-`denFubetreffend',pdy`Futritt,hoof',av.paiy`foot',gr.f.
`foot,untereredge,border,hem,smallfishingnet',lat.acu-pedius`swift-footed',ahd.fizza`Gewinde,
Garn'(=gr.),nhd.`Fitze',(whereforegerm.*fetf.inaisl.fit`Schwimmhaut,edge',ags.fitt
`break,section,poem',norw.dial.fiorfitÈidechse',`'),lit.lengva-pdis`leisefig';pedingr.n.`sandal'andgerm.*fet;podi o -m :mir.u(i)den.`journey'.
2.Verbal:OldIndianpdyate`goes,fllt'(-patti-Ùnfall';padti-,pat-t-m.`Fuknecht'),av.paiyeiti
`bewegtsichafterdownwards,legtsichnieder';OldChurchSlavicpado,pasti`fall'alsopo-pasti
`catch'eig.àufjemandenfall,anfallen'(ortop d -1 );napast`casus';lit.pdinu,-inti`slowlygo,
leisetread',pdoti`Futrittemake',gr.`spring,hpfe';comparezur-gradestilllit.pd
`footprint',psias`tofoot'from*pd-tios,lett.pda`Fusohle,Fustapfe,footasMa',pc(from
pdis,Instr.Pl.frompds`footprint',comparelit.pdasds.)àfter,becauseof,gem',OldChurch
Slavicp`tofoot',gr.`Ruderblatt',`rudder,helm';auftheverbalenmeaning`more
abfallendortoFallen,Verkommengeneigt'basedonletztenEndesalsotheKompar.lat.peior`bad'
(*ped-is),Superl.pessimus`theschlechteste'(*ped-semos);pessum`tobottom,zugrunde'(*ped-tu-
m)=Infin.OldIndianpttum;aisl.fetast.V.(alsowithlei,veg,heim)`denwayfind'ags.ge-fetan
st.V.`fall',ahd.fezzan`labare',gi-fezzanèxire,excidere',aisl.fata`seinenwayfinden',ags.fatian
(wf)ùxoremducere',ahd.sihuazzon`scandere',ags.fetian,engl.fetch`get,fetch'(ags.fatianand
fetiancouldalsotop d -1 belong,asgenerallydiebeidenSippennotsharptoseparateare).
3.pedo-m etc.:OldIndianpad-n.`footstep,Tritt,Fustapfe',av.paa-n.`spoor'(and`footas
Ma'),ap.pati-padamànseineStellezurckkehrend';
arm.het,Gen.hetoy`footprint',prepositiony-et(*i-hetìnthefootprint')àfter',z-het,zetoy`behind
after';mir.ined(*eni-pedo-)`spoor(theFe);place',air.edn.`stretchoftime',gall.candetum
`spatium,centumpedum'probablyforcant-[p]edum;comparelat.peda`vestigiumhumanum',aisl.fet
n.`footstep;footasMa';lit.pd`footprint',lett.pda`Fusohle'etc.(seeabove);gr.
`ground,bottom',Èbene,field'(-`tight,firmstehend';aboutseeaboveS.
198);lat.oppid`vollig,ganzandgar'(ob+*pedomàuftheStelle');umbr.peum,persom-e`
`solum';hitt.pedann.,place';
o-grade:lit.pdas`Fusohle,Stiefelsohle'=OldChurchSlavic*pod`bottom,Untergrund,
Unterlage'(prepositionpod`below,under'),lit.pdiaiPl.Ùntergestellabarrel',OldChurchSlavic
pod`fundamentum,locussubterraneus';
schwundstufigeforms:OldIndianupa-bd-m.`Getrampel',av.fra-bda`forefoot'(fromped-`foot'),abda-`wheremannichthintreten,nichtfestenFufassenkann';gr.-`dayafterdemFeste'.
4.Bedeutungsgruppe`(Fu)fessel,hindrancefordieFe':av.bibda-`zweifachemanacle';gr.
`manacle',,`fele',-n.`slave',-`fromdemWege',ìnWege,obstructive';lat.pedica`manacle,loop,noose,snare'(wherewithe.g.einTierana
footangebundenwird);lat.peccre`fehlen,sndigen'to*peccos<*ped-cosèinenFehleramfoot
habend',whereforealsoumbr.pesetom`peccatum',compes`Fuschelle,Fublock',impedi,-re
`hinder',Gegensatzbildungexpedre`dasHinderniswegnehmen'(probablyto*pedisf.`Fufessel'
shaped);inadditionoppidum`dieSchrankenofZirkus(also`quodpedibusobest');Landstadt'
(originallywithHindernissenverrammelterefuge);atmostumbr.tribicu,tribrisine`ternio'as*tripediki`Dreikoppelung';aisl.fjturrm.`manacle,band,strap',ags.fter,feotorf.,as.ftur,ahd.
fzzerds.
maybealb.peng<lat.pedica-ae
pedica-ae,f.àfetter;atrap,snare(foranimal'sfeet)';alb.pengoj
(nasalized*pdica)`hinder'=lat.*pedica,impedi,-re;
References:
References:WP.II23ff.,WH.I428f.,II214f.,269,272f.,293ff.,Trautmann209f.
Page(s):
Page(s):790-792
Root/lemma: p(i)- ,pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toharm,scold,puttoshame
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wehtun,beschdigen,schmhen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpyati`schmht,hhnt',py-,pyru-`hhnend,schmhend';
gr.`ruin,affliction',ùnbeschdigt;unschdlich',`stiftemischief,richte
zugrunde'(idg.*p-mn),Hes.,-`lack,Entbehrung';,dor.
`mutilated,blind',-ùnverstmmelt';lat.paene(pne)`beinahe,fast;ganzandgar'(originally
neutereinesAdj.*p-ni-s`damages,mangelhaft'),paenitetèsreut,tutleid',pnria`lack';froma
participle*p-t-s`geschdigt'derivespatior,-,passussum`dulde,erdulde,suffer';
idg.pi- ingot.faian`rebuke,reproach',p- ingot.fijan,aisl.fj,ags.fon,ahd.fn`hate',participle
presentingot.fijands,ahd.fntetc.`fiend';
withfracturedreduplicationOldIndianpp-`schlimm,mad,wicked,evil';ppmn-m.`mischief,
damage,affliction'previouslyafterdemperhapslallwortartigenpp-for*pman-eingetreten;Old
Indianpmn-standsforèineHautkrankheit,scabies',pman-,pmar-`scabby',asav.pman`scabies,surface,plain,area,Trockenheit',whereforepresumablylat.paeminsus,pminsus
`brittle,rissig';OldIndianpp-=arm.hivand-`sick'(ErnstLewy).
References:
References:WP.II8f.,WH.II234f.,264,283.
Page(s):
Page(s):792-793
Root/lemma: p s -1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blasen,wehen'
Note:
Note:(seealsops-2`dust,powder,sand')
Material:
Material:Aisl.fnnf.`snowdrift,Schneehaufe'(*fazn),-fennin.ds.;asìnWindewehenderFaden':
ahd.fasom.,fasaf.`fibre,filament,fringe,hem',ags.fs(n)n.`fringe',engl.feaze`fibers';aisl.
fsullm.`band,strap',mnd.vese(n)`chaff,fibre,filament,fringe',ndl.vezel`filament',ahd.fesa
`chaff,Spelze',nhd.Fehse,dn.fjser,olderf(j)s`fibers',ahd.fasnùntersuchen'(*rub,wearout);
OldChurchSlavicchyràroundswelling;inwater,abubble,bubble',pachati`ventilare,agitare',
russ.pachnt`blow',pchnut`duften,smell',zpach`smell,odor,Duft'etc.;russ.psmo
`Garnstrnne',lett.pusm(i)s`dividingoff,partitioningoffbetweenzweiEndpunkten',àsmuchman
withzweiFingernfromtheKunkelFlachszieht';ech.-poln.pochva`tail'(`wedelnd'),OldChurch
Slavic-ds.;nasalizedpoln.pchnànblasen,anwehen',pch,pch`Witterung(ofHundes')
etc.;perhapsbulg.pasmina`Rasse'(compareOldIndiantntu-`filament,fibre,Geschlechtsfaden,
rowtheNachkommen,progeny').
References:
References:WP.II67,Trautmann229,Vasmer2,320.
Page(s):
Page(s):823-824
Root/lemma: ps-2 ,nasalizedpnsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dust,sand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Staub,Sand'
Material:
Material:OldIndianps-,psuk-`dust,powder,sand',av.psnu-ds.;ChurchSlavicpsk
`sand';
presumablyas`thewehende,gewehte'benanntandtops-1 `blow'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):824
Root/lemma: pu- :pu- :p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit;sharp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen;scharf,schneidendhauen'
Material:
Material:Lat.pavi,-re`hit,stomp',depuvere`caedere',pavmentum`geschlagenerBoden,
Estrich';fromaparticiple*putosderivesput,-re`cut,clip',amputre`ringsbeschneiden,
abschneiden',()puteus`ditch,trench,channel,pit,pothole,stream,brook'(àusgestochenepit,
pothole');aufad-present`niedergeschlagenmake,n.sein'basedonprobablypudet,-re`sich
schmen',prpudium`Schandtat,Scheusal',perhapsrepudium`Verstoung',tripudium
`dreischrittigerTanz',umbr.ahatripursatuàbstripodato';herealsolat.pve,-re`sichngstigen'
(pavoràtrembling,quaking,shaking,terror,anxiety,fear,dread,alarm',pavidus`timorous')as
`niedergeschlagensein';nd.fen`withdemFuebuschhit'(Fastnachtsgebrauch),ahd.urfr
`Verschnittener',arfrian,ags.-fyran`verschneiden';
lit.pjuju,pjuti(*pui)`cut,clip,reap,schlachten',ablaut.pjklasm.`Sge',pjtsf.`harvesttime,
August',lett.pat`mhen,reap',pavaf.`meadow'(=lit.piovds.),OldPrussianpiuclann.`sickle';
danachhom.`hit'=lat.pavisei,isafterallpossible;thenmtetheAor.etc.(instead
of*)newneologismzumpresentsein;tojedenfallsdor.,ion.,att.
as`thedieKrankheitenthroughZauberschlagheilende(Apollo)',thenwithdenwords
anfangenderLobgesang.
References:
References:WP.II12,76f.,WH.II266,267,381f.,393f.,Trautmann217.
Page(s):
Page(s):827
Root/lemma: pt(r) Gen.ptr-s ,-s

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:father
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Vater,HauptderGrofamilie'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpitr-;av.pitar-besidesNom.pta,taetc.;arm.hair(*ptr),Gen.haur
(*ptros);gr.,,incompound-èingoodfather';lat.pater,-tris`father';patres
`Vorfahren,Patrizier';osk.patir`father',umbr.Iu-pater`Juppiter',Dat.Sg.osk.patere,mars.-lat.
patre;air.athir(*ptr),Gen.athar(*ptros)`father';aboutgall.gutu-aterseeaboveS.413;got.
fadar,aisl.fair,ags.fder,ahd.fater`father';toch.Apcar,pcerds.;aboutOldIndianDyus
pitetc.seeaboveS.413.
Ableitnngen:OldIndianptrya-,gr.,lat.patrius`vterlich',mir.aithref.`vterlichefamily';Old
Indianptrvya-,av.tirya-(*ptrvya-),lat.patruus,ahd.fetiro,fatirro,fatureo(germ.*fauruia-)
`Vaterbruder',nhd.`cousin',ags.fdera`Vatersbruder'(comparegr.from*ptrusds.,with
verschobenermeaning`vterlich');Oldpers.hama-pitar-=gr.-,compareaisl.
sam-fera`fromthesameVater'(*-fadrjans);comparegr.`Stiefvater'(after
`Stiefmutter'),arm.yaurayds.;onlyeinzelsprachlicharegr.,att.`Vaterland',,f.ds.,lat.patriads.,patrnus`Schutzherr',patr,-re`vollbringe,vollziehe';propriusèigen,
eigentmlich,bestndig'from*prop(a)trios`fromden,denAltvorderenasererbterBesitz
berkommen'(),s.WH.II374f.;mcymr.edry`dwelling'couldoriginallyas`vterlicherpossession'
withmir.aithreidenticalsein;aisl.fegarPl.`fatherandson'(comparegr.`vaterlich');fegin
Pl.`parents'(*fer-gin).
References:
References:WP.II4,WH.II263ff.;ofbabble-wordp-deriveKretschmerWZKM.51,315f;orto
p(i)-shield,watch
Page(s):
Page(s):829
Root/lemma: phelSeealso:
Seealso:s.(s)p(h)el-.
Page(s):
Page(s):851
Root/lemma: pherSeealso:
Seealso:s.(s)p(h)er-.
Page(s):
Page(s):851
Root/lemma: ph l Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Arm.pùlÈinsturz'(*phlo-),p`lanimÌfalleein';ahd.as.fallan,aisl.falla`fall'(*phol-n-),
causativeahd.fellan,aisl.fella`fllen'etc.;lit.polu,plti,lett.polu,pult`fall'(*phl);OldPrussian
au-pallai`findet'(*verflltwhereupon).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):851
Root/lemma: phuSeealso:
Seealso:seeabovep-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):851
Root/lemma: pidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobear(child)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gebren'originally`starkziehen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Got.fitan`togivebirthtochildren',perhapstoags.fitt`fight',engl.fitàttackofadisease,
malady',nwfries.fits`bissig';mir.idu,Gen.idan,Nom.Pl.idain`throesofchildbirth,pain';diemir.
inflectiongoesaufair.-inflectionback,ase.g.mir.persu`person'aufair.persan;theair.Nom.Sg.
musomit*idan(*pidun)gelautethave.
References:
References:WP.II70;compareFeist155f.
Page(s):
Page(s):830
Home
Root/lemma: pik(h)oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lump,knot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klumpiges,Knoten'
Material:
Material:Av.pixa-`knot'innava-pixm`neunknotigen';lett.piks,pikaÈrd-andLehmklumpen',
sniega-pika`Schneeballen'.
References:
References:WP.II70.
Page(s):
Page(s):830
Root/lemma: pi-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haar'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pi-lo- :
:`hair':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pu-lo- :
:`hair'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:pleuk- :
`flake,feather,hair'commonconsonant+cosnonant>consonant+vowel
consonant+cosnonant>consonant+vowelphoneticmutation
recordedincentumlanguagesfirst,mainlyLatin.
Material:
Material:Lat.pilusm.`hair',whereofascollective`Haarknuel'alsopilaf.`ball,Ballen,Strohpuppe';
aufans-stembasedon*pil-s-os`verfilzt',ingr.m.`Filz',`filze',lat.pilleus,-eum
`Filzkappe,Filzmtze'(*pilseio-);OldChurchSlavicplst`Filz'.
References:
References:WP.II71,WH.II302f.,304f.
Page(s):
Page(s):830
Root/lemma: pi-nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apieceofwood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Holzstck'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpnak-m`staff,stick,club,mace,joint';gr.,-`Sparre,balk,beam,
board,Schreibtafel,Gemalde';ahd.witu-fnaf.,mnd.vne`Holzhaufen';OldChurchSlavicpnm.,
serb.pnjetc.`treetruck,-strunk'.
References:
References:WP.II71;Vasmer2,335;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytospei-`sharp,spitzesbitofwood'.
Page(s):
Page(s):830
Root/lemma: pp(p)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosqueak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`piepen'
Note:
Note:alsounredupl.p - withvariantderivatives.onomatopoeicword
Material:
Material:OldIndianpppakèincertainbird',pippka-èinbird'gr.f.orm.`young
bird',,f.àkindofBaumhacker',()`piepe';lat.ppil,-re,ppi,-re,pp,-re
`piepen',pip(p)itreòfNaturlauttheMuse',ppulum`dasWimmern',osk.pipatio`clamorplorantis',
nhd.(nd.)piepen(withverhinderterconsonantshift);lit.ppti`whistle'(Lw.);ech.piptti`piepsen',
sloven.ppa`chicken;duct,tube,pipe',serb.pi,einedisease,maladytheHhner'(nhd.Pips)etc.;
ech.pikati`piepen',underlikewise;bulg.pile,skr.ple`Kchlein'underlikewise;similarlyalb.bib
`youngWasservogel',arm.bibem`pigolare',gr.,èinbird'.
References:
References:WP.II70,WH.II309;Vasmer2,363f.
Page(s):
Page(s):830
Root/lemma: pzdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vulva
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vulva'
Material:
Material:Alb.pith(pidhi)m.`vulva';ak.pizd,russ.pizd,poln.pizdads.,outofitborrowed()lit.
pyzd,lett.pzdaf.ds.,andOldPrussianpeisdaÀrsch'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsopezd-S.829.
Page(s):
Page(s):831
Root/lemma: plabEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobabble,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`plappernunderlikewiseSchallvorstellungen'
Material:
Material:Air.labar`redselig',cymr.llafar`language,sound',acorn.lauar`sermo',bret.lavar`word',
ir.amlabar`dumb',cymr.aflafar,acorn.aflauarìnfans',air.labraid,rel.labrathar`speaks',cymr.
llafaru`talk,speak',
Maybealb.llaf`word,speech',llafos`talk',llafazan`talkative'.
corn.lauarafÌrede';kelt.FlNLabar`Labor'(Bavaria);perhapstondd.mengl.flappen`hit,
klatschen,babble,chatter',engl.flap`hit';
Maybeillyr.TNLabeatae(Labeates)`talkativepeople,babblers':kelt.FlNLabar`Labor'
inthekindoftheonomatopoeicwordsSchallnachahmungjedenfallsdifferentislat.plrre`clamre
(alat.);loudweep,cry'.
Maybetruncatedalb.*lpati,llap`chat,talk,speak',llaf`word,speech'[seeaboveRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
lep-1 :
:(expr.Root)]
References:
References:WP.II93.
Page(s):
Page(s):831
Root/lemma: pl-k-1 :pl-k- ,ple-k- :pl - k- ,plei-k- andpel-g- :pl-g- :pl-gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wideandflat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`breitandflach,ausbreiten'
Note:
Note:extensionfrompel-S.805
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`surface,plain,area(ofMeeres,einesBergplateaus),Platte'(=aisl.flrPl.
from*flahiz),`platt',,-m.`flatcake'(outofitlat.placenta)underlikewise;
lat.place,-re`gefallen,compliantsein',placidus`flat,eben,smooth,peaceful,friedlich',ablaut.
plcreèbnen,besnftigen',nasalizedperhapsplancus`Plattfu';
aisl.fl,Pl.flr(*flah-iz=-)andflr(*flah)f.ÀbsatzaneinerFelswand',norw.flaads.;norw.
flagn.òffenesea',aisl.flaga`dnneErdschicht',mnd.vlageÈrdschicht';zerogradeaisl.fl(*flh)
f.`layer,Lage',ags.flh(stnes)f.`Steinfliese',ahd.fluoh,mhd.vluo`Felswand,jhabstrzender
Fels',nhd.Flhe,schweiz.Fluh,Flh`Felswand,Felsplatte';perhapsgerm.fromidg.becauseof
lett.pluocim.Pl.`Lage,layer';
lit.plkanas`flat',plkasÈstrich',plk`thelead,Bressem';
lett.plce`scapula',plcenis`flatcake';ploku(*planku)plakt`flatbecome',plaka`Kuhfladen',
plakans`flat';
doubtfulisdieformaleBeurteilungfromlit.plkias`flat,platt',platak`flathand'(atfirstthrough
Dissim.from*plsktios),lett.plskans`smooth,flatandbreitzugleich',OldChurchSlavicplosk`flat'
(*plk-sko-);
toch.ABplk-èinverstandensein',AplkmÈrlaubnis',plkiÈinverstndnis',am-plktte
`withoutumErlaubnistobid,beg,ask';
aufalightrootform*plek- basedonprobablylit.pleksn`breitebeet,turnip',lett.pl'ka(besides
plaka`Kuhfladen'),plece`Plattfische,Butten',plcs`shoulder',further:
zerogrades*plkf.,kelt.*(p)likaingall.Arelica(Gardasee),eig.èasternfromtheFelsplattefrom
Sirmione',fass.lia`bottomofBackofens'(HubschmidZh.Pr.66,62f.),expressives-kk-inmir.lecc
`Steinplatte',cymr.llech,bret.lec'hds.
Ai -rootplei-k- inlit.pleiki,plekti`breitmake',plaikstti`dieOberkleideraboutBrustandSchultern,
lften',eig.`sichbreitaufmachen';tomhd.vlen,vlgen`schichtweiselay,place,fgen,sort,order,
arrange,zurechtmachen,adorn',md.vl(h)ends.
rootformauf-g: gr.òffenesea'(àequor'),whereforedievorgriech.Bewohnerthe
thessalischenEbene,die`Flachlandbewohner'(*-);herald.n.`Seite',
`dieSeiten,Flanken',`(*dieSeitezuwendend=)quer,slant,skew';lat.plaga
`surface,plain,area,net,berzug;region,landscape',plagula`BIattaToga,leafPapier',plagella
`rag';
nisl.flkim.,ags.flcm.`Flunder',engl.flook-footed`plattfig';ahd.flah(-hh-),ndl.flak,flach
`smooth',as.flakaf.`Fusohle',norw.flakn.`Scheibe,Eisscholle',aisl.flaki,flekim.
`Bretterverschlag',tirol.-krnt.flecken`board,plank,balk'.
References:
References:WP.II90f.,WH.II314ff.,Trautmann222f.;Vasmer2,365f.,367.
Page(s):
Page(s):831-832
Root/lemma: plk-2 ,plg- ,alsoplk- ,plg-
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.(*plki),`hit',,dor.`blow,knock',`beetle,
hammeretc.`;nas.(*)`hit,verschlage'(,);lat.plga`blow,knock,
wound',plang,-ere`hit:dieHandaufdieBrusthit,loudgrieve';mir.ln,Gen.loinàffliction,
wound'(*plakno-),lssaim`schlageviolent'(*plang-s);got.faiflkun`,betrauerten',ags.
flcan`Beifallklatschen',as.flcan`verwnschen,verfluchen'(atfirstfrom`louddieBrusthit'),ahd.
fluohhonds.,fluoh`Fluch',aisl.flki`gestampfterFilz';fromdemGerm.hereprobablyalsowordsfor
Ànprall,gustofwind'and`withdenFlgelnhit,flutter,flicker':aisl.flaga`pltzlicherattack',mnd.
mhd.vlage`shove,attack,storm',engl.flaw`gustofwind,Sprung,crack';aisl.flgra`flutter',ahd.
flagarnùmherfliegen';withgerm.k:aisl.flkra(flakurn)ùmherschweifen',mhd.vlackern,ndl.
vlakkeren`flicker',ags.flacor`fliegend',flicorian`flicker',aisl.flkta(*flakutn)ùmherstreifen,flutter',
expressiveaisl.flakka`flutter,umherschweifen',olderndl.vlacken`twitch';nasalizedmnd.vlunke
(`Flgel');aisl.flengja`thrash'(engl.fling`throw'fromdemAisl.),wherefore()lat.lancea`die
originallyspanischeLanze'(kelt.word);
lit.plak,plkti`hit,chastise,castigate',plkism.`Rutenstreich';OldChurchSlavicpla,plakatis
`sichandieBrusthit,weep,cry,wail';
besidesplk/g- stehtplk/g-: lat.plect,-ere`punish,curse,chastise,castigate',lit.plek-iu,-ti`hit,
thrash,chastise,castigate',dial.plg`Prgel,Zchtigung'.
References:
References:WP.II91ff.,WH.II315f.,321f.,Trautmann222f.;Vasmer2,364f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytopel-:pl-S.805,alsooriginally`breithit'.
Page(s):
Page(s):832-833
Root/lemma: pl t - (pl d - ),pl t - ,pl t - ,pltEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wide,flat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`breitandflach;ausbreiten'
Note:
Note:extensiontopel-:pl-ds.,seethere;toVokalverhltniscompareplk-:plk-ds.andplk-:
plk-:plk-`hit'
Material:
Material:Aryan*pleth-:OldIndianprthati`breitetfrom',-t`dehntsichfrom,verbreitetsich',prtham.`flathand',prthas-n.=av.fraah-n.`Breite',OldIndianprth-,av.pru-`wide,breit,
capacious',fem.OldIndianprthv,av.prw(alsoasSubst.Òberflche'),besidesfrom*plt(h)u-:
prthivf.èarth'(Èrdoberflache')=gr.,gall.GNLitavf.,gall.-lat.Letavia,leg.*Litavia,ncymr.
Llydaw`dieBretagne',mir.Lethads.;
arm.lain`breit'(*plet-no-).
gr.`platt,breit'(=OldIndianprthu-),n.`Breite'(reshufflingfrom*=OldIndian
prthas-after),`Ruderschaufel',-f.`scapula',`sycamore'
(`breitstig');`jederflatbody'(:OldIndianprathimn-m.`Breite,Ausdehnung');
`dasKlatschen';formalnichtrightclear,brightare`flathand',`flatbowl';
lat.plantaf.`Fusohle'(*pla-n-t);planta`Setzreis'isback-formationto*plantre`denBodenebnen';
cymr.lled,corn.les,bret.let,ledm.`Breite'(fromdemn.*pletos=OldIndianprthas-),cymr.lledu,
bret.ledaffòutspread',air.lethaim`dehnefrom,erweitere'(probablyalsoair.lethn.`side,flank'etc.),
Kompar.cymr.lled`wide,further'(*plet-is),air.letha`wide',Positiv*plteno-inair.lethan,cymr.llydan,
bret.corn.ledan`breit',gall.Litana(silva),Litano-briga;mir.leithe`shoulder'(*pleti),mir.lethech
`flounder,flatfish';air.less,cymr.llys`castle'(*plt-to-);
Maybealb.(*pleti)flet`(wide)wing,side,flank,(flat)leaf',fle-`lie,sleep':air.lethn.`side,flank',
mir.leithe`shoulder';alsoalb.leth,ledh`mud,alluvium;wall,flatearth,mound,rivermouth,balk':
air.less,cymr.llys`castle'(*plt-to-):gall.-lat.Letavia,leg.*Litavia,ncymr.Llydaw,mir.Letha.
inGerm.withablaut.::mhd.vluoder`Flunder',nasalizedmhd.nd.flunderds.,mnd.vlundereds.,
ndl.vlonder`thinboard',aisl.flyraf.`deadwood',schwed.flundrads.,norw.also`smallplatter
stone';germ.*flaninahd.fladoÒpferkuchen',mhd.vlade`wide,dnnercake',nhd.Fladen,Kuhfladen,norw.fladem.`smallEbene,flachesfield';mnd.vladder`dnneTorfschicht';
lit.pltytiòutspread',pltas`Platte',pltis`Breite',lett.pltt,plst,thinaufstreichen';OldChurch
Slavic*plast`tortum',russ.plast`layer'(rootform*plt-);lit.splei,splsti`breiten,breitlegen'
(doubtfulbecauseofanl.s-,dasinourfamilyotherwisenirgends),plats`breit'(a=o,differentfrom
,prth-),plant,plsti`widebecome',OldPrussianplasmenof.`VorderhlftetheFusohle';
fromtherootformplt-:lit.pltti`sichausbreiten',OldChurchSlavicplesna`Fusohle'(*plet-s-n,
toes-stemOldIndianprthas-);butslav.*plsati`tanzen'becauseoflit.pltinothere(*plenk-);
OldChurchSlavicplete`shoulder',russ.pleds.(russ.blo-plekij`weischultrig',neologismto
ple=abg.plete,compareabovemir.leithe).
Withauslautendervoiced-nonaspirated:aisl.flatr,ahd.flazèben,flat',as.flat`flat,untief'(fullgrade
mnd.vltds.),aisl.-ags.flettn.,as.flet,fletti`floorinHaus',ahd.flazzi,flezzi`geebneterbottom,
threshingfloor,Hausflur,Vorhalle'(nhd.FltzèbeneBergschicht');ahd.flazza`palm';lett.pladt
`breitmake'.
References:
References:WP.II99f.,WH.II316ff.,319f.,Trautmann222f.,225f.
Page(s):
Page(s):833-834
Root/lemma: plek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplait,weave
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,zusammenwickeln'
Note:
Note:presumablyfurtherformationsfrompel-`falten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianprana-m.`netting,lurban'(alsopli-m.ìntestines,entrails');av.rzato
franm`withsilbernemPanzerhemd';gr.`flechte'(=lat.plic),participle;
`rope,band,net',n.,n.,`netting,wickerwork',`netting;Rnke',
,,(*--,comparedenes-stem)`braid,plait,curl',alb.
presumablyplaf`bunte,wollenecover'(*plok-s-ko-),plhur`grobecanvas,fabric';lat.plic,-re
`zusammenwickeln,zusammenfalten',withiafterdencompoundsexplicre,implicre,applicre;tpresentplect,-ere,-xi,-xum`flax,wattle,braid,ineinanderflechten'=ahd.flehtan,ags.fleohtan(in
additionflustriands.),aisl.fltta`flax,wattle,braid';aisl.flttaf.`lichen',ags.fleohtam.`hurdle',got.
flahta`hairlock';ahd.flahs,ags.fleaxn.`Flachs'(aboutndl.vlijen`flax,wattle,braid's.Franckvan
Wijk749);OldChurchSlavicpleto,plesti`flax,wattle,braid'(ifwith`westidg.`gutturalfrom*plek-t),
ablaut.OldChurchSlavicplot`fence';
References:
References:WP.II97f.,WH.II321,323,Trautmann224,LommelKZ.53,309ff.
Seealso:
Seealso:zurt-extensionseeaboveS.797underpek-.
Page(s):
Page(s):834-835
Root/lemma: pleukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flake,feather,hair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Flocke,Feder,Haar,Abfall'
Material:
Material:Ahd.(expressive)floccho`lanugo',nhd.Flocke,mnd.vlocke`Woll-,snowflake';
Maybealb.flok`flake,hair'
norw.dial.flugsa,flygsa`snowflake';lit.plukasèinhair',plauka`hair',lett.plauki`Schneeflocken;
Abfallbeimweaving;dust,powder;Mutterkorn',plakasÀbfallbeimspinning,Flocken,fibers;
Hlsen';lett.plcu,plkt`pluck,tear,rend,pluck,schleien',lit.plksna,plnksna`feather'.
References:
References:WP.II97.
Page(s):
Page(s):837
Root/lemma: pl(e)u-mon- ,pleu-ti o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lung
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lunge'
Material:
Material:OldIndianklman-m.n.`dierightLunge'(Dissim.fromp-mtok-m)=gr.
`Lunge'(throughsupportinalso);lat.pulm,mostlyPl.`Lunge'(from*pelmnesor
*plumnes);
baltoslav.*pleuti-and*plauti-n.Pl.inlit.plaiaiandlett.plui,pluasm.Pl.,OldPrussian
plauti(secondaryf.)`Lunge';OldChurchSlavicplutaand*pljutan.Pl.(aruss.pljua`Lunge'),serb.
pljaf.`liver'.
TheLungeschwimmtaufdemWasser,alsoas`Schwimmer'topleu-(pel-)`'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):837-838
Root/lemma: pleus-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topluck;pluckedhair,feathers,fell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusrupfen;gerupfteWollflocken,FedernorHaare,Vlies,Zotten'
Material:
Material:Lat.plma`Flaumfeder,Flaum'(*plusm);mnd.vls,vlsch`Schaffell,Vlies',nnd.vls(e),
vlsch`tussockhair,BschelWolle',mhd.vlius(*flsi-)`Vlies',nhd.Flaus,Flausch;mhd.vlies,nhd.
Vlies;
ags.flos,flesn.ds.,withgramm.variationnorw.flra`zottigeshair';aisl.flosa`splinter,offal',norw.
dial.flos,flus(k),flustrds.and`dandruff,scaleaufdemKopfe',aslett.plauskasandplaukstes
`dandruff',lett.plsniìnWindeflatterndebirchbark',lit.pliinti`rub,wearout',pl`Bastfasern'(in
additionl`reed')etc.;
lit.plskosPl.`Haarzotten,hair',lett.pluskas`Zotten,rag',ablaut.plauskasf.Pl.`Schelfer';lit.
pluzdinis`(Feder)bett,Deckbett',OldPrussian(withg-insertion)plauxdine`feather-bed'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):838
Root/lemma: pleuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun,flow;toswim
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rinnen(andrennen),flieen;schwimmen,schwemmen,gieen;fliegen,flattern'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfrompel-`flow,swim',andoriginallyds.aspel(eu)-`fllenvoll'(`berflu,
berflieend')
Material:
Material:OldIndianplvat`schwimmt,hovers,flies'(=gr.,lat.perplovre,OldChurchSlavic
plov),pravat`springtauf,hurries'(hereandinav.avanifrvayenta`sielasseninFluge
heimkehren',usfravnte`(dieWolken)steigenauf'kannalsoeinidg.preu-`spring'vorliegen);Kaus.
plavyati`ltswim,berschwemmt'(=serb.ploviti,ahd.flouwen,flewen);
lengthenedgradeOldIndianplvyati`ltswim',av.usfrvayit`daerwegschwemmencould'(=
OldChurchSlavicplavlj,plaviti`swimlassen,schwemmen');
plav-`schwimmend;m.boat,Nachen'(=russ.plov);plut-`berschwemmt'(=gr.
`gewaschen'),pluti-f.`berflieen,flood'(=gr.`dasWaschen'),udaprut-ìnWasser
schwimmend';
armluanam,Aor.luapi`wash'(*plu()a-);
gr.(F)(,)`schiffe,schwimme'(Inf.ion.,`schiffen',but,
`swim');ion.,att.m.`Schiffahrt',(=klr.plov),`Fahrzeug'(=aisl.fley
`ship');`wash'(*--;Fut.,Aor.Pass.),m.`Waschgrube',
n.`Splicht',,(seeabove);m.`Fulle,richness';fromthelengthenedgrade
pl[u]- besides,(seeabove),`beschiffte',`schwimmend,fahrbar',
hom.ìnTrnenswim'(from*);
illyr.FlNPlavis:lit.seaN.Plavs;
lat.perplovre(Fest.)`durchsickernlassen,lecksein',plovbat(Petron.),pluit,-ere`rain';pluvius,
pluor`rain';
air.loun`tripfood',loan,loonàdeps'(*ploueno-;seeundermnd.flme);air.lu-`move',Abstr.luud
Àntrieb',luudàries=Mauerbrecher';alsoct-lud`coitus';ess-com-lu-`proficisci',ess-lu-`fortgehen,
entkommen',fo-lu-`fly',lamain`dasFliegen',lath`quick,fast',las`quickness';air.l(a)f.
`rudder,helm,calcaneus,tail',(*pluui),cymr.llyw`ruler,tax,tail',acorn.loe`ruler',mir.lam
`Steuermann',cymr.llong-lywyddds.,bret.levierds.;
ahd.causativeflouwen,flewen`splen,wash'(=OldIndianplavyati),aisl.flaumr`current',ahd.
floum`colluvies;fat(obenschwimmend)',mnd.flmef.`rohesBauch-andNierenfett',nhd.Flom,
Flaumm.ds.,aisl.fley(=,*plouiom)n.`ship';aisl.flf.`blindecliff'(i.e.`berflutete';:[]:
u);pl-inmhd.vljen`splen';pl[u]-inaisl.fla,ags.flwan`berflieen',got.fldus(:),
aisl.flf.n.,ahd.fluot`flood',aisl.flim.`swamp,marsh';
lit.causativepluju,plviau,pluti`wash,splen',Fut.plusiu(*plusi);pltisòffeneplaceinEise';
plevsoti`flutter';
OldChurchSlavicplov,pluti`flow,schiffe',pluj`schwimme',Kaus.-Iter.serb.plviti`schwemmen,
swim',russ.plov`boat',klr.plov`natti',lengthenedgradeOldChurchSlavicplaviti`swimlassen',s`navigare',plavati`swim';serb.pltaf.,plton.`cork';*pl-inInf.russ.plyt,serb.plti;
toch.plu-`fly,schweben',plewe`ship'.
extensions:
pleu-d-: air.im-ladièxagitat',imladàgitatio',for-ladi`schwenkt',laid-`move,erwhnen,
uern';inadditionmir.loscann`frog'(`Springer');aisl.fljta,ags.flotan,as.fliotan,ahd.fliozan
`flow';ags.flotian`swim',flota`ship',floterian`toflutter',nhd.flutteren`volitre';
Maybealb.flutur`butterfly':rum.fluture`butterfly',alb.fluturonj`fly':rum.flutura`wave,flutter,flaunt,
fly'.
dubiousisdieappositionfromgot.flauts`prahlerisch',flautjan`sichgromachen',ahd.flzzan
`superbire';lit.pludiuplusti`wash,clean',lett.plastds.,lit.plstu,pldau,plsti`stream,fluten,
berflieen',plud`Schwimmholz',pldmas`dasStrmen,berflieen',lett.pludutòbenaufswim',
pludi,pludii`Schwimmhlzer',pldiPl.ìnundation,flood',pldtèrgieen,stream;bewssern';lit.
plostas`Fhre'(*plud-t),plustasds.(*ploud-t).
pleu-k-: schwed.norw.fly`moor,fen,puddle,slop'(*fluhja-);aisl.fljga,ags.flogan,ahd.fliogan
`fly'(dieBeseitigungofgramm.WechselsprobablythroughDifferenzierungagainstfliehen=got.
liuhan);inadditionags.fleoge,aisl.fluga,ahd.flioga`fly';dissimil.fromgerm.*flug-la-(compare
ags.flugol`fugax')probablydiewordsfor`bird':aisl.fugl,fogl,got.fugls,m.,ags.fugol,as.fugal,
ahd.fogalm.;lit.plakti`swim';plnksnaf.`feather',olderplksna.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):835-837
Root/lemma: pli- ,pli- ,pl-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:naked,bare,bald
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kahl,blo'
Material:
Material:Norw.dial.flein`naked,bald,bleak,naked',Subst.`kahlerFleck',fleinaèntblt,
baldheadedbecome'and`dieZhneshow,grinsen';lit.plnasèben,bare,baldheaded',lit.pln,
plen`kahleEbene';plkas`baldheaded',plk`Kahlkopf,nackteEbene',plek`Glatze',plink,plkti
`baldheadedbecome',lett.pliks,pleiksèntblt,naked,bald,bleak';r.-ChurchSlavicpl
`Kahlheit',pliv`naked,bald,bleak',ech.plef.`Glatze'etc.,comparealsonorw.flisa`grinsen,
lachen,kichern',fleis`face'(eig.`grinsendesface,Grimasse'),flire`kichern,lachen',aisl.flim
`derision';
herealsotheoberital.(raet.)PNPlinius.
References:
References:WP.II93,Trautmann226f.;Vasmer2,371f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareunderunderplk-etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):834
Root/lemma: plk - ,plk - andplik - ,plk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear,peeloff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reien,abreien(abschlen)'
Material:
Material:1.Aisl.fl(*flahan),ags.flan`dieHautabziehen',aisl.fletta(*flahatjan)`(denbag,die
dress)abziehen',norw.flagaàbgeschltbecome(fromthebark)',aisl.flagna`sichpeel';nasalized
aisl.flengja`throw',norw.ds.,`losreien';withgerm.-k-(=idg.g),aisl.flakna=flagna(skip-flak
`Schiffswrack'),flakaàufklaffen,sichunpick,yawn';
lit.pl-iu,-ti`rend'(trans.),nupltiàbreien(e.g.dress),dieHautabschinden',plzins`fresh
aufgerissenerfarmland';lett.plustIter.`rend,pull';
perhapsalb.plas`berste,break',plas`Ritze=col,gap,Sprung;Schiescharte',plss,Aor.plasa
`berste,spring,gozugrunde'.
2.i-, -forms:lit.pliu,-ti`rend,platzen(fromtheHaut)',plai-inti`break,crackmake',pl-ti
`rend,Intr.`,plys,ply`crack,col,gap';lett.Intrans.plst`rend',plasa,plasums`crack',plaist
`Rissebekommen';diesealieni-formsgestattenalsodiecitationofnorw.dial.flk(e)`ghnende
wound'(eig.`crack,col,gap'),aisl.flk,Pl.flkrandflkarf.`scrap,shred,rag',ags.(kent.)flc(*flaiki)
`Fleisch'(kprobablyfromkk),flicce`Speckseite',aisl.flikkids.,mnd.vlickeds.,`Flicke,abgetrenntes
Stck';ahd.flc,flccko,mhd.vlec,vlecke(protogerm.*flikka)`StckZeug,StckHaut,StckLand,
place,andersfarbigeplace,macula';aisl.flekkr`Fleck,StckLand'(mnd.vlacke`Fleck'is
neuerAblaut);
becauseofags.flc`Fleisch'isalsokinshipfromags.flsc,as.flsk,ahd.fleisk`Fleisch',aisl.flesc
(*fleisk)`bacon,ham'toconsider,yetbarelyunderabasicform*flaik-sk-,damnd.mndl.vls,vlees
`Fleisch',aisl.flisàbgeschnittenesStck,splinter',schwed.fls,flsads.,norw.mdartl.flsds.,
kjtflis`dnnesStckFleisch'einecognate,germ.rootformauf-sinsteadofgutturalshow,diein
schwed.flister`Schinnen'andlit.pliskanos`SchinneninHaar',lett.pliska`zerlumpterperson'
wiederkehrt.
References:
References:WP.II98f.,
Seealso:
Seealso:derivedfrompl-,pl-,aboveS.834.
Page(s):
Page(s):835
Root/lemma: pl- ,plEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosplit,cutoff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbspalten,abreien'
Note:
Note:with-s- extended
Material:
Material:Aisl.flasaf.`dnneScheibe,splinter',flesf.`flatcliff',isl.,aschwed.flas`dandruff,scale',
norw.flasaàbsplittern,abspalten',isl.flaska`gespaltenbecome';lit.plskanosPl.`Schinnenin
Haar'.
References:
References:WP.II93;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareunderplk-etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):834
Root/lemma: pli- ,pluEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toexpand;toboast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`breitschlagen,breitmachen'
Material:
Material:1.pli-t- (comparepleik-under1.plk-`breit')ingr.n.`lnglichesViereck',lit.
plaittis`sichbreitmachen,brag,boast';withanlaut.s-:lit.splint,splita,splsti`breitbecome'.
2.plu-d- ,plu-t- inlat.plaud,-ere,-s,-sum`klatsche,hit,klatscheBeifall',plausus,-s`Beifall'
(compareaplda`chaff,bran'from*ab-plaud`dieabgeschlagene');lat.plautus`breit,platt,
plattfig',PNPlautus,prn.-lat.Plautios,pl.Plauties,withumbr.:Pltus;umbr.Imper.pre-plotatu
`prosternito';lett.plaksta`flathand'(differentMhlenbach-EndzelinIII325).
References:
References:WP.II100,WH.II319,320;
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionstherootpel-`flat,eben',aboveS.805.
Page(s):
Page(s):838
Root/lemma: plouto- ,plutoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofwoodenstockade
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fromBretternorStangenGefertiges'
Material:
Material:Lat.pluteus,-um`Schirmdach,Wandbrett,Zwischenwand',changingthroughablautwith
lit.platas`Stegambeehive',lett.pluts`Wandbrett',plauta`dieBnkeanthewalltheBadestube'
andaisl.fleyrf.`Dachsparren',norw.expressiveflautaf.`crossbar,crossbeamaneinemsled'.
References:
References:WP.II90.
Page(s):
Page(s):838
Root/lemma: pneuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobreathe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andanderewithpn-anlautendeSippenfor`keuchen,atmen';schallmalend
Material:
Material:Gr.()`blow,pant,gasp,breathe,smell',`dasWehen,breath,breeze,
breathetc.`,`dasWehen,snort';inadditionperhapsalso`sichrhren,astirsein',
trans.`sicheagerwherewithbeschftigen',Perf.`spirituallyastir,sensible,wisesein',
,Hes.,àgainzumBewutseincome',if`sichrhren,astir,esp.
spirituallyastir'from`beimLaufekeuchen'and`breathe=agile,livelysein'hasevolved;
aisl.fnysa`pant,sniff,snort',ags.fnosan`sneeze'(fnora`dasNiesen'),mhd.pfnsen`pant,sniff,
snort,sneeze'(pf-schallverstrkendforf),pfnustm.ùnterdrckteslaughter',norw.fnysa`kichern';
besidesgerm.*fns-,*fns-,*fnas-:ags.fnesanànhelare',fnstm.`breath,breath,breeze',
fnsettan`schnarchen,pant,sniff,snort',mhd.pfnsen`pant,sniff,snort',pfnstm.`dassnort',ahd.
fnstenànhelare';aisl.fnsa`pant,sniff,snort';aisl.fnsa`pant,sniff,snort';ahd.fnaskazzen,
fneskezzen,mhd.phneschen`pant,sniff,snort,pant,gasp';
germ.fnh-:ahd.fnehan,mhd.pfnehen`breathe,pant,sniff,snort,pant,gasp',ahd.fnhtente
`schnaubend'(mhd.pfnuhtm.`snort'brauchtnichtdiezerogradefromidg.pneu- widerzuspiegeln).
References:
References:WP.II85,WissmannNom.Postverb.18f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,696.
Page(s):
Page(s):838-839
Root/lemma: pn k stiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Faust'
Material:
Material:Ahd.fst,ags.fyst=abg.pst(*pnst)`fist'.
Note:ObviouslyRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:pn k sti- `fist'derivedfrompenke `five(fingers)'
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:togerm.faan(p k - andp - ,S.788)ortopenke `fnf'.
Page(s):
Page(s):839
Root/lemma: polo- :plo-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swollen,fat,big
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geschwollen,dick,gro'
Material:
Material:Lat.polle,-re`binstrong,vermge',Denomin.eines*pollosfrom*pol-no-;inaddition
pollex,-icism.`Daumen,big,gianttoe';protoslav.palinruss.bez-palij`fingerlos';aruss.-Church
Slavicpalc`Daumen'(*poliko-),etc.;
Maybealb.(*poliko-)prek`touch,palpate'
perhapsinadditionas`withdemDaumentouch'npers.plidan`suchen,spren',bulg.plam
`search,seek',ahd.fuolen,nhd.fhlen,ags.flan,engl.feel,(*fljan),aisl.felma`tap,grope',ablaut.
falmads.
References:
References:WP.II7,102,WHII332f.,Vasmer2,305.
Page(s):
Page(s):840-841
Root/lemma: pork o -s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pig
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwein'('neugeborenesTier,Ferkel')
Note:
FromanextendedzerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ehi- :
:`hedgehog'derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
hers- ,her- :
:`rigid,*pig'>Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pork o -s :
:`pig':illyr.-italic-celtich->p-phonetic
mutation.
Material:
Material:Sakischpsa(*parsa),kurd.purs,borrowedfinn.porsas,mordw.puts`swine';
lat.porcus`daszahmeswine',umbr.porca,purca`porcs';mir.orcm.`piglet,younganimal',abrit.
Orcades(withgr.ending)=mir.InnsiOrcÒrkney-islands';
ahd.far(a)hn.,ags.fearhm.n.`swine',(dn.fare`pigletthrow');lit.parasàcastratedboar',Old
Prussianprastian`piglet'(*parsistian);abg.pras,-te`swine,piglet'(deminut.nt-Suff.);tolat.
porcnusòfswine'comparelit.parien`Ferkelfleisch',tolat.porculus`Schweinchen'daslit.parlis
`piglet',ahd.farheli,mhd.varcheln,nhd.Ferkel.
References:
References:WP.II78,WH.II341,Trautmann207,BenvenisteBSL.45,74ff.;afterSpechtIdg.
Dekl.34toperk-`tearopen'(see821).
Page(s):
Page(s):841
Root/lemma: pos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:by,about,around,beside
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnmittelbarbei,hinter,after'
Note:
Note:probably*p+os,Gen.-Abl.to*(e)p-,aboveS.53f.
Material:
Material:Gr.inark.-kypr.andaufgr.InschriftenPhrygiens,vorvowelalso-,geltungsgleich
with(see*peròut-about',Nr.8)anddor.;lit.psprepositionàn,by';probablyalsoOld
ChurchSlavicpointhemeaning`behind,after';comparedaserhaltenes-inOldChurchSlavicpozdAdj.`late',poz-dAdv.`late',pozderije(paz-derije)`,'.Tolit.psalsopstaras
`theletzte,hinterste'.
derivatives::1.with-ti probablyarm.stàfter',Adverbalandprepositionàfter=secundum,gem';
inadditionstor`theunterepart';lat.post,alat.posteàfter,behind',rtlichandzeitlich,Adverbaland
prepositionm.Akk.,osk.pst,post,umbr.post,pus`post'rtlichandzeitlich,prepositionm.Abl.,
therefromlat.posterus,osk.pstreìnpostero',umbr.postra,lat.postumus,osk.pustma[s]
`postremae';umbr.postne,lat.pnefrom*posti-ne;osk.pstin,umbr.pustin(from*postien)`jeafter'
prepositionm.Akk.;umbr.pust-naiaf`posticas',purnaes`posticis';lat.postcus`hintensituated'.
2.-ko- OldIndianpac(Instr.)Adv.`behind,westlich,later'=av.pacapreposition`behind,after',
rtlichandzeitlich,OldIndianpact(Abl.)preposition`behind,after,westlich',av.pasktAdv.
`vonhintenher,hinterdrein'spacialandzeitlich;lit.pasku,pskui(Dat.)Adv.àfterwards,nachher',
prepositionàfter'.
3.Inendingstillstrittigisap.pasàfter',prepositionrtlichandzeitlich;alb.pas,geg.mbas
preposition`behind,after'(idg.*pos+Demonstr.si).
References:
References:WP.II78f.,WH.II347ff.,Trautmann207,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,508.
Page(s):
Page(s):841-842
Root/lemma: poti-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:owner,host,master,husband
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hausherr,Herr;Gatte'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpti-,av.paiti-`master,mister,lord,master,Gemahl';OldIndianptn`mistress,
wife',av.pan-`mistress';OldIndianptyat`herrscht,isteilhaftig'(:lat.potior);
av.xa-pati-èrselbst';
gr.`husband',`mistress(ofHauses),wife';-`mistressofHauses'(*-,
from*-),-,-`master,misterofHauses'(seeaboveS.198);alb.pata`had',
pash`gehabt'(*pot-to-)(toapresentaslat.potior,OldIndianptyat);
lat.potis(potior,potissimus)`vermgend,mighty',possum,alat.alsopotissum`kann',potui,potens
froman-denominativeasosk.ptad`possit',ptans`possint',lat.potests`power',potior,-r
(potturandpottur)`sichbemchtigen';com-pos`teilhaftig'(*`Mitherr'),hospes,-itis`guest'sfriend',
pael.hospus(*ghosti-pots`Gastherr');einunflektiertes*poti`selbst'placedinutpoteàsnatrlich,da
nmlich,namely',eig.*ut*pote(est)àsespossibleis=natrlich',furtherwithsyncopeinmih-,me,supteetc.;
got.br-fas`bridegroom',hunda-fas`Befehlshaberabout100Mann';engl.fad`strong,valiant,
big,large';
lit.pts`husband'and`selbst'(oldpatis),lett.pats`householder'and`selbst',lit.vipats`master,
mister'(oldviepats),OldPrussianpattiniskunAkk.f.`matrimony';f.alit.viepatni;*patnunder
influenceof*pati-transfiguredto*patinOldPrussianwaispattinAkk.`wife,woman',lit.pat`wife',
lett.pati`Wirtin';indekl.particlelit.pt,lett.pat`selbst,sogar,straight';aboutOldChurchSlavic
gospod`master,mister',seeaboveS.453;
hitt.-patèben(so),also,rather';toch.Apats`husband'.
References:
References:WP.II77f.,WH.I660f.,II350f.,379f.,Trautmann208,BenvenisteOrigines1,63f.,
PedersenHitt.77f.,EndzelinLett.Gr.396f.
Page(s):
Page(s):842
Root/lemma: po-ti
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:against
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`comparedwith,entgegen,gegen'
Note:
Note:throughdasAdv.-forms-ti(compare*proti-:*proaboveS.815f.)from*po(seeunder*apo
àb')extended
Material:
Material:Av.paiti,ap.patiypreverb.andprepositionàgainst,entgegen,to,auf,by';àn;for,um';
`from-from';ìn-toward,in';hom.,bot.,lak.etc.`'preverb.andprepositionàgainsttoward,against,comparedwith;an,to',ìn-toward,from-'.
References:
References:WP.II77,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,508f.
Page(s):
Page(s):842
Root/lemma: pougo- orpoughoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:clear,sound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìnteger,lauter'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andslav.
Material:
Material:Air.g`jungfrulich',ge`Jungfrulichkeit';ech.pouh`lauter,bare,simple,just'.
References:
References:WP.II77.
Page(s):
Page(s):843
Root/lemma: p(i)-1 :(pi- :)pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Viehweiden,hten';outofit`schtzen,alsodurchBedecken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpti,av.piti`htet,bewacht,schtzt',OldIndiang-p-m.`herdsman,
shepherd',av.rna-p`Beinschutz,-schiene',OldIndianpy-`Hter'(compare),pl-m.
`Wachter,herdsman,shepherd',-pvan`schtzend',.xara-pvan`Landvogt,Satrap';OldIndian
n-p-ti-f.`Mannerschutz';nr-p-a-m.`Mnnerschtzer=king';ptra-n.`container'(=got.fdr);
gr.`herd'(n.toOldIndianpy-),`herdsman,shepherd'(:lit.piemu),`herd',
`treibeaufdieWeide,hte;zieheauf;(p-mn)`cover';
got.fdrn.(=OldIndianptra-,yetstimmtinadditioninAkzentonlyags.for)`,vagina',ags.
for,fdor`sheath,vagina';sptaisl.frn.`food(ofclothing)'frommnd.vderds.;ahd.(fedar)ftar
`canna',sptahd.foter`theca',nhd.Futter(ofclothing),Futteral;
lit.piemu`herdsman,shepherd',Akk.pemen(*pimen-).
References:
References:WP.II72,Trautmann204,207f.
Page(s):
Page(s):839
Root/lemma: p(i)-2 :p- and(fromp- from)p o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trinken'
Grammaticalinformation:Aoristwurzel,whereforesecondarypresentpi-p-mi ,pi-b-mi ,themat.
pi-b
Material:
Material:OldIndianpti`trinkt',Aor.pt,py-yati,pyat`trnkt'(:OldChurchSlavicpoj,pojiti),
pnamn.`Trunk'(:gr.`pleasanttodrink'Hes.,mir.nf.`vessel'),Inf.ptav`todrink'(=
OldPrussianpotweids.),ptar-,ptr-m.`Trinker'(=lat.ptords.),-pyia-,-pyya-`totrnken,
Trunk'(=OldPrussianpoism.`dasTrinken'),ptra-n.`drinkingvessel'(*p-tlo-m=lat.pculum
`goblet');participlePass.ablaut.pt-`getrunken(habend)',pt-f.`dasTrinken,Trunk',av.vispopitay-àlltrnkend';OldIndianInf.ptum,ptav,Gerund.ptv-(:lat.ptusm.`Trank');redupl.
athematicpresent3.Pl.pi-p-at,participlep-p-na-,Aor.-pip-ta-;thematicpbati`trinkt'(=air.
ibid);
arm.mpem`trinke'(formationunclear);
gr.,lesb.(ofNominalst.*p-no-,compareabove)`trinke',Fut.(Konj.),
Aor.,Imper.,Perf.,Med.`trinke',,n.`Trinken,Trank',
m.,,-and-f.ds.,m.,n.`drinkingcup',n.`Gerstentrank',
(Fut.)`givetodrink';
alb.p`trinke'etc.;
lat.bib,-ere`trinke'(assimil.from*pib;falisk.pipfoÌwerdedrink';lat.pt,-re`trinkestrong',
ptus`betrunken,getrunken'(=lit.puotf.`Zechgelage'),ptus,-sm.`Trank'(=OldIndianptum
Inf.),ptif.`Trinken,Trank'(:gr.-f.Èbbe',OldPrussianpot`drink'from*pti-),pculum
`goblet'(*p-tlo-m),ptorm.`Trinker'(=OldIndianptar-);umbr.puni,poni`milk'(:OldIndian
pnam`Getrnk');air.ibid(*pibeti)`trinkt',Verbalnom.Dat.Sg.oul(disyllabic)`Trinken'(*poi-lo-);
acymr.iben`bibimus',corn.evaf`bibo',mbret.euaffds.;mir.nf.`drinkingvessel'(:OldIndian
pnam`Trunk');
baltoslav.*piand*pii`trinke'inOldPrussianpoieiti`trinkt',poism.`dasTrinken',OldChurch
Slavicpij,piti`trinke';pirm.`Bankett',pivon.`Getrnk',ech.etc.`beer';Kaus.OldChurchSlavic
poj,pojiti`trnke';baltoslav.*pta-and*pta-`getrunken'inlit.puotf.`Trinkgelage'andOldChurch
Slavicpitij`trinkbar';baltoslav.*ptiuud*ptif.`dasTrinken'inOldPrussianInf.pot(*pti-)and
slov.ptf.`Getrnk'(Infin.*piti);baltoslav.*ptu-m.`dasTrinken'inOldPrussianInf.puton,pouton
andpoutwei`drink',ablaut.passiveruss.-ChurchSlavicpit.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):839-840
Root/lemma: pu- :pu- :p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:small,little;young(ofanimals)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klein,gering,wenig',vielfachfor`Junges,Tierjunges,kleinesTier'
Material:
Material:1.With-o- suffix;got.fawaiPl.`wenige',aisl.fr`wenig,wortkarg',f-tkràrm'(aslat.
pauper),ahd.fao,f`wenig',Dat.Pl.fouuem,as.f,ags.fa,Pl.fawe,engl.few`wenige'.
2.Withformants-ko-: lat.paucus`wenig',pauperàrm'(*pauco-parosorpau-paros`wenig
erwerbend,wenigsichconstituting,originating');ahd.fh`wenig';
maybealb.(*pauc-)pak`little'.
Withsuffix-lo-: lat.paul(l)us`small,wenig'(*pauks-lo-),pauxillus`ganzwenig'(*pauk-s-lo-lo-).
3.Withformants-ro-: gr.`small,little',lat.withrearrangementparvus`small',parum
(*parvom)`towenig'.
4.`Junges,Tierjunges':
gr.(att.Vasen),Gen.F(kypr.,inadditioneinneuerNom.),,Gen.m.f.,
hom.,F-`kid,child';lat.puer`kid,child,knave,boy,girl'(*puuero-),puella`girl';
got.fula,aisl.folim.,fyln.(*fulja-),underfyljaf.,ags.fola,ahd.folo,ful(n)`Fllen,foals';besides
*p[u]los inarm.ul`goat',am-ulùnfruchtbar'(*n-plo-),yif.`pregnant'(*iplniy);gr.
`foals',also`youngman,younggirl',`smallfoals,Junges',alb.pel,pl`mare'(Fem.to
*plos);perhapsmed.Arbu-pales,ifes`weiefoalsbesitzend'standsfor.
5.Witht -formant:putr-m.,av..pu-ra-m.(latterfromptlo-=osk.puklo-)`son,kid,child';
maybealb.putra`paw(ofayounganimal',puta`sole'
gr.namesas-;lat.putus,putillus`knave,boy',nexttowhich*pt-so-inps(s)us,-a`knave,
boy,girl',butpsillus`verysmall'isDemin.frompullus(*putslo-lo-s);osk.puklo-`kid,child'(=Old
Indianputr-),plign.pucloisDat.Pl.`pueris',mars.pucles;lat.pullus`young,Tierjunges'(*put-s-lo-);
maybealb.(*putillus)pulisht`donkey'scolt'
baltoslav.*put`bird'inruss.-ChurchSlavicpta`bird',ptit`smallbird'(`bird'eigentl.`young
bird'),lit.puttis`younganimal,youngbird'(Zrtlichkeitsausdruck),balt.*put-n-a-inlett.putns`bird';
withother,demin.Formansverbindunglit.pa-ktis`bird'.
maybealb.pata`goose'Slavicloanwordfromruss.-ChurchSlavicpta`bird':Serbo-Croatian:ptka
`duck'[f].
References:
References:WP.II75f.,WH.II259,265f.,382f.,385f.,394,Trautmann233.
Page(s):
Page(s):842-843
Root/lemma: pri- ,pri- ,pr- (pri- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolike,feelwell-disposed,friendly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gernhaben,schonen,friedlich-froheGesinnung'
Material:
Material:OldIndianprtièrfreut',Med.ìsvergngtaboutetwas',pryatds.,`liebt',prt`vergngt,befriedigt;geliebt',prt-f.`pleasure,joy,Befriedigung',priyyt`behandeltliebevoll,
befreundetsich'(:got.frijn,OldChurchSlavicprija-j),priy-`lieb,erwnscht,beliebt',m.`lover,
husband',f.`Geliebte,wife'(=av.frya-,aisl.Friggetc.,andgot.freis,c.rhydd`free'),priyatv-m`das
Liebseinor-have'(:got.frijawaf.`love'),priytds.(=ags.frod`love');with*pri-:pryan.
`pleasure,enjoyment',prmn-m.n.`love,Gunst',prtr-`Wohltter,Liebhaber,Pfleger',Superl.
prha-(ved.),prha-`liebst,teuerst',whereuponKompar.pryas-`lieber'forolder*pryas-;av.
fry-`satisfy',e.g.frnmahiparticiplefrita-,frna-,fria-`blithe,glad;befriedigt;geliebt',friti-f.
`prayer',frya-`lieb,wert';perhapsthehispan.(ven.-illyr.)VNPraesta-marci(:ags.frd-hengest);
Note
Note:
alb.geg.prende,tosk.Premte[*prmn-dies]'Friday'wascreatedonthesamebasisaslat.L
VenerisdiesdayoftheplanetVenus
Venus(whenceFr.vendredi),basedonGkAphroditeshemeradayof
Aphrodite
Aphrodite,germ.Freitag`dayofFreya
Freya=goddessoflove'similartogr.'Friday'fromgr.
`soft,mild'
gr.`gentle,mild'from*-withjngerero-inflection,beweistidg.i;whereas.
belongsair.rarf.`volition,wish'toerei-,S.330;
cymr.rhydd`free'=got.freis(akk.frijana),ahd.as.fr,ags.fro,fr`free,los,freefrom',aisl.infrjls
from*frhals(diemeaning`free'originally`todenLiebengehrig');aisl.Frigg,ahd.Frija`wife
Wotans',ags.frof.,as.frn.`womanfromnoblelineage'(`dielove');got.frijn`lieben',aisl.frjds.,
ags.frogan`lieben,befreien',mdn.vren,as.friohan`freien,werben',participlegot.frijnds`friend',
aisl.frndi,Pl.frndr`friend,kinsman,relative',ags.frond,as.friund`friend,lover,kinsman,
relative',ahd.friunt`friend,lover';aisl.frr`beautiful',ags.frdhengest`stattlicheshorse';from
*fra-inthemeaning`geschont'derivesgot.freidjan`spare,lookafter',ahd.vrten`hegen'(frthof
èingefriedigtercourtyard',nhd.FreithofandpopularetymologyFriedhof);withaisl.friill`lover,
lover',f.frila,frilla,ahd.fridel,f.fridila`Geliebte(r)',nexttowhichfromparticiple*frija-from:as.
friuthil,ahd.friudilds.;ahd.fridum.`peace,protection,certainty,Einfriedigung',as.frithum.`peace',
ags.frioum.`peace,protection,certainty',aisl.frirm.`love,peace',got.ga-frin`spare,look
after',aisl.fria`Friedenmake,vershnen',ags.friian`shield',ahd.gifridn`beschtzen';
OldChurchSlavicprj`befavorableto,takecareof',prijajo,-tids.,prijatel`friend,lover';probably
alsolett.priks`pleasure,joy'.
maybealb.prek`touch,makelove':lett.priks`pleasure,joy',alb.geg.meprit`tohost,protect,
expect,wait.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):844
Root/lemma: prEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:;onlylat.andkelt.
Material:
Material:Lat.prvusìnverted;slant,skew;evil,bad';inadditionprtum`meadow'(asìncurvation
ofBodens',comparee.g.lit.lankÈinsenkung,meadow':lekti`bend')and(asÀufbiegung,bulge,
hill');mir.rth,rithm.f.Èrdwall,fortress',mcymr.bed-rawt,ncymr.bedd-rodm.`burialmound,
grave',bret.bez-retf.`Begrabnisplatz,graveyard',gall.rtinAkk.Sg.`castle(hgel)',PNArgentorte.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):843-844
Root/lemma: pregEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:willing,covetous,active
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gierig,heftig'
Material:
Material:Got.(faihu-)friks`(geld-)greedy',aisl.frekr`greedy,strong,hard,agile,lively',ags.frecc
`greedy,audacious'(*frakja-),ahd.freh`greedy',nhd.frechdial.alsoàgile,lively,fresh';ags.frc
`begierig,audacious',mnd.vrak,norw.schwed.dial.frak,dn.frag`quick,fast,gamy';norw.frcds.
(*frkja-);aisl.frkn,frkinn`gamy',ags.frcneàudacious,wild',as.frkni`wild,cheeky,foolhardy',
ahd.Frhn,Fruochan-inPN;frhniìactura';poln.pragn`greedylong,want',ech.prahnouti`lust,
crave'etc.;hereaisl.frakkr`gamy'andtheVNFranken.
References:
References:WP.II88;
Seealso:
Seealso:belongstogr.`binhorny,lustful',seeundersp(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s):
Page(s):845
Root/lemma: prepEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocomeinsight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìndieAugenfallen;Erscheinung,Gestalt'
Material:
Material:Arm.erevim`werdevisible,erscheine',erevak`shape,Bild,mark,token,sign',eres(*prep-
s-),mostlyPl.eresk``face,Miene,sight,Vorderseite',eresem`zeigemich,erscheine';alsoorovain
`belly'etc.(*prop-n-io-)
gr.`falleindieAugen,erscheine,stechehervor,zeichnemichfrom',èsziemtsich',
-,-,-,-,-`hervorstechend,sichauszeichnend';-`seer'(`thesich
fromgodfromvernehmlichMachende');perhapsp`Zwerchfell';differentaboveS.620.
air.richt`form,shape',cymr.rhith`species'(*prptu-);
ahd.furben`clean,putzen,fegen'(ìndieAugenfallendmachen,einAnsehengive'),mhd.vrbe
`cleaning,purification;Sternschnuppe',and.welgifurvid`casta'.
References:
References:WP.II89.
Page(s):
Page(s):845
Root/lemma: pret- ,pr t Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tounderstand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verstehen'
Material:
Material:Mir.rthaigid`bemerkt';got.frain.`sense,mind,Verstand',frajan,frùnderstand,
comprehend',frs`smart,sensible,wise',aisl.frr,as.ags.frd,ahd.fruotds.,mhd.vruotec,
vretec`quick,fastdetermined,alert,awake,smart,valiant',nhd.schweiz.fruetig`blithe,glad,fresh,
valiant,quick,fast',alsoahd.frad`strenuusefficax',fradah-lh`procax';perhapsahd.ant-frist
ìnterpretatio'(*pret-sti-);lit.prant,prsti`habitual,customarybecome',su-prstiùnderstand,
comprehend',prtas`Verstand',lett.protu,prastùnderstand,comprehend,conceive,merken',prts
`Verstand,sense,mind,volition,opinion,Gemt',OldPrussianprtinAkk.`Rat',iss-prestun
ùnderstand,comprehend',is-presnanAkk.`reason',issprettngiAdv.`namely';
toch.Apratim,pratiÈntschlu'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):845
Root/lemma: preusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofry;toburn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frieren'and`brennen'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianpruvf.`drip,hoarfrost,gefroreneswater';lat.pruna`hoarfrost,frost'
(*prusun);got.frius`frost,coldness',aisl.frr,frern.`Frostwetter',aisl.frjsa,ags.frosan,ahd.
friosan`freeze',ahd.frren`congeal,freezemake',ahd.as.frost(*frus-taz);ags.forstm.aisl.frostn.
`frost';
B.
B.OldIndianplati`versengt,burns',plua-`versengt,verbrannt';alb.prsh`burningcoals,blaze,
glow';lat.prna`glowingcoals'(*prusn),prrreìtch'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):846
Root/lemma: preuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tojump
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,hpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianprvat`springtauf,hpft,hurries',prav-`fluttering,schwebend,fliegend',upapr-t`heranschwebend,heranwallend'(ZusammenschluwithdenAbkmmlingenfrom*pleu`rinnen',seethere),plava-m.`frog',eig.`Springer',maka-pluti-m.`Froschsprung=
berspringungmehrererSutra',plava-ga-,plav-gama-m.`frog,ape'(d.h.ìnSprungegoing');aisl.
frr`quick,fast,agile',urnord.Frawa-(eig.`springend'=OldIndianprav-),as.fr`blithe,glad',ahd.
frao,fr,frawr`strenuus,alacer(Gl.);blithe,glad',whereofahd.frouwen,frewen`sichfreuen',frew,
frewida`pleasure,joy';russ.prytf.`schnellerrun,flow',prtkij`hurtig,hasty'.
Mayberum.(*breuska)broasc`toad,frog':alb.(*breustka)bretkosa`toad,frog';gr`frog';
alsorum.broasc-estoas`tortoise,wateranimal':alb.(*breuska)breshk`turtle,tortoise'.
gutturalextensioninaisl.frauki,ags.frogga`frog';from*prug-sk`hpfe'germ.*fruska-inaisl.froskr,
ags.frosc,forsc,nhd.Frosch;russ.prgnutèinenSprung,einenSatzmake',prgat`hpfen,
spring',pryg`Sprung,Satz'.
alsoalb.pragu(*preug)`(high)threshold',bregu(*breug)`shore,hill'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):845-846
Root/lemma: prsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togranulate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerkleinern'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andalban.
Material:
Material:Gr.(,)`durchsge,knirschewithdenZhnen',,-`Sge',
`dasGesgte,Sgespne;dreiseitigecolumn';
alb.prish`spoil,rupture,destroy,smash'.
References:
References:WP.II89.
Page(s):
Page(s):846
Root/lemma: prk t o- :prk t oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:buttocks
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stei'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andarmen.
Material:
Material:Arm.erastank`Pl.`'(from*erast=prkto-)kanndieRedukt.-stembesidesgr.
`rump,After'sein.
References:
References:WP.II89,MeilletEsquisse2142.
Page(s):
Page(s):846
Root/lemma: pr Seealso:
Seealso:s.per-2S.813f.
Page(s):
Page(s):846
Root/lemma: pr s o- ()
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:onion
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Lauch'
Note:
Note:ismediterranesloanword
Material:
Material:Gr.`Lauch':lat.porrum,porrus`Lauch'.
References:
References:WP.II84,WH.II343,SzemernyiGl.33,261f.
Page(s):
Page(s):846
Root/lemma: pster- ,pstereuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosneeze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`niesen',schallmalend
Material:
Material:Arm.p`ngam,p`nem`niese';gr.,`niese',m.,m.`das
Niesen'(withInlautbehandlungtheAnlautgruppepst-:`schnarchen'Hes.);lat.
sternu,-ere`sneeze';air.srod`dasNiesen',cymr.ystrew,trewds.,ystrewi,trewids.,mbret.
streuyaff,nbret.strefia`sneeze'(*striw-).
Maybealb.(*pstereu-)pshertij,teshtij`sneeze'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):846-847
Root/lemma: ptel(e)i
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindoftree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Baumname
Material:
Material:Gr.,epidaur.èlm,Rster'(latterwithprobablyolderAnlautsvereinfachung;
unclearare`blackpoplar'Hes.andbecauseofAnlautsHes.);lat.tilia`Linde'
(mir.teilederivesfromdemEngl.);ven.FlNTiliaventus
arm.tèlièlm'isLw.from;
perhaps*ptel-ei`dieBreitblttrige'oratmost`weitdiesteBreitende'.
References:
References:WP.II84f.,WH.II681f.,PokornyKZ.54,307f.
Page(s):
Page(s):847
Root/lemma: puk - 2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toenclose,puttogether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zusammendrngen,engumschlieen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:puk - 2 :
:`toenclose,puttogether'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ku- ,kus- (*kukh-)
: `tokiss'commonCeltic-Greek-Illyriank->p-phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:Av.pus-f.`Stirnband';gr.-m.`Stirnband',Adverb.`tight,firm,dense,
sensible,wise,painstaking',incompound-(-`sensible,wise'),outofit-newer
`dense,tight,firm,proficient',`maketight,firm,wrapdense';alb.puth`ksse',
eigentl.ùmarme'.
References:
References:WP.II82,J.B.Hofmann,Gr.etym.Wb.290.
Page(s):
Page(s):849
Root/lemma: pu-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`steifesHaar'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pi-lo- :
:`hair':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:pu-lo- :
:`hair'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:pleuk- :
`flake,feather,hair'commonconsonant+cosnonant>consonant+vowel
consonant+cosnonant>consonant+vowelphoneticmutation
recordedincentumlanguagesfirst,mainlyLatin.
Material:
Material:OldIndianpula-,pulaka-m.`dasStrubentheHrchenambody',pulast-m.`schlichtes
hairoftheheadbearing,carrying';Substantiv`hairofthehead',PatronymikonPlastya-;gr.Plur.
`hairamHintern,Locken'Hes.;mir.ul`beard'(*pulu-),ulach`bearded',ulchaf.`beard',
Ulaid`dieLeutefromUlster'(*Ulut).
References:
References:WP.II84,G.LiebertNominalsuffix-ti-191.
Page(s):
Page(s):850
Root/lemma: p k -1 ,peukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thick-haired,*fox
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`densebehaart,buschig(buschigerSchwanz),dichtwollig'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpccha-,-m`tail,member,rod'(kann*pu[k]-sko-sein);afterdembuschigen
Schwanzbenannt,seemsgot.fah,aisl.fa,ahd.foha`vixen'(germ.-n),besideswithmasc.-s-:
ags.fox,ahd.fuhs`fox'etc.;lit.pausts`Tierhaar';russ.-poln.puch(*peukso-,poukso-)`Flaumfedern,
Daunen,feineswolligesHaarananimals'(outofitlit.pkas`Flaumfeder'),russ.puistyj`fleecy,
dense,buschig',punjtovr`Pelzwerk',ech.-nsorb.o-pu(*puch),opy`tail',russ.opka,
opuinaèdge(ofWaldes),hem,Verbrmung'.
Note:
Alb.suggeststhatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:p k -1 ,peuk- :
:(thick-haired,*fox)isareducedrootofolderlat.
volpesfox,gr.alpxafox.Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u l p - ,lup- :
:[akindofcarnivore(fox,wolf)].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):849
Root/lemma: p - 1 ,peu- ,pou- alsophuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblow,blowup
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:vonderSchallvorstellungderaufgeblasenenBacken;àufblasen;aufgeblasen,
angeschwollen,angeschwollen,aufgebauscht'etc.
Material:
Material:OldIndianphupphukraka-`keuchend'(Lex.),pupphula-`Blhung'(Lex.),phuphusa-,-m
`Lunge',pupphusa-`Lunge,SamenkapseltheWasserrose'(Lex.),pht-karti`blows,pustet,shouts,
howlsfromvollemHalse';arm.(h)ogi`breath,breeze,breath,soul'(*pouio-),heval`shortorheavy
breathe'(*peu-),hoylk``congregation,meeting.Truppe';mir.an`scum,froth,foam'=cymr.ewyn,
bret.eonds.(*pou-ino-),Pl.eien`Quellen'(comparelit.put`Schaumblase');abret.euonoc
`schumend';lett.plis`heap,herd,nest,Strichregen',plut`fester',pl'i`Regenwolken',russ.
plja,klr.pl'a`ball';
lit.pr`tassel',lett.paurs,pare`Hinterhaupt,cranium;acme,apex'(`bulge'),lit.pras`measureof
capacity',lett.prs`measureofcapacityforcorn,grain,Aussteuerkasten',puns,pune,punis`hunch,
outgrowthamtree,hunch',pans,pana`cranium,Stirnknochen',alsoprobablyOldPrussian
pounian`buttock',lit.pn,lett.pana`Rnzel,bundle'.
pu-g- :gr.`theHintere';aisl.fjk`Schneesturm',fjka`quick,fastthroughdieLuftdrive,whisk',
fok`snowflurry',mhd.fochen`blow';lett.pga`gustofwind',pauga`Polster,head'.
p(h)u-k- :arm.pùk``breath,breeze,wind,breakingwind,fart',Pl.`bellows',pèm`hauche',p`kàm
`blasemichauf';npers.pk`dasblast(umfireanzufachen),bellows',afgh.p,pkàpuff,ablast,
theactofblowing';
lit.pukn`blister,bubble',pukl`swelling,blister',pki,pkti`pant,gasp,wheeze',pks,pkis
`chub'(*`Dickkopf');lett.pukuls`tassel'(eig.`thicktassel').
pu-p- (probablybrokenRedupl.):alb.pup`curd,grape,hill',ppz`bud,Mohn',ppul`back';lat.
ppus`smallkid,child,knave,boy,Bbchen',*ppa`smallgirl'and(late)`PupilleofAuges'(das
smallSpiegelbildofBeschauersinAugeofAngesprochenen'),vulgr-lat.*puppa(frz.poupe,ital.
poppa)`nipple';air.ucht`breast'(*puptu-);lett.pups`Weiberbrust',paupt`toswell',ppuol'ippuol'i
`Weidenktzchen'(withvoiced-nonaspiratedpubulis`bubbleaufbeer,knotinGarn'),lit.pupele,
pupela,pupuole`bud',probablyalsolit.pup,lett.pupa`bean'.
p(h)u-s- :OldIndianpyati,puti,pati`gedeiht,makesthrive,wchstto,ernhrt',pu`wohlgenhrt,rich',pti-,put-f.`prospering;flourishing,growth,fullness,wealth',pa-ds.,ppam`flower,blossom,bloom,blossom',pukal-`rich,prchtig,invollervitality';gr.`blast,
bellows,bubble'(*or*pht-ia),`blow,blaseauf',`snort',f.`garlic,
onion,bulb',()f.`bubble',f.`bubble,weal,callus',f.ìntestine,sausage',
`Dickbauch',-`blow,snort';lat.pussula,pustula`bubble,vesicle,blister,bubble';
norw.fysa(*fausian)`swellup,aufghren',f(j)usa`sausen,withGewaltausstrmen';lit.psl
`bubble',lett.pslisds.,lit.pusns,pusnnas`zusammengewehterSchneehaufe',p(p)
`blister,bubble',pkas`HitzblschenauftheHaut',lett.puis`bouquet,Banderstrau,tussock'
underlikewise;OldChurchSlavic*puchati`blow',*opuchnti`tobloat,bulge,swell',puchl`cavus
(aufgedunsen)',russ.pycht`pant,gasp,Gluthitzefromsichgive',pchatàufgeblasen,hochmtig
sein',pnyj`luscious,aufgeblasen,hochmtig'etc.,OldChurchSlavicnapytitis`sichaufblasen',
russ.pitds.(*pyskiti;probablyalsoech.-poln.etc.pysk`snout,muzzlewithdickenLippen');
compareaboveS.790puson-
pu-t- :OldIndianpuppua-ìntumescenceofthepalateandgums';gr.`rump'Hes.(*putsnos);lat.praeptium`Vorhaut'(froma*ptos`penis',comparewruss.potkads.);perhapsir.uth
ùdder'(*putus);balt.*puti`blow'inlit.pui,psti`blow',reflex.`toswell',punt,psti`toswell,sich
aufblasen',pslf.`bubble,bladder',putls`sichblhend,aufgeblasen,stout,proud',put
`Schaumblase',ptmenosf.Pl.`swelling,lump,growth',pari-ptlisàufgeblasenerperson',
ppautas`weal,callus',alsopatasègg,testicle',pu,pst`blow,breathe,breathe',psma
`breath',pte`bubble,blister,bubble',probablyalsolit.putr`Grtze',lett.putra`Grtze,porridge,
mash';aufvoiced-nonaspirated:lett.pudurs,puduris`tussock,heap',pudra`heap';wruss.potka
(*ptka)`malelimb,member'.
References:
References:WP.II79ff.,WH.II389f.,392,Trautmann233f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveb(e)u-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):847-848
Root/lemma: p - 2 :peu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torot,stink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`faulen;stinken'
Note:
Note:presumablyfromapu`fie!'evolved
Material:
Material:OldIndianpyati`wirdfaul,stinkt'=av.puyeiti`wirdfaul',OldIndianpya-,-m`pus',pti`faul,stinkend;Jauche,pus'=av.ptay-`Fauligwerden,Verwesung';pashtopl`TrbungofAuges',
westosset.ambud`faul';OldIndianptu(:aisl.fu)`buttocks';with-sk o - :mpers.psintan`faulen',
aisl.fauskr`morscheswood';arm.huèitrigesblood';gr.`manchefaulen',`faule',
(*puom),,-n.`pus';perhapsalsom.,,,`beestings';lat.ps,
pris`pus'(*puuos),pte,-re`faulen',ptidus`faul'(fromaparticiple*p-to-s),pter,-tris,-tre
`faul,morsch'with-,asmir.othrach`dunghill',probablyalsootharèinsicker'(*putro-),othar-lige
`Krankenbett,Begrbnisplatz';aisl.finn`decayed,rott',fi`decay',fna`faulen',feyja`verfaulen
lassen,verrottenlassen',got.fls,aisl.fll,ags.ahd.fl`faul';
aisl.fuf.`pudenda',mhd.vut`pudenda',alem.vdeliKinderwort`Popo',geminatedmhd.votze;lit.
pv,pti`faulen',causativepdau,-yti`faulenmake',lett.pt`faulen',causativepdt`faulen
make',lit.piulas(*pu-lo-s)m.`verfaultertree',lett.prals`verfaulteswood'(*pauls),lit.pliaim.Pl.
`pus',puvs(i)aim.Pl.`verfaulteSachen',lett.puveim.Pl.`pus',pim.Pl.ds.,papuvef.
`Brachfeld'.
with: aisl.fki`Stank',nisl.fkialso`verfaultesseaweed,kelp',aslett.pnis`faulendes,
pustulating',pnesPl.`Modererde';
withs: norw.fyr(*fauza-)`morsch',ndl.voos`schwammig',schweiz.gefsen`morschgeworden';
aboutaisl.fauskrseeabove;
References:
References:WP.II82,WH.II391f.,Trautmann234;G.LiebertNominalsuff.-ti-151.
Page(s):
Page(s):848-849
Root/lemma: p - 3
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderpeu-andpu-.
Page(s):
Page(s):849
Root/lemma: p-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:corn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Korn(frucht)';griech.also`Kern,SteinvonObstfrchten'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`Weizenkorn,wheat',`KernfromallerleiObstandsonstigen
Frchten',-,-èinetheWeichselkirschesimilarfruit';lit.prai`Winterweizen',lett.pri
`wheat',OldPrussianpuref.`Trespe,Bromussecalinus',OldChurchSlavicpyro`Spelt',ech.pr
`Quecke',slov.prm.,praf.`Spelt'etc.;ags.fyrs`Quecke,Ackerunkraut',engl.furze.
References:
References:WP.II83,Trautmann232;comparegeorg.puri`bread'.
Page(s):
Page(s):850
Root/lemma: rabh- orrebh- :r e bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torage,befurious
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`vonUngestm,Wutergriffensein'
Material:
Material:Lat.rabis`fury,Tollheit',rabi,-ere`tollsein,rage'berhrtsichinthemeaningverynahe
withOldIndianrbhas-n.Ùngestm,force,might',rabhas-`wild,boisterous,vast,grand',sarabdha-`furious',dasaboveS.652irrigtorbhatèrfat,hltsichfest'=Ibhat,lambhatèrfat,
ergreift',placedwurde;comparemir.recht`pltzlicherattack,fury',dasalsotolat.rapi,root*repbelongcould;ags.rabbian`dash'fromvlat.rabireds.;toch.Arapure`ferventness,passion'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):852
Root/lemma: rp- ,rpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:turnip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rbe'
Note:
Note:Wanderwortunbekannterorigin
Material:
Material:Gr.,f.`beet,turnip',,`Rettig',att.`Kohl',,-
`Rettig';lat.rpum,rpa`beet,turnip',rpistrum`wildturnip',rpna`Rbenfeld'(aslit.ropien)and
`Rben';ahd.ruoba,ruoppa(*rbj)`turnip',besidesj-loseadditionalforminaisl.rfa`theknochige
partofPferdeschwanzes',norw.rva`tail',inadditioninablautahd.rba,mhd.rbe,rpe,rappeds.,
schweiz.rb(e)bair.rben(alsoisahd.rbaasj(n)-stemmustbeassumed);diegerm.formscan
nichtfromdemLat.derive;certainlylat.Lw.isonlyndl.raap,engl.rope;
lit.rp`turnip',ropien`Rubenfeld';r.-ChurchSlavicrpa`turnip';alb.rep`turnip'fromdemLat.or
Slav.;uncleariscymr.erfin`Rben'(Plur.),bret.irvinds.(*arbno-);
References:
References:WP.II341,WH.II418,Trautmann237,WissmannbyMarzell,Pflanzennamen1,659.
Page(s):
Page(s):852
Root/lemma: r s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound,cry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrtnen,schreien'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrsati,rsate`bellow,roar,wiehert,heult,shouts,howls,ertnt';OldIndian
rasit-n.`Getn,bellowing,braying,roar,thunder';got.razda`voice',ahd.rartaf.`modulatio',aisl.
rddf.`voice';withablautags.reordf.`voice,sound,language';
whetherheredn.ralle,schwed.dial.rallaetc.`glucksen,babble,chatter'(*razln)
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):852
Root/lemma: rebh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove,hurry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichbewegen,umhereilen'
Material:
Material:Npers.raftan`go',mparth.raf-àssail,fight',osset.rvg`quick,fast';
mir.reb`game,Tcke'(*reb),rebrad`Kinderspiel',rebaigimÌspiele';
germ.*reb-ìnheftigerBewegungsein',mhd.rebenst.Vb.`sichbewegen,rhren',nhd.bair.rebisch
àlert,awake,smart',schweiz.rbeln`rant,roister',mhd.reben`trumen,bafflesein',mnd.reven
`nonsensicaltalk,speak,think',norw.dial.rava`hinandhertaumeln'etc.
References:
References:WP.II370,SzemernyiZDMG.101,207ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:extendedfromer-.
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: rebh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toroof
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berwlben,berdachen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`berdache'(*berwlbe),-`withhoherBedachung',
`dasreed,wherewithmandieHuserdeckt,roof,ceiling',`Bedachung';ahd.hirnireba
`cranium'(*`Hirn-bedachung');ahd.rippa,rippi,as.ribbi,ags.ribb,aisl.rifn.`Rippe'(*rebhio-;die
RippencoverdieBrusthhle,asdasDachdasHaus);russ.-ChurchSlavicrebr`Rippe';engl.reef
`Riff'isdn.Lw.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: red- ,rodEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:`flow'
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.334(ered-).
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: reg-1 (andsreg- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topaint
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frben'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrjyati`frbtsich,rtetsich',newerrajyate,Kaus.rajayati`frbt',secondary
rajayati;rgam.`dasFrben,rotepaint,color';
gr.,Aor.`frben',`gefrbterStoff',(also)`Frber',-
Hes.;dakeinenVokalvorschlagerfahrenhat,isauffllig;compareSchwyzerGr.
Gr.1,310andBoisacq838.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):854
Root/lemma: reg-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:onlyalbanesischandBaltic
Material:
Material:Alb.ruaj`sehean,look,see';lit.regi,regti`see',rgana`witch'(compare`bserlook'),
rgimas`visible,apparent,manifest,obvious',lett.redzt`see'.
References:
References:WP.II366,JoklStud.75.
Page(s):
Page(s):854
Root/lemma: re-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:right,just,tomakeright;king
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gerade,geraderichten,lenken,recken,strecken,aufrichten'(also
untersttzend,helfend);direction,line(Spur,Geleise)underlikewise
Grammaticalinformation:formsidg.neitherrootpresentnorperfecttense;participlePerf.Pass.
re-to- `law'
Note:
Alb.shqipeèagle'seemsrelatedtoOldIndianrji-py`dartingalong'epithetofthebirdyen(èagle,falcon'),[rum.oim`falcon'],Av.rzifya-(cf.gr.H.,),
arm.arcui(<*arciwi)èagle'whichisevidentlyaformofthesameword;thatitisMacedonian
confirmsitsreality.
Alb.,gr.,av.,andOldIndianprovethatfromRoot/lemma:
or-:èagle'derivedextended
Root/lemma: ar(e)-- (ar- ),r i- :
:`glittering,white,fast'anditssubsequentzerogradeRoot/
Root/
lemma: re-1 :
:`right,just,tomakeright;king'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianjyati,nasalizedrjti`stretchesitself,ithurries(fromhorses)';probablyalso
irajyti(withuncleari-)àrranges,orders,enacts,decrees';rju-,av.rzu-`just,right'(inaddition
rzu`finger',Gen.rzv),Kompar.Superl.OldIndianrjyas-,rjyas-`straight',rjiha-,av.
razita-`thejustest,justest';
OldIndianrjr-fromhorses=rju-gmin,rjrva-,av.rzrspa-ENeig.`whosesteedshastestraight
on;withfasthorses',nexttowhichcompoundform*rji-inrji-py-(2.partunclear)`soaringstraight
ahead'(epithetofyn-èagle,falcon'),av.rzi-fya-m.èagle,nameofamountainormountains',
byHes.(i.e.),arm.arciv(*arcivi)èagle'(besideit*rju-pya-,ap.
*ardufya-innpers.luhèagle',comparegr.,iftransfiguredbyfolketymologyafterfrom
*);rji-van-ENeig.`withfastdogs',compareingr.(from*-diss.)`fast,quick',
aboveS.64;
maybetruncatedalb.(*),-,shqiponjèagle',alb.geg.Shqipni,alb.tosk.Shqipri`land
oftheeagles'.
OldIndianraj-`sichaufrichtend,straight',rji-RVperhaps`line,row'(=mnd.rekeunderS.856);
rjas-(av.razah-)n.`Raum';
av.raz-(rzayeiti,participlerta-,gr.,lat.rctus,got.rahts;av.rtmìngerader
direction')`richten,geraderichten,sort,order,arrange',razan-òrder,statute',ranu-`gerecht'
(comparegr.-),probablyalsorazura-n.,razurf.`wood,forest',rzar,rzan-`command,
alignment';rasman-m.n.`Schlachtreihe'(:gr.,lat.regimen);
OldIndianrj-(Nom.Sg.r)`king'(=lat.rx,air.r,s.alsogot.reiks),rjan-ds.,rj`queen,
Frstin',ri,rjatiìsking,herrscht,glares,gleams'(denominative),rjy-`royal'(=lat.rgius,
comparealsoahd.rhhi),rjy-,rjya-n.`Herrschaft'(=mir.rge,comparealsogot.reiki),rr
`Herrscherin',rr-n.`Herrschaft,Reich',av.rstar-`Lenker,ladder';
arm.arcviseeabove;doubtfulthrak.PN;
gr.(onlyinhom.participle)`toreach,stretch,stretchout;toreachout,hold
out,hand,give;tostretchoneselfout,stretchforthone'shand;toreachatortoathing,graspat;
metaph.toreachafter,graspat,yearnforathing;tohelponeselfto'(=av.rata-etc.),
`streckemich,long,reiche'(-isprefix),or,ion.ep.`Klafter',
ds.(probablyfrom*ass.);incompound-,e.g.;(=av.
rasman-)`dasReckenthehands,theFe(footstep);Darreichen';aboutseeunderbeim
Germ.;aboutseeabove;
venet.Reitia`Geburtsgttin(comparegr.),diedieKinderindierichtigeLagebringt'or
`goddesstheErektion';
lat.reg,-ere,rx,rctum(secondarylengthening)`geraderichten,lenken,rule,reign'(=,
),rigo`richteauf(=ir.irgim`surgo')etc.;aboutperg,porrig,surg,Adv.corg,erg,
ergs.WH.s.vv.),regi`direction,line;line,region',rgula`Richtholz,line;Richtschnur,lath'etc.,
rgillus`withsenkrechtenKettenfdengewebt';osk.Regaturei`Rectri'(fromaverb*regre);lat.
rog,-re`(dieHandausstrecken=)ersuchen,bid,beg,ask,fragen';rogus`Scheiterhaufen'(gr.sizil.
`Getreidescheune'islat.Lw.)probablyeig.àufgerichtetershove'(=germ.*rakaz);rx,rgis
`king'(=OldIndianrj-etc.),rgna`queen'(marr.regen[ai]Dat.),rgius`royal'(=OldIndianrjya-);
lat.rige,-re`tobestiff,benumb,stiffen;tobestiff,berigid,standonend,bristle,standerect;
standout,tostandstiff,standupright,rise',rigidus`stiff,hard,inflexible,rigid',rigor`stiffness,
inflexibility,rigidity,numbness,hardness,firmness,rigor,esp.forcoldness;thecoldness'(thisspecific
meaningperhapspreferredthroughfrgus);whetherfor*regreafterrigre;
air.reg-,rig-àustrecken,e.g.diehand',Perf.reraig(*re-rog-e)`direxit';*eks-reg-(:lat.rig)e.g.in
at-reigùpliftssich',irge`surrectio';ablaut.air.rog(a)id`strecktaus',mcymr.rho`gift',rho`give';
mcymr.dy-re`stehtauf',dy-rein`sicherheben',rhein`stiff,gereckt'(:mir.riginds.),acymr.ar-cibrenou`sepulti',mcymr.ar-gyu-rein`Begraben'(*are-com-reg(i)-no)etc.;mir.rn`span'(*regno-);air.
recht(tu-stem),cymr.rhaith`law',bret.reizòrder,law,right';
Maybealb.mbret(mb-ret)`king'
gall.Rectu-genus;air.r-,Gen.rg`king'(=OldIndianrj-,lat.rx),cymr.rhi`prince,lord',gall.Caturx,Pl.-rgeseig.`peopleofC.`,Rgo-maguseig.`Knigsfeld'(acorn.ruy,mbret.roe,nbret.roue
`king'probablyfrz.),air.rgain`queen'(*ren=)cymr.rhiain`queen,Dame';mir.rgen.`Knigreich'
(*riom);air.rchedn.`Knigreich'(*risedom);
got.rahts,aisl.rttr,ags.riht,as.ahd.reht`right,straight'(=av.rata-etc.),got.ga-rahtjan,ahd.
rihtenetc.`richten';aisl.rttr,Gen.rttar`dasright,law,court'(=kelt.*rektu-;wgrm.throughdasn.of
participleahd.etc.reht`right'ersetzt);got.rahtn`darreichen';Kaus.got.uf-rakjanìndieHhe
recken,ausstrecken',ahd.recchenàusstrecken,raise,uplift,reichen,cause,say,define',nhd.
recken,as.rekkian`tell,define',ags.reccan(reahte)àusstrecken,leiten,define,reckon',aisl.rekja
`strecken,outspread,define,announce,declare'(partlyiterative*rakjanunderVerdrngungfrom
*re,partlydenominative);aisl.raknaàusgestrecktbecome,zurBesinnungcome';
ags.racuf.`riverbed,run,flow',engl.rake`pathway,way,Geleise',ags.racian`run,leiten,lenken',
aisl.rekjaspor`diespoorpursue',mnd.rekef.(*raki)`row,order',raken`meet,reach';ags.racuf.
`narration,account',as.raka,ahd.rahha`Rechenschaft,thing',aisl.rkNom.Pl.òrigin,source,
beginning;anancestor,Ursache,ground';aisl.rakr,fries.mnd.rak`straight,right'(=lat.rogus);e grade:mhd.gerech`wohlgeordnet',as.rekn`richten,sort,order,arrange',mnd.reken`right,
unhindered,often',ahd.rehhann`sort,order,arrange,reckon,Rechenschaftablegen',ags.gerecenian`define',engl.reckon`thereforehalten';ags.recen`quick,fast,willing,ready';aisl.land-reki
`king',ahd.anet-rehho`drake,maleduck';whetherwiththeoutlookthezumZusammenscharren
ausgerecktenHanddiefamilyofgot.rikanànhufen',mhd.rechen`zusammenscharren,anhufen,
gather,collect',aisl.raka,mnd.raken(*rakn)`(together)scratch',aisl.reka,ahd.rehho`rake,rake',
as.rekaf.`rake',as.raka,ags.racu,schwed.rakaf.ds., -grade:norw.dial.raakf.`spoor,Streif,
furrow,row',isl.rkf.`Streif'(compareOldIndianrji-,rj`stripe,row')herebelongs,isdubious;
throughborrowingfromdemKelt.vortheMediaverschiebung:got.reiks`ruler,vornehm,mighty'(kelt.
rg-s),aisl.rkr`mighty';ahd.rhhi,as.rki,ags.rce(kelt.*rgio-)`mighty,vornehm,rich',nhd.reich;
got.reiki,ahd.rhhi`Reich'(kelt.*rgion);
-grade,withfromùplift,setup,help'entwickeltermeaning:aisl.rkja,ags.reccan(for*rcanafter
reccanàusstrecken';butpreteritrhte),as.rkian,ahd.geruohhen`carebear,carry,Rcksicht
nehmen',ahd.ruoh,ruohhaÀchthaben,Bemhung,Sorgfalt',mnd.rkem.ds.,mhd.ruochls,ags.
rcelas(nhd.ruchlos,engl.reckless)ùnbekmmert,unworried',aisl.rkr`sorgsam',diewithgr.
`help,stehebei',,-,`helper',`help'sichengstens
zusammenschlieen;
nasalized(comparedasLit.,alsoOldIndianrjti):ags.ranc`straight,stout,proud,bold',mnd.rank
`slim,thin,weak'(*gereckt),aisl.rakkr`slim,erect,bold';as.ags.rinc,aisl.rekkr`man';
lit.nasalizedem.rious,rtis`sichrecken',ablaut.raus,rytis(16.Jh.ranszies),rf.
`Recken',lett.ruztis`sichrecken';russ.su-rzina`goodorder';
toch.Ark-,rak-`hinbreiten,cover',rk-ds.,Arkl`cover'.
References:
References:WP.II362ff.,WH.II426f.,432f.,434f.,WissmannNom.Postverb.106,Trautmann
244.
Page(s):
Page(s):854-857
Root/lemma: re-2 ,rek - (rek- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:damp;rain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,bewssern,Regen'
Material:
Material:1.re -:
-:lat.rigre`bewssern'(withifrome),alb.rrjeth,Aor.rrodha`flow,quelle,tropfe';
norw.dial.rakem.`dampness,Nsse',aisl.rakids.,nisl.rakr`humid,wet';
2.rek - (rek- )in:got.rignn.`rain'(*rek-n-),krimgot.reghen,aisl.regnn.,as.regan,reginm.,
afries.rein,ags.reg(e)n,rnm.,ahd.regan,regin,regen,mhd.regenm.;aisl.rigna`rain',ahd.
regannds.etc.;lit.(withwestidg.k)rkia,rkti`feinrain',rk`dustrain'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):857
Root/lemma: regosEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:darkness
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Dunkelheit'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrjan-`night';gr.`darknessoftheunderworld'(-suggestion);arm.erek
anderekoyèvening';alsoAdverberek`yesterday';got.riqis,-izisn.`darkness',nisl.rkkr,-rs
`darkness,dawn,twilight';hereperhapsgr.`dark'(*orgsno-)andtoch.Aorkm(*orgmo-)
`darkness';differentaboveS.334.
References:
References:WP.II367,BenvenisteHirt-Festschrift2,236,BurrowBSOAS12,645f.
Page(s):
Page(s):857
Root/lemma: reibhEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrtnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrbhati`creak,knistern,mumble,murmur;cry';lett.rbt(alsoribt)`din,drone,
rumble,bawl,blaster'.
References:
References:WP.II349;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytorei-3 .
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: reidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toride,go
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fahren,inBewegungsein'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:reidh- :
:`toride,go'derivedfromzerogradeofanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:er-3 :
or- :r- :
:`tomove'in-eidh-formant.
Material:
Material:Mir.rad(a)im`travel'(*reidh-);cymr.rhwydd-hau`beeilen,erleichtern';aisl.raìn
schwankenderBewegungsein,ride';ags.rdan`ride';afries.rda,mnd.rden,ahd.rtan,mhd.rten,
nhd.reiten;
lett.raidtèiligsenden,hetzen',raiditis`wriggle';
germ.*ridjan-placedinags.ridda,ahd.rittoèquestrian',extendedinafries.ridder,mnd.ridder(out
ofitaisl.riddari),mhd.ritter;
gall.rda`vierrdrigerReisewagen';ir.d-riad`Zweigespann'(idg.*reidh);aisl.reif.`Reiten,
Reiterschar,cart',and.brande-rda`Brandbock';ags.rdf.`Reiten,pull,journey;Musik';engl.road
`way';ahd.reita,mhd.reite`cart,campaign,kriegerischerattack'(germ.*raid,idg.*roidh);
(compareahd.reisa`departure,wagon,wartrain,trip'inRoot/lemma:
:`tomove'in
-eis-formant.
comparemoreovergall.rdrius`Lenkerarda';PN-rdia,PNEpo-rdo-rx;cymr.ebrwydd
`quick,fast'(*epo-rdi-);
germ.*(ga)-raiia-ingot.ga-raisàngeordnet,bestimmt',aisl.greir`lighttobewerkstelligen,
simple,just,clear,bright';afries.rde,ags.gerde,rde`fertig,light,clear,bright,simple,just'
(engl.ready);mnd.gerde,rde`willing,ready,fertig';mhd.gereit,gereite`fertig,willing,ready,zur
Hand';asSubstantivinaisl.reiin.andm.Àusrstung',norw.greiden.`Pferdegeschirr';ags.
gerden.`Geschirr,armament,armor';mnd.gerdeàppliance,dowry';ahd.gireitin.`wagon,cart';
mhd.gereiten.`cart,Geschirr,tool';aisl.reir`durchreitbar,willing,ready';
got.ga-raidjan`dispose,festsetzen';aisl.greia`sort,order,arrange,pay,help';ags.(ge)rdan
`sort,order,arrange,help';mhd.(ge)reiten`bereiten,sort,order,arrange,reckon,pay'.
reidhi- inir.rid`planus,facilis';acymr.ruid,ncymr.rhwydd`light,free';abret.roedindenPNRoedlon,Roidoc,Roet-anau,nbret.rouez`rare,clair-sem';lett.raids`willing,ready'.
reidho- inir.rad`Fahren,Reiten';cymr.gorydd`horse';mlat.-gall.ve-rdus,para-ve-rdus(from
*vo-rdos)`Beipferd';compareahd.ga-rtn.èquitatus';mhd.n-ritm.Èinritt';mnd.ritn.`Ritt';
toreidh-alsodasAbstraktsuffixcymr.-rwyddm.:air.Kollektivsuffix-radinair.ech-radf.`Pferde'
(*ekuo-reidh);
gr.`servant'withprothet.-reihtsichandieDienernamenwithaprimarymeaningofLaufens
an,whetherheregehrig.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):861
Root/lemma: reidEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toleanon,support
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànlehnen,sttzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`lehnean,untersttze,drnge,strengemichan'(hom.for--),
`pad',--`Strebepfeiler,pad';lat.ridicaèinthroughfissuresgrererPflcke
gewonnenerWeinpfahl'
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytorei-5.
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: reig- orreiEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Material:
Material:Ir.ad-riugàllig',con-riug`collig',do-riug`nud',fo-riug`sist';*rigo-placedinmir.rach
`manacle'(bret.ere)from*ad-rigo-,cenn-rach`halter'(=cymr.pen-rhe`Stirnband');*reigo-incymr.
modrwyf.`ring',rhwym(*reig-smn)m.`manacle'(Pl.acymr.ruimmein),aerwy(*adreigo-)`halter',
air.barach,cymr.burwy`Kuhfessel',cyfrwy`saddle'(*kom-reigo-);mbret.rum`bande,troupeau'
goesauf*roig-smnback;
ir.cuimrechn.`manacle,Fesseln'(bret.kevre`lien')corresponds,dadiebasicform*kom-rig-omis,
bisaufdassuffixdemlat.corrigia,corrigium`Schuhriemen,strap';
mhd.ricGen.rickesm.`band,strap,manacle,Verstrickung,knot'andrickenànbinden'.
References:
References:WP.II347,LothRC.41,220,WH.I278f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyextensionfromrei-1;meaningdevelopmentas(see858)rei-p-`wickeln,bind'.
Page(s):
Page(s):861-862
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(rei- ),riEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostretch,stretchout(thehand)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`recken,ausstrecken,withausgestreckterHandlangenordarreichen
underlikewise'
Note:
Note:bedeutungsverwandtwithre-1 .
Material:
Material:Ahd.reichen`reach,(er)langen,darreichen,sicherstrecken',mnd.rcken,ags.rc(e)an
àusstrecken,reichen,darbieten'(engl.reach),aisl.reikf.`ScheitelinHaar';lit.ri-iuos,-tis`sich
brsten',ri-from,-ytis`sichwiederholtrecken';as`TorturthroughStreckentheGlieder'seemsalso
relatedair.riag`Tortur',ringid`foltert,peinigt';mir.rimm`buffoon'(*reismi-),mcymr.dir-rwyn
(*rei-no-)`Tortur,affliction';cyf-rwyn-einds.
References:
References:WP.II347f.,Trautmann242,LothRC.42,373.
Page(s):
Page(s):862
Root/lemma: reikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshake;pole()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichaufrecken'and`wackeln';`Stange,Latte'
Material:
Material:Norw.rjaam.`shaft,polezumTrocknenofGetreides'(*rhan-),schwed.dial.rif.`picket,
pole,shaft,rod';mnd.rick,reckn.(*rikk-)`langednneshaft,pole',mhd.ric,-ckesm.`waagrechtes
Gestell,shaft,pole',nhd.Reck;ahd.rigilm.,mnd.regelm.`bar,bolt,Reeling',nnd.alsorchel,older
ndl.rijgelnow,yetrichel`bar,bolt';isl.rgrm.`stiffness'(alsonameofHeimdallr);mnd.rch`stiff',
aisl.reigjask`denbodyuplift,setup,sichanspannen',ags.rge-rose`Muskelnambackbone,
spine';aisl.riga,-aa`(hinandher)move,zumWankenbringen',schweiz.rigelen`waver';norw.
dial.riggaùpset';norw.rikke`move,rcken',ostfries.rikke(l)n`hinandherbewegen,wobble,sway';
lett.rku(rkstu),rikt`curdle,coagulate,harden,festbecome'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyasreik-torei-;s.alsorei-5.
Page(s):
Page(s):862
Root/lemma: rei-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear,cut
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ritzen,reien,schneiden'
Material:
Material:Lat.rma`Ritze'(*rei-m);mir.ro`stripe'(*ri-uo-);ags.rw,rwf.`row'(*roiu);lit.riev
`Felskluft,Fels,hill'(comparelat.rump:rps),rav`stripe',lett.riwa`Ritze,crease,furrow';in
additionprobablyas`borderline'or`Hgelreihe':mir.ren`way,Bergkette'(therefromrenaid
`*bahntsicheinenway'>`besiegt',renNiederlage'),bret.run`hill';aisl.reinf.`borderline',ahd.
rein,nhd.Rainds.(kelto-germ.*roi-no-).
extensions:
reib-: ags.rpan,riopan`reap'(engl.reap),rifter`sickle',rpn.`harvest',norw.rpa`ritzen',rpa
àbreien,abstreifen',mengl.ripelen,nengl.ripple`Flachsbreak,rupture',mnd.repen,repelends.,
ahd.rifila,riffila`Sge,jaggedmountainridge';as.rpi,ags.rpe,ahd.rfi,nhd.reif(`zumErntenreif').
reig- seeunderdifferentSchlagwort.
reik(h)- :OldIndianrikhti,likhti`scarifies',rkh,lkh`crack,line,line';gr.`rupture,tear,
rend',`barst',,,-`geschrotetebarley'(--spellingfor--);perhapslat.rixa
`ttlicherquarrel,fight';cymr.rhwygo`tear',rhwygm.`break,col,gap',mbret.roegaff`tear,rend',
nbret.reuga;ablaut.mcymr.go-rugaw`tear';mhd.rhe`line',nhd.Reihe,ahd.rhanàufeinenFaden
pull',withablautandgramm.Wechselahd.riga`line',mhd.rige`line,row,knstlicherWassergraben',
nhd.Riege;norw.reigm.`row,Zeile';
lit.rieki,rikti`(bread)cut,clip,zumerstenmalpflgen',riek`Brotschnitte',raika,-ti`bread
mehrfachinSchnittenschneiden';
similarlyreik-inOldIndianriti,liti`rupft,reitab,weidetab'(npers.ritan`spinnen',bal.rsag,
rsa`spinnen,flax,wattle,braid').
reip-: gr.`strzeum(tr.),strzelow,base'(intr.),n.Pl.`ruinae',f.Àbsturz,
slope';lat.rpa`steileredge,bank,border,shore';aschwed.rva,aisl.rfa`tear(tr.)',rifna
`zerspringen,aufspringen',rifaf.`crack,col,gap',mnd.rven`rub',afries.rva`rend',nd.ribben
`pluck,Flachspluck';aisl.rfrèrwnscht'(compare`sichumetwasreien'),ags.rf`vast,grand,
violent',mnd.rve`wasteful';ablaut.aisl.reifr`blithe,glad,aufgerumt',reifa`frdern,beschenken';
ostfries.riffel`furrow',ags.ge-riflian`furrow';withpthroughconsonantstretch:aisl.rpÒberkante
einesBootes',ostfries.rip(e)èdge,bank,border,shore',mhd.rf`bank,border,shore';
besideseinegerm.familywith`scrap,shred,stripe'asbasicmeaning,sothathereanreihbar,and
`wickeln,bind'asabgeleitetemeaning:aisl.rifn.`Reff',mnd.riftds.,aisl.rift(ript)f.`StckZeuges',
rifrm.(*rii-)`pulley,Weberbaum',rifa`sew',ags.riftf.`dress,Schleier,curtain',ahd.bein-refta
`britches';aisl.reifarPl.f.`Wickel',reifa`wickeln',ags.-rfian`loswickeln'(similarlyndl.dial.rijvelen
`wearout');
withconsonantstretch-p(p)-: got.skauda-raip`Schuhriemen',aisl.reip,ags.rp`rope,band',ahd.
reif`strap,Fareif,ring';
withgerm.-sp- (from-ps-):aisl.rispa`tearopen'andf.rispaèinlightKratzer',aschwed.rispa
`discord',nd.rispe`Flachsraufe',rispen`denFlachsthroughdieRaufepull'(nhd.Rispe
`Samenbschel'butprobablywithoriginallyhr-),ahd.rispeln`snatch',bair.ab-reispenàbzupfen,
abbrechen',mhd.be-rispeln`rebuke,reproach,bestrafen'.
reis-: OldIndianriyati,rati`wirdinjures,hurts,disables,nimmtdamage;damages',ri-ìnjures,
hurts,disables',rayati`schdigt,straft',rianyti`gehtfehl',riay-ùnzuverlssig';av.ra-,iriìnjure,verwunden;damageleiden'(presentrayeititr.,iriyeititr.,intr.,Kaus.raayeiti),participle
irita-`damages',raa-m.,raah-n.`Schdigung',probablyalsoraa-`cleft,fissureintheearth';
aisl.rsta(reist)andristaschw.V.`cut,clip,ritzen,aufritzen',rista`Ritz,slit',aschwed.rsta`(Runen)
ritzen',mnd.risten`carve',aisl.ristillm.`Pflugeisen',mhd.ristm.n.`plowshare,ploughhandle,
ploughstilt';lett.risums,risins`crack,slit',OldChurchSlavicreiti`loosen'.
References:
References:WP.II343ff.,WH.II435f.,436,438,Trautmann241.
Page(s):
Page(s):857-859
Root/lemma: rei-2 ,roi-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:variegated,speckled
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`buntgestreift,fleckig'
Material:
Material:Lit.ra-nas`gray,buntgestreift';ra-mas`varicolored';air.rabach`dappled',lit.ra-bas
`dappled,graubunt'(rabti`flicker'),lett.ribs`varicolored,fleckig',esp.fromanimals,OldPrussian
roaban`gestreift',russ.klr.ribyj`varicolored';*roi-k o - seemsdiebasefromahd.rhn.,rhom.,ags.
r,rham.`roedeer',aisl.rf.,ags.rge(*raigjn-),ahd.ria,ria(unclear)andnhd.Ricke,ndl.
rekke`Ricke',(expressive)whereforeprobablyOldIndianriya-m.`maleantelope'.
References:
References:WP.II346,Trautmann235f.,SpechtIdg.Dekl.115.
Page(s):
Page(s):859
Root/lemma: rei-3 ,r(i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocry,bellow,etc..onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzel`schreien,brllen,bellen'etc.
Note:
Note:s.alsoreu-,ru-,rMaterial:
Material:OldIndianryati`barks';lit.rejureti`losschreien,scold,chide',refl.`sichquarrel,
squabble';lett.reju,rju,rit`bark,bay';ablaut.rju,rt`scold,chide',lit.rojju,rojtiùnordentlich
crow,cackle'(ofrooster,cock),ChurchSlavicrar`clangor'(ech.rarohm.`Wrgfalke'),russ.
rjat`clink,sound';aisl.rmr`hoarse'(*rma-);derivedfromanoun*ramaisremja`roar,bellow';
possibleherealsormr`voice,sound,pronunciation';comparefurtherags.rrian`bloken,roar,
bellow',ahd.rrnds.etc.;
aisl.jarma`bleat',whereforearm.onal`heule'belongs,weisperhapsaufeinevollererooter-,rthere.
extensions:
rb- `rlpsen':
norw.dial.rpa`denMundrunlassen'(*rpjan),rapa`rlpsen';aisl.repta(*rapatjan)`rlpsen';dn.
rbeds.,jt.also`quaken's.Falk-Torp928;comparereub-underreu-1.
r k - `roar,bellow,cry':
lat.raccre,rancre`roar,bellow'(ofTiger);rna(*rcsn)`frog';cymr.rhegenf.(*rakin)`Wachtel';
mhd.ruohen`roar,bellow,grunt'(besidesrhentoreu-k-),amhd.ruohelen,mhd.rehelen`neigh,
roar,bellow,rcheln'(besidesrheln,rchelnto*reu-k-);lit.rki,rkti`roar,bellow',lett.rktds.;
OldChurchSlavicrek`say';withg: lat.ragere`roar,bellow'.
rt- `roar,bellow,rant,roister':
mhd.reden`rant,roister',bair.reden`roar,bellow,rant,roister,intherutting,heatsein';ahd.ruod
`bellowing,braying,roar',ir-ruota`rugiebam',ags.re,`cruel,savage,terrible'.
References:
References:WP.II342f.,WH.II414,416,421f.,Trautmann242f.
Page(s):
Page(s):859-860
Root/lemma: rei-4 :riEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thing;possession
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Besitz,Sache'
Note:
Note:afterBurrow(Sanscrit178,245)wrefromeHvorioriginated
Material:
Material:OldIndianrai-m.f.`possession,richness'inr,ry(originallyi-stem);dasfromr
afterdemAkk.Sg.rm,thelikewiseanalogischeshat(aftergm,aboveS.482);ray-`gift,
possession,jewel'(av.Akk.Pl.ra,leg.ray),rayi-vnt-,mostlyr-vnt-`rich';av.Instr.Sg.raya
(leg.ry)=OldIndianry(tor),av.ravant`rich';OldIndianav.r-`give'(extendedOldIndian
rsat`gives'),OldIndianrt-`gift,giver';OldIndianrta-,av.rt`bestowed';
lat.rs,re`thing,possession'(dasafterdemAkk.rmfrom*reHim),umbr.re-per`pror',Dat.
Abl.ri;inadditionlat.reus`Prozesspartei,the(die)Angeklagte'(*ri-os);unclearmcymr.rei
`richness'.
References:
References:WP.II343,WH.II430f.,432,Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII214ff.;O.Szemernyi
nimmt(brieflich)withBurrow(Sanscrit178,245)andKurylowicz(tudes36f.)einebasicform*reHifordasnounand*reH-fordasverban().
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: rei-5
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sttzen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderreid-,reik-andrem-.
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: rei-r(i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totremble(expr.)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beben,zittern';Schallwort
Material:
Material:OldIndianllyti,llyti`sways,swings,zittert',llyInstr.`fluctuating,inunruhiger
Bewegung';
got.reiran(schw.V.)`tremble,quiver',reir`Zittern,Erdbeben'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):862
Root/lemma: rei - ,r-
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bewege,flieen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.330f.(er-3)
Page(s):
Page(s):862
Root/lemma: rek-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totower;pole
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èmporragen';`Stange'etc.
Note:
Note:asreik-,seethere.
Material:
Material:Aisl.rf.(*rah)`shaft,poleinascaffold,trestlezumTrocknen,Schiffsrahe',mnd.r,
mhd.rahef.`shaft,pole,Rahe';norw.dial.raaga(*rgn-)`dnneshaft,pole',nd.rack`Gestell,
Wandregal',mhd.reck(e)`langednneshaft,pole,esp.zumberhngenfromKleidern';mhd.rach,hesandrac,-ges,lengthenedgraderhe`stiff';mhd.regenst.V.`sicherheben,stare,emporragen',
Causative.regenschw.V.,ùplift,setup,erregen,move,waken,arouse,revive'(*ragjan),nhd.
regen;norw.dial.raga`waver';verydoubtful,whetherasreducedgradeheremhd.rogel`notfest,
fluctuating',sichrugelen`sichrhren',nhd.dial.rogeln`wobble,sway',aisl.ruglaìnUnordnung
bringen,stren';geminatedrugga`swing,move';rykkia`rcken,hurry',ags.roccian`swing'(engl.
rock),ahd.rucken,nhd.`rcken',aisl.rykkr,ahd.rucm.`jerk'(*rukki-);
lit.rkls`StangengerstzumTrocknen,Ruchern'.
References:
References:WP.II361f.,WissmannNom.postverb.176.
Page(s):
Page(s):863
Root/lemma: rek hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toharm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schdigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrkas-n.àgony,Qulgeist,fiend,demon',av.raah-`Schdigung,damage,
esp.theinotherLeben',raayeiti`schdigt';gr.`zerreandbeutlehinandher'(thestormdas
ship);`theErderschtterer'.commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-,-phoneticmutation
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionkos`bear'as`damager'.
Page(s):
Page(s):864
Root/lemma: rek - ,reEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianraanf.`rope,strap,belt,girdle',rami-m.`Strang,strap,rein';aschwed.
hurraka(hur-)`Heck-band,strap',aisl.rakkim.`StroppzumFesthaltentheRahe',ags.raccam.ds.,
aisl.rekendin.,rekendrf.Pl.`chain,manacle';ags.racente,racetef.,ahd.rahhinzaf.d.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):863
Root/lemma: remb- ,romb- ,r o mbEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohack,notch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hacken,kerben,Kantenmachen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:remb- ,romb- ,r o mb- :
:`tohack,notch'derivedfromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
ereb- ,orob- ,rb- :

:`todrill,makeholes'
Material:
Material:Mhd.rumph,nhd.Rumpf,isl.rumpr`rump',md.mnd.rump`trunk'(*àbgehacktesStck');
whethertolit.rumbas`scar',rumbotiùmsumen'(*rombo-),ablaut.rmbti`Narbenbekommen',
lett.robsìncisure'(*rombo-),slav.*rbm.inserb.rb`hem',slov.rbèdge,hem',slov.rbiti
`hacken,einsumen',ech.roubitids.etc.
Maybealb.rrmbej`kidnap'
References:
References:WP.II373,Trautmann236,Vasmer2,541f.
Page(s):
Page(s):864-865
Root/lemma: rem- ,rem- (*er-mo-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torest;tosupport
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ruhen,sichaufsttzen;sttzen';inGerm.`Latte,Leiste'
Note:
Note:relationshiptoer-,r-`rest'(see338f.)isdoubtful
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:rem- ,rem- :
:`torest;tosupport'derivedfromazerogradeofanextendedRoot/
Root/
lemma: er-2 ,r- :
:`tobestill'in-m-formant(*er-mo-)
Material:
Material:OldIndianrmat`stehtstill,ruht,findetGefallen,pflegtthelove',rmati,ramti,rmayati
`bringtzumstillestand,makestight,firm,ergtzt';av.rmyatèrsollrest',rmiwmìhr
mgetstehenbleiben',rmayeiti`beruhigt',osset.urmun,urmyn`restrain,hemmen,beruhigen';Old
Indianrma-m.`lust,pleasure,joy',rm-èrfreuend,mellifluous,reizend',av.rman-n.`tranquility,
peace',npers.rm`tranquility;cheerful,cheerful';OldIndianrntif.`refreshment,Ergtzung',rasu
Adv.`joyful,gratifying';rat-`standgeblieben,sichgengenlassend,sichergtzend',rat-n.
`Liebeslust',rti-f.`rest,tranquility,lust';
withunclear:gr.,-`peaceful,gentle,leise',`peaceful',Kompar.
(comparedenes-stemgot.rimis);
air.fo-rim-`place,lay,place'(originally*`sttzen';ri-=r-);perhapsmir.rinde`vessel';
ahd.rama`pad,Gestell,Webe-orStickrahmen',mnd.rame(=mnd.mhd.reme),ramends.;got.
rimisn.`tranquility';aisl.rndf.èdge,hem,shield',ags.randm.`Schildrand,shield',ahd.rantm.
èdge,Einfassung,shield',norw.randeandablaut.rindeÈrdrcken,bench',krimgot.rintsch`mons',
span.(*got.)randa`Leiste';norw.randf.`crossbar,crossbeam,Sims',nhd.bair.ranten`shaft,pole'(:
lit.ramtis,ramstis`pad,handrail');ahd.ramftèdge,Einfassung'kann*rom-ti-sein,butatmostalso
auftheextensionrem-bh- basedon,compareOldIndianrambh-m.`staff,pad',norw.rimb,rimme
Èrdrcken',lit.rambsìdle',rmbti`trgesein;nichtrightwachsenwollen';
aisl.rimf.`langes,thinboard',engl.dial.rim`Leitersprosse',ostfries.rim`Dachsparren';ags.rima
èdge,limit,boundary,Kste'(engl.rim),aisl.rimim.`Landrcken';perhapsthroughhybridization
witharootrei-,derenextensionsinreid-andreik-vorliegen(Wissmann);
lit.remi,remti`sttzen',Inchoativrmsti,rmti`peacefulbecome',causativeramntiandrmdau,-yti
`beruhigen',ramtis`pad',rmas`tranquility',rams`peaceful',rms`peaceful,sanftmtig',lett.rms
`tame,domesticated,still,godly,pious';
toch.rm-,ram-`sichneigen,bend,bow'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):864
Root/lemma: rendhEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(zer)reien'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrndhramàperture,cleft,fissure,hle';ags.rendan`tear',mnd.rende
`Zerbrochenes';ahd.rinda,rinta,nhd.Rinde,ags.rind(e)f.`bark,crust',ablaut.mnl.hess.rundef.
`Wundschorf'.
References:
References:WP.II372,374.
Page(s):
Page(s):865
Root/lemma: rentEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`thing'
Material:
Material:Underthisrootcouldcombinedbecome:
OldIndianrtnam`property,possession,blessing'(*rntn-)andir.rt`thing'(*rntu-or*rentu-);also
lett.ruotgs`withallversehen'(whetherfrom*ront-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):865
Root/lemma: repEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,ripout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànsichreien,raffen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpresumablyrpas-n.`Gebrechen,krperlicherdamage,injury',raphit-`woeful,
wretched,miserable(damages)';gr.`rupfe,reieab,devour',(Asperafterdem
unverwandten,,whereats.*ser-,serp-`sickle'),`Harpye',hom.(Hs.);alb.rjep`ziehefrom,ab,rob';
Maybealb.rrep-tstrict,tough,inexorable,tough,unkind,hard
lat.rapi,-ere`pile,ansichreien,hastiggripe,rob'(a=e);mir.recht`rage,fury,fury'(*reptu-),s.
alsorabh-;germ.*rafisjanoriginally`krperlichpunish,curse'(denominativeeines-es-stemasOld
Indianrpas-);aisl.refsa,ahd.refsen`chastise,castigate,punish,curse',as.respiands.,ags.refsan,
repsan,respan`rebuke,reproach',nexttowhich*rafjaninmhd.reffen=refsen,comparewith
lengthenedgradeags.gerfn.()=gerespàccusation,reprimand';
aisl.rafr`stripeHeilbuttenfleisch',refill`stripe,StckeinesGewebes'(`ragged'),ndl.rafel`fibre,
filament,ausgezupfterfilament',rafelen`wearout';
lit.ap-rpti`catch,gripe,conceive',lit.rpls(OldPrussianraples)f.Pl.`pliers'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):865
Root/lemma: ret(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun,toroll
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen,rollen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrtha-m.`cart',rath-`Wagenlenker',rthya-`zumcartgehrig',rathar-yti
`travelsincart';ratheh-`warrior'=av.raatds.;av.raa-`cart',raiya`Fahrstrae';lat.rota
`wheel',birotus`zweirdrig'(:lit.dvirtis),rotundus`scheibenrund';
Maybealb.rota`wheel'.
ir.rothm.`wheel';cymr.rhodf.`wheel';gall.PNRoto-magus(Rouen);kelt.*-reto-`run,flow',neutr.
Abstraktsuffixincymr.brith-red`perplexity'=mir.brecht-rad`Mannigfaltigkeit',Kollektivsuffixinmir.
aig-redìce';lengthenedgrade*-rto-inmcymr.rhawd`run,flow,Laufbahn,Schaar',gaeaf-rawd
`Winterszeit'=mir.gem-radds.,mcymr.bedrawd,cymr.bedd-rod,bret.bez-ret`Grber'(cymr.bedd
`grave'),inadditionmir.r(i)the`season,quarteroftheyear'(*rtio-);
air.rethim`laufe'withcompounds,Kaus.roithim`treibean';
Maybealb.rreth`hoop,rim(ofwheel);circle',rrethim`siege';
air.Verbaln.riuthm.`run,flow'(*rtu-);
Maybealb.rrjeth,rrjedhf.`run,flow'(*rtu-);
toair.do-riuthàccurr'belongscymr.tyred(*to-rete)`come!';air.fo-riuth,cymr.guo-redaf`succurr',
acymr.Perf.gua-raut=ir.fo-rith(*upo-rt-e);
aisl.rullm.`Strahlenkranz,sun'andas.radur,ags.rador,rodorm.`sky,heaven';got.*ras`light',
(Kompar.n.raizo)ags.rd`quick,fast,behend',ahd.rado,ratoadv.`quick,fast';and.rath,afr.
reth,ahd.rad`wheel',radelt`withRderchenversehen';lit.rtasm.`wheel,circle'(Plur.rtai
`Karren,cart'),lett.rats`wheel'(Plur.rati`cart'),lit.ratlism.`Rdchen'(compareahd.radeltand
lat.rotulaf.`Rdchen'),dvirtis(mostlyPl.dviriai)`zweirdrigercart';
maybealb.geg.merotullue`tocirculate',illyr.GNRedon,Rodon
lit.rit,rsti`roll'(*rt-);butgall.petor-ritum`vierrdrigercart'kannlat.developmentfrom*petor-rotosein.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):866
Root/lemma: reu-b- andreu-gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tovomit,retch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sicherbrechen,rlpsen,hervorbrechen',also`Wolke,Rauch'
Material:
Material:1.reub-: aisl.rjpaf.`Schneehuhn',norw.rjupa,rype(comparelett.rubenis`Birkhuhn');
ablaut.aisl.ropaàufstoen',rypta`sicherbrechen',ahd.roffezzenàufstoen'(*rupatjan),mhd.
rofzen,nhd.reshapedtorlzen,rlpsen.
maybealb.rjep,ropa(aor.)`skin(ananimalbyblowingtheairinsidetheskin)'similartoahd.
roffezzen`pushopen,belch'
2.reug-: Npers.-r`dasRlpsen';arm.orcamèrbrechemich,burp'(from*orucam,o-is
Vorschlagsvokal);gr.`speiefrom,erbrechemich',`burp',Àufstoen';lat.
rg,-ereàusrlpsen',ruct,-re`rlpsen,ausspeien';ags.rocettan`rlpsen',edroc`das
Wiederkuen',ahd.it-ruchen,mhd.itercken`wiederkauen',iterochef.`gulletfromruminants',nisl.
jrtrn.`dasWiederkuen'(about*-urtrfrom*i-ruhtr-);aisl.jrtra`wiederkuen';
lit.rjugmi(riugju),raugi,rgiu`burp,havesauresAufstoen',OldChurchSlavicrygajs`burp',
lit.rgstu,rgti`sourbecome,ferment,seethe',rgos`wheys',rgys`sauertpfischerperson',
rgtas`sour',rugas`sourdough',lett.atraugasf.Pl.Àufstoen',atraugtiesàufstoen',raudzt
`suern',rkts`bitter,herb',OldPrussianructandadan`sourmilk',raugus`rennet';
as*reu-smen`Wiederkuen;gullet'(see873)auftheLautgebrde*reu-beingbasedon;
underaMittelbed.`hervorbrechen',orèxhalre'reihtman(yetverydoubtful)an:aisl.rjka`smoke,
whisk,hurry',ags.rocan`smoke,steam,stink',mnd.rken,rken`smell',ahd.rouhhan`smoke,
steam,smell',ahd.rouh,as.rk,ags.rc,aisl.reykrm.`smoke',mhd.ruch,mnd.rkem.`smell,
odor',isl.norw.rokn.`Scatter,sprinkle,drive,impel,drift,propel,push,thrust,storm';
ifalb.r`cloud'from*rougi-originatedis,asnhd.Rauch,iseinpreviouslyprotoidg.*reug-`cloud,
smoke'voraussetzbar.
Note:
Wrongetymologysincealb.r`cloud'=rum.roi`swarm,hive,cluster,cloud',aloanwordfrom:
Proto-Slavicform:
Proto-Slavicform:roj
Seealso:
Seealso:rjati;rk;rinti
Russian:
Russian:roj`swarm'[mjo]
Polish:
Polish:rj`swarm'[mjo],roju[Gens]
Serbo-Croatian:
Serbo-Croatian:rj`swarm'[mjo]
Slovene:
Slovene:rj`swarm'[mjo]seeRoot/lemma:
:tomove
References:
References:WP.II357,WissmannNom.Postverb.128f.,Trautmann244.
Page(s):
Page(s):871-872
Root/lemma: reudhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:red
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rot'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrhita-=av.raoiita-`red,reddish',rht-`rotemare,Weibchenagazelle',rhim.,rhf.`gazelle';OldIndianlh-`reddish',m.n.`rtlichesmetal,copper,iron'(formal=lat.rfus,
air.rad,got.raus,lit.radas,OldChurchSlavicrud),rdhra-,ldhra-m.`symplocosracemosa,
eintree,fromdessenRindeeinrotesPulverbereitetwird',loa-n.Èisenrost'(*reudh-s-to-);rudhir`red,blutig',n.`blood'(*rudhiro-,contaminatedfrom*rudh-ro-and*rudh-i-);khotansak.rrusta-`red'
(*reudh-s-to-);
gr.Ìrte'(=aisl.rja),n.`Rte'(comparelat.rubor);`red'(=lat.ruber,
OldChurchSlavic*rdretc.);`Mehltau,robgo'(ambiguousending),-`Rteln'
(*-,*rudh-s-);
lat.rbidusòxblood,indigo'(with-do-furtherformations=OldIndianlh-);
withdial.f:rfus`lichtrot,fuchsrot',umbr.rofu`rubros';withdial.from*oulat.rbus,rbeus,rbius
`red',rbgo`Rost;Mehltau,Getreidebrand',alsoprobablyrbus,rbur`Hartholz,heartwood';ruber,
rubra,-um`red'(umbr.rufru`rubros'),lat.rubor`Rte',rube,-re`redsein'(:ahd.rotn,OldChurch
Slavicrdti),russus`fleischrot'(*rudh-so-);auf*rudhro-godieauson.Lw.rutilus`reddish',VNRutuli
(withDissim.)back;comparelig.fundusRoudelius,illyr.CampRaudii,apul.PNRudiae(Szemernyi
Arch.Ling.4,112f.);aboutlat.raudusseeunder;
air.rad,cymr.etc.rhudd`red',air.rucc(a)e`Schande'(*rud-ki),nasal.fo-roind`rtet';gall.PN
Roudus,Ande-roudus,GNRudiobos(`roterSchlger'),Rudianos;kelt.roudo-`red'and`strong';
aisl.rjr,ags.rod`red',aisl.rja`blutigmake',ags.rodan`redfrben',got.(about`shamefaced
blush')ga-riusèhrbar',ga-riudei`Schamhaftigkeit';ablaut.raus,aisl.raur,ags.rad,ahd.rt
`red',aisl.rauim.`rotesEisenerz',roraf.`blood',roim.`Rte',ryn.andryrm.`Rost',roa`red
seinorbecome',ahd.rotn`blush',mhd.rot`red',ahd.rotamo,rosamo(*rudh-s-men-)`Rte'
(moreoveraisl.rosmu-fjll`rtlicheBerge'),ags.rudu`Rte',rudig`reddish';-ryderian`blush';ags.
rst,ahd.as.rost`Rost'(*rdh-s-to);
lit.radas,raudnas`red',raud`rotepaint,color';rdas`puce'(lett.ruds`reddish'),ruduàutumn',
rudti`rosten',rdsf.`Rost',rdnas,rdyn,rdn`swamp,marshwithrtlichem,eisenhaltigem
water,morass,puddle,slop',rasvas(*roudh-s-uo-)`reddish',lett.rsa(*rdh-s-)`Rost',lit.rsvas
`reddishbrown'(*rudh-s-uo-),ruslis`Bratrost',rusti`gleam,burn',lett.rusla`kindofrotbraunerpaint,
color',lit.rstas`brunlich,purple,mauve'(*rudhsto-),lett.rusta`braunepaint,color',rustt`red
frben';
OldChurchSlavicrud`red',rudaÈrz,metal',rus(*roudh-s-o-)`reddish,blond';*rdr`red'inr.ChurchSlavicrodr;rdtis`sichrten',rda`Rost',russ.rysyj`reddishblond'(*rdh-s-o-,
comparelett.rsa);
toch.Artr-rkyant`rotglnzend',rtr,rtre`red'(*rutre-).
OldIndianravi-m.`sun',arm.arevds.kannonlyverydoubtfulas`theRote'gedeutetbecome;lat.
raudus,rdus,rdusèinformlosesErzstckasMnze'isperhapswithOldIndianlh-`rotesmetal,
copper,iron'andaisl.raui`rotesEisenerz',OldChurchSlavicrudaÈrz,metal'toconnectandgall.
orillyr.Lw.;
maybealb.rrotull`wheel,sun'[diminutive-l]
alsoahd.aruzzi,erizzi,aruz,as.arutÈrz,Erzstck',aisl.ortog(*arutia-taugo)`Dritteleinesre'are
becauseofSchwankenstheformsasborrowedtobetrachten;hencebestehtHommelsderivation
fromsum.urud`copper'letztlichtoright,differentKretschmerGl.32,6ff.
References:
References:WP.II358f.,WH.II420f.,444f.,455,456,Trautmann239.
Page(s):
Page(s):872-873
Root/lemma: reugh-m(e)nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cream
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rahm'
Material:
Material:Av.raona-`butter',mpers.npers.ran`(ausgelassene)butter';aisl.rjmim.
`skimmings',changingthroughablautags.ram,mnd.rme,ahd.roum`cream',andmnd.rme(for
*rme),fromwhichnhd.Rahm,withschweiz.rmds.
References:
References:WP.II357f.;s.alsoaboveS.868.
Page(s):
Page(s):873
Root/lemma: reu-1 ,ru- ,r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toroar,murmur,etc..(expr.),onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwurzel`brllen,heisereLauteausstoen';`brummen,murren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianru-ti,ruvti,ravati`bellow,roar,lrmt,drhnt',rva-,ravtha-m.`bellowing,
braying,roar';gr.`heule,brlle,stoeeinenscreamfrom',Adv.`withbellowing,
braying,roar'(prefixidg.);lat.rmor`noise,shout,call,rumor';rvus`hoarse',ravisf.`hoarseness',
raucus`hoarse',ravi-re`sichhoarsetalk,speak';
ags.ron`Wehklagen',mhd.rienen(*reunn)`wail,lament';aisl.rymja`roar,bellow,drone,grumble',
rymrm.`grobevoice';
ChurchSlavicrev,rjutiandOldChurchSlavicrov,ruti`roar,bellow',ech.uj(old),jef.`clamor
ofHirsches,rutting',poln.rujaf.`rutting,heat(zeit)'(outofitlit.ruj,lett.ruojaf.);slav.*rovbesides
*rjutifrom*reu,*reuti,thereafter*rjov>*rjev;
withthemeaningofdumpfen,butheimlichenMurmelns:air.rn`mystery',cymr.rhinds.;got.rnaf.
`mystery',as.rna,mnd.rne`heimlichesFlstern,h.Beratschlagen,Runenzeichen',ags.rnds.,
mhd.rne`Flstern,heimlichesBeratschlagen',aisl.ryna`vertraulichtogethertalk,speak',ags.
rnian`flstern,sichverschwren',ahd.rnn`flstern,raunen',changingthroughablautags.
ronian`flstern'(asaboveron,mhd.rienen),norw.dial.rjona`babble'.
extensions:
a. reud- :OldIndianrudti,rditi`heult,weint,jammert',av.raod-`weep,cry',OldIndianrda-m.
`Klageton,Winseln,Weinen'(=ahd.rzm.,comparelit.raud);gr.(seeabove);lat.rd,ere,-vi`cry;roar,bellow';ahd.riozan`weep,cry',rz`dasWeinen,Winseln',ags.rotan`wail,weep,
cry',ablaut.aisl.rauta`roar,bellow';bair.rotzen`weep,cry';lit.rudmiÌwehklage',raudju,raudti
ds.,lett.radt`weep,cry,beweinen',lit.apsi-rstu,preteritsu-rdau`mad,wicked,evil,sad
become',rstas`grumpy,surly,sullen,fierce,grim';slov.rydati`weep,cry',aech.ruditiàfflict,
sadden'.
b. reu- :gr.`denbrllenden',`brllend(ofbull)',Hes.(also
`groerdin,fuss,noise'isfrom*reconverted),,,
`bellowing,braying,roar,Geheul'(to-seeabove);`growl,bark,bay'Hes.;lat.rgi,-re
`roar,bellow(ofLwen)'(aftermgi);mir.rucht`bellowing,braying,roar,Geheul'(*rug-tu-);ags.
roc`wild',whereforeprobablygot.in-rauhtjanèrgrimmen';(butaisl.rauknn.`draftanimal'forrkn=
vrkn);slav.*ruieti`wiehert'inOldChurchSlavicret,rzati,serb.,zatietc.(lit.rgtièvil
nehmen'isLw.fromruss.rugt`vilify,scold'=OldChurchSlavicrgatis`mock').
c. reuk- :ags.ryn`roar,bellow'(*rhjan),mnd.rjands.,ahd.rhin`bellowing,braying,roar',
besidesruhen(from*ruhjan),ahd.rohn`rgre'(WissmannNom.postv.87f.);lett.rucu,rkt`roar,
roar,bellow',lit.rkti`roar,bellow';OldChurchSlavicrykaj,rykati`rugire',russ.rykt`roar,bellow';
besidesOldChurchSlavicrikaj`brlle'(from*rjkaj),ablaut.slov.rkm.`rutting,heattheHirsche',
rkati`roar,bellow'etc.
d.
d.eincognatereus- seeksmanin:
nhd.rsten(afterdemknisterndenTon),ahd.rst`Rostpfanne,Scheiterhaufen',ahd.rsc,mhd.
rosch,rsch`knisternd,brittle,resch',ags.ge-roscian`beimfiredry';inadditionprobablylit.rzgiu
`roar,foam,schnurre,grumble'.
References:
References:WP.II349ff.,WH.II421,447,449,450f.,Trautmann241,247,248.
Page(s):
Page(s):867-868
Root/lemma: reu-2 ,reu - :r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totearout,digout,open,acquire,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreien,graben,aufwhlen;ausreien;raffen'
Grammaticalinformation:participlePerf.Pass.r - tNote:
Note:topart,asitseems,stillvolleresereu-(seeunder)
Material:
Material:OldIndianrav-,ru-`shatter,shatter'(rvat,rudh,rviam,rruvat;meaningprobablyfrom
`herandinStckereien'),participlerut-`shatter,zerschmettert'(=lat.d-,-,ob-rtus);rman-,
lman`hair'(compareundern.ir.raimneachandaisl.rgg`langeshair');gr.-`dieErde
aufwhlend';
lat.ruinthemeaning`tearopen,whlen,scratch',-,d-,ob-ru,-rtus(seeabove),rtacaesaàll,
wasaufaGrundstckausgegrabenandgeflltis',rtrum`spade,hack,mattock,hoe,Kelle',rutellum
`smallshovel',rutbulum`shovel,Scharre';
mir.ram`spade,Grabscheit',ramarèffossio';nir.raimneach`langeshair';
aisl.ryja`denSchafendieWolleausreien'(norw.rf.`Winterwolle'),as.rwif.`rauhesfell,fur';
aisl.rggf.,rggrm.`langeshair,longwool'(*rawwa-),schwed.rugg`zottigeshair'(*ruwwa-);outof
itengl.rug;
got.riurs`vergnglich'(riurjan`spoil'),aisl.ryrr`small,arm';
presumablyas.ahd.riomo`strap,leatheryband,strap,belt,girdle'(*àbgerissenerHautstreifen'),
ags.roma,ramads.,also`dnneHaut'(compareS.873*reugh-m(e)n-`skimmings');mnd.mndl.
rn,rne,schwb.raun`Wallach,Gaul',becauseofofries.han-rne`Hahnrei'(actually
`verschnittenerrooster,cock')originallyèquuscastratus',mnl.runen,ruynen`cut,clip,kastrieren';
(nhd.runken);borrowedlett.rnt`kastrieren',alsofinn.ruuna`Wallach',ruunata`kastrieren';
lit.ruju,rutiàusreien,ausjten',ravti`jten'(rvas`Straengraben',OldPrussianrawys`ditch,
trench,channel'Lw.frompoln.rw`ditch,trench,channel');lett.raklis`Raufeisen';OldChurch
Slavicryj,ryti`dig',rv`reiefrom,jtefrom',ryl,rylo`Grabscheit,spade,hack,mattock,hoe',
rov`ditch,trench,channel,pit,pothole',runo`Flie';
s.alsoaboveS.338aboutereu-2,whereforeperhapsalsolit.rvasm.,alsorvaf.`cave'.
extensions:
a. reub- :`reissen'inlat.rubus`Brombeerstaude,blackberry'(`*shrub,bush,whereofmansich
reit'),rbidus(panisi.e.`parumcoctus')`raw,rauhrissig';perhapsalsorubta`toad';mir.robb
ànimal';germ.*raup-,*rupp-(withintensification)ingot.raupjan`pluck',ags.repanàusplndern',
ahd.roufen,mhd.roufen,reufen,raufen`pluck';mengl.ryppen,engl.rip`rend',mhd.rupfen,ropfen
`pluck',aisl.ruppa,rupla`losreien',rupln.`booty,robbery'.
b. reud- `zerreissen';rud-l- `raw,wild'.
lat.rdus,-erisn.`zerbrckeltesGestein,detritus,rubble';alsorudisùnbearbeitet,raw',rullus
`coarse,burisch'(*rud-lo-);mir.rad`Ruine',cymr.Pl.rhuddionòffal,bran'(*roud-);anord.reyta
(*rautjan)àbreien,tear,topicktopieces,pluck',alsomndl.rten,holl.ruiten`rend,plndern,rob',
mnd.rter,holl.ruiter(nhd.Reuter)`Plnderer,robber'(influenceofmlat.ru(p)tarius);ein
zugehrigeswordfor`junk'placesmhd.riuze,alt-riuze`wermitGermpelhandeltoresausbessert'
ahead;aufdasthroughWssernandFaulenlassenofFlachsesvorbereiteteAusziehenthe
Flachsfaserweisenaisl.rotinn`faul,decayed'(but-rotinnstill`werdiehairnichtverloren'),rotn.
`decay;Ohnmacht',as.rotn`fromRostverzehrtbecome',ags.rotian`faulen,wither,wilt';mnd.rten
`Flachsrsten',ahd.rzzen`faulen',mhd.rzzenandrzen`faulenlassen',nhd.bair.rssen
`Flachsfaulenlassen'(reshapedtorstennachrstenàufdemRostbraten'),mhd.rz`mrbe';
hereOldIndianRudr-GN(*rud-lo-),pliludda-`cruel,savage'afterW.WstRudr-.
c. reudh- `reuten,roden'.
Av.raoiya-àrabletomake';
aisl.rja`reuten,rumen',mhd.rietenst.V.àusrotten,destroy';aisl.rjrn.òffeneplacein
Walde',ahd.reod`gerodetesLand',nhd.dial.Riedds.,ahd.riutids.,riuten(*riutjan)`reuten',ablaut.
aisl.run.`gerodeteplaceinwood,forest',mnd.rot`dasRoden',aisl.ryja`roden;aufrumen,
ausrotten',ags.-ryddan(engl.rid)`mug,rob,plndern';mhd.roten,nhd.rotten;mnd.roden,outofit
nhd.roden,afries.t-rothaàusrotten'.
d. reuk- (partlyprobablyalsoreug-,reugh-)`pluck'.
OldIndianlucati`rauft,rupft,enthlst',lucana-n.`dasAusrupfen,Ausraufen',rk-seeunder;
gr.,att.-`grabe,scharre',,`dasditch,trench,channel',n.`ditch,
trench,channel',ìntheErdevergraben';commonOldIndian-h->k-:Gr.-h->-ss-,tt-phoneticmutation
lat.runc,-re`jten,ausjten',runc,-nis`Reuthacke,Jthacke';gr.`plane'(the
Vokalvorschlaggetilgtperhapsafter`reieweg'to*uer-s-,-u-),fromwhichlat.runcinads.
(-n-throughFernassimilation,untersttztthroughruncre);ir.rucht`swine'(`Whler'*ruktu-);mcymr.
rhwgn`Reiben,Kerben'(*runk-no-s.LothRC.42,138f.);
withdemconceptthe(ausgerauften)Wollzottenandthewithitverbundenenroughness(asS.868
aisl.rgg):OldIndianrk-`rough',commonOldIndian-h->k-:Gr.-h->-ss-,-tt-phonetic
mutation
ahd.rh,ags.rh`rough,behaart;ungebildet';as.rgi,rwif.`rauhesfell,fur,grobecover',mhd.
riuhe,rhe`Pelzwerk',nhd.Rauchwerk,ags.ryhe,rwa,rowe`grobeWolldecke',aisl.ryf.ds.;
as`crack,furrow'perhapsherelit.rakaf.,rakasm.`wrinkle',rauki,raktiìnFaltenpull,furrow',
runk,rkti`wrinklybecome'andwithg : lat.rga`wrinkle,crease'.
Maybealb.(*rga)rudha`wrinkle'commonalb.-g>-dhphoneticmutationinthemiddleoftheword.
e. reup- àusreien,tear,break,rupture';roup- `hole,aperture',rpis- `Fels'.
OldIndianrpayati`verursachtReien,brichtab',rpyati`hatReieninLeibe',*rpa-n.`hole,cave'
(=lit.raupa,compareaisl.rauff.,serb.rpa);
lat.rump,-ere,rp,ruptum`break,rupture',rps`steepFelswand,cliff,Felskluft,jherabyss'
(compareunderlit.rupis`Fels',whereforeillyr.PN,Achaia,andinsimilarmeaningnhd.
Riepe`Schuttreuse'anddietirol.placenamesroup,rouf,inscribedRoppen,Rofen),rpex,-icis
`ruppigeruncouth,clumsyperson,Rpel'(comparelit.rups`rough,coarse');
aisl.rifa,ags.rofan`break,rupture,tear'(ahd.-riubàtrox,dirus',actuallyùngebrochen');aisl.
rauff.`col,gap,hole',ags.rafn.`robbery,booty,dress,armament,armor'(*roup=slav.*rupa
`hole'),ahd.roubm.ds.,togot.bi-raubn,ahd.roubn,as.rn`rob',aisl.raufa`durchbrechen,
rob'andreyfa`durchbohren,tear',ags.b-refan`mug,rob';aisl.reyfi`gerupftewool,rauhesfell,fur',
mndl.roofàbgezogenesfell,fur';geminatedostfries.rubben`scratch,scrape,rub,pluck',nd.
rubbelig,rubberigùneven,rough',nhd.ruppig`struppig',engl.rubble,rubbish`rubble,offal';aisl.
rfinn`bristly,struppig,rauhhaarig';nhd.rffeln`scour,rub,clean,hartzusetzen';
lit.rpti`sichkmmern',rps`besorgt'(toruss.rup`care,ruefulness'),rauptiand(idg.ablautou
:u)rupti`dig,hollowout',rpas`rough,bumpy',rups`rough,coarse',rups`Fels',ostlit.raupaPl.
`measles,pox'('RauhigkeitintheHaut'),raupsa`leprosy';alsolit.rupu,raupe`toad'(fromthe
roughnesstheHaut),comparealsolett.raupa`goosebumps'(`shudder,shiver');serb.rpa`hole,pit,
pothole'(*roup),poln.rupisi`sichkmmern',ablaut.rypa`scindere,friare'.
f. reus- :aisl.reyrrm.`cairn,pileofstonessetupasamemorialormarkofsomekind',rstf.
`Trummer,zerfallenewall'(seeaboveS.686aboutOldIndianlo-m.n.);ahd.riostar`plough
handle,ploughstilt',ags.rostèinTeilofPfluges',nhd.dial.riester`ragzumSchuhflicken';dn.ros
`Schnitzel,offal',norw.dial.ros,rys`Fischschuppe',rus`dnnebowl',rosa`ritzen,dieHaut
aufscheuern,sichlsen',isl.rosmn.òffal',rusln.òffal',as.ruslosm.Pl.`Speckseite',ags.ryselm.
bacon,fat,underlikewise;ndl.rul`laxanddry,e.g.ofsand,rough'(*ruzl-);aisl.ryskja`rend,pluck',
norw.ruskòffal,dust,powder'(alsomnd.rschìntestines,entrails',bair.geruschstillinsecure
mhd.roesche,nhd.dial.rsch`hardandlightfrail,breakableunderlikewise');withgerm.
Wurzelvariationaisl.raskaìnUnordnungbringen';with-p- probablyahd.gi-rspitgl.toinhorruit
(aper),and(asìnHalsescratch,scrape')nhd.ruspern,mhd.riuspern,riuspeln,rspern,compare
lat.rspor,-ri`suchen',actuallyàufreiend,durchwhlend,whereuponforschend',asital.ruspare
`scratch(fromthehen)',ruspo`rough,neugemnzt',rospo`toad'show;
lit.rausi,rasti`scratch,whlen',rss,rsas`pit,potholefordieWinterkartoffeln',pelen-rsis,rsÀschenbrdel',rsinti`schren',lett.raust`schren,whlen',raustt`pull,rend',rsa
àufgehufterrubble';aboutOldChurchSlavicruitiùmstrzen',*ruch`movement',seeaboveS.
332.
References:
References:WP.II351ff.,WH.II445f.,447f.,451ff.,Trautmann240,241,247,WissmannNom.
Postverb.10,130,176f.
Page(s):
Page(s):868-871
Root/lemma: reu-3 ,reu-sGermanmeaning:

Germanmeaning:èilen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.331f.(er-3),whereforestillmir.raimmònrush',bret.rumm`Schaar'(reusmen).
Page(s):
Page(s):871
Root/lemma: reu-4
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachforschen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.337(ereu-).
Page(s):
Page(s):871
Root/lemma: reu-smenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:chewing;throat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wiederkuen;Kehle,Gurgel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrmantha-m.`Wiederkuen';wakhiramt(*rauma-)ds.;katimtr
(*romantra-)ds.;
lat.rmen,-inis`throat,pharynx,gullet',rma,rmis,-isds.(canmfrommnhave,as:)rmre
besidesrminre`wiederkauen';kymr.rhumen`paunch,udder';compareaboveS.872.
References:
References:WP.II360f.,LothRC.43,146;FriskSuffixales-th-14f.
Page(s):
Page(s):873
Root/lemma: reusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:elm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rster'
Material:
Material:Ir.raimm`betulaalnus,alnusglutinosa'(*reus-men);
toahd.rust,mhd.nhd.Rster
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):873
Root/lemma: reuto- ,routo- ,rutEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stomach,intestines(ofananimal)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Tiermagen,Eingeweide'
Material:
Material:Mpers.rtìntestines,entrailsofRindes',npers.rda,Pl.rdag-n`Gedrme,intestines,
entrails'(*reuto-ko-);jav.uruwar,-wan-n.(*rut-uar-,-uan-)ìntestines,entrails,belly';
ags.rada`Tiermagen',engl.read`Labmagen'(*routo-),andl.roode`psalterium';schwed.dial.rudda
f.`Labmagen'(*ruddn-).
References:
References:LidnKZ.61,14f.
Page(s):
Page(s):873-874
Root/lemma: reu - :rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toopen;wide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ffnen'
Material:
Material:Av.ravah-n.`Raum,Weite',ravas-art-`wassichinFreienbewegt';
lat.rs,rris`land(incontrasttotown,city),estate'(*reuos);mir.re,rif.èbenesfield'(becauseof
EigennamensCRi,welcherolderCRauilautet,from*rui);
germ.r-ma-ingot.rms`capacious,wide',rmn.`Raum',aisl.rmr`capacious',rmn.`Raum,
place',as.rmm.`Raum',afries.ags.rm`capacious',m.`Raum,stretchoftime,Gelegenheit',ahd.
mhd.rmm.`Raum,aperture,freieRumlichkeit',mhd.rm`capacious';ahd.rmi,mhd.rme
`capacious,wide,afar';abgel.verbgerm.*rmian:aisl.ryma`capaciousmake'etc.;
OldChurchSlavicravnfrom*orvnèben';russ.roves-nykÀltersgenosse';OldPrussianarwis
`true,certainly';
toch.ABru-`ffnen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):874
Root/lemma: rezgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplait,wind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,winden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrjju-f.`rope,band';lat.restisds.(*rezgtis)=alit.rekstis`basket';ags.resc(e),
risc(e),mnd.risch`bulrush';norw.ruskm.ryskjen.`Schmiele',ags.rysc,ryscef.`bulrush';mnd.
rusch`reed,bulrush',mhd.rusch(e)f.`bulrush';lit.rezg,rksti`flax,wattle,braid,knit,bind,lace,
tie',lett.ret`flax,wattle,braid',reis`wickerwork';abulg.rozga`rod,twig,branch',through
secondaryBeeinflussungofPrfixesraz-:russ.-ChurchSlavicrazga.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):874
Root/lemma: rd-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toexcite;joyful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufmuntern,froh'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andbalto-slavisch
Material:
Material:Ags.rt`freudig,blithe,glad,good',-rtanàufmuntern';aisl.rtask`heiterbecome',mlrtinn`redeliebend';lit.rds`gern,willing';OldChurchSlavicrad`libens',skr.rd,ech.rdds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: rd-2 :rd- :rdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshuffle,scrape,scratch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharren,schaben,kratzen,nagen'
Material:
Material:Lat.rd`gnaw,benage'andrd`scharre,scrape,scratch'(from*radzd(h)s.cymr.
rhathu),whereforerstrum`hack,mattock,hoe,Karst',rdula`rasper',rllum`plowshare',rmentum
Àbgang,chip,splinter,splinter'andrstrum`(Nagewerkzeug)bill,beak,neb,snout,proboscis,prow,
bowofaship';cymr.rhathu`raspeln,smooth,ebnen',rhathell`Raspel',rhathÈbene,surface,plain,
area',bret.raza`raser';brit.rath-andlat.rdareunder*rzd(from*radzd(h),d(h)-present)
compatible;
ahd.rzi`sharpfromtaste,wild',mhd.rzerzeds.provedie-grade*rd-;inadditiongerm.*ratt
`Ratte'(=nibbler):as.ratta,ags.rttm.,mhd.ratze,ratzetc.;innhd.DialektencomesRatzinthe
meaning`marten,polecat,caterpillar,inchworm'vor;ahd.rato,radda,ratta.
References:
References:WP.II369,WH.II415,439f.
Page(s):
Page(s):854
Root/lemma: ri-1 :rGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zhlen,ordnen'
Note:
Note:extendedri-dh-.
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.60(ar-).
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: ri-2 ,riGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nu'
References:
References:(seeTrautmann241f.)
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.61(ar-3).
Page(s):
Page(s):860
Root/lemma: rito- ,ritiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:scapula;shoulder(ofanimals)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bug,SchultervonTieren'
Material:
Material:Arm.eri,Gen.ervoy`Bug,shoulderfromanimals';lit.retasm.`thigh,Lende',lett.rietaf.
`leg';ChurchSlavicrit,ech.t`podex'.
References:
References:Trautmann242,LidnMl.Pedersen88f.
Page(s):
Page(s):863
Root/lemma: r k -2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toarrange,prepare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ànordnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianracayati`verfertigt,bildet',racana-n.Òrdnen,Betreiben';got.rahnjan`reckon';
raginn.`Rat,decision',aisl.regin,Pl.rgn`dieratschlagendenMchte,gods',as.raginogiscapu
`BeschlssethegttlichenMchte',ahd.regin-inEigennamen;OldChurchSlavicrokm.
`bestimmtetime,purpose',rek,reti`say',raknti,raiti`wollen'etc.;toch.Arake,reki,Pl.
rekauna`word';
with: got.ga-rhsnsf.`determination,Ratschlu';OldChurchSlavicrf.àccusatio';
quitedoubtfulZusammengehrigkeitwithaisl.rnn.`robbery'(*rahna-),rna`rob'(*rahnjan),ahd.
birahanenèrbeuten';primarymeaningwre`Raub-Anschlag'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):863
Root/lemma: r-1 ,r- extendedr-dh- etc.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berechnen,zhlen',`bereitmachen,berlegen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.59f.(ar-).
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: r - 2 extendedr-dh-
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zertrennen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.332f.(er-).
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: r-3
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rudern'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.338(er-).
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: r-4
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.338f.(er-)
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: r-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dark
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dunkel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrm-`swart,black';n.`darkness,night';rmf.`night';mhd.rm,rmm.`smut,
smut';nisl.rma-legr`dirty,filthy';ahd.rmac,mhd.rmec,rmig`dirty,filthy,ruig',ags.rmig
`ruig',ne.room`scurfonthehead,dandruff';
OldIndianrtr`night'bettertolat.lateetc.,aboveS.651nachzutragen.
With-u o - formants:lat.rvus`gray,gray-yellow'.
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: r-6
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreien'
Seealso:
Seealso:s.rei-3 .
Page(s):
Page(s):853
Root/lemma: rp-1 (rep-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrawl,sneak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kriechen,schleichen'
Material:
Material:Lat.rp,-ere`grovel,truckle,creep,slink';ahd.rebo,reba,repa,mhd.rebe
`Schlingschling';ablaut.mnd.wn-rve`Weinrebe';
lit.rpliti`grovel,truckle,creep',ablaut.ropltids.,lett.rpt,rptds.,OldPrussianrpaiti`folget';
barelyinadditionwruss.rapuxa,poln.ropucha`toad'.
References:
References:WP.II370,WH.II430,Trautmann246,Kluge-Goetze16604.
Page(s):
Page(s):865
Root/lemma: rp-2 ,rpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole;beam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pfahl,Balken'
Material:
Material:Ahd.rvo`Sparren',aisl.rfr,rfrm.,rfn.`Sparrendach';aisl.raptrm.`stick,Sparren'
(vandal.PNRaptus),ags.rfterds.,mnd.rafter,rachter`smallbalk,beam,lath';lit.rplintiùplift,set
up,hinstellen';OldChurchSlavicrpj,rpij`picket,pole',rpje`'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):866
Root/lemma: rs- ,rsGermanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.336f.(ere-s-2).
Page(s):
Page(s):866
Root/lemma: rt- ,rt- ,rtEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole;trunk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,stem,Balkengefge'
Material:
Material:Ahd.ruota,aisl.ra`rod,shaft,pole',as.rda`(picket,pole)kreuz',ags.rdds.and
ChurchSlavicratite,ratovite`Lanzenschaft';perhapsinadditionlat.rtae`fromdembank,border,
shoreofFlusseshervorragendeBume',rtre`denriverfromsolchenclean'andrtis`Flo'.
References:
References:WP.II368,WH.II420,431.
Page(s):
Page(s):866
Root/lemma: roi-noGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Weg,Rain,Hgel'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderrei-.
Page(s):
Page(s):874
Root/lemma: rughi o Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Roggen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderurughio-.
Page(s):
Page(s):874
Root/lemma: ruk(k)- ,rouk(k)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcloth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Gespinst'
Note:
Material:
Material:Air.rucht(*ruktu-)`tunica';mcymr.rhuch(en)`mantle'(*roukk);got.*rukka(ital.rocca),
ahd.rocko`distaff(=staffforholdingflax,wool,etc.,inspinning)';aisl.rokkr`Rock'derivesfromags.
as.rocc`Rock'.
References:
References:WP.II374,LothRC.42,62f.
Page(s):
Page(s):874
Root/lemma: r k s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kte,Fessel(beiHuftieren)'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrkl,rcchrf.`manacle'perhapstolit.ra`KtengelenkofPferdes';
differentaboutOldIndianrklaboveS.673.commonOldIndian-h->-k-phoneticmutation
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):875
Root/lemma: k o-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Br'
Note:
Note:(orr k - s-o-s besidesr k - to-s )
Material:
Material:OldIndianka-m.`bear'(inadditionanewfem.rk`Brin')=jav.ara-,
commonOldIndian-h->-k-:jav.-h->-x-,--phoneticmutation
osset.ars,arm.arj(influencedfromarjn`darkbrown'),alb.ari,gr.,newer,inaddition
()theVN,
Note
Note:
Alb.harusha`she-bear':aquitan.PNHarsus:OldIndianka-m.`bear'provesthecognateforshebearwasolderthancognateforbearsinceending-aisfeminine;albhassavedthematriarchal
aspectofthehuntressgodess.
Alb.arithi(diminutive)`standinglikeabear'(*ar(h)i)ari`bear'(Thestemfinal--hasbeendropped
forreasonsofpopularetymology,inordertoavoidsemanticconfusionwiththehypochoristicdiminutiveformationsin-th.):arm.arj`bear',cymr.arth`bear'[commonalb.-cymr.-k>-thphonetic
mutation].
mir.art,cymr.arth`bear',gall.DeaeArtioni`Brengttin',lat.ursus`bear',perhapshitt.artagganameeinesRaubtiers;aquitan.PNHarsus,bask.hartz`bear'arekelt.Lw.;npers.xirs`bear'sollauf
iran.*rsa-=idg.rko-weisen,whereuponalsoosset.arsgobackcould.
References:
References:WP.II322,WH.II842,SpechtKZ66,26f.,Idg.Dekl.239f.,interpretsthebearas
`destroyer,damager',toOldIndianrkas-n.`destruction',av.ra-`beschdigen'(see864);
comparealsoFriskGr.et.Wb.141f.
Page(s):
Page(s):875
Root/lemma: saipEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stall,fence
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ÙmfriedungfromDickicht,Hrde'
Material:
Material:Gr.(Aisch.)`thicket'(*saip-mo-),`fence,wall'(*saip-mnti);
lat.saeps,-is`fence,paddock',saepi,-reùmzunen',praesaeps,prae-saepia`crib,manger,
stall',saepeòften'(neutereinesAdj.*saepis`gedrngt').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):878
Root/lemma: sakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosanctify;tomakeatreaty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heiligen,einenVertragmachen'
Material:
Material:Lat.sacer`geweiht,holy'(besidesscris);fal.sacru(m),osk.`sacra'or`sacrum',
sakrim(Akk.),sakrid(Abl.),sakarater`sacratur',sacrasias`*sacrariae',sakaraklm`sacellum',
saka(ra)hiter`sancitur',umbr.sakra`sacras',Adverbsakre;pl.sacaracirix`*sacratrix,sacerdos';
furtherosk.sakrvist`sacraest';previouscompoundislat.sacerds,-dtis`priest'(alsof.)from
*scro-dh-t-storootdh-;
moreoverSancus,-and-s,nameanumbr.-sabin.divinity;ofu-stemderivedistSanqulis`zum
Sancusgehrig';umbr.Sani`Sancium',dat.Sansie;from*sanko-issanci,-re`throughreligise
Weiheunverletzlichmachen,heiligen;einlawbesttigen'derived,furthersanctus`geheiligt',umbr.
sahta,sahata`sanctam',osk.saahtm`sanctum',pl.sato`sanctum';lat.sagmen`theheiligende,
auftheBurggepflckteGrasbschel';
hitt.aklai-`custom,Ritus'.
References:
References:WP.II448,WH.II459f.,464,474.
Page(s):
Page(s):878
Root/lemma: sal-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirtygrey;salt,saliva,willow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmutziggrau'
Note:
Note:also(afterthepaint,color)zurBezeichnungofSalzes(seesal-1),theGrauweideandof
Speichels
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sal-2 :
:dirtygrey;salt,saliva,willow,derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sal- :
:salt;salty
water.
Material:
Material:A.Aind.lengthenedgradesra-,sla-`gray'=ags.sl`dirty,filthy,dark',ndd.saulds.;air
salandsa(i)lef.`smut',salach`dirty,filthy'=abret.haloc,cymr.halogds.;cymr.sal`rmlich,sick'is
frz.Lw.;
B.sal-u o - inaisl.splr`dirty,filthy'sln.àkindofAlge';ahd.salo`cloudy,dirtygrey',ags.saluds.,
ndl.zaluw`dunkelgelb';mhd.sal,Gen.salwes`smut';cymr.salw`rmlich,low'(dass-fromsal,see
above),acorn.halou`stercora';russ.-ChurchSlavicslavo-oije`Blauugigkeit',russ.solovj
ìsabellenfarben'.
C.Lat.salvaf.`saliva',outofitair.saile,cymr.haliwds.
D.Lat.salixàwillow-tree,willow,sallow'=mir.sail,Gen.sa(i)lech,cymr.etc.helyg-ends.;abrit.PN
Salico-dnon,gall.PNSalicilla;ahd.sal(a)ha,mhd.salhe,nhd.Salweide;ags.sealhm.,aisl.seljaà
willow-tree,willow,sallow'(*salhjn).
Maybealb.(*salicus)shelgu`willow'notfromlatsalix.
References:
References:WP.II453f.,WH.II468f.,Trautmann249;Thieme,asabove.
Page(s):
Page(s):879
Root/lemma: salEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:salt;saltywater
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Salz,Seesalz'
Grammaticalinformation:Nom.sal ,sal-d- ,sal-i ,sal-u ;Gen.sal-n-s
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sal- :
:salt;saltywaterderivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:s-ro- ,sou-ro- :
:salty,bitter;
cheese
Material:
Material:OldIndiansal-il-n.`sea,Meeresflut'(`*dasSalzige'),sal-il-`salzig';arm.a`salt'(istem),at(i-stem)`Salzlager,salt',ai`salzig'(outofitistherivernamegrzisiert);
gr.,Gen.m.`salt',f.`Salzflut,sea',Dat.Pl.;Pl.also`Witz',aslat.sals,
`marinus',`Seemann,fisherman';`jnger',`salzig';stem-stetsincompound
-,-(-containsdenGen.);`seawaters,salinity,
sharpness'(therefrom`salty,bitter,sharp');alb.ngjelbt,ngjelmt`salty',njelm`besalty'
(-mo-asingr.);
gjell(*ghala)`food',gjallàlive,freshmeat',gjalles`creaturetobeeaten'[commonalb.gh->gl->
gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
Maybealb.helm`poison,bitter'preservationoftheoldlaryngeal
illyr.PNSalapia(Apulia)toFlN*Sal-apa;lat.sl,slism.,altlat.alsoNom.salen.`salt';umbr.salu
`salem',perhapsalsolat.insulaas`'(comparegr.ìnMeeresituated');
maybealb.(*insula)ishullìsland'
air.salann,cymr.halen,acorn.haloin,bret.c'hoalenn,holen(*salei-no-)`salt';auf*sal-mo-leads
probablycymr.heli`sea';kelt.FlNSala`Saale',compareSaalach,Nfl.theSalzach;lett.sls(*slis);
OldPrussiansalispoln.Lw.;lit.slti`sweetbecome,sourbecome',sali`Sigkeit';lett.slms,lit.
em.slymasm.`Salzlake'(=cymr.heli);OldChurchSlavicsolf.`salt'(*sali-);slav.*solninOld
ChurchSlavicslan`salzig';OldPrussiansaltann.`bacon',slav.*soltf.inruss.solot`swamp,
marsh',OldChurchSlavicslatina`',serb.slativa`Salzquelle',ech.slatina`moor,fen'etc.;toch.
Asle,slyiye`salt'.
withdemd- ofidg.Nom.Sg.n.*sal-d-: illyr.PNSaldae(Pannonien),thrak.PNSalsovia(*sal-d-tou-);got.aisl.as.salt,ags.sealt,ahd.salz`salt';adj.aisl.saltr,ags.sealt,mhd.salzec,nhd.salzig;
withzerogradeas.sultia,ahd.sulza(*sultja)`Salwasser,Slzwurst',nhd.Slze;norw.syltf.
`berschwemmterMeeresstrand'(butmhd.sol,sul,nhd.Sole`salzhaltigesWasser'areslav.Lwe.);
ags.sealtan,ahd.salzan`salzen'(otherwiseweakV.ags.sieltan,aisl.salta);lat.sall,-ere`salzen',
participlesalsus(*sald-to-)perhapswithprs.-d -suffix;alsobsl.*saldu-`sss'(`*gesalzen,
*wohlschmeckend')couldafteraverbshapedsein:lit.salds,lett.salds,slav.*soldkinOldChurch
Slavicsladk,poln.sodki;without-d-:lit.sl,slti`sssbecome',ostlit.salas,lett.esalsm.
`malt';theu-stemsal-u- ergibtsichbesidesfrombsl.*saldu-alsofromgr.`salzig'.
MaybeSeleiitaniIllyr.TN,alsoalb.(*shile)shije`taste,saltytaste',sill`dinner'.
References:
References:WP.II452f.,WH.II465f.,Trautmann249,Thieme,TheHeimattheidg.
Gemeinsprache20,27f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:belongstosal-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):878-879
Root/lemma: sap- ,sabEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totaste,toperceive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmecken,wahrnehmen'
Material:
Material:1.sap-:
av.vipa(*vi-spa)`dessenSftepoisonare';arm.ham(*spmo-)`juice,sap,taste';
lat.sapi,-ere`taste,Geschmackhave;afteretwassmell;wisesein,sensiblesein';sapaf.`juice,
sap',sapor`taste,Leckerei',nesapius,nesapusìgnorans';osk.sipus`sciens'(*spus),volsk.sepu
`sciente'areneologismsaftercapio:cpi;osk.innovationseemslat.sibus`sly,cunning';mhd.besebenst.V.`wahrnehmen',aisl.sefi`sense,mind',as.seo,ags.sefadss.;tolat.sapa`juice,sap'
stelltsichgerm.*safan-`juice,sap(theBaume)':aisl.safi`Baumsaft',norw.sevjads.,sabbaìn
Schlammwade',mnd.sabben`geifern',sabbelen`pollute'.
2.sab-:
maybealb.(*sap-),shapàlum'.
Illyr.sabaium`beer',Sab-inmanyFlNItaliens,Sabtis(Campanien),VadaSabatia(Ligurien)etc.;
kelt.(ven.)FlNSabis(Belgien);
ags.spn.`juice,sap,broth',mnd.sap(p),ahd.saf,sapf,nhd.Saft.
RelatedtoSabathinJewishtraditionAndtonumberseptasevenasthedayofSabathSabine
PhoeniciansinItaly
References:
References:WP.II450f.,WH.II476f.,PokornyUrillyr.79,97,117.
Page(s):
Page(s):880
Root/lemma: sasi o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcereal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Feldfrucht'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansasy-n.`Feldfrucht';jav.hahya-`corn,grain';gall.Akk.(s)asiam`Roggen'
(`secaleTaurinisubAlpibusasiamvocant'Plin.H.N.);cymr.haidd`hordeum',bret.heizòrge';
comparealsoved.sas-`nourishment,food,dish,food,herb,grass,sownfield'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):880
Root/lemma: saus- ,susEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trocken,drr'
Note:
Therealrootwas*sa- ,su- `dry'whichwassuffixedeitherwithcommon-skaor-tra,-dra,-dor,-terin
PIE.ItseemsthattheRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:saus- ,sus- :
:(dry)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:s u e l- ,
su o l- ,suu l- ,su e l- ,sl- :
:(sun).
Material:
Material:OldIndianyati`dries,wilts',thereafteroa-m.(assimil.from*soa-)`thedryingup',
alsoAdj.`madedry';av.haos-`dryup,becomedry',ahao-mna-`notdrying';OldIndianka(from*suka-),av.huka-`dry';
gr.(Hom.),(att.)àrid,dry',`scrubby,dirty,filthy',`harsh,austere';
Denomin.,`makedry,desiccate',`trockne,desiccate';doubtfulgr.m.
àridity,Trockenheit,smut',whetherfrom*sau-k-smo-fromarootvariant*sau-k-besides*sau-s-,to
OldIndianskma-`fine,thin,narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin'commonOldIndian-h->-kphoneticmutation
alb.thanj(*sausni)`dry';
Note:
Commonalb.s>thphoneticmutation
lat.sdus`dry,cheerful'(*suz-do-),sdum`cloudless,bright,clear,serene';differentM.Mayrhofer
KZ.73,117;
Note:
Thisiserroneousetymology.Therealroot[anonomatopoeicword]musthavebeensau- ,su- `dry'
whichwassuffixedeitherwithcommon-skaor-tra,-dra,-dor,-terinPIE.Latinpreservedthe
rudeimentofthe-dorsuffix,otherwiselat.cognateevolvedaccordingtoillyr.-alb.phoneticmutation
(*sausni>saunus)sdus`dry'[commonalb.n>ndphoneticshift]
ags.sar,mnd.sr`dry',norw.syrds.,ahd.srn`wilt';
lit.sasas`dry',sasti`drybecome',sasinti`makedry',ssti`becomescabby',sskis`leprosy,
scabies'(:OldIndianka-);lett.sust`becomedry';OldChurchSlavicsuch`dry',suiti`makedry',
schnti`becomedry'.
References:
References:WP.II447,WH.II624,Trautmann250f.,Frisk188f.,192f.
Page(s):
Page(s):880-881
Root/lemma: sg-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totrack,trail;tofeel,smell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(witternd)nachspren'
Grammaticalinformation:(:*sg-)bildetathemat.Wurzelprsens
Note:
Note:previousJgerwort
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.`gehevoran,lead,guide',nachhom.`glaube,meine',,
Ànfhrer';
lat.sgi,-reàcutesentire,spren,ahnen',sgus`wahrsagend,prophetisch,zauberisch',sga
`Wahrsagerin'(butsagana`Zauberin'fromgr.*);sgx,-cis`sharp,witternd;sharpwitted,
shrewd';
air.saigim`goathingafter,search,seek'(zur3.Pl.segaits.PedersenKG.II606ff.),cymr.haeddu
`verdienen',cy-r-haedd`reach'andlikewise;hereprobablydieir.Denominativaauf-aigim(cymr.haaf);air.srm.`Krnkung,iniuria'(*sag-ro-),verbalnounsrugud(*sagro-sagitus):mcymr.
sayrhaedf.,ncymr.sarhadìnsult'(ir.Lw.);
got.skjan(=lat.sgi)`suchen,disputieren',aisl.skja`suchen,assail',ags.scands.,ahd.
suohhen`suchen',got.sknsÙntersuchung,Streitfrage',ags.scnf.Ùntersuchung,attack,
Gerichtsbarkeit';ablaut.got.sakan,sk`sichquarrel,quarrel,squabble',gasakan`threaten,punish,
curse,berfhren',ahd.(etc.)sahhan`rebuke,reproach,scold,chide,vorGerichtstreiten',aisl.sk
`Rechtssache,lament,thing,Ursache',ags.sacuf.`Rechtshandel,Verfolgung,fight',ahd.sahha
`fight,Gerichtshandel,thing'etc.;
aisl.saka`wail,harm',stt,sttf.,(*sahti-)`comparison,peace',(>ags.sehtds.),sttr(*sahta-R)
`vershnt';got.in-sahtsf.Àussage',ags.in-sihtf.ds.(*in-sak-ti);
hitt.ak(k)-,ek(k)-àware,skillful'.
Itseemsthatthroughalb.intermediaryfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sg- :
:(totrack,trail;tofeel,smell)
derivedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:ghen-2()- :
:(tohit)
References:
References:WP.II449,WH.II464f.,Wissmannnounspostverb.75f.,84,LothRC.41,222ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):876-877
Root/lemma: siEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pain,illness,injure,hurt,damage,disable
Material:
Material:Withformants-mo- :gr.*(umgebidetfrom*-)inàkindof
Zahnweh';
withformants-no- perhapshom.`terrible'withion.-epischerPsilose(differentaboveS.10);
withformants-ro-: ahd.as.afries.sr,ags.sr`schmerzerregend',aisl.srr`verwundet,
schmerzerregend',(finn.sairas`sick'fromdemGerm.),Subst.n.got.sair`pain',ahd.as.afries.sr
`pain',ags.sr`wound,pain',anord.srn.`wound',Adv.nhd.sehr,ags.sre`painful,beraus',nhd.
versehren;
t - formations:air.sethàffliction,disease,malady'(*sai-tu-s),setharàffliction,toil,work'(*sai-turom);cymr.hoedàffliction';
withformants-u o -: gr.,ion.`grausig,dismal',eigentl.*F-`withgrausigemface
(withtheeyesandmouth)'(to*n.`face'=OldIndian*nas-n.ds.,comparenana-n.`mouth,
face'),throughinfluenceofalsoèternal';`(doubtfulgot.saiwsm.`sea'(*si-ui-),aisl.sr,sir,
ags.s,as.ahd.so`sea');lat.saevus`furious,terrible,stern'(alat.also`big,large');lett.sievs,svs
`sharp,biting,harsh',also`Jauche,Gerberlohe'and`beimHanfstoengepretesl',lit.svaim.Pl.
`juice,sapbeimPressen';lit.ais`rough,sharp'(*saius).
Maybealb.(*kr)ther`hurt,slice,cut,injure'commonalb.k->th-mutation;preservationoftheold
laryngyeal.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):877
Root/lemma: s l oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towave,*sea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`wogend'
Material:
Material:Illyr.FlNSalon;lat.salum(andsalusEnnius)`restlessseaswell,rivercurrent,theopen
sea,highsea,main,deep';mir.salunders(i)lem.`sea';gall.FlNSalia`Seille'=air.Sa(i)le
(Schottland)=abrit.*Salia>*Halia>mengl.Hail=hispan.Saliaetc.;*Salantia`Salence'
(Switzerland):OldPrussiansalus`Regenbach',lit.FlNSalantas.
References:
References:WP.II454,WH.II471,KraheBzNf.3,242.
Page(s):
Page(s):879-880
Root/lemma: sno-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:healthy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gesund,heil'
Material:
Material:Lat.snus`fit,healthy,heil',sn,-re`heal,cure';umbr.sanesAbl.`sound,whole,
healthy,well',isdoubtfullypositionedtotheroot*s-`givesatisfaction,gratify,satiates,satiate'.
Maybealb.(*snare)shronj`cure'[rhotacismn/r],shndet`health':lat.`sanitassoundnessofbody,
health'.
References:
References:WP.II445,452,WH.II476,KraheIF.59,166ff.,differentLejeuneRPh.25,218f.
Page(s):
Page(s):880
Root/lemma: s-tiSeealso:
Seealso:s.s- .
Page(s):
Page(s):880
Root/lemma: s u e l- ,su o l- ,suu l- ,su e l- ,sl- ,(*swehuel-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sun
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sonne'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:s u e l- ,su o l- ,suu l- ,su e l- ,sl- ,(*sehu e ll--)::`sun'derivedfromacompound
ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:se- :
:`reflexivepronoun'+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:hel-1 (andghel- ),alsoasi- ,u- or
n- stem;hel- :hl- ,hl- :hl- (*hwel- )::`toshine;green,gold,blue,*sun'
Note:
Note:nexttowhichsu e n- ,sun- ,thusofoldl/n-stem;su e l- `smolder,burn'isprobablyidenticalwith
it
Material:
Note:
Oldestcognateillyr.-alb.(*hel-)diell`sun'[alb.-illyr.h->d-shift];
Phoneticevidence:seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:gel-1 :
:`tostick;pain,death':gr.`Wespen',Hes.;
f.`Spitze,Nadel',Hom.;abern.`Gescho'wohleherzu,s.
berdensekundrenZusammenschlumitletztererSippeunter2.gel-`herabtrufeln;werfen';uber
,,ark.dor.`Spitze,Bratspie,Mnze's.SchwyzerGr.Gr.I295;
gr.Kret.(*sehuel-)Hes.(i.e.F),gr.hom.(*heuueli-os),att.(zerograde),
dor.(*heueli-os),[commongr.-kw->-p-,-gw->-b-phoneticmutation]:OldIndianved.
(*suuel)svar,Gujaratisurdj`sun':(*sehuel-)got.sugil,ags.sygel,sigelfromprotogerm.*sugila-,
as.swigli`bright,radiating'from*swegila-,ags.sweg(e)ln.`sky,heaven,sun',swegle`bright,
radiating'.
1.OldIndianved.(*suuel)svarn.=(zerograde)av.hvar`sun,light,sky',Gen.(*suuela)sra=
jav.(*suuelio)hr,OldIndiansrya-(*sliio-)m.(comparegr.),sra-m.`sun';therefromOld
Indiansrta-`light,bright',OldIndiansvrara-m.`brightspace,ether',av.xarnah-,.-farnah`shiningfame,magnificence';
OtherformsinIndo-Aryan:(*suuel-a)*suuar-[innames]`sun(god)'(Near-EasternIA);Av.:OAv.
huuar[n](<*huar)`sun'(gen.sg.xvg<*huunh);LAv.huuar(gen.sg.h<*huunh,nextto
hr=Ved.sras),Sogd.(Man.)xwr`sun',MiddlePersianxwr`sun',NewPersianxwr`sun',Oss.
xr/xor`sun'
MaybeAfghanlmar,Wazirilmer,myer`sun'fromOldIndiansvrara-m.`brightspace,ether';
Armenianarew,aregak,arev,Singhaleseira`sun'.
MaybeLuvian:(<hu-wa-ya-al-li)<huwayalla/i-ÈpithetoftheSun-god'
Maybezerogradealb.diell(*ehuel-,huel-)`thesun'commonalb.gh->d-phoneticmutation.
gr.hom.,att.,dor.,,kret.Hes.(i.e.F)`sun',furtherformations
ofn.*sueltom.-io-stem(compareOldIndiansrya-);lat.sl,-ism.`sun'(fromneutr.*suelabout
*suol,*sol);cymr.haul,acorn.heuul,mcorn.heul,houl,bret.heol`sun'(*suel-);
inadditionair.silf.èye'from*sli-,ablautequallywithOldIndiansra,andalb.hll,ll`star'
(*slo-or*sli-);
Note:
[conservativedefinitiveformsversusindefiniteforms(alb.phonetictrait)],hencealb.gegsni,tosk.
syri(*slni)èye':OldIrish(*suel--)silèye'
AlsoEstoniansilmèye':Finnishsilmèye'
Otheralb.cognates(Gjakovadial.)(*huueln)uvill,[Buzuku](*viln)yill`star',[Sirmie]Pl.ulini`stars'.
Yettheshiftofinitial(*sue->de-)isacommonalb.phoneticmutation.SeeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
su e rgh- : totakecareof;tobeill.Hencealb.dergjem(*suerghi)`bebedridden,besick'.Therefore
alb.diell`sun'probablyderivedfromaroot*su e l .
got.sauiln.(*swila-),aisl.slf.(*swul)`sun',aisl.and-slis,aschw.and-sylis`thesun
zugewendet';doubtfultherunenamesgot.sugil,ags.sygel,sigelfromprotogerm.*sugila-,ablaut.
withas.swigli`bright,radiating'from*swegila-,ags.sweg(e)ln.`sky,heaven,sun',swegle`bright,
radiating'from*swagila-;
balt.*suelif.inlit.lett.sul`sun';
slav.*sulnika-n.inOldChurchSlavicslnce`sun'(das-ni-from*ogni`fire');
2.In-en -stem:
av.xng`thesun'(idg.*suen-s),Gen.fromhvar;got.sunn(Dat.sunnin,neutr.aftersauil),ags.
sunna,ahd.sunno,sunna`sun',whereforeas`sonnseitig=sdlich'aisl.sur`south',Adv.
`southward',ags.serra,as.sthar-liudi(`southernpeople'),ahd.sundar`south',Adv.`southward',
mhd.sund`south'etc.(nhd.SdfromdemNd.).
Gujaratisurdj`sun'
Perhapstoch.Aswce,swco,toch.Bswcai-`ray[oflight],(sun)beam'reflectPrototoch.
*swcai-whichispossibly(withHilmarsson,1986a:263-95,innucePisani,1942-43a:29)relatedto
Proto-Germanic*suna-*`sunny'>`south'and*sunn`sun'(cf.P:881-2;MA:556).Thetwo
GermanicwordswouldreflectPIE*suhato-(aderivativeof*sehawel-/suhan-`sun')and,with
"particularizing"-n-,*suhatn-/suhaten-/suhatn-.TheattestedparadigmofGermanic*sunn
reflectsaconflationoftheo-gradeandthezero-gradestems(*suhatn->*sunn->*sunn-).For
Hilmarsson,theTocharianformsrepresentageneralizationof*suhaten-,furtherderivedbythe
additionof-ai-.
Note:
Theroot*suhaten-isanattributenouncreatedinthesamewayasadj.andordinalnumbers:
Thatmeansslav.*sulnika-n.inOldChurchSlavicslnce`sun'(das-ni-from*ogni`fire')is
phoneticallyequaltotoch.Aswce,swco,toch.Bswcai-`ray[oflight],(sun)beam',hence
slav.formswerecreatedaccordingtoattributenounsansarelatecreations.
Maybegr.`,-;variousdialecticforms:`(dor.),`(kypr.),
(thess.).-SeitJ.SchmidtKZ32,327ff.allarelinkedtokret.Hes.(i.e.F)`sun'.It
seemsthatthesungod`derivedfromkret.Hes.(i.e.F)`sun'.Thecommon
phoneticmutationingr.>hastakenplace.Both`(dor.),`(kypr.),
(thess.)andkret.Hes.(i.e.F)`sun'derivedfromthesameroot*shuel`sun'wherethe
commongr.phoneticmutationhw>p,gw>bhastakenplace.
Note:
Khaskuragham(alsoIndicborrowingsurj)`sun',GypsyGkkham`sun':gr.Freflectgr.-b->mb->-m-phoneticmutation.
MaybeEtruscanavil`year'aborrowingfromgr.F.
References:
References:WP.II446f.,WH.II553f.,Trautmann251,A.SchererGestirnnamen45ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):881-882
Root/lemma: s- ,sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:satiated
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`satt;sttigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiana-si-n-v-,sinvanùnersttlich'(placeseinPraes.*s-nu-mi,*s-nu-
ahead);
arm.at-ok``full,ausgewachsen';ha,haoy`zufrieden'(*sadio-);
gr.thematicpresent`sttigtsich'(Hesiod;*s-i),athematicWurzelaor.(Hom.)`sich
sttigen';Aor.Inf.`sttigen'and`satiatedbecome',(*,Konj.Aor.),Fut.,etc.;
-(*n-s-tos)ùnersttlich',=bot.`biszurSttigung,sufficient'(Akk.from
`Sttigung');-`voracious',`dense,rich',`dense,reif';ol.,ion.
`bersttigung,berdru,distress'(*s-swithpreservationofafter-,-),whereofion.
`binsatiated,eklemich',`bersttige',,`verchtlich;disgust,
repulsion,loathingerregend';
lat.satis`sufficient'(originallySubst.`Sttigung'),Kompar.satius;satiets,syllabischdissimilated
satis`Sttigung.hinreichendeMenge,berdru';satur`satiated'(ro-extensioneinesu-stem);
air.sith(*sti-)`satiety';sithech`satiated';
got.Dat.Sg.sa(Nom.*sn.or*ssm.)`Sttigung',post-verbaltogasjan`sttigen'=ags.
gesdands.;
Maybetruncatedalb.(*gasjan)ngos,ngij`sate'.
got.sas,aisl.sar,as.sad,ahd.sat`satiated',ags.sd`satiated,berdrssig',eng.sad`grieving,
ernst';derivedaisl.seja,mhd.seten,setten`sattigen'andags.sadian`satiatedbecome',ahd.satn
`sttigen';
lit.stisf.`Sttigung',sts`satiated',post-verbaltostinti`sttigen';OldChurchSlavicst
`satiated'(withuncleary).
References:
References:WP.II444f.,452;WH.II481f.,Trautmann250;Wissmann,TheltestenPostverbalia
67f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsosno-s .
Page(s):
Page(s):876
Root/lemma: sedEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sitzen'
Grammaticalinformation:originallyonlyaoristisch,punctual`sichplace'(OldIndian),lateras
durativesstativeverbwith-suffix`sit'(lat.germ.balto-slav.)
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansad-(stsi,sadat,Pf.sasda,sdim,sdivs-,compareav.hazdy-t
Opt.);
av.ap.had-(withPrverbien)`sichplace'(niahastifor*niasti);Kaus.(lengthenedgrade)Old
Indiansdayati`places',av.ni-ayeiti`ltniedersitzen,placeslow,base',ap.niyadayamÌ
setzte';
arm.nstim`sit,putmich'(perhapsio-Praes.*ni-zdi);hecanim`sitauf,reite'(cfromd+aor.-s);
gr.`sit,putmich'(Aor.Hom.,Pind.);Kaus.,`sell',eigentl.`place'(Specht
KZ.62,51);
lat.sede,-re,sdi`sit'(presentduetooforiginallyauerprs.stemsed-;Perf.from*se-zd-ai),
umbr.sersitu`sedt',zeef`sedens',andersesustìntersiderit',lat.sd,-re`beruhigen'(perhaps=
mnd.sten`beruhigen',WissmannNom.postv.112,1);air.sa(i)did(*se(i)did),`sitzt',Fut.seiss
(*sed-s-ti),adsuidi`schiebtauf,verzgert,hltauf'(Kaus.*sodeiet;otherwisethroughDenom.
suidigud`place'verdrngt);cymr.seddu`sit';
Maybealb.geg.meshit`tosellinaplace'
aisl.sit,Inf.sitia,as.sittiu,ahd.sizzu`sit'(=,-;got.sitanisprobablyreshufflingfrom
*sitjan;Praet.sat,stum),Kaus.got.satjan,aisl.setia,ahd.sezzen`place'(*sodei);
Maybealb.shtit`walkslowlyoveraplace'
lit.*sdmiandsdiu,sdime(*sd-),Inf.sdti`sit',participlePerf.sds(asOldPrussiansdons
`sitzend',OldChurchSlavicsd),OldChurchSlavicsd,sdti`sit';besidesinaech.sedti(:
lat.sedre);lit.sdu,ssti,lett.sst(*ssti)`sichplace',OldChurchSlavicsstids.(presentsd,
seeunder),Kaus.saditi(*sdei)`place,pflanzen',lit.sodinsodnti`place,pflanzen';
Maybealb.soditòbserve,watchfromaplace'
OldPrussianwith(*o)saddinna`places';OldChurchSlavicsd`putmich'(Inf.ssti)basedonauf
secondarynasalizationof*sd(=lit.sdu);alsoOldPrussiansyndens,sinda(n)ts`sitzend'shows
nasalization;s.KuiperNasalprs.192f.,whereOldIndiansand`seat'tost`sitzt'(aboveS.342
f.)placedwird;
2.formswithi -reduplication:
OldIndiansdati`sitzt'(for*satifromredupl.*si-zd-ati,withreplacementfromthroughdaftersad);av.hiaiti`sitzt';gr.`put'=lat.sd`putmich'(*si-zd),umbr.sistu`consdit',andersistu
`*intersdit'(*si-zd-etd);
3.nominalformation:
*sed-to-inOldIndiansatt-`gesessen',av.pasu-hasta-m.`hurdle(*settlement)forsmallcattle',lat.
ob-sessusetc.,aisl.ags.sessm.`seat',comparealsolit.participlesstasandlit.sstasm.`seat',
OldPrussiansostof.`bench';*sed-tiinOldIndiansatti-`dasSitzen',n-atti-`dasSitzen,seat',av.
ni-asti-`Begattung',lat.sessi`Sitzung',from*sessis;OldIndiansttar-m.the`Sitzer',lat.ad-,ob-,
pos-sessor;
maybealb.(*sess),shesh`plain,flatness,square'.
OldIndiansdas-n.`seat,place,abode,residence',gr.n.`seat';av.Oldpers.hadi-`Wohnsitz,
palace'(idg.-sor-is);lengthenedgradeaisl.str(*stiz)n.`seat,Sommersitz,Alm';air.sd
`peace',originallyn.es-stem,identicalwithsdn.es-stem`dwellinggttlichercreature'(compare
engl.settlement);
o -grade:air.suiden.(*sodiom)`seat,sit'=lat.solium`throne';
nounactioniss d - in:OldIndianAkk.sdam,Dat.sde,with-extensioninlat.sdsf.
`seat'(sdibus=lit.Inf.sd-ti:1Pl.sdi-me),umbr.sersiìnsd';nounagentisas2.compound
part:OldIndianapsu-d-`theindenWasserndwells',av.maiyi-m(Akk.)`theintheMitte
dwells';lat.praeses`Vorsitzender',d-sesìdle'=air.dedds.(i-inflectionsecondary),todess
`sluggishness'(*de-sed-t);withlat.subsidiumÙntersttzung'compareair.fothaem.n.`base'from
*upo-sodiom,toair.suide;
aisl.setn.èrhhterbottom',Pl.sjt`dwelling',ags.setn.`seat,lair,stall,Sonnenuntergang',ahd.
sezn.`seat,seat,buttocks,Belagerung';
cymr.seddf.`seat'(*sed);heddm.`peace'(*sedos);mbret.hezaff`cease',mcorn.hathyds.;gorsedd`throne,hill';eistedd`Sitzen',abret.estid`sedile'(*eks-d-sedo-),gall.essedum,-a`zweirdriger
Kriegswagen'(with*en-,comparegr.-,-`Hinterhalt',air.in-dessidìnsdit';skyth.VN
`);
gr.`seat'aisl.setrn.`seat,Sitzen':
lok.Hes.=lat.sella(*sed-l)`Stuhlseat',gall.sedlon`seat',got.sitls,ags.setln.;ahd.
sezzalm.`seat,seat'(*sed-lo-);nsorb.sedlo`seat';butOldChurchSlavicsedlo`saddle'is*sedlo,
compareOldChurchSlavico-sedlati`satteln',arm.et`place'(inadditionauchtei`place');
as.sethalm.`Sitzen,seat',Dat.sedle`(to)Sonnenuntergang',ahd.sethal,sedaln.m.`seat,
Wohnsitz,site'(idg.*stlo-from*sedtlo);therefromahd.sidiloàgricola',mhd.sidilen`siedeln';germ.
*saul-in:aisl.sull,ags.sadol,ahd.satul,satal`saddle'isostidg.Lw.();compareaboveslav.
*sedlofrom*sedu-lo-n.;besides(inar.geneuertes=renamed,haschanged)*sed-tlominav.
hastra-n.`congregation,meeting'=OldIndiansattr-n.`Feier,festival'.
Maybealb.stol`throne':lat.solium`throne'.
lengthenedgradeeformations:OldIndiansd-m.`dasSitzen',sdn-`(aufsitzend=)reitend,
equestrian'(comparealsoruss.vsdnikèquestrian'),aisl.stf.`Hinterhalt',ags.stds.,ahd.-sza
(inplacenames)`Wohnsitz',mhd.szef.`seat,domicile,Hinterhalt',io-Adj.aisl.str`zumSitzen
geeignet',seeabovewhereofstiunder`seat,Heuhaufe'=ahd.giszi`seat,buttocks';urbalt.
*ssta-`seat'(*sd-to-)inlit.sstasm.`seat',OldPrussiansostof.`bench',compareaisl.sessn.
`seat'aboveS.885;OldChurchSlavicpr-sdaìnsidiae';
with: cymr.hawdd`light'=corn.hueth`peaceful'(LothRC36,162);
cymr.sawdd`depth,Absinken';
aisl.ags.st`smut'(Àngesetztes');
lit.sodiaiPl.,lett.sudrji`smut',bulg.sdaf.,ech.sze(*sdio-)unclearair.sidef.,cymr.
huddygl,bret.huzel`smut';OldChurchSlavicsad`Pflanzung'(*sdu-);
4.Moreorlessverdunkeltecompositions:
OldIndianndyas-`nher',ndiha-`nchst'=av.nazdyadv.`(spacial)nheran-',nazdita-`the
nchste',av.ana-Adj.`nahe'(*-zd-na-,participlePerf.Pass.,comparefullgradeOldIndian
sanna-`nahe').
ni-zd-os,-m `nest'(prefixni-`low,base',orèin-'as`placezumNieder-orEinsitzen'):OldIndian
n-m.n.`Ruheplatz,lair',arm.nist`Lage,seat,Residenz',lat.ndus`nest',mir.net`nest',cymr.
nyth`nest,dwelling',corn.neid,bret.nez,neizds.,ahd.ags.nestn.`nest';
Maybezerogradeofalb.geg.(*neid)mendejt`tosit':corn.neid`nest'.
withpopularetymologyUmgestaltungenlit.lzdas,lett.ligzda,OldChurchSlavicgnzdo`nest';
identicalprefixinOldIndiannidati`placessich',av.nihiaiti,.niyadayam,arm.nstim,see
above;
o-zdos `(ansitzender)twig,branch,bough',seethere(ozdo-s );alsogr.`fellow,servant'from

*o-zdos`*Beisitzer';orrathertoB.*sed-
pi-s(e)d- `daraufsitzen=press':OldIndianpayati(*pi-zd-ei)`presses,oppressed,afflicts'(Perf.
pip;p`Druck,pain'),gr.`push,press'(*-).
B.
B.*sed-inthemeaning`go',fromconnectionwithPrfixenoriginated.
OldIndian-sad-`hintreten,hingehen,gelangen',ut-sad-`sichzurSeitebegeben,disappear',av.
pazdayeiti`verscheucht(makesgoaway,passover'),av.-had-`sichwegsetzen,ausweichen',
snaoiti(*-zd-neu-ti)`gehtheran'(see886sna-);gr.`way',`Wanderer',
`wandere';OldChurchSlavicchod`gait',choditi`go';ablaut.d`gegangen';slav.ch-fromidg.sprobablyatfirstbehindpri-andu-originated.
HereperhapsascompoundwithonetoPron.k-,kio-(aboveS.609)respectiveAdv.*kie-:av.
syazd-`zurcktretenvor,aufgeben',sdyamn`zurckweichende',sidyàufgebend',sdra-`shy'
andlat.cdo(*ke-zd-)`schreiteeinher;weiche,giveafter',aswellasnecesse`notwendig',whether
()from*ne-kezd-ti-sèsiskeinAusweichen'.
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sed- :
:(tosit)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma: s - :
:(tosit).
References:
References:WP.II483ff.,WH.II507ff.,511,EM2917ff.,Trautmann248,258ff.,273.
Page(s):
Page(s):884-887
Root/lemma: seg-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sen'
Note:
Note:onlylat.andkelt.
Material:
Material:Lat.seges,-etisf.`Saat',Seia`goddessofSens'(*segi);acymr.segeticion`prolis',
mcymr.se,he`seed,sperm',he-u,ncymr.hau`sen',hauafÌsow'.
References:
References:WP.II480,WH.II509f.;compares(i)-2`sen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):887
Root/lemma: seg-2 ,nasalizedsengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toattach;totouch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heften,sichanhngen,berhren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansjatiànhngen'(with-ànheften',comparePerf.sasaja),causative
sajayatiànheften',participlesakt-ànhaftend,angeheftet',sakti-f.`dasZusammenhngen',
saga-ds.,Oldpers.fr-hajamÌliessaufhngen'(Aryan*sanjanti=slav.set),av.vohuna-zga-
(sp)`thesichansbloodheftendeBluthund';
mir.sn(*segno-)`Fangnetz',cymr.hoenyn(*sogno-),umgelautethwynynds.;gallo-lat.sagum
(*sogomor*segom)`Soldatenmantel';mnd.mhd.senkel`Schnrriemen',nhd.`Schnrsenkel,
Schuhriemen';lit.sgti`heften',Iter.sagti,ablaut.sgas`loopzumBefestigen',sagf.àgrafe,
hook,clasp,buckle';lett.segt`cover',OldPrussiansagis`buckle,Hufnagel';OldChurchSlavic
sgnti`gripe',sn`Klafter',pri-sti`touch'and`swear,vow',pri-sgaòath';ohneNasal:Iter.
sagati`',po-sagati,po-sagnti`nubere'(aufdenHochzeitsbrauchbezogen).
References:
References:WP.II448f.,480f.,482f.,WH.II464,Trautmann252,KuiperNaslprs.195.
Page(s):
Page(s):887-888
Root/lemma: seh- ,sehi- ,sehuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohold,possess;toovercomesmbd.;victory
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`festhalten,halten;eineninKampfberwltigen;Sieg'
Material:
Material:OldIndianshat`mastered,isable,endures',shas-n.`force,might,victory'=av.
hazah-n.àctofviolence,robbery',commonOldIndian-h->-k-:av.-h->-z-phoneticmutation
OldIndiansaka-,saka-`subduer,victor',shu-ri-`vast,grand,victorious'(:gr.,
`strong,secure,ofarguments,etc.,strong',comparealsogerm.*sigus-),av.haz-`sichbemchtigen,
acquire'(present*zh-,e.g.1.pl.Opt.zam=gr.,redupl.*se-zh-o-,assimilatedav.
zaza-,e.g.3.Pl.zaznt,particlePerf.Akt.za-z-vaNom.Sg.,za-z-u-uLok.Pl.;lengthenedgrade
besidesPerf.akt.OldIndiansshaalsoMed.ssh,participleshvs-,presentshati,Imp.
skva`bevictorious';
Gr.(,,,and)`hold,possess,have';hom.,lesb.
`Zurckhalter',`Verhalten,Befinden',`habitual,customary,leidend',,changing
throughablaut`haltbar,certainly,befestigt'(:OldIndiansahuri-,dasoriginallyo-stemwar),
`ploughhandle,ploughstilt'(=cymr.haeddelf.ds.<*sehedhl),(*--)
`withoutEinhaltetwastuend';of-es-stem-Hes.,`Wohlbefinden',`therow
after'(Gen.einesAdj.*),ds.;
o -grade:-`salient,superb',Adv.,`weitaus',thereafterhom.`weitaus',
`holder,Bewahrer',`hold,sttze;holdfrom,(er)trage',`strap,thedenhelmetfesthlt,
Spange,bar,bolt';
with: `tischeauf,bewirterich'(lengtheningafterdemexamplethecompounds);-,-,
-,-(inconnectioninPerf.-formations,asproduktivgewordenelengthening);
zerograde:(*si-zh-)`holdan,have',f.Ànker',(seeabove),-,-,-
`hold,stop',-ùnaufhaltsam;unertrglich(affliction)',f.`Haltung,state,status',
`fatigueless,hartnckig'(`*withstanding'),`concise,genau'(`*enganliegend'),
`nahe,beinahe'(`*sichengwhereofholding'),ùnunterbrochen',Adv.ds.,
`Haltung,shape,form',Èinhalten,tranquility,Mue;(wissenschaftliche)Beschftigung
inMuestunden'(einwithitthechangingbyablaut*`wersichnichthaltenkann'assumes
manasbasefrom,`binunwilling,ungehalten,angry,irate');,-
`strength'(*F--)toOldIndianvi-sah-ìntheGewalthave';
kelt.PNSegis(*-),Sego-mros,GNSegom(n),f.Seget,PNSego-dnon,Sego-briga,
Segontion,mir.segm.`strength',cymr.hy`bold';cymr.haeddel,mbret.haezl,nbret.half.,`
ploughhandle,ploughstilt'(=`plough-handle',seeabove;afrome,also()in:)cymr.haer
èntt,pressant',Haer`woman'sname',haeruìnsure,affirm';cymr.mbret.hael`cordial,gnreux';
cymr.hoel`clavus'(*sohl);
illyr.PNSegestainPannonia,Liguria,Sicily;
got.sigisn.`victory',ahd.sigim.ds.,german.PNSigi-merus,Segi-mundusetc.(idg.neutr.-is-ores-stem),ahd.sigirn`win,triumph';ahd.sigum.,ags.sigor`victory',ahd.PNSigur-mr(idg.neutr.us-stem).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):888-889
Root/lemma: seikEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospill,pour,draft
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusgieen,seihen,rinnen,trufeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndianscat,sicti(asicat)`gietfrom,begiet',ska-m.`Gu,Ergu,
Besprengung',praseka-m.Èrgu,Ausgu';av.hak-,hinaiti(hiaiti)`gietfrom',fra-akm
Absolutiv`beimVergieen',hixra-n.`flssigesExkrement';
gr.Hes.,ion.`dampness',`humid,wet',`benetze',
`Mostsieb';
lat.siat`';sireisprobablyfrom*screaftermere`mingere'reshaped;siccus`dry';
gall.(goidel.orven.-illyr.)FlNSquana`Seine',GNSinqutis;FlN*Siparis`Svre'=ir.FlNSechair;
ahd.shan`seihen',ags.sonds.,intr.àusflieen';ahd.as.ags.sgan`trpfelndfall,sink,flow',aisl.
sga`low,baseorvorwrtsglide,slide'(nhd.versiegenforolderverseigenafterdemPtc.mhd.
versigen),ahd.gisig`palus,stagnum',norw.-schwed.sil(*shila-)`Seite'(sila`seihen',wherewith
norw.silaùnaufhrlichrain'underlikewiseprobablyidenticalis),ostfries.sl`Schleuse',mnd.sl
`Schleuse,Ablaufkanal',slen`drnieren';ags.seohtref.(*sihtrn-),mnd.sichter,sechter`drainage
ditch';aisl.sa`Seihe'(schw.Verbsa`seihen'),ags.seohhef.,ahd.sha`Seihe'(*sh-un-);
mnd.sge`triefend,bleareyed,bleareyed',mnd.mhd.seiger`slowlyortenacioustrpfelnd,faint,
languid,schal',aisl.seigr`tough';
inGerm.alsoformswithgerm.k:ahd.mhd.seichùrine'(ahd.seihhen,mhd.seichen,nd.sken
ùrinate,passwater'),ags.sicerianèinsickern',nd.skern,nhd.sickern,norw.sikla,schwed.sikkla
`geifern;trickle'=nd.sikkelen,norw.dial.sikla`smallstream,brook',ska`seihen',aisl.skn.
`stehendeswater',ags.sc`watercourse'etc.;
nasallosserb.osjekaÈbbe'(*sk);ChurchSlavics,scatiùrinate,passwater',Iter.slov.skati
`hervorspritzen';
besideseinerootseik- `dry',dieprobablyaboutàbrinnen,versiegen=austrocken'mitseik`diffuse'touniteis:av.haayeitiwithus`trocknetfrom'(trans.),haah-n.`Trockenheit,aridity',
hiku-`dry';
becauseofseip-liesprobably*sei-`drip,trickle,rinnen'thebasic.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):893-894
Root/lemma: seip- ,seibEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topour,rain,sift,*sieve,stream,trickle,dribble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusgieen,seihen,rinnen,trpfeln'
Material:
Material:Ahd.sib,ndl.zeef,mnd.seven.,ags.sifen.`Sieb',inadditionags.siftan,mnd.siften,
sichten,nhd.(fromdemNd.)sichten,andaisl.sefn.`juncus'(becauseofporsenStengels);mnd.
afries.sverm.`mucus,slobber',ahd.seivar,mhd.seiferm.ds.(mhd.seifelm.`saliva'perhapswith
germ.p,seebelow);md.sfe`marshyBodenstelle';serb.spiti`trickle,feinrain';
inGerm.alsoformswithgerm.p(diedenSchluaufidg.brechtfertigen):ags.spian,mnd.spen
`drip,trickle',mhd.sfen(st.V.)ds.,schwed.dial.sipa`slowflow,seep,drip',mnd.sp`Bchlein',
herealsothegerm.nametheSeife:germ.*saip(i):finn.saip(p)io,ahd.sei(p)fa`Seife';also`resin',
mnd.spe`Seife',ags.spef.(outofitnord.spa)`Seife',lat.spo(germ.Lw.);maybebeside
germ.*saip(i)n-also*spon-`tallow,suet(alsotoHaarfrbemittelnverwendet)',daswithlat.sbum
`tallow,suet'(probablygenuinelat.)wasobtainablefromidg.*s[i]bo-`drippingfat'(lat.bwouldbe
thentheoriginofarootforminidg.b);toch.Asip-,sep-ànoint',sepalòintment'.
Maybealb.(*spon-)sapun`soap',butoldercognatezerogradealb.(*seifen)finj`soapsuds,lye'
[thecommondropofinitialse-soundsinalb.asinalb.(*vura-)vjehrr`father-in-law']
References:
References:WP.II467f.,WH.II478,504;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.889undersei- .
Page(s):
Page(s):894
Root/lemma: sei- ,soiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobedamp,todrip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trpfeln,rinnen,feucht'
Material:
Material:Withl -formants:FlN:venet.Silis,Silarus,ligur.Silarus,illyr.Silarus(Lukanien),hispan.Sil;
mir.silid`drips,flows,allowstoflow',contaminatedpartiallybysel-`tomove,stir'(seeundersu e l- );
ags.siolo`sea';lit.sil`saliva,slobber';
withm -formants:cymr.hufen`skimmings'(*soimeno-);ahd.nhd.seim`honey',aisl.seimr
`honeycomb',ablaut.simim.`sea',dn.simaav`dribblefrom',westfl.simern`seep,drip'(as.
*simarn).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsthebasefromseik- andseip- `diffuse'.
Page(s):
Page(s):889
Root/lemma: sek-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflowout,dryout(ofwater)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbrinnen,versiegen,sichsenken(vomWasser)'
Material:
Material:OldIndian-sak-ra-,redupl.a-sa-c-t`notversiegend',vaktèinenichtmilkgebende
(versiegte)cow';gr.hom.`stockte,versiegte';(*o,*se-sk-eto,redupl.Aor.),
secondarynasalizedlit.senku,skti`fall(ofWasserstand)',nusktiàbflieen,drybecome',sekls
`seicht',sekl,skis`seichteplace,sandbank',lett.sekls`seicht',sku(*sinku,afterwards:)sikt
`versiegen',inadditionwithbalt.unfromondasKaus.lit.sunk-i,suktiàbsickernlassen',lett.scu,
skt`durchseihe',Iter.skt,ostlit.sunk`juice,sap';OldChurchSlavici-sknti`versiegen(of
water)',pr-skntiàbate'.
Redupl.si-sk-us `dry(=versiegt)'inav.hiku-`dry'(alsohikva-),fem.hikv,mir.sesc,cymr.hysb
`dry,unfruchtbar',bret.hesp`dry'(*siskuo-),air.sescenn`swamp,marsh,moor,fen'(ùnfruchtbar';
compareaisl.saurr`moor,fen':ags.sar`dry'),besidesbret.hesk`dry,unfruchtbar',heskends.,
`fromaKuhwithoutcalfandmilk',heska`tarir',bret.hesquein(besideshespein)ds.,corn.beuch
heskyzàdrycow',bret.haveskAdj.,fromaKuh,dieindemyearsnotcalfgehabthat=mir.
samaisc`youngcow,zweijhrigeFrse'(*samo-sisku`dieSommertrockne'),dieaufdemfem.
*sisku,Gen.*siskuisbasedonandvordemidencaseobl.ueingebthave;unclearisgr.
àrid,verschrumpft,schmchtig'.
References:
References:WP.II473f.,Trautmann256f.,KuiperIdg.Nasalprs.185f.
Page(s):
Page(s):894-895
Root/lemma: sek-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofollow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`folgen'
Grammaticalinformation:mostlymedial
Note:
Note:asTerminustheJgerspracheoriginallyeinswithsek-2 ,s.Wissmannin:DasInstitutf.
deutschelanguageunderLiteratur1954,142.
Material:
Material:OldIndianscate`begleitet,folgt',scati,sakti,3.Pl.scati(:Aor.)ds.,av.
haait,haaitids.,OldIndianskman-,av.haxman-n.`Geleite,companionship';OldIndianskm
(m.Instr.)ìnGemeinschaftwith,nebst';av.hakatAdv.`tosametime'(solidifiedNom.Sg.n.of
participle,*seknt);OldIndiansciAdv.`zugleich'(:lett.sec);OldIndiansc(m.Lok.)`together
with,by,angesichtsfrom',av.ha,ap.ha`fortfrom,from-from'(Instr.eines*seko-s`folgend');
zerogradeOldIndianskra-(*-sk-ra-)`combined',asav.skitif.,àssociation'(fullgradehaiti`Begleitung');
becauseofar.khdubious:OldIndianskh(skhi-)`fellow,comrade,friend',av.haxay-(hai-)ds.,
ap.Haxmani-`';
gr.`folge',Aor.(redupl.,compareOldIndianscati)and,,;duetoeines*sokio-s(=lat.socius,aisl.seggr):`help,stehebei'(*sm-sokiei),
`Gehilfe';participle*asbasefrom--Hes.;
maybealb.(*sok)shokum.shoqef.`friend'
ablaut.`fellow',`lassefolgen',,ion.`gleiter'(*soq`dasFolgen,
Gefolgschaft');
lat.sequor,-`nachfolgen,begleiten,pursue',participlesectus(aftersoltus,voltus,forolder
*sectos=gr.*,lit.at-sktasàufgesprt,aufgefunden');n-sequor`pursue'(:OldIndiananusac-`nachgehen');comparesector,-rèagerbegleiten',sectaf.`Richtlinie,party,philosophische
Schule';secundus(participlePraes.)`thefollowing,zweite';sequester,-tra,-trum,newer-tris,-tre
`(*mitfolgend=)vermittelnd,Mittelsperson'(froman.es-stem-sekuosderive);secus(withAkk.)
`denseafter,nebenbei,gem',solidifiedNom.Sg.m.eines*seko-s`folgend'(compareo.Old
Indiansc);tosecusàfter,lessgood'(from`folgend,zurckstehend')trateinjngerercompounds
squius;socius`teilnehmend,Gesellschafter,Teilnehmer,Bundesgenosse';
maybealb.(*seko-)shkoj`go,follow',shko-z`beech,(*walkingtree)'[-zalb.diminutivesuffix]
similartoalb.bredh`fir-tree,spruce',bredh`wander,(walkingtree)',(*sok)shoku`friend,follower'.
Air.sechithir(=lat.sequitur)`folgt',sechem`dasFolgen',sech(withAkk.)`vorbeian,about-out,
namely',cymr.bret.hep`without'(compareOldIndiansc,av.ha,lat.secus);
ahd.beinsegga`pedisequa',as.segg,ags.sec,aisl.seggr`Gefolgsmann,journeyman,man'
(*sokios);
lit.sek,skti,lett.seku,sekt`folgen;spren,wittern',lit.at-sektas(seeabove),sekmf.Èrfolg',lett.
(veraltet)secen,sec(m.Akk.)`vorbei,lngshin',(perhapsfrom*seken,*seki=OldIndiansci).
References:
References:WP.II476f.,WH.II506,518,519f.,Trautmann254f.
Page(s):
Page(s):896-897
Root/lemma: sek-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee,show;tospeak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bemerken,sehen;zeigen',originally`wittern,spren'and(jnger)`sagen'
Note:
Note:identicalwithsek-1 .
Material:
Material:Gr.,(--verbalismthemetr.lengthening)`sagean,erzhle'(Imp.,
Impf.,Fut.-(*sk--),Aor.-,Imp.-,-,2.Pl.from*-
),ùnsglich;unsagbargro,unendlich',-Hes.(:lat.
insecti),`wonderful,divine'(originally`fromthedivinitygeoffenbart'),from*--;
,`seer,Weissager'probablyVerkrzungfrom;`weissage';
`greet'(-fromnìn');`welcome,erwnscht,erfreut'(*n--);
lat.nseque`sagan'(=gr.),alsonsece,verschlepptfromformsas:insectins
`narrationes',insexit`dixerit';inquam,inquis,-it`sageI,sagstdu,sagt(e)er'(inquamKonjunktivform
*en-skm`mcht'Isay';inquitoriginallythemat.Aorist*en-ske-tas-);
umbr.prusikurent`pronuntiaverint',sukatu`declrt,pronuntit';kinsteadofpafterformswith
Entlabialisierungof*kvors,t;
acymr.hepp,mcymr.heby(r),cymr.eb(e),ebr`sagte',mcymr.hebu`speak',go-hebuàntworten',
cymr.èntsprechen',mcymr.gwrtheb`reaction',cymr.òbjection',corn.gorebyàntworten';mcymr.
dihaereb`proverb,saying'(*d-ad-pro-sko-),air.roscds.(*ad-pro-sko-);mir.rosc`dithyrambische
Dichtung'(*pro-sko-);air.in-coissig(*ind-com-sech-from*sek-)`bezeichnet',tscànnouncement'
(*to-ad-sko-),coscàpparition'(*en-kom-sko-);mcymr.atteb,ncymr.atebÀntwort'(*ati-sek-),air.
aithescn.Àntwort'(*ati-sku-om),con-secha`zchtigt',cosc`punishment'=cymr.cospds.(*komsko-m),air.diuschi`weckt'(*di-uss-sechi),air.insce`discourse'(*eni-sku-i),alsoair.scln.
`narration'(*sketlo-n,fromwhichborrowedcymr.chwedletc.);mir.scothf.`word';
ahd.sagen`say'(*sok-),besidesgerm.*sagi<*sawiinas.seggian,mnl.segghen,ags.secgan
(engl.say),aisl.segjads.,abstractnounaisl.ahd.sagaÀussage,narration'(nhd.Sage),ags.sagu
f.ds.;
lit.sek,skti`narrare'(=(),inseque),sekimas`dasErzhlen',skmf.`narration,Sage',
saka,sakti`say',psaka`Mrchen'etc.;
OldChurchSlavicsoitiìndicate',sokÀnzeiger,Anklger',poln.osokaàccusation,slander'etc.;
oldermeaningsek- `see'and`show'(seepreviouslyaboveir.in-coissig,tsc,auchcon-secha,cosc
aslat.animadverterealso`reprove')in:air.roscm.èye,look'(*pro-sko-);
got.saian`see',aisl.sjfromsa,ags.son,as.ahd.sehan,nhd.sehen;got.siuns`face,
Sehkraft',aisl.syn,sjnf.`vision,sight,apparition',ags.sen,as.siun`sight,vision,eye'from
*se(g)wn;Adj.got.anasiuns,ags.gesene,aisl.synn`visible,obvious,clear',synast`shine,appear,
seem'(=àppear');ahd.(gi)siht`thelooking,face,sight',ags.gesihtds.;
besidesfromlengthenedgrade*s(g)wni-:ahd.selt-sni,mhd.selt-sne`seldom'seltsam(butags.
seldsene`rare'from-*sa(g)wni-);
hitt.akuua-n.Pl.èyes',akuui-`see';toch.Aotre,otri`mark,token,sign'(*sek-tr-).
FromPIEthisrootpassedtoAltaiclanguages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*sg(z-)
Meaning:
Meaning:tolook,search
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*sigiaTungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*sig-
Koreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*hJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*snkNote:
Note:2,78,Martin236,Martin1996,27.Kor.*h-isanassimilation<*sVh-=PJ
*s(n)kas-.
References:
References:WP.II477ff.,WH.I702f.,Trautmann255,PedersenToch.69.
Page(s):
Page(s):897-898
Root/lemma: selEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrowaway,pourout,sendaway,free
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`loslassen,entsenden,werfen,ausgieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrjti,srjatièntlt,schiet,giet',participlesr-,visrjana-mÀusgieung'
(srga-`dasEntlassen,Schieen,Gieen'withgthroughEntgleisung);av.harzaiti,hrzaiti
èntlt,sendetfrom,schicktfrom',participleharta-,harzna-n.`dasLassen,Verlassen;
Durchlassen,Filtrieren';
air.selgf.`Jagd'(ofLoslassentheHunde,OldIndiansrjtina),slegf.`spear,javelin'(*slg);
acymr.in-helcha`venando',helgha-ti`jage!',mcymr.hely,ncymr.hel,hela`hunt,chase',heliwr
`Jger',acorn.helhwrds.,mcorn.helhys,hellys`gejagt',corn.helfia`Jagen',bret.hem-olc'h`Jagd',
di-elc'hatàtemlossein';
mhd.selkenst.V.`tropfendniederfallen,sichsenken(fromWolken)',ags.be-sylcanènfeeble',*seolcan`trgeseinorbecome',onlyinparticiple-solcen,solcenìdle,faul',engl.sulky.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):900-901
Root/lemma: selkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrag;plough
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:perhapswithu e lk- toeinesoriginallyrootsuelk-tounite,s.lastlySpechtKZ66,25f.
Material:
Material:Arm.heg`slow,idle'(comparetomeaningzgern:ziehen,duceretempus);gr.
`ziehe',f.,m.`pull;dasGeschleppteetc.`=lat.sulcus`furrow',sulc,-re`pflgen',zero
gradeags.sulh`furrow,plough',alb.helq,heq`pull,pulldown'(*solkei);
ahd.selah,ags.seolh,anord.selr`seal,Robbe'as`sichmhsamtowing'
toch.slk-`herausziehen,vorfhren'.
References:
References:WP.II507f.,WH.II627,Frisk77.
Page(s):
Page(s):901
Root/lemma: sel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dwelling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wohnraum'
Material:
Material:Ahd.salm.`dwelling,hall',langob.sala`courtyard,house,edifice,building',as.selim.
`dwelling,hall,temple',ags.sln.,salorn.,`hall,palace',selem.`house,dwelling,hall',aisl.salrm.
`hall,room,house',Pl.`dwelling,courtyard',sel(*salja-)`chalet';got.saljanèinkehren,bleiben',
saliwsPl.`stop,hospice',ahd.salida,as.selitha,ags.seld`dwelling';abg.selo`farm,village',
selitva`dwelling'(similarformationtogot.saliws);lit.salf.`village'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):898
Root/lemma: sel-2 ,su e lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beam,board
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Balken,Brett,fromstemsorBretternVerfertigtes'
Material:
Material:Ags.selma,sealma,as.selmo`bed',eig.`daswoodenbedstead';lit.solas`bench',lit.
sl`trough,Schweinetrog',lett.sile`crib,manger,trough';alb.gjol`Platte,aufdiemanViehsalz
legt'(*sl).
Withanlautsu-:gr.,-(byHes.also)`balk,beam,Geblk,scaffold,trestle,esp.
Schiffsverdeck,thwart',hom.`withgutenRuderbnkenversehen',,-`plank,
thwart';alsoahd.swelli,mhd.swelle`balk,beam,Grundbalken,threshold',aisl.svalarf.Pl.,
aschwed.svali`Galerie',nisl.svoli`blockofwood',e-gradeaisl.swillf.`Grundbalken,threshold',zero
gradeags.syll,aisl.syllds.,mnd.sl,slle,silleds.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):898-899
Root/lemma: sel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totake,grab
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nehmen,ergreifen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`totakewiththehand,grasp;take,obtainthepower',n.,`booty,
spoil,prey,ofunburiedcorpses,Hom.booty,robbery,capture';doubtfullat.cnsilium`deliberation,
consultation,aconsideringtogether,counsel,councilmeeting,decision';cnsuleresentum`gather
thesenate',then`debrief',rootnounscnsul,àconsul,oneofthetwohighestmagistratesofthe
Romanstate,chosenannually,aftertheexpulsionofthekings';
inadditionas-uo-derivativeair.selbf.,cymr.helwm.`possession',gall.(Julia)Luguselvawoman's
name(`*propertyofLugus'),whereforeair.ad-selb-`render',to-ad-selb-àllocate,present',to-selb
`keep,retainpossessionof';perhapsalsoduetoabasis*sli-: ir.sl-infuil(l)emìnterest'(*fo-slmo-),adroilliuèarn'(ad-ro-sl-),-tuillimds.(to-sl-);cymr.dyrllyddu,bret.delezaèarn'(*to-ro-sl-i-);
ascausative`makeobtain'heregot.saljanòffer,sacrifice',aisl.selia,as.gisellian,ahd.sellen,ags.
sellan`handover,sell';thenounsaisl.saln.`payment',salaf.,ags.salu`sale',ahd.sala`bergabe
einesGutes',salm.`blessingwhichistobehandedoveraccordingtothetestament'mustbepostverbal;hereOldChurchSlavicsl`summoner',slati`send'.
Maybealb.sjel,sjell`bring'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):899
Root/lemma: sel-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianucchalati`schnelltempor'(mind.from*ud-salati);
gr.`spring,hpfe'(*seli),ep.Aor.,Verbaln.`Sprung',`dasSpringen';
lat.sali,-re,-u(-),-tum`spring,hpfen',saltus`Sprung',salax`horny,lustful',saltre`tanzen',
salebra`holprigeplaceofWeges'(shapedafterlatebra);whereforeinsultre;
mir.saltraid`zertritt',verbalnouncymr.sathru`Zertreten',mbret.saotra`Beschmutzen',Vannes
sautrein`Zertreten,Beschmutzen';
lit.tsala`Wasserlache',slti`flow',OldPrussiansalus`Regenbach';aboutlit.sal,lett.salaìsland'
s.Mhlenbach-EndzelinIII664;
einep -extensioninlit.salpasm.`bay,bosom'=slav.*solpinslov.slp`waterfall,surge';slav.
*selpj,*slpati`spring'inOldChurchSlavicv-slpljds.,Infin.ChurchSlavicslpati.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):899
Root/lemma: sel-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosneak,creep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schleichen,kriechen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantsrati`slinks,slinksheran,beschleicht'withprefix[a]d-,tsrum.
`schleichendesanimal',av.srvant-,sravant-`schleichend,anschleichend'(particlefromar.*tsr-au-,
u-extensionrespectivelyu-present);soperhapsalsoarm.solim,Aor.solecay`serpo,repo,delabor,
trahor',solun`humiserpens,repens'(*t-sol-withalterationfromts-tos-);gr.(Akk.)
`schleppfig'(actually`schleichfig',compare:)epithetofthecouch-grass,`diesich
schleichweiseausdehnende'(metr.Dehnungenfor-);
MaybeillyrTNSeleiitani
alb.shlig`snake,Natter';air.selige,mir.seilche(*selekio-)`turtle,tortoise,snail';air.*selid`slinks,
crawls',verbalnounsleith(*slethfrom*slt)`dasBeschleichenaschlafendenFrau',intledf.
`Fallstrick'(*ind-leth);nir.seilide`snail'(air.*selitfrom*sel-nt);lit.sel,selti`slink,leiseauftreten'.
References:
References:WP.II505f.,Trautmann255,M.O'BrienEt.celt.3,370f.;E.SchneiderWuS.21,166
ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):900
Root/lemma: sel-6 ,sel- :slEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lucky,luck
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gnstig,guterStimmung;begtigen'
Material:
Material:Lat.slor,-ri`comfort,lindern,beschwichtigen';air.sln`heil;fit,healthy';
germ.*sl-ingot.sls`good,suitable',slei`Gute',aisl.sll`lucky',ags.slm.f.`luck,
Gelegenheit,time',geslig`lucky'.ahd.as.slig`lucky,blessed,gesegnet',ahd.slida`Gte,luck,
salvation'=as.sla,ags.sl,anord.sldf.`luck';*sol-inags.slra(*sliza)`better',Adv.sl
`better';
Aufaheavybasis*s(e)l-:sl-basedondiegr.familyof*(*--)`bingnstig,gracious',
Imp.hom.,theokr.(*--),nexttowhichasPerf.-Imp.ol.(*-);
unredupl.present,afterdem.redupl.-umgefrbtfrom*(-stillin=
bySteph.Byz.)asalso`cheerful,blithe,glad'from*;(*--)`make
mirjemandengnstiggesinnt,vershne';duetoofpresent-,-ontheonehandlakon.F,
kret.,att.,ion.,ontheotherhandhom.(F),arkad.(F),lesb.
`gnstig,gracious'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):900
Root/lemma: selosEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:swamp,sea
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sumpf,See'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansras-n.`washbasin,pond,pool,sea',Srasvatf.FlNandGN(tosras-vant-
àbundantinwater')=av.Haraxait,Oldpers.Hara(h)uvatÀrachosien';OldIndiansarasy-Adj.
`pond,pool-,sea-';gr.n.`marshylowland,marsh-meadow,depression,backwater',òf
themarshormeadow,growingordwellinginthemarsh'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):901
Root/lemma: selp- (*ghelp-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fatn.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fett(Butter,Schmalz)'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansarps-n.`meltedbutter,melting-butter,lard,fat',srpr-`greasy,smooth,sleek,
oiled,blank';gr.(n.),Hes.and(withafter:).
Hes.,,,-f.òil-bottle';alb.(*ghelp-)gjalp`butter';[commonalb.gh->gl->gj:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
ahd.salba,as.sala,ags.sealfòintment',got.ahd.salbn,as.saln,ags.sealfianànoint';
toch.Alyp,alype`fat,butter,l'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):901
Root/lemma: sem-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schpfen,gieen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`sammle',f.`bucket;pail'(outofitlat.ama`Feuereimer',fromwhichmhd.
ame,ome,nhd.Ohm`Flssigkeitsma'),f.`Nachttopf',n.Òpferschale',f.
`fascicle,sheaf'(),but,-`heap,Schiffsraum,Kielwasser'afterBenvenisteBSL.50,39
tohitt.an-`giessen';
illyr.FlNSemnus(Lucanien);
lat.sentna`Kielwasser,Schiffsjauche',sentn`schpfedasWasserfrom,habemeineNot';
air.sem-`diffuse'into-eks-sem-ds.,to-uks-sem-`zeugen,produce',verbalnounteistiuÀusgieen',
tuistiu`Zeugung,creation'(*to-uks-sem-ti)etc.;compareduetoaabstufendeninflection-ti(n)-:tn-esabovelat.sentna(originallyAdj.,scil.aqua);with-d-weitergebildetsend-inabret.do-uohinnomgl.àustum',cymr.gwe-hynnu`scoop,ausleeren';
lit.semi,smti`scoop',smtis`dipper',with-el-furtherformationslett.smelu,smelt`scoop'.
References:
References:WP.II487f.,WH.II514f.,Trautmann256,IforWilliamsRC40,487,Frisk88f.
Page(s):
Page(s):901-902
Root/lemma: sem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:one
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èins'andìneinszusammen,einheitlich,samt,with'
Material:
Material:1.WithvordominantZahlwortbedeutungèins':
Arm.mièins'(*sm-iios);gr.,,(*sems,*sem,*sm-i),Gen.(for*orafter*,
)èin';Èinhufer'(*-),kret.,tarent.ònce',compoundsdor.(att.
)`theeine,theotherfromzweien'(=cymr.hanner,corn.bret.hanter`half');
lat.sem-perìnafort,always'(*sem=gr.,compareundergerm.sin-);simtu`zugleich',Ablat.from
*simtus<*semeitus`dasZusammengehen',compareair.emith`tanquam,quasi',cymr.hefydàlso'
from*semiti-,toOldIndiansmiti-;mlle`1000'from*smheslèineTausendheit'(irrigS.446),
comparedasin*sm-heslomzerlegteOldIndiansahsra-m,av.hazara-èintausend';air.cumme
`similarly'from*komsmiio-`ganztheeine,thesame';germ.*sin(i.e.idg.*seminadv.solidification)
`*ineinem'=`together'or`perpetual'oràbsolutely,very'inas.ahd.sinhun,ags.sin-hwan
`conjuges,Ehegatten',got.sin-teins`daily',as.sin-nahti,ags.sin-nihtèwigenight',mhd.sin-grene,
ags.sin-grne,aisl.s-grnnìmmergrn',ags.sinhere`bigHeer',ahd.sinfluot`big,giantflood',
aisl.svalr,ags.sine-wealt,and.sinu-wel`ganzround'etc.;
toch.Asasm.(komponierta-),e(olderesines-kaàllein')from*sem-s;Asf.from*sem;
compoundformAoma-(*semo-),somo-(*somo-);VanWindekensLexique121.
sm - as1.compositionpart:OldIndiansakt,av.ha-krtònce'(aboutOldIndiansa-hsramsee
above),gr.-ònce',-`simple,just',lat.sim-plus,-plex`simple,just',gr.-èinhundred'from*-afterora*-.compareunder*smìneinstogether,with'.
WithGutturalsuffixen:gr..(*-);lat.singulièinzelne'(againstitsincinium
Èinzelgesang'notfrom*singo-caniom,butpopularetymologyrearrangementfromsicinniumfromgr.
`TanztheSatyrn');
withh presumablyarm.ez`someone'(*semho-withithez`mild,rechtschaffen'asèinfachfrom
Sitten'gleichPedersenKZ.39,414);withkOldIndianavant-`sichgleichmigerneuernd,eine
ununterbrocheneReihebildend,jeder,all'(from*sa-vant-,withformants-uent-fromidg.*sm-koperhapsìnaZuge,inarow');perhapsalb.gjithàll,whole'(*sem-ko`fromeinerundthesamekind
of').
Note
Note:
Alb.(*ghim-ko)gjithàll,together':toch.Asasm.,e[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dzphoneticmutation;alsoalb.-s>-thphoneticmutations].
Withl-suffixes:gr.`gleich,eben,smooth'(`*inakindofverlaufend')ablaut.lat.similis
`similarly'(*semelis`fromeinandthesamekindof'),simul,oldersemol,semul`zugleich'apokopiert
from*semeli,nexttowhichafterbis,*tris(ter)widened*semlisònce'insemel,umbr.sumel
`zugleich'(withthesameasorlatterpreviouslyafterfrom*umgefrbt);with
reduplication-stemair.samail`Bild,Gleichnis'(proklit.amalàs'),cymr.etc.hafal`similarly,gleich',
air.samlith`simul',cosmail`consimilis';got.siml`(*once=)einst',ags.sim(b)le,simles,simblon
àlways',ahd.simble(s),simblumds.,aufan.*semlo-mèinetime'beingbasedon.
2.s e mo- `someone'=ìrgendeiner'(unbetont):

OldIndiansam-ìrgendein',av.ap.hama-`jederbeliebige,omnis';
arm.amn,amn-ainàlle,omnis';
gr.-ìrgendein'in,att.`rgendwie',,att.ìrgendwoher',,att.
ìrgendwie',-`nichteiner,keiner',`keineswegs';got.sumsìrgendein,ein
gewisser',Pl.èinige,manche',aisl.sumràcertain,akindof,asonemightsay,nonnullus',as.ags.
ahd.sumds.
3.`*ineins=together,with';
sm - : OldIndiansa-h,sadh`common,together'=av.haa,.had`together',OldIndiansatr
`together,ganzandgar'=av.har`together,zugleich,vereintwith',OldIndiansdam,sdàllzeit,
stetsalways'=av.haaàlways',OldIndiansdhrAdv.`together'(:root*dher-`hold,stop',as
also:)gr.-,att.-ìnassociation,gesamt',-`consorstori',-`couterinus',
-`Weggefhrte'(from-throughAspiratendiss).-OldIndiansmt`togetherwith',av.mat
`ds.;always,immerdar';gr.,dor.ìneinem,zugleich',`together'.
som -:
-:OldIndiansm-`together,zugleichwith',av.ap.ha(m)-`with'(inconnectionwithverbsandin
Zs.withnouns;arm.ham-`with'probablyfromdemIran.);
lit.sam-,s-(e.g.samdtièmploy,engage',sn-doraÈintracht',s-in`Gewissen,conscientia'),
OldPrussiansan-,sen-(saninsle`belt,girdle'),sen(*sem)preposition`with'(idg.*sem);OldChurch
Slavics-`with'(s-sd`Nachbar',compareOldIndiansa-sd-`congregation,meeting'),s-log
`consorstori',compare-etc.;
withOldChurchSlavics-changingthroughablautis*sn-,s(*som)e.g.insn-iti`convenire',s-
vzati`zusammenbinden'aswellasspreposition`with';whetherlit.s`with'dazugehrt,couldes
togetherwithOldChurchSlavicsandgr.,`with'aufidg.*ksurespectively*ksun
zurckgefhrtbecome;compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.2,4877.
Vonsom-derivessomo-s: OldIndiansam-èben,gleich,thesame',sammAdv.andpreposition
`together',samy,insameWeise,mittenhindurch',*samayatièbnet,bringtinorder',av.ap.hama`gleich,thesame',arm.omn`whoever'(MeilletEsquisse290);aboutOldIndiansim-`selbst's.
Wackernagel-Debrunner3,578;
gr.`common;similarly,gleich,eben,smooth',Adv.andpreposition`together',-
`fromthesameOrt',-àndenselbenplace',`gleichwohl'(,natt.`similarly');
here(aboveS.56),`begleite'(to*from*som-r-to-s),afterSzemernyiGl.
33,265to*er-,aboveS.327f.;air.-somìpse',air.sund`here',cymr.hwnn`this'(fromidg.*somdhe,
welchestosondo-reshapedwurde);got.sasama`thesame',aisl.samr,innsami`thesame',samt
Adv.ùnunterbrocben',ahd.dersamo`thesame',comparealsoZs.asgot.samakuns,anord.
samkynja`fromsamegender,sex',gr.ds.,OldIndiansama-jtya`gleichartig',anord.
samfera,,.hamapitar-`fromthesameVater',aisl.sammri,`fromthe
sameMutter';
ein-Fem.*som,*sm`Beisammensein,association,partlyalsokmpfendesAneinandergeraten'in
OldIndiansamk-n.`fight,struggle,battle';butgr.-`heap,congregation,meeting,
Schlachtgedrnge',Ùmgang,Verkehr',`verkehre'remainfaroffbecauseofol.
,alsolat.mles,compareSzemernyiArch.Ling.6,41;gr.`fight,fight,struggle,
contention'(*sem-il-ia),`wettkmpfen';
inadditionwithdemBegriffeoffriedlichenBeisammenseins,alsoofZusammenstimmensaisl.sama
`passen,sichschicken';got.samjan`gefallen,togefallensuchen',aisl.semja(=OldIndiansamayati)
`zusammenstellen,unite,einigbecomeum,sort,order,arrange,zustandebringen';inaddition
probablygerm.*samia-inahd.semfti(Adv.samfto)`bequem,gemchlich,friendly',nhd.sanft,as.
sftoAdv.`light',mnd.sachteAdj.Adv.`gentle,mild',ags.sfte(Adv.sfte)`peaceful,mild',compare
inadditionesp.OldIndiansntva-n.`goodbeschwichtigendewords',sman-m.n.`ds.,Milde,
freundlichesEntgegenkommen';
germ.*samia-isviell.fromatu-stem*samu-reshaped,thewithOldIndiansntva-aufidg.*smtu-gobackkann;
againstitisags.sme,sm,as.smi`smooth,eben,gentle,milde'becauseofwestfl.smi
from*smanioriginated;got.sama`together',as.samad,ags.samod,ahd.samit(samantwithn
aftersaman-),nhd.samt;eined-derivativeinOldIndiansamd-f.`fight,fight,struggle',gr.
`Gewhl,Menschenmenge';
lengthenedgradeOldIndiansman-,sman-`peaceful',sma-gir-`freundlichewordsredend',
sntva-(seeabove),av.hma-`gleich,thesame',np.hmnÈbene',air.sm`tranquility'(from
`*traulichesBeisammensein'),sim`peaceful,mild',aisl.sma(*smn)`passen,geziemen',smim.
`honour,Auszeichnung',smr`proper,fitting',as.smids.,ags.smf.Èinigkeit,congregation,
meeting',ge-smèinmtig,friendly',mhd.suome`pleasant,mellifluous';abgel.aisl.sma`sich
findenin,Rcksichtnehmenauf,honour',ags.sman`vershnen';engl.seem`befit,shine,appear,
seem'isnord.Lw.;
OldChurchSlavicsamìpse,alone,single,sole,one;onlyone;oneandthesame';
withn -formants:OldIndiansman-,smana-seeabove;with-gradeprobablyOldIndiansamanan.`Zusammenkunft,Festversammlung',samanAdv.`together,gleichzeitig,ebenmig';got.
samana`beisammen',aisl.saman`together',ahd.saman,zisamane,nhd.zusammen;therefrom
derivedaisl.samna,ahd.samann,mhd.samenen`gather,collect',dissim.samelen,nhd.sammeln;
withreduplication-stemir.samain`thefestivalof1.Nov.`(actually`Zusammenkunft'),bech-amain
`swarmofbees';
einelengthenedgrade*smperhapsingall.-`dieses'andinn.ofair.article(s)an,preceding
from*sin,diesesfrom*smabout*sn;diebrigenformsarethroughtransferencetheEndflexionauf
eineAdv.-form*sinde(from*sm-dhe;esltsichafterOldIndiansa-dhaidg.*dhe,odernachir.
suidefromidg.*so-de(jo-inflection)=gr.-alsoidg.*deansetzen)originated;Demonstr.ir.sin,
cymr.hynngoaufdenstem*sindo-backandstellendieencliticeformdar.
References:
References:WP.II488ff.,WH.II511f.,513,533ff.,Trautmann249f.;J.Gonda,Reflectionson
theNumerals.
Page(s):
Page(s):902-905
Root/lemma: sem-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:summer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sommer'
Grammaticalinformation:(Gen.s e m-s )
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sem-3 :
:`summer'hascertainlyderivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei-2 :hi- ,heimen-, *heimn- : `winter;snow'[commonsatemIEhe->se-phoneticmutation].Itseemsthatthe
Hittite-IllyriannameforwinterbecametheSanskritnameforsummer.Thisdiscoveryseemscrucialto
determinethehomelandofIndoEuropeans.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansmf.`Halbjahr,season,year'(=arm.am),i--mah`thisyear'(probably
fromaLok.*isamireshaped,seeaboveS.286);av.ham-`summer';arm.am`year'(=OldIndian
sm),aman`summer'(*semerom);air.sam(*semo-)andsamrad(*semo-rto-,aboveS.866),
cymr.corn.haf,bret.hav`summer';cymr.hafod`Sommerhaus',bret.havreg`Brachfeld',mir.samad
m.Àmpfer';gall.samon[ios]`Sommermonat',samolus`sorrel,Oxalisacetosella',samara
Ùlmensamen';remainfarofftheibero-rom.akindoffishsamauca(Hubschmid.Rom.Phil.8,12f.);
ahd.sumar,ags.sumorm.,aisl.sumarn.`summer';asòne-year-oldanimal'aisl.simull`(one-yearold)ox',simi,simirds.,norw.simla`Renntierkuh'(idg.sem-),schwed.somel`Renntierkalb'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):905
Root/lemma: sendhro- ,-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:clot,meltedmetal,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geronnene,sichverdichtendeFlssigkeit'
Note:
Material:
Material:Aisl.sindrn.`Metallschlacke'and`Hammerschlag'(inadditionsindra`Funkensprhen'),
ags.sinderds.,ahd.sinterds.,nhd.Sinter,Kalksinter(inadditionsintern`durchsickern,curdle,
coagulate,harden');vermutlichverwandtisnorw.dial.sinkla`sichwithanIcecrustbeziehen'as*sindkla;serb.-ChurchSlavicsedrykrvnyje,russ.-ChurchSlavicsjadrykrovnyja`coagulated
Blutmassen',skr.sdra`Kalksinter',ech.sdra`Gips'(from*sndhr).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):906
Root/lemma: senghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`singen,withsingenderStimmevortragen'
Material:
Material:Prkr.saghai`say,instruct';gr.`voice,Prophezeiung'(*songh),
èpithetofZeus';mcymr.de(h)ongl`define';
got.siggwan`sing,vorlesen,rezitieren',aisl.syngua,ags.ahd.as.singan,singen;got.saggws
`song,Musik,Vorlesung',aisl.sngr`(kirchlicher)song',ags.sang,song,ahd.as.sang,Sang`chant,
song'.
References:
References:WP.II496,BlochBSL31,62,VendryesRC48,476;afterW.Wst(briefl.)belongs
prkr.saghaitokens-,aboveS.566.
Page(s):
Page(s):906-907
Root/lemma: sengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofall,sink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fallen,sinken'
Material:
Material:Arm.ankanim`fall,weiche,takeab';gr.`sank'();
germ.*sinkwanin:got.sigqan,aisl.skkva,ags.sincan,as.ahd.sinkansinken,Intens.dn.-norw.
sakka,ndl.zakken,nhd.sacken`sink';Adj.*sinhti-inags.shte`sumpfig',mhd.sht(e),nhd.seicht,
alem.scht`veryhumid,wet'(fromWiesen).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):906
Root/lemma: seni- ,senu- ,(s e ni- ),sn - terEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:foroneself;separate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`forsich,abgesondert'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansanutràbseitsfrom,weitweg',snutara-(),snutya-`verstohlen,
unvermerkt'(`*beiseite'),av.hanaràbseits,without';gr.(ion.)àbseits,without'(*snter);
as.sundir`without'(=),ahd.suntar`separate'and`but,againstit',nhd.sondern(diesemeaning
from`besides,without'),ags.sundor`forsich,particularly,specially,especially,particular:in
particular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably',anord.sundr`divided',got.sundr`forsich,abseits,
particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably',Adj.
mhd.sunder,besunder,nhd.besonder;
lat.sine`without'(probablyneutr.*seni,nchststehenddemir.sainfrom*seni-);
air.sainAdj.`different,particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,
separately,extra,notably'(*seni-s),cymr.ohan-,ahan-`from',gwahanàpart,separated,
different',acymr.hanàlium';cymr.hanes`narration'=mir.sanas`mystery,Lispeln'(*sani-st);corn.
hanys`clandestine';toch.Asne,snai(*sanai)`without';
Themeaning`separate,forsich'ltconnectionwithdemReflexivstamm*se-,*s(e)ue-to,compare
withanlautsu-:OldChurchSlavicsvn`besides,without'andlat.sd,spreposition`sine,without',
prefix`without,beiseite'.
References:
References:WP.II494f.,WH.II542f.,H.LewisEC.1,322.
Page(s):
Page(s):907
Root/lemma: senkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburn,dry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,drren'
Note:
Material:
Material:Ags.sengan,mnd.mhd.sengen`singe'(*sangjan`brennenmake');nd.sangerenìnthe
Hautprickeln'(eig.`burn'),olderndl.sengel`spark',mhd.senge`Trockenheit,aridity',sinc(-g-)`das
Sengen',sungen,sunkenànbrennen',sungeln,sunkeln`knistern',norw.dial.sengra,sengla
`brenzlichsmell',schwed.dial.sjngla`singe',isl.sng(u)r,n.sangt`versengt,angebrannt';
OldChurchSlavicpr-siti,isiti`dry',siloòven',russ.izsjaklyj`dry'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):907
Root/lemma: sen(o)- (*heno)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:old,*oldmoon
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àlt'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansna-,av.hana-òld',OldIndiansanak-èhemalig,old'(:lat.senex,frnk.
Sinigus,gall.Seneca),sana`voralters',sn,sant,sant`fromaltersher,fromjeher,stets',
santna-èternal,immortal,perennial';arm.hanapazàlways',hinòld';gr.òld,ofprevious
years',-`biennial',`thedaybeforethenewmoonandthefirstoneofthebeginning
month';
againgr.òld'incontrasttoànew',onlyinstandingphrasesoffruitandemployeesofthelast
year,alsofromthelastdayofthelastmonthormooncirculationwhichinitiatesatthesametimethe
newcirculation(sinceHes.);inthelast-namedformationusually(sc.;att.since
Solon).
Maybealb.hana`(*old)moon':gr.òldmoon':n.`brilliance',,ol.`moon'
(*),`shine';hence-`thefull-moon'seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e l-2 :
:`to
smoulder,burn'.
lat.senex,Gen.senis,Kompar.senioròld,aged';sene,-reòld,weaksein',sensc,-ereàltern,
hinschwinden',seniumÀltersschwche,zehrendeGemtsstimmung',sentus,-s(osk.Gen.
senates)`Senat',senectsàge',senecids.;air.senòld',acymr.corn.bret.henòldman,aged',
compoundsair.siniu,cymr.hyn;ir.senmth(a)ir(=lit.senmt)`grandmother';gall.Seno-gntus
underlikewise,Seneca;got.sineigsànoldman',sinistaòldest',afrnk.sini-skalkus`theoldest
Hausdiener',aisl.sina`grassofthepreviousyear';lit.snasòld',snis`graybeard',seniaìnthe
distantpast,manyyearsago,yore,alongtimeago',senju`becomeold'(=lat.sene).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):907-908
Root/lemma: sentEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totakeadirection,go;tofeel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èineRichtungnehmen,gehen'andingeistigenSinneèmpfinden,
wahrnehmen'
Material:A.
Material:A.ingeistigensense:lat.senti,-re,-si,-sum`feel,feel,wahrnehmen',sensus,-s
èmotion,sense,mind,Gesinnung;opinion',sententia(*sentientia)òpinionetc.`;ahd.sin,-nnes
`sense,mind'(*sentno-),sinnan`trachten,lust,crave',nhd.sinnen;lit.sintti`think';OldChurch
Slavicst`smart'.
Maybezerogradealb.(*senti,entio)ndjej`feel'[typicalalb.mutationse->e-]
B.
B.ineigentlichensense:av.hant-(presenth-asat,Fut.ni-sy)`gelangen,gelangenlassen';arm.
ntàc`way,gait',ntànam`go,fare,journey,hurry';
air.st`way',cymr.hyntds.,mbret.nbret.hentds.(=germ.*sina-),abret.Gl.do-guo-hintiliat
ìnceduus',acorn.cam-hinsicGl.ìniustus'(cam-`crooked'),eun-hinsicGl.`justus'(eun-`gerecht');
therefromair.stig`wife,woman'(`Weggenossin',-Fem.einesAdj.*stach);cymr.carrynt(tocarr
`cart')`way,journey',epynt(toeb-,*ekuo-)`Pferde-way',dyffrynt`valley'(todwfr`water');from
*sentio-:mcymr.hennydd`fellow',bret.hantez`Nachbar',corn.hynsads.;
got.sinsm.`Mal',aisl.sinnn.`Mal',sinnin.`gait,journey'(andasdescendanteines*gasinja-also
`cortege,Untersttzung'),ags.sm.`Fahrt,journey,way,Mal',as.s`way,direction',ahd.sind
`gait,way,journey,Fahrt';got.ga-sina`travellingcompanion',aisl.sinnids.,ags.ges,as.gis,
ahd.gisind`fellow',whereforen.ags.ges`Begleitung',as.gesthi,mnd.(ge)sinde`Gesinde',ahd.
gisindi`Reisegefolge,kriegerischescortege',nhd.Gesinde,aisl.sinnin.`cortege';ahd.sinnan(see
above)also`go,reisen,wander,come';Kaus.got.sandjan,aisl.senda,ags.sendan,ahd.senten
`senden'(aisl.sendaalso`sacrifice');*sennDenom.from*sena-(seeabove)inaisl.sinna
`reisen,sichworumkmmern,heed',as.sn`go,pull,drag,wander',ags.siands.,ahd.sindn
ds.;
lit.siuni(*suntiass.to*siunti),sisti,lett.stu,stt`senden,send'(balt.unreduplication-stem
onbesidesthefullgradefromgot.sandjan).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):908
Root/lemma: sen- ,sene- ,sen(e)u- ,senEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprepare,workon,succeed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bereiten,ausarbeiten,vollenden,erzielen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansanamÌgewann',sanma`wirmgengewinnen';santi`gewinnt',sanuk`beutegierig',snitar-`gainer,victor',participlest-`gewonnen',st-f.`Gewinnung,acquisition';gr.
*,themat.,att.andhom.(*F)`vollende';gr.ds.;
Hes.,Hes.(-ùnvollendet');hom.-`
';`diearmament,armoroferschlagenenGegners'(`*Kampfesbeute');therefrom,
Aor.ìnKampfeslay',`demgettetenFeindedieRstungdisrobe;inKampfeslay';
lak.`';(Sg.)àrmament,armor';nexttowhich*
`Zurstung,consummation'assumedfrom,`makefertig,rsteto,bereite';besides
steht-Hes.and`*witheigenerHandvollbringend:murderer;
master,mister';
air.con-su`seekstoerwerben,makesstreitig',cymr.cynydduèrobern,togewinnensuchen'etc.;
hitt.an-`suchen,erstreben,arrogate';also`fegen'(`*durchsuchen').
References:
References:WP.II493,PedersenHitt.185.
Page(s):
Page(s):906
Root/lemma: septm (*sek hh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:seven
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sieben'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:septm (*sek hh-)::sevenderivedfromamutatedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e k s ,sek s ,
ksek s ,ksu e k s ,u e k s (:uk s )::six;commongr.-celt.k>p,g>bphoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansapt,av.hapta,arm.evt`n,gr.,lat.septem,air.sechtn-,cymr.etc.saith,
got.ahd.sibun,ags.seofon,anord.siau(-npreservedafteronebesides*siunstehendensibuni;tlossinordinalssep[t]m-tosdissimilatoryerfolgt;whetherseptuntheLex.sal.stillgesprochenes
seftunorLatinisierungeinesechten*sifunis,stehtdahin),lit.septyn,OldChurchSlavicsedm(after
demordinals),alb.shtat(*s[e]ptmti-;abstractnumberformationasOldIndiansaptat-,av.haptiti70,aisl.siaund`numberfrom7');toch.Apt,uk(t);hitt.ipta.
Note:
Gr.`belongingtotheweek':alb.jav`week'commonalb.-b->-v-phoneticmutation.
Alb.shtata`seven'from(*s[e]ptmti-)isnotpossible.Anatolianlanguagesshowapatternsimilarto
alb.SoLycianaitta(*okt(u)ta)èight':alb.tetaèight';Lycianutta`nine':alb.nanda`nine'.
Thereforealb.shtata`seven'derivedfromatruncated*sa(p)tata`seven'laterOldIndiansapttha,
av.haptaa-,as.sivotho,ags.seofoa,lit.septitas;alsoOldIndiansaptat-,av.haptiti-70;inalb.ta,-tareattributeendingsthatweresolidifiedinAnatolianandIndiccognates.Theattributesuffix-ta
isusedinthealb.genitiveandadjectives.
ordinals:sept (e) mos inOldIndiansaptam-,npers.haftum,gr.,dial.(die
Erweichungderivesfromaform,compareOldChurchSlavicsedm),lat.septimus,gall.
sextametos,air.sechtm-ad,cymr.seithfed(*septem-etos),alit.skmas,OldPrussiansep(t)mas,Old
ChurchSlavicsedm;*septm-to-sinOldIndiansapttha,av.haptaa-,as.sivotho,ags.seofoa
(alsoakzentuell=saptta;besidesahd.sibunto,as.sivondo,anord.siunde,siaunde),lit.septitas.
ItseemsthatnumbersevenspreadfromPIEtoSemiticnumericsystem:
Semitic
East:
East:Akkadian+sebe,Central:Arabic
Central:Arabicsabàh,Saudisabà,Yemenisabàh,
h,Syriansabà,
Lebanesesabà,Cypriotsba`,Iraqisabà,Egyptiansabà,ELibyan`sabà,NAfrican(Darja)sebà,
Moroccansebà,Sudanesesa|bà,Nigeriansaba,Zanzibarisba'a,Maltesesebgh=a,Phoenecian+
sh-b-`,Ugaritic+s-b-'-t,Moabite+sh-b-`-t,ClassicalHebrew+sheba`,ModernHebrew
Hebrewsheva`,
ClassicalAramaic+shi:Beà:h,ModernAramaicshubà:,ClassicalSyriac+shabà:,Syriacshaw'a,
Vanshv,South:
South:OldS.Arabian+s-b-',SouthArabian(Harsusi)ho:ba,(Sheri)sho:`,Socotra
`yhobe,NEthiopic:Geez+sebàtu,Tigresabu`,BeniAmirsaba`,Tigrinya
Tigrinyashob'atte,SEthiopic:
Amharic
Amharicsbat,Argobbasa'int,Hararisa:tti,EGuragesabt,Gafat+sbatt,Soddosbatt,Goggot
sbtt,Muhersbt,Masqansbt,CWGurage
Guragesbat,EnnemorsBat.
Indo-European
Germanic:
Germanic:OldGermanic+*sibum,Western:OldEnglish+seofon,MiddleEnglish+seven,English
English
seven,Scotsseiven,OldFrisian+sigun,W.Frisiansn,Frisian(Saterland)sogen,Dutch
Dutchzeven,W/S
Flemishze:vne,Brabantsze:ve,LowSaxonsven,Emslandze:bm,MennonitePlautdietschswen,
Afrikaans
Afrikaanssewe,German
Germansieben,CentralBavariansimme,Swabiansiibe,Alsatianseve,Cimbrian
siban,Rimellashbne,Rheinfrnkischsiwe,Pennsylvaniasiwwe,Luxembourgeoissiwen,Swiss
Germansieb,Yiddishzibn,MiddleHighGerman+siben,OldHighGerman+sibun,Northern:
Runic+siu:,OldNorse+sjau,Norwegian
Norwegiansju,Danish
Danishsyv,Swedish
Swedishsju,Faroesesjey,Old
Icelandic+siau,Icelandicsj,Eastern:Gothic+sibun,Crimean+sevene,Italic:
Italic:Oscan+*seften,
Umbrian+,Faliscan+*zepten,Latin+septem,Romance:Mozarabic+xebte,Portuguese
Portuguesesete,
Galiciansete,Spanish
Spanishsiete,Ladinosieti,Asturiansiete,Aragonesesiet,Catalan
Catalanset,Valencian
set,OldFrench+set,French
Frenchsept,Walloonset,Jrriaissept,Poitevinst,OldPicard+siet,Picard
siet,Occitan
Occitan(Provenal)st,Lengadocianst,Gasconst,Auvergnats,Limosinse,FrancoProvenal(Vaudois)sat,RumantschGrischunset,Sursilvansiat,Valladerset,Friuliansyet,Ladin
set,Dalmatian+sapto,Italian
Italiansette,Piedmontesest,Milanesestt,Genovesesette,Venetiansete,
Parmesanset,Corsicansette,Umbrianstte,Neapolitanstt,Siciliansetti,Romanian
Romanians,apte,
Arumanians,apte,Meglenites,apti,Istriots,pte,Sardinian
Sardiniansette,Celtic:
Celtic:Proto-Celtic+septn,
Gaulish+sextan,Brythonic(P-Celtic):Welshsaith,Cardiganshiresoch,Breton
Bretonseizh,Vannetais
seih,UnifiedCornish+seyth,Commonseyth,Modernsith,Devonian+seith,Goidelic(Q-Celtic):Old
Irish+secht,Irishseacht,ScotsGaelicseachd,Manxshiaght,Hellenic:
Hellenic:ClassicalGreek+hept,
Greek
Greekeft,Cyprioteft,Tsakonianeft,Tocharian:
Tocharian:TocharianA+late
late,TocharianB+ssukt,
Albanian:Albanian
Albanian:Albanianshtat,Gheg(Qosaj)shtat,Tosk(Mandritsa)shtt,Armenian:
Armenian:+Classical
Armenianevthn,Armenian
Armenianyoth,Baltic
,BalticWest:OldPrussian+*septi:njai,East:Lithuanian
Lithuanianseptyn,
Latvian
Latvianseptinni,Latgaliansepteni,Slavic
SlavicEast:Russian
Russiansemh,sem',Belarussian
Belarussiansem,sem,
Ukrainian
Ukrainians--m.,sim,West:Polish
Polishsiedem,Kashubianstm,Polabian+sidm,Czech
Czechsedm,
Slovak
Slovaksedem,Westsedem,Eastshedzem,UpperSorbiansydom,LowerSorbiansedym,South:
OldChurchSlavonic+sedmi,Bulgarian
Bulgariansdem,Macedonian
Macedoniansedum,Serbo-Croat
Serbo-Croatsdam,
Slovene
Slovenesedem,Anatolian:
Anatolian:Hittite+shipta-,Indo-Iranian:
Indo-Iranian:Proto-Indo-Iranian+*sapta,Iranian
Eastern:
Eastern:OssetianIronavd,Digoravd,Avestan+hapta,Khwarezmian+'bhd,Sogdian+'Bt
Yaghnobiavd,Bactrian+Saka+hauda,Pashto
Pashtoow,Wakhiyb,Munjiavde,Yidghaavdo,Ishkashmi
uvd,Sanglechihaft,Shughnwu:vd,Rushaniwu:vd,Yazgulamiuvd,Sarikoli(Tashkorghani)vd,
Parachiho:t,Ormuriho:,Western
WesternNorthwest:Parthian+hft,Yazdihaf,NayiniNatanzihaft,Khunsari
hft,Gazihf,Sivandihf,Vafsihaf,Semnanihaf,Sangisarihaft,Gilakihaf,Mazanderanihaft,
Talyshhft,HarzaniZazahhewt,Goranihawt,Baluchi
Baluchihept,Turkmenistanapt,EHillhapt,Rakhshani
(Western)(h)ept,Kermanji(S)Kurdish
Kermanji(S)Kurdishhawt,Zaza(N)Kurdish
Zaza(N)Kurdishhaft,Bajalaniha:ft,Kermanshahi
hft,Southwest:OldPersian+Pahlavi+haft,Farsi
Farsihaft,Isfahanihaf,Tajik
Tajikh=aft,Tatihft,Chali
haft,Farshft,Lari'aft,Lurihaf,Kumzarihaf'ta,Nuristani:Ashkunsu:t,Wasi-werist,Katisut,
Kalasha-alaso:t,Indic:Sanskrit+sapt,Prakrit+satta,Ardhamagadhi+satta,Pali+satta,Romany
Romany
(Gypsy):
(Gypsy):Spanishestr,Welshtrint'a:shto:r,Kalderashyeft,Syrianh.o:t,
t,Armenianhaft,Iranian
efd:,Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhalese
Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhalesehata,Veddapahamaydekamay,Maldivianhate,Northern
Northern
India:
India:Dardic:Kashmiri
Kashmirisat,Shinast,Brokskatsa:t,Phalurasa:t,Bashkariksat,Tirahisat,Torwali
sat,Wotapurisat,Maiyasa:t,Kalashasat,Khowarsot,Damelisat,Gawar-batiset,Pashaisa:ta,
Shumashtisa,Nangalamisat,Dumakisot,Western:Marathi
Marathisat,Konkani
Konkanisat,Sindhi
Sindhisata,Khatri
sat,Lahnda
Lahndasatt,Central:Hindi/Urdu
Hindi/Urdusa:t,Paryasat,Punjabi
Punjabiset,Siraikisat,Gujarati
Gujaratisat,
Rajasthani
Rajasthani(Marwari)sa:t,Banjari(Lamani)saat,Malvi
Malvisa:t,Bhili
Bhilixa:t,Dogrisat,Kumauni
Kumaunisa:t,
Garhwali
Garhwalisa:t,WPaharisa:t,Khandeshi
t,Khandeshisa:t,EastCentral:Nepali
Nepalisa:t,Maithili
Maithilisa:t,Magahi
Magahisat,
Bhojpuri
Bhojpurisa:t,Awadhi
Awadhi(Kosali)sa:t,Chattisgarhi
Chattisgarhisa:t,Eastern:Oriya
Oriyasaat,Bengali
Bengalisat,
Assamese
Assamesexat,Mayangha:d.
Dravidian
Northwest:Brahuihaft,Northeast:Kurukh
Kurukhsatte:,Maltosa:te,Central:Kolamisa.t,Telugu
Telugueedu,
Gondi
Gondie:rru:ng,Koyae:ddu,Kondae:rru,Pengosat,
t,Kuiodgi,Kuvisa:ta,South:Tulue:
Tulue:l,Koragaeli,
Kannada
KannadaeeLu,Badagaiyyu,Kodaguye:ll ,Kurumba-.llu,Toda
,Todaw,Kota
Kotaye:ye,Tamil
Tamilaezhu,
Malayalam
Malayalame:llu,Irulaelu
Nahali
Nahalisato
Basque
Basquezazpi
Etruscan
Etruscan+semph
Hurrian
Hurrian+shindia
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):909
Root/lemma: sepEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocareofsmth.;tohonour
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichwithetwasabgeben,inEhrenhalten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianspati`liebkost,umwirbt,pflegt,betreibt',av.hap-(2.3.Sg.haf,hapt)`(inthe
Hand)halten,sttzen';gr.-(with-,-,-,-,-),Aor.--,-`besorge,
bereite,bearbeite';n.`tool,appliance,weapon',`schirrean',`bereitemirto'
etc.;
inadditionidg.*sepeliinOldIndiansaparyti`veneratur',lat.sepeli-re,sepultum`bury'i.e.
`venerarisepulcro'.
References:
References:WP.II487,WH.II517,BenvenisteOrigines1,47.
Page(s):
Page(s):909
Root/lemma: serkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hedge,tofence
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Flechtwerk,einhegen'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`paddock,corral,pen,fold,fence,Wall;loop,noose,snare,Fangnetz',
Ùmzunung',m.,òath';
lat.sarci,-re`flicken,ausbessern,wiederherstellen',sarctustectusfromahouse`geflochtenand
gedeckt,i.e.vollstndig',sarcina`bundle,Pack,tragbaresGepck',sartor`Flickschneider',umbr.
sarsite`*sarct';hitt.ar-nin-k-èrsetzen,compensate'.
References:
References:WP.II502,WH.478f.
Page(s):
Page(s):912
Root/lemma: ser-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strmen,sichraschandheftigbewegen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianssarti,srati`flows,hurries,jagtwornach,verfolgt';fut.sariyti,Desiderativ
sisratifromaheavybasis*ser-,comparehom.`budgemequick,fast,strong,strmean,
hurry'from*sr-i;einrootnouns*sr,inadditionOldIndian*sr,*sr,isdiebaseof-stemOld
Indiansirandsr`Rinnsal,stream';OldIndiansartf.`stream,brook,river',saraa-`running',sa-sr-`strmend',ssri-`running,hurrying';saryu-,saray-m.`nameeinesFlusses',.Haraiva-,
av.(Akk.)Harym,np.Har`riverandregionfromHert';
OldIndiansrma-m.`dasFlieen',gr.Ànlauf,attack,Drangafteretwas',whereof
`treibean,regean',intr.`strmehence,worauflos';inaddition`Salbei'as`dieAnreizende',
s.Strmberg,Gr.Pflanzennamen93;èrgreife'insteadof*(*seri)throughinfluence
ofds.;
OldIndiansar-`fluid',sar`river,stream,brook',gr.,lat.serum`thewsserigeTeilthe
geronnenenmilk,Molke';perhapsalb.gjiz(*ser-di)`gelabtemilk,cheese';
thrak.PNGermi-sera`Warmwasser',FlN;frz.laSermane(*Sermanna),oberital.Sermenza
(*Sermentia),ven.PNSirmi(*Sermi),pannon.PNSirmium,poln.(ven.)PNrem(*Sermo-);illyr.
FlNSarnus(Kampanien);gall.(ven.-illyr.)FlNSara(*Ser),Sarvus`dieSaar';Sar-bildetvieleFlNin
theLombardei,SwitzerlandandFrankreich,alsoAppellativa(Mantuasaril`stream,brook'etc.);
cymr.FlNSr(*Sor);sor-alsoindenFlNOldPrussianSar-ape,lit.-poln.Szarupa,lett.Sarija;
mir.sirid(*serti)`durchwandert,suchtheim,plndert,verlangt',verbalnounsiriud;cymr.herw(*seruo-)`Landstreicherei',mir.serb`theft';
lit.apsirtiùmzingeln',lett.sirtùmherschwrmen,Raubzgemake',sira(compareOldIndiansir)
Ùmherstreifer,beggar'.
References:
References:WP.II497f.,WH.II525,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,7271;inadditionsreu-`flow',afterE.
FraenkelGl.32,33heregr.`Nasenlcher,nose',`Wogenschwall',aswellas,
`nose'as`dieTriefende'.
Page(s):
Page(s):909-910
Root/lemma: ser-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toguard,watchover,support
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sorgendObachtgeben,schtzen,bewahren'
Material:
Material:Av.haraiti`hatacht,schtzt';haurvaitids.,haurva-`beschtzend,htend'inpasu-haurv
sp`dieSchafebeschtzenderHund,Schferhund'(aslat.servfromanu-extension);hartar`Hter,Wchter',harra-`nourishment,care,cultivation,Wartung';hra-àchthabend,htend',
redupl.hira-ds.;
gr.`*Schtzerin'from*F,,-(stemF-,seeabove)`*Hter'(
`Landesschutzgeister'),`hervorragender,mchtigerman';serv,-re`(denWchtermachen)
erretten,receive,unversehrtbewahren',osk.serevkidàuspicio,iussu';umbr.seritu`servato',
anseriatoSupin.òbservatum'compareooserclomperhaps`*observaculum'from*sertlom;
unclearareOldChurchSlavicchranj,chraniti`lookafter,watchover,keep,preserve,protect',
chrana`dish,food,nourishment,food'etc.(seeBerneker397f.);compareMachekSlavia16,191f.;
asgutturalextensionherelit.srg-mi,-u,-iu`behte,bewache',srgas`Wchter',sargs`watchful,
wakeful',OldPrussianbut-sargs`Haushlter',absergsnanAkk.`protection'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):910
Root/lemma: ser-3 ,sorEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:red
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rot,rtlich'
Material:
Material:OldIndianperhapsinsra-m.n.`MarkeinesBaumes(comparelat.rbur`heartwood'),
Festigkeit,power';withformants-to-lit.sartas`fuchsig(fromhorses'),lett.srts`redinface';with
formants-bho- lat.sorbum`dieroteberryofSperber-,Vogelbeerbaumes',sorbus`thistree';
schwed.sarf`Rotauge';russ.sorobalina`rosehip,dogrose,blackberry',lit.serbent,serbetas`black
currant'(ass.from*sarbent);withformants-g(h)o-russ.sorga`Rotauge,Pltze';
with-k-lett.sarks`reddish';
with-m-lit.sarmties`sichschmen';
with-p-lit.serpsPl.èingelbesFrberkraut,Serratulatinctoria',sirpst,sirpa,sirpti`reifbecome'
(onlyfromBeerenandSteinfrchten,alsoeig.`yelloworreddishbecome').
References:
References:WP.II499,WH.II562,SpechtIdg.Dekl.267.
Page(s):
Page(s):910-911
Root/lemma: ser-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputtogether,bindtogether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àneinanderreihen,knpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansarat-,sarit-`filament'(uncovered),perhapssa`lichen,Mhne,bristle';
gr.(*seri)`reiheaneinander'(hom.onlyparticiplePerf.,3.Sg.Plusqpf.),
`knpfean,reihean'(:lat.in-ser`fgeein'),`dasHineinfgen,Hineinstecken'(:lat.inserti;
ti-stemalsoinpraesertimìnersterReihe,vorzugsweise'),n.Òhrgehnge',m.
`necklace',f.`fishingline',m.`row,chain',presumablyalsoìn
Gefangenschaft';
lat.ser,-ere,-tum`fgen,reihen,tie,bind,knot',seris`Reihenfolge,chain,row',serlia`Seile',sors
`lot,fate'(probablyofAufreihentheLose);seraàsbar,boltvorgelegtercrossbar,crossbeam'();
osk.aserumàsserere';air.sernaid`reihtan,ordnetan',subjunctiveseraid,verbalnounsreth(*srt)
Àusbreiten,row'etc.kannalso*ster-and*sper-contain;got.sarwan.Pl.àrmament,armor,
weapons'(probably`geknoteter,geknpfterHarnisch',comparelat.sertaeloricae),aisl.srvin.
`kostbares,collar,neckband',ahd.as.saroàrmament,armor',ags.searuàrmament,armor';also
`Kunstfertigkeit,artifice',assierwanìnsidiari,planen';
alit.sris`filament,Pechdraht';hitt.arra-`break,rupture,divide'().
Einwithunseremser-ursprungsgleichesser-for`geschlechtlichenVerkehr;wife,woman'seeksman
inaisl.serast.V.Ùnzuchtdrive,push',sorennandstroenn`muliebriapassus'(ags.seoranis
nord.Lw.),ahd.sertan`geschlechtlichenUmganghave',cymr.serthòbscenus',sertheddòbscena
locutio';ifir.serc`love',bret.serc'h`Kebsweib'anzureihenis,iseinwestidg.ser-`geschlechtlich
verkehren'anzuerkennen;aboutunsicheresidg.*sor-`wife,woman's.M.Mayrhoferby
Brandenstein,Studien32ff.
References:
References:WP.II499f.,WH.II52f.,PedersenHitt.118.
Page(s):
Page(s):911
Root/lemma: ser-5 ,extendedserpEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:sickle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sichel,krummerHaken';verbal(onlyinLat.)`sicheln,witheinemgekrmmten
Hakenbearbeiten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrf.`sickle',sya-`sichelfrmig',sri-m.`hookzumAntreibenofElefanten';
lat.sari,-re`dieSaatbehacken,jten'(*seri),sarculum`Jthacke'(*sar-tlom).
Maybealb.harr`toweed'similartolat.sarrio(sario)-ire-uiand-ivi`tohoe,weed'.[commonalb.s>
hshift];alb.seemstohavepreservedtheoldlaryngeal.
Withp -extension:
Gr.`sickle'andèinbirdofprey',`raffe,raube,plndere',f.`Plnderung',
f.`rake',,-`ruberisch,greedy';
lat.sarpiandsarp,-ere,-si,-tum`beschneiteln,abschneiteln',sarmen(*sarp-men),sarmentum
àbgeschneiteltesReis,deadwood';ahd.sarf,mhd.sarph`sharp,rough,fromherbem,
zusammenziehendemGeschmacke,cruel,savage,wild';OldChurchSlavicsrp,russ.serp
`sickle',lett.sirpis`sickle'.
References:
References:WP.II500ff.,WH.II470f.,Trautmann261f.;J.GondaMnemosyne6,153ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):911-912
Root/lemma: serpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrawl,*snake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kriechen'
Note:
FromazerogradeofRoot/lemma:
:`snake,worm'derivedillyr.*nsalaèel'[lateralb.
(*encheleae>*ensala)ngjalèel'],thenfromtheintermediaryillyr.root*nsalaèel'derivedRoot/
Root/
lemma: sal- :
:`salt;saltywater'andRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sal-2 :
:`dirtygrey;salt,saliva,willow'.
Alsofromillyr.PNSalapia(Apulia)toFlN*Sal-apa`saltywater'[sala`salt'+*apa`water']derivedan
intermediaryroot*salpa-`seasnake'thenRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:serp- :
:`tocrawl,snake'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrpati`slinks,crawls,goes'(=,lat.serp),sarp-m.`snake';gr.
`slink,go',`slink,crawl,creep',`crawlinganimal',ablaut.lesb.ànimal'
(*srp-),,-`lichenantheskin',`thyme'(latinisiertserpullum);alb.gjarpn`snake'
(*serpeno-),shtrpnjàllKriechende';lat.serp`crawl,creep,slink',serpns`snake'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):912
Root/lemma: seugEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sad,grievous;ill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bekmmert,traurig,gekrnkt,krank'
Material:
Material:Arm.hiucanim`siechehin';mir.sochtm.(*sug-to-)`Schweigen,Depression';
got.siuks`sick',aisl.sjkr`sick,grieving',ags.soc(engl.sick),as.siokds.,ahd.siuh,sioh,mhd.
siech`sick,freudlos';got.siukan`siechen,besick';abstractnoungot.siukei,ahd.siuhh,mhd.
siuche`Seuche';mhd.sochen(*sukn)`siechen,krnkeln',aisl.sokna`sickbecome';got.sahts
`Sucht,disease,malady,Krnklichkeit'(*sugti-),aisl.stt`disease,malady',ahd.suht`disease,
malady',nhd.(Schwind)sucht,Sucht(heremeaning-influenceofsuchen);ags.sysln.f.(*shsla-)
`Pein',soslig(*seuhsla-)`gepeinigt',aisl.sysl,sysla`Ttigkeit,Amt,Amtsbezirk(fromthethrough
PflichtarbeitausgelstenUnlust)',syslAdj.èagerbemht,sorgsam'(*ssli-R).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):915
Root/lemma: seu-1 ,se- :sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:juice;liquid,*rain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Saft,Feuchtes';verbal:`Saftausdrcken'and`regnen;rinnen',in
Weiterbildungen`(Saft)schlrfen,saugen'
Material:
Material:1.Gr.ìtisraining',àllowstorain'(*s-i),`heavyrain'(*suu-etos,as
);alb.shi`rain'(*s-);toch.swese`rain',s-,sws-`rain';toperhaps(,
Gramm.)m.èmptygossip'(asthough`lettingdripmonotonously');
Note:
Theoldlaryngealbecameasibilantinsatemlanguages:*heu->seu-.
Illyr.Savus(*Souos)displayssatemcharacteristics:alb.shiu`rain'.
2.OldIndiansunti`squeezes,presses'=av.hunaoitids.;OldIndiansvana-m,sav-m.`Kelterung
desSoma',sut-`pressed',sma-=av.hauma-m.`Soma';ahd.sou,ags.saw`juice,sap',isl.
sggr`humid,wet'(*sawwia-);air.suth`juice,sap,milk'(*s-tu-s);hereprobablyalsodieFlNgall.
Save,Savara,-iaand(illyr.)Savus(*Souos).
Note:
OldIndiansvana-m,sav-m.`KelterungdesSoma':illyr.Savusprovethesatemnatureofillyr.-alb.
Protoillyr.wasprobbalythebridgebetweensatemandcentumlanguages.
3.seud - inags.be-stian`smudge',westfl.sot`filth';aisl.sut`care,sorrow',syta`grieve'.
4.Gutturalextension:seuk- , s k - andseug- , s g -:
Lat.sg,-ere`suck';lat.scus`juice,sap',cymr.sugno,mbret.sunaff,nbret.sunads.,sun`juice,
sap',cymr.sugnedydd`pump'(*seuk-n-;cymr.gfromdemlat.Lw.sug`juice,sap'),acymr.
dissuncgneticèxhaust,sufferthrough,endure'(morphologicallydifficultgroup);ags.scan,ndl.
zuiken`suck';ags.socian(*sukn)`steep,absorb,suck',gesocn.`thesucking',aisl.sga(sjga)
`suck',sogn.`thesucking',ags.as.ahd.sgan`suck',Kaus.norw.dial.sygja,mhd.sugen
`suckle',mhd.suc,soc,g.sogesandsouc,-ges`juice,sap',ags.sogeam.`gulp';lett.skt`suck';
OldPrussiansugef.`rain'.
Maybealb.shushunj`leech,bloodsucker':lat.sanguisuga[sangui`blood+suga`sucker'].
5.l-formant:gr.òrdure,slime,mud',`filter,clean';OldIndiansra-m.ìntoxicatingpotion';
sràlcohol',av.hur`Kumys'(wogul.sara,syrj.surfromIranian)=lit.lett.sulàbflieender
Baumsaft'(withlett.slt`siepen'),OldPrussiansulo`coagulatedmilk';ags.soln.`slime,mud,
puddle,slop',ahd.mnd.solds.,ags.sylian`smudge',as.sulwian,ahd.sullends.,nhd.shlen,
suhlen`sichimKotwlzen';got.bi-sauljan`blemish',norw.sylads.
6.seup- , seub-: OldIndianspa-m.`broth,soup';aisl.spa,ags.span,ahd.sfan`slurp,drink,
swig',sf`broth,soup',mhd.suf,sof`soup',ags.sypem.`soakingup',aisl.sopim.,ags.sopa`gulp',
fullgradeahd.souf`soup',aisl.saupn.`buttermilk';ags.soppf.`sop',mnd.(outofitmhd.)soppe,
suppe`sop',ahd.sopha,soffa`broth,alsowithsoakedslices;settlings';got.supn`spice'=ahd.
soffnds.(eig.`dunkintobroth');mhd.sftm.,mnd.sucht`sigh',ahd.sft(e)n,mhd.siuften,siufzen
`sigh';aisl.ags.sufln.`Zukost',as.suval,ahd.suvil(i),-a`sorbiuncula';mnd.svel,ndl.zuivel`der
ButtergehaltderMilch';
Maybeturk.(*s-)su`water,aqua,juice'
shroj;
OldChurchSlavicss-,-ati,Iter.sysati`suck'probablyfrom*sup-s-.
alb.sis,thith`teat',thith(*sis-)`suck'[commonalb.s->th-phoneticmutation]
References:
References:WP.II468f.,WH.II622f.,Trautmann257,291f.
Page(s):
Page(s):912-913
Root/lemma: seu-2 ,(seu - ),s Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobearchild;son
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gebren'
Material:
Material:OldIndianst(suti),syat(syati),savati`gebiert,zeugt',s`progenitor',stu-m.
`Schwangerschaft'(:*stu-sinair.suth),sut-m.`son';st-`birth,progeny',suti-f.`leichtes
parturition';av.hav-(hunmi)`togivebirthtochildren,KinderzurWeltbringen',hazar-hunèine,
die1000KinderzurWeltbringt';air.suth(*sutu-s)`birth,fruit';cymr.hog-en`girl'(*suk),inaddition
hog-yn`Bursche';duetothePrsentien*s n mi (compareav.hunmi)and*si (compareOld
Indiansyat):idg.*s n -s and*sui -s originally`*dasparturition,birth',then`Leibesfrucht,son';
OldIndiansn-m.;av.hunu-;got.sunus,aisl.sunr,ahd.ags.sunu;lit.sns;OldChurchSlavic
syn`son';
gr.(Gen.hom.)and(secondary)`son'(inadditionhom.`grandchild,grandson'
from*sui[u]-n-s),asprotoidg.formationerwiesenthroughtochar.soy(Ase)`son'anddasafter
dustr`daughter'reshapedarm.ustr`son';alsoags.suhterga`grandchild,grandson,nephew'kann
einecorrespondingreshufflingafterTochtersein.
Inital.-kelt.Gebietefehlendiesewordsfor`son'.
Maybealb.(*tsun)un`son'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):913-914
Root/lemma: seu-3 :su- :seu - :sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,turn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen,drehen,antreiben'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansuvti`placesinBewegung,excited,aroused,animated',suta-`veranlat,
angetrieben',pr-sta-ìnBewegunggebracht,angetrieben,entsendet',nr-sta-`fromMnnern
angetrieben',pr-sti-`Regung',sava-Àntrieb,Anregung,command,order,Belebung;theAnreger,
Befehlende',svmaniLok.àufAntrieb,aufGehei',savitr-Àntreiber,Erreger;thegodSavitar';
av.hav-ìnBewegungplace',huniti`verschafft,seekstoverschaffen',hvnmahi(*su-en-)`wir
suchentoverschaffen'.apavanvainti(*suenu-)`sielenkenab',mainyu-ta-òfGeistgetrieben',
hvita-`thehchste,beste;oldest';
air.s(a)id`dreht,kehrt'(*sueieti),ess-ro-so-`milingen'(*hinwegdrehen);sua(i)nemm.`rope,
cord'(*seu-n-ia-m);lit.siaras(*seu-ro-)`narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin,eng';
hitt.uui-`bump,poke,urge,press,push'.
seuk -:
-:osset.xurx`wheys,Ksewasser'(ar.*sukra-:lit.sukrs`*wassichleichtdreht');lit.sunkalai
Pl.`wheys',p-sukosds.;lit.suku,skti`turn,wenden',sukrs`movable,nimble,agile',apskalas
`Trangel',lett.suktèscape;togetaway',sukata`Drehkrankheit',slav.*sk,*skati(preterit-stem
*suk-)inruss.sku,skat`zwirnen,zusammendrehen,aufwickeln',ablaut.ChurchSlavicsukati`turn'
(reshapedfrom*soukeie-,compareruss.sut`zwirnen');
References:
References:WP.II470,Trautmann291,LidnKZ61,7f.,PedersenHitt.134.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoseuio-`link'andsuei-`bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):914
Root/lemma: seu-4 ,seu-tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toboil,movevividly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sieden,heftigbewegtsein'
Material:
Material:Av.hvayn`sieschmoren',hvayeitièrschmort'(3.Sg.Opt.huyr-OldIndian*suyr
toapresent*haoitiaftertheWurzelklasse);
inadditiongerm.*sau-inaisl.sja`simmer,seethe,boil,cook',ags.soan(engl.seethe)ds.,
ahd.siodan,mhd.nhd.sieden,aisl.sey`brausendeswater',seyir`Kochfeuer';got.saus
`sacrificialanimal',aisl.saur`sheep,alsoanderessmallcattle';aschwed.saun`Sprudelquelle';
germ.*sua-inson.`Fleischsuppe,broth';
lit.siauisiasti`(corn,grain)winnow,fan,diechaffofcorn,grainsegregate;play;dash,rage',
siuntu,sisti`tollbecome';besidesalsodiemeaning`hit'inem.sitis`shove',lett.ust`geieln';
comparealsolit.sabti`rage,clamor,dash',abtiùmhertoben',alit.siaubti`prankpull';lett.aulis
m.`gate';
maybealb.(*i-)shij`thresh,winnow'.
russ.u,utt`spaen,joke',ut(Gen.ut)m.`merrymaker,buffoon',slov.utec`fool'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):914-915
Root/lemma: seu - ,sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolet,leave()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(loslassen)nachlassen,lassen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`lasse'(*F),.,=Hes.,Fut.,Aor.
(to*);zerogradeahd.vir-smen,nhd.sumen,versumen(wredenominativeeines*s-m-s
`slackening,sumend').
References:
References:WP.II472,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,682,752.
Page(s):
Page(s):915
Root/lemma: seu i o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:left
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`link'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansavy-,av.haoya-`link',OldChurchSlavicuj,f.ujads.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsas`writhed,crooked,humped'toseu-3(comparelat.laevusaboveS.652).
Page(s):
Page(s):915
Root/lemma: se-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:reflexivepronoun
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ursprnglichàbseits,getrennt,forsich',dannReflexivpronomen
Note:
Note:and(afteranalogyfrom*t(e)ue)s(e)u e Material: se- ands(e)u e - ReflexivpronomenforallePersonen,GeschlechteruudNumeri;Gen.
seu e , Dat.sebhei, enklit.Gen.-Dat.s(u ) oi ; adjektivischesPossessivs(e)u o - ; se-:se-ueinflectionalaste-:te-ue`du'.
1.se-: gr.,etc.,poss.,derivefrom*-,-(),dieas-,-()aufgefat
wurden;
lat.sib,s,pl.sefei,osk.sfe`sibi'(*sebhei),siom`se'(umbr.seso`sibi'fromseips`sibiips'),
got.sik,ahd.sih,anord.sik`sich'(*se-ghe),got.sis,aisl.srDat.,Poss.got.seins,ahd.snetc.
`sein'(aufdemLok.*seiberuhendes*sei-no-s);comparemessap.veinan`suam'from*suei-n-m;
OldPrussiansebbeiDat..sienAkk.,OldChurchSlavicsebDat.,sAkk.`sibi,se'.
2.seu e - , *su e -: OldIndianPoss.sv-`suus',av.hva-,xa-,.huva-èigen,suus'andzerograde

av.hava-ds.;av.Dat.Abl.hvvyai.e.iran.*huabya`sibi,se',xi`sibi';
arm.in-k`n,Gen.in-kèan,`selbst'(k`fromsu),perhapsiur`sui,sibi',(*seuero-or*seuoro-);
gr.(pamph.Fh)`sich'from*sue,hom.from*seue,Gen.hom.,,,,att.(*suesio),
Dat.,,lesb.F(*suoi)besideshom.(*seuoi),Poss.,dor.F`sein'(*suos)besideshom.
(*seuos),wherefore(*su-li-k-)òfthesameage,coeval,fellow';
alb.ve-t(*sueti-)`selbst',u-Pron.refl.(*su-),vaj`girl'(*varito*suo-ro-`relative'),vla`brother'
(seeaboveS.685);
MaybePhrygian:
Phrygian:vela- f.`family,relatives'():alb.vlla`brother'
Note:
Wrongetymologyofalb.vaj`girl'
Maybealb.geg.(*vargha)varza,toskvaj`girl,virgin':lat.virga`thinbranch,rod'(from*uiz-g),
virg`girl,virgin';
Root/lemma:
Root/
lemma: u e is-2 :
:`toturn,bend'.
alat.sovos,fromwhichinschwachtonigerpositionsuos,lat.suus;osk.suves`sui'(Gen.),svad
`su',pl.suois`suis',marr.suam`suam',nexttowhichzerogradeumbr.sue-soLok.Sg.`su`;lat.
sd,spreposition`without',prefix`beiseite'basicmeaning`forsich,without'(Abl.*s(u)ed),
Konjunktion`but,however';inadditiongr.`privat,eigen',argiv.*Fhfromidg.*sued-ios;
got.swsèigen',n.`property',ahd.as.sws,ags.sws,aisl.svss`lieb,traut'(as*sudh-so-orto-zurroot*suedh-,seeunder;mndl.swselinc`father-in-law,son-in-law,brother-in-law';toahd.
giswo(seeunder)theVNSuonsbyTacitus,aisl.Svarm.Pl.`Schweden',svdi`fromselbst
gestorben(notgettet)',lengthenedgradesv-vssèigensinnig',got.swi-kunsàpparent,manifest,
obvious';
lit.savs,sevs`sui'(Gen.)etc.,Poss.svas;zerogradeOldPrussianswais=OldChurchSlavic
svoj`suus,eigen';outofitswojakàffinis',etc.
3.s(u ) e-bh(o)- , su o -bho- `fromeigenerkindof':OldIndiansabh`congregation,meeting,

Gemeindehaus'(lessgoodaboveS.105);got.sibja,ahd.sipp(e)aetc.`family,Gesamtheitthe
eigenenLeute'(*sej);germ.*sen-and*senan-`family'inaisl.sjafnim.`love',GNsjfnf.,VN
*Senan-ez>Semnones`Sippegenossen;inadditiontheVNlat.Sabnas`dieSippenangehrigen',
Sabelli(*safnolo-),Samnium=osk.Safinim;lat.Samntes;perhapseinfromdeninItalien
wohnhaftenIllyriernbezogenernamewithafromidg.o,compareslav.sob-;inadditionlengthened
gradediegerm.Subi,ahd.Swb`Schwaben'(germ.*swba-,idg.*subho-`free,zumeigenen
Volkgehrig');russ.(etc.)o-soba`person',sobÈigenart,character',OldChurchSlavicsobstvo
Èigenart,entity',andwithsu-OldChurchSlavicsvoboda`Freiheit'(originally`state,statusthe
Sippenangehrigen');zerogradeseemsOldPrussiansubs`selbst';quitedoubtfulwitheslav.*sebr
inruss.p-serb`Stiefsohn'and()demnamestheSerbenandSorben;withstillklrungsbedrftiger
nasalization*sbrinaserb.sebr`freeBaner',russ.sjabr`Nachbar,friend';compareVasmer2,
599,611f.,3,61f.
4.su d h-: OldIndiansvadhÈigenart,consuetude,custom,Heimsttte',(av.xata-àboutsich
selbstbestimmend,immortal'isneuerecomposition);gr.n.`consuetude,custom'(thematic
Hes.,lakonisch),participlehom.`habitual,customary',Perf.,lesb.`bin
habitual,customary'(*sesudha),`gewhne',lengthenedgraden.`custom,Gebrauch,
Herkommen',Pl.`domicile'(:germ.*swsa-,iffrom*sudhso-,seeabove),`traut',
`bulk,mass,Vlkerschaft'as`family';
lat.sodlis(*suedhlis)`Kamerad,Gespiele,fellow,Tischgenosse';sole`binhabitual,customary',
withlfor*dh;susc`werdeaccustomed'(*sudh-sk);
butgot.sidus`custom',ahd.situ,ags.sidu,seodu,aisl.sir,Akk.Pl.sium.`custom'(previously
nhd.fem.)nothere,dasieiintherootsyllablehave(Wissmann,MnchnerStudien6,129,Anm.28).
5.t -derivatives:av.xa-tu-àngehrig',xa-tt-Àngehrigkeit,affiliation'(duetoeinesLok.*suei-,
suoi-);OldChurchSlavicsvat`kinsman,relative,relative,Brautwerber',(*su-to-s,compareserb.
svk`sister'shusband',OldChurchSlavicsvojakàffinis');lit.svias,svtis`guest'(actually
`foreigner,stranger';becauseofsvtimas`strange',lett.sves`strange;guest',from*sue-tios`for
sich,alleinstehend,henceoutofstehend';comparelett.seviks`separate,allein'andgr.(Hes.
),eigentl.*Fh-`forsich',compare-`manforman'andOldIndiandvias`to
zweien';gr.(*-`forsichstehend')èinjeder',thereafter,delph.F
`jederfromzweien';hom.(F)`kinsman,relative,friend',el.F`Privatmann'.
Withanlaut*se-(not*sue):OldChurchSlavic*st`guest',postiti`besuchen';gr.`fellow',
fem.*,,whereforeasneuesm..
6.otherZugehrigkeits-andVerwandtschaftsbezeichnungen(compareundereigenenSchlagworten
*suelio[n]-,suesor-,suekuro-s,suekr-)are:
Maybealb.(*sueliovlla`brother(*brother-in-law,sister'shusband)'
aisl.sveinn`Bursche,herdsman,shepherd',as.swn`Schweinehirt'(Bedeutungsanschluanswn
`swine'),ags.swn`Schweinehirt,herdsman,shepherd',poet.`man,warrior';lit.svinis(*suoinios)
òfWeibessister'shusband',svin`diesisterthewife,woman',lett.svainis`brotherthewife,
woman';ahd.(ge)swo`brother-in-law,sister'shusband',mhd.geswem.f.`brother-in-law,
Schwgerin',aisl.sveitf.`Kriegerschar';
7.Aufaconnectionfrom*se-withdemPron.*(o)lo-beruhendes*se-lo-seems()diebasefrom
germ.*selba-`selbst'(-bho-asabovein*s(u)ebho-),got.silba,anord.sjlfr,ags.self,ahd.selb,nhd.
selb,-er,-stinadditionven.sselboisselboi`sibiipsi'(=ahd.selbselbo);comparealsogerm.*selda`seldom',got.silda-leiks`wundersam'(`fromrare,seltsamerGestalt'),ahd.selt-sni`seltsam',adv.
seltan`seldom'etc.(`seldom'from`forsich,alleinstehend,einzig');dalat.slusàllein,einzig,bare'
asimilaridg.connection*s-lo-entstammt,ispossible;afterSzemernyi(Word8,50)from*sue-alo-.
8.VomReflexivuminthemeaningtodivideisthestemsu e - inparticlesfor`so'fromwhichàs'and
ìf':
Hom.(F)postpositive`so'from*su-withsuffixalem-s;but(),att.`wasalsoalways'
(*iod-kid),hom.,att.às'belongto*io-aboveS.283(SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,617);osk.
sva,svae,umbr.sve,sueìf',alat.suad(Festus)`sic';got.swàs'(relative),swa-swàs';got.swa,
anord.sv,ags.sw,sw`so',as.ahd.nnd.s;inadditiongot.swa-leiks,aisl.slkr,ags.swelc,
swilcetc.,ahd.solh,sulhetc.`solch';
umbr.so-pir`siquis',osk.svaepis,volsk.sepis`siquis',surur,suror,suront,sururontìtem'(*su-su);
alat.s-c`so'(couldhaveevolvedfrom*su),lat.sìf'(originally`so',sdsplacet),s-c`so'.
References:
References:WP.II455ff.,WH.II457f.,506f.,530f.,552f.,557,626f.;Trautmann251f.,291,
294f.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,226,600f.,606f.;2,577;MezgerWord4,98ff.,BenvenisteBSL50,36
ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoseni-andsu-.
Page(s):
Page(s):882-884
Root/lemma: s i k- ,s k Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreachfor,grab
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reichen,greifen(withtheHand)'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*sk),dor.(*seik)`come,gelange,erreiche',ion.att.Inf.Aor.(*sk-),
Praes.,hom.(*F)ds.,`hinreichend,gengend',,,
`Schutzflehender'(`schutzsuchendafterjmdm.langend');`bettle',`beggar',
,f.`gift,present',att.Akk.àsgift,free',èingnstigerwind'(with
demmandasZielerreicht),ùnzugnglich';fromidg.*s[i]k-:`binangekommen,binda';
contaminationfrom-and-isep.ion.-`';
aisl.sr`groerKbel'=ags.s`bucket,pail'(*saihaz),aisl.sldds.(*saihadla-);lit.sekti`dieHand
ausstrecken',seiki,seikti`withmeasureofcapacitymessen',Iter.saika,-ti;sakas,sekas
`measureofcapacity';seksnis`Klafter(asMa)';
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):893
Root/lemma: s(i)-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosift
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sieben'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`siebe',m.`Seihtuch,Sieb';changingthroughablaut(probably-)
Hes.,,-`SchutzgttintheMhlen'underlikewise;(about
lat.simila`feinstesWeizenmehl's.butWH.II538);mir.sthlad`dasSieben'(dasthfromsthal
`bucket,pail');cymr.hidl,mbret.sizl,nbret.sil`Sieb'from*s-tlo-=aisl.sldn.`Sieb'=got.*sl,
assumedthroughkarel.siekla,finn.seula`Sieb';lit.setas`Sieb'=OldChurchSlavicsitods.(*sito-),lit.sijju,-ti`sieben';slav.*sj,*sti(*sjati)inOldChurchSlavicpro-sati`'serb.sjati
`sieben',(present-stem*sia-,preterit-stem*sii-);alb.shosh`siebe'(*si-s);
*si-`sieben'isprobablyas`througheinGeflechtfalllassen'eineSonderanwendungfrom*sièntsenden,throw,sen,falllassen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):889
Root/lemma: s(i)-2 :si- :s- :s- :s- andsei- :siEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,send,letfall,sow;semen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èntsenden,werfen,fallenlassen,sen';besides`nachlassen,loslassen,
sumen(late,langsam,langdauernd);Abspannung,Ruhe;herabsinkend';andrerseits`dieHand
whereuponausstrecken,Anspannung,Kraft'
Material:
Material:A.èntsenden,throw,sen':
a. OldIndiansyaka-,`zumSchleudernbestimmt',m.n.`Wurfgescho,Pfeil',m.`sword',syik
`Dolch',sn`Wurfgescho,spear,lance;Schlachtreihe,Heer',prsita-`dahinschieend(from
birds)',prsiti-f.Ànlauf,onrush,Wurf,Gescho';
b. `sen':OldIndiansra-n.`Saatpflug',st`furrow'(*dieBeste);lat.ser(*si-s-),-ere,sv,stus
`sen,bepflanzen,bringforth,zeugen',sti`dasSen',stor`Ser';got.saian(sas),ahd.sen,
as.sian,ags.swan,aisl.s`sen'fromprotogerm.*sjan=lit.sju(sti)ds.,OldChurchSlavic
sj(sjati)ds.;lat.smen`seed,sperm'(Smns`Saatgtter'),ahd.as.smods.(m.geworden),
lit.Pl.smen-s,-ys`Flachssaat',OldPrussiansemen`Samen',OldChurchSlavicsm`Samen';
ahd.etc.st`dasSen,Saat',got.mana-ss`(Menschensaat)Menschheit,world';zerograde
cymr.bret.had`seed,sperm',corn.has`seed,sperm',furtherprobablyair.sa(i)the(*stio-)`swarm,
Wurffromjungenanimals,brood',cymr.haidf.`swarm,troop,multitude,crowd',bret.hedm.`swarm,
swarmofbees'(also`*seed,sperm=Generation,progeny',asgot.manass);
maybealb.hedh`throw'[commonalb.s->h-shift]
-tlo -formation:lit.skl`Saat':withreduplication-grade*si-:lat.saeculum`gender,sex,
Menschenalter,Jahrhundert';cymr.hoedl`Lebensdauer',abret.hoetl,mbret.hoazlds.,gall.Deae
Stloceniae;
air.sl`seed,sperm',cymr.hil`seed,sperm,progeny'(idg.*s-lo-),lit.paslsÀussaat,Beisaat';
zerogradeincompound:probablygot.frasts`kid,child'from*pro-s[]-tis;perhapsmir.rossn.
`(flax)samen';
strittigisdieaffiliationfromgr.`throw,cast,sende',seeaboveS.502.
B.
B.`dieHandwornachausstrecken;Anspannung,power',presumablyfromtheoutlooktheforceful
zumWurfegerecktenHand:
aisl.seilask(*sailjan)`sichstrecken,bemhen';lit.selaèagerness',OldPrussianseilinAkk.ds.,Pl.
seilins`sense',noseilis`ghost';serb.sla,ech.sla`power'(*sil);air.snim`recke,streckefrom';
lit.ne-se-nyti`notreach';mir.sethar`strong'(*si-tro),cymr.hydr,abret.hitr,hedr,nbret.hezr`bold'.
C.
C.`kraftlosdieHandsinkenlassen,slacken,loslassen;sumen;late,slow,sichlanghinziehend;
Abspannung,tranquility;herabsinkend';
OldIndianva-syati,Aor.a-st`hrtauf,schliet;makeshalt,verweilt',va-sita-`wersich
niedergelassenhat,wohnhaft',avasna-n.`placeofAbsteigens,Einkehr,abode,residence;end,
death';sy-n.Èinkehr,evening',sti-f.`decision,end'(Lex.)=av.hti-`piece,break,section'
(`*dasAbsetzenamSchlueinesAbschnittes');av.hra-n.`certainstretchoftime,Frist'(*Àbsatz,
einway-andZeitma');
gr.presumably`peaceful'(endingas-,froma*s-tu-`tranquility';similart-derivatives
seeunder);
lat.sin,-ere,s-vi`lassen,geschehenlassen',dsinereàblassen,cease',dsivreàblassen',pn
(*po-sn,compareparticiplepositus);`place,stellen'(*`low,base-place,ab-place'),situs`stand
gelassen;beigesetzt';sile,-re`rest,cease(e.g.ofWinde),schweigen'=got.anasilan`(ofWinde:)
cease,verstummen'duetoeinesl-participle*si-lo-;compareags.sl-nes`Schweigen'(*si-lo-);
lat.stius`later,less,lessgood';srus`late'(=air.sr);
air.sr(=lat.srus)`langdauernd,eternal',cymr.corn.bret.hir`long',Kompar.air.sa=cymr.hwy
(from*s-is),Superl.air.sam,cymr.hwyaf;mir.sith-`lang,andauernd'(Intensivpartikel),compounds
sithithiràlsolong',cymr.hyd`Lange,Fortdauer,while;usquead',acymr.hit,corn.hes,bret.hed,het
m.`length'(*si-tu-,-ti-);viell.cymr.hoed(*si-to-)m.`Sehnsucht';
got.seius`late',ana-seis`further,still'(Kompar.-Adv.*s-iz,as:)aisl.srAdv.`less',sz
`nachdem'(<ses),ags.sm`seitdem',as.sth,ahd.sdds.,nhd.seit;aisl.sAdv.`late',
Superl.szt;withthemeaning`schlaffherabfallend':sr`herabhngend,long',afries.sde`low',ags.
sd`long,wide,breit',ahd.stoAdv.`laxe';eineSubstantivierungtherefromisaisl.saf.`Seite(of
Krpers)',ags.sde,as.sda,ahd.sta`Seite'(fromdemconcepttheAusdehnungafterundergrown);
got.sainjan`sumen,hesitate',aisl.seinn`slow,late',ags.sn,mhd.seine`slow,idle',ags.snian`slack,weakbecome';changingthroughablautmhd.senen(*si-nn),nhd.sichsehnenand
schwed.dial.sna`ceasemilktogive'(nbarepresentformant,asinlat.sin);norw.seimen
`saumselig,slow',ahd.lancseimi`slow';changingthroughablautags.siomian(*simian)`hesitate,
hngen,sichsenken',ahd.gi-semn`harren';
lit.tsainus`careless,neglectful',presumablyalsosietuv,lett.siet(u)s,sietawa`deepplaceinriver'
(perhaps`deephinabsinkend');
References:
References:WP.II459ff.,WH.II512,522,526f.,545f.,Trautmann253f.,Thieme,TheHeimat
theidg.Gemeinsprache25;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveS.887:seg-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):889-891
Root/lemma: s(i)-3 ,-si- :s- andsei- :siEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind;strap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`binden(alsodurchZauber),Strick,Riemen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansyti,sinti,sinti`binds,bindslos'(Perf.siya,Aor.st,participlesita-),
sayatv-n.`connection,Befestigung',str-m.`Feler;fesselnd',prasiti-`loop,noose,snare,net,
Falle'(lex.);av.h(y)-`bind,fesseln'(presenthayeiti,participlehita-),hita-m.`Gespann';
lett.set`bind',lit.sitids.,sij`Brckenbalken',tsaja`StrngeofPferdes';
hitt.iiia-,ii,luv.hiiia-`bind'(PedersenHitt.114Anm.).
with-bh- formants:air.sob`deceitful,verlogen'(*soi-bho-),wrtl.`zauberisch',ablaut.sabair
`Phantom,ghost',sabraid`verzaubert,verwandelt'(*sei-bh-),PNFind-abairf.=cymr.Gwen-hwyfar
`Ginevra'(`weiesghost');s.VendrysRC46,263ff.;
Withm -formant:OldIndiansmn-m.,smf.`Scheitel,limit,boundary',smanta-m.ds.;
gr.,-`strap'(to*),`pullaneinemrope,bandindieHhe',`Brunnenseil',
`dasWasserschpfenbetreffend',(Aor.,)`peitschen';ir.sim`chain';
aisl.smim.`rope,band,cord',ags.sma,as.smo`band,strap,rope,manacle',aisl.seimr`filament';
Withn -formant:av.hinu-m.`band,strap,manacle',ags.sinu,ahd.senawa,aisl.sinf.`sinew'(proto
germ.*sinw,dasafterdemalterationfromnutonnfromsinu-reshapedis),mir.sn`chain,collar,
neckband';lett.pa-sainis`cord',aif-sainis`bundle',lit.sena`limit,boundary,wall',lett.sina`wall';
Withl -formant:aisl.seilf.,ags.slm.f.,ahd.seiln.`rope,band,rope,manacle',got.in-sailjan
ànseilen',ablauteudahd.silom.`rope,band,strap',aisl.sili,selim.`Seile';lit.tsailf.
`VerbindungsstangebetweenBrackeandAchse',tseilis`dasvomSchwengelandieAchsegehende
iron';slav.*sidlon.(*sitlo-)inOldChurchSlavicsilo`rope,band',poln.sido`loop,noose,snare';
Witht -formantstill:OldIndianstu-`bindend,fesselnd',m.`band,strap,manacle,bridge,dam,
Grenzzeichen',av.hatu-`dam';lat.saeta`stronghair,esp.theanimal,bristle';cymr.bret.hud
`charm,spell',acorn.hudol`magician'from*soi-to-=germ.*saia-`charm,spell',GNDat.Pl.
Saitchamimi[s],to*Saihamjz`diethroughZauberihreGestaltnderntobeable',aisl.seirm.
`band,strap,rope,band',seif.`charm,spell';inadditionsa`conjure,performmagic',ags.-sidenf.
`charm,spell';ags.sdam.`rope',ahd.seitom.,seitaf.`rope,Fallstrick,Saite';lit.satas,sitas,lett.
sate`band,strap,manacle,cord',OldPrussiansaytann.`strap';OldChurchSlavicstf.`net',
sitce`rope'.
References:
References:WP.II463f.,WH.II462,Trautmann253,W.WstUral-alt.Jb.26,135ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):891-892
Root/lemma: s k -2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Grammaticalinformation:unthemat.Wurzelprsens
Material:
Material:Alb.shat`Karst'(*sekti-);
lat.sec,-re`cut,clip,abschneiden',segmen,segmentum`break,section',secespitaÒpfermesser'
(endingunexplained),secvum`libumest,quodsecespitasectur'(:OldChurchSlavicsivoàxe');
secrisàxe'(:OldChurchSlavicsekyraàxe'),scula`sickle'(kampanisch);withablautlat.a:saxum
`Felsstck'(comparetomeaningrupes:rump,nhd.Schere`lippe':scheren,zurformahd.sahs
`knife',OldChurchSlavicsocha;lat.aseemsreduplication-gradeobesidesinahd.sahs),perhaps
sacna,scna`diehoethePontifices'(*sakes-n);asignae`'(*an-sek-n),marr.
asignasN.Pl.f.`nonprosectae(carnes)';
lat.sgnumn.`mark,token,sign,indication',iforiginallyèingeschnitteneMarke'();umbr.prusekatu
`prsect',prosesetir`prsects',aseceta`nonsecta',prusecia`prsicis';
mir.tescaid`cuts,slices,beit'(*to-eks-sk-),mir.iscid`hautab'(*in-sek-);mir.arasc(*arisko-)
àbgehauenerneck-stump',airsce(*ari-skio-)ds.;air.se(i)chef.`skin,fell,fur'(:aisl.siggn.`hard
skin'from*seia-);butir.sol`kerchief,cloth,sail',cymr.hwyl`sail'from*seglo-(:aisl.ags.segl`sail'
from*sekl-m)areprobablygerm.Lw.;
cymr.hesg,Sg.hesgen`carex'(fromdenincisivescharfenBlttern),acorn.heschen`canna,arundo',
bret.hesk(*sek-sk)`reedwithschneidendenBlttern',mir.seiscf.`bulrush';
ahd.sega,saga,ags.sagu,sage,aisl.sg`Sge',ahd.segisna,segansa,nhd.Sense;aisl.segi,sigi
m.`losgerissenesFleischstck,Fleischfaser';aisl.sigrm.,sigf.,ags.sigem.,mnd.segede,
sichtef.`sickle'(*seket-);ags.secgf.`sword'and`Riedgras',mnd.segge`Riedgras';ahd.sahar,
nhd.bair.Sac(h)erds.;aisl.ags.segl,ahd.segal`sail',as.segal,segela`curtain'(*`Tuchstck';see
abovetoir.sol);aisl.siggn.`hardskin'(seeabovetoir.seiche);aisl.saxn.`knife,sword',Pl.sx
`scissors',ags.seaxn.`knife,kurzessword',ahd.sahs`knife'(alsoinmezzi-ra(h)s,ags.mete-seax
`knife');aisl.sgr`losgerissenesStck,stripe';ahd.suoha`harrow,furrow'(Demin.suohili,suolin.);
lit.-sktièingraben',iskti`sculpere';OldChurchSlavicsk,sti`cut,clip',sivoàxe'(:lat.
secvum),sekyraàxe'(nexttowhich*skyrainserb.sjekiraaftersktransfigured);
unclear,whetherherelat.sca`Dolch',sclis`Lanzenspitze';lit.skis`Hieb,Mal',klr.syin.`theafter
demAbbrechenofAsteshinterbleibendeTeilofStammes',ags.sgol(*sikolo-),m.`stick,club,
mace,joint'=mhd.seigel`Leitersprosse,grade',mhd.dial.saich`reed'.
References:
References:WP.II474f.,WH.II459,484,504f.,534f.,Trautmann255;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.also(s)k(h)ed-,ski-,sken-,sku-6.
Page(s):
Page(s):895-896
Root/lemma: sk-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quiet,lazy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nachlassen,trge,ruhig'
Material:
Material:Gr.hom.`still,leise,sacht,weak,slow',`langsamster',att.àm
wenigsten,garnicht',hom.,att.`schwcher,geringer';reducedgradehom.
`closemouthed'=Adverb.,laterasobject,dor.(Instr.)`peaceful,stillschweigend',,-`gentleflowing',perhaps,`sacht';
lat.sgnis(*sknis)`slow,sleepy,idle'.
extensionfrom2.*s(i)-`slacken'.
References:
References:WP.II474,WH.II510;M.Leumann,Homer.Wrter166f.,Frisk52.
Page(s):
Page(s):896
Root/lemma: smi- (*ghemi-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:half
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`halb'as1.compositionpart
Material:
Material:OldIndiansm-`half'(smi-Adj.`nothalf,vollstndig');gr.-`half'(`half'from
originallym.`*half',comparekret.-,epid.;`half');lat.smi-(smuslate
Adjektivierung);smisindekl.`half'probablyafterbis;ahd.smi-,as.sm-;comparelat.smi-vivus,
gr.-,ahd.smi-queck,as.sm-quick`halbtot'.
Maybealb.geg.(*ghem-us)glyms,gjyms,tosk.gjysm`half'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh>dz-phoneticmutation]:rum.jumtate`half':gr.`half'preservationoftheoldlaryngeal.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):905-906
Root/lemma: s[i]dh- :sdh- and:sdhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostriveforagoal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geradeausaufeinZielzugehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansdhati`kommtzumZiel,bringtzumZiel,inorder',causativesdhyati,sdh`straight,proficient',-sdh-(2.compositionpart)=jav.-hd-`lenkend',hdry-f.`desire
nachErreichungofZieles'(from*hdra-m.,idg.*sdh-ro-ÈrreichungofZieles');zerogradeOld
Indiansidhr-èrfolgreich',sdhyati`kommtzumZiel',participlesiddh-,Perf.sidha-etc.;av.sna
èrfolgreich'(*zdhna-);ablautneologismissadh-inOldIndiansadh-ntiandsdhis-`place,
purpose';
gr.(*sdhus)`straight(aufeinZielgerichtet),Adv.geradeaus',,-àttack,Unternehmung',
`dringevor',`makestraight';ìmmediately,rightaway',(from*)`straight'.
References:
References:WP.II450,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,350.
Page(s):
Page(s):892
Root/lemma: si [u]-ro- :si -ur(i o )Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:brother-in-law
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`BruderderFrau'
Note:
FromanextendedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:se- :
:reflexivepronoun
Material:
Material:OldIndiansyla-`brotherofthewife,woman';serb.-ChurchSlavicur,serb.ra,aruss.
russ.rin(Pl.rja,comparebratja).
Maybealb.(*huela)vllabrother
References:
References:WP.II514,Trautmann261,SpechtIdg.Dekl.91;againstitBrcknerZslPh.4,217;
Seealso:
Seealso:whethertos i -3 S.891
Page(s):
Page(s):915
Root/lemma: si Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosew
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nhen'
Grammaticalinformation:(vorconsonantandinpresentsi u ),su - (inpresentsu i )
Note:
Note:besidess- (dissimilatedfromsi -i );probablytosi-3 ,S.891
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvyati`nht'(=got.siujan),syt-`genht'(=lit.sitas,russ.ityjds.,aisl.
sjr),syman-n.`band,strap,rein,suture'(compareOldPrussianschumeno,andwithgr.),
svana-m`dasNhen,thesuture',stram`filament';gr.m.`dnneskin,sinew';lat.su,-ere,
su,stum`sew,zusammennhen',stor`Schuster',sbula`pricker,awl'(*s-dhl);got.siujan,aisl.
syja,ags.si(o)wian,seowian,ahd.siuwan(preteritsiwita)`sew';ahd.siutm.`suture',aisl.sjrm.,
ags.seod`Beutel'(iufromidg.i);mhd.ste`suture',aisl.sf.`Plankenverband,board';ahd.siula,
nhd.Sule`pricker,awl'(*sidhl,compareOldChurchSlavicsiloandlat.subula);
ahd.soum,ags.sam,aisl.saumrm.`hem,suture'(compareOldIndiansyman-);lit.siuv,siti
`sew',lett.uvu(uju,nu),utds.;lit.sitas`genht',lett.sutsds.;OldPrussianschumeno
`Schusterdraht'(:OldIndiansyuman-);OldChurchSlavicij(*sii),iti(=lit.siti)`sew',russ.ityj
`genht',OldChurchSlavicsvn`genht'(*siuueno-),silo=ech.sidlon.`pricker,awl';furtherby
Trautmann261f.;hitt.um(m)anza(n)`filament',also()uel,uilds.
References:
References:WP.II515f.,WH.II631f.,CarruthersLg.6,161f.
Page(s):
Page(s):915-916
Root/lemma: skabh- ,skambhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosupport
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianskabhnti,skabhnti`propped',Perf.cskmbha;skabhyati`fastened,ligated,
strengthened,reinforced,madefast;fortified';skambh-m.,skmbhana-m`prop,pillar',av.
upaskambmùnderfastening,strengthening',fraskmba-,frasimbana-`girders,pillars';npers.
pakamàcoveredwalkbetweencolumns,colonnade,piazza,arcade,gallery,porch,portico',sogd.
k'np-(*skamb)`baseoftheuniverse';
Maybealb.geg.shkamb,tosk.shkmb`seat,bench,rock,stone,*pillar'relatedtolat.scamnum
(*skabhnom).
lat.scamnum(*skabhnom)`bench,footstool',Demin.scabillum,scabellum`niedrigesBnkchen,
footstool';
diear.withinnasalization,aswellasthee-vocalismfromav.frasimbana-(comparedwithOldIndian
skmbhana-m)reshufflingthroughar.fromskabh-after*stembh-(seesteb-`jamb,uprightsectionof
adoorframeorwindowframe;stanchion,roofsupport')inOldIndianstabhnti`plinth,base,baseof
apedestalt',stambha-`posts,pillars,columns'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):916
Root/lemma: (s)kamb- and(s)kembEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocurve,bend
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(s)kamb- and(s)kemb- :
:`tocurve,bend'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:kam-p- :
`tobend'.
Material:
Material:Gr.`crooked,bowlegged';air.camb`crooked',cymr.corn.cam,bret.kammds.,
gall.inCambio-dnum`Kempten',bret.camhetanrot`Radfelge'(*cambit);zerogrades*kmb-`turn
=wenden,swap,vary,exchange,tauschen'and`zusammendrehen,fesseln'ingall.-lat.cambire
`swap,vary,exchange,tauschen'andmir.cimb`Tribut,Silber',air.cimbid`captive',cimbe`captivity,
imprisonment,confinement';
Withe-vocalism:gr.m.`band,strap,loop',`knpfe';norw.hempa`Kleiderstrippe,
loop,noose,snare,Henkel'(also`ZeugfromHanf',inwelchermeaningcertainlyfromhamp`Hanf'
influenced);
fromabasicmeaning`crookedgo'fromreihtmanan:gr.*`hinke'erschlossenfromdem
names,schwed.skumpa`hinken',skimpa`hpfen,tanzen',ahd.scimpfan`jokedrive,push,
play,deride',nhd.schimpfen,Schimpf;nhd.(nd.)humpen,humpeln(ortokeub-aboveS.590f.);
*(s)kamb-remindsankam-,kamp-`bend'(aboveS.525);seinrelationshipto(s)kemb-isstillunclear;
alsodaszurnasallosenrootfor`bend'()or`haken'(comparelit.kimb,kbti`hangenbleiben'):
kabu,-ti`hangen',kabnti`hngen',kablsm.`hook',kabf.`Heftel,hook'(butalsoe-formsas
kebklis`hook');OldChurchSlavicskobaf.`fibula',russ.skobàgrafe,hook,clasp',whereforeaisl.
hpn.`smallbay',ags.hp`ring';againstitaisl.hespaÈisenkrampen'=ags.hpse,hsp,mhd.
haspe,hespe,nhd.Haspe,Hspe,holl.hespe`Hftgelenk',mndl.also`hack,mattock,hoe'tokap-,
aboveS.527f.
maybealb.kamba,kmbleg,bentleg.Accordingtothelaryngealtheoryalb.hastheoldest
cognatebeforetheshiftfromcentumtosatemlanguages.
References:
References:WP.I346,350f.,II539f.,WH.I148f.,Trautmann112,116.
Page(s):
Page(s):918
Root/lemma: (s)kand- ,(s)kendMeaning
Meaning:shine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.526(k-).
Page(s):
Page(s):918
Root/lemma: (s)ki- ,(d-) ,(t-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shining,bright
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianktu-m.`Lichterscheinung,Helle,Bild'(=got.haidus),kta-m.`mark,token,
sign',ktanam`body,Erkennungszeichen',citr-àugenfllig,lovely,superb,pretty,splendid,
bright',n.àpparition'=av.ira-àugenfllig,clear,bright'(ablaut.withahd.heitar);
lat.probablycaesius`,fromdenAugen'(from*kait-or*kaid-to-from,comparelit.skistas)
andcaelum`sky,heaven'(*kaid-lo-or*kaid-,*kaitslo-,comparewith-r-formsdt.heiter,lit.skaid-rs,
skidrus);
got.haidus`kindofandWeise'(originally*`lichteapparition'),aisl.heirm.`honour,earnings',ags.
hd,hd,ahd.heit`Stand,rank,kindof'(nhd.suffix-heit);aisl.hein.`clear,brightsky,heaven'(:
OldIndiankta-m.),heirAdj.`cheerful,uncloudy';ahd.heitar`cheerful,gleaming(originallyfrom
thecloudlesssky,heaven)',as.hdar`cheerful',ags.hdords.,n.`cheerinessofsky';
lit.skaidrs,skidrus`bright,clear,bright';lett.skadrsds.,`clean';lit.skistas,skaists`bright';
different(toskid-underS.921)Trautmann263.
Maybealb.skajèdge,end'
References:
References:WP.II537f.,WH.I130f.,133;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareki-3 (aboveS.519)andsk i- (under).
Page(s):
Page(s):916-917
Root/lemma: (s)kek- ,skegEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospring,movequickly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen;lebhafteBewegung'
Material:
Material:Gr..Hes.(`hare'as`Springer');
air.scn`fright'(*skek-no-);scochid,newerscuchid(*skoketi)`weicht,gehtfort,gehttoend'(Konj.stemscess-,Perf.scich`walkedfort,warvorber');di-ro-uss-scoch-`bertreffen'
(*`hervorspringen'),cymr.ysgogi`tostir',bret.diskogella`shake';
ahd.scehanst.V.`hurry,quick,fastfortgehen',mhd.nhd.geschehen,ags.sconschw.V.
`geschehen,hurry',mhd.schehenschw.V.`quick,fasteinherfahren,hurry',ahd.skihtg`shy'(got.
skhsln.`bserghost,fiend,demon'asèinherfahrend'or`schttelnd'here);Causativemhd.
schicken(`proceed,goaheadlassen')`bereiten,sort,order,arrange,senden',nhd.schicken;ahd.
gescihtÈreignis',nhd.Geschichte,mhd.schihtàlignment,layer(byBergleuten,andotherwise)';
withgramm.variation:aisl.skaga`hervorspringen,hervorstechen',skagim.`Landzunge',lengthened
gradeskgrm.`wood,forest';ags.tscecgan`sichdivide',sceagam.`shrubbery,bush'(from`wood,
forest');alsoaisl.skeggn.`beard'(*skaggja-),ags.sceagga`hairofthehead',aisl.skeggjaf.
`Streitaxt'(comparenhd.Barteds.);
ChurchSlavicskokm.`Sprung',PerfektivOldChurchSlavicskoiti,Imperf.skakati`spring';with
Alternationsk:kslit.kti`spring',lett.skt`begin',lit.anknti`springmake'.
Auslautvarianteauf-g- :skeg- `hurry,spring,shake'(=`springmake')in:OldIndiankhajati`rhrtum'
(Dhtup.),khja-m.`Gewhl',khja-,khajaka-m.,(lex.)khajf.`Rhrstock,Butterstel';aisl.skaka
st.V.`swing,schnitteln',ags.sceacan`shake(engl.shake);hurry,goaway,passover,flee';as.
skakanst.V.`goaway,passover,escape,flee'(nd.schacken`shake,rcken'),ahd.unt-scachndes
`fluctivagi';ahd.scahhom.`foreland,promontory',mhd.schachem.`StckeinzelstehendenWaldes',
nhd.bair.schweiz.Schachends.,aisl.skekill`Landzunge'.
doubtfulisaffiliationfromafries.skkm.`booty,robbery',ahd.scchm.`Ruberei,robbery',ags.
scacere,ahd.schhari`robber',nhd.Schcher(actually`schweifen,orwithdemrobberyrun').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):922-923
Root/lemma: (s)kel-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:notreliablefromkel-`hit'andkel-`prick'(aboveS.545f.)toseparate.
Material:
Material:OldIndiankal`smallpart'(:serb.pro-kola`TeileinesgespaltenenGanzen',dasatfirstto
OldChurchSlavickolj`prick'and`split',aboveS.546);
arm.elkèm`split,zerschlage';probablyalsokèli`rudder,helm'(meaningasinags.helma,see
under);aufanl.sk-(withotherwisenirgendswiederkehrendempalatal)wiesecelum`split';
gr.`scharre,hacke,grabe',`hack,mattock,hoe,Karst';`woodenforkalsSttze
aufgerichteterJagdnetze'(underinfluenceof`ritze,schlitzeauf',ìncision');
`peg,plug,Ruderdolle'(comparethrak.,ahd.scalm,ags.helma,osorb.om,lit.klmas);
`flay,tear,rend,plage'(*skoli),--`Lederschnitzel,Abfallfromleather',
`Spitzpfahl'(comparelit.kulas`picket,pole';witho:OldChurchSlavickol`peg,plug'aboveS.
546);perhapsisalso`hemme,hindre'froma*`peg,plug'derived(ànpflcken'),the
ending-afterdembegriffl.contrast;`footstool',`verstmmeln,
beschneiden'Hes.,`kastriere';aufeinemeaning`fromtheskinsichabspaltendescale,
husk'goesbackÀusstziger'(comparemengl.scalle`crust,scab,eschar',nengl.scall
(nord.Lw.),schwed.skl`skinrashamMunde');
thrak.`sword,knife'(*skolm);
alb.hal`scale,husk,fishbone,splinter,beardthehren'(*skoli=got.skalja);hol`thin,fine,
tender';f.`Zartheit'(*skl-);hel`Pfrieme,pricker,awl',hele`Bratspie,spit,pike,Lanze'(=);
perhapsshtel``ffne,makegleaming,sharp,steckefirean,entznde'(lit.skltilikewise`fire
anschlagen');
maybealb.geg.skile`fox,smartanimal,sharpmind(ofafox)'
lat.siliqua`Hlsenfruchtschote'(whereofsilicia`foenumgraecum,Bockshorn'),diss.from*sciliqua,
older*sceliqu:OldChurchSlavicskolkaòstreum';lat.silex,-icis`pebble'diss.from*scilec-older
scelic-;comparemir.sce(i)llec`Fels'(endingafterair.carraic`rocks');
withoutanl.s-perhapshere:lat.culter,-tr`knife'(*kel-tro-s,*kol-tro-sor*ktros);celtisf.`chisel'
existiertnot,s.Niedermann,Mus.Helv.2,123f.;
cymr.chwalu`scatter',corn.scullye,sculye,bret.skuads.;
mir.scoilt,scailt`col,gap',scoiltimÌsplit',brit.withrearrangementofsk-toks-(hw-):cymr.hollt`col,
gap',corn.fela(umlaut)`split',bret.faoutads.;mir.sceillec`Fels'(seeabove);perhapsmir.scelln
`seed,sperm,Kern';
air.colainn`Fleisch',cymr.celain`corpse'(*kolan);cymr.caill,Pl.ceilliau`testicle(n)',bret.kellds.;
gall.callio-marcus`Huflattich'fromolder*calliomarc`testiculusequi';comparegall.ebulcalium(from
*eplo-callion)besidesepo-calium(*epo-callion)ùngulacaballina';
got.skilja`Fleischer';aisl.skilja`separate,distinguish,discern,(ent)divide',skiln.(iafterskilja)
`difference,verdict,Bescheid',skila`(ent)divide';ndl.verschillend`different'(*skiljand);mnd.schelen
`separate,distinguish,discern'(schele`difference,lack,limit,boundary')=ags.scielian`divide,
entfernen'(*skeln);
got.skildus`shield',aisl.skjldrm.(outofitmir.scell),ags.scield,as.scild,ahd.sciltds.(-tu-stem
besideslit.skltisàbgeschnitteneScheibe');inadditiongot.skillings,ahd.etc.scilling`smallMnze,
Schilling'fromskildu-lings;
got.skalja`Ziegel',aisl.skelf.`bowl',ags.sciellf.`husk,Muschelschale',mnd.schellef.`bowl,
Fischschuppe';ahd.scla`husk,Schale',mhd.schalealso`Steinplatte',ags.scealu`husk,bowl';
ahd.fuaz-skal`woodenpeg,plugasVerschlufordenfoot',nhd.Schelle`manica,compes,numella',
Hand-,Fuschelle;
aisl.skjalln.`Hutchen',ags.sceallanm.Pl.`testicles',afries.skallds.(:cymr.caill);aisl.skallim.
`Kahlkopf',asàbgeschnittenecranium';alsonorw.schwed.skalle;ablaut.schwed.skulle`skull,
cranium',olderschwed.skolla`dnnePlatte',ahd.scollom.,scollaf.`Scholle`;
withlengthenedgrade*skl - (comparealb.hol):aisl.sklaf.`drinkingbowl,Wagschale',ahd.as.
scla`bowl';
as.skola,ags.scolu`dividingoff,partitioningoff,troop,multitude,crowd';
withoutanlaut.s-:got.hallusm.`Fels'(*kolnu-),aisl.hallrm.`stone,Fels',hellaf.ds.,finn.Lw.kallio
ds.,(*hallj[n]).aisl.hellir`Berghhle',schweiz.Hell`Steinplatte'etc.;seeaboveS.544;
aisl.holdn.`Fleisch',ags.holdn.`corpse',ags.holdianàufschneiden',hyldan`dieskinabziehen',
aisl.hyldaàufschneiden'(basedonaufaparticiple*kl-t-m);
ahd.scultirra,ags.sculdor`shoulder'(*skdhr`scapulaasshovel,asGrabwerkzeug');
withformants-mo- anddenmeaning`Schneidewerkzeug;geschnitteneswood;ausgehhlterdugout
canoe,barge':aisl.sklmf.`tineafork,pod',Pl.`scissors',nd.ostfriesndl.schalm`thinboard',aisl.
skalma-tr`cloventree',ahd.scalm`navis';alsoprobablyahd.scalmo`Pest,Seuche,corpse';mhd.
schalm(e)ds.;inadditionskelmo`Todeswrdiger'(*skalmian-),mhd.mnd.schelm(e)`villain';
comparealb.helm`mourning,grief,poison';withoutanlaut.s-:ags.helma,engl.helm`handle,grasp
ofSteuerruders,tax',mhd.halm(e),helmÀxtstiel',ahd.helmo,halmo`Ruderpinne',ndl.helmstock
ds.,mnd.holm`crossbar,crossbeam,Jochtrger',aisl.hjlmf.`tax',hjalm-vlr`Ruderpinne';
*skol-dh`(abgeschnittene)shaft,pole'isprobablydiebasefromahd.scalta`Stostange,
Bootshaken',scaltan`withashaft,poleschieben',nhd.schaltenalsoèinschalten(=dazwischen
hineinstoen)'andbertr.`walten',dial.also`split',as.skaldanèinFahrzeugvorwrtsschieben',
mhd.schalte,aisl.skalda`Fhre',mhd.schalter,schelter`bar,bolt',nhd.Schalter`Schiebfenster,
shaft,pole,Bootshaken';
withformants-go-: mnd.schalk`Sparrensttze'ostfries.schalk`HolzkltzchenasUnterlage',bair.
schalken`zerspalten';schwed.skulkàbgesgterstump';
lit.skeli,sklti`split'(theAkzentaftersklti),skil,sklti`sichsplit';`firehit'(intonationoftheheavy
basis,asklns);skal`chipofwood,Lichtspan',Iterat.skldti`platzen,break,crack';lett.elt
`split',ltds.,leàbgeschnittenesStck',etc.;aboutlit.klmasseeaboveS.546;
OldChurchSlavicskala`Fels,stone'(diemeaning`bowl'throughborrowingfromahd.sclads.),
sloven.sklaàssulatenuis;Lichtspan',russ.skalinaàbgelstebirchbark';skolka`Muschelschale'
(seeabovelat.siliqua),russ.el`col,gap',sloven.alja`splinter',poln.skalisie`sichspalten,
break,crack';
hitt.ikalli-`zerreissen,aufschlitzen'.
rootextensionskel(e)-p-:
perhapsinOldIndianklpat`wirdgeordnet,wirdzuteil',kalpyatiòrdnetan',klpt`fertig,gerstet'
=av.hu-krpta-`schngeformt',dasthoughalsotokhrp-`shape'(aboveS.620)belongcould;
gr.`Maulwurf'(as`Grber');m.`Spitzpfahl';
lat.scalp,-ere`scratch,scrape,ritzen,scratch,withspitzemtoolschneiden,chisel,cut'(scalprum,
scalper`scharfestoolzumSchneiden,Meieln'),sculp,-ere(originallyincompoundsfromscalp)
ds.;
ahd.scelifa,mhd.nhd.dial.schelfe`hutigebowl',mnd.schelveràbgeblttertesStck',schulvern
àbblttern';aisl.skjlf`bench',ags.scielfe`Flur,Stockwerk,Bretterverschlag',scielfm.`crag',mnd.
schelf`Brettgerst,Regal';
withouts:got.halbs,aisl.halfr,ags.healf,as.half,ahd.nhd.halb(eig.`divided');ags.hielfe`handle,
grasp,Schaft'(engl.helve),ahd.mhd.halb`Handhabe',nhd.dial.halb,helb`Stiel';ahd.halftra
`bridle,rein',ags.hlftre`halter',(from*`Handhabe');
lit.klpa`transomamsled',klpa`Steigbgel,loop,noose,snare',klpinisÀrmbrust',OldPrussian
kalpus`Rungenstock';
lit.sklempi,sklempti`smoothbehauen,polish'.
rootextensionskel(e)-b-:
aisl.skalpr`ship',dn.dial.skalp`Samenschote,husk',mnd.schulpe,scholpe`Muschel,scale,
husk',dn.skulp,skulpe`pod,Fruchtbalg',norw.skolp`pod,husk',engl.skalp(nord.Lw.)`cranium,
skull',aisl.skelpaf.`Grimasse',skolpr`chisel';OldChurchSlavicsklabitis`denMundaufmachen,
lcheln',ech.kleb`Zhnefletschen';
i-extension:sklei-, sklei-d-,sklei-k-,sklei-p-:
aisl.slta`tear,destroy,verbringen'(slitnaintr.`rumpi'),ags.sltan`tear',as.sltan`schleien,split',
ahd.slzan`split,rend,aufbrauchen',nhd.verschleien,schleien,aisl.slit`slit,crack,Abntzung',
ags.geslit`dasBersten',ahd.sliz,nhd.Schlitz,mhd.sleize,nhd.Schleie`Leuchtspan';aisl.slrar
f.Pl.,slrn.Pl.`sword-orMesserscheide'as*s(k)lei-tro-,-tr-fromtheunerweit.rootformsklei-;
lit.skleidi,sklesti,lett.sklistòutspread,umblttern',lit.sklaida,-ti`hinandherblttern',refl.
`sichscatter',i-sklaidti`scatter,vertreiben',sklstiàuseinanderflieen';lit.sklaids`zerstreut',lett.
sklaidisèinHerumtreiber,Taugenichts';withoutanlaut.s-:kladt`sichherumtreiben',klstu,kldu,
klstèrr',lit.klstu,kldau,klsti`sichverirren'(withoutd:lit.klajju,-ti`herumirren',lett.klaijt,-ut
ds.eineoriginallyversch.family);OldPrussiansclait,schlit,schklait`but;without',schklitsAdv.
`sonderlich,particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,
notably;otherwise',Adj.`schlicht,simple,just';
ags.slfan`spleien',engl.slive,ags.to-slfan`split',mnd.slf,norw.sleiv`groerspoon'.
References:
References:WP.II590f.,WH.I165,II536f.,Trautmann264.
Page(s):
Page(s):923-927
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeguilty,toowe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schuldigsein,schulden,sollen'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andbalto-slav.
Material:
Material:Got.skulan,aisl.skulu,ags.sculan,ahd.scolan`schuldigsein,mssen,sollen',newer
alsosolan,nhd.sollen;ags.scyldf.`blame',ahd.aisl.skuldds.;got.skulam.`Schuldner';
alit.skelandlit.skeli,-ti`schuldigsein',skyl,(*skl),skltiìnSchuldengeraten',skol`blame';
OldPrussianskellnts`culpable',ablaut.skallsnanf.Akk.òbligation',poskult(paskollt)
èrmahnen';
withouts-:lit.kalt`blame',kaltas`culpable'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compare(s)kel-4
Page(s):
Page(s):927
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todryout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àustrocknen,drren'
Material:
Material:Gr.`trocknefrom,desiccate'(trans.,Fut.,Aor.;intr.Aor.,
Perf.),àusgetrocknet',m.`Skelett',n.`Mumie',`dry,hard,rough,
unbeugsam',àusgetrocknet,abgemagert',`smallandagile',-1.
òhneWiderstandskraft'(without);2.ùnablssig,ofrage,fury,ofWeinen'(eig.
ùnversieglich');-`verydry,brittle,hartnckig',-f.`Hartnckigkeit';
Maybealb.(skol-)holl`lean,thin'commonalb.sk->h-phoneticmutation.
schwed.skll`lean,thin,fade,suerlich',nd.schal`dry,arid',mnd.mhd.schal`schalfromtaste;trb,
unclear',schaln`trbbecome',mengl.schalowe`schal,faint,languid,seicht',engl.shallow(also
probablyags.sceald`seicht,notdeep',nd.scholl`seichteswater');
withoutanlaut.s-:aisl.hall-ri`Mijahr',ags.hall-heortèrschrocken';mhd.hel(-ll-)`weak',hellec
`tired',nhd.hellig`faint,languid,erschpftfromthirst',mhd.hellegenèxhaust,behelligen`,nd.hal
`dry,lean';lengthenedgrade()nd.hl,ndl.haal`dry',mndl.haelàusgetrocknet,arid,schal';dn.
dial.hlm`still',dn.helme`cease'(`*languish',originallyvorHitzeorthirst);
lett.klss`lean',klstu,klst`vertrocknen,wilt',kltt`dry'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):927
Root/lemma: (s)kel-4 (extendedkl- ,kl- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend;crooked
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen;anlehnen;krumm(alsosittlich:`verkehrt,unrecht'),verkrmmt';
especiallyinKrperteilbezeichnungen;`biegsamesGelenk,Ferse,Knie,Hfte'
Note:
Note:(comparealsoS.611f.kol-`spinnen')
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`Schenkel',,-`Hinterfu,hip,haunch'(att.),
`bowlegged',`crooked;improbus',`tubercular,slant,skew,crooked',,-
m.`worm',`crook,hinandherwinden',,Hes.,redukt.-stuf.
`writhed,crooked,humped,lamed',-Beiw.ofHephaistos(*-,*-),
,-`rolle,wlze'(ion.att.),`Walze,pulley,Zylinder';`limb,
member',,att.`Hftknochen,ham',,-,ds.,f.`popliteus,ankle'
(to1.-ap-aboveS.50f.);,-m.Èidechse'(`withGliedernversehen');`hockelow,
base'(FriskIF.49,99f.);about`Steibein'seeaboveS.608;
alb.tshal`lame'(*skelno-);
lat.scelus,-eris`malice,Verruchtheit,Verbrechen'(formal=);coluber,-br`snake'(`sich
windend',*kelo-dhro-,*kolo-dhro-);calx(seeunder);
ahd.(withformants-ko-)sclah(*sklha-)`slant,skew,crooked',nhd.scheel(Denom.mhd.schilhen,
nhd.schielen),ags.sceolhds.,aisl.(m.gramm.variation)skjalgr(*skelk-)`slant,skew,
scheelugig';isl.skll`schiefermouth',aisl.sklasik`denMundverziehen';withlabialesextension:
aisl.skjalfa`tremble,quiver'=ags.scielfands.,engl.toshelveàbschssigsein',aisl.skjalfr,skelfr
`zitternd';
withoutanlaut.s-:bsl.*kali(*koli)`lehnean'inlit.at-si-kalti`sichanlehnen',t-kalasàngelehnt';to
bsl.*klana-m.(*kl-no-)`Neigung'inlit.klnas`puddle,slop',ablaut.klnism.`valley'(*kl-ni-),
klon`lowland,depression';withidg.:lit.klunas,lett.klunsm.`Dreschtenne';inadditionfurther
aboveS.509*kl-`hinlegen';
withbsl.-ul-=lat.-al-(ind.-ol[-])withk-suffix:lit.kl,klis`hip,haunch'(withk-insertion:kulks,
kulknsànkle,Sprunggelenk'),OldPrussianculczi`hip,haunch';with-k-suffix:lit.kulnasm.,kulns
f.`hack,mattock,hoe,calcaneus'(*kulk-n-),protoslav..*kulkf.`hip,haunch'insptChurchSlavic
klka`poples',bg.klka`hip,haunch,thigh'(is-kl`verrenke');skr.kkds.etc.;
lat.calx`calcaneus'(calc,-re`tread,stomp',calcitrre`violentausschlagen',calcar`Sporn',
calceus`shoe',tarent.ds.fromosk.*calc-tio-);afterTrautmann145idg.rootnouns*k o lkbesidesk o lk - .
References:
References:WP.II597ff.,WH.I144f.,248,II492,Trautmann114,135f.,145.
Page(s):
Page(s):928
Root/lemma: skendhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplunge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùntertauchen'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andbalt.
Material:
Material:Gr.ùntertauchend';lit.skst,skstiùntersinken,ertrinken',causativeskandin,
-dntièrtrnken';OldPrussianauskindlaièrgounder'.
Maybealb.(*skendh-)hedh`plunge,throw'[commonalb.sk->h-phoneticmutation].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):930
Root/lemma: (s)ken-(d-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torift;toflay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbspalten;abgespalteneHaut,Schuppe,Rinde'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromsek- `cut,clip';onlykelt.undergerman.
Material:A.
Material:A.Bret.skantKollekt.`Schuppen'(*sknto-),abret.anscantocionPl.ìnsquamsos',cymr.
ysgythru`Schnitzen'(*skentr-);
aisl.skinnn.`skin,fell,fur'(*sknto-,protogerm.*skina-,comparelapp.Lw.skiddeandrunisch
ski[n]a-leubaR;ags.scinn,engl.skinds.isLw.fromdemNord.,alsomnd.schinàkindof
russischesLedergeld'),mhd.schintf.Òbstschale',nhd.Schind-mhre,-aas,ndl.dial.schinde`skin,
fell,fur;bast,bark',abgel.verbas.biscindianàbrinden,schlen',ahd.scinten,mhd.mnd.schinden
ènthuten,ausplndern,maltreat'(nhd.schindenst.V.);aisl.sknf.`Borke',nisl.also`Hutchen',
mnd.schin`SchuppeninHaar'(outofitnhd.Schinn,Schinne),mndl.schene`dnneskin,bast';
B.
B.besidesidg.(s)kend- in:
air.ceinn`scale,husk,bowl',cymr.cenn(*kend-n-),acorn.cenn-en`Hutchen,skin',ysgenn
`Schinnen',mbret.quenn`skin',bret.kennm.`Schinnen',-ken`skin'inbugen`Rindshaut'etc.;bret.
(Vannes)skignan`frog'(*skenniano-);aisl.hinnaf.`dnneskin,Membrane'(*skendn-);
comparewitha-vocalism:mir.scaindrim`zerspalte',scandrad,scaindred`dispersion',scainder
`Gefecht'.
References:
References:WP.II563f.;LothRC.41,405f.
Page(s):
Page(s):929-930
Root/lemma: (s)kengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lame;slant
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinken;schief,schrg'
Material:
Material:OldIndianskthi-n.(=av.haxti-)`Schenkel'(*skak-thi-,idg.*skng-ti-;das-thi-afterOld
Indiansthi-`bone',aboveS.783);khajati`hinkt'(mind.for*skaj-),khaja-`hinkend',khajana-m.
`Bachstelze';
gr.(onlypresentandImp.)`hinke'(*skngi);mir.scingim`spring'isprobablyreshufflingfrom
air.scend-`spring'(seeunderhengh-`schreiten');
aisl.skakkr`hinkend,slant,skew',schwed.dial.skinka`hinken';withoutanl.s-:ahd.hinkan`hinken',
Denomin.mhd.hankends.;
germ.*skanka-innorw.skonk,skankf.`Schenkel,shinbone',ags.scancaf.Ùnterschenkel',mnd.
schenke`Schenkel'(Demin.mhd.nhd.Schenkel),ablaut.ahd.scinkel`Schenkel',scinchom.,scinca
f.`Beinrhre,Schenkel',nhd.Schinken,ontheotherhandafries.skunka,nhd.mdartl.schunke
(*skng-)ds.;withouts-mhd.hanke`Schenkel,hip,haunch',tirol.Henkel`Schenkel';alsosptmhd.
schankm.`Gestell,SchrankforTrinkgerte'andas.skenkjanèinschenken'(from`dasvesselschief
halten'),ahd.scenkands.,mhd.schenkends.,also`give'nhd.schenken;inadditionpostverbal
mhd.schanc`vesselfromdemfrom=Geschenktwird'and`gift';
einegerm.rootskh-inaisl.skr`slant,skew',mhd.schhe`squinting'etc.
References:
References:WP.II564f.,F.SommerFestschr.Debrunner425ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):930
Root/lemma: (s)kep-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocover
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`decken,verdecken'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andbalto-slav.
Material:
Material:Gr.,-n.`cover,Hlle,Schutzdach',ion.att.f.`cover,protection,Schirm',
,,`bedecke,verhlle,schtze';lit.kepr`Mtze',lett.cepure`Mtze,Hut;
BedeckungtheKornhaufenaufdemFelde',russ.epc`Haube'etc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):930
Root/lemma: (s)kerb(h)- ,(s)kreb(h)- ,nasalized(s)krembEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,curve
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,krmmen;alsoespeciallysichzusammenkrmmen,schrumpfen(also
vorHitze,Trockenheit),runzeln'
Note:
Note:extensionto(s)ker- `turn'(seealsosker- `shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup')
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`drydeadwood,chaff'(*krbh-),f.`trockeneswood,hay',`lasse
shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup,desiccate',`dry,hoarse',
.(underlikewise)Hes.;èingeschrumpft,arid,dry',f.`Kohl',
`dry,roasted',`roast,roast'(assim.from*);
lat.perhapscorbis`basket'(*`geflochten');mir.corb`cart',probablyoriginally`Wagenkorb';
aisl.skorpinnèingeschrumpft',skorpna`shrink'(aboutskarprèingeschrumpft,leanetc.`,ags.
scearp,ahd.scarpf`sharp's.alsoS.943undersker-`cut,clip');nas.mhd.schrimpf`scratch',mhd.
schrimpfen`rmpfen,zusammenschrumpfen'=aisl.skreppa`shrinkup,ausgleiten',dn.skrumpe=
nhd.schrumpfen,norw.skramp`magerescreature',skrumpa`magerecow',engl.shrimp`toddler'
(besideswithgerm.-mm-:ags.scrimman`shrinkup,shrink');
(aboutnhd.Schrpe,bair.schrpfen`belt,girdle',ndl.sjerp,engl.scarfds.,sptahd.scherbe
`pouch',nd.schrap`pouch',aisl.skreppa`Rucksack's.Meyer-Lbke37723,Kluge-Goetze16653,
HolthausenAwn.Wb.257:allfromlat.scirpea`Binsentasche');
nisl.herpa-st`sichzusammenkrampfen',harpa`nip,pinch',aisl.munn-herpa`witch',schwed.dial.
harpaihop`pulltogether',norw.hurpeàlteswoman';nhd.schweiz.harpf`magerecow,bses
woman';hereaisl.harpa,ags.hearpe,ahd.har(p)fa`Harfe'(fromthehakigencurvature);
ahd.(h)rimfan,rimpfan`rugare,contrahere',nhd.rmpfen,mnd.rimpen`furrow,crook',ags.
*hrimpan,ge-hrumpen`wrinkly',hrympel`wrinkle',mnd.ramp`cramp',mhd.rampf`cramp',aisl.
hreppr`Distrikt',norw.ramp`magererperson',engl.dial.rump`magerecow';(butnorw.rump
àbgestumpftermountaintop;buttocks',mnd.rumpm.`trunk,bauchigesvessel',nhd.Rumpfrather
asàbgehauenesStck'toOldChurchSlavicrb`rag',ohenS.864f.);besideswithgerm.-m(m)-:
mnd.ram,ramme`cramp',ags.hrammam.`cramp',aisl.hrammr`Tatze'(actually`verschrumpft');
got.hramjan`kreuzigen',ags.hremman`hinder,belstigen',ndl.remmen`hemmen,bremsen';
withtheVokalstellungkreb-: aisl.hrapi,norw.dn.rape`Zwergbirke'(`*crippled');tomir.cruibheèin
Baumname'(*krobio-);then(withtheimaginingofthegekrmmtenFinger)norw.rapse
`zusammenscharren',nd.rapsen`hastiggripe',ags.ge-hrespan`rend',ahd.raspn`snatch',hrespan
`pluck,pile'(spfromps);without-s:norw.rapa`snatch',mnd.rapen,mhd.nhd.raffen`pile',norw.
schwed.rappaànsichreien,snatch'=nd.rappends.;
aisl.hreppa`receive',ags.hreppenànrhren',mnd.reppends.;
lit.skurbti`verkmmern,grieve',lett.skurbintìndieRundedrehenbiszumSchwindligwerden',
skrbt`schwindligbecome',skurbtis`sichdrehen';nasalizedlit.skrambls`smalldickleibiger
person,dwarf',OldPrussian(withp)sen-skrempsnanf.Akk.`wrinkle';withtheVokalstellung*skreb:lit.skremb,skrbti`dryseinorbecome',skrebti`rustle(vontrockenemstraw)',oldskrebls`Filz',
lett.skreblisèinfltigerperson,hartgewordener(verfilzter)Pelz';
withouts -:
-:lit.kremblsèinePilzart'(probably`wrinkly'or`faltig');withp-: lett.krumpa`crease',
krumpt`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup',lit.krumpls`knuckle'(alsokrumsls,lett.
krumslis,skrumslisds.,also`gristle,knag'),OldPrussiankrumslus`KnchelamFinger';
russ.skrblyj`wizened',skorbnut`sichcrooked';korbit`crook',refl.`crookoneself,pulltogether,
zusammenschrumpfen',nasal.OldChurchSlavickrp`small(contractus)',krp-j,-ti`shrinkup';
aboutlit.karbas`basket',russ.krob,wruss.korbads.,OldPrussiancarbiof.`Mhlenkasten',lit.
karbija`basket',OldChurchSlavickrabjiàrcula's.Trautmann117f.
References:
References:WP.II588ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):948-949
Root/lemma: (s)ker-dh- ,(s)k o r-dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:small,miserable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kmmerlich,klein;verkmmern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankrdh-àbbreviated,mutilated,small,mangelhaft'(comparativekradhyas-,
Superlativkradhiha-),-skrdhyu-`notabbreviated,notkrglich';gr.Hes.,
,Hes.,lakon.(with=)`youngperson',compare
Hes.;lit.skurst,skurda,skursti`verkmmern,inWachstumzurckbleiben',nus-kurds
ìnWachstumverkmmert'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:to(s)ker-`cut,clip'as`truncated,choppeddown,cutdown,cutoff'.
Page(s):
Page(s):949
Root/lemma: sker-(d)Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`cacre;Mist,KotofLeibes'
Material:
Material:Av.sairya-`manure,crap,muck,droppings',mpers.sargn,np.sargnds.;
gr.,òrdure',whereof`Schlacke';
lat.mscerda`Musekot';scerda`Schweinekot',b-,ovi-cerdahavecerdafor*scerdathroughfalse
Zerlegungfromm[s]scerda;OldChurchSlavicskard`disgusting'entscheidetdafrcertainlynicht,
compareOldIndianchrntti,chardayatièrbricht,speitfrom',mir.sceirdim`speiefrom',asdextensionunseressker-;
aisl.skarn,ags.scearn,afriesskern,nd.scharn`crap,muck,droppings';
lett.srniPl.`Schlacken,Menstrua,Excremente',lit.arwai`Menstrua';protoslav..*ser(*seri),
*srati`cacre'(e.g.Serb.srem,srti),russ.sr`crap,muck,droppings',etc.
hitt.akkarn.,Gen.aknaòrdure,Exkremente',aknu-uantìmpure,unclean'.
References:
References:WP.II587f.,WH.II133f.,Trautmann303,FriskIndogerm.25f.
Page(s):
Page(s):947-948
Root/lemma: (s)ker-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshrink,wrinkle;dry,thin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:asbasisvonWortenforèinschrumpfen,runzeln;rauheHaut,Schorf,Kruste;
vertrocknet,mager,verkmmert'
Note:
Note:probablytosker-3.
Material:A.
Material:A.Unerweitertinnorw.schwed.skare`hartgefroreneKrusteaufdemSchnee'russ.
skoretc.`skin,Tierhaut';
B.
B.withGutt.-extension:norw.dial.skarka`frozencrust',skjerkna`throughKltehardbecome';norw.
dial.skrekling`weakling',skrakal`fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated,krnklich',nd.schrkel
`verkrppeltescreature',mhd.waltschrechel,-schreckel`fairydemon,ghost,Faun';norw.skrna
(*skrahnan)`verschrumpfen',skren`dry',mnd.schr(*skrha-)àrid,lean',nhd.schrh(NordFranken)ds.,schrhelin(Oberpfalz)`zauberischescreature,Wichtlein',aisl.skrling(j)ar(*skrhila-)
Pl.Èskimos',norw.skrlen`pitiful',isl.skrlna`shrink'ostfries.verschrlends.;aisl.skrf.(skrah)
`StckdrrenLedersetc.`;
C.
C.withDental-extension:norw.dial.skranta`leanbecome'(etc.);mhd.schraz,withgerm.d:ahd.
scrato`larvae,laresmali,pilosus',nhd.wood,forest-schratt,withgerm.tt:aisl.skratti`monstrum,
magician',schwed.skratte`fairydemon,ghost,ghost',ahd.scraz,screz,mhd.schraz,schrez`fairy
demon,ghost',nhd.bair.schrtzìnWachstumzurckgebliebenerMensch';norw.skrinn(*skrena-)
àrid,lean,unfruchtbar';skreda`weakling',mnd.schrde`thin,lean,kmmerlich';lit.skrent,skrsti
`sichwithatrockenenKrustebeziehen';
D.
D.einebareinGerm.vorliegendeu-basisseemsaisl.skrggr`fox',norw.skrogg`wolf',isl.skrggur
`graybeard',schwed.dial.skragge`devil',mhd.schruwelds.(germ.*skrawwa-),aisl.skripr`fragile,
easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated,mrbe';
Dentalextension:aisl.hrrm.`scurf,scab',as.hrthom.,ahd.rda,riud`Raude,mange;scabies',
aisl.skrydda`geschrumpfteskin';alit.skrauds`brittle,rough',skraud,skrasti`roughbecome';
whetherherelit.krenk,krkti`curdle,coagulate,harden',lett.krectds.,-ties`lumpy,klunkerig
become',krcumi`berbleibsel,spawnoffrogs'as`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkle
up'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):933
Root/lemma: (s)ker-2 ,sker- :skrEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospring,toturn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,herumspringen',alsoandactually`(sich)drehendbewegen,
schwingen'
Note:
Note:nottoseparatefrom(s)ker-`turn'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankirti(kariyati,kryt,kra-)`streutfrom,vergiet,wirft,schleudert';vi-kira,vikira`Scharrer,einbirdfromdemHhnergeschlecht';osset.k`ln`schttefrom';
gr.(*skri)`spring,hpfe,dances',n.,`Sprung',Hes.,
m.èinMeerfisch',actually`Springer';f.`Springwurm'Hes.;ablaut.`spring';
withanl.-(bloersuggestion)`spring,zapple',wherefore,-`small
Eingeweidewurm,LarveaWassermcke';
ahd.scern`brattysein',mhd.scher(e)n`hurry',nhd.sichscheren`sichpacken',mnd.scheren
`mock,scoff'and`run,hurry',and.scernn.ìllusio,subsannatio',ahd.scernm.`joke,Mutwille'(scirno
`histrio'),aisl.skrim.`youngseagull',skirjaf.`youngcow',mnd.scherke`kindofsmallseagull'(of
unstetenFlug);
skr-perhapsinmhd.schrjen,schrn`spray,whisk',schrf.`hail,hoarfrost,snow',schrtm.
`Wasserstubchen,drip'andaisl.skr-ma-sk`flee',schwed.skrmma`frighten'tr.(àufspringen
make');
ags.secge-scre`cicadalocusta',comparelit.skrs,skrlis`locust,grasshopper'(:gr.,
);bait.FlN*Skrij>wruss.ara;.Skarra(*Skar);OldChurchSlavicskor`quick,
fast';verydoubtfulOldChurchSlavicater,russ.jericaÈidechse'(anl.a-dieidg.preposition
*);
eineextensionskreg-inahd.screcchnàuffahren,aufspringen,hpfen',hewi-screcko`locust,
grasshopper',Kaus.screckenàufspringenmake,bangemake',nhd.schreckenetc.;Wissmann
Nom.postverb.190.
d -extension(s)kre-d- and(s)ker-d-:
Aikrdati`springt,hpft'isnichtidg.;gr.f.`Schwinge,Wipfel',`swing,brandish,
schwanke',ds.;`lustigerTanzintheKomdie',()`dizziness,giddiness;
swindle',`sichghnendrecken,agitatedsein'(probablyalso`club,mace,
joint,bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb,Kopfputz');alb.hardh-l,-j,-itsÈidechse'(*skord);lat.card`Trangel;Wendepunkt'(`Drehpunkt';fromtheunextensionrootalsoags.heorr(a),aisl.
hjarri`Trangel'andwithidg.t:ahd.scerdo`fishingrod');
mir.ceird`dasSchreiten',air.fo-cerdaim`throw,cast',cymr.cerddaf`wandle'(withother
Vokalstellungabret.credam`vado'),nexttowhichwithoutddascausativecuirithir(*kor-eie-trai)
`wirft,legt,places';withcymr.go-gerddf.`Burleske'comparenhd.Scherz;
aisl.hrata`fall,waver,hurry',ags.hratiands.(besidesalsohraian,hradianwithidg.t;ahd.hardilla
`Bachstelze'=`*Wipperin');mhd.razzen`rage,clamor'(and-probablysecondary-`rattle,clash',as
mnd.ratelen`clatter',ags.hratele`Klapperschote');mhd.scherzen`frhlichspring,sichdelight',mhd.
schrz`pleasure,game',nhd.scherzen,Scherz,mhd.scharz,schurzm.`Sprung';aisl.skartn.
`kostbareclothing',norw.skertast`spaen',skarta`leichtfertigesFrauenzimmer';perhapsahd.hros
ags.horsetc.`steed',seeaboveS.583f.;
lit.-em.pakrsti,preteritpakrdo`fromdemsleepauffahren';
eineb -extensionin:aisl.hrapa`hinabstrzen',intr.`hurry',mnd.rapp`rash,hasty,violent',sikreppen
`hurry';mir.crip,crib(withbb)`quick,fast';
eines -extensionin:lat.scurra`merrymaker,Witzbold;Stutzer'(:ahd.scern,basicformskrs);
presumablyinaisl.skjarr`shy,timorous'(`*aufspringend'or`*zitternd'),skirra`frighten';toch.krss`schieen'.
References:
References:WP.II566ff.,WH.I167f.,Trautmann263,LothRC.43,416f.
Page(s):
Page(s):933-935
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(seealso1.(s)ker-`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup'and2.(s)ker-`spring')
Material:A.
Material:A.Av.skarna-`round',skrayat-raa-EN.,actually`thedenchariotkreisenlt';
alb.perhapskrrs,kurrs`beuge,bend';
gr.`crooked'(oldu-coloring,compareruss.kortoki,aswellasChurchSlavics-kriti`pull
together'etc.);`writhed,crooked,humped';àllerleiGekrmmtes,Gebogenesetc.
`(lat.Lw.corna),perhapsas*kor[u]-no-szuru-basis*(s)kereu-;
lat.curvus`crooked,writhed,crooked,humped,arched'(forms-uo-);cortna`roundvessel,Kessel;
theDreifuApolloswithdemKesseldarauf;Himmelswlbung';fromaparticiple*kr-to-`twiddled,
twisted,rotated,revved,revolved'derived;
mir.cor,Akk.Pl.curu`Kreise',cymr.cor-wynt,bret.coruent`turbo';
russ.krtokiPl.f.`hockende,kauerndeposition',klr.korttya`sichdurchhelfen,rackern'(if`*crook
oneself'comparegr.).
)gutturalextensions:
ker-k-, besideskir-k- (fromredupl.*kikro-)and((s ) krek -:

DoubtfulOldIndiankka-n.`Halsgelenk',krka-m.(uncovered)`larynx';
gr.m.`ring'(`felewitharing'),usually(seitHomer)(inaddition,
,dor.m.Poll.Hes.`Krampfader'as`vortretendeAderringe');lat.circus`Zirkellinie,
circleintheAstronomie;esp.die(round)racecourse',prepositioncircum`ringsumheretc',circ(after
supr,extr);theumbr.Monatsnamekurclasiuas`circulri';
(s)krek- innd.schrge,schrge,mhd.schrge`slantwise',mnd.mhd.schrage
`kreuzweisestehendeHolzfe';klr.krkum.`nape',korkoiPl.Àchseln',ech.krk`neck'etc.
(compareaboveOldIndiankrka-);ChurchSlavics-kriti`pulltogether',russ.kru,-itds.,
`Gesichtercut,clip',kra,kor`cramp',okora`gebogenerTeilofSchlittens',ech.dial.krkoka
`knagamwood',krkva`wrinkle,crease'etc.;alsowruss.korch`fist'etc.from*krkso-;
nasalized(s)krenk-: presumablyruss.krjkatèineandereWendungnehmen',krja`Knebelholz',
krjit`festbinden';ChurchSlavickruina(*krina)`,epilepsia',sloven.u-kroknem,-niti
`crookoneself',u-kroitids.,ech.kruina`broom',poln.krcz(*kr)`Kopfdrehen,dizziness,
giddiness;swindle;(old)Starrkrampf';
with--g -: (s)ker-g-.
norw.hork(aisl.*hrkf.)`Weidenband',dial.also`runzeligeswoman',herkja`zusammenbinden',
hurkl`bumpiness,knag',harkal`knorrig';russ.korg`verkrppeltertree',korvyj`verschrumpft,
verkmmert,hard'(etc.);
nasalized(s)kreng-: aisl.hrkkva(hrkk)`sichkruseln,crook,zusammenschrumpfen'(*hrenkwan),
Kaus.hrkkva`schlingen,kruseln'(*krankwjan),dn.rynke`furrow',aisl.hrukka,mhd.runke
`wrinkle';m.anlautsk-aisl.skrukka`runzeligeswoman',norw.skrukk`wrinkle',schwed.skrynka
`furrow',ags.scrincan`shrinkup,verschrumpfen,verwelken',mnd.schrinken`shrinkup';gl.
sgreang`wrinkle'isperhapsags.Lw.;
as`verquerte,kreuzweisgestellteLatten':mnd.mhd.schrank(e)`Gitter,fence,Verschlu',nhd.
Schrank,Schranke,mnd.mhd.schrenken`verschrnken,beschrnken,hinder';ahd.scranc`deceit',
screnchan`tocollapsebringen',ags.screncanèinlegstellen,cheat,deceive';
(s)kregh- , nasalized:(s)krengh-:
umbr.cringatro,krenkatrum,krikatru`cinctum';urgem.*hrengazinfinn.rengas,aisl.hringr,ags.as.
ahd.hring`ring',aisl.hringja`smallroundvessel'and`Spange'=ahd.rinka,ags.hringe`Spange',
ahd.as.hringon`ringeln,einencirclebuild';inadditionprobablyas`Rundstab',got.hrugga`staff',
ags.hrungf.`Leitersprosse,Speiche',engl.rung`Leitersprosse',mnd.mhd.runge`Wagenrunge';
OldChurchSlavickrg`circle',ChurchSlavickrugl,okrugl`round'etc.;
)Dentalextensionkert- `turn',seeaboveS.584f.
)Labialextensions(s)kereb(h)-,(s)kremb- `turn'seeunderesp.Schlagwort.
B. i -basis(s)krei-:
Lat.scrinium`rollenfrmigeKapsel,shrine'(*roundcontainer);
lit.skriej(for*skrej),skritiìnKreisebewegen,inBogenfly',lett.skrenu(skreju),skret`run,fly',
alit.skrelis`Fittich',OldChurchSlavickrilo(*krdlo-)n.`Flgel';lit.krevas`winded,slant,skew',
ostlit.kravas`slant,skew',ap-kraivis`writhed,crooked,humped',ablaut.krvis`schiefgewachsener
Mensch';OldPrussiangriwa-kaulinAkk.`Rippe'(`krummerbone';dissim.fromkriwa-kaulin),russ.
(etc.)kriv`crooked',OldChurchSlavicrazkriviti`crook';lett.krails`bent,curved,writhed,crooked,
humped';lett.krelis`Linkhand',eris(dissim.from*kreiris)ds.,lit.kairsds.(dissim.from*krairs);
OldChurchSlavickrinica`vessel,crock,pitcher',okrin`paten',russ.krinca`Kufe,stream,brook,
wellspring';
)WithDentalen:
(s)krei-t-: lat.crs,-re`withdenSchenkelnwackeln(beimBeischlaf;fromthewife,woman)',
*creitsor*crts;mir.crith`Zittern,fever',cymr.cryd`cradle,fever',withs-:ysgryd,bret.skrija`vor
feartremble';aisl.hrf.àttack,storm;Zwischenzeit,period(oftime)',ags.hrf.`storm',ahd.
(h)rdn`tremble',ablaut.(h)rit(t)o`fever',ags.hri`fever',aisl.hreirn.`nest'(`*wickerwork');from
demconceptthebogenfrmigenBewegungisverstndlichaisl.skra`sichlangsamvorwrts
bewegen,grovel,truckle,creep'(fromWrmern),ags.scran,as.scrthanandskrdan,ahd.scrtan
`schreiten`,ahd.scrit`footstep',aisl.skrir`run,flow,Vorwrtsschreiten',ags.scrie,scridem.`run,
flow',skridn.`cart';lett.kraitt`lurch';lit.skriei,skristi`turn,incircleherumdrehen',skrtis
`Radfelge',OldPrussianscritayleds.,lit.apskrits`round',skrituls`circle,Kniescheibe',lett.skritulis
`wheel',lit.skritins`ball,Globus'.
(s)kreid-:
Lit.skrindu,skrsti`fly,kreisen',skridinti`kreisen(frombirds)',skrdautiìnKreisegehn',skriedi,
skristi`fly',skraida,-ti`hinandherinBogenfly',skraids`quick,fast';lett.skraidelt
ùmherlaufen',skredintàntreiben'.
)WithLabialen:(s)kreip-:
Aisl.hreifem.`Handwurzel',hreifa`swing';lit.kreipi,kreipti`turn,wenden',kraipau,-ti,Iter.krypstu,
krpti`sichdrehen';OldChurchSlavicskrnja`,scurrilitas'(*skroipni);slav.*kr(p)s
(*kroip-so-)inOldChurchSlavicvz-kr,-itiàuferstehenlassen(fromdenToten)',ChurchSlavic
krsm.`,temporummutatio',serb.krjes`Johannisfeuer';ablaut.OldChurch
Slavicvskrsntiàuferstehen'.
(s)kreib-: aisl.hripn.`woodenvessel',mengl.rip`creel',ahd.href`pannier'(originally
`Geflochtenes');lett.kribasPl.`nettinginsled'.
s -extension(s)krei-s- , esp.from`vibrierenderBewegung,(oneself)shake'.
Mir.cressaim`shake,swing,brandish'(*krist);
got.af-,us-hrisjanàb-,ausschtteln',ags.as.hrissan`toshake,tremble';aisl.hrsn.`shrubbery,
rod',ags.hrsn.`twig,branch,rod',ahd.hrs`Reis,rod,deadwood,shrubbery,bush';norw.risla
`bush,twig,branch,WipfeleinesBaumes;hre',schwed.ressna`(Hopfen)ranke',ressn`Docke
gehecheltenFlachses'etc.;lat.crnis`hair,esp.hairofthehead'(*crisnis,compare:)cris-ta`the
combamKopfetheanimal',aisl.hrista`shake',mnd.risten`flax,wattle,braid';ahd.rsta,nhd.Reiste
`zusammengedrehtertussock,bundlegenerally';with:nd.riste,risseds.,ndl.riste(andrijste)also
`Traubenkamm,Rispe,row';OldPrussiancraysi`Halm',crays`hay';
hereasp -derivativealso:lat.crispus`frizzy,sichkruselnd,vibrierend',crisp,-re`kruseln,swing',
intr.`tremble',gall.PN.Crixos,cymr.crych`frizzy',bret.crechds.;mhd.rispen`kruseln',rispelnds.,
rispe`Gezweig,shrubbery',ahd.hrispahi`virgultum',nhd.Rispe`deadwood,Buschwerk,bundle,
bschligerBltenstand',intheWebereièinegewisseLagetheFden',engl.dial.risp`Stengelfrom
Schlingflanzen,Ranken'.
C. u -basis(s)kreu-:
compareaboveS.935togr.;acymr.crunn,mcymr.crwnn,fem.cronn,abret.cron`round',
mir.cruind`round',zurbasicform*krundi,comparegr.-;
sloven.krliti`verstmmeln,ringsbehacken',serb.krljav`lame,crippled',poln.krli(forkruli)
`furrow';
comparealsoOldIndiankar-kara-m.`whirlofHalsesandRckgrates';
k -extension(s)kreu-k-: OldIndiankrucati(Dhtup.)`krmmtsich';lat.crux`Marterholz'(originally
`roundpicket,pole');ir.crachf.`heap,barn,haystack,hill',gall.*kroukaàcme,apex',worfrom
*krkka,krk(k)ads.(v.WartburgFEW.2,1367),cymr.crugm.`cippus,tumulus',corn.abret.cruc
`hill',nbret.crug,abrit.-lat.Penno-cruciumPN.;aisl.hryggr`backbone,spine',ags.hrycg,as.hruggi,
ahd.(h)rukki`back';aisl.hrgaf.`heap',hraukr`heap',ags.hrac`Kornhaufe',ndl.rookds.,
changingthroughablautags.cornhryccef.`Korndieme',engl.rickds.;lit.kriukl`Meerschnecke',
kriuklas`Rippe';lett.kruknt`writhed,crooked,humpedsit';
At -extensionseemskrt-`Krperwlbung'aboveS.624.
References:
References:WP.II568ff.,WH.I220f.,233f.,279f.,317f.,293,296f.,Trautmann140f.,267f.,
LothRC.43,416f.
Page(s):
Page(s):935-938
Root/lemma: (s)ker-4 ,(s)ker- ,(s)krEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:I.A.
Material:I.A.OldIndianava-,apa-skara-Èxkremente(Ausscheidung)';krti,krti`verletzt,
slays'(lex.),utkra-àusgeschnitten,eingeritzt',samutkra-`durchbohrt';OldIndiancrman-,av.
arman-`fell,fur,skin';presumablyOldIndiankrvi-(unbel.)èinWebergert'(:russ.dial.erv
`sickle',lit.kirvisàxe'();
arm.kòremÌscratch',kèrem`scratch,scrape';
gr.(,,,)àbschneiden;shave,shear;abfressen',n.
`Schnitzel,smallMnze',m.`(abgeschnittener)clot,chunk,trunk',`zerstckle';
m.`bedbug'(=russ.korf.`Motte':ìncisive,biting,zerbeiend');Gen.`Nichts'in
,comparealso...Hes.,furthern.`Milbe',
,`winzig',Hes.;ìncisive'seemsdiebasicmeaningfromand`louse'
Hes.;tolatterperhaps,`Kmmel'(fromthehnlichkeitofKmmelkorneswithalouse);
withgr.`leathersack'compareir.curach`Hautboot',cymr.corwg,cwrwgds.from*krukos;
comparefurtheraisl.hrr`Leinenkleid',ahd.harra`sack,bag';withameaning`schneidender
derision,ridicule'here`hhnend',`hhne,lstere'(*-èinLstermaul
habend'in1.parteinrootnoun[s]ker-,orein-[e]s-stem*kers-);,`reprimand'
Hes.,-,Hes.,`schmhe';
alb.hirrf.`Molke'(*sker-n;dashafterharr);LidnKZ.61,9f.;
alb.sh-kjer`reieapart',harr(*skorn-)`cut,bitefrom,jte',tshar`spoil,verwsten,sichseparate',
tsharts`Scharfrichter',lengthenedgradekorr,kuarr(*krn)`schneideab,ernte';
lat.corium`thickskin,bag,leather';car,carnisf.`Fleisch',originally`StckFleisch'asPl.carns;
umbr.karu`part',Dat.karne,Abl.Pl.karnus`carnibus',osk.carneis`partis';umbr.kartu`distribuito';
lat.curtusàbbreviated,mutilated'(*krt-);
air.scar(a)im(*sker-mi)Ìslit,separate',cymr.ysgar`Trennen',gwasgar`scatter';Kaus.-iterative
air.scu(i)rim`spannediePferdeab',scor`paddockforabgespannteZugtiere';aufato-participlein
additionbasedonmir.aurscartad(*air-uss-scart-)`Fegen,Reinigen',diuscart(a)im(*d-uss-scart-)
èntferne';cymr.ysgarthu,dyscarthu`clean',ysgarth`rubbish,Splicht',carthen`purgatoria'under
likewise;mir.scairt`netumdieGedrme,Zwerchfell';ir.cert`small';nichtcertainlycoveredismir.
coire`sword'(seeundergot.harus);ir.curach,cymr.corwg,cwrwg`Hautboot'togr.see
above;
aisl.skera`cut,clip,prick,abmachen',ahd.sceran`shave,shear,abschneiden',ags.scierands.,as.
sker-sahs`Schermesser';ahd.scero`Maulwurf',nhd.Schermaus,norw.vatn-skjerunderlikewise
`Spitzmaus'(compareunderags.scierfe-ms`Spitzmaus');Kaus.-Iter.ahd.scerian,as.skerjan,ags.
scierianàllot,decide,define,ordain,determine';aisl.skrf.`hair;edge;end',ags.scearuf.`das
Haarschneiden;allotment',ahd.scara`Heeresabteilung,troop,multitude,crowdetc.`,mnd.scharef.
ds.(outofitaisl.skrf.,skarim.`troop,multitude,crowd,bulk,mass');withnotclearmeaningdevelopmentahd.haram-skara,as.harm-skara,ags.hearm-scearu`punishment,plague';
ahd.scar,scarom.,scaraf.`plowshare',ags.scearm.n.ds.,norw.skere(*skarjan-)ds.;aisl.skern.
(*skarja-)`cliff'(outofitmnd.scheref.`Felszacke,cliff',nhd.Schre);ablaut.ags.score`(felsiges)
seashore,Kste',scorianòverhang,fromKlippenunderlikewise',mnd.schore,schare`Kste,bank,
border,shore',nexttowhichwith-rr-:ahd.scorra`schrofferFels',scorrn`hervorragen,fromrocksor
bone';
aisl.skarr`damages,verstummelt,verringert',as.skard`zerhauen,verwundet',ahd.scart,mhd.
schart`zerhauen,schartig',ags.sceardds.,aisl.skarn.`Scharte,hole,lack,damage,pity',mhd.
nhd.scharte,ags.sceardn.`piece,fragment',ablaut.aisl.skoraf.`clovenstaff',àmoberenend
clovenpad'(compareinsimilarmeaningmnd.schore,schare`Strebepfahl,pad'=engl.shore);
aisl.skorf.ìncision,incisure,crack',mnd.schorem.ds.,nnd.schr,schr`frail,breakable,brittle';
aisl.skyrn.(*skurja-)`coagulatedmilk'(:skera-sk`sichdivide=curdle,coagulate,harden');skurrm.
`dasSchneiden';ahd.skerm,skirm`shield(`*fromHuten'),protection,Bedeckung',mhd.scherm,
schirm,ahd.skirmen(*skirmjan),as.biskirmian`beschirmen';
s-losperhapsaisl.hrundn.`Fleisch';mhd.hre,hrwer`herb`('incisiveoftaste';protogerm.*harwainfinn.karvas`herb');got.harus,aisl.hjrr,ags.heoru,as.herum.`sword'(seeabovemir.
coire);
lengthenedgradeahd.scr,scra,Pl.scri`scissors',as.skraf.ds.,ags.scar`Pflugscher',Pl.
scerero,aisl.skrin.Pl.`scissors',hr-skrrìnLeichenhackend(eagle)';mhd.schuorf.`Schur',
aisl.skra`fight,struggle';
lit.skiri,skrti,lett.irt`separate,divide',lit.karnf.`Lindenbast',lett.izkartànrhren';lit.kra,
kro,krti`sichloslsen';skar`scrap,shred,rag';OldPrussiankrmens`body'(seeunder);lit.
kirvis,lett.cirvisàxe';presumablyofconcepttheabgespaltenenHautschuppefrom:lit.karaPl.
`Steinpocken'(slav.Lw.),prakars`maserig,ofwood';
russ.korf.`measles'and`Motte'(`*Schererin');aruss.kora`bark',russ.etc.kor`bark,crust';
whereofamongothersChurchSlavickoricPl.`Zimt',russ.korcads.,krka`bowl,bark,crust',
kort`hardbecome',bulg.korv`stiff,hard',serb.okretise`stiff,hardbecome'etc.(OldChurch
Slavickorcàmeasureofcapacity',russ.korc`Mhlkasten;scoopetc.`,slov.korec`Krbchen
underlikewise';perhapstoOldIndiancar-`Kessel'etc.,s.ker-);
russ.dial.erv`sickle'(=lit.kirvis,OldIndiankrvi-,seeabove);bsl.*kermen-andkerua-n.`belly,
body'inOldPrussiankrmensm.`body';slav.*ervon.inOldChurchSlavicrvo`lowerabdomen,
belly',russ.ervods.etc.(originallyàusgeschnitteneTiereingeweide');doubtfulOldChurchSlavic
rvj`sandal',russ.olderevjiPl.`Schuhe'etc.(*`skin,leather');
ChurchSlavickrn`mutilated',okrnitiàmputieren',russ.dial.krnyj`fromkleinemgrowth,short',
kornt`stutzen',(etc.=OldIndian-kra-);presumably(asàbgeschnitteneshaft,pole')OldChurch
Slavickrma`rudder,helm,HinterendeofSchiffes',r.korm`Schiffshinterteil'etc.;perhapsr.-Church
Slavicrn`Handgriff',russ.ren`Heft,Stiel,handle,graspeinesMessers;Pfropfen'.
B.
B.Dentalextensions:
)(s)ker-d- :
Illyr.Scordus(mons),():lit.skards`steil'seeunder(Jokl,EbertsReallex.6,37);air.
scerdid`kratztab';
Maybealb.(*skord-)kodr`hill'
afterdendividedWurzelknollen:gr.()n.`garlic',alb.hurdh,hudhrds.(*skord-);
ahd.scherze,scherzelàbgeschnittenesStck';ahd.scurz`short'(mhd.schrzen`krzen',schurz
`gekrztesgarment',nhd.Schurz,Schrze),ags.scort`short',scortian`krzerbecome,fehlen,lack'
(scyrtef.`Schurz,Hemd';engl.short`short',shirt`Hemd'),aisl.skorta`fehlen,lack',skortn.,skortrm.
`lack';
withotherVokalstellung(influenceofgerm.*skraut-,*skrut-)mnd.schratelen`carve,slit';
maybealb.(*scyrte)shkurt`short'
Note:
illyr.TNScordiscimeant:`menwithshirts,kilts(likewomen)'hencealb.(*skodra)kodra`hill'actually
meant:'(*short)lowmountain,lowhill'[commondropofinitials -inalb.sk>k]
lit.skerdi,skersti`(Schweine)schlachten',lett.ru,e'rst`split,aufschneiden',lit.skrdiu,
skrdti`Rissebekommen',ablaut.skardti`schroten';skards`steil',skardism.`steilesbank,
border,shore'(seeaboveillyr.Scordus),skurds`painful',nu-skurdes`zerlumpt',ostlit.skurst,
skursti`lackleiden';lett.skrdt`splitup,cutup,divide',lit.suskirdusioskjosàufgesprungene
Fe',OldPrussianscurdis`Bicke,Mhleisen',OldChurchSlavico-skrdm.`toolzumBehauen
theSteine',russ.oskrd`bighatchet',skorod`harrow',ech.oskrd`Mhleisen,Spitzhammer';nas.
lit.skrndasàlterPelz',skradis`Viehmagen',lett.skrandasPl.`rag,clout',OldPrussianscrundos
Pl.`scissors'.
Aboutsker-dh-seebelowesp.Schlagwort.
)(s)ker-t- , (s)kre-t-:
OldIndiankrnttinewerkartati`cuts,slices'=av.krntaiti(besideskrnaoiti=OldIndiankrti,
aboveS.938)`cuts,slices;schindet';participlePerf.Pass.krtt-(av.-krsta-);OldIndiankartanam
`dasSchneiden',krt-m.orf.`knife',av.karti-`knife',npers.krdds.;OldIndiankarta-m.
`separation,Unterscheidung',kart-m.`pit,pothole,hole'(k`depth,ground'outofitmind.
development),perhapsav.-kaa-`bay';escanpartizipialeto-formationszurtheabbreviatedroot
formsker-vorliegen;OldIndianktti-f.`fell,fur',ni-krtti-`Niedermetzlung';OldIndianktva`...Male',
-kte.g.sa-kt,av.ha-krtònce',originally`withaHieb',asinOldIndiansakrd-chinn-àuf
einmalabgetrennt',av.hakrt-jan-àufeinmalttend'(compareOldChurchSlavickrat`mal',lit.
kartasds.);
OldIndiankau-(mi.from*kartu-)`(*incisive)sharp,biting'(:lit.karts`bitter');
arm.kèrtèm`pulldieskinab,schleab';
alb.kjth`schere'(*kert);
lat.cortex`bark,Borke',scortum`fell,fur,Tierhaut,Hure',cna`meal'=osk.kersnu`cna',kerssnas
`cnis'(*kert-sn`share');umbr.esna`cnam',cersnatur`cnti';
ahd.herdo`vellus',ags.heordam.`fell,fur',nhd.schweiz.herde,hrde`sheep-orgoatskin';ags.
heranPl.`testicles'(`*Hautsack';from*harujan)withotherVokalstellungaisl.hrejarPl.
`Hodensack';perhapsherealsogot.hairra,ahd.herdarn.,ags.hreerm.ìntestines,entrails';
lengthenedgradethe2.syllableinmnd.schrt(-d-)èinintheLngeabgeschnittenesStck',
schrdenàbschneiden',schrt(-d-)`slantwise(eineotherLinieschneidend)';atmostto-participlezur
basisskr-;
nasalized(germ.*skren-,compareOldIndiankrntati):ahd.skrindan,-tan`break,crack,Risse
bekommen',norw.skrindaìncisure';zerogradeahd.scrunda,-ta`col,gap,crack',nhd.Schrund(e),
norw.skrunda`hutch';withgradationmhd.schranz(e)`crack,slit,geschlitztesgarment'(ahd.
*scrantussa,comparescruntussa`crack');wfries.schrander`sharp'(fromVerstand),etc.;withouts-:
mnd.uprindenàufbersten'(fromWunden);
lit.kertkirsti`hauesharp,schlageviolent',kirstas`beaten',lett.crtu,crst`hew,hit,hacken';lit.
kirtis`Hieb',OldPrussiankirtisds.,lit.kerslasÀderlaeisen'(*kert-s-lo-),besideskerstas`Lanzette';
OldPrussiankersle`hoe,axe'(=russ.resletc.);lit.karsa`cave'(*karts),lit.karts,OldPrussian
Nom.Pl.krtai`bitter';OldPrussianscordo(consignsstordo)`Schwarte'i.e.`menschlicheKopfhaut'
(balt.*skart);lit.kertkas`Spitzmaus'(:klr.ert`groedormouse',compareofeinfachen*skerahd.scero`Maulwurf'etc.);lit.kartas`mal',venskartvensèinmaleins',lett.vinkrs`simple,just'
(seeabovetoOldIndianktvas,-krt),lit.kart`Lage,layer',lett.krtaòrder,layer,Lage';lit.kirtas
`Tierlager';
asàbgeschnittenesStckHolz'lit.krtis`shaft,pole',lett.krtsds.,OldPrussiankartanof.ds.;balt.
*karta-`trough'(outofitfinn.karttads.)inOldPrussianpracartism.ds.,lit.pr-kartasds.;besides
protoslav..*karta-n.`trough,trough'inChurchSlavickorytoàlveus',russ.korto`trough,trough'
etc.;withthroughdasnasalpresentbedingterotherVokalstellunglit.krint,krita,krstiàbfallen,
fromBlttern,Frchten'(compareOldIndiankrnttram`cleft,gap,col,gap,Zerklftung');
OldChurchSlavicna-rtati`',russ.-ChurchSlavicrtu,rsti`cut,clip',russ.oldoerestièinelimit,boundarydecide,define,ordain,determine'(etc.);klr.ert`big,giantdormouse'
(compareabovetolit.kertkas);klr.eresl,poln.trzoso`Pflugmesser,Sech',sloven.rslo,ech.
tslo`Gerberlohe';perhapsruss.olderea,mbulg.(ablaut.)o-rta,o-rta`tent'(if`fromFellen
orbark',*k(e)rst-i-,compareOldIndiankt-ti-);perhapsruss.(etc.)ert`reed'(fromden
schneidendenBlttern);ChurchSlavickrat-k(=OldIndiankau-,lit.karts),russ.kortkij`short'
(etc.);OldChurchSlavics-krat,-kratiti`verkrzen;sichshortfassen,endigen';OldChurchSlavic
kratintrikraty`dreimal'etc.,poln.trzy-krods.(etc.,seeabovetolit.kartas`mal');
hitt.karti-àbschneiden,beseitigen'.
Aboutperhapscognatewordsfor`quer'seeunder*skert-s-`quer'.
C.
C.gutturalextension:
*krok-no-incymr.croen`skin',Pl.crwyn,acorn.croinds.;croinoc`rubeta'>corn.cronek`crapaud'
besides*krok-iningall.-lat.crocina`mastruca',OldChurchSlavickruzno,russ.korznods.;outofit
borrowedahd.krusina,kursinna(whereforenhd.Krschner),afries.kersna,sptags.crus(e)ne
`Pelzrock',mlat.crusina;*krokkeno-inmir.crocann,nir.croiceann`skin',bret.kroc'hen,mcorn.
crghends.
D.
D.Labialextensions:
)(s)kerb/h/- , (s)kreb(h)-:
Mir.cerb`sharp,incisive',cer(b)aim`cut,bite';
ags.sceorpan`scratch,scrape,gnaw'(probablyalso`*cut,clip',comparesceorp`dress');aisl.skarpr
èingeschrumpft,lean,strong,sharp',ags.scearp,as.skarp`sharp,rough,bitter',ahd.scarf,scarph,
mhd.scharf,-pf`rough,incisive';ahd.skurfen,scurphen,mhd.schr(p)fenàufschneiden,
disembowel,(fire)anschlagen',nhd.schrfen;
bsl.*skirbf.`Ritze'(*skerbh)inlett.irbaf.`Ritze,col,gap',ablaut.erbalaandskarbaf.
`splinter'andskarbs(=nhd.`scharf')`sharp,rough';inadditionlit.skirbti`sourbecome',lett.erbs
`herb,sour';slav.*rbm.,*rbaf.inpoln.szczerbm.`Scharte,incisure',slov.rb`schartig',
ba`Scharte'etc.;russ.erbf.`crack,Scharte,scar';
bsl.*skurb(*skorbh)inlit.em.skurbti`beinwoefulness',skurbf.`ruefulness',lett.skrbstu,
skrbt`senseless,unconsciousbecome';slav.*skrbaf.inslov.*kba`Scharte,Zahnlcke',also
slav.skrbf.inOldChurchSlavicskrb,russ.-ChurchSlavicskrb,serb.skrb,russ.skorb
`ruefulness,care',skrbnut`wither,wilt,mortify',slov.skrbti`carefor,worry';
lat.scrobism.f.`pit,pothole';ags.screpan`scratch,scrape',mhd.schreffenst.V.`rend,ritzen,
scratch,scrape';aisl.skrapa(*skrapn)`scratch,scratch,scrape,scrape',mnd.schrapends.,mhd.
schraffen`dieskinritzen,schrpfen',schrapfe(*skrapp)`toolzumKratzen',whereofschrapfen
`curry',mnd.schrappen`scrape,scratch,scrape';mhd.schrepfen(*skrapjan),nhd.`schrpfen`;
lit.skrebti`rustle,sough,rustle',lett.skrabt`hollowout,scratch,scrape,scrape',skrabint
`benagen',skribintds.(neologismfrom*skrebinat);lit.tskrabaim.Pl.òffal';russ.-Church
Slavicoskrebàbgeschabthabend',russ.skreb,skrest(skrest,alsoskrebt)`scrape,scratch,
scrape',Iterat.ech.krabati`scratch,scrape';
withreducedgrade:cymr.crafu`scratch,scrape,rub,ausbeuten';lett.kribintàbnagen';
lengthenedgrade:skrbh- , skrbh- , withr -suffixthenametheHainbuche(afterdemgesgten
leaf):alb.shko-z(*skrbh-r-),OldPrussianscober-wis(*skrbher-),lit.skroblas(*skrbh-ro-),
newerskrobls,butlett.(withsecondary)skbardis,skbarde(*skrbhar-)`Rotbuche',s.JoklWuS.
12,71ff.,andcomparelit.skirpstasunderS.945;
zerogradegr.Hes.;
comparealsogerbh-,aboveS.386,andcymr.cramenS.945.
)(s)kerp- , (s)krep-:
OldIndiankrpa-m.`sword',krpf.`scissors,Dolch';karpara-n.`shard'm.`bowl,cranium'(:Old
Prussiankerpetis`cranium',OldChurchSlavicrp`shard',ahd.scirbi`shard');
alb.karp,karm(*korp-n-)`Fels,cliff'(comparelat.saxum:sec;insecurekrep,shkrep`Fels,
slope');inadditionthrak.`Karpaten';
gr.`fruit'(Àbgeschnittenes,Abgepflcktes'),,èrnte';`sickle'
(idg.*krp-);withs-probably`scorpion,einstachligerSeefisch';
lat.carp,-ere`pluck,abpflcken',originallyàbtrennen',gloss.scarpoi.e.excarpoèligo',scarpinat
`scripithaen'(ags.`diehenscharrt');carpinus`Hainbuche'etc.(afterdemgesgtenleaf);compare
hitt.karpina-èintree';
mir.corrn`sickle',cirrim`schlageab,verstmmle'(-rr-from-rp-)perhapsir.corr,cymr.cor`cusp,
peak'(:);
ahd.herbist,ags.hrfestàutumn'(`timeofPflckens,Erntens';probablyeinSuperlativ*karpistos
àtbestzumPflckengeeignet');aisl.harfrm.herfin.`harrow';
withs -:
-:ags.sceorfanst.V.`bite,zerfressen',gesceorfan`tear,scrape';scyrft`dasSchneiden',ahd.
scirbi,mhd.schirbe,laterscherbe`shard(*scharfkantigincisive);head,testa'(seeabovetoOld
Indiankarpara-),mnd.scherve`bowl';ahd.scerf,mnd.scherf`halberPfennig,kleinste
Scheidemnze',nhd.Scherflein;ags.scearfian(*skarn)`scrape,tear'=mnd.scharven(besides
schervenfrom*skarjan)ìnsmallStckecarve,slit',ahd.scarbnds.,mnd.scharf`shard',aisl.
skarfr`schrgesEndstck',norw.skarv`cliff';
maybealb.shkrep`cliff,rock',shkrif`soften'
withotherVokalfolge:ahd.screvnìncidere',mnd.schrevem.`line(`*Ritzung'),line',schwed.skreva
`Felskluft',aisl.skrefn.`footstep'(`*cleft,gap');ags.scrf`cave',mhd.schraf,schrave`zerklftete
Felsklippe',mnd.schravel`spiky,schroff';mhd.scrove,schroffem.`spitzer(*schneidender)stone,
cliff',backformationnhd.Adj.schroff;
as`rissige,roughskin'herediePostverbaliaaisl.skurfaf.`scurf,scab',schwed.skorf,ags.skurf,
scorfm.`scurf,scab,crust,eschar'(toscorfan,seeabove),ahd.scorfds.(besidesnorw.skorpa
`crust',mhd.besidesschorfalsoschorpffromgeminiertem*skorp[p]-),comparelit.krpa`wart',lett.
krpa,krpisds.;
lit.kerp,kirpti`withtheSchereschneiden',Iterat.karpti,atkarpa,tkarpos`Schnitzel';kraptti
`scratch,stochern'(onomatopoeicword);lett.crpu,crpt`shave,shear',cirpef.`sickle';Iterat.
krpt`scratch,dieErdeaufwerfen'(compareanord.harfr,herfi);OldPrussiankerpetis`cranium'
(compareOldIndiankarpara-);
withs -:
-:lett.rpt`lawnschneiden',rpis`Pflugmesser',rpele`woodensplinter',irpta
`Scharte';withzerogradei:lit.skirpstas`Rster',OldPrussianskerptusds.(afterdengesgten
Blttern),lit.skirpstus`Rotbuche';
OldChurchSlavicrp`shard'(indenneuerenslav.Sprachenpartlyalso`cranium');presumably
alsoprotoslav.*rp,er(p)tiinOldChurchSlavicrp,rti`scoop'(`withashardWasser
scoop');russ.dial.erp`sickle'probablycontaminatedfromervandserpm.ds.;
comparealsokerp-`rag'aboveS.581.
E. (s)kr-m- , (s)kr-m- :
cymr.cramenf.`scurf,scab'(with-mm-),bret.crammen,cremmends.(das-mm-expressiveorfrom
*-bm-);mir.scremf.Òberflche,skin'(with-mm-);
afrnk.*scramasaksin`cultrisvalidisquosvulgoscramasaxosvocant'(Gregorv.Tours),compare
alsoscramis(besidesscutis,spatis,lanceis,sagittis)intheLexVisigothorum;mhd.schramf.`
scratch,Schwertwunde',m.`Felsspalt,hole',schramen`tearopen';besideswithmm:mnd.schram
(-mm-)m.`Ritze,incisure',schrammef.`Ritze,scratch'(outofitnhd.Schramme);ablaut.aisl.
skrma`wound,scratch;axe';
lit.krmas,lett.krama`crust,scab,eschar';lit.krimsti`gnaw,plague',lett.krmst`gnaw,klauben';
ChurchSlavicpokrom`margopanni',russ.krom`Brotschnitte,edge',ChurchSlavicukromAdv.
`singulatim'(`*abgetrennt'),OldChurchSlavickromAdv.àuen,outside';ablaut.russ.dial.kremf.
`break,sectionofWaldes';
presumablyOldChurchSlavickremy,kremen`Feuerstein';lett.kremsds.,ablaut.krams.
F. (s)ker-s-:
Hom.`withungeschorenenHaaren';att.`dasAbscherenthehair';,-f.
`razor',`geschoren',`barber'etc.,`bydenHaarenfassend',
Hes.,`schere',`geschoren'etc.;
att.inschr.`lignumsectum';`Blutopfer',àsacrificialanimal';
mir.cymr.etc.corr`verkmmert,dwarfish'(*korso-);
toch.Akrt-,krst-àbschneiden,destroy';hitt.kar-,kariia-àbschneiden,verstmmeln'etc.
II. i -basissker - , skr i - , skr - `cut,clip,divide'alsoparticularly`throughSiebenGrobesandFeines
divide';seeabovegr.,,lit.skiri.
)Gr.(*-,compareFut.,andlesb.)`scheide,unterscheide,entscheide',
participle;`coarsemeal,flour'(`dasGesiebte'),,n.`verdict,judgement',
m.`judge',f.`verdict',`separate';`feinesSieb'(derivativefrom
*,*kr[i]-tis`crti,Sieben');
lat.cern,-ere`sichten,divide;distinctwahrnehmen(distinguish,discern),erkennen'(*cr-n);certus
(=)`geschieden,entschieden,certainly,surely',Perf.cr-v-(whereuponpreviouslycrtum),
ex-cr-mentumÀusscheidung',screa(*skri)Àuswurf',screre`sichruspern';discrmen
`trennenderAbstand,Zwischenraum;Unterscheidung;entscheidender,kritischerinstant,eyeblink',
crbrum`Sieb,Durchschlag'(*kri-dhrom);
air.criathar(*kri-tro-)`Sieb',acymr.cruitrds.(ncymr.crwydr`dasHin-andhergehen,Wandern'),
corn.croider,mbret.croezrnbret.krouer`Sieb';cymr.go-grynu`sieben'(*upo-kri-n),bret.gourner
`Sieb',cymr.gwagr,gogrds.;gall.-rom.crinare`split',oberital.crena`cleft,fissure',etc.;aboutir.
crch`limit,boundary,Gebiet',cymr.crip,crib,corn.bret.krib`comb',seeaboveS.619;
ags.hrdder,hrddel`Sieb',ahd.rtera,nhd.Reiter`coarseSieb'(*kri-or*kr-dhrom);got.hrains
(*kroini-),aisl.hreinn,as.hrn(i),ahd.hreini`pure',nhd.rein,dial.`fine-ground,sieved';
bsl.*krei`slit,separate,scheide'inlett.krijt`flay',krijaf.`bark,outercoveringofatree',lit.krjasm.
`Siebreifen',Pl.krjos`bast,bark',skrjos`Siebreifen';
Maybealb.krasit`cut',alb.kreh(*kre-sko)'comb,dressthehair',[commonalb.-sk->-h-phonetic
mutation],kryje`head(withhair)'.
protoslav..*kroj,*krojiti(previouscausative)inChurchSlavickrojiti`,-,
dissecre',russ.kroj,krojt`cut,clip,carve,slit;corn,grainsieben';
protoslav..*kraj(bsl.*kria-m.)inOldChurchSlavickrajèdge,bank,border,shore',russ.kraj
èdge,region;end',krjnijùerst';withablautOldChurchSlaviciskr`nahe';protoslav..*kridain
osorb.kida,nsorb.kidaf.`Sieb'.
)(d-present)(s)kreid- in:
mir.scrissid`cuts,slices'(*skrid-t-);
got.dis-skreitan`teartrans.`,dis-skritnan`tearintr.`,nhd.schweiz.schrssen,schreien,bair.
schritzen`rend,schlitzen',schritz`crack';as.hrtanorhrtian`rend,ritzen,schreiben',aschwed.run.
hrita`ritzen,carve'.
)(s)krei-t-: ags.midhriren.`Zwerchfell';afries.mid-hrith(ere)ds.
)Labialextensions:
(s)kerbh- ingr.and`scratch,ritzeauf,einenUmri',m.`stylus,
Umri,Skizze';lat.scrb,-ere`withastylusgraben,einzeichnen,schreiben',osk.scriftasNom.Pl.
`scriptae',umbr.screihtor`scripti';lat.Lwe.areahd.scrban,as.skran,afries.skrfa`schreiben'and
dieoriginallykirchlichenwordsags.scrfanàpunishment,esp.einekirchlichepenance,atonement
auferlegen',aisl.skript`Beichte,punishment';unclearisdasp(=bb)inmir.scrp(a)id`kratzt';
withidg.-p-: aisl.hrfa`scratch,scrape,scratch';hrfaf.`rake',afries.hrvia,ndl.rijven`rake,rake',
ags.gehrfnianàbreien';lettskrpt`scratch,scrape,scribble;einschreiben',skrpsts`krummes
Schnitzmesser',skrpaèingeritzterstripe'.
III. u -basis(s)keru- , (s)kreu- , compareperhapslit.kirvisàxe',russ.erv`sickle'etc.;
ags.scrawam.`Spitzmaus',scierfe-msds.:
(s)kreut-: gr.`kerntfrom'Hes.;
lat.scrtillus`ventersuillusconditafarteexpletus',dial.scrtum`Hodensack',hyperurbanisiert
scrautum`quiver'(scrta`junk'fromgr.`junk',asscrfafrom);scrtor,-r
ùntersuchen,durchstbern';
mcymr.ysgrud`Skelett'(*skrou-to-),LothRC.43,166f.;
ahd.scrtan`hew,hit,cut,clip,schroten';also`dresszuschneiden'(henceSchrder,Schrter),scrt
`cut'(mhd.schrolle`clodofearth'from*skru-l-),ags.scradian`schlen,abschneiden',
*scrad(e)f.`StckZeug',skrdn.`dress'=aisl.skrn.`kostbaresZeug,dress';(withouts-:aisl.
hrja`leeren,vertreiben,verheeren',hrjr`Vernichter');ahd.scrutn,scrodn,scrutiln
èrforschen,durchforschen',scrod`scrutatio',andgot.and-hruskan`nachforschen'(*krt-sk);here
probablywithNas.andauslautvoiced-nonaspiratedOldPrussianscrundosf.Pl.`scissors'.
(s)keru-p- , (s)kreu-p-:
Lat.scrpus`scharfer,spitzerstone',scrpulus`spitzigessmallstone'(scrpulusnachscrptus)and
(asscrpulum)`kleinsterTeileinesGewichtesorMaes;ngstlicheGenauigkeit(asàufspitzen
Steinengoing'),Skrupel',scrpeus`steinig';
perhapsas`kratzend'=schwed.skrofligùneven,rough,hoarse'etc.;
poln.skorupaetc.`shard'.
References:
References:WP.I422,II573ff.,WH.I170f.,172f.,198,205f.,274,316f.,II498ff.,Trautmann
117,119,128ff.,141,265ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsokreup-aboveS.623.
Page(s):
Page(s):938-947
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwort
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.567ff.(ker-).
Page(s):
Page(s):947
Root/lemma: (s)kert-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:across
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`quer,querdurch'
Note:
Note:('inQuerschnitt';to[s]ker-t-`cut,clip')
Material:
Material:Arm.-xeàufsssig,widerspenstig'(wrdealsoidg.-rs-voraussetzen);
gr.-,-`slant,skew,indieQuere',Hes.;
bsl.*(s)kersa-in.kirscha,kirschan(zerograde),kerscha,krschanàbout';lit.skersasAdj.`quer,
zwerch',lett.rs,Adv.,rsu`quer',russ.-ChurchSlavicrs(andafterotherprepositionaufz:
rz),russ.erez`through,about-out';alsoOldChurchSlavicrslaNom.Pl.`loins'as
`Zwerchfell,QuereofKrpers'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):949-950
Root/lemma: skeub- ,skeubh- ,skeugEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tomove;throw,shoot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dahinschieen(flink);schieen,werfen,schieben'
Material:
Material:Got.af-skiuban`wegschieben,verstoen',ags.scofanandscfan`schieben',ahd.
scioban`schieben'(hatnhd.alsodiemeaningèiliggo'),aisl.skfaandskyfa`schieben,fortstoen',
intensivewithgemin.Tenuismhd.nhd.schupfen,norw.skuppads.,ahd.scupha,scopha
`Schaukelbrett';withgemin.voiced-nonaspirated:norw.skubba`rub,scour,rub,clean',mhd.
schoppen`stuff'andwithlongSpiransengl.scoff`derision,ridicule';ahd.scf(a)la`Schaufel=
shovel',scblads.,ags.scoflds.,mnd.schuppe,ndl.schopf.ds.(-pp-);mhd.schft`Galopp';
aufskeub - wirdzurckgefhrtaisl.skopa`run,spring',aisl.skaupandskopn.`derision',ags.scop
`Dichter'(Nachbildungafterlat.mimus),ahd.scof,scophm.`Dichter',n.`poem,derision';
lit.skbti`hurry',skbinti`beeilen',skubs,skubrsàgile,hasty';OldChurchSlavicskub,skubati
`pluck,rend';
skeug- inmengl.mnl.schokken`bump,poke',mnd.schocken`tremble',nd.schocken,sckucken
`shake,swing',mhd.schocken`swing,tanzen';
maybefromskeu-k- hereas`gehetzt':germ.*skeuhwa-`shy'inags.scoh,engl.shy,mhd.schiech;
outofitags.scyhhan,ahd.sciuhen,nhd.scheuchen;withablautandgramm.variationgerm.
*skugwa-`shy'inmnd.sch(we),schwed.skugg;OldChurchSlavicuti`hetzen'(*skou-);
References:
References:WP.I377,II556,Trautmann263,WissmannNom.postverb.128,177f.andSkop
BSB.1954,2.
Page(s):
Page(s):955
Root/lemma: skeud-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprotest,grumble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnwillig,mrrischsein',inBalt.alsovonkrperlichemSchmerze
Material:
Material:Gr.,`rageagainst,grolle',(diss.from*-)`grumpy,
surly,sullen,unwilling,sad',ds.,`binunwilling';
lit.pra-skund,-skuda,-sksti`toache,toexhaustbegin',skundàccusation',praskund`pain',
noskunda`pity',skndiu,sksti`sichbemoan';lett.skund-u,-t`mignstig,envioussein,be
angrywith';lit.skauds`painful,sullen,violent',skasta(skaudti)èsschmerzt',lett.skuu,skust
ènvioussein,injure,hurt',skaudtds.;lit.skaudulsùlcer'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsokeud-aboveS.595f.
Page(s):
Page(s):955
Root/lemma: (s)keud-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,shoot
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,schieen,hetzen';intr.`dahinschieen,eilen,hervorschlieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiancdati,cdyati`treibtan,throngs',np.ustàgile,ttig,fitting',OldIndian
skundat`hurries'(Dhtup.);
gr.`Zahnkeim',Hes.();alb.heth`throw,cast,worfle'(for*hedhfrom*skoudei);
Thisassumptionseemsuncertain;maybefromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:s(i)-2 :si- :s- :s- :s- and
sei- :si- :(tothrow,send,letfall,sow):derivedalb.(*seth),hedh`throw'.
aisl.skjta,ags.scotan`toss,fling,bump,poke,schieen',ahd.sciozan`schieen,throw,
schnellendbewegen';ahd.scoz`Gescho,sprout',scuz`Schu,Wurf,quickness',aisl.skjtr,ags.
scot`quick,fast',got.skaut`lap,hem',aisl.skautn.`Zipfel,point,edge,lap,protrusion',ahd.scz
`Zipfel,Kleiderscho,Rockscho',mnd.schott(-tt-)`(vorgeschobener)bar,bolt,Verschlu',whereof
schuttenàbdmmen,hinder,shield',mhd.nhd.schtzen;
withoutanlaut.s-:mhd.hossen,hotzen`quick,fastrun',nhd.dial.hutzenàntreiben,hetzen'(asOld
Indiancdati),also`bump,poke';
lit.skudrs,skaudrsàgile';lett.skaudrsds.,skudraÀmeise';OldChurchSlavicis-kydati
`herauswerfen',russ.kidt`throw',kdkij`rash,hasty,willing,ready,greedy'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsounderskeu-5andskeub-.
Page(s):
Page(s):955-956
Root/lemma: (s)keu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toperform,commit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`herrichten,ausfhren'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.(mostlyPl.)àppliance,armament,armor',àrmament,armor,clothing,
Tracht',`bereite,richtean;putzefrom;bewaffne;stiftean';
aisl.heyja,ags.hegan`commit';
OldChurchSlavicpr-kutitiàdorn,embellish,adorn',russ.kutit`carouse,sichwithKlatsch
befassen,rage,clamor',ChurchSlavickutiti`machinari',ech.kutiti,kutati`drive,push,schkern',
also(refl.)`whlen,dig,schren';dieslav.wordsbasedonaufa*kou-tperhaps`front'.
References:
References:WP.II546,Vasmer1,706(,unclear').
Page(s):
Page(s):950-951
Root/lemma: (s)keu-2 ,(s)keu :(s)k-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocover,wrap
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedecken,umhllen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianskunti,skunti,skuti`bedeckt';doubtfulku-kla-`Hlsen,armament,armor',
psu-kla-`Lumpenkleidthebuddhist.Mnche';
arm.ciw`roof,cover'(*skuo-);withanl.kh-:arm.xuc`Stube'(*kh-skho-,atmostzurs-extension),
fraglicherxavar`dark'(*khouo-,formsarm.-ar),xup``cover',xul,xlik`cottage',xlay(*khlati-)
`femaleKopfverhllung,Schleier;dress';
gr.Pl.`brows',`skinoberhalbtheAugenbrauen'(compareOldIndianskunti);
n.`Tierhaut,bowl',àbgezogeneTierhaut',ds.`demFeindabgenommene
Rstung';doubtful,Pl.`Flie';
lat.obscrus`*bedeckt'=`dark';clus`theHintere';
air.clm.`back,rump',cymr.cil`back';air.cl(*k-l-)f.àngle,hideout'=cymr.etc.cil,ysgil
`hideout';ir.cuarn,cymr.curan`shoe';perhapskelt.-lat.cucullus`cowl'(compareaboveOldIndian
ku-kla-);
aisl.skjf.`barn'(*skeu),probablyalsoaisl.hf.`skin'inhross-hunderlikewise(*skou),skli
`cottage,room'(germ.*skawalan-);skyn.(*skeuio-)`cloud,Verdunklung',ags.sco,as.scio`cloud';
ags.scu(w)am.`shadow,darkness,protection',ahd.scuwo,scm.`shadow',sc-c(h)arn.`mirror',
actually`Schattengef',aisl.skuggim.`shadow,Spiegelbild,ghost',skugg-sjf.`mirror',got.
skuggwam.`mirror';ahd.skugin(a),mhd.schiune,nhd.Scheune(Òbdach'),norw.dial.skyggnem.
`cottage,hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole';aisl.skaunf.(orskaunnm.)`shield';norw.skme`dark',aisl.
skmim.`dawn,twilight',mnd.schummer`dawn,twilight'(:lett.skumt);aisl.hmn.`twilight',PN.
Hymir`Verdunkler';perhapsahd.scm`scum,froth,foam'(if`deckendes');
maybealb.(*scm)shkum`foam'
aisl.skjln.`hideout,Zuflucht,protection,barn',skjla`Btte,Kbel',(`Verwahrungsraum'),changing
throughablautaisl.skyli,mnd.schlen.`hideout',afries.skule`cottage';aisl.skyla`beschtzen',
mhd.schlen`bentsein,lurk,lugen';
ahd.scrm.`Wetterdach,protection'(:lat.obscrus),mhd.schrÒbdach,Schirm',aisl.skrf.`skin
theMandel',ahd.skra,sciura,(*skrja)`barn,barn';withformants-ko-andlengthenedgrade[u]
probablygot.skhs,aisl.skr,Pl.skar,ahd.scuoh`shoe'(actually`deckendesOberlederof
Schuhes',compareaboveir.carn`shoe'andmndl.schoe`swordscabbard,sheath');
lit.kvalasÈierschale',lett.ula`bowl,husk';lett.kja`vulva';lett.skat`hug,embrace,holdtight',
skumstu,skmt`sadbecome'(òbscurri');butlit.skr`leather,bark,outercoveringofatree',lett.
skura`husk'fromweiruss.skyra.
A.
A.Dentalextensions(respectivelyformationswithDentalformantien):
(s)keu-t-:
Gr.n.`skin,leather',,`bisaufdieskin',n.`Hlle,skin'and`vessel,Urne,
cavity',`smallKasten,Bchse',;Hes.;(*-or*-),
()`cavity,bulge,Bienenzelle,Eichelnapf',`nus'(*F);aboutlat.cuturnium
`vas,quoinsacrificiisvinumfundebatur's.WH.I320;
lat.cutis`skin';cunnus`pudendummuliebre'(*kut-nos);
cymr.cwd`Hodensack';mcymr.eskit,esgit,ncymr.esgid,corn.eskit,esgis`shoe'(*ped-skti-);
aisl.h,ags.hyd,ahd.ht(*hdi-)`Haut'(schweiz.hut`husk,Fruchtschale');
ahd.hodo,afries.hotha`testicle';ags.homam.`darkness',ahd.hutta`cottage'(*kutior*kudhi:
outofitas.hutta,huttia);
alit.kuts`Beutel,Geldkatze';balt.*keut`skin',OldPrussiankeuto,lit.kiutas`bowl,husk',dial.
kvetasm.ds.;kivalasm.Èierschale'(*keuolo-),lett.ulaf.`bowl',umalaf.`hardbowl'
(Trautmann132);
nasalized*kunti`preserve'perhapsinOldChurchSlavicsktati`beruhigen,stillen',russ.ktat
`verhllen'etc.,OldPrussian-knti`pflegt',Inf.poknst,paknst`preserve,protect'andwith
intonationchangeslav.*ktaf.inOldChurchSlavickta`',klr.ka`pigpen'(Trautmann
145).
(s)keudh-:
OldIndiankuhara-n.`cave',kuhaka-m.`Schelm,Gaukler,cheater',kuhayate`betrgt',kuh-f.
`Neumond'(`theverstecktemoon');pamirdial.sk`hoheMtzefromSchaffell';
gr.`verberge',n.,`verborgenedepth',`verborgenerplace,cavity,
Saulache';
mir.codal`skin';
ags.hydan`conceal';hereorto*skeut-got.skauda-(raip)Akk.Sg.`shoe(riemen)',aisl.skauf.
`vagina',Pl.`Vorhaut;Elender,Scheusal',skjaf.`Beutel,sack,bag',mnd.schden.`vagina'(beim
horse),f.`pod,pea',mhd.schte`pod,Samengehuse';
unclearislat.cd,-nis`helmetfromfell,fur'(Lw.);inthemeaningnahestehtav.xaa-m.,.
xaud-`Hut,;helmet'.
.
.gutturalextension(s)keu-k - :
OldIndianka-m.`container,Schatzkammeretc.`(latealsoka-,dasperhapsind.development
fromka-is);doubtfulkaka-m.n.ègg,testicle,Gehuse',kuapa-m.(uncovered)
`Trinkgeschirr',kuay-m.(uncovered)`cistern';kuk-m.`belly,womb,cavity';commonOldIndianh->-k-phoneticmutationnpers.kus`vulva';av.kusra-`sichwlbend,hollow',vkusra-,hankusra`sichauseinander-,zusammenwlbend';
lit.ks(Plur.ks),lett.ksis,ksa`vulvahaare'(*kki-or*kksi-);lit.kiu`skull,cranium',
kiaisègg,testicle',preu.-lett.auisègg';lit.kuas`groerdipper',lett.kass`platter,
Kochlffel'.
C. s -extension(s)keu-s-:
PerhapsOldIndiankoha-m.n.`container,lowerabdomen,Vorratskammer'underlikewise,kuham.`Lendenhhle'(),khikÌnhalttheGedrme',npers.kut`groin'(arm.Lw.kut`belly,groin,
body');
gr.,-,-`bladder,Beutel',`vulva';
doubtfullat.custs`Wchter',compareWH.I319;
cymr.cwthrÀfter,Mastdarm'(*kuzdhro-);
aisl.haussm.`cranium';ablaut.norw.dial.hsem.`Fischkopf',ahd.hso`Hausen',afterdemwith
SchildplattengepanzertenKopf;
nhd.dial.hosen`husk,pod',ags.hosam.`Strumpf,husk',aisl.ahd.hosa`trouser';
presumablyheregot.aisl.ags.as.ahd.hs`house',comparend.hske`Kerngehuse,sheath,Tte'
underlikewise;
got.huzd,aisl.hoddf.(),ags.as.hord,ahd.hort`treasure,tribute,Hort'(*kuz-dho-=gr.);
schwed.hydda`cottage',dial.hodda,hudda`Schuppen,Gefngnisraum',aschw.hydda`conceal'.
References:
References:WP.II546ff.,WH.I298f.,301,309,319,320,II196,503,Trautmann132,145.
Page(s):
Page(s):951-953
Root/lemma: (s)keu-4
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`woraufachten'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.587f.((s)keu-4).
Page(s):
Page(s):954
Root/lemma: (s)keup- ,skeub(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bundle,flock,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bschel,Schopf,Quaste';onlygerm.andslav.
Material:
Material:Aisl.skauf`bundle,tassel',ags.scaf,ahd.scoub`bundle,bundleofstraw,fascicle,
sheaf',nhd.dial.Schaub`bundle,bundleofstraw',aisl.skfr`tassel,fringe,bundle';ahd.scubil
`bundleofhairorstraworlikethat,heap,pile';
ags.scyfel(e)f.`women'sbonnet,tuftoffeathers'(withp:aisl.skypill,skuplads.);
Maybealb.scype,shqiponj(diminutive)èagle,bird(*tuftoffeathers)'
ahd.scobar`haystack,barn,heap,part.fromgrainorhay',mhd.schoberhr`bundle,hair';
got.skufta(Dat.Sg.)`hairofthehead',aisl.skoptds.;mhd.schopfm.`tuft,crest,tuftoffeathers;
shockofhair',schopfenand(nd.)schoppen`stuff(originallywithbundlesofhay,hairetc.),be
swollen';withpreciselysuchgerm.pp:norw.hupp`tassel',ahd.hopfo`hop,vine,plantwhichcreeps
orclimbsasitgrows';
perhapsas`roofcoveredwithstrawbundles'herend.schupp`protectiveroof'(nhd.Schuppen),ahd.
scopfm.`buildingwithoutfrontwall,barn',nhd.bair.schweiz.schopfm.ds.,ags.scypenf.`stall',
engl.shippen,ags.scoppam.`shed,stall'(engl.shop`junkshop,knick-knackshop');
serb.pa`shockofhair',russ.up,ub,ech.up,ub`tuft,crest,tuftoffeathers;shockofhair';
perhapsslav.*kyta(*kp-t)inruss.kta`StengelundBltterlangstieligerPflanzen',ktka`catkinin
trees'etc.,andruss.kist(*kp-sti-)`tassel,paintbrush,bunchofgrapes,hand',bulg.kska(from
kystka)`bunch,bundle,cluster,bouquet,bunchofflowers',skr.kica`kindofpaintbrush',oldalso
kist,poln.ki`tassel,broom,bush,bundle'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):956
Root/lemma: (s)keut- ,(s)keudhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshrink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinschrumpfen'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andBaltic
Material:
Material:Germ.partly-tt-,partly-dd-:schwed.dial.hott,hoddm.`small,eingeschrumpfterperson',
ndl.hotten`curdle,coagulate,harden',ndd.hotten`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup',
ndl.hot,mnd.hotte`coagulatedmilk',nhd.dial.hutzeln,verhutzeln`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcess
dryness,wrinkleup',verhutzelt`verschrumpft,vertrocknet';
lit.ap-kiasti`verkmmern';kst,kda,kstiàbmagern',sukds`wizened'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):956-957
Root/lemma: sk i -bh- ,-p- ,nasalizedski-m-bhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slant;tolimp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schief,hinken(d)'
Material:
Material:Aisl.skeifr`slant,skew'(*skoipo-),ags.scf,scbds.(inscfft`schieffig'),mnd.schf
ds.(nhd.dial.scheif),nexttowhich(*skipo-)mhd.(md.nd.)schief,and(asgerm.*skibba-)hess.frnk.schepp`slant,skew',aswellas(asgerm.*skippa-)mhd.schipfesAdv.`quer';
lit.paskybei`quer',skybas`keilfrmigesStckLand';lett.bs`slant,skew',ieb-u,-t`schief
neigen,kippen';comparegr..Hes.;
nasalizedgr.`lame',`hinken'.
Idg.sk i -p- , -bh - extendedfromsk i -, compare*skai-uo-s(*ski-uo-s)`slant,skew,link';besides
mhd.schie-fstehtschheandschie-c;zurunerweitertenrootperhapsnorw.skina,skjena`biesen',
aschwed.skena`durchgehen'(ofPferde),ablaut.norw.skeina`schiefzurSeitefliegen'.
References:
References:WP.II546,WissmannNom.postverb.151.
Page(s):
Page(s):922
Root/lemma: sk i Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,separate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,trennen,scheiden'
Note:
Note:extensionfromsek- ;initialsoundpartlyalsosk-,skh-,skh-,asinthecontinuingformation
Material:I.
Material:I.OldIndianchyati`clips',participlechta-,chit-`cut,cropps,truncates,cutsoff',Kaus.
chyayati(withsk-,like:)
Maybealb.(*chyayati)aj,ajta(aor.),ava(aor.)`cut,separate'.
av.fra-snm`destruction',s-,sya-`tofight';
gr.(*skhi,Impf.w,Inf.-),(neologism,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,716)
`scratches,slits'and`drop,hangdownflaccidly,restrains,staysopen',`thescratches,
bleeding;release,toletsb/sthgo',n.,m.ìncision',`fleam,latch,bolt',
`therope(servingfortheseparationofthespectators)beforetheracetrack';
Maybealb.(*sci)shquanj`distinguish',(*scie)shqyenj`tear,split'.
lat.sci,scre`toknow,understand;withinfin.toknowhowtodo'(`part,makeadistinction'),
dscsc,-ere`tobreakaway,revolt,withdraw,diverge,apostatize,renounce',scsc,-ere`to
investigate,inquire;polit.tovote,ordain,resolve'and`trytofindout',plbsctumàdecreeofthe
people',sctus`knowing,shrewd,clever,judicious;pretty,fine;adv.scite,skillfully'(likemhd.
geschde,nhd.gescheitto*ski-t-)inthemeaningèliminate'(compareaisl.sktaunderS.921)mir.
sced`vomits'(*skei-ie-ti,idg.*skei-),verbaln.sceithf.(from*sceth,idg.*ski-t,therefrom:)cymr.
chwydu,bret.c'houeda,mcorn.hwea`vomit';fromir.scethach`tothetravellingrupture'placesaisl.
skjaakn.`ryegrass,darnel(theherbsmedicinerecommendssuchordersagainstgoutand
rheumatismanddizziness)';
mir.scanf.`knife',(*skiien)outofitcymr.ysgen`knife,sword';mir.scalid`letsgo,unhands,
relinquishes,disperses'(*ski-l-),air.erscaliud`breakup,dissection,dissipation,fragmentation';
aisl.skeina`woundlightly';as`*splitoffpieceofwood,underlikewise':mhd.schem.f.`fencingpost,
pale',ags.scam.`shinbone',nexttowhich(compareahd.ba:bini`bee')
germ.*skin(n)inags.scinuf.,scinebnn.`shinbone',ahd.scina`shinbone',also`needle',norw.
skna`smalldisc,wheel,pulley,sliceofbread';afries.skidel`bonesofthearm'(-dlaforms);westflm.
schier`blockofwood'(*sk-ro-);from`*distinguish,discern'from:ahd.skr`sharp,sharpwitted,
shrewd'(*skiro-);mhd.schier`quick,fast',Adv.ahd.skro,skioro`quick,fast',mhd.schier(e)ds.,
`fast';
lett.k'ieva`fissureinwood'andlit.skivytas`scrap,shred'haveprobablyvfromdv,sothattodextensionlit.skediu,lett.kìeu;
Maybealb.geg.shk-,shkevaaor.,tosk.shqyenj,shqevaaor.`tear,rind'
OldChurchSlaviccvnica`'(eig.`shepherdspipe'),russ.cvj`handle,grasp,Handhabe'and
`shinbone',cvka`coil,spool,duct,tube,pipe;shinboneofhorses',etc.;besideswithpalatal:lit.
eiv,aiv,lett.saiva`weaver'sreel'(bsl.*kiu,*(s)kiu,*(s)kiu).
II.
II.Dentalextensionssk i -d- , -t - (d,tpartlypresentformant,partlythenominalforms-to-):
A.
A.formson--d - ;inAr.andArm.withsk-,inBalt.withsk-:
OldIndianchintti,themat.chindati`clips,cuts,splits',Kaus.chdayati;chda-m.`cut,break,
section',chitti-`thefissures'(:lat.scissi),chidr-`breaks,splits',n.`cleft,fissure,hole',chidira-m.
(lex.)àxe,sword'(:av.sidara-,gr.,ahd.sctar,lett.k'idrs`leaking';fullgradelit.
skiedra);av.sad-`split',avahisiyt`hemaysplit',sidara-(leg.sidra-)n.`hole,aperture,crack',
asista-`notsplit',balsindag`split,break,rupture';
arm.ctim`ritzemich,zerkratzemirwithdenNgelndieHaut';
gr.`split,slit,separate',(=av.-sista-,lat.scissus)`divided,apart,separated;
divisible',`splinter,shingle',f.`pieceofwood',,Koine`wooden
splinter',`tospearto';makedon.àuthority;administrator,governor,esp.
treasurer,chieffinancialofficialinEgypt,Astrol.,controller,oftheSevenPlanets';
lat.scind,-ere,scicid,scissum`tocut,rend,split;todivide,separate';scissi`thefissures';
mbret.squeigaff,nbret.skeja`cut,clip'(--from-dj-,*skidi);cymr.ysgwydd(*skeid-),corn.scuid,
bret.scoaz`scapula';
air.scath`scapula,wing'(insteadofafterscath`shield');
withoutanlaut.s-perhapscymr.cwysf.`furrow'(*kidt-);
ahd.sczan,ags.sctan,aisl.sktaèxcretefeces,defecate'(*èliminate'),mhd.schzef.,aisl.sktrm.
`diarrhea';ahd.scetar`thin,incomplete,fragmentary',mhd.schiter(e)ds.,nhd.(obd.,schles.)schitter
(*skidro-=OldIndianchidr-etc.);
maybealb.(*skta)skit`diarrhea'
withoutanlaut.s-perhapsaisl.htf.àfurrysack';
lit.skediu,skesti`separate,divide',Iter.skidyti(:got.skaidan,OldIndianchedayati),skiedand
skiedr,skiedar`chip,splinter',skemenysPl.`derRaum,durchwelchedasWeberschifflein
geworfenwird',ap-skds`zerfranst',pasksti`scatter';withoutanlaut.s-(throughdiss.loss)
probablysukds`tattered,ragged,fray';
lett.iedu,iest`scatter,waste,spread',iemeiPl.`dieberdenWeberheftelnsichkreuzenden
Fden=theweaver'slittleboatorSHUTTLE=thismightbethehefteln(smallbooklet)orweaving
PATTERNusedbyweavers',stu,st`breakup',idrs`leaking,thin',skada`chip,splinter';
aboutlett.ieva`col,gap',seeaboveS.920;
withitidenticallit.skediu,skesti`dilute',skstas`thinfluid',lett.skaidt`dilutepotables',sts`thin
fluid'(and`clean,clear,bright,chaste'),stt`clean,subern',dint`thin,makefluid',idrs`thin
fluid';OldPrussianskstanAkk.`clean',skstai`chaste';
OldChurchSlavicist`clean',istiti`clean',t,stiti`clean',ChurchSlavicditi`seihen';russ.
ryj`veritable,genuine';comparealsoaboveS.917;
B.
B.formsin--t -:
air.scathm.`shield',cymr.ysgwyd,abret.scoit,nbret.skoedds.=OldChurchSlavictit`shield',
(originally`board'),nexttowhichwithgradationOldPrussianstaytan(liesscaytan)`shield'andlat.
sctumds.;
alb.(*sctum)shqyt`shield'
aisl.skn.`pieceofwood,snowshoe'(`ski'),ags.scd`pieceofwood';ahd.sct`bitofwood,pieceof
wood'(*skto-),mhd.schten`split',schden`separate,divide',geschde`brainy,sly,cunning',aisl.
skn.`vagina';changingthroughablautmhd.scheite`chipofwood'andzerogradeahd.scidn
`divide',scidunga`separation',mhd.schit,-ofm.`separation,differentiation';
got.skaidan`divide',ags.scadan`divide,scatter,shed'(soalsomnl.scheiden`shedblood');ahd.
sceidan(participleki-sceitan)`divide';aisl.skein.`partofspaceortime,career',as.skthm.
`difference',mhd.scheitf.`separation,watershed';ags.scada,mnl.schde,as.sklo`vertices,
vertex',mnd.schdelm.,schdelef.ds.,ahd.sceitilods.;
aisl.skeif.`weaver'scomb',Pl.`swordscabbard'(èig.diebeidenHolzscheibeninthis=wooden
discs'),ags.sk,sca,ahd.sceida`swordscabbard',also`separation,limit,boundary',as.skia
ds.,ags.sceael`weaver'scomb';
mhd.schedel`cranium,alsodrymeasure',mnl.schedel`cover,lid,eyelid'(ndl.scheel`cover'),mnd.
schedel,schidele`box,case,bag'from*skila-,idg.*ski-tlo-,actually`(truncated)brainpan,skullcap';
into-participleofskit-orski-d-(comparelat.scissus)basedonahd.scesso`cliff,rock';
III.
III.Labialextensions:
sk i -p- :gr.m.`thebasicbeamsonwhichthebricksrest;wall-plateofabuilding';
`staff,stick,astafforsticktoleanupon,awalking-stick,crutch'(eig.`*cleaved,divided=splitoff
branch');
Maybealb.shqeponj`walkwithalimp;toleanuponawalking-stick':shqiponja,shkabonja,gabonja
èagle,militarystandartonastick;birdwithsharptalons',shqip`clear,fluent,sharp(language,
Albanianlanguage)'alsoshqiptonjènounce,pronounce,enunciate,say,utter,mouth(clearly)',
shqiptarÀlbanian(whospeaksclearly)';tshkepùnstitch'(seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du (u) :
:`two'):qep
`stitch'.
gr.`kindofadaybed,orasofatorestonduringthedayratherthangettuckedinforthe
night'(*),,ìnsert';lat.scpim.`staff';s.alsoS.543underkeipo`picket,pole'andS.930f.skp-;gr.Hes.(theitch,scurvy,scab,mange=ofskinflaking
off);
ahd.scivaro`woodsplinterorspall',nhd.Schiefer,mnd.schever,mengl.scifra,nengl.shiver`splinter,
shred',mhd.schebef.ÀbfallbeimFlachsbrechen',nhd.Schbe,engl.shive`slice,cut',further(as
`cut-offpieceofatrunk'),aisl.skfa,as.ska,ahd.scba`disc,roll,roller,wheel,pulley,sliceof
bread,',nhd.Scheibe,whereforeaisl.skfa`split,divideintosheaves',mnd.schven,mhd.schben
`roll,Kegelscheiben'(Kegelschiebenthroughdistortion),afries.skvia`divide'.
skei-b- :got.aisl.ags.skipn.`ship,boat'(`*ausgeschnittener,gehhlterdugoutcanoe'),ahd.scif,
scef`ship,Weberschiff'also`vessel',sciphin.`drinkingvessel,bowl,saucer',mhd.schipfe`shovel,
pieceofkindlingwood(itmightbeusedfordigging)';inaddition(as`divide=distribute')aisl.skipa
àllot,decide,define,ordain,determine,sort,order,arrange',mnd.schippends.;aisl.skipta`divide,
decide,determine,swap,vary,exchange',ags.sciftan,mnd.schiften,schichten`divide,sort,order,
arrange';
lit.skibtiùnpick',lett.ibt`hew,hit,cut,clip,branchingout'.
Note
Note:
TherootRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:sk i - :
:(tocut,separate)isdetrimentalforalb.languagebecausealb.
peoplechoseittodesignclearspeech:alb.(*skei-b-),shqip`clearspeech,separatedwords',
(*skipta)shqipto`speakclearly',(*skipta)shqiptar`peoplewhospeakclearly'.Alb.peopleemployed
thesecognatesduringTurkishlongoccupationtopreservetheirlanguage.Hencepeoplewhodidnt
speakclearlywereostracizedbythemajorityofalb.soimportantbecametheclearIndoEuropean
languagetoalb.thattheyfinallyswitchedfromthenameArban(Alban)to(*skipta)shqiptar`people
whospeakclearly'.Otheralb.derivatives:(*Schbe)shkabèagle(withsharptalons)',alb.geg.
(*scipioni)Shqipni`landofeagles'.Obviouslyalb.associationof(*skipta)shqiptar`peoplewhospeak
clearly'and(*skipion)shqiponjèagle'wasdistortedbyIllyriansoldiersservingintheRomanarmy.
Illyrianswhodidntspeaklat.translatedtheRomanmilitaryensignwiththeeagleas:scipio-onis,m.
àstaff,wand'=alb.(*scipioni)shqiponj`theeagle(itself)',alsoalb.(*scipioni)Shqipni`landof
eagles'.WhenGergjKastrioti
GergjKastrioti`kingofEpirus'presentedhisheraldicemblemoftheeagle(the
doubleheadedimperialeagle)heinadvertentlychangedthenameofhispeople.Illyrianemperors
hadintroducedthedoubleheadedeagleoftheirHittiteheritage.
References:
References:WP.II541ff.,WH.II493f.,495f.,503,Trautmann263f.
Page(s):
Page(s):919-922
Root/lemma: (s)k p -2 ,(s)k p - and(s)k p - ;(s)k b (h)- ,skob(h)- andsk b (h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toworkwithasharpinstrument
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`withscharfemWerkzeugschneiden,spalten'
Material:A.
Material:A.Formsin--b : (therearelistedhereonlythedefinitegerm.forms;lat.andbsl.withbsee
bytherootforminbh);skab - `formcarving'.
Got.gaskapjanst.V.`make',aisl.skepja,ags.scieppan,ahd.scepfen,mhd.schepfen,fromwhich
nhd.schpfen;topreteritmhd.schuof,participle`geschaffen=created'wouldcreateanewpresent
`schaffen=make,create',asschwed.skapa,dn.scabe;deverbative-verbsareaisl.aschw.skapa
`make,furnish,found,install',ahd.scaffn`build,effectuate'(WissmannNom.postverb.73);ags.gesceapn.`shape,creature',as.gi-scapuPl.n.`fate,destiny';aisl.skapn.`shape,mood'etc.;-skapr
e.g.invin-skapr`friendship';ahd.scafm.`shape,structure',-scafand-scaftf.,nhd.-schaft;wgerm.
*skapn.`(engraved)vessel'in:as.skapn.`Schaff,ship',ahd.skaf`vessel,Schaff',whereofscepfen
`drawup,drawout,draw;remove,takeout,takeaway;draindry,emptyout'(afterscepfen`bring
forth,produce,make,create,beget,giveoriginto'earlywithstronginflection);diminutiveas.skepil,
ahd.skeffil`bushel';ablaut.mnd.schpe`scoop',mhd.schuofef.`Schpfgef'.
B.
B.formsauf--bh : (includinglat.andbsl.formswithzweideutigem-b-).
Lat.scab,-ere,scb`scrape,scratch,rub',scbisf.`scab,mange,itch;roughness;itchingdesire;
mange',scaber`rough,scabby';witho:scobisf.`filings,chips,shavings,sawdust',scobna`file,
rasp';mir.(s)cp(withbb)`hand'(expressivegemination);got.skaban`scrape,shave,shear',aisl.
skafa`scrape,scratch,scrape',ags.scafands.(aisl.ags.preteritskf,aslat.scb);and.scaban
`scrape,scratch,cut(hair),clip',ahd.scaba`plane',aisl.skafa`rasper';aisl.skabb,ags.sceabb
`scabies',mhd.schebc`scabby,measly',oldernhd.Schbe`scabies',and.scavatho`mange;
scabies';isl.skfirf.Pl.`scrape,singedcrust',mnd.schve(andschpe)f.`scale,husk',ahd.
schuoppads.;
lett.skabrs(=lat.scaber)`splitterig,sharp',skabrums`sharpness,scabrousness',lit.skabs`sharp,
incisive',skab,-ti`cut,clip,hew,hit',skbti`hollowout',nuskbti`pick',skbas,lett.skbs`sour'
(*`sharp,incisive');OldChurchSlavicskobl`rasper',russ.skbel`plane';afterMachekSlavia16,
208f.hereOldChurchSlavicchabèvil,bad',chabiti`spoil'.
C.
C.formsauf-p:
Npers.kfa,kva`burrows,digs,splits',kf`cleft,fissure',ikftan`split';
alb.kep`hewstones,cutout'(idg.*kopor*kap),whereforekmes,kms,kamsf.`hack,
mattock,hoe,scythe,pruningknife'(*kapneti),sqepàngle,bill,beak,neb';
Maybealb.(*kaponti)gabonja,shqiponja,shkabaèagle':sqep`beakoftheeagle',shqipta,shqip
`clear,sharp(language)',shqiptonj`speakclearly,dividewords',shqep`(*split),rip,tear;unpick':qep
`sew'
gr.,-`hatchetzumBehauenofHolzes',m.`lookoutplace:hencepeak,
headland,promontory;cliff,rock'(venet.*skopelo-);`hit,haue;belstige,ermde',m.
`blow,knock',èrmde',`(ermdender)babbler',,-f.`Schlachtmesser',
m.`chisel',`hatchet,Mrserstel',,-`beschnitten',n.ìncision,
break,section';witha-vocalism:`grabe,hacke',`hack,mattock,hoe,Grabscheit',
()`ditch,trench,channel,grave,pit,pothole';durchEntgleisungafter:also
formswith:,`dasditch,trench,channel,grave',,f.,n.
`Wanne,trough,trough',`Schiffsbauch';
venet.(illyr.)FlN*Skopelantia`Schefflenz'(Baden):gr.(KrahePBB.69,486ff.);
lat.cap,capus`Kapaun'(`verschnitten',compareabg.skopc),becauseoftheroman.
Abkmmlinge(ital.capponeetc.)moreproperly(withexpressivepp):capp;cappulre`zerhauen',
concipilreìnkleineStckezerhauen';lat.aplaceseine-rootskp-ahead;alsolat.scapulae
`scapula,shoulder',umbr.scapla`scapulam'(fromtheVerwendungasGrabscheitorshovel);
gall.-rom.capanna`cottage'(:serb.kpa`barn,haystack'),probablyven.-illyr.elementinGallischen;
germ.*hbjbesides*habbwithexpressivegemination,also*habj:ahd.hbba,hppa,heppa,
mlat.hapia,mhd.happe,heppe`scythe,pruningknife,Sichelmesser';
balto-slav.skpa-m.ètwasAbgespaltenes'in:
lett.ps`spear,javelin,spit,pike',pelef.àbgeschnittenesStckHolz';ablaut.lit.skpsnf.
`StckStoff';OldChurchSlavictap(*skpos),sloven.p`stick',russ.apÀnhieb(eines
Baumes'),russ.ep`chipofwood',ept,ept`split',OldChurchSlavicskopc
`Verschnittener'(nhd.Lw.Schps),skopiti`verschneiden';lit.skplis`Hohlaxt',skptas`krummes
Schnitzmesser',skopi,skpti`withdemknifeaushhlen',skoptvas`Hohlmesser';
maybealb.(*skop)shkop`stick'
lit.kapti,lett.kapt`hacken,hew,hit',lit.kapn,lett.kapns`Hackmesser',lit.kapls`hack,
mattock,hoe,Eisaxt',lett.kaplis`hack,mattock,hoe',lit.kpas,lett.kaps`grave(hgel)',Old
Prussianenkopts`bury';
OldChurchSlavickopaj,kopati`dig',vkopati`bury',serb.kpa`barn,haystack,heap',bulg.kop
ds.,etc.;
OldChurchSlavickopje`Lanze';probablyslav.*ep`*abgeschnittenerbough',inruss.dial.op
`twig,branchofgrapevine,Rebe',bg.ep`bough',skr.pur`stalk,stemofaplant'underlikewise;
perhapsbelongsdiefamily*kp-`StckLand'and*kap-ut`head'(aboveS.529f.),here,further
probablydieconsecutivewordsfor`stick,staff':
gr.`staff',dor.ds.=ion.*in`zeptertragend',
Hes.,`staff,Szepter',hom.ds.=dor.Hes.;`sttze,swing,
brandishwithpower',intr.andmed.`sichsttzen;sichwithKraftaufetwasthrow',`sudden
niederfahrenderwhirlwind,Wetterstrahl,misfortune';lat.scpus`Schaft,Stiel,Stengel,stem',scpa
f.`dnnertwig,branch,Reis',Pl.`Reisigbesen',scpi,-nism.`theStiel,andemdieBeerenthe
grapehngen;stemofSpargels',scpusds.;
ahd.skaft`Schaft,spear,javelin',as.skaft`spear,javelin',ndl.schacht`Federkiel,Lanzenschaft',
ags.sceaftm.,aisl.skaptn.`Schaft,shaft,pole,spear,javelin'.
References:
References:WP.II559ff.,WH.I161f.,II484f.,489f.,Trautmann117,262,265.
Page(s):
Page(s):930-933
Root/lemma: skth- ,skthEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`beschdigen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(protogr.)ùnversehrt,wohlbehalten'(from*n.);dubiousarm.
xatàrem`destroy,smash,destroy';
mir.scth`tired',escid`fatigueless'(cymr.esgudàgile,astir'etc.withstillunclearVok.),nexttowhich
withst-suffixmir.scsÈrmdung';
st.V.got.skajan,sk,ags.sceanìnjure,hurt',denominativaisl.skaa,ags.skaian,ahd.
scadn,scadn`harm';got.skaisn.`damage',aisl.skai`damage,loss,death',ags.scaa,ahd.
scado`damage',nounagentisags.sceaa`damager,devil',as.scatho,ahd.scado`damager,fiend';
withgradationasinPrteritumaisl.sk`schdlichesthing,weapon',skr`schdlich'.
References:
References:WP.II557f.,WissmannNom.postverb.73f.
Page(s):
Page(s):950
Root/lemma: skt- :sktEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen,hpfen,hervorquellen'
Material:
Material:Lat.scate,-re,arch.scat,-re`springup,bubble',scatebraf.`Sprudel',scaturri
`sprudlehervor';comparegr.Hes.;
westfl.scht`Laich',nfrnk.schaiden(ai=wgrm.)`laichen',perhapswestfl.schdenÈrtrag
give,ofwheat';
ags.sceaddm.`Maifisch',nhd.Schad(e)ds.,norw.dial.skadd`smallSchnpel',wherefore(Lw.)
cymr.ysgadan`Hring',mir.scatn,nir.scadnds.;
alit.skastu,skatau,skasti`spring,hpfen',su-skant,-skaia,-skstiàufhpfen';
eineidg.additionalformauf-d perhapsin:norw.skat`WipfeleinesBaumes',skataìneinecusp,
peakauslaufen',aisl.skataf.Èlster,Glattrochen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):950
Root/lemma: sk u -3 ,ks u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosneeze
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`niesen'(Schallwort)
Material:
Material:OldIndiankuti`niest',kuta-`dasNiesen';commonOldIndian-h->-k-phonetic
mutationalit.skiaudiu,skiaudti`sneeze'(similarlyiudiu,-dti),lett.auju,vu,aut,Iterat.
adt`sneeze'(vielstrongabweichendslav.kchnti,kychatiandchati,compareOldIndian
chikk`Niesen');
throughhybridizationwithpneu-(aboveS.838f.):*ksneu-s-(*kneus-,*sneus-)innpers.ina,
ana`Niesen';aisl.hnjsa,mengl.nsen,ahd.niosan(participleginoran);aisl.hnrim.,ags.
hnora`Niesen',as.hnioxwrt`Niewurz';besidesmengl.snsen,engl.sneeze;comparend.snsen,
dn.snuse`schnoben,wittern'underlikewise;similarlyalsolit.niakti`schnupfen'.
References:
References:WP.II85,551,Trautmann266.
Page(s):
Page(s):953
Root/lemma: sk u -5
Seealso:
Seealso:besidesskeu-(seeunder)`throw,schieen,hetzen';s.dieextensionsskeub-,skeubh-,
skeud-,skeug-,skeuk-.
Page(s):
Page(s):954
Root/lemma: sku-6(t-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,separate,scratch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,trennen,kratzen,scharren,stochern,stbern'
Note:
Note:extensionfromsek-`cut,clip'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansku-ti,skunti,skunti`strt,stbert,stochert',with-`zerkleinertthrough
Stochern;makesEinschnitte(indieearsfromanimals)',ava-skav-m.èinworm',ni-kvam
`zerfetzend',c-k-yt`scharrttogether';
withr-formants:gr.()m.`spall,AbfallbeimBehauentheSteine',
`gepflasterterway';
lit.skiaur`durchlcherterKahnasFischbehlter';
withoutanlaut.s-:lit.kiuras`durchlchert,divided',originally`hollow'(*kuro-);kiaurapreposition
`hindurch',lett.cars`waseinholehat,hollowis',carpreposition`through,hindurch';lit.kirstu
`lcherigbecome',pra-kirs`durchlchert';
aschwed.skr(from*skyrr)`fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated',schwed.norw.skyrds.;
got.skar`shovel'(inwini-skar`winnowingshovel'),ahd.scora,mhd.schor`shovel,hoe',
schorn`zusammenscharren,kehren,fortstoen',schrnèinenAnstogive,stir,tease,irritate,das
fireanfachen,schren';aisl.skora`cut,clip,count',ags.scorian`chop,cut,reject'(eig.`wegstoen');
mitrj>rg:ahd.skurgan,mhd.schrgen`schieben,drive,push,bump,poke';comparemhd.md.
schiuren,schren`scour,rub,clean,clean,fegen'=dn.skure,schwed.skurads.;
withformants-lo-:mhd.schiel(*skulo-)`splinter,abgesprungenesorraggedStck';
lett.skurint`lausen,ruffle;tousle',refl.`sichkratzen,krauen';
witht -extension:mir.scothaid`clips,cuts'(*skutti),scothf.`cuttingedge,cusp,peak',also`hair
lock';mhd.hudele`rag';lit.skut,skusti`scrape,schlen',sktas`scrap,shred,rag',sktenos
Àbschabsel',alit.skutn`Kahlkopf,abgeschabteplace';lett.skuotitis`sichschuppen',aute
`sharpedge';lit.skiutis`StckZeug',skiauter`Hahnenkamm';perhapslat.scutilus`thin'andgr.
`club,mace,joint,stick',ds.,`staff,cudgel,club,Walze'(*àbgespaltenes
Aststck'orlikewise);hereHes.,.Hes.;
aboutostlit.skvtas`rag'compareSpechtIdg.Dekl.56;thereafterprobablyskvernasds.from
*skernas;
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):954
Root/lemma: (s)k(h)ai- ,(s)k(h)ai-d- ,(s)k(h)ai-tEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tohit,kick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,puffen'
Material:
Material:Lat.caed,-ere(occdetc.)`hew,hit,strike,slay',caeds`Schlachten,Morden',
caementum(*caid-smento-)`Bruchstein',caelum`chisel'(*caid-slo-),caia(*caidi)f.`Prgel',cai,re`hew,hit,strike',ancaesa`vasacaelata',anclen.`smallshield'(*ambi-caid-sli-);
alb.qiell`sky,heaven'fromital.cielo`sky'<lat.caelum(1)-in.`theburinorengravingtool',caelum
(2)-in.`theheavens,sky,air,climate.Esp.heavenasthehomeofthegods;fig.,heavenasthe
heightofjoy,renown,etc..`.
k(h)ai- inmnl.heie`Rammblock',mhd.nhd.heie`beetle,hammer,woodenhammer,Ramme',mnl.
heien`hit,bump,poke,rammen',nhd.schweiz.heien`stomp,Hanfbreak,rupture';
khai-t- inarm.xait``prick,prick,sting',xaitèm`prick',xitàm`binngstlich',xit``grievingheit,heftiger
pain';againstitxirt`stutzig,ngstlich,argwhnisch'from*khid-ro-;
References:
References:WP.II538,WH.I44,45,129,130,131;aboutOldIndiankhidti`reit,presses'(),
secondarykhdf.`Druck,load's.J.WackernagelStud.A.Grierson,826-28.
Page(s):
Page(s):917
Root/lemma: (s)k(h)ed- ,(s)k(h)e-n-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrush,scatter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerspalten,zerstreuen'
Note:
Note:(extensionfromsek-`cut,clip')
Material:
Material:OldIndianskhadat(uncovered)`splits'(*skhnd-);av.sandayeiti`zerbricht,vernichtet',
sknda-m.`destruction'etc.;mpers.kastan`break,rupture,grind';
arm.ert`chip,splinter,woodenlog'(*skhedri-);
gr.(Aor.alsowithouts-:,)`zersplittere,zersprenge,zerstreue',
ablaut.ds.,,`sichscatter(fromMenschenmengen)';
Hes.;
alb.tshanj,tshaj`split,tear,rend,plow'(*skedni);lat.scindula,scandulaf.`shingle';
mengl.scateren`scatter',engl.scatterds.,shatter`break,rupture,grind',mnd.schateren`with
Gekrachapartreien,loudlachen';
maybealb.(*scater-)shkatronj`destroy,break'
lit.skederv`splinter',lett.kedns`small,abgespaltenesbitofwood';lit.kedti`break,crack',
kednti`pluck,woolkrmpeln';
OldChurchSlavicskdàrm,small';russ.dryj`generous'(`*vergeudend,seinGutzersplitternd'),
sloven.edljvèconomical'(`*knauserig=abzwackend').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):918-919
Root/lemma: skhelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostumble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`straucheln,fehltreten'
Note:
Note:()onlyaltind.andarmen.
Material:
Material:OldIndianskhlat`stolpert,sways,gehtfehl',skhalita-`taumelndfehlgegangen;whereof
etwasfehlt,towenig';arm.sxalem,sxalim`strauchle,irre,sndige,verfehle;werdeverfehlt,vermit,
frail;tueeineFehlgeburt',sxal`fault,error,mistake,lack;fehlerhaft,lacking,towenig',sxalak
`taumelnd(inintoxication)'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:whetherexpressiveformationto(s)kel-4
Page(s):
Page(s):929
Root/lemma: sk(h)u o i - ,sk(h)u i (i ) Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:needle,thorn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`NadelorDornvonPflanzen'
Material:
Material:Air.sc,Gen.Pl.sciad`Hagedorn'(*skuii-at-s);cymr.ysbyddadds.,corn.spethes
Brombeerstrauch,Dorngestrpp',bret.spezad`Stachelbeeren';lit.skuj`Tannennadelandzapfen',lett.skujas`Tannenreisig';russ.chvojf.,chvojm.`NadelnandZweigetheNadelhlzer'
(etc.;Berneker408considersaffiliationalsofromruss.chuj`penis'as*(s)khouios).
Alb.(*sku-)huni,hunjPl.`needle,thorn,stake',[commonalb.sk->h-shift].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):958
Root/lemma: skordho- ,-Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vessel;potsherd
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pfanne,Scherbe'
Material:
Material:Ahd.scartsarn,mhd.schartm.n.,schartef.èisernePfanne';
OldChurchSlavicskrada`Tiegel,Pfanne,stove,hearth'(alsoskvrada,skovrada,poln.skowroda,
russ.skovorod;vkannfromslav.skver-`melt',OldChurchSlavicraskvretc.,bernommensein);
lett.skrds,skrde`Blech,Weiblech'hat,ifzugehrig,itsmeaningmaybeevolvedfrom`shard
(sharpandthin)'.
Maybetruncatedalb.(*skordho-)shkrinj`melt';
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):957
Root/lemma: skotEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shadow,darkness
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schatten,Dunkel'
Material:
Material:Gr.`darkness'(m.,latern.);air.(lengthenedgrade)scthn.`shadow,protection,
mirror';
mcymr.isgaud,cy-sgawd,cymr.cy-sgod,acorn.scod,neucorn.skz,bret.skeud`shadow';got.
skadusm.,ags.sceaduf.,sceadn.,ahd.scato,-awes`shadow',norw.skodda,skadda`fog'.
maybealb.skajèdge,remoteborder,end'relatedtoeng.skyme.[ONskcloud,rel.toOEsceo,
OSscioand(moreremotely)OEscuwa,OHGscuwo,ONskuggishade,shadow,Goth.skuggwa
mirror.]
maybealb.hie`shadow',hiàsh,gray'[commonalb.sk->h-shift].
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):957
Root/lemma: sku e rb(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick,pierce(thorns)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen,etwaasDornen'
Note:
Note:OnlyCelticandBaltic
Material:
Material:Corn.bret.spern`spinae'(-rn-from-rbn-);
lit.skverbi,skverbti`withaspitzentoolbohrendprick',Iter.skvarba,skvarbtids.,skvrbinu,-inti
`prick,bore,prickeln'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):958
Root/lemma: (s)k t Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rtteln'
Material:
Material:Lit.kut,kuttiàufrtteln',kustandkuntu,kutau,ksti`sichaufrtteln,sicherholen',
kutrs`hurtig',kut`tassel,fringe';
besideswithanlaut.s-:
as.scuddian`withaSchwungeausgieen',ahd.scutten,afries.skedda`shake,upset',nhd.
schtten,mndl.mengl.schuderen,engl.shudder`shudder,tremble'(*`toshake'),nhd.schaudern
(rheinfrnk.wordwithnd.d),ahd.scutiln,nhd.schtteln;ags.scdan,syndan,aisl.skynda`drive,
push'andskunda`beschleunigen;hurry',as.farskundianànreizen,aufhetzen',ahd.scunten
àntreiben,stir,tease,irritate';OldChurchSlavicskytatis`vagari'.
Maybealb.shkund`shake'fromalb.probablyderivedlat.scindoscinderescidiscissum`tocut,rend,
split;todivide,separate'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoaboveS.632underku t- .
Page(s):
Page(s):957-958
Root/lemma: sk i- ,sk i- :sk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toglimmer(ofwetthings);shadow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gedmpftschimmern;Schatten(Abglanz)'
Material:
Material:OldIndianchy`radiance,Schimmer,shadow',av.a-saya-`werkeinenshadowwirft',np.
sya`shadow,protection';
gr.f.(skii-)`shadow',,hom.`schattig,dark',`Sonnenschirm'(formal=
alb.hir,withlengthgot.skeirs);withthegradesk[i]-:,dor.`tent,Bhne,Szene',,
dor.n.`tent;body(asHllethesoul)';`butterfly,Motte'Hes.;n.`body';
Note:
Fromgr.`shadow'+gr.`tail'derivedgr.,lat.sciurus-i,pl.sciuridaem.`squirrel',
alb.fromareshuffledlat.cognatederivedalb.(*sciuridae)cetr,ketr`squirrel'fromalb.derived
bulg.katerica`squirrel'.Typicalofalb.isthedropofinitialss-:sc->c-alsotheshiftc>k.
alb.h,hie`shadow'(*skii),hir`grace'(=gr.),(h)ona`shadow'(*ski-n-),geg.huj`god';
Typicalalb.phoneticmutationsk->h-initials.
aisl.skn.`Heuchelei'(:gr.),got.skeinan`shine,appear,seem,gleam,shine,gleam',aisl.skna
ds.,ahd.ags.scnands.,nhd.scheinen(n-present,compareOldChurchSlavicsinti;ifalsoinlat.
scintilla`spark'eineformationfromasimilaroriginatorfromispresent,isdoubtful(derivativeeines
*ski-nto-`gleaming');aisl.sknn.,as.skn,ahd.scnm.`shine,radiance';ags.as.scima,mhd.
scheme`shadow',nhd.Schemen`schattenhafteshape',aisl.skimim.`radiance',nhd.schimmern,
Schimmeletc.;got.skeima`shiner,torch',ahd.as.scmo,ags.scmam.`light,radiance';mhd.
scheimds.;withouts-probablynorw.hm,hma,asskm`dnnecover,Hutchen'(as
`durchscheinend',compare:)aisl.skjrm.`durchsichtigeskin,Fensterrahmen';got.skeirs`clear,
bright',aisl.skrr,ags.scr`durchsichtig,bright,clean',mhd.(md.)schr`lauter',nhd.schier;aisl.
skrr`clean,clear,bright'(*skairi-r),afries.skria`clean';
lett.seja(*kei)`shadow,Spiegelbild,face';
OldChurchSlavicsijati,sinti`gleam,hellbecome',sn`shadow'(besidesstnfor*scn);ech.
ir`lauter',russ.ryj`veritable,genuine'(got.Lw.),ChurchSlavic*iròpenopen',Adv.ir
etc.;
toch.skiyo`shadow'(=gr.).
References:
References:WP.II535f.,WH.I131,JoklL.-U.60ff.,Trautmann304.
Page(s):
Page(s):917-918
Root/lemma: sk e dEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedecken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianchadati(uncovered),chdyati`bedeck,verbirgt',chattram`Schirm',chad-n.
`cover,roof';av.sdayant-èingarment'(skyth.trouser),afghan.psll`toputon,wear'(*pati-upasad-);ahd.hzm.,mhd.hzen.`Rock,clothing',ags.hteruNom.Pl.n.`dress'.
References:
References:WP.II558,HolthausenAltengl.Wb.146.
Page(s):
Page(s):919
Root/lemma: (s)k e lEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`springen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianalabha-m.`locust,grasshopper',alna-m.èinbestimmtesinsect',lra-m.
`frog';
mhd.schel`springend,auffahrend,aufgebracht',schellec`springend,angry,irate,wild',ahd.scelo
`Schellhengst'(`Bespringer'),nhd.schlen`spring,jump',mhd.schelch`Bockhirsch';aisl.skelkr`fear'
as`*erschrecktauffahrend';forgot.etc.skalks`servant'assumesmaneinebasicmeaning`Springer,
Laufbursche'anddissimilationfrom*skal-[s]kas-;
lit.uols`Galopp',lett.sulis`footstep'.
Maybealb.(kel-)*shkel`(*spring),step',gemination(*[s]kal-[s]kal-as)karkalec`grasshopper':Old
Indianalabha-m.`locust,grasshopper'
Heuschrecke
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):929
Root/lemma: (s)k e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:disabled
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verstmmelt',also`hornlos'
Material:
Material:OldIndianmala-n.`fault,error,damage,pity';aisl.PN.Hamall,ags.hamola,ahd.hamal
`mutilated'(nhd.`Hammel');aisl.hamla,ahd.hamalnetc.`verstmmeln';withexpressive-mm-:aisl.
skammr,ags.ahd.scamm`short';ahd.hamm,hammr`mutilated'.
References:
References:WP.II560,HolthausenAwn.Wb.105;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionalsokem-aboveS.556.
Page(s):
Page(s):929
Root/lemma: sk u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,shoot,push
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,schieen,stoen';intr.`dahinschieen'
Note:
Note:onlybalto-slav.
Material:
Material:Lit.uju,uti`schieen(withaFeuerwaffe'),vis`Schu';udyti`mehrfachschieen,
herumschieen,herumfliegen';
lett.at(*skjauti)`schieen,raschzufahren',audrs`hasty,stormy,hottempered';OldChurch
Slavicsuj,sovati`bump,poke,schieben';OldChurchSlavicsulica,ech.sudlice`spear,lance'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsounderskeu-5.
Page(s):
Page(s):954-955
Root/lemma: sk l k- ,sk l kEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:wet;tosprinkle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`na,spritzen,sprengen'
Material:
Material:Aisl.slagn.`Nsse(fromrain)',sleginn`benetzt',norw.slagen`humid,wet',schwed.slaga
`swamp,marsh';mnd.slagge`schlackiges,rainyweather',schwed.slagga-vderds.;nhd.dial.slack
`Schneequatsch';nd.slack`big,giantandheavydrip',slackern`verschtten,pollute',besleckern
`beklecken';ablaut.ags.sloh`morass',mnd.slchds.;
lit.lkas`drip,Fleck,Kleck'(inthemeaning`Schlacke'dt.Lw.),laksta,-ti`mehrfachspritzen,
sprinkle',lak,-ti`drip,trickle',lekiu,lkti`spray',lett.slakaÀnfeuchtung',slact`namachen,
sprinkle,feinrain'.
References:
References:WP.II602f.,705;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsosresk-`drip'
Page(s):
Page(s):957
Root/lemma: (s)kalo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:alargefish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinegrereFischart'
Note:
Note:orvielmehrkalo-s
Material:
Material:Lat.squalusèingrererMeerfisch';dass-couldbutpreviouslysecondaryfromsquatus
ds.,squma`scale,husk'bezogensein;
aisl.hvalrm.(besides-hvelin.)`whale'(i-stem),ags.hwl,engl.whale,as.ahd.hwalds.,besides
ahd.hwelira(germ.*hvali-s-n-),nhd.Waller,Wellerandmhd.`Wels'(germ.*hvalis),wherefore
alsoOldPrussiankalis`Wels';themythischefishav.kora-isdieiran.Wiedergabeeinesurmordwin.
*kola`fish',laterkal,totscherem.kol,lapp.guole,finn.kalaetc.;dieganzefamilyalsoprobablyfinnougr.origin.
References:
References:WP.II541,WH.II581f.,Hoops,Engl.Stud.28,1ff.,Jacobsohn,ArierandUgrofinnen
241f.
Page(s):
Page(s):958
Root/lemma: (s)kel-5 ,(s)kelGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tnen,rufen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.550(kel-).
Page(s):
Page(s):928
Root/lemma: (s)kerGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`machen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.641f.(ker-).
Page(s):
Page(s):947
Root/lemma: slakEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,hammer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,hmmern'
Note:
Note:onlyIrishandGermanic
Material:
Material:Mir.slacc`sword',nir.slacaire`Schlger'(withexpressive-kk-);mir.slachta`beaten',nir.
slachtm.`goodapparition,fromgutemblow,knock',gl.slachdaim`hitwithdemhammer',slachdan
`club,mace,joint';
got.slahan,aisl.sl,ags.slan,as.ahd.slahan(sluoc,sluogen,geslagen)`hit';ahd.slagon,afries.
slagiads.;aisl.slf.`shaft,pole,bar,bolt',ags.slahe,sla`Weberkamm',mhd.sla,slage
`Schlagwerkzeug',mnd.slawe`Hufbeschlag',mhd.slouwe`spoor,Fhrte'(*slagw);lengthened
gradeaisl.slgr`hinterlistig'(`*boardup;strand;takeaway;bring;mishit;wallop;thrash');got.slauhts
f.`Schlachtung'(*slk-ti-);aisl.slttrf.`Mahd',sltrf.`Schlachtfleisch',ahd.slahta`Ttung,
Schlachtung';withameaningasnhd.jemandemnachschlagen,blow,knock`kindof':ahd.gislaht
èdelgeartet',gislahtin.`stem,quality',nhd.Geschlecht.
References:
References:WP.II706f.,WissmannNominapostverb.74.
Page(s):
Page(s):959
Root/lemma: (s)l g Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.(ep.ion.)(presentandImpf.)`take,catch,ergreife(*());afteris
ion.att.,bot.reshaped;Aor.(hom.),,aegin.h,att.inschr.
hor-,Perf.att.(*),Fut.,ion.,presention.att.
(toneologism);`violent,boisterous;voracious,greedy',m.`Meerwolf'(fish),
hom.`babblecheeky,vorlaut',-`cheekyredend',`sich
whereuponfall';
ags.lccan`catch,gripe'(=from*slagi),engl.latch.
References:
References:WP.II707,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,649,698,699.
Page(s):
Page(s):958
Root/lemma: (s)leb- ,(s)lob- ,(s)lep- ,(s)lopSeealso:

Seealso:seeaboveS.655ff.,whereforeperhapsmir.lelap,lenap(p=b),lenab(b=w)`smallkid,
child'.
Page(s):
Page(s):959
Root/lemma: (s)leibSeealso:
Seealso:'schlpfrig,glide,slide'seeaboveS.663;inadditionperhaps(afterMorris-JonesWGr.
125)cymr.llithrm.`dasGleiten'(slib-tro-).
Page(s):
Page(s):960
Root/lemma: (s)leidhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:slippery,toslide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlpfrig,gleiten'
Note:
Note:extensionfromlei-3 ,slei- aboveS.662f.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrdhati`gleitetab,gehtfehl,errs';gr.,Aor.`gleite',
`schlpfrig',m.`Gltte,Schlpfrigkeit'(*lidh-to-s)basedonauf-dh-or-tpresent;anlautasinfromtherelatedroot(s)leib- ,aboveS.663;
mir.slet`Floss',nir.slaod`gleitendemass',withuncleardd;
ags.sldan,mhd.slten`glide,slide,rutschen',ags.slidem.Àusgleiten,fall',ahd.slito,aisl.slei
`sled'(comparelett.slidas`Schlittschuhe'),ags.slidor`schlpfrig,smooth',slidrianàusgleiten',nd.
slidderen,nhd.schlittern;
lit.slstu,sldau,slsti`glide,slide',lett.slist,slstds.,sldt`rutschen,glide,slide',lit.slids
`smooth,schlpfrig',lett.slidsds.,slidasPl.`Schlittschuhe',slaidsàbschssig,smooth',slide
`spoor,Geleise(ofcart)';OldPrussianslidenikis`Leithund';
OldChurchSlavicsld`spoor',russ.sldds.,sle,sledt`spre,folge'etc.
inadditionprobablyn-presentsli-n-dh inlit.lendu,lindau,lsti,lett.lenu,ldu,lst`grovel,truckle,
creep,hineinschlpfen',andthroughAblautentgleisunggerm.*slind-,sland-,slund-ingot.fra-slindan
`verschlingen'(actually`glide,slidelassen'),ahd.slintands.,mhd.slint,slunt`gullet',ndl.slinderen
`glide,slide,grovel,truckle,creep',mhd.lendernàmble',ndl.lunderen`zaudern';
comparewithotherextensionsli-n-d, germ.*slint-inaisl.slettaslatt`sink,glide,slide,hngen'
(*slintan),sletta`hit,throw,spray'(*slantjan),schwed.slinta`fall,glide,slide',schwed.dial.slntra=
nd.slentern,ndl.slenteren,nhd.schlenzenàmble',ablaut.norw.dn.sluntreùnordentlichsein',nd.
slunternds.,nhd.schlunzen`careless,neglectfulgo';
whetherlat.lumbrcusm.`worm'auf*londhr-ko-zurckginge,couldaboven-formsalsoaufeineroot
(s)lend(h)-`glide,slide'zurckgefhrtbecome.
References:
References:WP.II707f.,715,Trautmann269,Vasmer2,658f.,Johannesson922f.,931f.
Page(s):
Page(s):960-961
Root/lemma: (s)leigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,hack
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,hacken'
Material:
Material:Lat.lig,-nism.`hack,mattock,hoe',air.sliuchtm.`spoor,break,section,progeny',ags.
sliccn.(*slikja-)`Schlger,hammer',afries.as.slc(*slaiki-)`blow,knock'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):961
Root/lemma: slenk- ,slengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towind,turn;tocreep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`winden,drehen;sichschlingen,kriechen'
Material:
Material:1.auf-k: cymr.llyngyrPl.`Wrmer',mbret.lencquernenn,nbret.lenkernenn
Èingeweidewurm'(*slinkur-),mbret.lencr`schleichend';ahd.slingan,ags.slinganst.V.`swing,
winden,flax,wattle,braid',refl.`sichschlngeln,grovel,truckle,creep',aisl.slyngva(slng)`throw,
toss,fling,zwirnen'(vpresentformant),Kaus.slngva`throw,toss,fling',ahd.slango`snake',aisl.
slngva`Schleuder',ahd.slinga`loop,noose,snare',slengira`Schleuder';
lit.slenk,slikti`slink'(fromthesnake),slnka,slank`Faulenzer',slakiusm.`Bergrutsch';lett.slkt
`sichsenken,inWasseruntergehen',slf.`Sledgeskid'(*slenk-);inaddition(becauseof
Ganges)bsl.*slnkf.`Schnepfe',inlit.slank,lett.sloka(sekundrer-stemOldPrussianslanke,
lit.slak),protoslav..*slkainruss.slka`Schnepfe'.
2.auf--g : ags.slincanst.V.`grovel,truckle,creep',aschwed.slinka`grovel,truckle,creep,sich
schmiegen',mnd.ndl.slinken`zusammenschrumpfen';mhd.slanc`slim,lean'(eig.`pliable'),mnd.
slank`pliable',norw.dial.slakk`schmchtig,slim'.
References:
References:WP.II714f.,WH.I831f.,Trautmann268,269,Vasmer2,666.
Page(s):
Page(s):961-962
Root/lemma: slerSeealso:
Seealso:seeunderS.965f.(*slrg-).
Page(s):
Page(s):962
Root/lemma: sleub(h)-
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gleiten,schlpfen'
Note:
Note:onlylat.andgerm.;comparealsosleu-.
Material:
Material:Lat.lbricus`schlpfrig,smooth';
got.sliupan`slink',ahd.sliofan,nhd.schliefen,ags.slpan`glide,slide,schlpfen',mnd.slpen
`schlpfen,slink',got.afslaupjanàbstreifen',ags.slepanàn-ordisrobe',ahd.mhd.sloufen
`schlpfenlassen,an-ordisrobe',mhd.sluft(eig.`Schlupf'),nhd.Schlucht,mhd.slupfer(ic),nhd.
schlpfrig(ro-formsasinlbricus),ags.slyppe`dough,mucus',ahd.mhd.slouf`dasSchlpfen,duct,
tube,pipe',mhd.sloufe`duct,tube,pipe,diaper,Erbsschote',nhd.Schleife,olderSchlufe,dial.
Schlaufe,etc.;
inGerm.also*slu-(idg.*sleup-or*sleubh-):ags.slefan`(dress)anziehen',slefef.`rmel'(engl.
sleeve),nl.sloof`Schrze',nhd.dial.Schlaubeds.
References:
References:WP.II710f.;WH.I822f.
Page(s):
Page(s):963-964
Root/lemma: (s)leug- ,(s)leukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswallow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlucken'
Grammaticalinformation:partlynasalpresent(s)lu-n-g ,(s)lu-n-k
Material:
Material:Gr.,-f.,(probably*)m.`theSchlucken',`haveden
Schlucken',(*),Hes.`schluchze';*(s)leuk-inds.,(v.l.
)`throat,gullet';`schluchzend';
air.slucim,nir.sloigim`schlucke'(*slunk-),cymr.llyncu,bret.lonka`schlucken',abret.roluncas`hat
verschlungen';*(s)lung-inair.-lunguÌeat,trinke',cymr.llewaèat,drink'(*lugam);
norw.slkast.V.`verschlingen',mnd.slkenst.V.`hinunterschlucken',mhd.schlchensch.V.
`schlingen,schlucken',sptahd.slchm.`gullet',mhd.slch`gullet,abyss';with:aisl.slokn.
`trough,Wasserrinne',mnd.sloke`gullet,gulp',withkk:mhd.slckeàperture',slucken`schlingen,
schlucken,schluchzen',mnd.slucken,ndl.slokken`schlingen';withaunorw.slykja`rinnenartige
Vertiefung';
lit.pa-lakis`dewlapofRindes';klr.katy,wruss.ka`schlucken'.
References:
References:WP.II717f.,Berneker749.
Page(s):
Page(s):964
Root/lemma: (s)leu- ,(s)leuk -
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gleiten,schlpfen'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.andbalto-slav.;comparealsosleub-.
Material:
Material:Ndl.sluiken`slink,schmuggeln',schweiz.slche`gosluggishly',slchi`langsamer,
schleichender,heimtckischerperson';mhd.slch`Schlangenhaut,hose'(eig.`woreingeschlpft
wird'),nhd.Schlauch,and.slk`squmas';besidesgerm.sluh-,slug-(idg.*sleuk-)inschwed.dial.
slu(v)(*slhw)`diehuskumdenempfindlichstenTeilinHornorHufe',norw.slo`thefleischigeKern
inHornorHufe',mnd.sl`Fruchthlse,Fruchtbalg,bowl',nnd.alsoslwe,norddt.dial.Schlaube,
mengl.slughe,slouh(engl.slough)àbgestreifteSchlangenhaut';nd.sl,nhd.schlau,sddt.dial.
schlauchds.(*slha-,eig.`schleichend');
lit.lisPl.`Schlittschuhe',liati`grovel,truckle,creep'(l-fromsl-),lett.lùt`slither';russ.
la`snowshoe;Schlittenbalken',klr.va`Skier',russ.dial.lyzgtàufdemEisegleiten,slither',
lyznt,lyzgont`davonrennen',bulg.lzgav`smooth',lzgamse`laufeSchlittschuh,gleite'.
References:
References:WP.II711,Vasmer2,74f.
Page(s):
Page(s):964
Root/lemma: (s)leup- ,(s)leub(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohangloose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaffherabhngen(d)'
Note:
Note:onlygerman.andBaltic
Material:
Material:Ags.lyft`weak'=mndl.luft,lucht`link',ofries.luf`slack,tired',aisl.lfa`dichtes'
(probably`*denseandlongniederhngendes'),mnd.lobbe`hngendelip,Manschette',ndl.lobbig
`schlotterig,slack',isl.lubbaf.`groercodfish';nd.sluf,ndl.slof`faint,languid,slack',sluffen`go
sluggishly',engl.sloven`nachlssiger,unreinlicherperson';ndl.slobbe`slime,mud',engl.slobber,
slubber`geifern,befoul',nd.slubberen`slurp',nisl.slupra`slurp'(imaginingofHerabhngenlassens
beimfood,eating,ofhngendenSchleimesandSchlammigen);
lit.lpaf.`lip'(:mndd.lobbe)andslbnas`slack,faint,languid'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):964-965
Root/lemma: (s)leuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:looselyhanging,loose,feeble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaffherabhngend,schlaff'
Note:
Note:esp.withextensions;outofGerm.onlybarelyprovable,inthisbutveryreichentfaltet
Material:
Material:Unerweitertperhapsin:got.slawan`schweigen'(*slawn`*faint,languidsein'fromanAdj.
*slawa-);
withm -suffix:norw.slum`slack,thin(fromGrashalmen)',sluma`schlaffandgosluggishly',dn.older
slum`slumber',ags.slmam.`slumber',latemhd.(md.)slumen,slummern,schlummern=drowse';
norw.slyma`quick,fasttolangem,weichenStrohwachsen';
withn -suffix:alem.schlne`drowse',mhd.sln`Faulenzer';
withr -suffix:norw.slre`trgerperson',slren`faint,languid,sleepy',slora,slura`losehangen,
drag',mhd.slrm.Ùmherschlendern;Faulpelz',mnd.sluren`shiver,swerve,trgesein';ndl.(abl.)
sleurends.,sloor`liederlicheperson';mhd.slier(*sleura-)m.n.`slime,mud,loam,clay'(nhd.dial.
Schlierds.,Schliere`schleimigemass',tirol.schlieren`glide,slide,schlpfen'),engl.slear,sleer
`schmieren',slur`slime,mud',Verb.`schmieren,glide,slide'.
(s)leug-:
Nd.slk`slack',ndl.sluik`lean,hager,smooth',engl.slouch`denKopfhngen,idleandcareless,
neglectfulgo';aisl.slokinnèrloschen',sloknaèrlschen,die';slkkva`lschen,slay';norw.sloka
`faulsein',nd.slokeren`slacksein,shiver',withkk:slukkernds.(nhd.Schlucker),slukk`sad',slokk
`slack,weak',norw.slauk`schlafferperson',slauka`sichschleppen',ags.slac`slack';withouts-:
aisl.loka`schlaffherabhangenlassen',norw.lukr,lugr`lose,schlotternd';besideswithexpressive
voiced-nonaspiratedgeminationnorw.schwed.slugga`schwerflliggo'(engl.slug,sluggish`sleepy,
idle'isskand.Lw.),mnd.luggichds.;presumablylit.slgstu,slgau,slgtiàbate,smallbecome'.
(s)leut-:
Mir.lott(lt)`Hure'seemsgerm.Lw.;compareunderaisl.lodda,inadditionlydda`fauleswoman';
ags.ledre`nichtsnutzig,evil,bad,woeful,wretched,miserable',mhd.liederlich`lightanddainty,
slight,leichtfertig',nhd.liederlich(*liuri-);ahd.lotar,mhd.loter,lotter`lax,leichtfertig'(nhd.
Lotterbube),alsoìdle'(nhd.Lotterbank),ags.loddere`beggar',aschwed.lyddaref.ùntaugliche
person',aisl.loddaf.`wife,woman';herewiththemeaning`losehngendesTuch,scrap,shred'
perhapsahd.lthara,ldara`diaper,cradle',as.lthara`Kinderwindel';withahd.loderads.,as.
lodara`scrap,shred'andahd.ludo,lodo`coarseWollenzeug,berwurfoutofit',nhd.Loden,as.
lotho,ags.loam.`mantle',aisl.loi`Lodenmantel'(inthemeaningfromloenn,aboveS.685,
influenced);
serb.ltm,ltatiàmble',ablaut.russ.lytt`sichherumtreiben,umherschlenzen';presumablyalso
h.ltov`frail,fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated;eitel',lett.lutt,lutint`verzrteln';
Withs -:
-:got.af-slaujanìnBestrzungversetzen'(if`*slack,feeblemake',fromanAdj.*slaua-),afslaunanìnBestrzunggeraten';aisl.slora`sichvorwrtsschleppen',slyra`fibre,filament',mhd.
slot(t)ern,sloten`wobble,sway,tremble',nhd.schlottern,ndl.slodderends.,slodder`liederliche
person';mhd.sldern`swerve,toss,fling',slder`Schleuder',slderer`werbereiltandliederlich
arbeitet',sl(de)r-affe`Miggnger'(Schlaraffe),bair.schlaudernalso`losehinandherdrive';
isl.slydda`snowandraindurcheinander',sludda`clumpsalivaornasalmucus',engl.dial.slud
`slime,mud',sddt.schludern`tosnowandrainzugleich',mhd.slate`slime,mud,Tauwetter',nhd.
dial.schlott,schluttds.;ablaut.mhd.slte`slime,mud,loam,clay';
withgerm.t -:
-:afries.slt,mnd.sltm.`Wassergraben,puddle,slop,swamp,marsh',engl.sleet
(ags.*slete),`Schloen,graupel',nd.slten`hail',mhd.slz,slze,nhd.Schloe,norw.slutr`rain
andSchneedurcheinander',aisl.slota`herabhngen',schwed.dial.`faulsein',withlengthenedzero
gradeaisl.slta`herabhngen,hangen,lssigsein',nhd.dial.schlossen`slackbecome,tauen'
(schlotzen`withsmuttotunhave,careless,neglectfulsein'with-tt-).
References:
References:WP.II708ff.,WissmannNominapostverb.84,Vasmer2,76.
Page(s):
Page(s):962-963
Root/lemma: (s)lg- :(s)lg- and(s)legEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,feeble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlaff,mattsein'(from`loslassen'),from`schlaff'about`weichlich'also
`wollstig'
Note:
Note:nas.(s)leng- (=leng-`swing,waver')
Material:
Material:OldIndianlaga-`lame';gr.`lasseab,hearauf(*ermatte);trans.`makeweichen'
(*slg),(*-)ùnaufhrlich',Hes.,`slack,schmchtig,thin',
hom.,ion.,att.,-`hare'(*(s)lg-usos`withschlaffenears'),,-
usuallyPl.`thegroin,Dnnen'(formal=aisl.laki`Faltmagen'),`dnnerwidecake'(formal=
as.lakanetc.`kerchief,cloth'),`dewlap'(compareschwed.slka`schlaffherabhngen'),
nasalizedpresumablyhere`hesitate',`Zaudern',Hes.(*`faint,
languidsein,schlaffandunschlssigsein');withthemeaning`lustful':`horny,lustful',
`lustfulsein',`Geilheit,sensuality,voluptuousness',Hes.(besides
with-Vok.=Archil.,`'EM.;
lat.laxus`slack,wide,capacious',nas.langue,-re`faint,languid,slack,abgespanntsein';
air.lacc(withexpressivegg)`slack,weak';mcymr.llacc,ncymr.llac`slack'derivesbecauseofseines
ccinsteadofchfromengl.slack;
mnd.lak`slack,lose',ndl.lak,nhd.mdartl.lackds.,mndl.lakalso`lustful',aisl.lakrand(fullgrade)
lkrèvil,bad,small';withgradationschwed.dial.lka`schlaffherabhngen',aisl.lkr`Dummkopf,
Faulpelz';germ.*lakana-`baumelnderrag,Zipfel'inas.lakan`kerchief,cloth',ahd.lahhands.(nhd.
LakenfromdemNd.,formalcomparegr.),aisl.lakim.`Quappe';themanypliesofthe
ruminant,Faltmagen'(=),lack,fault,error';
withs-:aisl.slakr`slack'(poet.),slaknaèrschlaffen',as.mnd.slac`slack,weak',participleas.gislekit
`stumpfgemacht',mnd.slak-sde`Bauchseite'(asandnhd.Weichen),ags.slc`slack,idle,
slow',ahd.slah-`slack,idle',ags.sleccan(*slekjan)`schwchen';
withgradation:aisl.slkrèinschlafferBursche',norw.slken`slack',schwed.slka`schlaff
herabhngenlassen',dial.`trgesein',slkand(with)slk`leichtsinnigeswoman',aschwed.
slkifri,-frilla`Kebsweib';
nasalizedprobablyschwed.slinka`nichtfestansitzen,shiver,hinken',ahd.slinc,ndl.slink`link',mhd.
link,nhd.link;ahd.lenka`dieLinke',schwed.linkaandlanka`somewhathinken',lunka`slowlygo',
dn.slunken`slack,schlotterig'(*`schlaffdahergehen');perhapsschwed.dial.slank,sddt.schlank
`scrap,shred,thin';
lett.lens`slack,soft';
doubtfulruss.pere-slga`fault,errorinGewebe'(*ÀuslassenofFadens'),sloven.preslgast
`fadenscheinig,naked,bald,bleak';
whetheralsotoch.Aslkkr`sad'
References:
References:WP.II712ff.,WH.I758f.
Page(s):
Page(s):959-960
Root/lemma: slgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,oppress,mishandle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drcken,bedrcken,mihandeln'
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`schimpflicheBehandlung,disgrace,shame,maltreatment,damage,ruin',
`behandleschimpflich,mihandle,verstmmle,frevle,schdige';
lit.slog`plague,Landplage',withsecondaryablaut.:lett.slga`damage,complaint';lit.slogus
`beschwerlich',slognti`plague',sluoga`HlzerzumBeschwereneingeweichtenFlachses';withuo:
lit.slogas,lett.sluogs`clot,chunk,stone,load',sluodzt`beschweren,niederpressen,thrash',
sluogt,sluogutds.;with:lit.slg-iu,-ti`distress,press',lett.slgt`shut'(*`zudrcken'),lit.slgtis,
slgt`Presse,Kelter',lett.at-slga`Schlo',slgs`burden'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):960
Root/lemma: (s)l- (:sli- orsli- ),sl-u o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blueish
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blulich'
Material:
Material:Lat.lve,-re`bleifarbig,blulichsein',lvor`blulichepaint,color',lvidus`blulich'
(basedonaufanAdj.*sl-uosor*l-uo-s);
air.l`paint,color,radiance',cymr.lliw,acorn.liu,ncorn.lywds.,abret.nbret.liou`paint,color'
(`paint,color'from`blue'verallgemeinert),abret.liou`naevum',da-liu(liesduliu)`fuscus';gall.PN
Lv;butlat.Lviusperhapsetrusk.
russ.-ChurchSlavicslva`plum'etc.,fromwhichlit.slyv,OldPrussiansliwaytosds.borrowed;slov.
slv`blulich'isback-formationfromdemPflaumennamen;
withformants-ko-:ahd.slha,slwa(*sloi-ko-),ags.slh(engl.sloe),nhd.`Schlehe',schwed.sl(n)
ds.;compareMartinetWord12,4.
References:
References:WP.II715f.,WH.I816,Trautmann269f.,Vasmer2,660.
Page(s):
Page(s):965
Root/lemma: slougo- ,-- f.
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:help,service
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasHelfen,Dienen'
Note:
Note:onlyCelticandbalto-slavisch
Material:
Material:Air.slg,slagm.`Heer,Schaar',teg-lach(*tego-slougo-)`Hausgenossenschaft,family',
cymr.llu`Heer',acymr.telu,mcymr.teilu,newerteulu`cortege',ncymr.`household,family',acorn.
luu,mcorn.lu`bulk,mass,Schaar,Heer';gall.VNCatu-slugi(leg.-slgi)`Kampfesscharen';lit.
emait.slauga,slaugti`support,help',slaug`dasDienen',p-slauga`help,Hilfeleistung';Old
ChurchSlavicslugam.`servant';inadditionOldChurchSlavicslu,sluiti`serve',etc.
References:
References:WP.II716,Trautmann268f.,Vasmer2,664f.
Page(s):
Page(s):965
Root/lemma: (s)lr g - andslerEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,-m.`gullet'(perhapsafterreshaped);
lat.lurco(r),-re,-r`schlemmen,devour',ifauf*lurgicosbeingbasedon;lurc,-nism.
`gormandizer,gourmand,voraciouseater';
mhd.slurc`gullet',slurken`schlucken',norw.schwed.slurk`gulp,mouthful',norw.schwed.slurkaìn
groenZgenslurp';nhd.schlrchen`careless,neglectfulgo';
anonomatopoeicrootsler- withvariantextensionsinlett.slarpataàlterrag',slarpatt`lumpig
einhergehen':schwed.slarfva`scrap,shred,rag';lett.slarkt(besidesslarpt)`gosluggishly':nhd.
schlarken`schleifendgo'(schlarfends.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):965-966
Root/lemma: smeg(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totaste
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmecken'
Note:
Material:
Material:Mhd.smach`taste,smell,odor',mnd.smak(e)`dasSchmecken,taste,smell,odor',
smaken,afries.smakia,mengl.smakin`taste';
with-kk-ahd.smac(-ckes)`taste',smeckentrans.andintrans.`taste',ags.smccm.`taste,smell,
odor',isl.smekkrds.;with-g-(idg.variant*smegh-):ahd.gismagmo`taste',gismag,gismah
`schmackhaft';
lit.smaguria`tidbit',smaguriati`naschen',smagris`forefinger'(actually`Naschfinger,Nscher');
perhapsissmeg(h)-ass-formwithlit.mgti`wohlgefallen'etc.identical,
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.mgh-`wohlgesinnt'aboveS.707.
Page(s):
Page(s):967
Root/lemma: (s)mei-1 ,smeuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolaugh,surprise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lcheln,erstaunen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansmyat,-ati`lchelt',Kaus.smpayati;smita-`lchelnd',vi-smita-èrstaunt',
smaya-n.àstonishment',smra-`lchelnd'(=lat.mrus);
gr.(withd-extension)Hes.,`gernlchelnd',,`lachen';
lat.mrus`wonderful'(formationasclrus,=OldIndiansmra-);lat.cmis,oldcosmis`compliant,
friendly',as`withLcheln',fromarootnounssmi-;
air.madn.`fame,pride',ablaut.modid`rhmtsich';
alem.màstonish';mengl.smlin,engl.smile,dn.smile,norw.smila`lcheln';ags.gl-smre
`zumLachengeneigt';
lett.smeju,smit`verlachen',smada`dasLcheln'(in-d-probablywithdemGr.tocompare);smaidt
`lcheln,schmeicheln,mock';
OldChurchSlavicsmj(*smeii),smijatis`lachen',smch`daslaughter';
toch.Asmi-`lcheln'.
Besidessmeu- in:
mhd.smieren,smielen,olderndl.smuylen`lacheln',probablyalsomhd.smollen`fromUnwillen
schweigen,schmollen;lcheln';russ.uchmyts`lcheln,schmunzeln',dial.chmylt`lcheln',
probablyalsopoln.dial.chmlisi`sichverfinstern,einverdrielichesfacemachen'.
References:
References:WP.II686f.,WH.II94f.,Trautrnann270f.,PedersenZcP.17,31.
Page(s):
Page(s):967-968
Root/lemma: smeit- ,smit-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen'
Material:
Material:Av.hamista-`niedergeworfen,oppressed'(*ham-[h]mista-,withinSimplexerfolgtem
Anlautswandelfromsm-to[h]m-);hamastar-`werniederwirft,oppressed';ma-`throw',with
Ablat.,*mittereex'=`mug,rob'(miat),with-`(ansich)comelassen'(miniti),withpaiti`*zurckschicken'=`denLaufpagive,absagen',withham-`mug,rob'(hmiyt);withham+aib
`zulassen,denZutrittgestatten';
lat.mitt,-ere,msi,missum`golassen,runlassen;send,senden',withexpressiveintensification
from*smt(*smeit),comparecosmitterePaul.Fest.
References:
References:WP.II687f.,WHII97ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):968
Root/lemma: smekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:chin,beard
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kinn,Mundpartie,Bart'
Note:
Note:inOldIndianwithk
Material:
Material:OldIndianmaru-n.`beard,whisker,moustache'(assim.from*smasru-);arm.mauruk`,
moruk``beard';alb.mjekr`chin,beard'(*smekr);
Note:
Commonalb.shiftsm>m;dropofinitials -inalb.
perhapslat.mla`Kinnbacke,maxilla',Demin.maxilla(*smek-sl,dessenvowelwithdemarm.a
vergleichbarwre);ir.smech`chin'(*smek),presumablyags.smrasm.Pl.`Lippen'(*smahria-),in
additionas`Lippenbltler'nisl.smraf.,smrim.,norw.dn.smrem.,schwed.dial.smrem.
`l',afterothertosmei-`lcheln';lit.smkrasm.,smakrf.`chin',lett.smakrs`chin,palate';hitt.
zama(n)kur`beard'(*smokuror*smokru-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):968
Root/lemma: smel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toburnforalongtime,smoulder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`langsamandrauchendverbrennen,schwelen'
Material:
Material:Mir.sml,sml,smalf.`fire,blaze,glow,ash';mnl.smlen,ndl.smeulen`gleam,
smolder',nd.smelen,smlends.,-gradeflm.smoel`muggy';mengl.smolder`smoke',nengl.
smoulder;also(comparerauchen:riechen),mengl.smel,smul(-ll-)`smell,odor',engl.smell;
osorb.smali`singe',nsorb.smali`singe,schwrzen',klr.prysmatyànbrennen'.
Withk- extension:lit.smilkst,smilktièinenschwachenDunstorRauchfromsichgive',smilkti
`ruchern',smelki,smelktièrsticken';
besidesinGerm.withr- ags.smorianèrsticken(tr.)',mnd.smoren`dmpfen,ersticken(tr.andintr.),
schmoren`,flm.smoren`smoke,mistysein',mnd.smurtenèrsticken',mengl.smorther,engl.
smother`vapor'.
References:
References:WP.II691f.;Vasmer3,670,675.
Page(s):
Page(s):969
Root/lemma: smel-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gray
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`grau,staubfarben'
Material:
Material:Gr.àshtree;spear,javelinfromEschenholz'(`withagutenEschenspeer
bewaffnet'),,èschen'(*[]F-,-),perhapsfromthegrauenFarbeof
Holzesundtoalit.smlsàschgrau,falb',lit.pasmlti`cloudy,darkbecome'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparemel-6aboveS.720f.
Page(s):
Page(s):969
Root/lemma: smerd- ,smordEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stinken'
Material:
Material:Gr.Pl.`Stnker'Hes.;;lit.smrdiu,smirdti`stink',
lett.smirdtds.,lit.smirdl`dwarfelder',smardnti`stinkendmake',lett.smerdelis`Stnker',smards
`fetidness',lit.smr[d]v,alit.smarstas`fetidness'(alsosmarst,smarstvas,smrsas`schlechteres
fat',actually`bad-smellingfat'),OldPrussiansmordeàlderbuckthorn,alderdogwood';OldChurch
Slavicsmrdti,russ.smerdt`stink',russ.smrod`fetidness',smordina`blackcurrant',poln.
smrd,ech.smrad`fetidness';inadditionprobablylat.merdaòrdure,ordureofLeibes'.
maybealb.*merda,mutshit.
smerd-`stink'iseineprobablyalreadyidg.verselbstndigteAnwendungfrom(s)merd-innhd.
schmerzen,lat.mordre,s.mer-,merd-àufreiben'(aboveS.736f),originallyalso`beiendersmell,
odor'.
alb.mortjedeath,marrtakeaway(taboofordie)
ItseemsthatfromthistaboowasbornRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:m-r ,Gen.m-n-s ,mn t s :
:(hand)from
Root/lemma: smerd- ,smord- :

:(tostink,*die,takeaway).
References:
References:WP.II691,WH.II74f.,Trautmann271,Vasmer2,676,SpechtKZ62,215.
Page(s):
Page(s):970
Root/lemma: smeruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:grease,fat
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:andhnliches:`Schmer,Fett'
Material:
Material:Gr.probably`SchmirgelzumAbreibenandPolieren',()`polierethrough
Reiben,anoint,smear,rub',n.`wohlriechendesSalbl,Pflanzensaft',perhapsalso()à
kindofAal,Murne'as`fettigsichanfhlend';
lat.perhapsinmedullaePl.`MarkfromboneandPflanzen',throughinfluenceofmediusfrom
*merullatransfigured;air.smi(u)rm.,Gen.smera`Mark',cymr.mer`Mark';aisl.smirn.,ags.
smeoru,ahd.smero(Gen.smerwes)`Schmer,fat',whereofaisl.smyria,smyrva`bestreichen,anoint',
ags.smierwanànoint',ahd.smirwenànoint,schmieren',nhd.Schmer,schmieren,Schmirgel;with
otherstemformationgot.smarrn.`fat',smarnsòrdure,crap,muck,droppings'(meaningasnhd.
schmierig,ndl.smerig`kotig,dirty,filthy').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):970-971
Root/lemma: (s)merEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toremember;tocarefor
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gedenken,sicherinnern,sorgen'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansmrati`remindssich,gedenkt',smaraa-n.,smti-`Gedenken,Gedchtnis',
av.maraiti,himaraiti`(be)merkt',mimara-èingedenk';arm.mormok``Bedauern,Mivergngen,
distress,affliction'(withformants-ok`froma*mor-m[or]o-withfracturedreduplication);gr.
`wasvielSinnen,Sorgenrequired';,`care,sinne,hesitate';f.`care,
Sinnen',`care,binbedacht,grble',post-verbalf.`care,Besorgnis';also,,hom.,kret.-`Zeuge'differentaboveS.735;
lat.memorèingedenk'(compareav.mimara-ds.,ags.ge-mimords.),memoria`Gedchtnis';Morta
èineParze';
air.airm(m)ertf.`forbid',cymr.armerth`Vorbereitung'(*smert-),mir.mertaid`richtetein',bret.
merzout`gewahrbecome',Vannesarmerheinèinrichten';gall.PNSmerius,Smertullus,GN
Smertrios;Ro-smerta`dieVoraussehende';abrit.VN.
aisl.Mmiràgiant';ags.mimorian`sichremind',ge-mimor`bekannt',mmrian`beretwassinnen',
ndl.mijmeren`deepnachsinnen';got.marnan,ags.murnan,ahd.mornn`carefor,worry,ngstlich
besorgtsein';
alit.merti`carefor,worry',lengthenedgradeserb.mriti`sichkmmernum',etc.(*mr-);
2.as`sinnen,sinnenddastehen'=`hesitate'probablydiegrouplat.moraf.`Verzug,delay',air.
mar(a)im`bleibe';corn.bret.mar`doubt';
3.hereas`jemandenwherewithconsider,versorgen;Zugedachtes'alsogr.(*)
èrhalteallotment',àllotment,fate,destiny'(*sm-,comparehom.),Perf.hom.
`hatAnteil',(*-)èsisdurchslot,fatezugeteilt',`fate,destiny',
n.,f.àllotment,part',`divide',m.`lot,fate,fate,destiny,personslotinlife',
Hes.(*;Od.isnewerformation),hom.
ùnteilhaftig',Hes.,lak.`dividingoff,partitioningoffofspartanischenHeeres',
`part';probablyalso`verfehle'duetoeines*-hùnteilhaftig';lat.mere,reandmereor,-rèarn,erwerbe'(i.e.èrhalteallotment',èrwerbemirmeinenallotment'),
merenda`Vesperbrot,Mahlzeittheanimal'(`*wherewithpersonandanimaltoconsideris').
References:
References:WP.II689f.,WH.II67f.,110,W.OehlIF.57,2ff.;Vendryest.Celt.2,133f.,Duval
t.Celt.6,219ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):969-970
Root/lemma: (s)meukh- ,(s)meug- ,(s)meughEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmoke,smoken.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rauchen,Rauch'
Material:
Material:Arm.mux,Gen.mxoy`smoke';gr.(=khorgh;fromtheg-form)`lasse
verschwelen;inlangsamemfireconsume';ir.mch`smoke',cymr.mwg(withAlternation:u),corn.
mokds.,bret.moug,mog`fire',moged`smoke'(-kh-or-k-);
with-g:gr.;arm.murk,Gen.mrkoy`sengend'(*smgro-);
ags.smocan`smoke',mnl.smiekenandsmuiken`smoke';Kaus.ags.smecan`smoke,ruchern',
mnd.smken`schmauchen,ruchern,throughRauchersticken';ags.smecm.`smoke',mhd.
smouch`smoke,haze,mist';ags.smocam.`smoke',smocian`smoke,ruchern';
lit.smugiu,smugtièrsticken(originallythroughsmoke),erwrgen';perhapsruss.smglyj,klr.
smuhyj`schwarzbraun'(`smoke-color');diebsl.wordsatmostwithgh,whereuponalsoarm.moyg
`brown,dark'as*smougho-incomparisonkme;uncleardasrelationshiptoruss.-ChurchSlavic
smagl`dark,brown',russ.smga`flame;smut',ech.smahnouti`dehydrate,desiccate,
schmachten'.
References:
References:WP.II688f.,Vasmer2,669f.,677.
Page(s):
Page(s):971
Root/lemma: smeuSeealso:
Seealso:seeundersmei-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):971
Root/lemma: sme ,sm
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:really,particleofemphasis
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise,etwa`wahrlich,indeed'
Material:
Material:Aismemphasizingparticle,gr.inSchwrenBeteuerungspartikel,thess.`but,';
*(=OldIndiansm)extendedto,ion.-att.ìndeed,yet',ion.(infolge
Funktionsschwchung)gekrztto,emphasizingparticle;lat.nam`for',originally
Versicherungspartikel,maybefrom*mntransfigured;hitt.-ma`but',s.SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,569,A.
HahnLg.29,242f.
References:
References:WP.II685,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,569,M.LeurnannMus.Helv.6,85ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):966
Root/lemma: smi-2 :smi- :sm Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocarve;toworkwithasharpinstrument
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnitzen,witheinemscharfenWerkzeugarbeiten'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Schnitzmesser',,`hack,mattock,hoe';
got.aiza-smia`smith',aisl.smir`workerinwood(thesedasgeschichtlichltere)andmetal',ags.
smi`smith,Radmacher',ahd.smid`smith';ahd.smda`metal,Metallschmuck',gismdi
`Metallschmuck,Geschmeide',aisl.smf.`kunstfertigework';ahd.smeidar`Metallknstler';einesloserootformisprobablymai-(mi-)`hew,hit,cavitate',seethere;
doubtfullett.smicens`blackSpitzmaus'(`*nibbler'ortosmidzis,aboveS.966),lit.smails`sharp,
naschhaft',smlius`Nscher,forefinger'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):968
Root/lemma: smi-3 ,smeid- ,smig- ,smikSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.966f.(sm- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):968
Root/lemma: sm- ,sme- ,sm-eiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmear,rub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmieren,darberwischen,-streichen;darberhinreiben'
Material:
Material:Gr.Infin.,Aor.`schmieren,abwischen,abrade',3.Sg.Pass.,;
,ds.,`grind',f.òintment',,-f.`blutunterlaufenerstripe,
Strieme',(Gramm.)`gustofwind';lat.macula`Fleck,Makel;MascheinStickereien'probably
fromsm-tl;
smi- (inaddition2.mai-,above697),smei- extended(ord-present)in:

smeid-: arm.mic`smut'(*smidio-);got.bi-smeitan`besmear,bestreichen',ga-smeitan`schmieren,
stroke',ahd.smzan`stroke,schmieren,hit',nhd.schmeien,ahd.bismzan`besmear',ags.
besmtands.;norw.dial.smita,abl.smta`thinaufschmieren';ags.smittian`blemish,anstecken',
mhd.schmitzenànstreichen,geieln,hit',nhd.verschmitzt;ags.smittef.`Fleck',mhd.smitzef.
`Fleck,smut';
OldChurchSlavicsmd`fuscus',alsoinruss.FlN.,perhapsas`*schmierig'here(`doubtful',Vasmer
2,670f.).
sm[i]k- : smk - `zerriebenes,winzigesKrmchen':

gr.,()`small,kleinlich,short',dor.ion.`small'(Kurzbildungaslippus,);
lat.mcaèinKrmchen,bichen',mcidus`winzig';ahd.smhi`small,little,low',aisl.smr(*smha-)
`small',ags.smalc`fine,painstaking',ahd.smhen`smallmake,verringern',nhd.schmhen,
Schmach,ahd.gismhten`dwindle',nhd.schmachten,ver-schmachten;afries.forsmia
`verschmhen',mnd.smginge`Schmhung'.
Insimilarturnin`dasKleine,Zierliche':
sm[i]g- :sm g - ;poln.smagy`slim,schmchtig';migyds.,miga`dnnerod'(aborrowingfrom

dt.schmiegeniscertainlynichttothink);lit.smagas`shaft,pole';lett.smidzis`Milbe,Wasserfloh';
with : lit.susms`small,crippled';nisl.smeikr`smooth,shy';ags.smicre`beautiful,dainty',ahd.
smechar,smehhar,mhd.smecker`slim,schmachtig',norw.smikrn.`feinesSchnitzwerk'(besides
withouts-andwithotherGutturalstufemigrn.àllzufeineArbeit',migren`schmchtig');
einedeutlicheremeaning`schmieren,stroke'innorw.smika`stroke,smooth',smeikja`caress,
schmeicheln',nhd.schmeicheln,ags.smciands.,mhd.smicke`thevordersteTeilaPeitsche;
Schmi,wound',mhd.smicke,sminke`makeup'.
Au -variant(s)mu- :(s)mu- :(s)mu- seemsvorzuliegeninaisl.m(*mawn)`wearout,scrape',
norw.muggm.n.(*muwwa-)`Sgemehl';aisl.ma-sk(*mwn)`verdautbecome';nhd.bair.
schmaudeln`schmeicheln'.
References:
References:WP.II685f.,WH.II5f.,85.
Page(s):
Page(s):966-967
Root/lemma: smogEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweighheavily
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwerlastend,sichwitheinerschwerenLastabmhen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`toil,Anstrengung',(Hes.)`mhselig',`strengemich
an',Adv.`barely'(originallyNom.Sg.`sichmhend'=`nurwithtoil');(*)m.
Ànstrengung,toil',`sichabmhen',`mhselig';(*)`Hebebaum,
Hebel',-,-`budgeaway,moveaway';lit.(em.)smags`heavytobear,carryortopull,
drag',lett.smags,smagrs`schwerfromGewicht,lastend'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):971
Root/lemma: (s)nadhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,slice
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinschneiden,schnitzen'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andwestgerm.
Material:
Material:Ir.snad-`carve,cut,clip',snassm.`cut,Hieb',cymr.naddu`tochip,tocut',acymr.nedim,
ncymr.neddyf`Krummaxt',mbret.ezeff`Queraxt',nbret.eze,nezeds.;
ahd.snatta,mhd.snatte`Strieme,Wundmal',alem.schnattwa,schnttweìncision'(*snadw),
schweiz.schntzen`carve',nd.snt`limit,boundary',nhd.Schnate`Wundmal,limit,boundary';
withouts:aisl.naddrm.`sting,prick,Pfeil'.
References:
References:WP.II694,Kluge-Goetze685.
Page(s):
Page(s):972-973
Root/lemma: sn- ,sn-(t-) ,snu- ,sn-eu- ,sn-etEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow,swim;damp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieen,Feuchtigkeit'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansnti,snyat`badet(sich)',participlesnt-,av.snayeit`wscht,purifies,
cleansthroughSplen',participlesnta-;d(h)-present-snayn;OldIndiansnpyati`schwemmt',
snpana-`zumBadendienend(ofwater)';inadditionlat.NeptunusaboveS.316;
gr.,-`schwimme'(formationas,underdgl;idg.ghorkh);,dor.
ìsland'as`Schwimmer';
lat.n,nre(*sni)`swim',umbr.snata,snatuAkk.Pl.n.`mecta';air.snm`dasSchwimmen',
cymr.nawfds.,bret.neunvi`swim';mir.snid`schwimmt,crawls,flows';
2.auf*sn-t- basedonlat.nat,-re`swim,flows';ven.FlNNati-s(n),*Natusisnhd.Netze;cymr.
naidf.`Sprung'(*snati),bret.n(e)ijal`fly',corn.nyge`fly,swim',mcymr.dienad(*dronat)`Tosen
ofMeeres',andarm.nay`damp,fluid';
3.aufsn-et- , *sn-ot- basedonprobablygr.`Sdwind'(`Regenwind'),,`damp',
f.`Nsse';thrak.FlN,S.759
4.Besidesn- liessnu- andsneu -:

OldIndiansnuti,participlesnuta-`triefen,eineFlssigkeitofKrpers,particularly,specially,
especially,particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notablyMuttermilch,entlassen'
(presentidg.*snutiorlengthenedgradees*snuti);gr.,Imperf.,ol.`flow'
(*F);F(Dodona)asstrmendgedacht,whereof,ion.,-,also,
ion.,-`stream,brook-,Quellnymphe',,(*F--,substantivized
probablyinHes.,dasas`Meerestiefe'tounderstand,comprehendseinwird;but
Hes.perhapstoner-`penetrate'),reducedgrade(*)`rinnend,
flowing',,Hes.,att.Vok.m.`stream',(*F)`Flssigkeit,
wellspring',(*F)`watercourse,wellspring,stream,brook';mir.snu,sn`stream'
(*snu);
5.from*sneu - from:(Fut.)`schwimme',lak.,-Hes.lat.
ntri,-re`suckle,nhren',derivativefroma*sneu-trfem.`milkflieenlassend';
asd -extensionfromsneu-oneunderstandsmir.snad(alsoFlN)`river';`caesaries'
(`*herabflieend'),mhd.snuz`catarrh',norw.snott,ags.gesnottn.`Katarrh',aisl.snyta,ahd.snzen,
nhd.schneuzen,norw.sntm.`snout',nhd.Schnauze;
withp: mhd.snupfe,aisl.snoppe`catarrh',mhd.snfen`wheeze',snben`pant,sniff,snort'under
likewise;afterWissmann,Nom.postverb.178f.aregerm.snub-,snup-,snud-,snut-,snug-,snuklautmalend(asalsosnab-,snap-,snad-,snat-,snak-,ebda.187f.),afterJohannesson223f.belong
sietosnu-`pant,sniff,snort,pusten',alsotoobigem*sneu-;
withidg.t : mhd.snudel,snuder,snde`catarrh',ahd.snden`pant,sniff,snort,schnarchen',
aisl.snyja`snuffle,sniff,wittern(ofdog)',snura,snorads.;
whetherherethrak.`Nymphe'
References:
References:WP.I397,II692ff.,WH.II146f.,172,190f.,LothRC.46,154f.
Page(s):
Page(s):971-972
Root/lemma: sneigGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kriechen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeundersneg- ds.
Page(s):
Page(s):974
Root/lemma: sneighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosnow;snow,*rain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneien,(sich)zusammenballen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:sneigh- :
:`tosnow;snow'derivedfromazerograde(*suu-etos,*sueri):Old
Indiansunti`squeezed,pressed'=av.hunaoitiofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:seu-1 ,se- :s- :
:`juice;liquid,
rain'.
Material:
Material:Prkrit.sieha-(=OldIndiansnha-)`snow';av.snaa-`tosnow',pamir.ugninij
`snow',(*snaiga-);gr.Akk.`snow',hom.`muchsnowedon,snow-capt',()
ìtissnowing',`snowflake'(`snowstorm,snowfall'),lat.nix,nivis`snow',nivitìtis
snowing'(probably);nasal-prs.ninguit(ninxit)ds.;
ir.snigidìtdrips,israining',snigen.`drip,flux',snecht(a)e`snow'(tot-formscompare);cymr.
nyf`snow',nyfio`tosnow';
ahd.ags.snwan`tosnow'(st.V.,participlegi-snigan,comparestillnhd.bair.participlegeschniwen;
otherwisenhd.schw.V.),aisl.snrìtissnowing'(participlesnifinn`snowy');got.snaiws`snow'=
ags.snw,ahd.sno(Gen.snwes);
lit.snigas,lett.snegs(vowelfromtheundertakenverb)`snow',snagala`snowflake',snigaìtis
snowing',Inf.sngti,OldPrussiansnaygis`snow',OldChurchSlavicsng`snow'.
Sumerianeg4:`frost;coldshudder,chills',eg8/9:`snow;ice'(cf.,sigga).
References:
References:WP.II695,WH.II169f.,Trautmann272f.,Vasmer2,680,R.L.TurnerBSOAS18,
449f.;compareOldIndiansnhyati`becomedamp,sticky',snha-m.`stickiness,oil,fat'.
Page(s):
Page(s):974
Root/lemma: sneitEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Got.sneian,aisl.sna`cut,clip,reap',ags.snan`cut,clip,hew,hit',as.snthan,ahd.
sndan`cut,clip';aisl.sneiàbgeschnittenesStck',mhd.sneite`throughdenwood,forestgelegter
Durchhau'underlikewise;ahd.snit`thecut',mhd.snde`cuttingedge',intensive.*snittninmhd.
snitzen`carve';aisl.sneis`small(abgeschnittener)twig,branch',ags.sns,sns`spit,pike,Speiler',
mhd.sneise`row,cord,whereuponetwasgereihtwird'(*snoid-t);
klr.snt`clot,chunk',ech.snt`bough'(*snoito-s);compareperhapsmir.snid`small,short',
whetherfromair.*snith
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):974
Root/lemma: (s)nerbEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.(asnhd.`schneidig');alsogot.at-snarpjan
ànfassen';aisl.snarpr`sharp,hart,uneven',snerpa`sharpen',ndl.snerpen`bite(fromWunden),
ache',westfl.snirpsch`sharp(ofwind)';ahd.snerfan`togetherpull,drag';withouts -:
-:nisl.norpa
`freeze'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:whethertoobigemsner-b-(sner-2)
Page(s):
Page(s):977
Root/lemma: (s)ner-1 ,(s)nurEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomurmur,grumble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:schallnachahmend`murren,knurrenunderlikewise'
Material:
Material:Gr.;;Hes.;mhd.snarren`burr,
babble,chatter',snerren`babble,chatter',snurren`sough,rustle,sausen',snurrre,snurrinc
`merrymaker,fool',nhd.schnarren,schnurren,Schnurre,engl.snarl`growl',mengl.snorin,nengl.
snore`schnarchen',mengl.sneren,nengl.sneer`verchtlichlachen';mengl.nurnen`hersagen',
schwed.dial.norna,nyrna`zuflstern',aisl.norn`Schicksalsgttin',mhd.narren,nerren`growl',ahd.
narro`fool';
lit.nirniu,niurnti`drone,grumble,growl';lett.uraèinweinerlicherperson',urt`drone,grumble,
spinnenaseinecat'.
Auf-d: mengl.snurtin`schnarchen',mhd.snarz`Schnarre,Wachtelknig';lett.urdt`murmur,
drone,grumble,growl'.
Auf--g : norw.schwed.snerka`prusten,schnarchen',schwed.snurka`rcheln',mnd.snorken,
snarken`schnarchen,pant,sniff,snort',mhd.snarchends.,nhd.schnarchen;norw.nurka`creak,
growl',ndl.nurken`drone,grumble,nrgeln';lit.snargls`nasalmucus',lett.snurgalasds.(`*rattling,
clashing,rchelnd');snirgut`schluchzen;fauchenasdieGnse';lett.nirgutis`hhnischlachen',
urgt`dieZhneshow';alsoprobablylit.narglyti`somewhatslowlytun'(meaningsimilarlyasin
schweiz.norggenòhneErfolgarbeiten').
Auf-k: aisl.snrgla(*snarguln)`rcheln',nhd.nrgeln,nergelnùndeutlichsprechen,with
verdrielichemnselndenTonetadeln';lit.niurksa,-ti`dismalorbrtenddasitzen',lett.urk't,
urkstt,urkt`drone,grumble,murmur,growl',rkaèinweinerlicherperson',arkt`weinerlich
sein,creak',irkstt`gnash,einGeruschmake,asifetwasbricht',snirkt`gnash'.
Auf-p: aisl.snarfla`rcheln',norw.schwed.snarva`growl,dieZhnefletschen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):975
Root/lemma: (s)ner-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,wind,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden(alsovonFdenandFlechtwerk),zusammendrehen,
zusammenschnren;sichzusammenwinden,einschrumpfen'
Note:
Note:perhapsextensiontosn -ds.
Material:
Material:OldIndianntyati`tanzt',nrt-f.`Tanz,game',nrt-`tanzend',narma-n.,narm-m.`joke',
narf.ds.,etc.;miran.nr-`catch'(PerssonBeitr.816a1);
gr.Hes.(andinschriftlich),fromwhichdissim.`Kasten,hutch,vessel';through
Weitergreifendiesesdissim.Wandelsalso*(fromthek-extension,seeunder),stillreceivein
Hes.,to`basket';
as.naru,ags.nearu,engl.narrowèng'(*nar-wa-actually`zusammengeschnrt'),aisl.inNrva-sund
`Gibraltar'(besidesNirva-sundandnhd.Nehrung`schmaleLandzunge'from*nerwa-),ahd.narwa
f.,narwom.`scar'(i.e.`zusammengezogeneWundrnder'),alsoànsa,fibulatura',nhd.Narbedial.
alsoàgrafe,hook,clasp,KrampenanTren'asnorw.norveàgrafe,hook,clasp,cramp'(andlett.
nrs,nreàgrafe,hook,clasp');
nhd.bair.der-narren`starrbecome,particularly,specially,especially,particular:inparticular,
peculiarly,separately,extra,notablyvorfrost'(`*shrinkup,-krampfen'),narr`miratene
verschrumpftefruit',narr(schweiz.)krampfartigeSpannung',narrennagelùnfrmigausgewachsener
Nagel';zerograde(withs-)nhd.schnurren,ein-schnurren,-schnorren`zusammenschrumpfen',isl.
snura`knotanaFaden,bildlichofNasenrmpfen';
lengthenedgradeaisl.nri`groin'(ÈinschnrungofLeibes'),mhd.nrlich`concise,genau,young'
andwithgradationaisl.Nri`Zwergname',nrn.`narrowbay,Sund',dn.schwed.nr`toddler,
wholesmallkid,child';
probablyahd.snuor`cord,band,strap,rope,cable',dn.-schwed.snrds.,got.snrj`geflochtener
basket',ags.snr(*snri)`SaiteaHarfe',aisl.snrin.`gedrehtesrope,band';
lit.neri,nrti`submerge,einschlpfen,einfdeln',nyru,preteritnira,nrti`sichschlngeln,ranken',
nrti`sichdislocate,luxate,crick',nrasàquanaut',nars`loop,noose,snare;joint,limb,member';
lett.nrs,nreàgrafe,hook,clasp';
russ.nert,neret`kindoffishsnaringnet';
herebelongsner-3,aboveS.766.
extensions:
sner-b- withgerm.p:norw.dial.snerpast.V.`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup,
shrinkup',ahd.(bi-,fir-)snerfan`denMundzusammenziehen,dieMieneverfinstern',bair.schnurfen
`sicheinziehen,shrink'=norw.snurpa`flteln,losezusammennhen',norw.snerp`skinaufthemilk'.
sner-g-: ags.sneorcanst.V.`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup',norw.snerka,
snyrkjads.,snerk(e)m.`dnneskinaufthemilk',aisl.snerkja(*snarkian)`pulltogether,furrow'.
(s)ner-k-: Arm.nergev`tenuis,gracilis'(`*zusammengeschnrtoreingeschrumpft');
gr.`dassolidification,cramp,Lhmung;Krampfrochen',èrstarren'(seealsoabove
about,);ahd.sner(a)han(st.V.)`schlingen,tie,bind,knot,bind',mhd.snrhen`tie,
bind,knot,bind,pulltogether',ahd.snar(a)ha`loop,noose,snare',aisl.snara(*snarhn)`schlingen,
tie,bind,knot,winden',snaraf.`loop,noose,snare'(skand.Lw.isags.snaref.`loop,noose,
snare'),snarr`rash,hasty,sharp',mnd.snarlkenAdv.`quick,fast,bald',ags.snierian`hurry'from
*snarhian(`quick,fast'from`wassichdreht,quick,fastwendet').
References:
References:WP.II699ff.,WH.II165,Trautmann197,Vasmer2,213f.
Page(s):
Page(s):975-977
Root/lemma: sneubhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towoo,marry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`freien,heiraten'
Material:
Material:Lat.nub,-ere,-psi,-ptum`marry,fromthewife,woman',prnubaÈhestifterin,Brautfrau',
cnbium(*cosnbiom)`matrimony';
russ.-ChurchSlavicsnubiti`verkuppeln',ech.snoubiti`freien,verloben'(Kaus.*snoubhei);with
secondarynasalizationprotoslav..dial.*snb-;
nas.gr.`bride,virgin,Nymphe',`bridegroom',`verlobe';
probablyas*snusosfromtheconnectionthroughHeiratandextensiontosnu-`Fden
zusammendrehen,tie,bind,knot'.
References:
References:WP.II697,WH.II183f.,Trautmann273,Vasmer2,683.
Page(s):
Page(s):977-978
Root/lemma: sneud(h)-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:drowsy,todrowse
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlfrig,schlummern'
Note:
Note:perhapstosneudh-2.
Material:
Material:Gr.`sleep;binsleepy,careless,neglectful',,-`sleepy';lit.snudiu,
snusti,lett.snau`drowse',lit.snaudlius`drowsyperson',snauduls`slumber',lett.snadule
`Schlafratze',lit.snstu,sndau,snstièinschlummern',snud,sndis`Schlfer,Trumer'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):978
Root/lemma: sneudh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mist
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Nebel;neblig,dster'
Material:
Material:Av.snaoa-`clouds',sdbaluind`leichtesclouds,fog,Regenwolke';gr..
,Hes.;lat.nbs`cloud',inadditionobnb,-ere`verhllen'(durchs
Perf.obnbalsoformalfromnb,nups`marry'sharpgeschieden),underbetweenprobablyas
denominativesverb:`(sich)bewlken'=`(sich)cover',atfirstofsky,heaven,thengenerally;cymr.
nudd`fog'(toGNNuddseeaboveS.768);
possiblyoriginallyas`dampness'=*sneudh-theextensionfromsneu-besidessnu-andsn-(see
there)`flow';as`benebelt,dim,dusky,cloudy=sleepy'perhapstosneud(h)-1.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):978
Root/lemma: sneuSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveundersn -.
Page(s):
Page(s):977
Root/lemma: (s)nbh-ri- ,(s)nbh-riEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:narrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èng,dnn,schmal'(germ.also`flink'from`mager')
Note:
Note:onlyarmen.andgerman.
Material:
Material:Arm.nurbèng,narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin,thinunderlikewise'(*snbhri-,=aisl.
*snfr);
aisl.snfr(Gen.-rs)èng;quick,fast',aschw.snver`narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin,eng',aisl.
snfugr`rash,hasty,agile',withgradationaisl.snfr`quick,fast,agile',reducedgradesnfurligr
`rash,hasty';s-loseNebenformenaschw.nverandnver,aisl.nfr(neutr.nfrt)`rash,hasty,agile'
(inadditionalsomhd.,nhd.alem.nuoferàlert,awake,smart,fresh,sober',nhd.bair.nuober).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):973-974
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(snp- ),snp- ,snpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togatherinsheafs,sheaf,bundle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`toeinemStrickzusammendrehen,Bund,Garbe'
Material:
Material:Lat.(etrusk.)napurae`Strohseile';ahd.snuaba`vitta',snuobili`smallchain';OldChurch
Slavicsnop`,fasciculus,,ligatura',russ.snopetc.`fascicle,sheaf';
References:
References:WP.II698,WH.II142,Trautmann272,Vasmer2,682.
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyextensionto(s)n-`zusammendrehen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):974-975
Root/lemma: snu- :sn- andsnuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,tobind,attach;band;sinew
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`drehen',especially`Fdenzusammendrehen,knpfen';andrerseits`sich
drehen,schnelleBewegung'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansnvan-(n.)andsnvn-`band,strap,sinew';reshufflingeinesr/n-neuter:
asnvir-òhneSehnen'(snuta-`fromthesinew'),av.snvar`sinew'(snuya-`fromanTiersehne
gefertigt');arm.neard`sinew,filament,Fiber'(*snurt);gr.`sinew',`sinew,bowstring';
lat.nervus`sinew,tendon;muscle,Nerv';
alb.nus`Bindfaden,cord'(*snu-tio-);
aisl.sna(snera,sninn)`winden,zwirnen,wenden'(*snwan),snr,Gen.-arm.`loop,noose,
snare'and`quickness',ags.sndm.`haste,hurry',aisl.snigr`sichherumdrehend(ofMhlstein),
quick,fast',got.sniwan,ags.snowan`hurry',aisl.snggr`quick,fast'(*snawwu-),norw.snaa
`hurry'(*snawn);*sneu-mio-`hurrying'ingot.sniumjan`hurry',sniumund`hasty',ahd.sniumiAdj.
`rash,hasty,hasty,sly,cunning',ags.snomeAdv.`rash,hasty,alsbald'(besidesstehtein
unerklrtesaisl.snemma,snimma`zeitig,bald');
lett.snaujis`loop,noose,snare';OldChurchSlavicsnovandsnuj,snutiànzetteln,ordr',Iter.
osnyvati,russ.snovtànzetteln'and`quick,fasthinandhergo'.
toch.aura`Sehnen,Nerven'.
cognitionalwith(s)n-andpresumablyoutofitumoriginallyformant-u-extended.
References:
References:WP.II696,WH.II165,Trautmann272,Vasmer2,682.
Page(s):
Page(s):977
Root/lemma: (s)n- and(s)niEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosewtogether,toweb,spin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fdenzusammendrehen,withdemFadenhantieren',daher`weben,spinnen'
and`sew'
Note:
Note:(maybefromdempresentsn-i;orumgekehrtsn-fromsni-);comparedierelatedroots
snep-,snu-,sneu-,(s)ner-,alsontr-`Natter';s.also1.ned-S.758f.
Material:
Material:OldIndian(unbel.)snyatiùmwindet,dressed',snyu,snyu-f.,n.`band,strap,sinew'(in
additionprobablynv-,nv-ùmgebundeneskerchief,cloth,Schurz');
gr.`spinnt'(*;`nebat',`goodgesponnen'proveAnl.sn-),Fut.;
`spinne',`Gespinst,filament'(=lat.nmen),`thespinning'(:ahd.nt`suture'),
`distaff(=staffforholdingflax,wool,etc.,inspinning)';,Gramm.probablyfrom*,*;
lat.ne,nre(*sni)`spinnen',nmen`Gespinst,Gewebe',ntusds.;
mir.snid`dreht;binds,afflicts,mhtsichab';cymr.nyddu`nre',corn.nethe,mbret.nezaffds.
(*sn(i)i);mir.snmm.`thespinning,Drehen;distress';gradationsn-inair.snth(e)`filament',bret.
neudds.;(butcymr.ysnoden`lace,band',corn.snod`vitta'fromengl.snood`Haarband');air.snthat
`needle',cymr.nodwyddàcus,acicula',acorn.notuid,mbret.nadoez`needle';
ahd.nu`nhe'(=lat.ne,gr.,OldIndiansnyati,yetwithouts-),nt`suture';got.nla,aisl.nl,
ahd.ndala,ags.ndlf.`needle'(aisl.snlda`Handspindel',probablyreconvertedfrom*sn[i]la);
*sn-inagutn.sn,nschwed.snod(d)`cord',ags.sndf.`headfascia'(:air.snth,lett.snte);
lett.snju,snt`laxzusammendrehen,spinnen',snte,snne,snt(e)nef.`leinenecover';s-los:
ntns`leinen,zwirnen',nt(e)ne=snt(e)ne;*n-aszerogradeto*ni-(seeaboveOldIndiannv-)in
lit.ntis`HevelteorWeberkamm',lett.nts`partofWebstuhls',OldChurchSlavic*nit`filament,
rope',russ.nt`filament',skr.nti`Webertrumm'.
References:
References:WP.II694f.,WH.II159f.,Trautmann199,272,Vasmer2,221.
Page(s):
Page(s):973
Root/lemma: snuss
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:daughter-in-law
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwiegertochter'
Grammaticalinformation:f.o-stem
Material:
Material:OldIndiansnuds.(afterdenFem.auf-reshaped);arm.nu,Gen.nuoyds.,gr.
ds.;lat.nurus,-sds.(aftersocrusreshaped);ahd.snur,snora,ags.snoru,aisl.snor,snr,nhd.
Schnur`daughter-in-law'(afterden-stem),krimgot.schnos(Hs.schuos);s.-ChurchSlavicsncha
ds.;perhapsalsoalb.nuse`bride'(*snusi).
Note
Note:
Amazinglygr.,arm.nu,nurus,alb.nuseobeythesamephoneticlawsofalb.sn->n-orthe
dropofinitials-.
References:
References:WP.II701f.,WH.II190,Trautmann273,Vasmer2,682f.;afterSpechtIdg.Dekl.90
f.toOldIndiansantièrwirbt,gewinnt',aboveS.906;s.thoughabovesneubh- .
Page(s):
Page(s):978
Root/lemma: soi-toGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zauberei'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.891(s-).
Page(s):
Page(s):979
Root/lemma: solo- ,sol(e)u o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:whole,integrate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:underlikewise`wohlbehalten,ganz'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrva-ùnversehrt,whole,all,jeder',av.haurva-,.haruva-ùnversehrt,
whole'(=gr.,,alb.gjal,comparealsolat.salvus),OldIndiansarvtat(i)-Ùnversehrtheit,
welfare,salvation',av.haurvatt-`Ganzheit,Vollkommenheit,welfare'(=gr.);arm.olj(*solio-)
`fit,healthy,whole,vollstndig';gr.att.,ion.(*F)`vollstndig,whole',Vok.(:lat.
salvfrom*salv)throughreinterpretationtoanImperativ);
besideswithvollererFormansstufe(from*F),Hes.;alb.gjal`strong,fat,
alert,awake,smart',ngjal`belebe,heal,mste'(*soluo-);zerograde:lat.salvus`heil,fit,healthy,
gerettet',salv(seeabove),umbr.sal(u)uom`salvum',osk.salavs`salvus',pl.SalauaturPN
`Salvator'from*salvo-(*saluuo-or*salouo-=gr.),lat.sals,-tisÙnverletztheit,Gesundheit,
Wohlergehen',sal-bris`theGesundheitzutrglich',Sallustius(withlengthened-ll-);besides*solosin
soli-dus,soldus`dense=gediegen,massiv'and`tight,firm,vollstndig,whole',solx`dense,filzig',
solidre`tomakefirmorsolid',pl.soloisòmnibus';
ital.*sollos(*sol-no-)inaltlat.sollus`totusetsolidus',lat.sollers,sollemnisetc.,osk.sullusòmnes';
butcymr.bret.holl,oll,corn.oll`whole,all',belongtoair.oll(aboveS.24);toch.Asalu`vollstndig',
sol-me`whole'.
References:
References:WP.II510ff.,WH.II471ff.,555ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsinablauttosl-,abovesel-6S.900.
Page(s):
Page(s):979-980
Root/lemma: so(s) ,s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dem.stem;he,she
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:","
Grammaticalinformation:originallyonlyNom.Sg.m.f.,dieothercaseofstemto- ;fem.alsos
Material:
Material:OldIndiansandsa(*sos),f.s,av.haandh,f.h(alsoinOldIndian-,av.aa
`this';withparticle-uOldIndianasu,av.hu,ap.hauvm.f.`this,diese',comparegr.[]);
gr.,(dor.:)article(att.etc.alsoPl.,comparedwithlteremdor.,);substantivisch
(,`)from*sos(orsios),whereforesichn.,Akk.,etc.gesellte;furtherdaswithden
-formsasRelativumgebrauchtebyHerodot;*so-u-,suin[],[];-`this';
alb.*so,*sink-`this',kj`diese'(*keo)anda-`that,thatyonder,thatone;emphatically,that
well-known;incontrastwithhic,theformer,(sometimesthelatter)',ajìlla';alat.sa-psaìpsa',sum,
sam,ss,ssèum,eam,eos,eas';*so-inosk.exo-`hic'(e.g.Abl.f.exac)from*ekeso-(to
Vorderglieds.ko-`this');
gall.so-sin,so-sioAkk.Sg.n.,air.(s)an-Neutr.ofarticle,andRelativpronomen,sprefixedesPron.
the3.Sg.f.and3.Pl.(impu`circumeos'imb+ufrom*sns)etc.;air.demonstrative-so(*sos)`this,
-e,-es';bret.honùnser',hozèuer';
got.sa,s,aisl.s,s;ags.sm.;
toch.Am.s-m,f.sm,n.t-m;toch.m.se(*so),f.s,n.te;
toanaphorischenso belongsalsogthav.hi,jav.h,,ap.aiy,gr.ìhm';
besideseinerweit.stems(i)i o - , s(i)i - :OldIndiansyand(afters)sym.syf.,ap.hyahm.,
hyf.;perhapsair.se`this'from*siod,and-se,-saparticulaaugensthe1.Sg.;verydoubtfulis
Zurckfhrungfromaisl.si`this'onprevious*sio.
Fem.*s : gr.`sie'(Soph.),air.s`sie',got.si,ahd.s,si`sie';inadditionafterRosenfeld,Forsch.
underFortschr.29,176schwachtonigsiinurnord.si-ainaR`that',sasi`this',susi`diese',at-si
`dieses';genus-indifferentareAkk.OldIndiansm,av.hm,ap.im.
References:
References:WP.II509,Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII536ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,610f.,Pedersen
Toch.1113f.
Page(s):
Page(s):978-979
Root/lemma: s[u]r :sr
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:calf(ofleg)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wade'
Material:
Material:Gr.(89)`BeineohneWaden';ion.`TeileinesOpfertieres,calf';
lat.sra`calf',ifwith-r-from-r,or--inablautto-u-
References:
References:WP.II510,WH.II634,Frisk205.
Page(s):
Page(s):980
Root/lemma: spakoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:drop,point
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Trpfchen,Pnktchen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(late)`Regentropfen,Krmchen',`trpfle',n.
`neugeborenesanimal';lit.spkas`drip,Pnktchen'.
References:
References:WP.II652,J.B.HofmannGr.Wb.425.
Page(s):
Page(s):980
Root/lemma: spe-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeattentive,sharp-sighted
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfhin-orzusehen'
Note:
Note:(orsp-)
Material:
Material:Aisl.spakr`smart,peaceful,gentle',spekif.`Verstand,Weisheit',spekt(*spaki)f.
`Weisheit',spekja`weismachen,besnftigen';
OldChurchSlavicpa,pazitiàchtenauf',withs`sichhten'.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparespek-`peer'andags.specanetc.under(s)p(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s):
Page(s):981
Root/lemma: spek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towatch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sphen,scharfhinsehen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianspati(Dhtup.),pyati`sees',participlespa-(=av.spata-,lat.spectus),
sp`Spher'(=av.spas,lat.au-,haru-spex),spa-ds.(:gr.),av.spasyeiti`spht'(=lat.
speci,gr.),spas`Spher',spatar-ds.(=lat.-spector,umb.spetur-e),spasan`hinsphendauf'(=ahd.speho`Spher');arm.spasemÌerwarte'isiran.Lw.;
gr.`look,see'(-reconvertedfrom*spek-);`Spher;purpose',
òbserve,aim,untersuchen',,:`Warte',`Betrachtung';alb.pashÌsah'(*
[s]pok-s-);
lat.speci,-ere,-x,-ctum`see'(con-spicietc.),spect,-reànschauen',specis`sight,prestige,
Aussehen,apparition',au-,haruspex;specus,-s`cave',speculum`mirror',speculor,-r`peer';
umbr.speture`spectr',speturie`spectriae';
ahd.spehn`peer',inadditionspehaf.àufmerksamesBetrachten,Untersuchung,
Auskundschaftung,Aufpassen';aisl.sp`Wahrsagung'(*spah:gr.yetpointatsp-aufroot
stressandispost-verbaloriginverdchtig,s.WissmannNom.postv.1,41);sp`wahrsagen'
(*spahn,s.Wissmanna.a.O.1,110),spr`wahrsagend,prophetisch'(*spaha-s);as.ahd.sphi
`smart,skilful'.
References:
References:WP.II659f.,WH.II570f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparespe-`hinsehen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):984
Root/lemma: (s)pelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospeakaloud;totell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laut,nachdrcklichsprechen'
Material:
Material:Arm.aa-spel`Sage,proverb,saying,riddle';
got.spilln.`narration,Sage,fable',aisl.spjalln.`narration,discourse',ags.spelln.`narration,
discourse,Predigt'(engl.gospel=ags.gd-spell)Èvangelium';ahd.spel,-lesn.`narration,
discourse,Mrchen',ahd.mhd.bspel`belehrendenarration,fable,Gleichnis',nhd.Beispiel;
therefromgot.spilln`promulgate,tell',aisl.spialla`talk,erwhnen',ags.spellian`talk,tell'(engl.
spell),ahd.got-spellnèvangelizare',mhd.spellen`tell,talk,babble,chatter';
withitareass-loseformscompatiblegr.`threat;prahlerischeVersprechung'(`drohe;
gelobe,verheie;rhmemich,boast,brag'),whetherfrom*,wherein-amehestendie
preposition*nìn';(alsogerm.-ll-probablyfrom-ln-)lett.pelt`vilify,scold,blaspheme,slander',pal'as
(Plur.)`reprimand,Schmhung',iz-pal'ut`proficientausschmhen',aswellastoch.pl-,pl`praise'.
References:
References:WP.II676f.,WH.I59,Frisk119f.
Page(s):
Page(s):985
Root/lemma: spendEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toofferlibation
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èinTrankopferdarbringen;geloben'
Material:
Material:Gr.`verspreche(Gortyn);bringeeinTrankopferdar,spende',Med.`schliee
einenpact,covenant';`Spende,Trankopfer;Pl.Vertrge';
lat.sponde,-re(Kaus.-Iter.)`feierlichpromise,sichverbrgen';sponsa`dieVerlobte';respondre
èineGegenleistungpromise;antworten';despondreanimum`dencouragesinkenlassen';hitt.
ipand-`spenden,sacrifice'.
References:
References:WP.II662,665,WH.II578f.,PedersenHitt.166.
Page(s):
Page(s):989
Root/lemma: (s)pen-1(d-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topull;tospin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,spannen'and`spinnen',indemdietowebendenFdenzuerst
ausgespanntwurden
Note: (s)pen-:sp(i)- `ziehen'=pen- `feed':p- `Viehweiden,feed'=bh-:bhen-`speak';
comparedasdifferentvokalisiertepn-`Gewebe',aboveS.788.
Material:
Material:1.formswithout--s -:
Arm.hanum,Aor.hanayandhenum,Aor.heni`toweave,zusammennhen';s.aboveMeillet
Esquisse255,105,111f.;
gr.`strengemichan,mhemichab,haveMangel',`mhsamework,hardship,
distress',`mhemichab,etc.`,ìnschlechtemZustande,schadhaft,lasterhaft',
àrm,poor',`lack,poverty',`starve',fromwhichprobablyretrograd`hunger'
andHes.as*pn-tos;dieseoreinesimilart-formationliesalsodemair.t`kleiden'thebasic;
lit.pinu,pnti`flax,wattle,braid',pntism.f.,OldPrussianpantof.`manacle',lett.pinu,pt`flax,
wattle,braid',pinekls`manacle';
OldChurchSlavicpn,pti`spannen',ablaut.oponaf.`curtain',ponjavaÙmhang,dress',pto
`manacle'(serb.pto),whereforeamongothersruss.prepjt`hinder',raspjt`kreuzigen',pjat,
pnut`withdemFuestoen'andOldChurchSlavicpta`calcaneus'(serb.petasati`withdenFen
ausschlagen'),russ.pjat,serb.pta,lit.pntism.`ds.;backtheaxe,thescythe',OldPrussianpentis
`calcaneus';
perhapsalb.pend,pnd`pairOchsen;Joch(pieceofwoodasfieldmeasure)'froma*pent
`*Gespann';alsopenk`Koppel';
2.formswithanlaut.s -:
lat.sponte`fromeigenemAntrieb,fromfreiemWillen';
got.ahd.ags.spinnan,aisl.spinna`spinnen'(*spenu,comparespannanS.982from*sp-nu),
ahd.spinna`spider';witheinfachemn:aisl.spunim.`Gespinst',ags.spinel,ahd.spinala(and
spinnila)`spindle'.
3.extension(s)pen-d-:
Lit.spndiu,spstièinenFallstricklay,place(spannen)',alit.spndau,-yti`spannen',lit.spanskus
èng,drckend',spstas`Falle',lett.spist`press,constrain,oblige',iterativespaidt,spusts
`Fallstrick,Falle',lett.spendele`featheranaSchlosse',spanda`StrickwerkamPflug',asalsopm.
spundr`plough',gr.Hes.(i.e.);
OldChurchSlavicpnd`span',pditiùrge,press,push,drive,push'(originallyperhapsèinViehan
gespanntemStrickvorwrtsziehen');presumablyalsoas`gespannthngen',lat.pende,-re
`hangen,herabhangen',pend,-re`wgen,schtzen,pay'(toWgenaufhngen),umbr.ampentu
ìmpendit';whetheralsoags.fintam.`tail,Folge'
References:
References:WP.II660ff.,WH.II579f.,Trautmann214,219,Vasmer2,272,379f.
Page(s):
Page(s):988
Root/lemma: speno- ,st n o- ,p()st n oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:teat;breast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zitze,Brustwarze,Brust'
Material:
Material:1.anlautsp:air.sinem.`teat':btriphne=btrsine`cowwithdreiZitzen',mir.
sineSeinùvula';
Maybealb.geg.(*sini)gjini`breast,teat'[commonalb.s->gj-phoneticmutation]probablyhomonym
withalb.gji`bay,harbor':contaminatedbylat.sinusàbentsurface,hollow,coil,curve,fold,winding;
ofdress,afold,pocket,lap;inacoastline,abay,gulf.Transf.heart,secretfeelings'.
aisl.spenim.`teat,nipple'(aschwed.spinialso`ZpfcheninHalse'),mnd.speneds.;o-gradeags.
spane,spanuf.`nipple',spananèntwhnen';mhd.spenf.`breast,Muttermilch'(probably*spani;
comparenhd.Span-ferkel);reducedgrademnd.sponef.,ahd.spunni,mhd.spnneandspune
`nipple';lit.spens`teat,ZpfcheninHalse,Ohrlppchen',OldPrussianspenis`teat'.
2.mpers.np.pistn`femalebreast'(*pstna-),av.ftna-m.Du.`ds.,nipple,knot'(*pstna),
ravafny`thehochbusigen',OldIndianstna-`breast,esp.female';arm.stin`femalebreast'
(*stno-;Gen.Sg.stean);gr.Hes.(darelatedsei,isheavycredible;hat
besides,einstein*-,*-bestanden,dasbesideseineparallel
formationinsLebentretenlie).
TheassociationtheAnlauteunderp()stn-seemspossible.
References:
References:WP.II663,Trautmann275,Specht,Idg.Dekl.86.
Page(s):
Page(s):990
Root/lemma: sperh- ,spreh- ,nas.sprenhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohurry,tospring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichhastigbewegen,eilen,springen'
Note:
Note:Erweit.fromsper-`twitch,schnellen'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansprhyati`begehrt,empfindetenvy',av.-sprzat`warbestrebt';
gr.`stormalong,hurry(`hasty,hasty,rash,hasty'),boisterous,aufgebracht
sein',`drnge,drive',`quick,fast,hasty',Adv.`violent,ardent';here
cymr.ffraeth(see996);
aisl.springa`spring,hervorbrechen',ags.as.ahd.springands.;Kaus.ahd.sprengen`springmake
(einhorse),(zer)sprengen'and`strew,distribute,spray,sprenkeln',aisl.sprengja`sprinkle',ags.
sprenganòutspread,break,crack;burst,sen';mhd.sprinc(-g-)`Sprung,wellspring',ags.spring
`Wasserquell',engl.spring`ds.,Sprungfeder,Knospenspringen,spring';oldAblautform*sprgh-in
aisl.sprga`spring,run'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):998
Root/lemma: (s)per-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rafter;pole,spear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sparren;Stange,Speer';verbal`withSparrenverspreizen,sttzen,stemmen,
sichsperren'
Note:
Note:originallydenominativ
Material:
Material:Lat.sparus,sparum`kurzerspear,javelinofLandvolkesasJagd-anddrftigeKriegswaffe'
(*spero-);inadditionakindoffishsparus,gr.;alb.shparr,shperdhòak'(as`timber';rrfrom
rn);germ.*speru-inaisl.spjr`spear,javelin',ags.speren.,afries.spiri,spere,sper,as.ahd.sper,
mhd.sperm.n.,nhd.Speerm.,ahd.spereboumàesculus';aisl.spari,sparrim.`Speiler,Sparren,
balk,beam',sperraf.(*sparrin)`roofbeam',ahd.sparro`balk,beam,roofbeam,shaft,pole',nhd.
Sparren;therefromaisl.sperra`withSparrenversehen;dieBeinespreizen,aussperren,verhindern';
aisl.sperra,ags.be-,ge-sparrian`verrammeln',ahd.mhd.sperren`througheinenSperrbalken
verschlieen,sperren;ausspreizen';
otherformationsahd.spirdren`nt'(j-Verbasmuntren,s.Schatz,GermanicaforSiewers367);
withoutanl.s-:lat.paries`wall'(originally`dieSeitensttzeneinesZeltesunderlikewise');slav.*pr,
*perti`prop,support',withpod-`fulcire',withza-`claudere',e.g.OldChurchSlavicpodpr,preti
`prop,support',zaprti`shut',russ.u-pert`stemmen,anoragainstetwasprop,support;refl.sich
whereoflean,sichwogegensperren,struben',zapert`versperren,verschlieen',poln.prze
`spreizen,sperren',OldChurchSlavicpodpor,-pora`fulcrum,baculum',russ.upr`pad,
Strebepfeiler'etc.
References:
References:WP.II665f.,WH.II254,568,Trautmann275f.,Vasmer2,341.
Page(s):
Page(s):990-991
Root/lemma: sper-2(g-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofbird(sparrow)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inVogelnamen,besonders`Sperling'
Material:
Material:Got.sparwa,ags.spearwa,ahd.sparo`sparrow'(*protogerm.*sparwan-);mhd.sperlinc
nhd.Sperling,diminutive;aisl.sprrds.from*sparwa-z,comparealsonhd.Sperber,ahd.sparwri
(Endgliedafterahd.aroèagle'transfigured);
gr.Hes.(*Fn-tiom);dasformantischeualso()ingr.
,ion.ep.(hom.Akk.Pl.),Gen.`Star'(originally*F-,Gen.*F),
newer,,m.ds.,`stargrau';inadditionprobablyas.spr,ndl.spreeuw,
nordfries.sprian,mnd.sprn,nd.(nhd.)sprehe`Star';
corn.frau,bret.fro`crow'(*spraw);dalat.parraèinbird,dessenGeschreiUnglckbedeutete',
umbr.parfam,parfa`parram'(*parsa)eins-loserkinsman,relativesei,isquitedubious;
toch.Asprèinbird';
formsaufg :gr.PN`sparrow',()Hes.;ahd.sperk,sperch,
spirch`sparrow',OldPrussiansperglawanag[is]`Sperber'(eig.`Sperlingsgeier'),ablaut.spurglism.
`sparrow'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):991
Root/lemma: sper-3
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.f.`convolution,Spirale,allGeflochtene(e.g.ofnet,rope,hawser)',
`coil,wickle',`convolution,diaper';m.èinshrub,bush,fromdessenRutenman
BanderorStrickeflocht',,`gedrehtesorgeflochtenesrope,band';(ion.
)`geflochtenerbasket'(fromdemAkk.derivesthroughetrusk.mediationlat.sporta
`geflochtenerbasket');
alit.spartas`band,strap';probablyherearm.pàrem,pàrimùmschliee,umarme'.
g-extensionspereg- ,nas.spreng - `winden,umwickeln,dadurchengzusammenschnren':

Gr.`wickleein',`diaper';
lit.springst,sprigti`strangle,throttle,choke(Intr.,beimSchlucken)',sprengtids.,sprangs
`wrgend',lett.sprangtèinschnren'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):991-992
Root/lemma: sp(h)ei :sp(h) andsp(h) :sp(h)-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topull,drag
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,spannen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,(*sp-s)`pull,zerre,verrenke,fallewithZuckungen,Krmpfenan,pull
ein,suckein';m.`Zuckung,cramp';m.`Ziehen,Zuckung,cramp',n.ds.
`rag,scrap,shred';--e.g.in,-f.`Pflanzenabsenker',
àbgerissenerZweig',m.`twitch,cramp,`Verschnittener',ion.`pullab,
reieab()',argiv.`'(ìndieLngegezogen');dassonstige
`racecourse',probablythroughsupportin`stehend';n.`skin'(`*Abgezogenes');
partlyaufapresent*sp-nandsp-nubasedonprobablydiegerm.familyahd.spanan`locken,
stir,tease,irritate'(`*anziehen'),as.spanan`locken,veranlassen,antreiben',ags.spanands.,ahd.
spennen(*spanjan)àllure,entice,anreizen'=aisl.spenjaàllure,entice,berreden',norw.spana
(*spann)`spannen,strecken',spanm.`Spannung',ahd.spanstÀntrieb,Reiz,Lockung';gispanst
`Verlockung,deception',mhd.(ge)-spenst`Verlockung,devilishdelusion,Gespenst',nhd.abspenstig
machen,widerspenstig;mhd.spn`discord,fight,contentio'(*spn-),widerspnds.,widerspne
`widerspenstig';ahd.spannan(*spnu)`spannen,anspannen';intr.`sichdehnen,gespannt
inerwartungsvollerSpannungsein',mhd.spannends.;ags.spannan`spannen,festbinden,anfgen',
mhd.span,-nnes`Spannung,Zerwrfnis,discord',ahd.spanna,ags.spannf.,aisl.spnnf.`span',
Kaus.aisl.spennaùmspannen,umschlieen,urge,press,push',mhd.spennen`spannen,dehnen';
einegerm.Gutturalableitunginadditioninnhd.Spange;ahd.spanga,ags.spangds.,aisl.spng
`dnnePlatte,Eisscholle';spanstwirdgerm.formationfromspananfromsein.
Aufato-participle*sp-tswiththemeaningfromlat.tenuis`thin,alsowatery,fromFlssigkeiten'
basedonprobablyaschwed.spdher`schmchtig,tender,young',schw.spd,dn.spd`tender',
aisl.spa`dnnesoup';
thesamemeaning`tenuis'withi-vocalismin:
gr.-`lean';air.sim(*spimi-)èxilis,macer',sime`Dnne';
withgutturalextension:gr.Hes.,,Hes.;aisl.spikim.
`Meise';schwed.dial.spikjin`thin,schmchtig,lean',schwed.dial.spink`schmchtigerperson',
norw.spikenàrid,lean,geruchert'(aisl.spikilax`gedrrtersalmon'),isl.speikja`dehydrate,
desiccate',schwed.spink`splinter',mnd.spik`dry'(nhd.Spick-aaletc.).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionsp(h) i -3, (s)pen-1(d-)and(s)p(h)eu-d- .
Page(s):
Page(s):982
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)elgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosplit,splinter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spalten'
Note:
Note:(furtherformationsfrom(s)p(h)elds.)
Material:
Material:Arm.pèlk`langesStckwoodorStoff';aisl.spjalkirPl.`Speiler',ags.spelc,spilc`chip,
splinter,Holzschiene',ostfries.spalke`splinter',spalken`break,crack,split',aisl.spelkja,ags.spilcan
`schienen';comparecymr.fflochen`woodensplinter'(*splokitn);
gr.,Hes.;lit.paspilgs`thininstraw(ofcorn,grain),inWachstum
zurckgeblieben',becomebettertoaeigenenfamilythemeaning`verkmmern,kmmerlich'
zusammengeschlossen.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):987
Root/lemma: sp(h)elh(en, -),splenh- ,spl hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spleen
Note:
Note:taboodeformed
Material:
Material:OldIndianplhn-,av.sprzan-m.,arm.pàican,gr.(*,compare
Nom.Pl.ìntestines,entrails'),lat.lin,air.selgf.,mbret.felc'h,OldChurchSlavicslzena.
Maybefromav.sprzanderivedalb.(*speltan)shpretna`spleen'.
References:
References:WP.II680,WH.I789,Trautmann256,Vasmer2,605,TurnerBSOAS18,451;
differentSpecht,DieoldSprachen5,120.
Page(s):
Page(s):987
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)el-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosplit,cutoff,tearoff;board
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spalten,abspalten,absplittern,abreien'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansphaati(Dhtup.)`reit,springtauf',sphaita-`gesprungen,zerfetzt',sphaik`Bergkristall'(`sichblttrigabspaltend'),*sphyati`splits',covereddasparticiplesphita-;sphuti
`splitssich,springtauf,platzt,reit'(sek.sphati);besidesdiesent-Prsentien(:ahd.spaltan)das
to-participlesphua-àufgeblht,open'(:got.spilda);OldIndianpaati`splitssich,cracks',payati
`splits,breaks,rips'(:pa-`sharp',gr.`salzig's.under*plt-s);
phlati`cracks,springtdivided',phlakam`(*clovenwood)board,lath,leaf,shield,Holzbank',phlam.`plowshare'(`zugespitztesAststck');
Maybealb.pluar(*p-luar)`plowshare'derivedfromOldIndianphla-m.`plowshare'seeRoot/
Root/
lemma: leu-2 (*leuh- )::tocutoff,separate,free
Oldpers.Glosse-Hes.`schildtragend',npers.ispar,sipar`shield'(Old
Indianpharam,spharam`shield',uncovered,probablyfromdemIran.andinanlautafterphlakam
directed);
gr.,Hes.,`Stechdorn',m.ds.(`*whereofmansich
reit,scarifies'),,,,`Maulwurf'(`dieErdeaufreiend'),
,Hes.,Hes.,`Schreisen';
Hes.(:lat.spolium),att.
àbgezogenesfell,fur'and`berwurffromLeder,breastplate,mantle',ol.,att.
`scissors';toalso`FublockforGefangene;Wurfscheibe'and`throw
(originallywith`Prgeln'),toss,fling,bump,poke'and`(atfirstbeimRingen)einlegstellen,infight,
strugglebehindern',fromwhich`bringtocollapse,injure,hurt,deceive,cheat,deceive',Med.`waver,
fall,sichirren',ùnerschtterlich,ohnesichfortstoentolassen'-`peaceful,certainly',
`schlpfrig',`falscherfootstep';`woodenlog,club,cudgel;ausgehhlter
Block,bench';
fromdemAlb.perhapspal`Seite,party'(*poln,compareOldChurchSlavicpol`Seite,bank,
border,shore,gender,sex,half');popl`Felsstck,Scholle',plis(*pli-tio-)`clodofearth',plish`reed'
(*plisio-):
lat.spoliumàbgezogeneorabgelegteTierhaut;demFeindeabgenommeneRstung,booty';
witht-Erweit.:ahd.spaltan,mnd.spalden`split',got.spilda(*spelt)`Schreibtafel',aisl.spjald
(*speltos)`board',ags.speld`splint;bitofwood',mhd.spelteàbgespaltenesbitofwood,Handgert
theWeberei';aisl.spjall,spell`damage'(*spela-,-i-),ags.spil,spild`Vernichtung,Ruin',whereof
aisl.spilla,spella`spoil,slay'(*speljan,*speln),as.spildian,ags.spildan`destroy',ahd.spildan,
spilden`waste,spread,verschwenden',as.spildi`generous';germ.tinmnd.spelte`clovenStck',
ostfries.spalterds.,germ.*spelt(outofitlat.spelta)inahd.spelzavlat.spelta(fromwhich:)`Spelt';
engl.spelter`Zink'(*spaldiz-);ags.spaldur`Balsam'(*spalduz-èffluencefromclovenPflanzen');npresentags.spillan,mhd.spillen`split'(*spelljan),whereforewithouts-schwed.fjll`Schinnenin
Haar';aisl.splr`dnneflacheshaft,pole',mengl.spaleds.,mhd.spale`Leitersprosse';probably(as
`thin,flachesbitofwood')ahd.spuolom.,isl.sple`Weberschiffchen',norw.sple`coil,spool'(germ.
*splan-);ahd.spuola(germ.*spln-)`coil,spool',`duct,tube,pipe,Federkiel';withoutanl.s-:aisl.
fjl`board'(*pel);
witht-Erweit.,butwithouts-probablyir.alta(i)n,cymr.ellyn,acymr.elinn`Schermesser',abret.altin
gl.`ferula',mbret.autenn,nbret.aotenn`Schermesser'(*paltin);mcymr.allaw`shave'(*altmu-);J.
LothRC.45,173.
lit.splis,Pl.spliai,lett.spalì`Flachsschben';lett.spals`handle,grasp,Handhabe';Old
Prussianspelanxtis`splinter';
OldChurchSlavicras-platiti`split'(*poltiti,comparenhd.spalten,OldIndiansphaati),plat`,
scrap,shred',polno`pieceofwoodwood',polica`board',palica,aruss.palka`stick',russ.raspoltèntzweischneiden',plot,polt`(abgeschnittene)Speckseite',poltina`half',OldChurch
Slavicpol,Gen.-u`half,Seite,bank,border,shore,gender,sex';abg.plv,plti(russ.polt)
`jten',plvel`weed';*opelninech.oplen,oplin`Gipfstock,Rungenstock',sloven.opln
`Wagengipfenholz'etc.;
withdemvfromplv(*pelu)iszusammenzuhalten:lett.spalva`feather,Gefieder,hair',spilva
`husk,Samenwolle,Wollgras',splvns`Bettkissen'etc.;
toch.Aspltk-,spalk-`sichanstrengen';
References:
References:WP.II677ff.,WH.II571f.,577f.,Trautmann204,Vasmer2,398,FlasdieckZink
underZinn,157ff.
Seealso:
Seealso:with(s)p(h)el-`split'hngenpossiblytogether:pel-`skin,fell,fur',spelg-`split',splei`split',pli-`naked,bald,bleak',plk-plik-`rend',pleu(s-,-k-)àusrupfen',plas-àbspalten'.
Page(s):
Page(s):985-987
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)el-2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,schimmern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansphuliga-m.`spark'(Erweiter.eines*sphuli=arm.pàil,idg.*spheli-),vi-
sphulga-ds.,vi-spuligak-`Funkensprhend';arm.pàil,Gen.pàilic`radiance,Schimmer',
pàilem`gleams,schimmere';pàpàim,pòpòim`gleams'.
g -extensionsp(h)el-g- , nas.(s)p(h)leng-:
lett.spulgut`gleam,sparkle,glitter',spulgis`theFunkelnde=themorningstar',spulgans,spilgans
`shimmering,gleaming';nas.germ.*flinka-`flimmernd,alsofromrascherBewegung'innd.(nhd.)
flink`rash,hasty,quick,fast',flinkern`gleam,shimmer',mhd.kupfervlinke`Kupfererz',changing
throughablaut(perhapssecondary)nhd.flunkern`flicker;einemetwasvormachen',andperhapslett.
plaga,pluga,plega`blister'.
d -extension,nas.(s)plnd- , (s)plnd-:
Gr.m.(f.Hes.)àsh';lat.splende,-re`gleam,shimmer',alit.splndiu,splendti
`gleam,shine';perhapsalsoair.lss(*lanssu-from*plnd-tu-)`light';mir.lainnech`gleaming'
(*plndiko).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):987
Root/lemma: sp(h)e(n)dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshiver,toshake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zucken,zappeln'and(about`flackern')`glnzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianspandat`shrugs,jerks,hits,knocksfrom',spanda-m.`twitch,movement',
snyu-spanda-`Pulsschlag',spandana-m.`zuckend';gr.`Schleuder',`zucke,
zapple,bewegemichviolent'(*n-);,m.`whirlanthespindle,etc.`;
unnasalized,`violent,keen,eager';olderndl.spat`cramp',nhd.Spat(h),mhd.
spat,ostfries.spat(t),spad(de)`tumefactionamPferdefu'(germ.d,ddbesidest,ttkannnew
Variationsein),nd.ndl.spatten`twitch,wriggle';
herelit.spstu,spstièrglnzen',spndiu,spindti`gleam',lett.atspst`wiedererglnzen',spdt
`gleam,gleam,shine',ablaut.spus`gleaming,bright,luminous'(*spands),spudrs`gleaming,
durchsichtig,clean'(*spondros).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compare*sp(h)eng-`gleam'.
Page(s):
Page(s):989
Root/lemma: sp(h)engEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:(and*speg- )
Material:
Material:Lit.spingu,spingti`gleam',spigis`DurchbauinWalde';
lett.spganaèineLufterscheinung,dragon,witch',spgansds.,spganisÌrrlicht',spgulis
`Johanneswrmchen',spguluot`shimmer';spuoga`Spiegelbild',spuogalasf.Pl.`radiance',spuogt
`gleam';
OldPrussiansoanxti(leg.spanxti)`spark';
tothisgroupas`*blinzelnd'alsolit.spagasùndeutlichseeing',apspags`verblendet',spangs
`Halbblinder,Schielender';alsoags.spincan`Funkensprhen',engl.spunk`spark,Feuerschwamm,
tinder'as`*phosphoreszierend';
dahellelight-andonomatopoeicwordsSchallempfindungenfrequent,oftenwiththesamewords
bezeichnetbecome,possiblyalsolit.spegti`clink',lett.spegtàseinemousepfeifen'angereiht
become;
perhapsidg.spheng-,alsotogr.n.`light,shine',`leuchte,erhelle';
da*spend-`gleam'eineZerlegungin*sp(h)eng-,-d-zurErwgungplaces,kannspeng-not
zuversichtlichasnasalformeines:
(s)peg-gelten,daserschlossenwirdfromnhd.Spukfrommnd.spk`Spuk,ghost'(germ.*spk-);ifin
additionalsothegroupfrommnd.spakeren`sprhen'(etc.).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):989-990
Root/lemma: sp(h)erd(h)- ,(s)p(h)red(h)- ,nas.sp(h)rend(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torush;tospring;running
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zucken,springen'
Note:
Note:d(h)-extensionto1.and2.sp(h)er- .
Material:
Material:OldIndiansprdhat,sprdhti(Perf.pasprdh,Inf.sprdhs)`wetteifern,fight',spdh-f.
`Wetteifer,fight,struggle'(:got.spards),av.sprd-f.èagerness';gr.inspartan.names;
got.spardsf.`racecourse',ags.spyrdm.`racecourse,Wettlauf',ahd.spurt`racecourse'.
InweiteremBedeutungsumfange:
Gr.àufspringen,wriggle,violentbewegtsein';aisl.spraka`wriggle',norw.spradlads.
(*sprala),westfl.spraddelnds.,ahd.spratalnds.,ahd.sprata`linea,regula,norma',mhd.
spretzen`spray';aisl.sporrm.`tail;uerstesendfrometwas',mhd.sporte`tail',aisl.*sperill,Pl.
*sper[]larassumedfromnorw.dial.speril,sperl,spl`kurzentail';
withgerm.t:schwed.sprata`withdenFenumherstoen,strampeln',norw.spratla`wriggle',ahd.
sprazzaln`wriggle',mhd.spretzen(*sprattian)àusspritzen',nhd.bair.spratzeln`spray,sprhen',
mnd.spartelen,spertelen,sportelen`wriggle';
nasal.aisl.spretta(*sprintan)àuffahren,aufspringen,sprossen,spray,aufgehen(fromthesun)',
Kaus.spretta(*sprantian;partlyalsosprattian)`losreien,separate',mhd.sprenzenschw.V.
`sprinkle,spray,sprenkeln=buntschmcken,putzen'and`sichspreizen,einherstolzieren';mhd.
sprinz`dasAufspringentheBlumen,Farbenschmelz',nhd.bair.sprinzàufgeschossenerjunger
person',ahd.spranz`crack',mhd.spranz`dasAufspringentheBlumen;dasSich-spreizen',mengl.
sprenten`spring,run',nordengl.sprent`spring,burst',sprent`smirch,stain,splotch';
lit.sprndas`Genick,nape',lett.spradads.,lit.sprinds`span',lett.sprdisds.;
withgerm.d:
ags.sprindàgile,lively,strong',aisl.sprundf.`Ritze,cleft,fissure;wife,woman';
OldChurchSlavicpredaj,-ati`spring;tremble',russ.prjdat,prjnut`hpfen,spring',ablaut.poln.
prd`Stromschnelle',slov.prdekàlert,awake,smart'etc.
References:
References:WP.II675f.,Trautmann277f.,Vasmer2,450.
Page(s):
Page(s):995-996
Root/lemma: sp(h)er-1 ,sp(h)erEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomakearashmovement,topushaway,torush,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zucken,withdemFuewegstoen,zappeln,schnellen'
Grammaticalinformation: spr i ,spr - n-mi ds.;
Note:
Note:compareper-1`sprhen,spray',further:sper-`sparrow',sper-`Sparren',sp(h)er`Mistkgelchen',sp(h)ereg-`twitch',sperh-`sichhastigbewegen',sp(h)ered(h)-`twitch',sp(h)reig`strotzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansphurti`sttwithdemFueweg,tritt,schnellt,shrugs,jerks,zittert,zappelt',
paspharAor.Inj.`schnelleweg,entziehdichrasch'(:lat.aspernr),apa-sphra-`wegstoend'(:
lat.asper-),sphra-`zuckend',sphuraa-`blinking,gleaming,funkelnd',n.`twitch,Funkeln,
Erscheinen',visphritam`dasSchnellen';sphrti-`dasHervorbrechen,Offenbarwerden'(*sphr-ti-,
comparelit.sprti),pharpharyate`bewegtsichheftighinandher';spr-`losmachen',sprti`wehrt
ab',sprti`slays';
av.spar(aiti)`tritt,stt',withfr`rushes,hastes',withviàuseinandertreten,-stomp',sparman-n.
perhaps`Tritt,shove',np.sipardan`tread';
arm.spanal`bedrohen'(idg.sp-);
gr.,(-Vokalvorschlag)`zucke,zapple'(=lit.spiri),,,
Hes.(aspiriert`BallzumSpielen'),aspiriertànkle,calcaneus',wovon
`hammer,beetle,hammer'(tocompareahd.spuri-halz`hinkend',eig.`knchel-lame');
lat.spern,-ere,sprv,-tum`back-,fortstoen,verschmhen,despise',aspernor,-r`fromsich
weisen',asper`rough,harsh,abstoend'(:OldIndianapa-sphra-);
air.seir`calcaneus'(*sperets),Akk.Du.dipherid,cymr.ffr,ffern`theankle,anklebone;theheel,
knuckles,alittlehammer;akindoffire-dart';mbret.ferds.;cymr.uffarnànkle'from*opi-sper-no-;
aisl.sperna`withdenFenausschlagen,wegstoen'(:lat.spern),ags.speornands.,ahd.firspirnit
`sttan,trittfehl';aisl.sporna(-aa)`withdemFueausschlagen',ags.spurnan,spornan`ds.,also
`zurckstoen,despise',as.ahd.spurnan`tread,withdemFuebump,poke';ahd.spornn`withthe
calcaneusausschlagen,demFuebump,poke',spurnen(spurnta)ds.,`zurckstoen'(spurnida
Ànsto'),aisl.spyrna`withdemFuebump,poke;(denfoot)entgegenstemmen';without
prsensbildendesn:aisl.spora`withFentreten',ags.sporettan`withdemFuebump,poke';
aisl.spori,ags.spora,spura,ahd.sporo`Sporn';aisl.ags.ahd.sporn.`footprint',mhd.spur,sprf.n.
`spoor`,ahd.spurihalz`lame,hinkend,fromhorses'(seeaboveto),ahd.(etc.)spurjan,
spurren`thespoornachgehen,erforschen,skillful';ags.spearwam.`calf',mhd.spar-golzef.èinTeil
theBeinbekleidung'(perhaps`Wadenstutzen');witherweiterndemg:aisl.sparka`withdemFue
bump,poke',inadditionpostverbalspark`Getrampel';
lit.spiri,sprti`withdemFuebump,poke,urge,press,push,constrain,oblige'(fromtheheavy
basis),ablaut.tsparas`Widerstand',sprdau,-yti`continualwithdenFenbump,poke';lett.spert
àusschlagen(ofPferde),withdemFuebump,poke';sparsènergy,Schwung,Wucht';lit.sparts
àusgiebig;rash,hasty,agile,lively',OldPrussiansparts`mighty',sperclan`Zehballen';butlit.
spurzdti`sichwithdenFlgelnjiggleorflutter',susprstifrombirdsìneineschnurrendeBewegung
geraten',thengenerallyìnheftigenrage,furygeraten,violentbecome'areprobablyonomatopoeic
words(comparenhd.brr!).
References:
References:WP.II668ff.,WH.I73,WH.II572f.,Trautmann275f.
Page(s):
Page(s):992-993
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)er-2 ,sprei- ,spreuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosprinkle,scatter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`streuen,sen;sprengen,spritzen,sprhen;alsovomAufspringenfrom
Knospen,Pflanzentrieben'
Note:
Note:probablywithsp(h)er-1`twitch'identical,alsowithper-1,aboveS.809f.
Material:A.
Material:A.Arm.pàrat`zerstreut'(*pher-),pàratem`zerstreue,entferne,takeaway'(comparegr.
,-);perhapsalsospèm`zerstreue',spìr`zerstreut,verstreut,vast,spacious'(wre
*sphro-);
gr.`streue,sow,sprenge,spritze,sprhe'(,,),n.`seed,
sperm',,m.`dasSen,dieSaat',,-`verstreut',Adv.,
`dnngest,sparse';
mir.sreb`stream'(*sprebh);srb`stream,Sturzbach,Schaar'(*sprbhu-);
ahd.sprt`dasSpritzen,Sprhen',mnd.spr-wedel`Sprengwedel';withdembygerm.rootsauf
langenvowelauftretendenwprotogerm.*sprwninnorw.spraa,.dn.spraaes`brittle,brittle
become',dn.dial.spraae`sichffnen,fromKnospen;break,crack',schwed.dial.spr,sprs
`sprout,sichffnen,break,crack',norw.sprafrom*sprada(andsprfrom*sprwjan)`spray,
sprinkle';derivedaisl.sprna`spray,trans.andintr.`;*sprwjaninmhd.sprjen,sprwen,mnl.
spraeien`whisk';*sprwjaninnhd.sprhen,nl.sproeiends.;norw.spra`Strebepfeiler,pad'
(*sprwn;tomeaningseebelow);d-presentnl.sproeten`spray',sproetelen`bubbleout',mnd.
sprte`(Spritzer=)Fleck,Sommersprosse'.
B.
B.i-basissprei-d-, -t-:
ahd.sprzan,spreizìnStckesplittern,spray',aisl.spritaàpartsperren'(afterfisherman,The
LehnwrterofAwn.40frommhd.sprtenborrowed);norw.sprita`spray';mhd.sprtenand(with
grammatischemvariation)sprden`sichausbreiten,sichscatter,zersplittern',Kaus.aschwed.spreda
`scatter,outspread',norw.spreida,ags.sprdands.,ahd.spreitan,mhd.nhd.spreiten;
alit.sprainas`stiff,starr,bersichtig,ofeye'(probably*spraid-na-s,actually`dieAugenweit
aufspreizend'),lett.sprist`spannen,urge,press,push,ausmessen'(`*spreizen'),spraids`Stelle,
whereLeutezusammengedrngtstand',debes-spraislis`Himmelsgewlbe';inadditionpresumably
lit.sprndiu`spannewiththehand'.
C.
C.extensionspreu-: ahd.spriu,Gen.spriuwes`chaff';ags.sprawlian`sichkrampfhaftbewegen';
nhd.sprde=mengl.spreds.(*sprauia-actually`lightzerspringend');
cymr.ffrau`(Hervorsprudeln),stream',ffreuo`hervorspritzen'(*sprou-),ffrawàgile,lively'(*spruo-),
cyffroèrregen',deffroàwake,animate'(LothRC.42,347;44,270f.);air.sruth(*sprutu-)m.`river'
=cymr.etc.ffrwdds.;gall.FlNGen.(leg.),nhd.FlNFrutz(Vorarlberg),oberital.
fruda`Sturzbach';bret.Vannesfru`Sprhregen'(*spreus-);alsonhd.Sprudel
lett.sprajus,spratis`hervordringen,emporkommen';lit.sprianas`funny,fresh,alert,awake,
smart,ausgelassen'.
spreu-d- (d-extension,perhapsoriginallyfromad-present)`spray,quick,fasthervorkommen,sprout'
etc.):
cymr.ffrwstm.`Hast'(*sprud-to-or-stu-);
got.sprautAdv.`quick,fast,bald';mhd.spriezen`sprout',and.tsprtan`hervorsprieen',afries.
sprta`germinate,sprout',engl.sprout;ags.spryttan`sprout',nd.sprtten`spray',mhd.sprtzen
`sprout,spray';aisl.sprotim.`youngsproutinatree,Stecken',ahd.sprozzo`sprout,scion,shoot';
mnd.sprote(le)`(*Spritzer=)Fleck,Sommersprosse',nhd.Sommersprosse;mnd.sprte,md.sprze
ds.;ags.sprot`shaft,pole',ndl.spriet(outofitnhd.Spriet);norw.spraut,sprauta`Stellholzinthe
Falle',spryta`Fenstersprosse,Spannstockinaloom';ahd.spriuzen`spreizen,prop,support,
stemmen',spriuza`Spreize,pad,Strebe';
lit.spriusti`hineinzwngen,clamp';ablaut.sprsti`fromaclampinfolgeofDruckesherauskommen';
lett.sprast`hineinstecken',ablaut.spr-stèingeklemmtbecome'.
spreu-g- , -k - inidenticalBedeutungsumfang:
nhd.nd.spriegel,sprgel,sprugel,sprogel`Schnellbogen;gespannterBogentoaberdeckung;
SprenkelbeimVogelfang',luxemb.spriegel`SperrholzzumAuseinanderspannen';
lett.spruga,spruga`clamp',spruis`toggle';
lit.sprgstièntspringen,escape;togetaway',lett.sprauga`Lcke';probablyalso(as`zerprengen,
zerstiebenmake'),lett.sprugt`coarsemahlen,schroten';withk:lett.spruktèscape;togetaway,
entgleiten';sprukstsèinLeichtfiger,Springer',spraukt`durchzwngen,escape,flee'.
Maybealb.(*spreu-k-)shprthenj`bloom,blow'[commonalb.-k->-th-phoneticmutation].
(s)preus- seeaboveS.809f.((s)preus-)
References:
References:WP.II670ff.,Trautmann277,278,VendryesRC.46,255ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):993-995
Root/lemma: sp(h)er-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cattleexcrements
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfordieMistkgelchenvonZiegenandSchafen,alsoPille,Ball
berhaupt(letztereserstthroughbertragung)
Material:
Material:Gr.(att.),,(also)`MistkgelchenfromZiegenand
Schafen',,also`pellet,globule,Pillegenerally';lit.spros`Schafmistkgelchen',lett.
spiras`Mistkgelchenthesheep,Ziegen,Hasen;groegraueErbsen',pires`Schafmist';
withdh -extension:gr.,
Hes.;nisl.sparn.`Schafmist',sperill`Ziegenmist'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):995
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)er-4 ,(s)p(h)ergEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear;rag,snippet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reien;Fetzen'
Material:
Material:Arm.pèrt``raggedStck'(*sperk-to-);aisl.spirrf.`scrap,shred,abgerissenerStreifen
Tuch'(protogerm.*sperr);
gr.,att.-`tear,rend,zerre'(probablyanalogicalfor-),`raggedStck',
`dasZerren,Reien;cramp';
nas.perhapsabg.priti,prati`lacerare'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):992
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)eu-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,hurry
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drcken,withNachdruckbetreiben,eilen'
Material:
Material:Npers.poy`haste,hurry'(iran.*pauda-),parth.pwd`run,flow';
gr.`sputemich,hurry;binemsig,strebe,strengemichan';trans.`treibean,beschleunige'
(originally`drnge,push,press',asin`Mrserkeule',i.e.`Zerdrcker'Hes.);f.
`haste,hurry,eagerness,Bestrebung',`hasty,keen,eager,fleiig',`spute
mich,betreibewitheagerness';
perhapsalb.pun`work,business'(*pudn);
Note
Note:Thereisnophoneticmutationinalb.ofthenature:dn>n;Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(s)p(h)eu-dMeaning:
Meaning:`topress,hurry'etymologysuggestthatalb.puna`workderivedfromzerogradeofhitt.
appina-`becomerich'seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:op-1 Meaning:
Meaning:`towork,perform'.
whetherd-extensionarootspu-:speu-:sp-,possiblytoOldIndiansphvayati`mstet,verstrkt',
ags.spwan`thrive'(differentaboveunder2.spi-);comparealsogr.`vollgestopftwith
food,eating',,Hes.,Hes.;doubtfulgr.(Fut.
)`zucke,bewegemichviolent,fiebere,strebeeager',m.,f.`Zuckung,Puls',
`binohnePulsschlag'(*sphug-);
ahd.spioz`Kampfspie',nhd.Spie,aschs.spiot,aisl.spjt`spit,pike',spta`peg,plug';whether
herewithouts-:norw.fysaàntreiben',nisl.fausi`hitzigeperson,fool'(*poud-to-)
lit.spusti`press',Iter.spudyti;spaud`Presse';ablaut,spdinti`hurry,flee',spdti`sich
abmhen'.
References:
References:WP.II659,Trautmann273f.,SzemernyiZDMG101,205f.
Page(s):
Page(s):998-999
Root/lemma: (s)p(h) i -1 :(s)p(h) Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp,sharpstick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spitz,spitzesHolzstck'
Note:
Note:extendedwith-d ,-g ,-k ,-l ,-n ,-r ,-t
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansphy-m.`chipofwood,staff,Spiere,rudder';
2.ahd.mhd.spiz`Bratspie'(differentfromSpie`spear,javelin'fromahd.spioz),ags.spituds.;
norw.spitaf.`peg,plug';spitm.`cusp,peak,dnnerWasserstrahl';schwed.speta`peg,plug';ahd.
spizzi`pointed';o-grademnd.speis(s)e`longspit,pike'(*spoidt);perhapsherelat.cuspis,-idisf.
`cusp,peak,spit,pike',whetherfrom*curi-spis`Lanzenspitze'(HolthausenIF20,319f.);
3.lat.spca,spcus,-um`hre',spculum`Lanzenspitze',vlat.spcrium`Speicher';ndl.spie`peg,
plug,bolt'(*spn);arm.p`kìn`Pfeil'(*phkno-);
ahd.speihha,as.spcaf.,ags.spcam.`Speiche,ray';md.spcher,nhd.Speichernagel,mnd.nnd.
spkerèisernernail',engl.spike,ags.spcingds.,aisl.spkrm.`nail',spkf.`woodensplinter',norw.
spk`Speiche',ags.spc`spitzesLandstck',bair.spickel`wedge';
lit.speiglia`Stacheln';
4.gr.f.,,-f.`Riff';mhd.splm.`cusp,peakofSpeeres',nhd.dial.Speil`chip,
splinter,splinter,wedge',mnd.nnd.sple`Bratspie';ags.spiluf.`peg,cusp,peak',aisl.spilaf.`thin,
schmalesStckwood',etc.;(daslangvokalischegerm.*splcouldalso*splsein,ingramm.
variationwithmhd.spidel,spedel,nhd.dial.speidel`splinter');ech.sple`Stecknadel',lett.sple
`Holznagel';
5.lat.spna`backbone,spine,thorn'(inadditionumbr.spinia,spina`columnam'),spnacrnlis
`Haarnadel',spnus`briar';as.ahd.spinela,spenula`Haarnadel,buckle',mhd.spenel`Stecknadel,
Spennadel';lett.spina`Gerte,rod',lt.poln.spina`backbone,spine',russ.spin`back';s-losatmost
germ.*finn,*finninags.finn,nhd.Finne`Flofeder,Spitzflosse',schwed.fina`Flosse',norw.finn
`grassbristles',mhd.vinne`nail;Finneintheskin',nexttowhichschwed.fime,flm.vimme`Flosse,
Achel';
maybealb.shpinaspine,*shpino-,shpojpierce,prick,shpataswordfromlat.spatha-aef.à
broadtwo-edgedsword',alb.shpatulla`shoulderblade'fromlat.spathuladim.ofspatha-ae.
toch.Aspin-`Hacken,peg,plug';
6.ags.spr`Halm,sprout',engl.spire`sprout;Turmspitze',mnd.spr`germ,sprout-,Grasspitze,
hre,Turmspitze,verysmallperson',aisl.spra`Stiel,youngscion,shoot,Rohrstabunderlikewise';
7.lit.spituls`starauftheTierstirn',spitl,spitul`dieneedle,thethorninthebuckle',spitnds.;
perhapsisinlat.secespitaÒpfermesser'eincognate*spitacontain;
References:
References:WP.II653f.,WH.II574,Vasmer2,708.
Page(s):
Page(s):981-982
Root/lemma: sp(h)(i)-3 ,sp- andsph- :sphEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosucceed,prosper;tofatten,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gedeihen,sichausdehnen=dickwerden,vorwrtskommen,Erfolghaben,
gelingen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansphyat`wirdfat,obese,nimmtto',participlespht-`swollen,wohlhabend,
dense,full',sphta-`big,large,strong',spht-f.`theprospering;flourishing',spht-f.`Mstung,
prospering;flourishing',Kaus.sphvyati`mstet,verstrkt',sphr-`vast,spacious,wide,big,
large',sphir-`fat,obese'(idg.*sph-r-=OldChurchSlavicspor,ahd.spar);withformants-ko(aslett.spks):pva-sphk-`fromFettstrotzend';
OldIndianvi-pitmisstrittigermeaning;
fromtheaspir.formsph-:-`',;Hes.;
withouts-arm.pàrtàm`rich';
lat.spatium`Raum,time,Weite,stretch,duration';sps,-,Pl.sprsf.èxpectation,hope',spr,re`hoffe';originally`fromHoffnunggeschwellt';prosperus`gnstig,lucky'(*pro-sp-ro-);
maybealb.(*spatium)shpat`precipice,mountain,forest',(*sprs)shpresonjÌhope'.
mcymr.ffysgiaw,corn.feskyÈilen'(*spid-sk-);
got.spdiza`later',spdumists`sptester',ahd.spti,Adv.spto`late`(eig.`*sichhinziehend');
ags.spwan`thrive,glcken',ahd.spuon`succeed',germ.*spi-inahd.spuot,as.spd,ags.spd
`prospering;flourishing,Beschleunigung,haste,hurry',nhd.sichsputen;ahd.etc.sparseeunder;
lit.spti`havethetimeorleisure,bequickenough,beable',sprus`quick',sptasm.`leisure',
spmf.`haste,hurry';spkasandspk`power';
Maybealb.(*spt-)shpejt`quick'
lett.spt`vermgen,tobeable',spks`force,strength,power'(probablyalsolett.spte`contrariness',
sptgs`defiant');;
maybealb.(*spt-)shptim`salvage',(-im m.nounsuffix)shptoj`save,preserve,keep'(-o verb
suffix).
OldChurchSlavicspj,sptiÈrfolghave';sphm.àbusyingone'sselfaboutorapplicationtoa
thing;assiduity,zeal,eagerness,fondness,inclination,desire,exertion,endeavor,study',spiti
`hurry';
maybealb.shpeshòften,frequent',shpejt`fast'
OldChurchSlavicspor(=OldIndiansphir-etc.)`rich',inneuerenslav.Sprachenalso(and
probablydasursprnglichere)`langelasting,langausreichend',soruss.spryj,serb.spr`lang
lasting',henceontheotherhandalso`langeausreichend,economical',ech.sporyèrgiebig,
ausgiebig'andèconomical,sparse',spoiti`spare'(dt.influence),ahd.sparèconomical,concise',
ags.spr,aisl.sparrèconomical,penurious'(:spor);
hitt.ipiìtsichsatt',3.Pl.ipiianzi.
Vonsp-(:spe-)from:
withthemeaning`fat,thick'andg -formants:OldIndiansphij-(Nom.Sg.sphik,Du.sphiju;sphicu
throughEntgleisungafterd.Nom.Sg.),sphigÀrschbacke,hip,haunch';aisl.spikn.,ags.spicn.,
ahd.spec,-ckes`bacon';
WithDentalformantien:gr.`vast,spacious,wide,eben',,(Hes.)ds.,
`fromweitem',-[],-`Sumpfflche',(*-withpreposition)
`capacious',,-`shield',(`*dembodyentlanggebreitetesurface,plain,area'),
`';
lat.spissus(*spid-to-)`dense,thick,slow,zgernd';
withdh:`span(thehand)',Hes.;
witht:lit.speii,spestièncircle',spisti`schwrmen',spint,spstiìnSchwrmenausbrechen,
frombees',lett.spits`swarmofbees'(participlelit.spstas`gedrngt',lat.spissus);comparealso
lett.spaile,spailis`line,SchwadenofMhers'(-l-maybefrom-dl-),lit.spieltiìndenNhrahmen
einspannen',lett.spailes`clovenSteckenzumEinklemmen',sple,splisèineZwicke,Zwickeisen;
Holzngel;need,Verlegenheit'(mhd.Lw.),splisalso`zeltartigausgespannteLeinwand',splt
`clamp-pinch,tweak,nip,spannen'.
Withg -formant:
gr.`schnreein,klemmeein',`cord,band,strap;muscle';
lett.spaiglis,spaigle`Krebsgabel';germ.withthemeaningàusspannen=spreizen':nhd.dial.
spaichenàusschreiten',ausspaichen`withSchrittenorausgespanntenFingernausmessen',norw.
speika`withsteifen(gespannten)Beinengo',spka`widerspenstigsein'.
References:
References:WP.II656ff.,WH.II568f.,576,Trautmann274f.,VendryesRC.50,92,Vasmer2,
707,710;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionspi-2 andspen-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):983-984
Root/lemma: sp(h)- ,sp(h)-(dh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:longflatpieceofwood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`langes,flachesHolzstck'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-m.`wedge';maybefrom*-,idg.*sphnes-;
germ.*spnusin:ahd.mnd.spn`chipofwood',ags.spnds.(engl.spoon`spoon'),afries.span,
spon`flatpectoral,chestdecoration',aisl.spnn,spnn`chip,splinter,shingle,Holzscheibe,Platte';
borrowedfinn.paana`shingle,chip,splinter';
maybealb.(*spon)shponj`pierce,prick'
withdh -formants:gr.`breitesflachesHolztheWeber;Ruderblatt,scapula,langesbreites
sword';comparehitt.ipatar`spit,pike',A.KammenhuberFestschr.Sommer,105;
germ.*spaan:as.spado,ags.spadam.,-e,-uf.`spade';nhd.Spaten;
maybealb.shpata`sword',s()pataàxe'
withg -formants:norw.spk`chip,splinter',nisl.norw.sprkja;changingthroughablautspake
`shaft,pole',ags.spcn.`twig,branch',ahd.spahha,-o`drybrushwood',nhd.dial.Spach,Spachen
`chip,splinter,woodenlog',Spache`Speicher'and(asàrid,aseinStecken')mnd.spak,mhd.spach
àrid',etc.;
witht -formsprobablygerm.*spa-,spa-inmhd.spt`blttrigbrechendesGestein,Spat`,nhd.
dial.alsospaad,ndl.spaath.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:tosp(h)i-2 ,sp(h)- .
Page(s):
Page(s):980
Root/lemma: (s)p(h)i u- :(s)pi - ,(s)pu - (*ps(h)iu-<-hiu-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`speien,spucken'andhnlicheNachahmungenofSpucklautes
Note:
Note:diei-losenformsatleastpartlythroughdissimilationinio-present*sp[i]-i.
Material:
Material:OldIndianhvati`spit,speitfrom'(originallyonly,latervorwiegendincompoundwith
ni()-,daher-froms-;tvdissimil.frompv,sothat=got.speiwan),hyt-`gespuckt,gespien';
av.spma-`saliva,mucus';gr.`spucke',,`saliva',(dissimil.from
*)`spucke,spritze'(:-from*pi-;comparewithInlautbehandlungthegroup
Theokr.`despu';Hes.with-from-);lat.spu,-ere,sptum`spit,spucken',despu
`spuckefrom,verschmhe';got.speiwan,aisl.spyja,ags.as.ahd.spwan`spit',aisl.spyta`spit',(in
additionaisl.schw.spotta,dn.spotte,afries.spottia,mnd.spotten,ahd.spottn`mock'),ostfries.
spjen`spucken,sprhen',mndl.holl.spuwen`spucken,spit';lit.spiuju,spiuti`spit',OldChurch
Slavicpljuj,pljvatids.;
Maybealb.geg.pshtyj,tosk.pshtyj`spit',shptonjèscape,drip':OldIndiankvati`spit':gr.
;commonOldIndian-h->k-:gr.-illyr.-alb.-h->-kh->-ps-phoneticmutation.
arm.tùk``saliva',t`kànem`spucke,speiefrom'(t`kann,althoughfrompt-deduciblenotdemgr.<
gleichgesetztbecome),osset.tù,npers.tuf,tuh`saliva'fromanOldIndian(Lexikogr.)thutkara-,
ththasWiedergabeofSpucklautesvergleichbarenLautgebrde;
againetwasdifferentOldIndiankvati(Dhtup.)`spit,speitfrom',commonOldIndian-h->-kphoneticmutationgr.,ion.`saliva,slobber',kypr.(Cod.<
<*F,BechtelGr.
Dial.I412,or*)(Cod.).Hes.
References:
References:WP.II683,WH.II580f.,Trautmann276,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,325,752,4.
Page(s):
Page(s):999-1000
Root/lemma: sp(h)reigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toabound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strotzen,prallgespanntsein'
Note:
Note:compare(s)p(h)eregMaterial:
Material:Gr.`tobefullof,toaboundwith,tobeburstingwith,tobebristling,swell,binin
vollervitality,binbegierig,lascivious',on.`strotzendefullness,wealth';norw.sprikja
àusspannen,spreizen',intr.èntspanntsein,strotzen,toswell',schwed.dial.sprikaàusspannen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1001
Root/lemma: (s)pingoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sparrow,finch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sperling,Fink',vompiependenLaute
Material:
Material:Gr.(Hes.),(*)`finch'(similarly,,`finch'),
m.`Sperber'(meaning`Sperlingster'asinnhd.Sperber:ahd.sparo`sparrow'),
`piepe';schwed.spink,spikke`smallbird,sparrowunder.`,engl.(fromdemNord.)spink`finch';
OldIndianphigaka-m.èinbest.bird,thegabelschwnzigeWrger'(meaningasin,see
above);
besideswithoutanlaut.s-ahd.fincho,ags.finc,engl.finch`finch',therefromindependent
onomatopoeicwordsSchallbezeichnunginfrz.pinson,ital.pincione,span,pinzon,asprobablyalso
inschwed.pink`sparrow',engl.dial.pink,pinch`finch'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):999
Root/lemma: (s)p k oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:woodpecker,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`SpechtandanderegrereVgel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianpik-m.`theindischecuckoo';lat.pcaÈlster',pcus`Specht';umbr.peico
`picum'(eifor),ital.VNPcentes;withanlaut.s:ahd.speh,speht,aisl.sptr,norw.spett(a),
schwed.spett,dn.sptte`Specht';OldPrussianpicle`Krammetsvogel'.
References:
References:WP.II681,WH.II580,H.RixBz.Nf.2,237ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):999
Root/lemma: (s)pleihEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospreadthelegs
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dieBeinespreizen'
Material:
Material:OldIndian*plhat`goes,bewegtsich';gr.`schreitefrom',`klaffe
apart(fromWunden)',f.`dieSpreize,StellebetweendenSchenkeln',
òffenstehendermouth';withanl.s-probablyair.sliassaitf.`Schenkel'(*spleigh-s-ont);aboutair.
lingid`springt',preteritleblang-(*ple-plong-)s.ThurneysenGr.p.687.
References:
References:WP.II684.,PisaniMl.BoisacqII,181ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1000
Root/lemma: (s)pleiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosplit,cut
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spalten,abspalten,spleien'
Note:
Note:compareS.985under(s)p(h)el-1andpli-`naked,bald,bleak,bare'(see834),ifactually
èntrindet,flayed'.
Material:
Material:lett.pltes`smallcrumbs',plivinaàbgelsteflatterndebark,outercoveringofatree,
Schelfer';verydoubtfulaisl.fleinnàbstehenderhookanaGerte',ags.flnf.m.,flf.`Pfeil,spear,
lance';
d-present(ord-extensions):mhd.splzen,afries.splta`spleien,split;intr.sichsplit',nd.nl.splitten
`sichsplit',mhd.splitter(germ.*splitra-)`splinter',schwed.splittra,mnd.splitteren`zersplittern';
nasalizednorw.splint`woodennail,wedge',engl.splint,splent`clovenStckHolz,splinter,chip,
splinter',engl.nd.nl.splinter`splinter,chip,splinter';withouts-:norw.flinter`shred',nl.flenter`scrap,
shred';aisl.fletta(*flintn)infletta-grjt`Feuerstein',schwed.flintads.;norw.flint`spall',ags.flint
`Feuerstein,Fels',mnd.vlint-stn(besidesahd.flins,mhd.mnd.vlins`pebble,harterstone',probably
as*flint-sa-,descendanteines-es-stem);mnd.nd.vlse(outofitnhd.Fliese)`Steinplttchen',aisl.
fls`splinter'(*pld-to-);
besideswithgerm.d:norw.flindra`dnneScheibeorsplinter',engl.flinders`Stcke,Stmpfe'and
norw.splindra`groerflatwoodensplinter',dn.splind,splinder`splinter',splinde`splittern';
air.sliss`Schnitzel,splinter,chip,splinter',slissiu`Schnitzel,lath'(*splidti-,-ti);aberslind`Ziegel,
flatstone'tobret.sklent`Schiefer'andprobablyrearrangementfromlat.scindula:*scindla-*sklinda.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1000
Root/lemma: (s)poimno- ,-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:foam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schaum,Gischt'
Material:
Material:OldIndianphna-m.`scum,froth,foam,Feim';osset.fink,fink`ds.;lat.spmaf.`scum,
froth,foam,Gischt',pmexm.`Bimsstein'(fromseinerschaumartigporsenBeschaffenheit);
ahd.feim,ags.fm`Feim,scum,froth,foam';lit.spin`Schaumstreifenaufbewegtersea',Old
Prussianspoayno`scum,froth,foam'(*spin),OldChurchSlavicpna(russ.pna,skr.pjna)
`scum,froth,foam'.
References:
References:WP.II681,WH.II388f.,580,Trautmann227f.,Vasmer2,334.
Page(s):
Page(s):1001
Root/lemma: sprei- ,spreuSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.994f.(spher-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1001
Root/lemma: srak-to- ,-tiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp-edged
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfkantig,scharfeKante,Ecke,Felszacke'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrakt-f.`prong,spike,point,edge',av.sraxti-,raxti-`point,edge,Seite';gr.
Hes.besidessecondaryds.
References:
References:WP.II702,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,299.
Page(s):
Page(s):1001
Root/lemma: srebh- ,sr b h- andserbh- (*ghreb-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosip,swallow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlrfen'
Material:
Material:Arm.arbi(*srbh-)Ìtrank',arb`Zechgelage';gr.(ion.)`schlrfe'(also
EM.),`geschlrft',(ion.)n.,m.`broth,thickTrank';alb.gjerp(*serbh)
Ìsip,swallow',gjerb`drop,drip';
Wrongetymology;ratheralb.(*gherb-)gjerbÌsip,swallow'[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->
dz-phoneticmutation].
lat.sorbe,-re`slurp';mir.srub`snout'(*srobu-);lit.srebiu,srbti`slurp'(alsosriobi,sriaubi,
perhapsduetoeines*srubiu),ablaut.surbi,surbti`suck,slurp',lett.surbju,surbt`slurp'(-ur-reduced
gradetosrobh-orsorbh-;comparealsopoln.sarba),lett.strebju,strbt`slurp,auslffeln',strba
`somewhattoSchlrfendes;einBetrunkener';protoslav..*serbj,*srbati`slurp',withvariant
Ausgleichungeninsloven.srbati,ech.stebatietc.;perhapsalsomhd.srpfeln,srfeln`slurp',isl.
sarpr`crawtheVgel',aisl.asSpitzname(`*gullet'),withgerm.pfromgemin.pp;alsondl.slorpen,
slurpen,nhd.schlurfenwithlafterschlucken.
References:
References:WP.II704,716,WH.II561f.,Trautmann294,Vasmer2,612;W.Schulzesetzte
*s(u)erbh-,*srubh-an.
Page(s):
Page(s):1001
Root/lemma: sr-edh- ,sr-etEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towhirl,wave,boil
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strudeln,wallen,brausen,rauschen'
Note:
Note:extensionfrom1.serMaterial:
Material:Gr.m.`dasWogenrauschen',-`meerumrauscht',-
`schnelldahinrauschendewords',(and)`herbeisausend;alsofromGttern:
zurhelp',`roaring',assimil.Hes.;perhapsalsospteres,mostlyPl.
`Nasenlcher,nose'asTrivialausdruck`*Schnarcher,Rassler';inadditionPl.
`Nasenlcher,nose';compare,f.`nose'as`theflowing'zurrootform*sri-:sr-;
acorn.stretgl.`latex',mcorn.streyth`river';mir.srithitf.`rayfrommilkorblood'(*srt-nt);ahd.
stredan,strad,mhd.streden`roar,strudeln,cook',stredunga,stridungaÀufwallung',mhd.stradem
`whirlpool',latemhd.andnhd.Strudel.
References:
References:WP.II704;FraenkelGl.32,31f.;LeumannHom.Wrter220.
Page(s):
Page(s):1001-1002
Root/lemma: (s)reighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclimb,creep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`klettern,mhsamkriechen'
Note:
Note:(also(s)reikh- )
Material:
Material:OldIndianrgati(voiced-nonaspiratedinconnectionwiththenasalization)andrkhati
`bewegtsichmhsam,crawls'(fromchildren);
gr.-,`mhseligwithHandenandFenemporklettern'.
References:
References:WP.II702,FriskGr.Wb.103.
Page(s):
Page(s):1002
Root/lemma: srenkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosnore
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schnarchen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`schnarche;snort';n.,f.`Schnarchen',,ds.;
air.srennim`schnarche'(*srenknmi);mir.srimmn.`Schnarchen'(*srenksmn),alsosrimm
throughinfluenceofsrennim;
asimilaronomatopoeicwordsSchallnachahmungentspringtprobablygr.`Schweinsrssel,
snout,bill,beak,neb';whetherarm.*ungn,Pl.ngun-k`,ngunk`Nasenlcher,nose'outofit
borrowedorunderidg.*srungh-withitcommonoriginsei,isdoubtful.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1002
Root/lemma: sreskEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrizzle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tropfen'
Material:
Material:Av.srask-(srasa-)`triefen,abtriefenfrom;triefregnen',sraska-m.(np.sirik)`tears,
Weinen',mp.srixt`dropped',arm.srskel(*srsk-orsrsk-)`sprinkle';borrowingofarm.wordsfrom
demAryanwredieVorbedingungfordieconnectionfromav.srask-,arm.srskelas*klek-sk-with
lit.lkas`drip',lakti`drip,trickle',lkti`spray'(seeaboveS.607kleu-`splen').
References:
References:WP.II602f.,705.
Page(s):
Page(s):1002
Root/lemma: sreupEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:scabby,dirt
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schorfigerSchmutzamKrper'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`smut,Unreinlichkeit',,`sully',`dirty,filthy',
`bindirty,filthy',n.`wheys',`clean',Med.`washmich,schneuzemich';proto
slav..*strup(from*sreuposor*sroupos)`wound'(aksl;eig.`*scurf,scabaufthewound'),`poison,
pus'(slov.),`scurf,scab'(nbulg.russ.),`skinrashbychildren'(skr.),`crust,scab,eschar'(poln.
ech.);ablaut.ChurchSlavicstrpt`roughness,Hrte'.
References:
References:WP.II703,Vasmer3,32.
Page(s):
Page(s):1004
Root/lemma: sreuEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrvati`flows'(=gr.),srava-m.`dasFlieen'(=gr.,OldChurchSlavic
o-strov),girisrav`Bergstrom'(=gr.,lit.srav),srut-flowing,geflossen'(=gr.=fem.lit.
srut;zerogradelett.strauts),srut-f.`way,dasFlieen'(=gr.,perhapsarm.au),sravt-f.
`river'(=gr.-F-),OldIndiansrtan.,Oldpers.rautah-n.,npers.rd`river';causative
srvyati`makesflow',srva-m.èffluence';
av.(ravan-),Gen.Pl.raonm`theFlsse',urvant-(sru-vant-)`flowing';fromeinemd(h)-presentfrom
(:gr.-):av.raoaiti`flows',raoah-n.`river',urdf.`Flulauf,bed'(OldIndianvisrh-f.
`stream'orlikewise);
arm.aoganem,ooganem`benetze'(*srou-),comparealit.srvinu`makebluten'),probablyalsoau
`canal'(*srutisor*sruios);
gr.`flow'(Fut.,.Epidaur.,Kalymna[]-Konj.from*sruu-;compare
lit.pasrvo`flo'from-t;usually*sreu-in,lit.sravti;tothisbeidenheavyBasenOldIndian
Inf.srvitav);(kypr.F),att.m.`current,flood',-`ringsumflossen'(also
-forberliefertes),(korkyr.Dat.Pl.hF)`dasStrmen,stream'(=lit.
srav),`flowing,strmend',`ringsumflossen'(=OldIndianparisruta-),f.
`dasStrmen',,-`rinnend',,hom.Adv.ìnberflu';n.`Strmen,river;
surge';-`gentleflowing',-`deepflowing',-`richflowing',(*F,compareOldIndiansravat-),asion.,att.n.`Flulauf,riverbed'from
themat.*sreue-derive;,ion.(`thewashofthewavesofMeerescompared)
regelmigeBewegung,Rhythmus';thrak.rivername,Stadtname;
air.sruaimmn.`river',abret.strum`copia(lactis)'(=gr.,ifnotablautequallywithgerm.
*strauma-);butair.sruth`river',cymr.ffrwdetc.,from*sprutu-;comparePokornyCeltica3,308f.;
ahd.stroum,ags.stram,aisl.straumr`stream'(:lett.straume,poln.strumie);
lit.sravi,sravti(oldsrav)`gelindeflieen,seep,drip',srajas`raschflowing',srav`dasFlieen,
Menstruieren',srov,lett.strve,strume`stream',strauts`Regenbach,Stromschnelle',lit.srut
`Jauche';OldChurchSlavicstruja`current',ostrovìsland'(`dasUmflossene'),poln.strumie
`stream,brook';
idg.sreu-isextensionfromser-`flow'.
References:
References:WP.II702f.,Trautmann279f.;Vasmer2,287;3,32.
Page(s):
Page(s):1003
Root/lemma: srno- ,-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:bodypart(hip)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Krperteilbenennung,etwaÒberschenkel,Lenden'
Material:
Material:Av.rna-m.`theouterTeilofOberschenkels,thigh',mp.np.rn`Schenkel';lit.strnos
`dieloins,dasKreuz'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1002
Root/lemma: srg- ,srgosEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cold,frost
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Klte,Frost'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`frost',,Perf.m.present-meaning`freeze,shudder,erschauern';
`friere';
lat.frgus,-orisn.(=gr.)`coldness,frost',frge,-re`coldsein,freeze,gefrorensein',frgidus
`cold'.
References:
References:WP.II705f.;afterWH.I547,II434,zerogradefrom*(s)ri-,tolat.rige`starre',
rigor`solidification(vorcoldness)',lit.ritis`sichstrecken'(differentaboveS.855,862.)
Page(s):
Page(s):1004
Root/lemma: sr m oEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:lame
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lahm'
Note:
Note:onlyaltindischandslavisch
Material:
Material:OldIndiansrm-`lame',srma-m.`Lahmheit';OldChurchSlavic(etc.)chrom`lame'.
References:
References:WP.II706;MachekSlavia16,191,IF.53,94;Vasmer3,272f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1004
Root/lemma: stagEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrop,drizzle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sickern,trpfeln,leiserinnen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,`drip,trickle,eintrufelntr.,drip,tricklelassen;drip,trickleintr.,
rinnen',`trpfelnd,tropfend',,-f.`drip',Pl.ds.;
lat.stgnum`jedesausgetreteneGewsser,sea,pond,pool,Tmpel,poolorlangsamrunning
Gewsser';
lat.(kelt.Lw.)stagnum`Zinn'(`dasGetropfte,lightSchmelzbare'),air.stn`Zinn';cymr.ystaen,
ncorn.stean,bret.stean(fromdemLat.);
abret.staer,nbret.ster`river,stream,brook'(*stagr),cymr.taen`conspersio,adspersio'(*stagn).
References:
References:WP.II612,WH.II585,FlasdieckZinnunderZink14ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1010
Root/lemma: (s)tiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toconceal;tosteal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`heimlichumetwasbringen,hehlen,stehlen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianstyt`clandestine,hide,conceal',styu-,tyu-`thief'(=OldChurchSlavictaj
Adv.`geheim',iffrom*tiu;gr.-);stya-m`theft',stn-`thief';av.tyu-`thief',tya-`theft';gr.
èinway,theeinenumdieMhetheintentionbetrgt'(*-,from*-),
,,Hes.,`bringeumetwas,rob',Med.`darbe';air.tid`thief'(=abg.tat,
das-danalogical);OldChurchSlavictaj`clandestine',tajo,tajiti`verhehlen',tat`thief';hitt.tajezzi,
tajazzi`stiehlt'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1010
Root/lemma: sti- ,st - ,sti - Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocondense,presstogether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verdichten,zusammendrngen,stopfen;sichverdichten,gerinnen,stocken'
Note:
Note:inadditionst i b(h)-, st i p-`shaft,poleetc.`
Material:
Material:OldIndianstyyat`gerinnt,wirdhart',participlestyna-;(Gramm.)prastma-`gedrngt,
gehuft',stm-ìdle'(eig.`gestockt'),vimn-Bez.ofpudenda,styf.`trges,stehendeswater',
stimita-`schwerfllig,idle,unbeweglich,damp';av.st(y)-`heap,mass';
gr.,`stehendesfat,tallow,suet'(*stir);hom.-`naheaneinandergedrngt'
(compareOldIndianstyna-);f.,n.`smallstone';`drip'(comparelat.stria,stlla);
lat.stria`frozendrip,icicle',Demin.stlla`drip'(*str[e]l);
nisl.strur`stiffnessintheeyes',norw.stra,aisl.stira,dn.schwed.stirra`gaze,stare',ostfries.str
`stiff,starr',nhd.stier,stieren;lit.styrst,strtièrstarren',strau,-oti`stiffandlmmelhaftdastehen';
aisl.stmn.`restlessness,din,fuss,noise',norw.stm`Fischschwarm',mhd.stm,steim`buntebulk,
mass,Getmmel';
got.stains,aisl.steinn,ags.stn,ahd.stein`stone';
OldChurchSlavicstna`wall',stnn`steinig';
perhapsalsoaisl.stn.`stall',staèinhegen',ags.stig,st`pigpen;hall',mnd.stege`corral,pen,
fold',ahd.stga,mhd.stge,stje`stallorLattenverschlagforsmallcattle';
lit.stngti`curdle,coagulate,harden',lett.stingt`compactbecome',stingrs`stramm,starr,
zusammenhaltend,gespannt,stiff';
aboutlat.time`dreadmich',etc.s.WH.II682.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsosteu-S.1035.
Page(s):
Page(s):1010-1011
Root/lemma: stk- ,stekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostand;toput
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stehen,stellen;stehend,Stnder=aufrechtstehenderPfahl'
Note:
Note:extensionfromst-`stand'
Material:
Material:OldIndianstkati`widersteht',av.staxta-`tight,firm,strong',staxra-`strong,tight,firm;
esp.ofWinterfrost:stern';umbr.stakaz`stattus';
ahd.stahaln.m.aisl.stln.(derivedahd.stehli,ags.stielen.)`Stahl'(fromdemGerm.derivesOld
Prussianstaclan`Stahl'),germ.*stahla-probably=av.staxra-,idg.*stklo-;aisl.stagln.`wheel,das
zurHinrichtungdient',norw.stagle`picket,pole',staga`stiffgo',aisl.stagn.,ags.stgn.`rope,
hawser'(`*dassteifgespannte');
withothermeaningchange(`stehenbleiben=stocken,toshortbecome')aisl.stakkaf.`Stummel',
stakkar,stkuttr`short',dn.stak-aandet`kurzatmig';lit.stok`lack',stokst,stkti`tolackbegin'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1011
Root/lemma: st- :stEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostand
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stehen,stellen'
Note:
Note:reduplicatedsi-st- ,extendedsti- :st - ,stu- :st - andst-euMaterial:A.
Material:A.OldIndiantihati,av.hitaiti,ap.3.Sg.Impf.a-itata`stehn'(:lat.sist,ir.-sissiur;
athematicstillgr.,duringlateahd.sestn`disponere'fromdemroman.ital.assestre`bringin
order'borrowedis),Aor.OldIndian-sth-m(=gr.),Perf.tasthu,tasthim,tasthivas-;gr.
(dor.)`stelle',Aor.,Perf.,,(-`verstehe'probably
neologismafterAor.-,-);`Mastbaum,thesenkrechteWeberbaum,
Gewebe';
av.ap.stya-`stellen;Med.sichstellen';
lat.sist`stelle',umbr.sestu`sist',volsk.sistiatiens`staturunt';
air.tair-(s)issiur`stehe,bleibestand',arsissedarìnsistitur,innititur',fo-sissedar`tritteinfor'(sessam
`dasStehen',sessedds.etc.);
lat.st(stre,stet)=umbr.stahu`stehe',*st-i;altlat.probablyalsotrans.`stellen';osk.stat
(*staieieti)`stat'Pl.stahnt,eestnt(*staieient)èxtant';air.ad-tu,-tÌbefindemich,bin'(*sti),
3.Sg.(ad)-t=cymr.taw`daesis'from*stt,unpersnl.Passivtthar`manis(mad,wicked,
evil)'from*st-to-ro(),mcymr.Impersonaleny-m-dawrèskmmertmichnicht',corn.ny-m-deur
(*t-ro-)Ìwillnot';air.ness-(*nist-)`niedertreten'incom-ness-ds.,`verurteilen',dness`despise',
to-ness-`betreten',ar-ossaèrwartet'(*areuksst-);assae`lighttotun'from*ad-st-ioàdponendus';
Note
Note:
Maybealb.stan`winterstationforanimals'frommed.Lstantiaf.Lstant-pres.pplstemofstareto
stand.
as.ahd.stn,stn`stand';Reimwortbildungentogn,gn`go'(see419);witht-extension:preterit
got.st,aisl.st,as.std,ahd.stuot(mostlystuontafterdempresent)Ìstand',whereforewith
presentnasalizationgot.as.standan,aisl.standa,ags.stondan,ahd.stantan`stand';inadditionahd.
stanta`Kbel,Kufe'andwithneuemablautaisl.stund`time(punkt),while,hour,length',ags.stundf.
`bestimmtetime,hour,Mal',as.stunda`time(punkt)',ahd.stuntads.,sptmhd.also`hour';
lit.stju(*sti),stti`tread',OldChurchSlavic*staj,stati`sichstellen',stojstojati(*stiti)`stand';
toch.steìs',3.Pl.stare.
B.
B.idg.n-present*st-n-inav.fra-stanvanti`siecomevoran',arm.stanamèrstehe,erwerbe',gr.
kret.`stelle'(neologismgr.);lat.prae-stinre`denPreisvorherfeststellen,buy',
dstinre`festmachen,festsetzen,festbeschlieen'(dstina`pad'),obstinreàufetwasbestehen';
alb.shtonj`vermehre'(`*stelle,stapleauf');OldChurchSlavicstan(Inf.stati)`werdemichstellen,
tread';OldPrussianpostnimai`wirbecome',postt`become',stnintei`stehend';toch.stm-
`stand';comparealsodienounswithn-formant.
C.
C.root-nounsas2.compositionparts:
OldIndianni-h-`hervorstehend,-ragend',pari-h-`(*herumstehend=)hemmend',f.`hindrance',
prthivi-h-(and-h-)àufdemBodenstehend,festauftretend',rath-h-àufdemcartstehend,
kmpfend'=av.raa-t-`warrior';gr.,-`right,law'(originallyGttername`diefestand
unverbrchlichStehende',*-),gr.`werseinenursprnglichenWohnsitzthrough
Aufstehen,Wegzugvernderthat';air.hiress`faith,belief'(prefix*[p]eri+st).
D. -st-o- :OldIndiane.g.prati-h-`standingfirm'(-hf.`Stillestehen,Beharren'),du-stha-=gr.
[]`',bala-stha-ìnvollerKraftstehend'underlikewise;Subst.pra-stha-m.
`Bergebene'(`hervorstehend')=air.ross`foreland,promontory,wood,forest',mbret.ross`hill',cymr.
rhos`moor,fen';
Maybealb.(rhi)rri`stand'
OldChurchSlavicAdj.`straight,schlicht,simple,just';OldIndianprh-n.`back'etc.(see813);gr.
`Bettvorhang'(comparewithd-suffixgr.,etc.inthesameplace);Old
Indiangh-m.n.`Kuhstall',bhay-stha-m.n.`gefahrvolleLage',ahd.ewi-stm.`sheepfold,
Schafhrde',aisl.naustn.`SchuppenforSchiffe,Schiffshaus';alb.bresht,breshtf.`Tannenwald'(:
br`fir')underlikewise;altillyr.Tergeste,,-etc.;OldIndiantri-h-àufdreiUnterlagen
stehend',osk.trstus`testes'(tristaamentud`testamento'),lat.(to.i-stemgeworden)testis(*tri-sto-)
`werasdritter,asZeugebyzweiStreitendensteht',air.tress-`dritter';lat.caelestisìncaelo
stationemhabens'(originallyo-stem,compare.Veneriscaelestae),agrestis`lndlich';lit.
atstsàfar'(:atstti`sichentfernen';ofAdverbatst=Instr.auf-derive),lett.nuo-stAdv.`weg,
hinweg,fort';lat.praest`gegenwrtig,da,zurHand,toDiensten';praestlar`bereitstehen'probably
from*praestdr;
asidg.*st[]ti-s withintheKompositionreducedarewhereasaufzufassen:
OldIndianpr-i-f.`back'etc.(see813Mitte)andpratihi-`Widerstand';gr.`fromdem
GewebevorstehenderFaden'(*--),'`comparedwith'(*--);lit.dim-stis
`courtyard,courtyard,blessing'.
E.
E.nounswithDental-suffixes:
1.lat.super-stes,anti-stes(*st-t-);
2.participleOldIndiansthit-`stehend'(av.stti-`stehend'withgeneuerter=renamed,has
changedlengthenedgrade),gr.`placed,stehend',lat.(osk.-volsk.)status`placed';air.
fossad`tight,firm',cymr.gwastad`planus,constans,aequus'(*upostatos);aisl.star`zumStehen
geneigt,sttig'(esp.fromhorses)derivativemhd.stetecds.;ahd.stataf.`bequemerOrtorZeitpunkt,
help',nhd.zustatten;ahd.gistatn`guteGelegenheitgive,gestatten',aisl.steja`stellen,besttigen,
gestatten',mnd.stedends.,ags.stan`zumStehenbringen';lit.statau,-ti`stellen';
3.alb.mshtet,pshtet`sttze,lehnean',fstetem`bleibe'(toVerbaladj.*st-to-);
4.OldIndiansthti-f.`dasStehen,Stand,Bestand',av.stti-`Stehen,Aufstellung';gr.,-
`position,Stand;Aufstand'(,);
lat.statim`duringofStehens,stehend';Maybeabbreviatedandprefixedalb.mb-shtim`standing',
klass.àuftheStelle',stati=osk.statf`Standort',got.stasm.(i-stem),aisl.starm.,ahd.statf.
`place,site,Stadt`,ags.stede,stydef.`dasStehen,Stehenbleiben,site'(comparealsoanord.enstemsteim.,Gen.stejaÀmbo'from*stajan-,actually`Stnder');zerogradeav.stiti-`Stehen,
Stand,Aufstellung',OldChurchSlavicpostat`determination',Inf.lit.stti,lett.stt,OldPrussian
stt,OldChurchSlavicstati`sichstellen,tread';
lat.status,-s`dasStehen,position,Stand',statu,-ere`hin-,aufstellen',umbr.statita`statta';bret.
steut,cymr.ystawd`Garben'(*stt),bret.steudenn`spigot,nail'(*stt-),LothRC.43,154f.;lit.
stats`stehend,steil',got.staaDat.,as.stathm.,ahd.stad,stadom.`Landungsort,bank,border,
shore,seashore';aisl.stf.`Landungsort,position',stva`zumStehenbringen'(*staw(n),
comparelat.status,-ere);stai`Heustapelinthebarn'(=mnd.stade`place,wheredieErnte
aufgehuftwird').
5.withdh -suffix:cymr.an-sawdd`dasFestmachen',air.sdud(*stdh--tu-)ds.;aisl.stn.
`Standort,herdfromStutenwithoneormehrerenHengsten',ags.stdn.`herdofhorses',mnd.stt
(-d-)f.ÈinzunungforPferde,herdfromZuchtpferden',ahd.stuotf.`herdfromZuchtpferden',also
`mare',nhd.Stute;aisl.(e.g.hug-)str`standingfirm,tight,firm'(ratheridg.tbecauseofgot.
ungastoaiòhnefestenStand';tordhwithanalog.ablaut:ahd.stti`tight,firm,dauerhaft,stet',
mnd.stde`tight,firm,bestndig');Kaus.got.ana-,du-stdjan`begin',aisl.sta`zumStehen
bringen';withgerm.*stia-lautetablit.stias`stehend';lit.statn`big,giantHolzwanne';
6.OldIndiansthtar-`Lenker',sthtrn.`dasStehende',lat.sttor;gr.,-èinGewichtand
eineMnze';*st[]-terwithreductionofincompound,perhapsinOldIndiansavya()-har-`the
linksstehendeWagenkmpfer',av.raa-tar-`warrior,Kriegsheld'(asraa-t-,seeabove;
perhapsbutreshufflingfrom-hafterdennounsagentisauf-tar);
7.lat.obstculum`hindrance'n.;cymr.cystadlèquivalent',distadl`wertlos'(*st-tlo-);aisl.stullm.
`Melkplatz,Senne'=ags.staol`base,position,place',as.stathal`position',mnd.stadel`barn',ahd.
stadal`Stand,Kornscheuer',nhd.(sddt.)Stadel,olderdn.stedel`ground,Hofsttte';lit.stklsPl.
`loom';lit.stkl`picket,pole',lett.staklis`ds.prong,spike,pinnacle,fork',OldPrussianstakle`pad'
(withklfromtl).
8.withformants-dhlo- : lat.stabulum`Standort,abode,residence;lairofwildanimal,stall'
(prstibulum`DingzumffentlichAusstehen,Dirne',naustibulum`Schiffstandort,vesselin
Schiffsform'),stabilis`standingfirm,steadfast',umbr.staflarem`stabulrem',osk.staflatas-set
`statutaesunt',plign.pri-stafalacirix`*praestibultrix,antistita';
vereinzeltereDentalableitungen:-dh-ingr.,mostlyPl.`Stand,Standort,Gewicht',
`stehend,unbeweglich,tight,firm';-d-in`stehend,unbeweglich,stiff,zugewogen',
`stehend',-`fernabstehend'.
9.withl -formant:
cymr.cystal`justaswell'(*kom-sta-lo-);got.stls`throne',ahd.stuol,ags.stl,anord.stll`Stuhl',lit.
pastlai`GestellforBienenkrbe',zerogradeOldChurchSlavicstol`throne,seat',indenneuern
slav.Spr.`Stuhl'or`table,desk'.
10.withm -formant:
OldIndiansthman-n.`Standort,power';gr.m.,`stand',lat.stmenn.Àufzugam
aufrechtstehendenloom,etc.`,umbr.Dat.stahmei`statini';stahmito`stattum';air.sessam`das
Stehen'(*si-st-mu-),foessam`protection'(*upo-si-sta-mu-)=mcymr.gwaessaw`Garantie';got.
stma`,foundation,Stoff';lit.stomu,-es`Statur';russ.stamk`Sttzbalken';
gr.`crock,pitcher',-Pl.`Stnder,Seitenbalken';cymr.cysefinèrster'(*kentustamno-);mir.samaigim`stelle',cymr.sefyll,corn.sevell`stand',bret.svell(*stamilio-)èrect,to
build'(besideswithkelt.tair.tamun`treetruck';ahd.stam,stammes`stem'etc.seemsVerquikkung
einesrelated*stamna-withastana-,s.*steb-`Pfosten');toch.Atm,stm`tree';butahd.
ungistuomi`boisterous'tostem-`hemmen',seethere.
11.withn -formant(comparediePrsensbildungenwithn):
OldIndiansthna-n.,av.ap.stna-n.`Standort,place',npers.sitn,gr.-[],dor.
`(inschlechtemZustande)unlucky',ds.,lit.stnas`Stand',OldChurchSlavicstan`Stand,
lair',alb.shtuar`stehend',shtorazèrect'(*st-no-dio-,comparetod-suffixgr.etc.),
shtz,shtz`Vieh'(*stan-z).
Maybealb.stananimalstall,(*status),shtatstandingbody,shtyjpush(pushinganimal),shtiekill
(ananimal).Alb.suggeststhatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:st- :st- :
:(tostand)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
sed- :
:(tosit).
12.withr -formants:OldIndiansthir-`tight,firm,unbeweglich';lit.stras`thick,umfangreich'
(actually`stmmig'),OldChurchSlavicstaròld'(`*stmmig'incontrastzurzarterenJugend),anord.
strr`big,large',as.stri`big,large,illustrious',ags.str`vast,grand';
13.withdemi from*stiotherformations:OldIndianjala-sthya-m.`watercontainer,water
carrier',sthyin-`stillestehend,verweilend,stetig'underlikewise,sthmn-m.`Festigkeit,tranquility,
duration'(*sthayiman-).
F. st(h)u- :st(h)- :lit.stviu,-ti`stand'(Memelstaunu),stov`place',stvis`state,status',stovus
`stehend(ofwater)',lett.stvu,stvt`stand',stvus`stehend,erect';stvs`steil',stvs`shape',stvi,
stve`loom';OldChurchSlavicstaviti`stellen',stav`Stand,Gefge';ags.stw,afries.stf.`place',
aisl.eldst`Feuersttte';got.stjan`richten'(perhaps*stwjan:OldChurchSlavicstaviti),stauaf.
`court'(*stw),stauam.`judge',ags.stwian`restrain',engl.stow`stauen',ahd.mhd.stouwen
(*stawjan)`(au)wail;(scheltend)gebieten;Refl.sichstauen',nhd.stauen;with:ahd.statago
`Gerichtstag',stanànklagen,scold,chide,hemmen',mnd.stwen(=stouwen,stwen)`stauen',
etc.;
withgradationstu- :gr.*F-`column'inatt.,(*F),ol.`Sulenhalle',
Demin.,`zurSchuletheStoagehrig',Hes.;
zerograde:OldIndiansth`column'(mind.nfromn),av.stna,stun`column';gr.`steife,
richteempor',Med.`binsteilaufgerichtet',n.èrectiopenis',,;
m.`column,stylus',`dasuntereendtheLanze';aisl.stmiàgiant';mhd.stnende
`widersetzlich',nhd.staunenas`starrblicken';keineevidencefordieseablautgradearewhereasdie
u-stemOldIndiansuhAdv.`good,beautiful',anu-h,anu-huyìmmediately,rightaway';
witht -formsinaddition:aisl.sto(Pl.stoir,str,ster)f.`pad,Pfosten,Untersttzung',ags.stuu,
studuf.`pad,Pfosten',mhd.studf.ds.,aisl.stuillm.ds.,mhd.studel`Pfosten,Turpfosten';
aisl.styja`prop,support',ahd.studen`belay,statuere',aisl.stoa`support,help';withintens.
consonantstretch:mnd.stutten`(under-)prop,support',ahd.(under)stutzen,nhd.(under)sttzen;
alsoahd.stda`Staude`;lett.stute,stuta`Reis,rod';
reducedgradestu-: gr.`picket,pole'=aisl.staurr`picket,pole'(ablaut.norw.dial.styr,
styrja`longshaft,pole,steifeperson');lat.in:instaurreìnstandplace'(originallyfromStangen,
StndernbeimBau),restaurre`wiederinstandsetzen'.
G. st-eu- , st-eu - `massiv,tight,firm,thick,breit'(germ.stiuraseebelow)as`standsicher,standing
firm'inOldIndiansthvar-`thick,standingfirm,bestndig'(lattermeaninganddieVokallnge
perhapsthroughsupportinsth-`stand'),sthvira-`breit,thick,strong,dense,old',(orafterdem
compoundsSup.erfolgterreplacementfor:)OldIndiansthr-,sthl-`thick'=av.straùmfangreich,strong'(Kompositionsformsti-,stvi-,i.e.*stuvi-),Kompar.Superl.OldIndian
sthvyas-,av.staoy`theUmfangreichere,Strkere,Grere',OldIndiansth-viha-,av.stvita`theStrkste,Derbste,Grbste',OldIndiansthviman-n.`Breite',av.stavah-n.`thickness,fatness,
Starke';arm.stvar`thick'(*stuuar-);
aschw.str`big,large'(besidesstr,seeabove),styras`brag',mnd.str`big,large,strong,heavy;
strrisch,coarse,unfreundlich'(compareOldIndiannihura-`rough,hard,coarse',ni-hrin`coarse,raw'),aisl.stra`Dsterheit',Vb.`grievingsein'(nschw.stra`starrhinsehen'inthemeaning
afterthefamilyofnhd.stierenumgendert),zerogradeahd.stiuri`strong,stately,stout,proud';
withothermeaning:ahd.stiura,mhd.stiure`pad,rudder,helm,Untersttzung,tax',nhd.Steuerf.and
(fromdemNd.)n.,ags.storf.`rudder,helm',aisl.styrin.`rudder,helm',mnd.str(e)n.`rudder,
helm',f.n.`Regierung;help,Gegenwehr',f.Ùntersttzung',got.us-stiurei`Zgellosigkeit',mnd.
unstreds.,got.stiurjan`feststellen,affirm',nhd.zurSteuerderWahrheit,aisl.styraèinship
steuern;regieren',ags.sterands.,ahd.stiurren`prop,support,steuern,lenken';probablyoriginally
`picket,pole,rudder,helm(secondary:withitprop,support,lenken)',withaisl.staurr,gr.
(seeabove)under*stu-ro-:*stu-ro-compatible,dasfrom*st(h)u-notquiteapart,separated
becomecould;
toOldIndiansthr-etc.stelltsichprobablyidg.steu-ro- `bull(andanderescattle)':
av.staora-`cattle',mpers.str`draftanimal,steed',got.stiurm.`Stierkalb,bull'(afterW.SchulzeKl.
Schr.483=OldIndiansthvira-);ahd.stior,ags.stor,aisl.stirr(besidesjrr)`bull'.
References:
References:WP.II603ff.,WH.I343f.,705f.,Trautmann280ff.,Vasmer3,2ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1004-1010
Root/lemma: steb(h)- andstb(h)- :stbh- ,nasalizedstemb(h)- ;step- (alsostp- ),
nasalizedstemp- ;nominalstbho-s ,stemb(h)ro-s ,stomb(h)o-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:post,pillar,stump;tosupport,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Bedeutungsumfang:`Pfosten,Pfeiler,stem,Baumstumpf(also`Busch,
Bschel');verbal:`prop,support,versteifen,feststellen,anhalten,(also`hemmen'),(auf)stampfen,
treten(Tritt,grade,footprint);beschimpfen(steifandherausfordernddastehen;brag,boast),staunen
(fromerstarrtdastehen)'
Note:
Note:relationshipto*st-`stand'ispossible.
Material:
Material:rootformwith--b :
OldIndianstbaka-m.n.`tussock',stamb-m.`bush,tussock'(=lit.stmbas`Kohlstrunk');
gr.`stamp,mihandle,schmhe',,Hes.m.`Schelten,
boastfulness',,`schmhe';
as.preteritstp`tratfestauf',ags.stppan(steppan),stp`festtreten,schreiten',ahd.stepfenand
stapfn`festauftreten,festauftretendschreiten',inadditionKaus.ags.stpanèinweihen',ahd.
(Hildebrandslied)stoptuntosamane`liessenzusammenstapfen';mnd.stappe,ahd.stapf,stapfo
(stffo)`Stapfe,footprint'(germ.*stapp-);aisl.stpullm.`Pfosten,Pfeiler,tower',afries.stapul
`Richtblock;KroneeinesZahnes',ags.stapolm.`stem,Pfosten,column',mnd.stapelm.`column,
Unterlage,aufgeschichteterheap,Stapelplatz'(outofitnhd.Stapel),ahd.stapfal,staffal`foundation,
footstep,grade',nhd.Staffel`Leitersprosse,Treppenabsatz';as.stpom.`Tritt,footprint',ags.stpel
ds.,ahd.stuoffa,stuofa,nhd.grade,mhd.stefe`tight,firm,strong';ags.stpe,stepe,Pl.stapas
`footstep,grade',afries.stepeds.,aisl.stapim.`hoherandsteilerrocks';afries.stpa`beisteuern'
(denominativefrom:)afries.ield-stpe`Beisteuer;Wergeld',ahd.stuopfads.(OldChurchSlavic
stap`Steigbgel'fromdemGerm.);
nasalizedand.stamp,ahd.stampfm.`toolzumStoen',(OldChurchSlavicstopa`mortar'fromdem
Germ.),therefromaisl.stappa`bump,poke,stomp,crunch',ags.stempanìnmortarzerstoen'(engl.
stampalso`prgen'),mhd.stempfenandahd.stampfn,mhd.stampfen`stomp,hit,prgen'and
furthermnd.stempel,ahd.stempfil`Stmpfel,pestle';mnd.stumpm.`stump;adj.`dull,stupid',ahd.
stumpfm.`stump,Stummel,stump';Adj.`stumpf,mutilated,abbreviated';
problematischmir.sibalàwalking,marching'(*stebulo-).
rootformwith--bh -:
OldIndianstabhnti,stabhnti,stambhat,-ti`prop,support,hemmen',Med.`stiffbecome,
erstarren',stabhit-`gesttzt',stabdha-`stiff,starr;hochmtig',Kaus.stambhayati,-te`befestigt,
makesstiff,lhmt,haltan,oppressed',stambha-m.`Pfosten,column;Hemmung,Lhmung;
Aufgeblasenheit',(comparenp.sitamba`gewaltttig,streitschtig'),stambhanam`Befestigung,
Festhalten,Hemmung'=av.stmbana-`pad',av.stawra-`tight,firm',np.sitabr,istabr`strong,vast,
grand';ved.stabhyn,stabhymna-`sichnichtfromtheStellerhrend,unbeweglich',ap.
stambava`leisteWiderstand!lehnedichauf!'(indoiran.*stambhau-);
gr.ùnerschtterlich'(actually`wernichtgepretbecomekann'),n.Pl.
àusgepreteOlivenorTrauben',`grape,grapevine;ZpfcheninMunde',
`Senkblei';
mir.sabf.`Schaft,Pfeiler,stick'(*stb[h]);semmor`Klee'(*stemb[h]ro-);
aisl.stefja(*stajan)`hinder',stefna`stauen'(*stiffmake,zumStehenbringen'),ahd.stabn`starr,
stiffsein',ostfries.staf`stiff,lame';got.*stafs(Nom.Pl.stabeis)`Buchstaben'(Unterricht
throughRunenstbchen),aisl.stafr`staff,pad,alphabeticletter',ags.stf`staff,alphabeticletter',
ahd.mhd.stap(-b-)`stick,pad,Stab`;schwed.dn.staver`fencepost'(compareOldChurchSlavic
stobor,lit.stbaras);afries.stef`staff';
aisl.stefn.(*stabja-),stefnaf.(*staanjn-)`bestimmte,festetimeetc.`,ags.stefn,stemmm.`time,
Mal,Periode';aisl.stafnn.`Steven,Hausgiebel',as.stamnm.`Steven',ags.stefn,stemnm.`stem,
root,Steven',ahd.stam(-mm-)`treetruck,Geschlechtsstamm',nhd.stem(Verquikkungeines*stana-witha*stamna-:air.tamun`treetruck');
nasalizedahd.stumbalàbgeschnittenesStck,Stummel',stumbiln`verstmmeln',afries.
stemblinge`Verstmmelung'.
lit.stembti`Stengelansetzen',stembras,stembrs`Stengel'(=mir.semmor),stimbras
`Schwanzstumpf,-stummel',em.stmbris`Stengel',lit.stambs`coarse,coarselygranulated',
stmbas`Kohlstrunk',lett.stuobrs`Halm,reed';lit.stebulf.`hubofawheel',lett.stebe`Mast',
russ.stebt,klr.stebnuty`peitschen;steppen,sew';stabti,stabdti`zumStehenbringen',stbas
`Pfosten,Schlagflu',alit.stabas`Gtzenbild'(divinereveredpeg,plug),lett.stabs`Pfeiler,column',
OldPrussianstabism.`stone',stabnif.`(steinerner)oven',lit.stbaras`trockenerbough',OldChurch
Slavicstobor`column';withthemeaning`staunen':lit.stebtis;
rootformauf-p- :
OldIndianinKaus.sthpymi`stelle,grnde';
OldChurchSlavicstopa`footprint',stepen`grade',altlit.staptis`standbleiben',lit.stpas
`Schlagflu',stapnti`penemerigere';
OldChurchSlavicstpiti,stpati`tread'.
References:
References:WP.II623ff.,Trautmann280,284,KniperNasalprs.195ff.,Vasmer3,16,19,35.
Page(s):
Page(s):1011-1013
Root/lemma: stegh- ,nasal.stenghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;pole,stalk,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen;Stange,Halm,Spitzes,Steifes'
Material:
Material:Gr.`dasassignedpurpose,Vermutung'(`ziele,investigatefrom,
errate');schwed.stagg(germ.*stagga-)`stiffandstechendesGras',dial.Àchel,Stichling(fish)',
wherefore*staggian-`with*sting,prick=penisversehen'inaisl.steggim.`Stecher',nisl.also
`tomcat,male-cat'(lateags.staggam.,engl.stag`theausgewachsenedeer',engl.dial.also
`Mnnchen',fromdemNord.);preu.-lit.steg,stegis`Stichling',lett.staga(i)sàpricklyfish',stage
Àlant'(alsostagièinherb,dasasKohlgegessenwird');
nasalized:gr.,-(geformtafter-`sharpcusp,peak'),Hes.;,(also)m.`hre'(=n);
aisl.stinga,stakk,ags.stingan`stecken';got.usstagg`,stichfrom!';ahd.stanga,aisl.stng
`stick,picket,pole,shaft,pole',ags.steng(*stangi-)ds.,nl.steng(*stangi[n]-)ds.,ahd.stengil
`Stengel';ablaut.ahd.stungen`prick';
ChurchSlavicosteg,serb.-ChurchSlavicoste`dress,mantle';russ.stegt,stegnt`steppen,
sew,peitschen',stka`suture'(eingeschlossenersyllablefromandaufstegtfigurative);ech.
steh,poln.cieg,cig`prick,sting';
hereas`sichversteifen',withtheintonationofaheavybasis:lit.stng-iu,-ti`sichanstrengen',Refl.
`sichwidersetzen',stangs`widerspenstig'
References:
References:WP.II622f.,Vasmer3,9,Trautmann285.
Page(s):
Page(s):1014-1015
Root/lemma: (s)teg-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`decken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansthagati(umbelegt),sthagayati`verhllt,verbirgt';gr.`cover,schtzeetc.
`,,n.(=air.tech),,f.`roof,house',`deckend,schirmend;bedeckt,
versteckt',`bedeckend,schtzend;bedeckt,verschlossen;compact,tight,firm,dense'(see
becauseofthismeaningalso*tegu-`thick'),`bedeckend,schtzend';
lat.teg,-ere`cover,cover',tctum`roof'(=),tegulum`cover,roof,Hlle',teges,-etis`cover,
Matte',tgulaàrooftile',toga`thewhitewoolenuppergarmentwornbyRomancitizens';umbr.
tehteimàcovering,plasterusedforcovering';
maybealb.(*tgula)tjegulla`tile,brick',(*tgula)tulla`tile,brick',tehu(*tegu)`blade,sharpedge'
[commonalb.,italic-g->-h-phoneticmutation]
air.tech(neutraler-es-stem=gr.),acymr.tig,ncymr.ty,acorn.ti`house',abret.bou-tig
`Kuhstall'(withunclearbrit.i);Pl.acymr.te,ncymr.tai,alsoinair.teg-lach`Hausgenossenschaft',
cymr.teulu,acorn.teilu`family'(*tego-slougo-),air.-tuigiurÌcover'=ahd.decchiu;tuige`stramen'
(*togi),imthuge`Bedeckung,Bekleidung',cymr.am-doàmiculum,involucrum',air.tach`dress',
cymr.corn.to`roof',cymr.to`tegere';
aisl.ekja`cover',ags.eccan`cover',ahd.decchen`cover'(iterative*togei=air.tuigiur,under
Verdrngungfromidg.*teg);aisl.ak,ags.c,ahd.dahn.`roof';aisl.ekja`roof',ahd.decchi
`cover,roof';ags.ecen,as.thecinads.,inadditionaisl.staka,stakkaf.`fell,fur';(withoutsnorw.
dial.taka`Schweinshaut');
lengthenedgradelit.stegiustegtièinDacheindecken',OldPrussiansteege`barn',lit.stegtojas
`Dachdecker',ablaut.stgas=OldPrussianstogis`roof';perhapsruss.-ChurchSlavicstogm.
`barn,haystack,heap'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1013-1014
Root/lemma: (s)teg-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole,stick,beam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Pfahl,Stock,Knttel,Balken'
Note:
Note:s.alsoundersteig- `prick'
Material:
Material:Arm.tàkn,Gen.tàkan`cudgel,club,beetle,hammer,club,mace,joint',tàkaak,tàkaa
`capitello,architrave';
lat.tgnum(*tegnom)`timber,balk,beam';
aisl.stjaki`picket,pole,shaft,pole'=ahd.stehho`cudgel,club,picket,pole,Stecken,peg,plug';(with
expressiveGeminationstekko):aschwed.staki`shaft,pole,spit,pike',ags.stacads.,mnd.stakeds.,
ahd.stach`Spiehirsch';
dn.stakÀchel,awn';denominativeaisl.stjaka`bump,poke',staka`bump,poke,fall',mnd.staken
`bump,poke';got.hleira-stakeinsÈinsteckenfromZelten';
ofBildetheshaft,polegenommenisnorw.dial.staka,stjaka`stiffgo,stumble',nd.stakernds.;
aisl.stakkr`barn,haystack',mnd.stak`schrgerdamfromPfhlenanddeadwood'(:OldChurch
Slavicstog`barn,haystack');
lit.stgaras,stegers`drrerlangerStengel',lett.stgaf.,stgsm.`longshaft,pole,longstick,spit,
pike';stegaf.`penis';
OldChurchSlavicsteer`cardo',russ.stor`shaft,pole',sloven.stja,stje`Schoberstock',
serb.str`treeauftheDreschtenne',osorb.sor`Mast';OldChurchSlavicstog`haystack';
stg`banner,ensign,flag';aboutOldChurchSlavicstgnoseeunder(s)teig- .
References:
References:WP.II613,622,Trautmann285,Vasmer3,16f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1014
Root/lemma: steighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomarch,ascend
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreiten,steigen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianstighnti`steigt'(Dhtup.),ved.pra-stighnuytOpt.presentèrmge
emporkommen',ati-ighamInf.`bersteigen,bemeistern';
gr.`schreite,go',*,Gen.,Pl.,-`row,Zeile',att.`row,Zeile,line',
ìndichterReihebesides-orhintereinandergoorcome',`row,line';
alb.shtek,shteg-u`passage,entrance,way,Haarscheitel'(=);
air.taguÌschreite,go',techtf.`thegoing,thesummoner',cymr.taith`journey'=bret.tiz`haste,
hurry'(*[s]tikt),cymr.mor-dwy`Seefahrt'(*[s]teigho-)etc.;
got.steigan,aisl.stga,ags.ahd.stganàscend'(=gr.);ahd.stg`Steig,Pfad,grade',aisl.
stgr`Fusteig';got.staiga`Steig,way',ahd.steiga`steilerway';
ahd.stegm.`Steg,smallbridge';aisl.stigim.`Stiege,ladder',stign.`footstep,grade',ags.stige`das
Hinauf-orHerabsteigen',ahd.stega`grade,stairs,ladder'(ahd.stiega,nhd.Stiegewith2,also
probablyfrom*stigh);ags.stgerf.`re'(engl.stair),mnd.steiger`steil',nld.`Ladeplatz,
scaffold,trestle',aisl.steigur-ligr`steil,erect';aisl.stttf.`footprint,Trittstein,way,Stand,rank',stttr
m.ds.(:cymr.taith),aisl.sttta`support,help',ags.stihtan,stihtian(`*aufeinebasisstellen=)
einrichten,sort,order,arrange',anfrk.stihtan(=ahd.stiftan)etc.;
lit.staigAdv.`sudden',staigs`violent,quick,fastaufbrausend',staigas,-tisandsteigios,
stegtis`sichbeeilen,sichbemhen';lett.stidzu(s),stigt(is)`sichbeeilen',stagt`wandeln',stiga
`Pfad';OldChurchSlavicstignÌcome',stdza,stza`Fusteig,road',stgna`road'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1017-1018
Root/lemma: (s)teigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick;sharp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stechen;spitz'
Note:
Note:extensionfromstei- ds.
Material:
Material:OldIndiantjatìssharp,schrft',tjyati`schrft,stachelt',tikt-`sharp,bitter',tigm`spiky,sharp',tjas-n.`sharpness,cuttingedge,radiance',tjana-m`dasSchrfen,Anznden;cusp,
peak,arrowhead,Rohrstab,Pfeilschaft',whereforeascollectivetjanf.`nettingorbundlefromreed,
strawunderlikewise';
av.taa-,taa-`sharp;m.sharpness',tira-,.tigra-`sharp';afghan.tr`sharp,spiky'(*taigra-);
av.tii-ds.,tiri-`Pfeil'etc.,np.t`cusp,peak,sword'(arm.Lw.tg`Lanze'),tz`sharp',tj`Pfeil';
withoutanlaut.s-alsogerm.*hstila-`thistle'(comparedens-stemOldIndiantjas-)inaisl.istill,
ags.istel,ahd.distilandnorw.tstel,ostfries.dssel`thistle'andperhapsacymr.tigom`naevi'
(`*Punkt,Tupf'from`prick,sting'comparegr.);
gr.`prick,ttowiere',`prick,sting,Punkt',`varicolored'(`gestickt');
lat.nstg,-reànspornen,sting,goad,anreizen,aufreizen';
nasalizednstingu`reizean',interstingu`besetze(bestecke)hinandagainwithetwas',distingu
`(prick,stochereapart)unterscheide'(-uafterunguetc.),umbr.anstintu`distinguito';lat.stingu,ereàuslschen'(ofAuseinanderstochernthebrennendenScheite);
mir.tiug-(*tigu-)`last',acymr.guotig,cymr.wediàfter'(`*behinddemend'),air.tigernae`master,
mister',gall.Tigernumcastrum,cymr.teyrn`ruler'(ofteninfluencedfrom*tegos`house');bret.stec'h
`fascicle,sheaf'(*stikk);bret.stiogen`Tintenschnecke'to*stiogfrom*stigk(compareLothRC.
43,156);
got.stiks`prick,sting,Punkt',ahd.stih,as.stiki,mnd.steke,ags.sticem.`ds.`;stician`prick';Intr.
`steckenbleiben,festbleiben',mnd.sticken`prick,prickle,kindle,inflame,ersticken',ahd.sticken
`prick,prickle',ir-stickenèrsticken',ahd.steckn`festsitzen',nhd.stecken(*stikknasthough
àngenageltsein');aisl.steikja`fry'(eig.àndenspit,pikestecken';inadditionsteikr`Braten',stikna
`roastedbecome');withAblautentgleisung:as.stkan`festheften,festhaften',ahd.sthhan,nhd.
stechen,Kaus.*stakjaninahd.stecken`(throughStiche)befestigen,einstecken',nhd.steckentr.,
got.staks`Wundmal',ahd.stahhula`sting,prick',aisl.stkr`stinkend,sharp';diesestructureindie
e-Reihewarpreferredthroughdiegerm.Ablegerfrom*steg-`shaft,pole'(e.g.aisl.stjakim.
`Pfosten'),withdenensichdiegroupgot.stiks,nhd.stechentoaneuenEinheitzusammenschlo;so
basedonformalauf*stig-,butwiththemeaningfrom*steg-:aisl.stika,ahd.stehho`Stecken'(latter
butzugleichalso=aisl.stjaki),aisl.stikn.`picket,pole';withkk:aisl.stikka`Stecken,shaft,pole',ags.
sticcam.`Stecken,spoon',as.stekko`Stecken,picket,pole',ahd.stecko`Stecken';
to*stig-stellensichstill:aisl.stikill`cusp,peak',ags.sticel(s)m.`sting,prick',mnd.stekel,ahd.stihhil
`sting,prick',nhd.Stichel;got.stikls,ahd.stehhal`goblet'as`zumEinsteckenindieErdeunder
zugespitztverlaufendesvessel';as.stekal`rough,steinig',mnd.stekel`devexus',ags.sticol`steil,
high',ahd.stehhal,mhd.stechel,stichel,stickel`steil'as`dieFusohlenpricking,vollspitzerSteine';
lett.stigt`sinkin',lit.stingstiga,stgtiandstgau,-otiànaOrteruhigverbleiben(steckenbleiben');
whetherto(s)teigh-
References:
References:WP.II612ff.,WissmannNominaPostverb.86f.,191,Vasmer3,8;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunder(s)teg-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1016-1017
Root/lemma: (s)teigEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:shoulder,arm,hip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schulter,Arm,Schenkel'
Material:
Material:Arm.t`kn,Gen.tìkan`shoulder,Achsel;Arm',Pl.tìtunk``Schultern;back;rump,Seite
einesGebudesetc.`(*toig-no-);
kelt.*toibosfrom*toig-os-inair.teb,tibn.,cymr.corn.bret.tu`Seite';
OldChurchSlavicstgno`femur',slov.stgno`thigh',russ.stegn`hip,haunch,Lende;thigh'.
References:
References:WP.II614;differentVasmer3,8(tosteg-2 ).
Page(s):
Page(s):1018
Root/lemma: (s)teighEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toawaitpatiently
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusharren,ruhigverweilen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianttikat`hltfrom,duldet',titik`geduldigesErtragen,endurance,Geduld';
commonOldIndian-h->-k-phoneticmutationgot.stiwiti`Geduld';herelett.stigt,aboveS.1017.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1018
Root/lemma: (s)teiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharp,spike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`spitzig'
Material:
Material:Av.stara-`mountaintop,mountainpeak,summit'.,tara-`mountaintop,
mountainpeak,summit,acme,apex'(probably*stoi-lo-,sothatdieVollstufeto:)lat.stilus`spitziger
picket,pole,Stiel,Stengel,styluszumSchreiben';withformants-mo-:lat.stimulus`sting,prick';in
additionlat.stva(and*stvatherom.Sprachen)`ploughhandle,ploughstilt'as*steiucompare
OldIndiantvr-`violent,sharp',dasfrom`*sharp,pricking'couldhaveevolved;
aboutahd.as.stiletc.s.FringsGermaniaRomana180f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1015
Root/lemma: (s)tel-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toletflow;tourinate
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flieenlassen,harnen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,att.-`rinnenlassen;triefen,drip'(probablyanalogicalfor-),
`drip',`dasTrpfeln,drip',late`';n.`puddle,slop,
swamp,marsh,slime,mud,mortar'(arm.tem,tim`slime,mud,ordure'outofitborrowed);
engl.staleùrine',tostaleùrinate,passwater',mnd.stalùrinethePferde',mnd.nhd.stallen
ùrinate,passwater'(fromhorses,schweiz.alsofrompeople);unclearmbret.staut,nbret.staot
ùrine'(*stalto-);
eine ( h )-extensionperhapsinlit.telti`steep,eingieen',Intrans.itiltiàufweichen',ablaut.tulti
`humid,wetbecome';protoslav..*tlst`swollen,thick'inOldChurchSlavic*tlstds.,russ.tolstyj
`thick'.
References:
References:WP.II642f.,Trautmann331f.,Vasmer3,117.
Page(s):
Page(s):1018
Root/lemma: stel-2 ,stelEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:broad,tobroaden
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusbreiten,flachhinbreiten'
Material:
Material:Arm.aa-sta(*stno-)`roof',lain`breit'(*laiin,extensionfromlai-from*stlto=lat.
ltus);
lat.ltus(*stlto-)`breit',olderanlautinstlatta`Kauffahrteischiff';
ablaut.*stl-inlatus,-erisn.`Seite',later`Ziegelstein'(whether`platterstone'),perhapslmina
`dnnePlatte',whetherfrom*(s)tl-men`dieausgebreitete',alsoLatium,iffrom*(s)tl-t-iom
`Flachland';
protoslav..steljstlatiòutspread'inOldChurchSlavicpo-stelj,po-stlati`',steljaf.
`';inadditionlett.slju,slt`laden,packen'.
References:
References:WP.II643,WH.I755f.,769f.,772f.,II596,Trautmann286,Vasmer3,10;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytostel-3 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1018-1019
Root/lemma: stel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toput,place
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stellen,aufstellen;stehend,unbeweglich,steif;Stnder,Pfosten,stem,Stiel'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansthla-m,sthalèlevation,Anhhe,Festland',sthlÈrdaufschttung',sthlati
(Dhtup.)`steht';perhapssthla-m,sthl`vessel,pot,pan';unclearsthu-`standingfirm',Subst.
`stump,stick'(*stharn-,idg.*st(h)el-nu-);
arm.stecanem`schaffe',sten,Pl.steunk``stem,Stengel,twig,branch';
gr.`stelleauf(inorder);bestelle,lassecome;send;rsteto,kleide,stellefertig',m.
`Zurstung,pull,Heereszug'and`hervorstehenderbalk,beam,peg,plug,helmpoleandlikewise',
f.àrmament,armor,clothing,Ausrstung,Heereszug';`bestelle,makefertig,rste',
f.`Stieltheaxe',latern.,homer.-,-ds.,att.m.ds.,n.
`stem,stalk,stemofaplant;fool';lesb.-thess.,dor.,att.`column'(*stn,
compareahd.stollo);perhaps();`peg,plugzumFestmachentheJagdnetze';
alb.shtjelj(*stel-n)`wickleein';
lat.stolidus`doltish,stupid,ungebildet',stultus`crazy',stol,-nis`Wurzelscho'(eig.`Stecken,
Stiel');
lat.locus,altlat.stlocus`place'(*stlo-ko-);licàuftheStelle'(*enstlokd);
aisl.stjlr`rump',norw.stjl`Stengel,Stiel',ags.stelam.`Pflanzenstiel',ablaut.mengl.stall
`Pflanzenstengel,Leitersprosse,Stiel',mnd.stale,stal`Pfosten;foot';aisl.stln.`barn,haystack,
Stapel',ags.stl`place'(*stl);vandal.PNStilico=nhd.Stilka;
aisl.stallr(*stolnos)`Gestell,altar,crib,manger,stall',ags.steall`position,Stand,stall',ahd.mhd.
stal(-ll-)`domicile,place,stall';therefromahd.stellenàuf-,feststellen,einrichten',as.stellian,ags.
stellan`place,stellen';aisl.stallra`stehenbleiben,stocken';
as.stollo`Fugestell',ahd.stollo,mhd.stolle`pad,Gestell,Pfosten,footeinesSessels',nhd.Stolle,
Stollen(idg.*stln-,comparegr.anddasthechangingbyablautaisl.stallr`Gestell');
as.ahd.stilli`still,peaceful',ags.stilleds.(*stel-ni-);aisl.stilla`stillen,sort,order,arrange,
berlisten',as.gistillian`stillen',ags.stillan`stillen,beruhigen',Intr.`stillbecome',ahd.nhd.stillen
`stillmake';
isl.stlmi,norw.stalmem.`dasAngeschwollenseinofEuters',schwed.stolm`Stoppeln'(:lett.
stulms);norw.stalma,stolma`curdle,coagulate,harden';
OldPrussianstallt`stand';lett.stulms`stump;limb,member,Arm,leg';
ass-loseNebenformencomesinBetracht*tel- `stillsein'(seethere).
Erweiterterootforms:
stelb-, stelp-;st e lbo- `Pfosten':

and.stelpn`stagnare',ndl.stelpen`stillen,hemmen',nhd.(nd.)stelpen`sisteresanguinem',mnd.
stalpen`stagnre',stolpe`lardandotherFettarten'(`*gestockt');aisl.stolpi,mengl.stulpe,mnd.
stolpe`balk,beam,Pfosten';mnd.stlpenùmstlpen,umkehren',stulpe`Stlpe,Topfdeckel';norw.
stolpa`withsteifenandlangenSchrittengo',nhd.(nd.)stolpernunderlikewise;
lit.stalbotis`standbleiben',stelbotis`schalbecome',ablaut.lett.stulbs`betubt,verblfft',stlbs
`Pfosten',ablaut.stilbs`shinbone';OldChurchSlavicstlba`grade',russ.stolb`column,Pfosten';
danehenwithp lit.stulpas,lett.stlps,OldChurchSlavicstlp`columna,turris',russ.stolp;
einenasal.rootformstlemb- probablyinlat.stlembus`schwerfllig,slow'.
steld- :
OldIndianatmostinsthau-m.`hump,hunchback,hunch';
ahd.stlza,mnd.stelte,schwed.stylta,mengl.stilte`Stelze`,engl.stiltds.;nd.stilte`shaft,pole,
Stengel',ags.styltan`verdutztsein'(*erstarren'),ostfries.stoltern`stumble',mhd.stolzen,stlzen
`hinken',schwed.stulta`stumble',mnd.stolt`stately,hochmtig',ahd.mhd.stolzds.(mhd.also
`crazy');
eindh-presenttostel-ingot.andstaldan`darreichen,offer,bid',ga-staldanàcquire,besitzen',ags.
stealdan`besitzen',ahd.(etc.)hagustalt`(onlyeinenHagbesitzend=)Taglhner,unverheirateter
man,Hagestolz'.
stelg - (alsostelk- )nominal(s)tolgo- :

mir.tolgm.f.`strength';aschwed.stilke,norw.stjelk,stelkandchangingthroughablautstalk,engl.
stalk`Stengel,Stiel',ags.stealc`high,steil',mnd.stolkeren`stolzieren',nld.stelkeren,stolkeren
`curdle,coagulate,harden',furtheras`stiff,go';norw.stalka,stulka`stapfen,slink',asags.stealcian,
engl.stalkds.,aisl.stelkr`Strandkiebitz';comparemir.ta(i)lc`strong',withk;
lit.stelgtiànstarren,starrhinsehen',stalgs`starr,defiant,stout,proud',stelgtis`brag,boast',
probablyalsoem.stlguos`sichbeeilen';becauseofthemeaningdoubtfullit.stulgnìndieHhe',
alit.stulginti`verlngern'.
References:
References:WP.II643ff.,WH.I817f.,II599,Trautmann284,290f.,Vasmer3,18.
Page(s):
Page(s):1019-1020
Root/lemma: stemEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush;tostumble,stutter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,anstoen;stottern,stammeln;hemmen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Ahd.gistemn,gistemn,mhd.stemenÈinhalttun',ahd.ungistuomi`boisterous'(*sich
nichtbeherrschend'),mhd.gesteme`gentle,still';got.stamms`stammelnd',aisl.stamrds.
`behindert,stolen;looted',ags.stam,ahd.stamm`stammelnd',aisl.stama,ahd.stamn`stammeln',
ags.stamor`stammelnd',ahd.stam(m)alds.,stamaln`stammeln`;aisl.stemma(*stammjan)
`stemmen,dmmen,hinder',ostfries.stemmends.,mhd.stemmen`standmake,stiffmake;Intr.(of
water)gestautbecome';zerogradeaisl.stumra`stumble'(norw.alsostamra),mengl.stumren,
stum(b)len,ostfries.stummelnds.;as.afries.ahd.stum(m)`dumb';
lett.stuomtis`stammeln,stumble,standbleiben,sichbumen,zaudern'(*stm),stumt`bump,
poke',lit.stumi,stmiau,stmti`bump,poke,schieben',lett.stuostt(*stamstti)`bump,poke';Refl.
`stottern'.
References:
References:WP.II625f.,WissmannKZ62,141f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1021
Root/lemma: (s)ten-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togroan,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:vonlautenGeruschen:`donnern,rauschen,drhnen,sthnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianstnati(=gr.,ags.stenan,lit.sten),stniti,stanyati`donnert,drhnt,
bellow,roar,braust',stanayitn-m.`thunder',tanayitn-`drhnend,donnernd',tnyati(=ol.)
`soughs,sounds,donnert',tany-`soughing,thundering';afghan.tan`thunder',np.tundards.;Old
Indianabhi-an-m.`Getse';
gr.`drhne,chze,lament',ion.(=OldChurchSlavicstenj)ds.,ds.,
`dassigh',ds.,m.`thegroaning',-`verysthnend'(OldIndian
abhi-an-`dasTosen,shout',russ.ston`sigh'),;lesb.,Hes.;
lat.ton,-re`thunder;alsofromotherlautenSchalleindrcken',tonitr,tonitrus`thunder';kelt.FlN
Tanaros(:ahd.donar);
ags.stenanst.V.`groan,moan';mnd.stenenschw.V.ds.(*stanjan=OldIndianstanyati);aisl.
stynjads.=mnd.stnen(nhd.sthnen);aisl.stynrm.`Gesthne',ags.gestunn.`din,fuss,noise,
whirlwind';aisl.stanka`groan,moan',ags.stenecian`pant,gasp';ahd.donar`thunder',ags.unor
ds.,aisl.rr`Donnergott',ags.unian`thunder,roar,bellow,sigh';
lit.sten,-ti`groan,groan,moan',OldChurchSlavicstenj,stenatids.;russ.stn`thegroaning';
OldPrussian*stint,stnonsparticiplePerf.Akt.`gelitten'.
References:
References:WP.II626f.,WH.II690f.,Trautmann286.;Vasmer3,10,19.
Page(s):
Page(s):1021
Root/lemma: sten-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:narrow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èng,einengen'
Material:
Material:Alt.,ion.èng'(*-F-),hom.`narrowness,narrowRaum;
crush,crowdedness(soalsoatt.)',èng',-(--:-F-);
()Hes.;perhapsto*sten-to-inaisl.stinnr`stiff,tight,firm,hard,strong',
ags.st,afries.stthds.,dasHolthausenfurthertolett.stinteìcicle'places.
References:
References:WP.II627;HolthausenAengl.Etym.Wb.323.
Page(s):
Page(s):1021-1022
Root/lemma: sterg- ,sterkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocarefor,takecareof
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sorgendworaufachten,hegenandpflegen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`love;binzufrieden',`love,affection';ir.serc`love'wirdbecauseof
cymr.serchds.ratheras*sterkhere,astoser-2orser-4belong;toslav.*sterg-`whereupon
sorgendachten,guard,watch':OldChurchSlavicstrg,strti`servare,beware,guard',stra=
russ.stro`Wchter'etc.
References:
References:WP.II642,Trautmann257f.,Vasmer3,12,20.
Page(s):
Page(s):1032
Root/lemma: (s)ter-1 ,(s)ter- :(s)trEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stiff,immovable;solid,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`starr,steifsein,starrer,festerGegenstand,especiallyPflanzenstammorstengel;steifgehen,stolpern,fallen,stolzieren'
Note:
Note:s.alsoster-ùnfruchtbar'andster-`steiferPflanzenschaft',furthertreg-àlleKrfte
anstrengen',strenk-`straff'
Material:A.
Material:A.Gr.(att.alsofrom
*)`starr,tight,firm,hard',ds.(also
ùnfruchtbar',s.ster-6ùnfruchtbar'),ds.;
`Kielbalken',lengthenedgrade:
Hes.,(Fut.-)`tight,firm
prop,support,stemmen',Med.Pass.`sichprop,support,sichfeststemmen',
,-`pad',wherefore`sttze',
Med.`sttzemich,stemmemich',dissimil.from*;
,`hard,sharp,forceful',
n.`heftigesdesire,power,bermut',
`minxish,wantonsein',`cryrauh'(in
formant.Bez.tolat.strnuus),lat.strnuus`vollrstiger
Tatkraft,betriebsam,wacker';alb.shterr(*stern-)`lay,place
dry,macheversiegen';aboutstrn`goodomen,sign's.WH.II601;
lat.constern,-re,alsoexstern`bestrzen,fromtheFassung
bringen',sternx`shy,strrisch';
cymr.trin`toil,fight,struggle'
(*strn);
germ.*stara-`starr,esp.ofeye'inmnl.star
m.`StarrheitofAuges',ahd.stara-blint,ags.str(e)blind
`starblind',aisl.stara,ags.starian,ahd.starn`stare,
stare';with-rr-(from-rn-)aisl.strrf.`Carex'(eig.`die
Steife'),starr(Akk.starran)`stiff,starr,hard',nhd.starr,
mhd.sterre,nhd.bair.sterr`starr,stiff',whereofmhd.starren,
sterren`starrseinorbecome',nhd.erstarren,starren,norw.
staraandsterra(*starrian)`sichstruben,sichanstrengen';
*sturra-(*sturna-)`sichsteifaufrichtend,stemmend'ingot.
and-starranùncourageoussein',ahd.strren`steifherausstehen,
hervorragen',ahd.storro`stump,clot,chunk',nhd.strrig,
strrisch;ags.stierneèrnst,hard,stern',ahd.stornn
`stutzen,frighten'(*`stiff,starrvorSchrecken'),sturni`stupor',
schwed.sturna`stutzen';
aisl.stirr`stiff,unbeugsam,hard,
unfreundlich';
OldPrussianstrnawiskanInstr.Sg.`seriousness',
strnawingiskuAdv.èrnstlich',strni-tickrms`keen,eager';lit.
starin,-nti`stiffmake';
russ.startsja`sichabmhen';
withablaut*str-(to-,str-nuus)and
Dentalformans:OldChurchSlavicstrada`hardwork,toil',stradati`leiden';
inadditionOldChurchSlavicstrastàffliction'(*stradt),lett.strustt
`bedrohen';withformants-mo-presumablyOldChurchSlavicstrmo`steil,
abschssig',ablaut.poln.stromyds.(Trautmann290,Vasmer3,25).
1.
gutturalextensions:
(s)ter-g- and(s)tre-g- :
Aisl.
participlestorkinn`geronnen,solidified';got.ga-starknanèrstarren',
aisl.storkna`curdle,coagulate,harden',ahd.ki-,erstorchannèrstarren,
erkalten';nhd.tirol.stork`knag,stumpeinesBaumes',bair.
stork`Fischerstange',mhd.storch`penis';also(ofsteifenGange)
aisl.storkr,ags.storc,ahd.stork,storah(h)`stork';(if
inadditiongr.`vulture',eig.`stiff=big,large'),comparetirol.
storke(l)n`withlangenBeineneinherschreiten',thring.
storchenàseinstorkgo',westfl.storkeln`straucheln,
stumble';
Adj.*starku-inags.stearc`stiff,stern,strong',
ahd.starc,starah`strong,big,large',aisl.sterkr,aschwed.starker
`strong',zerogradeaisl.styrkr(*sturki-)m.`strength';
mnd.
strak(-ck-)`stiff,straff,geradeemporgerichtet;strrig',mhd.
strac(-ck-)`straff,gestreckt,straight':ags.strec,strc
(strk)`starr,tight,firm,stern,violent';Denom.(orumgekehrtstrak
post-verbal)ahd.stracchnàusgestrecktsein'andstrecchan,
streckenàusstrecken,straightmake',ags.streccanàusstrecken';compare
stilltreg-`dieKrfteanstrengen';
lett.terglisèigensinniger,
strrischerperson',terglties`sichaufetwasversteifen';
lit.
strgtièrstarren,toicebecome';doubtful,ifinadditionabg.strach
`fright'as*strgso-,compareVasmer3,23;
perhapsbasedonauf
(s)terg-:lat.tergus,-oris`hardRckenhauttheanimal,fell,fur,
back'(probablyfromdemambackamstrkstengestrubtenhair),tergum
`ds.,esp.back',tergnum`Peitschefromleather';
hereperhaps
asnasalizedformstrenk-,streng-,seethere.
(s)ter-k- :
klr.storty,stority`ragen,stare',
torti,torityds.,ech.streti,tretids.
2.
Dentalextensions:
(s)tert- ,moreproperly*ster-to-incymr.
serth`steil,obszn',aisl.stirr`stiff'(seeabove)andstor
`grass,grnerStengel';
(s)terd- :
aisl.stertr`tail',
ags.steort,ahd.sterzds.,mhd.also`Stengel,Stiel'(asengl.
start),nhd.Sterz;ablaut.norw.dial.start`steifertwig,branch,
dull',mhd.strzel`Stengel';aisl.upp-stertr`hochmtig',aisl.
sterta`spannen',mhd.sterzen(alsost.Verb.)`steifemporragen,
sichraschbewegen',trans.(alsostarzen)`starraufwrtsrichten',mengl.
stertenàuffahren,frighten',engl.start;aisl.stirtla
ùplift,setup',ags.steartlian`stumble',engl.startle`vorSchreck
auffahren';westgerm.*sturtjan,ahdsturzen,mhd.strzen,mnd.
storten`fall,diffuse,bestrztmake',afries.stirta
ùmstoen';mhd.storzen`strotzen';withoutanlaut.s : norw.
tart(andstart)`Steibein',turt`Sonchusalpinus'(t-from
anord.-),comparegr.èineDoldenpflanze';cymr.
tarddu`tobreakout,spring,issue';
(s)ter-d- :cymr.
tarddm.èruption,issue,flow',corn.tardhÀnbruch(ofTages)',
bret.tarz`rupture,clat',tarz-ann-deiz`daybreak'
(*trd-);
withsimilarmeaningasnhd.Sterz,norw.(s)tart,
here:lit.tursti`withausgestrecktemHinterndastehen',
tursti`denHinternhinausstrecken'(turs-from*tort-s-)
andair.tarr`belly'(*tortso-);identicalseemsir.
torrach`pregnant',cymr.torrogds.,corn.tor,abret.tar,
bret.tor,teur,cymr.tor(r)`belly,lowerabdomen'.
(s)terdh- :
Gr.Hes.,`cusp,peak';
possiblyherecymr.tarddseeabove;
einenas.root*strend-in
Germ.,e.g.mhd.strunz`stump,Lanzensplitter,coarseBengel',engl.
dial.tostrunt`stiff,gespreiztumhergehen'etc.
3.
Labialextensions:
(s)terp- :
Lat.stirps`stemeines
Baumes(bertr.progeny,origin,source,beginning;anancestor)';
lit.stirpti`somewhat
emporkommen,heranwachsen'(eig.`*sichstraffen'),sterptisàufseinem
Rechtebestehen'(`sichversteifen'),strplis`rumpof
Pferdes';
alb.shterpùnfruchtbar'(comparealso6.sterùnfruchtbar');ir.serrach`Fllen'(fromdenlangenBeinen);
without
s -:
-:torpe,-re`starr,insensible,betubtsein'(=abg.
u-trptior=russ.toropt);lit.tirptièrstarren,
insensiblebecome',lett.trptds.;
serb.-ChurchSlavicutrpti
èrstarren',russ.trpnut`ds.,alsovorfear',r.-ChurchSlavicterpkij
`',r.trpkij`herb,sour';russ.toropt,
otoropt`bestrztbecome'(TrautmannBsl.Wb.325),klr.torpa
ùnbeweglicherperson',slov.trp`Dummkopf';auftheBedeut.`starr,
stiff=persistentsein'basedonprobablyOldChurchSlavictrpti`leiden',russ.
terptds.;protoslav..*torpiti(Kaus.)inech.trpiti,apoln.
tropi`torment,smite',russ.toroptàntreiben';as`starr,dull,
vomStandpunkteofGeschmacks':OldChurchSlavic*trkàcerbus,asper',russ.
trpkij`herb,sour',asnp.turu`sour'(iffrom*trfa-)
andnhd.derb(seeunder).
Teilsauf(s)terp- , partlyauf
(s)terbh- cangoback:
aisl.iarfr,ags.eorf,
as.thervi,ahd.derbiùnleavened',nhd.bair.derbàrid,
dry,lean';
withanlaut.s -:
-:aisl.stjarfim.`work,
toil',stjarfr`hartmulig(fromhorses)',stirfinn`halsstarrig',
starfn.`work,Streben,Amt',starfa`sichabmhen';
ahd.
sterban`die'(`*erstarren';seeundermir.ussarb);as.
steran,afries.sterva,ags.steorfands.(engl.starve
`perish,esp.vorhunger');ahd.sterbo,ags.steorfa`Pest';
nhd.-tirol.storfn`stalk,stemofaplant,stump',westfl.storpeln
`straucheln'canaufarootformaufbbasedon.
strep-:
Lit.parstrapnti`heimtorkeln',strpti
`trample',stripins,stripis`Leitersprosse';sptmhd.straf
(-ff-)`straff,strenge',wflm.strf(*strpo-)`strong,
stern',ostfries.strabben`sichwiderspenstiggebrden',mhd.
strabbeln`wriggle';schweiz.strapfen`straffziehen'
(*strappn);probablyas`sternbehandeln'here:afries.straffia
`bestreiten,scold,chide',mnl.mnd.straffen,fromwhichborrowedmhd.
strfen,ds.`punish,curse',strfe`Schelte,reprimand,punishment'.
sterbh -, strebh -:
gr.
,Hes.(comparealsoo,
underunderstreibh-),,
,dor.`Rckenhauttheanimal,fell,fur,leather';
mir.ussarb`death'(*uks-sterbh);cymr.serfyll`frail'(Loth
RC.43,147);mir.srebannm.`skin';
OldChurchSlavicu-strabiti`recrere',
poln.postrobi`strken'(protoslav..*storbiti);ablaut.aruss.
u-strebeAor.`wurdereif',ChurchSlavicstrbl`fit,healthy,tight,firm',russ.
strbnutèrstarren,absterben',etc.(Trautmann284f.,Vasmer3,11
f.);
whethergr.groupsfrom`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved',
`turn',ablaut.`verdreht',
`squinting',`turn,twist,rotateherum',
`turn'etc.fromameaning`straffzusammenziehen'(see
undernhd.bestremmenthismeaning)expoundedbecomedrfen,ishchst
dubious;rathertoadistinctiverootstreb-,strebh-`turn,
winden'.
stremb- , stremp-:
mnd.strampe(le)n`with
denFenheftigauftreten',nhd.(eigent.nd.)strampeln,mnd.
strumpe(le)n`straucheln,anstoen'underlikewise;mhd.strumpf,mnd.
strump`Strumpf,Stummel'(nhd.`gestutztebritches,Strumpf'),norw.dial.
strump`smallHolzschsselunderlikewise'(`*ausgehhltertreetruck',also
stroppèinMa');norw.dial.strembaànspannen;breastorstomach
aufblhen',isl.strembinn`straff,hard,stout,proud',norw.dial.stramb
`scharfersmell,odor';with-mm-:mnd.stram(-mm-)`straff,strong,
thickset,strong'(nhd.strammfromdemNd.),nhd.bair.bestremmen,
bestrempen`pulltogether,makenarrow,limit,restrict';
OldPrussianstrambo`Stoppel',
lett.strebsandstruobs(*strambas)`Halm,reed',
strumbulis`cudgel,club';
lit.strampas`cudgel,club',strampaliti
`wankend(*stiff)go';lett.strampul(i)s`stalk,stemofaplant,smallbitofwood;
hartgefrorenerordure'.
B. str i - , steri- :
ags.
strmendi`resisting,striving'Gloss.;engl.dial.tostrime=to
stride;lit.strains`strebsam,widerspenstig',pasistranyti
`strive,sichfeststemmen'.
1.Withgutturalextension:s.streig`stiff'.
2.WithDentalextensions:
withidg.--dh -:
-:ags.
strdanst.V.`schreiten',engl.tostride,mnd.strden`die
Beinespreizen,weitausschreiten'(aboutlat.strittabellae`Buhldirnen'
s.WH.II605f.);ahd.strtanstV.`quarrel,sichbemhen',schw.
V.aisl.stra`quarrel,torment,smite',ags.strdian`quarrel';aisl.
str`fight,plague,care,austereness,severeness',as.strd`toil,fight,struggle',ahd.
strt`fight',einstrti`hartnckig';aisl.strr`stiff,
hard,stern,strong';withidg.--d -:
-:aisl.strita`strive,sich
anstrengen',streitads.;withoutanlaut.s-:aschwed.rsker
`widerspenstig',norw.dial.treisk`defiant,beschwerlich,mhsam'.
3.Withbh -Erweit.:gr.`starr,hard,tight,firm,
unfruchtbar',subst.`Kielbalken'(as),
`hard,tight,firm'(compareabove,);mnd.nnd.
strif,stref`stiff,tight,firm',streven`stiffsein,sichstrecken',
mhd.streben`sichuplift,setup,sichstrecken,ragen',nhd.streben,
Strebebalken,-pfeiler;ablaut.md.strbenst.V.,nld.
strijven`strive,quarrel'.
C. str u -:
1.With
gutturalextensions:
ndl.struik,mnd.strk,mhd.strch,
nhd.Strauch;mhd.strch`struppig';nisl.strigr`Gerichtfrom
geronnenermilk',strga`rough,struppigmake',aisl.strgr
`repulsion,pride,hauteur',mengl.nengl.tostruggle`sichabmhen,
fight';
lett.strkulsìcicle',alsoalit.strungas,lit.
strgas,strigas,strkas`short,truncated,choppeddown,cutdown,cutoff'.
2.With
Dentalextensions:
lit.strustsf.`BaststreifeninSiebe';without
anlaut.s -:
-:protoslav..*trstinOldChurchSlavictrst`reed';gr.
n.`bulrush'(*trusom);lit.triaim.Pl.`reed',
trus,triusf.`reed',lett.trusis`bulrush,reed',
OldChurchSlavictrsa,trsina`stiffhair,bristle';lett.trums`swelling,blister,
ulcer',(iffor*trud-mo-,compare:)lat.strmaf.`geschwollene
glands,craw'(*streudstroud-,strdm);afterVasmer3,145
inadditionlit.trati`crumb,spall,crumble',lett.trausls`frail,breakable',
trust`faulen,modern';
aisl.strtr`cusp,peak',dn.strude,
strutte`stiffstand,widerstreben',schwed.strutta`stolperndgo',
ags.strtian`stiffstand',nd.strutt`stiff',nhd.strotzds.,
mhd.nhd.strotzen,mhd.striuzen`struben,spreizen',strz
`Widerstand',fight',nhd.Strauds.=mengl.strt`dasSchwellen,
fight';mhd.strzach`shrubbery,bush',gestriuze`Buschwerk',nhd.
(Blumen-)Strau;herealsoas.strota`tuba,guttur',mnd.
strote,strottef.,mhd.strozze`throat,windpipe',afries.
strot-bollads.;withoutanl.s-:ags.rotu,rote,engl.
throat,throttle`throat,windpipe',ags.rot-bolla`windpipe',
(engl.thropple),ahd.drozza`throat,windpipe',nhd.Drosselwith
thederivativeerdrosseln,mhd.drzzel`throat'and`snout',aisl.
rtr`snout';
aisl.rtinn`swollen',rtna
`toswell,alsovorpride,hauteur',rotiìntumescence',ags.rtian
`vorpride,hauteurorrage,furyschwellen';
dieselbenmeaning`toswell,
fight'alsoinmir.trot,nir.troid`fight'(*truzd),cymr.
trythu`toswell',trythyll`lustful';
3.With
Labialextensions:
gr.`herb(fromtaste);
grumpy,surly,sullen;tight,firm,stiff';
as.strf`struppig,rough',strvian
`struben',mhd.strup(-b-),strbe`struppig',ahd.strbn,
mhd.strben,*striuben`stare',nhd.struben,mhd.strobel
`struppig',agerm.Strubiloscalleo`Strubbelkopf';mhd.Struppe(germ.
-bb-),nhd.Gestrpp,nl.strobbe`stump,shrub,bush',
strobbelen`straucheln',schwed.strubblads.;withgerm.-p-(idg.
-b-):norw.strypa`clamp',nhd.schweiz.stru(m)pfen,mnd.
strumpen`pulltogether',struppe`stump';
aisl.
str(j)pi`throat,gullet',norw.strop`narrowaperture';
lit.strbas,lett.stru(m)ps`shortabgestutzt',strubikis,
strupikis,strupastis`Stumpfschwanz',lett.strupulis`kurzerthick
person;Stckwood,clot,chunk',alit.strupasàbgelebterman'.
References:
References:WP.II627ff.,WH.II595,601f.,606f.,692,Trautmann284f.,325,Vasmer3,98f.,
126.
Page(s):
Page(s):1022-1027
Root/lemma: ster-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torob,steal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rauben,stehlen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(att.onlypresent)`rob',`binstolen;looted,miss';
mir.serb`theft'(*ster-u);withlinsteadofrthroughhybridizationwithhehlen:got.stilan,aisl.stela,
ags.ahd.stelan`steal'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1028
Root/lemma: ster-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:line,stripe,ray
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Streifen,Strich,Strhne,Strahl';àboutetwashinwegstreifen,-streichen'
Note:
Note:alsoster- :str- ,strei- ,streu- ;withg ,b ,dh (ort )extended;identicalwithster-òutspread'
Material:
Material:Ahd.strl(a)`Pfeil,lightning',nhd.Strahl,as.strlaf.`Pfeil',mnd.strle`Pfeil,ray,sting,
prick',ags.strlf.`Pfeil,Lanze',norw.straal`smallFischschwarm',ostfries.strl`stripe',as.strlm.,
mhd.strl(*strlia-)`comb'(fromdenteeth=Strahlen),whereofahd.strlen,nhd.strhlen`comb';
norw.strl,strla`stripe,vein,ray',schwed.stril`smallWasserstrahl',strila`trickle',OldChurchSlavic
strla`Pfeil';
mhd.strm`Lichtstreifen,ray,stream',nhd.dial.strm`stripe';tostrei-:ahd.strmo,nhd.dial.
streimen,mnd.strme`stripe,Strieme,ray';to*streu-perhaps:mhd.mnl.strieme,mnd.strme
`stripe,ray'(iffromahd.*striomo),nhd.Striemen;
ahd.strno,mhd.strn(e)`Strhne,braid,plait';to*streu-:lit.struniti`tobuild',OldChurch
Slavicstruna`Strang,Saite';fromthebasis*ster-:klr.postornok,poln.postronek,ech.postranek
`Strang,rope,Saite'.
lett.(saules)stars`Sonnenstrahl',stars`bough',stara`rope,stripe';
streig-: gr.(knid.)`sechsseitig',whetherfrom-;lat.striga`line,Schwade;Zeltreihe;
Lngsfurche',strigsus`schmchtig,lean',stria(probably*strigi)`furrow,crease';string,-ereinthe
meaningàbstreifen,stroke,touch,dasswordziehen',strigilis`rasper'(outofitnhd.Striegel);
ahd.strhhan`stroke',ags.strcan`stroke,rub,sichbewegen,go';got.striks`line',ahd.strik`line,
stripe,StreckeWegs,lineLandes',ags.strica`stripe';aisl.strik`gestreiftesZeug',norw.strik`line,
Windstrich,prank';mnd.strk`prank,prank',mhd.streich`prank,blow,knock'(*straika-),ags.
strcian`stroke',engl.stroke`blow,knock';
OldPrussianstrigli`thistle';OldChurchSlavicstrig,striti`shave,shear';russ.-ChurchSlavicstrg
`'(*stroigo-=mhd.Streich);withschwed.streke(*strikan-)`Stromstrich'compareprotoslav..
str-:russ.stren,stre,stre`Stromstrich';
afterTrautmann290,Vasmer3,12f.hereas`Mitte,heart',OldPrussianstrigeno`Gehirn',proto
slav..*strn,respectively*stren`Mitte,Mark',russ.-ChurchSlavicstren`Mark'etc.
streib- :air.srab`stripe'(*streib);mnd.strpe`stripe',mhd.strfe,nhd.Streifen,norw.strpads.,
schwed.stripa`herabhngendertopknot';mnd.mnl.strpen`(ab)stripe',mhd.streifen(*straipjan)
`stroke,glide,slide,umherstreifen,(ab)ziehen,flay',nd.strpenàbstreifen'underlikewise
streug-: gr.`werdeentkrftet,schmachtehin'(air.trg`woeful,wretched,miserable'
seebelowter-,treugh-`rub');aisl.strjka`stroke,whisk,smooth;sichraschbewegen',strykja,
strykvads.,stryk`line',strykr`strongwind',ahd.strchon`ruere,impingere',mhd.strchen
`straucheln',nl.strooken`caress,bereinstimmenwith',ostfries.strk`Streif,stripe',mnd.straken
`stripe,caress'(afromo),ags.stroccian`stroke',norw.strokk`plane';lett.strgains`gestreift',lit.
strigas`knife'(poln.Lw.);OldChurchSlavicstru,strgati`scrape,shave,shear',strug`toolzum
Schaben',russ.strug`plane'etc.
Alb.strugSlavicloanword
streub- :ahd.stroufen,mhd.strufen(*straupjan)àbstreifen,mug,rob,plndern,umherstreifen'=
mnd.strpends.,ags.be-strepands.,mhd.striefen(*streupan)`stripe';mhd.strupfen`stripe,pick
off,remove'.
streudh- orstreut-: ags.strdianandstrdan`plndern',strydan`mug,rob',mnd.stroden,ahd.
struttends.
References:
References:WP.II636ff.,WH.II603,604f.,Trautmann288f.;Vasmer3,27,30ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1028-1029
Root/lemma: ster-5 ,ster- :str- ,steru- :streuEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towiden,toscatter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àusbreiten,ausstreuen'
Note:
Note:(comparester -`stare,stiffsein')
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianstrti,strti(eig.zurbasisstreu-),lateralsostarati`streut(hin),bestreut;
wirfthin,wirftlow,base',participlestrt-,str-,Inf.strtavandstaritavi,startav;sva-stara-m.
èigeneStreu',pra-star-m.`Streu,Polster;surface,plain,area,Ebene'(=russ.prostr`Raum,
Gerumigkeit');str-man-n.Àusbreitung,Ausstreuung'(ablaut.withgr.,lat.strmen);
av.star-(presentstarati,strnaoti,strnti)`sternere',participlestrta-andstarta-;stairi-n.
`Streu,lair,bed';urvar-straya-`NiederhauenfromPflanzungen';
gr.(onlypresentandImpf.;tovocalismcompare),(neologism),
(after)`bestreue,streckehin;breitefrom;ebne',ol.Perf.;
participle;n.`Streu,lair,rug,cover',ds.;(=OldIndianstrt-)
`troop,multitude,crowd,Volksmenge'(kret.withrearrangementèineUnterabteilungthe
Phyle'),then`Heer'(inaddition,,),ol.;zerograde
`breast'(àusgebreitetesurface,plain,area';compareahd.stirna`forehead',red.-st.OldIndian
stra-,cymr.sarn,ando-gradeOldChurchSlavicstrana);
alb.shtrinj`breitefrom'(strni);shtie`lay,placethere,throw,cast,makeeineFehlgeburt'(*ster);
shtrofk`cover,cave,nest';
lat.stern,-ere`hinstreuen,hinbreiten;niederstrecken',participlestrtus(*sterts),afterwardsPerf.
strv;prosternere(:slav.prostr,OldIndianpra-star-);strmen`Streu'(:;OldIndian
strman-);inadditionwithg-Erweit.strgs`dasNiederstrzen,Hinsinken,Verwstung'
(`*Hingestrecktsein'),strgulus`zumAbout-orUnterbreitenhelpful';
air.sernim`breitefrom'(=lat.stern),cossair`bed'(*kom-stari-orstori-),fossair`Strohdecke'(*upostori-),sreth`strues'(*strt),sreith`pratum';fromtheheavybasismir.srath(tu-stem)`beach,
seaside,bank,border,shore,Talgrund'(notLw.;lat.Lw.arebutcymr.ystrad`valley',bret.strad`le
fond,l'endroitleplusbas');cymr.sarn`stratum,pavimentum'(*sterno-,protokelt.*starno-:Old
Indianstr-);
ahd.stirna`Stirne`(*sterni),ags.steornedeàudacious';
lit.strja`withStrohausgelegterstall';
OldChurchSlavicpro-str-streti(russ.stert)òutspread',prostran(*storno-)`breit',strana
`Seite,region',russ.storonds.;OldChurchSlavicaruss.etc.strojòrder',strojiti`parre';
perhapsherediepartlys-losen,aufastem*(s)tr-eno-,*(s)trent-,(s)tron-t-beruhendenforms:
preu.-lit.trnis`region,place'(compareOldChurchSlavicstrana,protoslav.*storn);alit.trenta
`place,region,line';air.trt(Gen.troit)`herd'(*trento-);aisl.strindf.`Seite,edge;land';strnd
èdge,beach,seaside',ags.strand,sptmhd.strant(-d-),nhd.Strand,aisl.fer-strendr`viereckig'.
B.
B.extensions:
stre-k-: ags.stregdanst.V.`strew,distribute,spray,allot'(Prsensbildungasbregdan);lengthened
gradeOldChurchSlavicstrkati`prick',ablaut.stroka`,',slav.*strkatiinech.strkati
`bump,poke',serb.stcati`spray'.
streu-: lat.stru,-ere(struxi,structumwithanalog.Gutt.afterverbswithvfromg)`bereinander
breiten,schichten,aufbauen',strus,strux`heap,bulk,mass',umbr.strucla`*struiculam';
abret.strouis`stravi',nbret.streuein`strew,distribute';
got.straujan`strew,distribute',norw.strya,aisl.str`strew,distribute,outspread',ags.str(o)wian,
strgan,ahd.streuwen,strouwen`strew,distribute`;aisl.strn.`straw',ags.straw,ahd.str,nhd.
Stroh,post-verbalmhd.stru,nhd.Streu;germ.strava`ScheiterhaufenzurSiegesfeier';ags.stron
n.`richness,profit,gain,usury',ahd.gistriunin.`profit,gain',ags.strenanàcquire,produce';ahd.
gi-striunan`lucrari',mhd.striunen`schnupperndumherstreifen',nhd.bair.streunenàfterVorteilen
umhersuchen',nd.strne`Gassendirne',eig.`dieUmherstreifende';
whetherhereserb.strovo`herabgeschttelteFrchte',kroat.strovaliti`strew,distribute'andOld
ChurchSlavicostruiti,ostrujati`destroy'(`*apartstreuen')
References:
References:WP.II638ff.,WH.II590f.,Trautmann287f.,289,Vasmer3,20,29.
Page(s):
Page(s):1029-1031
Root/lemma: ster-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sterile
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ùnfruchtbar'
Note:
Note:oldSonderanwendungfromster-`stiff'
Material:
Material:OldIndianstar-f.ùnfruchtbarecow';
arm.sterjùnfruchtbar,fromanimals',alsosterd(*ster-dh-o-,-io-);
gr.f.ùnfruchtbare'(cow,wife,woman),ùnfruchtbar'(and`starr');
alb.shtjerr`youngcow,lamb';
lat.sterilisùnfruchtbar';
got.stairf.ùnfruchtbar',ahd.steroàries,ram';withk-extendedmndd.sterke`youngcow',ags.
stierc`calf';isl.stirtlaùnfruchtbarecow';
bulg.sterica`Gelte'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1031
Root/lemma: (s)ter-7nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sharpstalkorthorn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenforstechendePflanzenschfte
Note:
Note:toster -`stare,stiffsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianta-m`Grashalm,grass,herb';gr.Àrtischocken-,Kaktusstengel';got.
arnus,aisl.ags.orn,ahd.dorn`thorn';OldChurchSlavictrn`thorn',strn`Halm'.
References:
References:WP.II641,Trautmann324,Vasmer3,14,98.
Page(s):
Page(s):1031
Root/lemma: (s)ter-8
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dirtywater,mud,smear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenforùnreineFlssigkeit,Mist;besudeln;verwesen'
Material:
Material:Av.star-`sichblemish,sndigen';
arm.tàrax,-ic,-oc`pus,humeur'(*tero-;besideso-gradeperhaps:)arm.tòr`thatflowsdown,that
drops';norw.storn.`Faulen,Verwesen';russ.-ChurchSlavicstrv,russ.strva`carrion';without
anlaut.s-:lit.termnti`schmieren',bulg.tor`manure'.
(s)terk - , nasal.(s)trenk - :
lat.stercus,-orisÈxkremente,ordure,crap,muck,droppings,manure',sterculnum,sterquilnum
`dunghill';cymr.trwncÙrin,yeast',bret.strok`Menschenkot';
cymr.troeth`lye,Urin',troethi`mingere',bret.troazÙrin'(*troktor*tronkt);lit.teri,terti
`smudge',apterti`smudge',tirti`dickflssigbecome';ostlit.trsi,trsti`dngen'(aslat.
stercorre);
lit.tr`manure',trti`faulen,verwesen',trakanos`pusindenAugen',whereforenisl.rr`faul,
rancid',norw.traads.,ags.rh`rancor'.
(s)terg- , (s)treg- :
gr.Hes.;`Weinessig';ablaut.,-`young,stilltrberWein,
Weinhefeunderlikewise';expressiveaisl.rekkr,mhd.drec,-ckes`filth';probablyalsoags.reax
`caries';perhapslat.troia`sow'(*trogi`dieDreckige'),dasbutalsotomir.trogaid`gebiert'belong
could;whetherair.torc,cymr.twrch,acorn.torch,bret.tourc'h`boar'from*trogosafter[p]orc-`swine'
reshapedsei,isdoubtful,yetcouldesas*torkoszurgroupaufTenuisbelong.
References:
References:WP.II641f.,WH.II708,Vasmer3,12.
Page(s):
Page(s):1031-1032
Root/lemma: (s)teu-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush,hit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,schlagen'underlikewise
Note:
Note:withconservativeextensions
Material:A. (s)teu-k- :gr.`hammer,chisel;Streitaxt',`bearbeiteSteine',
`Dreschvorrichtung'(byHes.);air.toll`hollow',toll`cave,hole'(*tukslo-),cymr.twll`foramen',
adj.`perforatus',bret.toull`hole';probablyahd.dken`press,niederdrcken',ags.y(a)n,on
`press,constrain,oblige,prick'(seeGenaueresundertu e nh- `beset');
lett.tukstt`knock',tauctìnmortarstampfen',russ.-ChurchSlavicistkntièffodere',OldChurch
Slavictkati`toweave,prick',etc.;
mayealb.(*stuk)thuk`mortar'commonalb.s->th-phoneticmutation
aisl.styggràngry,irate,unfreundlich',nl.stug,olderstugge`stiff,unfreundlich,abstoend'can
originallyàbstossend'and`stiff'seinandinletzterencasewithlit.stkti(seeunder)understeugh`steifdastehen'combinedbecome.
B. (s)teu-g- :OldIndiantujti,tujti,tunkti`throngs,stt',Med.`kommtinschnelleBewegung';
mir.tagf.àxe'and`bow',newerstag,tagaim`hitwiththeaxe',tcht`part,piece';expressives
*stoukkinbret.stuc`hàrrowhead,feather',stuc'henn`fascicle,sheaf,Brotschnitte'(nir.staic
Ànhhe,cusp,peak'etc.isbrit.Lw.);comparenhd.`Stck=piece'and`Stauche'(LothRC.42,320
ff.);
presumablylit.stngis`Messerstumpf',stktiìndieHheragen';andOldChurchSlavicttatis
`';
schwed.stuka`berwltigen',norw.stauka`bump,poke,injure,stottern',mnl.nnd.stken`bump,
poke,aufschichten,astonish',nhd.verstauchen(fromdemNd.),ndl.verstuiken`dislocate,luxate,
crick';afries.stk`stiff'tonorw.stauka;
mnd.stoken`prick,stochern',engl.dial.stoke`dasfireschren',nhd.stoche(r)n;withoutanlaut.s-:
aisl.oka`rcken,verndern,go',ags.ocerianùmherlaufen';
ahd.mhd.stoc,-ckes`Stock,staff,treetruck'(probably`*abgeschlagenerboughorstem',compare
abstocken),ags.stocc`stick,stem,stump',aisl.stokkr`treetruck,picket,pole,Block',nexttowhich
withthemeaning`stiff'nd.stck,mhd.nhd.stocken`stiffbecome';aisl.stykki,ags.stycce,
ahd.stucki,nhd.Stck;
ahd.sthhaf.,mhd.stchem.f.`weitoffenerrmelamFrauengewand(eig.rmelstumpf),Kopftuch',
nhd.Stauche,mnd.stke`stump,furtherrmel';with:ags.stocuf.`longrmel';
mancheneigenzurassumptioneinesmeaning-Kernes`stiff'(fromwhich`bump,poke'hasevolved),
andforcomparisonwithlit.stktiìndieHhestand'(alit.staugintiàmble',actually`stiff,stolpernd
go');compareruss.stugnut`congeal,freeze(*stiff,starrbecome)',gr.Pl.Èisklte',
n.`repugnance,hate',`hasse,verabscheue,dread',,Gen.f.`dasVerhate,
frost';FlN,seeunderS.1035;
dubiousandonlyundertheassumptionfromÀblautentgleisung'possibleisdieaffiliationfromgot.
stigqan`zusammenstossenwith',ga-stigqanànstossen',aisl.stkkvast.V.`spray',Intr.`break,
crack,spring,fall,run';ags.stincan`whisk,steam,whirlup;stink',as.ahd.stincan`stink,smell';
Kaus.aisl.stkkva`verjagen,sprinkle',ags.stencan`scatter',mhd.steuken`stinkmake';as.stank,
stunk,ags.stenc`smell,odor,fetidness',ahd.stanc`ds.,alsoDuft'.
C. (s)teu-d- :OldIndiantundat,tudti`stt,stachelt,sticht',tod-m.`Stachler,Lenker';arm.
t`ndal,t`ndelèrschttertbecome';
fromdemGr.presumablynamesas,;doubtful`'(`*zerstoen',Old
Indiantunn-ratherbabble-wordwithconsonantstretchas`ganzsmall;young');
alb.shtynj`poke,push'(*studni);
lat.tund-ere,tutud`bump,poke,hit,hammer',tudes,-itis`hammer',tuditre`violentbump,poke',
probablyalsotussis`cough'(ifinadditionumbr.tuder`finem',tuderato`finitum',sothat`limit,
boundary'eig.Èndpunkt;whereofmananstt');stude,-re`sichernstlichworumbemhen,
eagerbetreiben,sichbefleiigen',studium`Streben,eagerness'(`*whereuponaim'from`whereupon
hit');
air.dotuit`fllt'(dastofPl.-tuittetfrom*-to-tudiont);abret.ar-stud`cuspis',bret.astuzÙngeziefer',
cymr.cystudd`pain',etc.;
got.stautan(aisl.stautaschw.V.),as.sttan,ahd.stzan`bump,poke';mhd.nhd.stutzen`withden
HrnernStoen,suddenstillestehen,zurckprallen',mhd.stotze`stem,clot,chunk';aisl.steytr,ahd.
stz`shove';ahd.stiuz,nhd.Stei(withmd.eiforeu)actually`*abgestutzterKrperteil'(compare
nhd.Sto`dieSchwanzfedernofVogelsintheJgersprache');
aisl.sttr`horn,stump,ox',mnd.stt`thigh,rump';schwed.norw.stota`stottern,stumble',nhd.(nd.)
`stottern';duetoofnasalpresentaisl.stuttr`short',ags.styntan`stutzen'underlikewise
D. (s)teu-p- (occasionally-b-,-bh-)`bump,poke';also`stick,stump'.
OldIndianpra-stumpti(uncovered),tpati,tupti,tmpati,tumpti`stt',tpara-ùngehrnt';
gr.`hit',`blow,knock,Eindruck';,Hes.,`stick,Stiel,
Stengel';with-bh-`hit,mihandle',`rough,steinig';about`herrisch's.
LeumannHomer.Wrter269f.;
lat.stuprum`Schande',esp.`dieEntehrungthroughUnzucht'(originally`diedafrverhngte
Prgelstrafe');stupe,-re`starrstand;betubt,betretensein,stutzen',stupendusèrstaunlich,
staunenswert';with-b(h)-perhapstitubre`wankeln,straucheln,withthetongueanstoen,stottern';
from*steub(h)-m,*stoub(h)-m:cymr.ystumf.`bend,turn,shape',bret.stummds.(insIr.borrowed
mir.stuaimmf.àbility,capacity'),also`Flubiegung';dastum`dasEinsammeln'(LothRC.48,354ff);
compareags.stpian;
ahd.stobarnòbstupre';
aisl.stfr`stump',mnd.stfAdj.`dull',stven=aisl.styfaàbstumpfen,cavitate';aisl.stofn`stump,
foundation';ags.stofnds.,aisl.stubbr,stubbim.`stump,trunk',ags.stybbn.`stump';
withgerm.-p-:aisl.stpaèmporragen',ags.stpian,mnl.stupen`sichbcken';ablaut.ags.stap
`high,ragend'(engl.steep`steil'),mhd.stouf`hochragenderrocks'(Hohestaufen),mhd.stief`steil';
aisl.staupn.`hole,goblet';ags.stap,ahd.mhd.stouf`goblet';ags.stoppa`Kbel,bucket,pail';from
àbgestutzt=stolen;looted'expoundedsichaisl.stjp-`Stief-'(stjpr`Stiefsohn'),ags.stop-,ahd.
stiof-,stiuf-,nhd.Stief-,ags.be-stepan`mug,rob',-steped`verwaist',ahd.ar-,bi-stiufan`the
parentsortheKinderberauben';
lett.stape`Pferdefutapfen';stupe,stups`Besenstumpf;(abgebrochene)rod'.
References:
References:WP.II615ff.,WH.II608ff.,Trautmann331,Vasmer3,109,160.
Page(s):
Page(s):1032-1034
Root/lemma: steu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topraise
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lautpreisen'
Note:
Note:onlyindo-iran.undergr.
Material:
Material:OldIndianstuti,stvatetc.`lobt,preist',participlestut-`gepriesen',stut-f.`Lob,Preis',
sttr-`Lobsanger'etc.,av.staoiti`lobt,preist,besingt;betet',participlestta-,stiti-,staotar-etc.,
extendedOldIndianstbhati`preist,jauchzt';gr.`(*rhmtsich)versprichtboasting'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1035
Root/lemma: steu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togetdenseortight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichverdichten,sichballen'
Note:
Note:perhapsstu- ,stu- :st withsti-:st-:sti--`sichverdichten,stocken'asextensioneines
*st-auffabar
Material:
Material:OldIndianghrta-stvaAkk.Pl.`lard,drip';prthu-u-`withabreitenZopfe',stu-k,stukam.`tuftofwool,Flocke',stk-m.`drip',withthemeaning-development`clots,roundishthing',
probablylett.stkis`Wickelkind'andOldIndianstka-m.`kid,child,Tierjunges';OldIndianst-p-a-,
stup-m.`Haarschopf',gr.*,òakum'(outofitlat.stpa,stuppads);gr.`pull
together,makedense,hard,schmeckeherb',`zusammenziehendesMittel',
`dasZusammenziehen,Beizen',`zusammenziehend',,,`herb,
zusammenziehend',`tight,firm,compact';perhapsgr.,inPl.`durchdringender
frost,Eisesklte',n.`(*shudder,shiver)repugnance,hate',`hasse,verabscheue,
dread',yetcompareaboveS.1033;
ChurchSlavicstudstud`coldness',styntièrkalten'andstydti`sichschmen'(`*erstarren');russ.
istygnut,stugnut`congeal,freeze'.
References:
References:WP.II620,Vasmer3,33ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1035
Root/lemma: st i b(h)- ,st b (h)- ,st i p- ,st p Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pole,stick;stiff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stange,Stecken;steif'and`zusammendrngen'etc.
Material:
Material:1.st i b(h)- , st b (h)- :OldIndianstibhi-m.`Rispe,tussock';gr.`dense
(zusammengedrngt),tight,firm,strong',n.`Zusammengedrngtes,heap';
arm.stp`frequent,often',asSubst.`power,Zwang',stipem`drnge,zwinge';gr.`make
dense,tretetight,firm,betrete',`tight,firm,thickset',ds.,m.`thebetretene
Pfad',,-`lairfromStreuorstrawetc.`,`dasStopfen,Ausstopfung',
`hufean',`hoarfrost';
OldChurchSlavicstbl,stblo(russ.stbel)`Stengel',stblije`';lit.stibiai`Schienbeine',
stebas`stick,Pfeiler,Mast',lett.stiba`staff,rod',OldPrussianstibinis`Schlittenbein',lit.stbis
`membrumvirile':lit.stibtis`sichhighuplift,setup',lett.stibt`betubtbecome',lit.stebas`staff,
Pfeiler,Mast',lett.stebrs`bulrush'.
2.st i p- , st p - :lat.stpes,-itism.`picket,pole,stem,shaft,pole',stp,-re`densetopress
together,zusammenhufen,gedrngtvollstopfen',obstpus`seitwrtsgeneigt';
with:stipulaf.`Halm,straw';uncleararestips,stipis`Geld,gift,Spende';stpendium
`Soldatenlhnung,tax,Tribut,Sold'(*stipi-pendiom),stipulor,-r`bedingemirfrom';umbr.steplatu,
stiplato`stipult';
gr.PNto*=ags.stf,mhd.(eigentl.md.)stf`stifferect',besidesaltfries.stef();mnd.
stvele`pad',mhd.stvelds.,aisl.stfla`dmmen'(outofitengl.stifleèrsticken');withgerm.p:nd.
stpel,stper`Sttzholz',fries.stpe`picket,pole',engl.stipe`Stengel';mnd.stip,stippe`Punkt,Tupf',
stippen`punktieren,prick',mhd.steppen`reihenweisesew,prick',nhd.steppen;mnd.stift`smallnail,
peg',ahd.steft`cusp,peak,thorn,peg';unclearareand.stiftnàedificare',ahd.mhd.stiften
`feststellen,grnden,tobuild,anstiften',nhd.stiften;
lit.stimpstptièrstarren,verenden',stiprs`strong',Pl.stipina`padamsled',lett.stipt`stiff
become',ablaut.lit.stipti,lett.stiept`recken';OldPrussianpostippin`whole'.
References:
References:WP.II646f.,WH.II593ff.,Trautmann287,Vasmer3,7;
Seealso:
Seealso:tosti- S.1010.
Page(s):
Page(s):1015-1016
Root/lemma: st r -2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:star
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Stern'
Material:
Material:OldIndianInstr.Pl.stbhi,Nom.Pl.tram.`Sterne',tarf.`star',av.Akk.Sg.strm,
Gen.str,Pl.Nom.staras-a,str,Akk.stru,Gen.strm,Dat.strby`star';arm.ast,Gen.
aste`star,stars';gr.,-`star',collective`jnger'`Stern,stars'(outofitlat.
astrum),whereforeprobablywith(-)-:(),`lightning,Wetterleuchten',
`flimmernd',()`flash,sparkle,glitter',,`Blitzeschleuderer(Zeus)';
withoutanl.s-(asOldIndiantra,tar)Gen.Pl.,withmetr.lengthening,
`Gestirne';lat.stlla`Stern'(*str-[o]l,diminutive);bret.sterenn,corn.sterenn(Pl.steyr),cymr.seren
`Stern'(Pl.ser),mir.ser`Stern'(ZfcPh.19,200);inadditionlengthenedgradegall.GNDirona,
Sirona;got.starn,ahd.sterno,anord.stjarna`Stern'andahd.as.sterro,ags.steorra`Stern'
(*sters-tos-stem*steros),afries.stra`Stern'(orstref.).
Maybealb.(*Hstr-[o]l,diminutive>abbreviatedhyll`star'.
OldIndianInstr.Pl.strbhih,Nom.Pl.trahm.`Stars',tarf.`Star',av.Acc.Sg.strm,gene.
str,Pl.Nom.staras-a,str,acc.stru,gene.strm,dat.strby'star';poor.ast,Gen.aste
`star,stars';gr.,-'star',collective'morerecently'`star,stars'(fromitlat.
astrum),forwhatprobablywith(-):(),`flash,summerlightning',
'shimmering',()`flashes,sparkle',,`Blitzeschleuderer
(Zeus)';withoutontheoccasionofs-(howOldIndiantrah,tar)gene.Pl.,withmetr.Stretch
,'stars';lat.stlla'star'(*str-[o]l,diminutive);bret.sterenn,corn.sterenn(Pl.steyr),
cymr.seren'star'(Pl.ser),tome.ser'star'(ZfcPh.19,200)stjarna'star'andahd.as.sterro,ags.
steorra'star'(*sterstop.stem*steros),afries.stra'star'(orstref.).
References:
References:WP.II635f.,WH.II587f.,SchererGestirnnamen18ff.,FriskGr.Et.Wb.170f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1027-1028
Root/lemma: stilp- ,stilb-

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;toshow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen;schauen'
Note:
Note:demBauidg.rootswidersprechend
Material:
Material:Gr.`gleams,schimmere',`radiance';`gleaming'=ir.sellèye',
sellaim`sehean',cymr.syllu,corn.sylly,bret.selloutànschauen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1035
Root/lemma: stomenEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mouth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mund'
Material:
Material:Av.staman-n.`muzzle(ofdog)';gr.n.`mouth',(-gho-forms)`throat,
estuary(thebubble,ofUterus);Magenmund,stomach';lengthenedgrade`mundfertig,
gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,blithering;artigplaudernd',`plaudere',
`Geschwtzigkeit'(daved.stmu-perhaps`tnend,sthnend'bedeuteandrelatedsei,isdoubtful);
withsecondarya:cymr.safn`maxilla';sefnig`throat',acorn.stefenic`palate',mbret.staffn,nbret.
staods.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1035
Root/lemma: storos ,stornos (str n os )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofbird(starling)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`StarandVgelhnlichenLauteindrucks'
Material:
Material:Lat.sturnus,-m.`Star',from*strnosor*stornos,inlattercase=ags.stearn
`Seeschwalbe',OldPrussianstarnite`seagull'(Ms.stamite);comparealsoech.strnad,russ.
strentka`Goldammer'
ahd.star(a),nhd.Star,aisl.stari,ags.str,Demin.strlingds.
References:
References:WP.II649,WH.II610,Frisk173,Vasmer3,26.
Page(s):
Page(s):1036
Root/lemma: streig-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostop,beimmovable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stehenbleiben,steckenbleiben,innehalten'
Material:
Material:Lat.strig,-re`stehenbleiben,innehalten(particularly,specially,especially,particular:in
particular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notablyfromZugtieren)',whereforeprobablyalsoobstrigill,re`hemmendentgegenstehen,hinderlichinWegesein';norw.strika(*strikn=strigre)èinhalten,
stoppen',strikenòbstructive',strkast.V.`denrun,flowhemmen,stoppen';lit.straigti
`hineinstoen',string,strgti`steckenbleiben',lett.strigtandstrigt`sinkin'(eig.`steckenbleiben'),
straignis`morass';slav.*strgtiinpoln.zastrzc,ustrzc.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1036
Root/lemma: streig-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stiff
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`steif,straff'and`zusammendrehen,Strick'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromster-`stare'
Material:
Material:Lat.string,-ere,strictusinthemeaning`straffanziehen,pulltogether,lace,tie';
norw.dial.strkja`dieAugenaufsperren,toswell',strk,strekèinaufgeschossenerknave,boy';
*strikki-`rope'inafries.strik,mnd.strik(-ck-),ahd.mhd.stric(-ck-)`rope`;therefrommnd.stricken
`lace,tie,bind,knit',ahd.strickan`heften,festschnren,knit',ags.strician`knit,ausbessern'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1036
Root/lemma: (s)treig-3 ,streid(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohiss
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zischen,schwirren';Schallwort
Material:
Material:Gr.,`zirpe,schwirre,knirsche',(neologism)m.`dasZirpen,
Schwirren',`Seebarbe',`Knurrhahn';,-f.,also,;Hes.
èinNachtvogel',lat.strx,-gisf.Òhreule',strd(e),-re,strd`hiss,schwirren,schrillen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1036
Root/lemma: strenk- ,strengEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stiff,tight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`straff,beengt'underlikewise;`Strang,zusammendrehen,zusammenziehen'
Note:
Note:(asbyster-g-,stre-g-,seeunderster-`stare')
Material:
Material:Gr.`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved';througheineschmaleaperture
trpfelnd'(`Striktur'),,-f.àussickernder,ausgedrckterdrip',
`sichzusammendrehen,hindurchpressen,hesitate',f.`Strang,rope,loop,noose,snare',
,-,-(fromwhichlat.strangul)èrdrole',(from*)
`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved=
=round';
mir.srengim`pull,drag',sreng`rope',srincne`Nabelschnur'(strengni);
lett.stringt`strammbecome;wilt'(`*shrinkup'),strangs`gamy,fresh'(Lituanismus);
inGermanischenfromtherootformaufkorgh:aisl.strengr`cord,Strang,stripe,schmalerstream'
(*strangi-),ags.strengm.`cord,Strang',ahd.stranc(-g-),nhd.Strang;denominativeaisl.strengja
`festbinden,shut';
withothermeaningaisl.strangr`violent,strong,stern,hard',ags.as.strangds.,strenge`stern',mnd.
strenge,ahd.strengi`sharp,strong,valiant,stern',andags.strengan`befestigen',mhd.strengen
`strecken,urge,press,push',nhd.anstrengen;
norw.strungen`stifforbeklemmtinstomach';aisl.strangim.`treetruck';
fromtherootformaufidg.voiced-nonaspirated:aschwed.strunkeràufgerichtet,straight',norw.dn.
strunk`ds.,stout,proud',norw.strunken=strungen(seeabove),mhd.strunk`stalk,stemofaplant',
mnd.strunk`Stengel',mhd.strunken,strunkeln`straucheln',(couldalsonasalizedformsfrom
st(e)reu-g-sein);
lett.strekalsèinStckverhrtetenAuswurfs'(perhaps`stiff,starr').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1036-1037
Root/lemma: (s)trep- ,(s)trebEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocrywildly,makenoise,onomatopoeicwords
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wildlrmen,schreienunderlikewise';Schallwurzel
Material:
Material:Lat.strep,-ere`makeanoise,cry,rausche';perhapstheital.FlNTrebia;
isl.refa`quarrel,squabble',aisl.raptn.`gossip',ags.rftn.`discord,quarrel',mnd.drevelinge
ds.(withp:aisl.rapr`babbler',rapn.`garrulitas');
compare(s)treig-3,streid(h)-`hiss,schwirren'andlat.stert`schnarche'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1037
Root/lemma: stru-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:gray-haired,old
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`greis,alt'
Note:
Note:onlykelt.andbalto-slav.
Material:
Material:Air.sruithòld,ehrwrdig'(*strutis),acymr.strutiugl.àntiquam';lit.strjus`graybeard';
OldChurchSlavicstryj`patruus',strynjaàmita'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1037
Root/lemma: su- ,sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:well,good
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`probably,gut'as1.compositionpart
Material:
Material:OldIndiansu-,av.hu-,Oldpers.u-,e.g.inOldIndiansudru-`strongwood',su-bhga`lucky,beglckend',av.hu-baa-`goodEheglckgewhrend';
gr.`fit,healthy'(*su-giis`wohllebend');
gall.su-(e.g.Su-carus=)cymr.hy-gar`liebenswrdig',corn.hy-,bret.he-,air.su-,so-(e.g.su-thain
èternal',so-scl(a)eÈvangelium');
germ.s-inSu-gambriVN,aisl.ssvrtf.`Schwarzamsel'(`diewholeSchwarze');
lit.sdrus`horny,lustful,luscious';OldChurchSlavicsdrav`',ech.zdrav(compareabove
OldIndiansudru-)etc.;slav.*sboje,ech.zbo`Besitztum'from*s-bog(=OldIndian
subhga-,aboveS.107);
su- iszerogradeto*sue-(aboveS.882f.);compareOldIndiansva-insvadh=su-dh`ser
Trank'(aboveS.241),sv-dhita-=s-dhita-`tight,firm,fit,healthy';
References:
References:WH.II512,E.FraenkelMl.Pedersen443ff.,Vasmer1,450f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1037-1038
Root/lemma: su a rdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolaugh
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lachen'
Material:
Material:`hhnisch,spttisch',`hohnlachen';cymr.chwarddu,corn.hwerthin,
mbret.huersin`lachen'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1040
Root/lemma: su dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sweet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`s;anetwasGeschmack,Freudefinden'
Material:
Material:1.su d-s `sweet':OldIndiansvdu-,f.svdv`sweet,mellifluous';gr.,f.-(*F),-,dor.`sweet';withformants-mo-:,hom.`pleasant';lat.suvis
(*suduis)`sweet';as.swti,ahd.suozi,ags.swte,aisl.str`sweet';gall.PNSuadurx,-genus,ir.
Sadbf.PN;aboutgot.sutis`peaceful,gentle',s.MayrhoferKZ71,74f.under73,116f.
Kompar.Superl.OldIndiansvdyas-,gr.;OldIndiansvdiha-=gr.;
2.su d os- n.Sigkeit,satisfaction':ved.pr-svdas-`mellifluous,pleasant',`mellifluent',
n.`vinegar'(gr.n.`benefit,advantage',absents).
3.su donom , - :OldIndiansvdanam,gr.f.`lust'.
4.verbsandothernominalformation:
OldIndianved.svdatìserfreut,enjoys'=gr.(bot.F)`freuemich';
av.xst`throughKochengar(schmackhaft)gemacht,cooked,boiled'=OldIndiansvtt`gewrzt';OldIndiansvda-m.`taste,Wohlgeschmack',bal.vd`salt'(Mittelbegriff`Wrze');
causativerespectivelyintensivesvdyati(=lat.sude,seebelow)andsvadyati`schmackhaft,
annehmbarmake;taste,genieen',zerogradesdayati`gehrigeinrichten,goodmake,
fertigmachen=slay,destroy'(withthesameablautgradePerf.sudim;sd-m.`Koch',lit.sdyti,
got.stis);
withanalog.:svdati`makesschmackhaft,wrzt',svdate`schmeckt',participlesvatt-;nasalized
av.xandra-kara-àngenehmestuend=compliant',afgh.xand`Wohlgeschmack,pleasure'(compare
gr.);
Gr.(seeabove);èrfreut',notcertainlyhereasparticipletos-Aorist(theLenis
unexplained);*F,*(hom.,)`binquerulous',lokr.FF(or
);`gefalle',Aor.hom.,gortyn.F,Perf.(:OldIndiansasvad),
`mifalle'(ènmity'),ion.m.`decision',Hes.ds.,,ion.`hubristic,
overbearing,selbstgefllig'(*F),F`querulous',whereof,
Photios;this-es-stemispreviouslygr.neologismfromfrom;
lat.sude,-re`rate'(i.e.`macheeinemetwasgefallen');
lit.sdyti`spice,salzen';
perhapshereags.swatanPl.`beer',schott.swats`freshgebrautesbeer'.
Maybealb.(*hud-)andaappetite,desire,wishrelatedalsotoHittiteanza
anzadesire
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:su d- :
:sweet
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ad(u)-,ad-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:watercurrent
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ak- (moreproperlyk ):kEnglishmeaning:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:fromEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todraw(water),ladle
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow,towet;water,etc..
References:
References:WP.II516f.,WH.II611f.,Frisk104,166,184f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1039-1040
Root/lemma: su e id-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`glnzen,schimmern'
Material:
Material:Av.xana-`glhend,lohend'(*xadna-);lat.sdus,-eris`stars',consderre`betrachten',
dsderre`long,want';
lit.svids`blank,gleaming',svsti`togleambegin',svid,-ti`gleam',lett.svstànbrechen,ofdays',
svidtànoint'(eig.`gleammake');
einsimilar*sueit-,butinthemeaning`singe,burn'inaisl.sva,ahd.swdan`burn';inaddition
probablyasAoristprs.ahd.swedan`schwelendverbrennen'andwithAblautentgleisungags.swaul
`smoke',mhd.swadem`Rauchschwaden,haze,mist'underlikewise
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1042
Root/lemma: su e id-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosweat;sweatn.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwitzen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvdyati,svdat`schwitzt',svda-m.=av.xvada-`Schwei'(=germ.
*swaita-);
arm.kìrt-n,Gen.-an`Schwei'(rtfromdr,comparegr.,lett.svidri);gr.()(ion.)n.
`Schwei',hom.etc.()/,att.`sweat',,-,att.probablyafter,-
`Moder'fromdemoriginally-os-stemfromhom.Dat.,Akk.-(grownfromidg.*suidro-),
`sweat'(*-);
alb.dirs,djers`sweat',djers`tosweat'(withsfromtiinpresent*su-drxti);
Note
Note:
Alb.usuallydevelopedzerogradebydroppingtheinitialsu->zero
zeroasinOldIndianvura-,av.x
asura-`father-in-law'>alb.vjehrr`father-in-law',hencealb.djers`sweat'(*sderis)reflectsthe
samephoneticmutationattestedingr.()(ion.)n.`sweat',hom.etc.()/,att.`sweat',
,-,att.`sweat'.Thatmeansthatgr.andillyr.cognateswerecreatedsimultaneously
hencebothlanguagesderivedfromthesameprotoillyr.-gr.mothertongue.Sincegr.displaysthe
samephoneticmutationsasalb.andillyr.thatmeansthatbothillyr.andgr.comefromthesame
ancestor.
Yetinalb.-sdidntderivefromtiinpresent*su-drxtiaspreviouslythoughtbecausealb.djers
`sweat'isatruncatedformofearlieralb.(*sderis).Oftenmodernalb.solidifiedillyr.andgr.-os,-es,
endingsordroppedthemaltogether.
rum.sudoare'sweat'
lat.sdor,-ris`Schwei'(*suoids),sd,-re`schwitzen';
kymr.chwys,corn.whys,bret.c'houez`Schwei'(*suidso-);
ags.swt,as.swt,ahd.sweizm.`Schwei',aisl.sveitim.ds.;ahd.swizzen(=OldIndiansvdyati)
`schwitzen`,Kaus.-Iter.ahd.sweizzan,mhd.sweizen`Schweished,bluten,dampbecome',mhd.
also`hotmake,rsten,inGluthitzeaneinanderhmmern,schweien`(=OldIndiansvdyati`lt
schwitzen');
lett.svidriPl.`Schwei',svstu,svst`schwitzen',svdt`schwitzenmake'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1043
Root/lemma: su e i- ,su i - (*hei-:kui)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohiss,whistle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zischen,pfeifen',Schallwort
Note:
Note:extendedsu e izd- ;ital.andgerm.su e ighlMaterial:
Material:Idg.Altersis*su e izd :OldIndiankvati,kvdati`saust,braust,summt'commonOld
Indian-h->-ku-phoneticmutation
(ifk-onomatopoeicwordsSchallverstrkungeinesfrom*svaidatiassimilierten*svaidati);air.st`(einInstrument)blow',mir.airfitiud`throughMusikergtzen',air.indfet`sibilus',nir.feadàwhistle'
(*swizd),mir.fetn`shepherdspipe',cymr.chwythu`blow,(einInstrument)blow',chwyth`das
blast',chwythell`Pfeife'(chwibds.,hybridizationfromchwythwithpib`Pfeife'fromlat.ppa),corn.
whythe,whethe,bret.c'houeza`blow';OldChurchSlavicsvistati,zvizdati`sibilre'(kannfrom
*svizdatiassimil.sein);
gr.`fizz',Aor.(,`dasZischen')issimilaronomatopoeicwordformationaslett.
sktds.;
alsolat.sbil,-re`hiss,whistle',sbilus`zischend;dasZischen',sekundrsfil,sfilus,compare
zerogradegot.swigln`diefluteblasen,whistle',ahd.swglnds.,swgala`flute'(*suighl-);
maybethroughmetathesisinalb.(*swgala)fishkllej`whistle'.
similarly,butwithoutgeschichtlichenconnectionwithobigenwordsalsonpers.siflden`whistle,chirp,
twitter',OldChurchSlavicsipota`hoarseness',sipnti`becomehoarse',ech.spati`hiss,hoarse
become'.
References:
References:WP.I215,II517f.,WH.II531f.,Vasmer2,594f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1040-1041
Root/lemma: su e kr Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:mother-inlaworfather-in-law
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`MutterofEhemannes'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvura-,av.xasura-`father-in-law',OldIndianvar-`Schwiegermutter';
npers.usrds.;
arm.skesur`Schwiegermutter'from*kuekur),afterwardsskesrair`father-in-law',actually`manthe
Schwiegermutter';
maybealb.(*skes)shkes`messengerofthegroom'
gr.`father-in-law,underbetweenthefatherofEhemanns',`Schwiegermutter';
alb.vjehrr`father-in-law',vjherr`Schwiegermutter';[commonalb.shiftsv->v-,ordropofthe
initials-]
lat.socer,-eri`father-in-law',socrus,-s`Schwiegermutter';cymr.chwegr,corn.hweger
`Schwiegermutter',neologismcymr.chwegrwn,corn.hwigeren`father-in-law';ahd.swehur,ags.
swor`Schwher',ahd.swigar,ags.sweger(*swe-r)`Schwiegermutter';
got.swahr=anord.svra`Schwiegermutter'(*swehrn-),neologismgot.swahra`father-in-law'
(*swehran-),asalsonhd.SchwiegervaterafterSchwieger(mutter)forSchwher;
lit.uras`father-in-law';OldChurchSlavicsvekry`Schwiegermutter'(-kr-throughdissimilation
againstdenanlautnotto-sr-geworden),whereuponm.svekr`father-in-law';
lengthenedgrade:OldIndianvura-`zumfather-in-lawgehrig',ahd.swgur(*sukurs)`brotherin-law(*sonofSchwiegervaters)',also`father-in-law,son-in-law'.
References:
References:WP.II521f.,WH.550f.,Trautmann295f.,Vasmer2,588.
Page(s):
Page(s):1043-1044
Root/lemma: su e kEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmell(well)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(gut)riechen'
Note:
Note:onlybrit.andwestgerm.
Material:
Material:Cymr.chweg`sweet,pleasant',corn.whek,bret.c'houek;cymr.chwaeth(*suekto-)`taste';
ahd.swehhan`smell,stink,springup,bubble';withgeminationahd.swekhe,sueckiaPl.òdores',as.
swec`smell,odor,Duft',ags.swecc,swcc`taste,smell,odor,Duft',sweccan`smell'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1043
Root/lemma: su e k s ,sek s ,ksek s ,ksu e k s ,u e k s (:uk s )(*ghe-ska)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:six
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sechs'
Material:
Material:OldIndian(fromsa),av.xva;arm.vec(invat`sun`60'isafromeumgelautet);gr.
,dial.F(knidisch`6-linedbarley',maybefrom*);alb.[attributenoun]gjasht`six';
[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation],hencealb.gjasht`six'fromanordinal
number(*gheks-ta):OldIndian`six',ah-`sixth'wasinitiallyanordinalnumber.
Note:
Slav.,germ.,balt.languagesfollowillyr-alb.attribute-taending.
lat.sex;air.s`6',seser`6man',mr-feser`magnusseviratus,7man',cymr.etc.chwech`6';got.
saihs,aisl.sex,ahd.sehs;lit.inflectionale;OldChurchSlavicest(=OldIndiana-);toch.A
k,kas;comparelat.sdecim:OldIndianaa16(av.xvadasa-`the16.`).
ordinals:OldIndianah-,av.xtva-;arm.vecerord;gr.;alb.i-gjashtt,i-gjasht;illyr.
Sestus;lat.sextus,sestus(Sestius,osk.,umbr.sestentasiaru`sextantarirum';idg.probably
*s(u)ektos,inLat.andGerm.withEindringenofsfromtheGrundzahl);gall.suexos,air.sessed,
cymr.chweched;got.sahsta,ahd.sehsto,sehto,aisl.stte;lit.tas,OldPrussianm.zerograde
uschts,comparealit.uios`Wochenbett'(OldPrussianLw.),genuinelit.iosds.:OldChurch
Slavicest;toch.Akt,kaste.
ItseemsfromPIErootlemmafornumbersixwasspreadtoSemiticsystem:
East:
East:Akkadian+shishshu,Central:Arabic
Central:Arabicsittah,Saudisitta,Yemenisitteh,Syriansette,
Lebanesesetti,Cypriotstte,Iraqisitta,Egyptiansitta,ELibyan`sitta,NAfrican(Darja)sitta,
Moroccansetta,Sudanesesi|tta,Nigeriansitte,Zanzibarisitte,Maltesesitta,Phoenecian+sh-sh,
Ugaritic+t-t,Moabite+:ClassicalHebrew+shsh,ModernHebrew
Hebrewshesh,ClassicalAramaic+
shitha:h,Modern:Aramaicsh:'tt
tta:,ClassicalSyriac+èshta:,Syriac'ishta,Vanishtta,South:
South:OldS.
e
Arabian+s-d-th,SouthArabian(Harsusi)`hatt h,(Sheri)shet,Socotrayha`T,NEthiopic:Geez+
siddistu,Tigreses,BeniAmirsiss,Tigrinya
Tigrinyashuddushte,SEthiopic:Amharic
Amharicsiddist,Argobba
seddest,Hararisiddisti,EGurageseddest,Gafat+seddest,Soddoseddest,Goggotseddest,Muher
seddest,Masqanseddest,CWGurage
Guragesedest,Ennemorsedest.
Egyptian :Egyptian+s-y-s-w,(Recons.)sar'saw,Coptic+sow.
Indo-European
Germanic:
Germanic:OldGermanic+*seks,Western:OldEnglish+sex,MiddleEnglish+six,English
Englishsix,
Scotssax,OldFrisian+sex,W.Frisianseis,Frisian(Saterland)sks,Dutch
Dutchzes,W/SFlemish
zsse,Brabantszes,LowSaxons,Emslandzes,MennonitePlautdietschsass,Afrikaans
Afrikaansses,
German
Germansechs,CentralBavariansechse,Swabiansechs,Alsatiansex,Cimbriansks,Rimella
zhakshe,Rheinfrnkischsechs,Pennsylvaniasex,Luxembourgeoissechs,SwissGermanschs,
Yiddishzeks,MiddleHighGerman+shs,OldHighGerman+sehs,Northern:Runic+sx,Old
Norse+sex,Norwegian
Norwegianseks,Danish
Danishseks,Swedish
Swedishsex,Faroeseseks,OldIcelandic+sex,
Icelandicsex,Eastern:Gothic+sahs,Crimean+seis,Italic:
Italic:Oscan+*sehs,Umbrian+sehs-,
Faliscan+zex,Latin+sex,Romance:Mozarabic+xaix,Portuguese
Portugueseseis,Galicianseis,Spanish
Spanish
seis,Ladinosex,Asturianseis,Aragoneseseis,Catalan
Catalansis,Valenciansis,OldFrench+sis,French
French
six,Walloonshijh,Jrriaissix,Poitevinsis,OldPicard+sies,Picardsis,Occitan
Occitan(Provenal)siis,
Lengadociansiis,Gasconshis,Auvergnatsiei,Limosinsiei,Franco-Provenal(Vaudois)s,
RumantschGrischunsis,Sursilvansis,Valladerses,Friulianss,Ladinses,Dalmatian+si,Italian
Italian
sei,Piedmontesess,Milanesess,Genovesesei,Venetiansi,Parmesanse:s,Corsicansei,
Umbriansi,Neapolitansi,Siciliansie,Romanian
Romanians,ase,Arumanians,ase,Meglenites,asi,Istriot
s,se,Sardinian
Sardinianses,Celtic:
Celtic:Proto-Celtic+svex,Gaulish+suex,Brythonic(P-Celtic):Welsh
chwech,Cardiganshiresich,Breton
Bretonc'hwec'h,Vannetaishuh,UnifiedCornish+whegh,Common
hwegh,Modernwhee,Devonian+hueh,Goidelic(Q-Celtic):OldIrish+se,Irishs,ScotsGaelicsia,
Manxshey,Hellenic:
Hellenic:MyceneanGreek+we-(*wex-),ClassicalGreek+hx,Greek
Greekksi,Cypriot
ksi,Tsakoniankse,Tocharian:
Tocharian:TocharianA+ssk,TocharianB+sskas,Albanian:Albanian
Albanian:Albanian
gjasht,Gheg(Qosaj)gh'asht,Tosk(Mandritsa)g'sht,Armenian:
Armenian:+ClassicalArmenianvech,
Armenian
Armenianvec,Baltic
BalticWest:OldPrussian+*usjai,East:Lithuanian
Lithuanianshesh,Latvian
Latvianseshi,
Latgalianseshi,Slavic
SlavicEast:Russian
Russianshesth,shest';Belarussian
Belarussianshesthh,shesc';Ukrainian
Ukrainiansh-sth,shist';West:Polish
Polishszes'c',Kashubianshesc,Polabian+sist,Czech
Czechshest,Slovak
Slovakshest',
Westshest,Eastshesc,UpperSorbianshsc',LowerSorbianssc',South:OldChurchSlavonic+
shesti,Bulgarian
Bulgarianshest,Macedonian
Macedonianshest,Serbo-Croat
Serbo-Croatshst,Slovene
Sloveneshest,Indo-Iranian:
Indo-Iranian:
Proto-Indo-Iranian+*(k)swacsh,IranianEastern:
Eastern:OssetianIronxsz,Digorxsz,Avestan+
xshuuash,Khwarezmian+'x,Sogdian+wghwshw,Yaghnobiuxsh,Bactrian+
Saka+kssta',Pashto
Pashtoshpag,Wakhisha:d,Munjia:xshe,Yidghauxsho,Ishkashmixu,l,Sanglechi
Shughnxo:gh,Rushanixu:,w,Yazgulamixu,Sarikoli(Tashkorghani)xel,Parachixi,Ormurish.ah,
Western
WesternNorthwest:Parthian+shwh,Yazdishash,NayiniNatanzishsh,Khunsarishsh,Gazi
shsh,Sivandishush,Vafsishish,Semnanishash,Sangisarishash,Gilakishish,Mazanderani
shesh,Talyshshash,Harzanishosh,Zazashesh,GoranishIsh,Baluchi
Baluchishesh,Turkmenistanshash,
EHillshash,Rakhshani(Western)sheshsh,Kermanji(S)Kurdish
Kermanji(S)Kurdishshash,Zaza(N)Kurdish
Zaza(N)Kurdish
shash,Bajalanishish,Kermanshahishsh,Southwest:OldPersian+:Pahlavi+shash,Farsi
Farsishesh,
Isfahanishish,Tajik
Tajikshash,Tatishsh,Chalishesh,Farsshisht,Larishish,Lurishish,Kumzari
shish,Nuristani
Ashkunsh
sh:,Wasi-weriwu:sh,
sh,Katish
shu,Kalasha-alash
shu:,Indic:Sanskrit+s.as.,Prakrit+chà,
Ardhamagadhi+cha,Pali+cha,Romany(Gypsy):
Romany(Gypsy):Spanishjol,Welshshov,Kalderashshov,Syrian
sha:s,Armenianshesh,Iranianshov,Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhalese
Sinhalese-Maldivian:Sinhalesehaya,Veddapahamaytava
ekamay,Maldivianhaie,NorthernIndia
NorthernIndiaDardic:Kashmiri
Kashmirishah,Shinash
sha,Brokskatssa,Phalura
sh
shoh,Bashkariksho:,Tirahixo,Torwalisho:,Wotapurisho:,Maiyasho:h,Kalashash
sho,Khowar
chhoy,Damelish
sho,Gawar-batish
shuo:,Pashaich
chha,Shumashtisho
shoo,Nangalamisso:,Dumakish
sha,
Western:Marathi
Marathiseha,Konkani
Konkanis,Sindhi
Sindhicha,Khatricho,Lahnda
Lahndachè:,Central:Hindi/Urdu
Hindi/Urdu
chai,Paryachhe,Punjabi
Punjabiche,Siraikichi,Gujarati
Gujaratiche,Rajasthani
,Rajasthani(Marwari)chàw,Banjari
(Lamani)cho,Malvi
Malvichè:,Bhili
Bhiliso:,Dogrichè:,Kumauni
Kumaunichài,Garhwali
Garhwalichài:,WPaharitsho:,
Khandeshi
Khandeshichà,EastCentral:Nepali
Nepalicha,Maithili
Maithilichà:,Magahi
Magahichau,Bhojpuri
Bhojpurich,Awadhi
Awadhi
(Kosali)cha:,Chattisgarhi
Chattisgarhichè:,Eastern:Oriya
Oriyacha'a,Bengali
Bengalichoy,Assamese
Assamesesei,Mayangsoy.
Dravidian
Northwest:Brahuishash,Northeast:Kurukh
Kurukhsoyye:,Maltoso:ye,Central:Kolamisaa/a:r,Naiki
Parjise:je:n,Gadabaa:ru-gur,Telugu
Teluguaaru,Gondi
Gondisa:ru:ng,Koyaa:ru,Kondaa:ru,Manda
Pengoco,Kuisajgi,Kuviso:,South:Tulu
Tulua:ji,Koragaaji,Kannada
Kannadaaaru,Badagaa:ru,Kodagua:r,
Kurumba-a.ru,Toda
,Todao:r,Kota
r,Kotaa:re,Tamil
Tamilaarru,Malayalam
Malayalama:rru,Irulaaru,
Nahali
Nahalicha:h,
Basque
Basquesei
Etruscan
Etruscan+sa
References:
References:WP.II522f.,WH.II528f.,Wackernagel-DebrunnerIII355f.,RossTPS1944,54f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1044
Root/lemma: s(u ) eko-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sap,pitch,*blood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`pflanzlicherSaft;Harz'
Material:
Material:Gr.`Pflanzensaft,Baumharz',`saftig',whereofthePN(inschr.
h);
lett.svakasf.Pl.,umgelautetsvek'is,Pl.svek'i`resin,Gummi',lit.sakaPl.,OldPrussiansackisds.
`juice,sapthePflanzenandFrchte';withtransferenceaufstierischeruss.osoka`Bluteiter',klr.
posoka`bloodeinesanimals'andalb.gjak`blood'.
Note:
Alb.(*sak)gjaku`blood'[commonalb.s->gj-shift].Clearlyalb.cognatederivedfromlat.sanguisinism.(andsanguen,n.)`blood.Transf.blood-relationship,race,family,progeny;life-blood,strength,
vigor'.
Alsogr.(*saina)`blood',ahd.seim`honey',Sansk.soma`bloodofanimals,sapofplants,soma
plant,intoxicatingdrink'
FromPIEthewordforbloodpassedtoAltaiclanguages:
Protoform:
Protoform:*sg
Meaning:
Meaning:healthy;blood
Turkicprotoform:
Turkicprotoform:*sg
Mongolianprotoform:
Mongolianprotoform:*saji(n)
Tungusprotoform:
Tungusprotoform:*sgV-
Koreanprotoform:
Koreanprotoform:*s'-nbJapaneseprotoform:
Japaneseprotoform:*sk-jaka
References:
References:WP.II515f.,WH.II623,Trautmann248,Vasmer2,688.
Page(s):
Page(s):1044
Root/lemma: su e l-1(k-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswallow,eat,drink
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlingen,essen,trinken'Nuriran.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Av.xar-ènjoy,consume';engl.swill`devour,drinkgreedily'(also`swill,flush',asags.
swillan,swillian),mnd.swellen`liveexcessively',
isl.sollr`carousal';norw.soll`milkwithlumpbread',aisl.hrsollr`blood'(`*wetandlumpy');aisl.sollr
`swill,liquidorpartlyliquidfood,chieflykitchenrefuse,usedforpig-food,pigswill'(whichhasalsothe
meaninginengl.swill);
maybealb.(*swill)sill`food,breakfast',(*swell)gjell`food,dish'[commonalb.s->gj-shift]similar
toalb(*sak)gjak`blood'.
fromanextensionsu e lk-: ahd.swelhanandswelgan`swallow,drink',ags.swelgan,aisl.svelga,
nhd.schwelgen;aisl.svelgr`whirlpool,eddy,devourer,glutton',mnd.mhd.swalch`throat',nhd.
SchwalchÒpeningofthefurnace',nd.swalgen`suffocate';schwed.svalg,svulg`throat',aisl.sylgr
`gulp'.
Maybealb.(*svel)velòvereat,eattoomuch'[thecommonalb.shiftSV>V],vjell`vomit(fromeating
toomuch'.
References:
References:WP.II530,SpechtKZ66,25f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveS.901andunders.v.u e lk- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1045
Root/lemma: su e l-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosmoulder,burn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwelen,brennen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvrati`radiates,shines';svarg-m.`sky';
gr.,,f.`solarwarmth,sunlight',,lak.Hes.,`flambeau,
torch',assim.Hes.,originallyalightgoddess;zerogradef.`solarwarmth',
`warmsup',`hot',(Nikand.)`warm';
uncertainaffiliationfromn.`Shine',,ol.`moon'(*),`shine';
maybealb.(*)*xelagein,shklqen`shines'
maybealb.(*)hana`moon'similartoalb.(*sli-)hl,l`star,planet,*sun'[theshifts>h];
alb.andgr.provethatfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:s u e l- ,su o l- ,suu l- ,su e l- ,sl- :
:(sun)derived
Root/lemma: su e l-2 :
:(tosmoulder,burn).
ags.swelanst.V.`burn,isignited',mnd.swelenschw.V.(nhd.schwelen),ahd.swilizn;aisl.svalr
`cold'(actually`singeing'),mnd.swalm`densesmoke',ags.swoln.(*swula-),sw(e)olo(a)m.`the
burning,heat';
maybealb.(*sveri)veri`northcoldwind',(*sveri)veri`north,cold'
lengthenedgrade*swl-inaisl.svla`burnincense',f.`thicksmoke',ags.swlanìncinerate,burn
(trans.)',and*swl-innd.swl`sultry'(umlaut,nhd.schwl),ndl.zwoel,zoelds.;
-withgerm.k:nd.swalk`steam,smoke',mhd.swelk`withered,dry',ahd.swelchen,mhd.swelken
`becomewilted'.thed-presentinahd.swelzan`burn,incinerate(intr.)',forwhatpresumablyas
`swelter'(compareengl.sweltry,sultryèxtremelyhot'),
ags.as.sweltanst.V.`die,passaway',mndl.swelten,aisl.sveltast.V.`starve,die',got.swiltanst.
V.`todie',zerogradegot.swulta-wairja`hewholeanstowarddeath,hewhoisinclinedtoward
death',aisl.sultrm.`hunger',ags.swyltm.`death';maybetoarm.kàc-nu-m`starve',kàc`hunger'
(*suld-sk-);
lit.svl,svltiìsbeingscorched(intr).,burnwithoutflame',causativesvlinti`tosinge(tr.)',em.svlis
`heat,fevers',svelti`smolder',lett.svel'u,svelt`toscorch(tr.)',svelmef.`steam,glow',svalsm.
`steam',svelains`sharp,cold'(comparemeaningfromanord.svalr).
Maybealb.(*svala)val`boil,steam',phr.merrnjval`tosteam'[thecommonalb.shiftSV>V].
References:
References:WP.II531f.,SchererGestirnnamen49f.,Trautmann296,Frisk65f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.881f.su e l- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1045
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(su e l-3 ),su o l- ,sulEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:footsole;ground
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Fusohle,alsoGrundlage,Unterstes'
Material:
Material:Lat.soleaàsandal;akindoffetter;ashoeforananimal;afish,thesole';solum`bottom,
floor,foundation;thesoleofthefoot,orshoe;soil,ground,earth,land,country';
mir.fol.i.bond`foundation,footsole',Akk.Sg.folaig,Nom.Pl.solaig,Dat.Pl.air.soilgib;
zerogradegr.(Hes.)`footsole'.
Alb.sholl`sole'(probablyalat.loanword).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1046
Root/lemma: su e l-4
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:àrbor,joist,beam,timber,bar,rod'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.898f.undersel-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1046
Root/lemma: su e -lo- ,su e lii o (n)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofrelation(brothers-in-law,whosewifesaresisters)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwger,dieSchwesterntoFrauenhaben'
Material:
Oldlaryngealgr.He->a-,e-phoneticmutation;satemHe->s-phoneticmutation
Gr.(-cop.,compareahd.ge-inge-swo`brother-in-law':swo),,(fortobe
expected*)ds.(Hes.,Poll.);
aisl.svilarPl.ds.,Sg.svili`brother-in-law';
toreflexivepossessivepronoun*se,seue-.
maybeinitiallyalb.(*svelioi)vllai`brother'[thecommonalb.shiftsv>v]orratherfromalb.geg
(*)vllau,tosk,vllai`brother'fromgr..Sinceinitialvowelsingr.yieldedtotheprothetic
V-inasimilarconstructionofalb.veshm.èar'(*us-,s-)againstgr.dor.(*us)èar';additional
proofofGreekoriginisalsothepluralformalb.geg.(*)vllazn,tosk.vllezrPl.`brothers'
where-r,-npluralendingsasN/Rbehaveasallophones.TheshiftS>Zinalb.hasbeenrecorded
attheendofthewordinalb.(*radius)reze`ray,rays'.
maybealb.(*sue-lo-)vlla`brother'.Theshiftsue->ve-hasalsobeenattestedinalb.alb.vjehrr
`father-in-law',vjherr`mother-in-law'fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e kr - :
:(mother-inlaworfather-inlaw).
Note
Note:
Animpactofillyr.onbalt.languageshasbeenfeltthroughEstonianveli`brother',Finnishveli
`brother'.ClearlytheFinno-UgricgrouphasmetwithIndoEuropeanfamilythroughIllyrians.
References:
References:WP.II533,SpechtUrsprung166,Frisk24.
Page(s):
Page(s):1046
Root/lemma: su e lplo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sulphur
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwefel'
Material:
Material:Got.swibls,ags.swefl,ahd.swebal`sulphur'=lat.sulpurds.(*suelplo-s);germ.dissim.to
*swe[l]fla-,*swe[l]la-.
Maybealb.sulfursulphur
References:
References:WP.II533,WH.II628;people'setymologicalinfluencesfromsu e l-2 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1046
Home
Root/lemma: su e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove;toswim
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichbewegen',inGerm.meist`schwimmen'
Material:
Material:Air.tosenn-`pursue'(*suem-d-ne-),verbalnountofunn,probablyto:
norw.svamla`fantasize',svamraùmherirren,schwrmen';aisl.svim(m)a,symja(preteritsvamm
summumandsvamsvmum)`swim',ahd.as.ags.swimmands.;Kaus.mhd.swemmen`swim
lassen',nhd.schwemmen;afries.swammia,mhd.swamen`swim',isl.norw.svamla,sumla
`pltschern',got.swumsln.`pond,pool';aisl.sundn.`dasSchwimmen;Meerenge,Sund'(i.e.`*still
berschwimmbar'),syndr`schwimmfhig',ags.sundn.`Schwimmfhigkeit',poet.`sea,water',mnd.
sunt(-d-)`Meerenge'(nhd.Sund);differentaboutnhd.SundKluge-Gotze16780.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1046
Root/lemma: (s)u e ndhEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwinden'
Material:
Material:Ahd.swintan`dwindle,abmagern,wither,wilt,bewutlosbecome',as.far-swindan
`disappear',ags.swindanàbate,dwindle',Kaus.mhd.swenden`dwindlemake,ausreuten',nhd.
verschwendendial.`throughVerbrennenofGrasesurbarmachen',ahd.swintiln,nhd.schwindeln;
ablaut.nhd.Schwund;OldChurchSlavicuvdati`wither,wilt',ablaut.ChurchSlavicditi`ruchen';
compareair.a-sennadAdv.`denique,postremo'(*suendh-no-);
whethergerm.swindantoswnan`dwindle'(seesu-)belongsandpreviouslythroughEntgleisungin
diee-rowconvertedis
References:
References:WP.II526,Vasmer1,245.
Page(s):
Page(s):1047
Root/lemma: su e ng- ,su e nk- :su e g- ,su e k- (*heng-:kueng-)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen;drehendschwingen,schwenken'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvjat,-ti(svakyate)ùmschlingt',participlesvakt-,parivakta-=av.pairix
vaxta-`ringsumschlossen';air.seng`slim'(`*pliable'),kelt.PNSingi-dnum;(Illyricumtoday
Belgrade)
mhd.mnd.swanc`pliable,slim,fine,schmchtig',ags.swancor`pliable,schmchtig';norw.svekk,
svokkf.(*swank-i,-)`cavitytheFusohle',dn.schwed.swank`valley,cavity';ags.swincan`work,
sichqulen'(eig.`sichwindenbytheArbeit'),Kaus.swencan`plague,afflict'(swencm.àffliction'),
ahd.mhd.swenken`schwingenlassen,toss,fling',nhd.schwenken;mhd.swank(-k-)`turn,
Schwung,prank,Einfall',nhd.Schwank;
besidesgerm.*sweng-(idg.*suenk-):
ahd.as.swingan`(sich)schwingen,fly',as.swingan(swinga`club,mace,joint'),ags.swingan`hit,
peitschen,sichschwingen';Kaus.got.af-swaggwjan`schwankendmake'(),ags.swengan`sich
schwingen',mhd.swanc,swunc(-g-)`schwingendemovement,Schwang,Schwung';mnd.mhd.
swengel`Schwengel';aisl.svangr`thin,narrow,tight,slim,slender,thin',mhd.swanger`slim';aisl.
svangim.`dieLeisten,groin,flank'(ìncurvation');
nasallos:norw.svaga,svagra`waver,swerve',svagga`schwankendgo',aisl.sveggja`(einship)
wenden';mnd.swak`pliable,thin,weak',mhd.swachèvil,bad,miserable,feeble,weak',mnd.
swakenalso`wobble,sway'(asswanken).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsoseu- andsu ( i)- `bend'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1047-1048
Root/lemma: su e nk- ,sunkEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:heavy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwerfllig(schwanger),schwersein'
Material:
Material:Ags.swangor`schwerfllig,idle',ahd.swangar`pregnant';lit.sukti`heavybecome',
sunks`heavy'(fromKrpernandfromArbeiten),olderlit.sunkinga`pregnant'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1048
Root/lemma: su e nto- ,suntoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:vigorous,vivacious,healthy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rege,rstig,gesund'
Note:
Note:onlygerm.
Material:
Material:Got.swins`strong,fit,healthy',aisl.svinnr`rash,hasty,strong,smart',ags.sw,as.
swi`strong,violent,valiant',mhd.swint,swinde`strong,violent',geschwind`fast,rapid,hurried,
fierce,grim';ahd.gisunt(-d-)`fit,healthy',as.gisund,ags.gesund,afries.sund`fresh,unbeschdigt,
fit,healthy'.
References:
References:WP.II525f.;becauseofAblautsprobablyidg.;afterPerssonBeitr.1892and587tolit.
siuniu`sende'(differentaboveS.909);comparealsolit.s(i)mdytiàufhetzen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1048
Root/lemma: su e nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tnen,schallen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvnati(secondarysvant)`sounds,schallt'(=lat.sonit),-svana-n.`noise',
svan-m.`sound,tone,clangor'(=lat.sonus),svn-`soughing';av.*xanat-axra-`someone,of
Rdersausen';lat.son,-re,-ui,-itumalat.sonere(*sun)`sound,clink,sound,clink,sough,
rustle',sonus(*suonos`clangor';air.son`sound'lat.Lw.);probablyair.senn-,preteritsephainn
`sonre,play(einInstrument)',dasnnprobablyafterto-senn-`pursue',das(from*suem-d-neoriginated)zurrootsuem-belongs;air.senim(i.e.seinm)`dasSpielen,tintinnabulation';ags.
swinsian`sing,Musikmake',swinn`Musik,song';alsoahd.ags.swan`swan',aisl.svanr`manly
swan';
whethersen-besidessuen-inlett.sant,sent`buzz',ir.sanas`Flstern',cymr.hanes`history'eig.
`*rumor'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1046-1047
Root/lemma: su e p-1 ,supEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosleep,*cease,die
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlafen'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e p-1 ,sup- :
:`tosleep,*cease,die'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e p-2 ,sup- ,
su e b- :
:`tothrow,*sway,swing(puttosleep)'.
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvpiti,svpatiàsleep,dozedoff',Pass.supyat,participlesupt-`dozedoff',
Kaus.svpyati`schlfertein'(=aisl.sfa),svapayatids.(=aisl.svefjaetc.);av.xap-`sleep';gr.
`Wehrtraum';
lat.spi,-reèinschlfern',spor,-ris`tiefersleep'(*suepr);aisl.sofa(svaf),ags.swefanst.V.
`sleep,cease';Kaus.aisl.svefjaèinschlfern,stillen,besnftigen',ags.swefiands.,ags.swebban
èinschlfern,slay',as.answebbian,ahd.antswebben,mhd.entswebends.,mhd.also`sleepy
become,einschlafen'(*suopi);aisl.sfa`slay'(*supi);aisl.sufaèinschlfern'(*supei),syfja
unpers.`sleepymake',ostfries.suffen`sleepybecome'(ndl.suf`schwindlig,stupid');aisl.sofna
schw.V.èinschlafen';mhd.swep,-bes`sleep',ags.sweofotn.ds.;OldChurchSlavicspati,Iter.
sypati`sleep',usntièinschlafen';
OldIndiansvpna-`sleep,dream',av.xafna-m.ds.;arm.kùn,Gen.k`noy`sleep'(*suopnos);gr.
`sleep'(=OldChurchSlavicsnand:)alb.gjum;
Note:
Alb.gjum`sleep',pr-gjumsh`sleepy'andlat.somnus`sleep'derivedfromacommonroot
suopnosbutthephoneticshiftlat.p>mp>misatypicalalb.notlat.mutation.comparealb.geg.
mesa(*nepti),tosk.mbesa`niece'.Clearlylat.sharedthesamerootwithillyr.
Phoneticallyalb.gjum`sleep':air.san,cymr.corn.bret.hun`sleep':hitt.sup-(Medium),
suppariia-`sleep'.areidentical.
lat.somnus`sleep'(*suepnosor*suopnos);air.san,cymr.corn.bret.hun`sleep'(*sopnos=lit.
spnas);aisl.svefn,ags.swefn`sleep,dream',(from*suepns);lit.spnas,sapns`dream',lett.
sapnis`dream';OldChurchSlavicsn`sleep,dream';compareOldIndianasvapna-`schlaflos',av.
axafna-ds.,lat.insomnis,gr.ds.anddieio-derivativeOldIndiansvpnyam`dream',lat.
somnium`dream',em.sapnis`sleep,dream',OldChurchSlavicsnije`dream';gr.
(replicatedlat.insomnium)ds.,cymr.anhuneddìnsomnia';toch.Apn,pne`sleep,dream';hitt.
sup-(Medium),suppariia-`sleep'.
References:
References:WP.II523f.,WH.II557f.,Trautmann292f.,Vasmer2,694.
Page(s):
Page(s):1048-1049
Root/lemma: su e p-2 ,sup- ,su e bEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,*sway,swing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,schleudern,schtten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvap`besom';OldChurchSlavicsvepitisàgitari';zerogradesp,suti
`schtten,strew,distribute',Iter.sypati`schtten',rasypatiàusstreuen';suntièffundere',sp
`heap'(butlit.spti`swing,wiegen'rathertoseu- `bend');lat.sup,-re`throw',dissip,-re
àuseinanderwerfen,scatter',obsip,-reèntgegensprengen(water),reproach',insipere
`hineinwerfen';
germ.*svab-and*svap-(idg.*sueb-)inaisl.sfl`Kehrbesen'(*swala-),svfn.`spear,javelin';
ags.ge-swpef.òffal,rubbish'(isl.spa`fegen'isengl.Lw.);nd.swabbeln`(fromwaterunder
likewise)hin-andherschlagen,wogen',nhd.schwapp-en,-eln,-ernunderlikewise
References:
References:WP.II524,WH.I356ff.,Trautmann293,Vasmer3,57.
Page(s):
Page(s):1049
Root/lemma: su e rbh- (alsosu e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn;tosweep
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,drehendwischen,fegen'
Material:
Material:Cymr.chwerfu`dasWirbeln,Umdrehen',chwerfan`whirlforaspindle';chwyrn`quick,fast
(drehend)'from*suerbhnio-;got.af-,bi-swarbanàbwischen',aisl.sverfast.V.`feilen',svarfn.
ÀbfallbeimFeilen',ags.sweorfands.,afr.swerva`grovel,truckle,creep',as.sweranàbwischen',
ahd.suuerbanèxtergere',suuarp,swirbil`gurges,vortex',mhd.swerben`sichwirbelndbewegen';
aisl.svarfaùmherschweifen',aschwed.svarva`turn,workalathe,(Lgen)ersinnen';
slav.*svorbinChurchSlavicsvrab(inadditionOldChurchSlavicsvrabn`');ablaut.
slav.*svrbit,*svrbtiìtch'inruss.sverbt,sverbtetc.;comparelett.svarpstm.`borer'
(*suarbsta-);
perhapsinadditiongr.n.,m.`rubbish',,-ànythingswepttogether,
sweepings,refuse,rubbish,litter';comparealso`sweep'(*sueri),n.,m.`besom,
rubbish'and(Fut.)`pull,drag,sweep,wash',m.ànylengthenedsweeping
motion,themoving,vomiting',f.èmetic,vomiting,purge-plant',n.ànythingtrailedor
dragged,towingdress,rubbish',m.`towingrope',,-f.`sandbank'.
References:
References:WP.II529f.,Trautmann295,Vasmer2,589,596f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1050-1051
Root/lemma: su e rgh- (*hergh-:kuergh-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totakecareof;tobeill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sorgen,sichworumkmmern;kranksein'
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiansrkati`kmmertsichumetwas';commonOldIndian-h->-ku-phonetic
mutation
got.sarga`care,sorrow',aisl.ags.sorg,as.sorga,ahd.sorga,afrnk.sworga`care';got.sargan,
aisl.syrgja,as.sorgn,ags.sorgian,ahd.sorgn,sworgn`carefor,worry'.
2.Air.serg`disease,malady',lit.serg,sirgti`besick',OldChurchSlavicsraga`disease,malady',
sragàusterus,torvus';probablyalsoalb.dergjem`bebedridden'(*suorghi)commonOldIndianh->-ku-:illyr.-alb-h->-d-phoneticmutation.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1051
Root/lemma: su e r-1 (alsoser- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprechen,reden'
Material:
Material:Lat.serm,-nis`Wechselrede,conversation,entertainment,Gesprch'(*serm)is
unclear;
Maybealb.(*serm)thirmn.f.`shout,call'[commonalb.s>th shift]
osk.sverrunei`demSprecher,Wortfhrer';got.swaran,swr`swear,vow',aisl.sveria,ags.as.
swerian,ahd.swerien,swerrends.,aisl.sriNom.Pl.`vow,pledge,oath',mhd.swuor`vow,pledge',
aisl.svaraànworten,Brgschaftleisten',svrPl.Àntwort',andsvar`gerichtlicheverdict',ags.andswaruÀntwort',as.antswrÀntwort,Verantwortung';OldChurchSlavicsvar`quarrel'(Hin-and
Widerrede),svar`fight,struggle',svariti`vilify,scold,fight,struggle';russ.ssra`quarrel'from
*ssora
*suer-`speak,talk'isperhaps(butnotcertainly)eineAnwendungfromsuer-`surren'aufartikuliertes
Sprechen.
References:
References:WP.II527,WH.II521f.,Trautmann296f.,Vasmer2,712.
Page(s):
Page(s):1049
Root/lemma: su e r-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohiss
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`surrenunderdgl'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvrati`sounds,erschallt,lterschallen';alsosurm`duct,tube,pipe'(flute);
svar-svra-m.`clangor,sound,tone';
,-m.`Spitzmaus'(*surak-),kret.`swarmofbees'Hes.;lat.susurrus`dasZischen,
Flstern',susurr,-re`hiss,flstern,buzz'(rrconsonantincreaseinonomatopoeicwords),absurdus
àdverseclinking,ungereimt'(*suorodo-s);surdus`deaf'as`dullorundeutlichhrendandredend');
probablysrex,-icis(previouslylatesrex)`Spitzmaus'from*sur-ak-(:gr.ds.);cymr.chwyrnu
`drone,grumble'(to*chwyrnfrom*suernio-);
aisl.svarra`roar',norw.sverra`whirl;kreisen',nhd.schwirren;norw.surla`leisesing',schwed.sorla
`trickle,mumble,murmur',mnd.nhd.surren,mhd.surm`Gesumse';vielleichtisl.svarmr`dizziness',
ags.swearm`swarm,bulk,mass',ahd.swarm`swarm';
lit.surm`flute',OldChurchSlavicsvirati`whistle'(lengtheningfrom*svr-),
References:
References:WP.II527f.,WH.II634f.,637f.,Vasmer2,593.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsosu e r- `speak'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1049-1050
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stake
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pfahl'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvru-m.`picket,pole,Doppelpfosten,langesbitofwood';gr.n.`pad';
homer.Akk.m.`Bettpfosten';ahd.swirn`bepfhlen',mhd.swirÙferpfahl',nhd.schweiz.
Schwiren`picket,pole',ags.swier,swiorm.f.`Pfosten,column';withk-formsaisl.svrim.`neck,
prow,bowofaship'(*swerhjan-),ags.swera,swora`neck'(*swirhjan-);lat.zerogradesurus`twig,
branch,picket,pole',Demin.surculus,surcellus;perhapssra`calf,Wadenbein'(seeunder*sr).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1050
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocut,pierce
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schneiden,stechen,schwren,eitern'
Material:
Material:Av.xara-m.`wound,Verwundung';
air.serb,cymr.chwerw`bitter'(*sueruo-),originallyprobably`burning,pricking';cymr.chwarrenf.
`gland'(*suorsin);
ahd.sweranst.V.àche,schwren,toswell',swero`leiblicherpain,esp.ulcer',nhd.Schwre,
Geschwr,ahd.swer(a)do`leiblicherpain',ags.sweornian`curdle,coagulate,harden';ahd.swert
`Schwert',ags.sweord,aisl.sverfrom*swera-`stechendeweapon';
protoslav..*suara-`krnklich'inruss.chvryj,aech.chvor,ablaut.churavds.andChurchSlavic
chyra`fragileness';perhapshereserb.-ChurchSlavicsvrdl`borer',protoslav..*svrdlo.
References:
References:WP.II529,Trautmann295,KrogmannKZ.59,204,Vasmer2,589,3,237,243,Loth
RC.41,233.
Page(s):
Page(s):1050
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wgen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeunderuer-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):1050
Root/lemma: su e sor- (*su e stor )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sister
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwester'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:su e sor- (*su e stor )::`sister'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:se- :
:`reflexivepronoun,
*own'+commonillyr.-tar,-torsuffix;itwasmodelledafterRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:pt(r) Gen.ptr-s ,s :
:`father',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:mtr- :
:`mother',Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:bhr t er- :
:`brother'
Material:
Material:OldIndiansvsar-,av.xahar-`sister';
arm.kòirds.(*suesr);Nom.Pl.kòr-k`(*suesres),Gen.Sg.kè(*suesros);gr.[Vok.]
,Hes.,,Hes.;lat.sororàsister'(inadditionsobrnus
àcousinbythemother'sside,mother'ssister'schild',from*suesrnos=OldChurchSlavicsestrin
`thesistergehrig',comparealsoostlit.sesernas`sister'sson');air.siur`sister'(*suesr),Dat.Akk.
seir,Gen.sethar(analogyaftermthir,Gen.mthar),cymr.chwaer,acorn.huir,mcorn.hoer,hor,
bret.c'hoar;got.swistar(Gen.swistrs,Dat.swistr);aisl.syster,Pl.systr(urnord.swestarfrom-r),
ahd.swester(*-r!),ags.sweostor,suster;
vordemt-insertionneugeschaffenareas.aschwed.swiri`sontheMutterschwester',ags.swiria
`sister'sson,weather';
OldPrussianswestro(indie-Dekl.bergefhrt)withwperhapsthroughnhd.influence,forlit.sesu,
Gen.sesersandOldChurchSlavicsestra(indie-Dekl.bergefhrt)`sister'(alsoFlN)placeu-loses
*sesor-ahead;toch.Aar,er`sister'.
Idg.*s(u)e-sor-toReflexivstammese-,seue-;toendingcomparefem.OldIndianti-sra`drei',air.
toir(*trisores)ds.;containsperhapsyet*sor`wife,woman'Orfrom*su-esor(see343)òfown
blood,relative'
References:
References:WP.II533f.,WH.II563,Trautmann258,Benveniste,BSL35,104f.;Pisani,
MiscellaneaG.GalbiatiIII,1951,7f.,M.MayrhoferbyBrandensteinStudien32ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1051
Root/lemma: su id- (*kuid-<hid-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:milk
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Milch'
Material:
Material:OldIndiankvidyati,kvdat(unbel.)`wirdhumid,wet';av.xvd-m.`milk',commonOld
Indian-h->-ku-:Avestan-h->-xu-phoneticmutation
perhapstolit.svesti`schmieren',lett.svadtds.,lit.svestas`butter',lett.svi(k)stds.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsosueid-aboveS.1042,Z.5.
Page(s):
Page(s):1043
Root/lemma: su ( i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,turn,swing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`biegen,drehen,schwingen'
Note:
Note:(seealsoseu-andsueng-`bend')
Material:
Material:Gr.àufwrtsbent,curved,stumpfnasig,spttisch'(inadditionèkel,all
tadelnd');perhapsalso`pit,pothole'(*incurvation);
cymr.chwid`lebhafteturn,Kunstgriff',chwidl`sichinKreisedrehend,schwindlig',chwidr`quick,fast,
fleeting,bereilt';chwimm.(*su-smo-)`movement,Antrieb',Adj.`quick,fast',chwyfm.`movement'
(*su-mo-,compareundergerm.swm-),chwyfio`movere',bret.fival,gwival`sichbewegen,
rhren';
cymr.chwyn`movement',chwil(*su-lo-)`sichquick,fastdrehend';chwylandchwel(*su-lo-,-l
comparenorw.svil)`turn,run,flow',corn.wheyl`work',air.sel`turn,gyration,stretchoftime',mir.ofsel`turnafterright',tuath-bil`turnafterlinks';
mnd.swien,sweimen`sichschwingen';asparticipleaisl.svan.`dasGleiten',(*su-to-),svaa
`glide,slide',ags.swaian`(ein)wickeln',engl.swath(e),mnd.mhd.swade`Reihefromgemhtem
Gras,Schwaden';
norw.svma`waver,lurch',mhd.swmends.;ags.swmam.`dizziness,giddiness;swindle,
Ohnmacht',aisl.svmi,ndl.zwijmds.;mhd.swmel,swimmel`dizziness,giddiness;swindle';aisl.
sveimrm.,sveimn.`Getmmel,Tumult',sveimaùmherziehen',mhd.sweimm.`dasSchweben,
Schweifen,Schwingen',sweimen`sichschwingen,waver';norw.sviln.`Spirale;thefrizzy
SamenbeuteldorschartigerFische';nd.swr`Schwung,gyration,Bummeln',swren`sichschwingend
bewegen,umherfliegen,inSausandBrausleben'.
su e ib-: av.xvawayat-atra-`diePeitscheschwingend',xviwra-àgile';;got.midja-sweipains
`Sintflut'(eig.`FegungtheMitte');aisl.sveipa`throw,umhllen',ags.swpan`swing,fegen,drive,
push',as.swp`fegtefort',ahd.sweifan`swing,schweifen,quarrel',sweifÙmschwung,tail'=aisl.
sveipr`band,strap,Schlingung,gekruselteshair',aisl.svipa`Peitsche'.
su e id-: inlit.svesti,lett.svist`throw',frequentativelit.svidyti,lett.svadt`wiederholttoss,fling';
whetherlett.svadtànoint,schmieren'(underundersuid-)here
su e ig-: germ.also`nachgeben,slacken'(fromsu-`dwindle'derive)`(cunning)etwasdrehen,
ausweichen,deception'underlikewise:ahd.swhhn,ags.swcian`schweifen,wander,cheat,
deceive',aisl.svkvasykva(u-present),svkja`cheat,deceive,verraten',ags.swcanàbandon,
cheat,deceive',poet.`fortgehen,wander',as.swands.`languish';ahd.swhhan`languish,slacken,
abandon',mhd.swchm.`Zeitlauf',swch`heimlicherFortgang',sweichen`languish';aisl.svikn.
`betrayal,deceit',ags.swicn.ds.,ahd.biswihm.ds.;
lit.svagti`dizziness,giddiness;swindlebekommen',svaiginti`giddyumherwanken',russ.svigt'
`herumtreiben';
toch.Awweku`gelogen',waike`lie,falsity'.
su e ik-: aisl.sveigr`pliable',m.`biegsamerStengel',schwed.dial.svga,svg`sichbiegen',Kaus.
aisl.sveigja`bend',Pass.svigna`bebent,bow,nachgeben',svigim.`biegsamerStengel';ahd.
sweiga`cattleshed'(*netting).
su e ip-: aisl.svfa`swing,turn,umherschweifen,schweben',ags.swfan`turn,fegen,wenden(engl.
swift`quick,fast'),schwenken',aisl.sueifla`swing',mhd.swibeln,swivelen`lurch',ahd.sweibn
`schweben,swing',swebn`schweben'.
lett.svipt`peitschen',svipst(ik)s`Hasenfu,Zierbengel'.
References:
References:WP.II518ff.,Vasmer2,591f.,Johannesson794ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1041-1042
Root/lemma: su - ,-g- ,-k- ,-pEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofade,weaken,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwinden,nachlassen,schweigsamwerden'
Note:
Note:extendedsu i i -p-
Material:
Material:Aisl.sva`slacken';svna,ahd.swnanàbate,dwindle';mhd.swnenalso`senseless,
unconsciousbecome,verstummen'.
su -k- :ahd.swgn,as.swign,ags.swgian,sugian,suwian`schweigen`.
su g - :f.`dasSchweigen',`schweige'(compareHes.,i.e.F).
su -p- :got.sweiban`cease,slacken',aisl.svfask`frometwaszurckweichen,sichenthalten',ahd.
giswiftn`conticescere',mnd.swichten`weichen,slacken,zumSchweigenbringen',ndl.zwichten
`weichen',nhd.(fromdemNd.)beschwichtigen(alsomessap.);
inaddition*suii-p-ingr.`schweige'and*suip-withgr.Schwundefromiafter
Doppelkonsonanzin,(Pind.)andinHes.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compareabove(s)uendh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1052
Root/lemma: su o mb(h)o-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:porous,spongy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwammig,pors'
Material:
Material:Gr.`schwammig,pors'=germ.*swamba-inahd.swamp,-besm.`sponge';
besidesgerm.*swampu-(idg.*suombu-)and*swamma-inaisl.suppr`sponge;ball(afterthe
shape)',mnd.swamp,-pes`sponge,fungus'andgot.swammAkk.`(Wasch-)sponge',ags.swamm
m.`fungus',mnd.svam,-mmes`sponge;fungus';fromschwammigemBoden:engl.swamp`swamp,
marsh';westfl.swampenàuf-andniedergehen,fromschwammigemBoden',changingthrough
ablautmhd.sumpf`swamp,marsh'=aisl.soppr`ball',norw.also`fungus'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1052
Root/lemma: su o rdo-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:black,dark
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwarz,schmutzfarben'
Material:
Material:Lat.*sordusasbasefromsorde,-re`dirty,filthy,unfltigsein',sordidus`dirty,filthy',
sords,-isf.`smut,Unflat';got.swarts,aisl.swart,ags.sweart,ahd.swarz`black',zerogradeaisl.
sortaf.`blackpaint,color',sortim.`darkness,dichterfog',sortna`blackbecome';
solltelat.susum`ruigerFleckaufaKleide'as*suarssomrelatedsein,kmeasbasicform*suardoinquestion,sothatsordeofromsurd-;
whetheras.swerkan(participlegesworkan)`finsterbecome,sichverfinstern,bewlktbecome',ags.
sweorcan`finster,sadbecome',ahd.giswerc,gisworc`Verfinsterungthroughclouds'andir.sorb
`Makel,smut',relatedare(idg.*suerg-,*suor-b(h)o-besides*suordo-),isdoubtful.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1052
Root/lemma: s-ro- ,sou-roEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:salty,bitter;cheese
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sauer,salzig,bitter',zunchstvonksigGerinnendem,schleimigNassem;also
inFlunamen
Note:
Note:rootseu ( )- ,sou ( )- :s Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:s-ro- ,sou-ro- :
:salty,bitter;cheese,derivedfromextensionks-eu- ofRoot/
Root/
lemma: kes- :
:toscratch,itch
Material:
Material:Aisl.srr`sour,sharp',m.`sourdough',mnd.mhd.srn.`Bitterkeit';aisl.syraf.`sourmilk',
ags.syringds.,ahd.sr`Sure`;ahd.ags.sr`sour`,aisl.sr-eygr,ahd.srougi,ags.srege
`bleareyed,bleareyed';comparetoch.srmaÀugenkrankheit';
lit.sras`salzig',lett.srs`salzig,bitter',lit.srism.`cheese',OldPrussiansurisds.;
OldChurchSlavicsyr`humid,wet',russ.syrj`humid,wet,raw,sour';substantivizedOldChurch
Slavicsyr,russ.syr`cheese';
ablaut.aisl.saurrm.`smut,tier.seed,sperm';abg.surov`raw',russ.survyj`rough,raw'(*sou-ro-);
comparedieFlNkelt.Sra,nhd.Sauer,Sr,OldPrussianSure,lett.Srupe,anddenPN
Pl.`Syrakus'(Sicily),withnt-derivativetonameeinesSumpfes.
References:
References:WP.II513,Trautmann293f.,Vasmer3,49,58;perhapstoseu()-1`juice,sap'
(aboveS.912f.);about`milk'to:`coagulated,sourmilk'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1039
Root/lemma: s - s ,suu - s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pig,swine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hausschwein,Sau'
Material:
Material:Av.h(Gen.Sg.for*huv)`swine';gr.,,Akk.m.`boar',f.`sow'(therefrom
f.`Hyne')besides,ds.;inadditionHes.;(),m.
`pigpen'(*-F,to,idg.bheu-,aboveS.146ff.);Sternbildthe`groupfrom
Schweinen';comparegr.lak.;
alb.thi`swine';lat.ss,suis`swine',umbr.sif`sues',sim`suem',suum,sorsom,sorsalem`suillum'
(*su-do-,*s-dli-);
gall.*sutegis`pigpen'(M.-L.8492);
ahd.ags.s,aisl.syr`sow';
lett.suvns,sivns`piglet'(unclearOldPrussianseweynis`pigpen');toch.suwo`swine';
adjektivischeno -derivatives:ontheonehandgr.(late)`fromswine',ontheotherhand
(ursprachlich)lat.sunusds.,OldChurchSlavicsvinds.=lett.svns`smudges';toch.swana
misa`Schweinefleisch';
substantivizedgot.swein,aisl.sun,ags.ahd.swn`swine';OldChurchSlavicsvinija`swine'probably
from*svn(fem.tosvin)reshaped.
k -derivatives:
OldIndianskara-m.`boar,swine'(umgedeutetas`S-macher');mpers.xk,osset.uids.;
lat.sucula`youngsow';withexpressiveGemination:kelt.*sukko-`swine,(Schweine-)Schnauze,
plowshare'inair.soccsil`Meerschwein'(einfish),mir.socm.`plowshare,snout(ofSchweines)',
air.FlNSocc;cymr.hwchm.f.,lateronlyf.`swine',corn.hoch,bret.houc'h,hoc'hm.`swine';from
demGallo-Lat.derivecymr.swch,corn.soch,bret.souc'handfrz.soc`plowshare';
ags.sugu`sow',as.suga,mnd.soge,nhd.schwb.suge`sow';withexpressiveGeminationnorw.
schwed.sugga,mnd.sugge.
References:
References:WP.II512f.,WH.II635ff.,Trautmann294,Vasmer2,593,BenvenisteBSL45,74f.
90,Thieme,Heimatd.idg.Gemeinsprache26f.,36f.;probablyoriginally`Gebrerin',toseu-2:s`togivebirthtochildren'(aboveS.913f.);compareair.berit`sow'(*bherent);orbut
lautnachahmend
Page(s):
Page(s):1038-1039
Root/lemma: ssEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuzz
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallnachahmungfor`sausen'
Note:
Material:
Material:Ahd.ssn`sausen',mnd.ssen,schwed.susa,dn.suseds.;
OldChurchSlavicsysati`sausen,whistle'(onomatopoeicwordsSchallkorrekturforlautgesetzliches
*sych-);aruss.susol`Zieselmaus,Hausratte',bulg.sselds.;sskam`fizz';comparelett.susuris
`Spitzmaus',susers`dormouse'.
Maybealb.shushurim`(onomatopoeic)rustle',shushur-`torustle',shushat`stun,makenumb
(unabletospeak)'
References:
References:WP.II514,Trautmann294,Vasmer3,50f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1039
Root/lemma: ss- (*ghus )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:parent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrzeuger'
Note:
Note:onlyOldIndianandAlbanian
Note:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ss- :
:parentderivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:au o -s (*gheu o -s )::grandfather:
hett.u-u-a-a(ua)`grandfather'Lyk.*uga`motherlygrandfather'[commonalb.gh->gl->
gj-:lith.gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
Material:
Material:OldIndians`progenitor';alb.gjysh`grandfather'(*ssio-),originally`progenitor';tregjysh`greatgrandfather(literally`previousthirdgrandfather)',gjyshe`grandmother'(*s-s-i).
References:
References:Jokl.Ling.-kult.Untersuchungen28ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:toseu - :s-,aboveS.913f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1039
Root/lemma: tag- (orteg- :tog- :t e g- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totouch,gripe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`berhren,angreifen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`fassend'(:lat.tetig);lat.tang,-ere,tetigtactum(alat.alsoaoristisches
tag,-ere)`touch',integerùnversehrt(unangetastet)',tagax`diebisch';taxim`clandestine',tax,re
àbschtzen,touch';unclearwith-gh-volsk.atahusFut.IIàttigerit',marruc.ta[h]aorta[g]a`tangat';
lat.contaminreèntweihen'tocontagi`Berhrung';
ags.accian`gentletouch,caress',and.thakoln`caress';perhapshereofBegriffe`caress,fein
anzufhlen':ir.tais`soft,humid,wet,gentle',gall.Taxi-magulus;
whetherair.tongid`swears',d-tong-`negate',Perf.do-ru-thethaig(*te-tog-e)verbalnoundthech
(*d-tego-)inadditionbelongs(tocymr.tyngu`swear,vow',corn.to-,mbret.toeaff,nbret.touids.),is
perhapseineidg.root*teg-mustbeassumed,whereforestillphryg.eti-te-tik-menos`verflucht'
belongs;dasgr.lat.awrethenreduplication-grade,aslat.ainfrang(aboveS.165),etc.
References:
References:WP.I703,WH.II647f.,O.SchraderReallexikons.v.oath.
Page(s):
Page(s):1054-1055
Root/lemma: tak- ,tak(i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobesilent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schweigen'
Material:
Material:Lat.tace,-re`schweigen',umbr.tacez`tacitus',taseturNom.Pl.`taciti';
got.ahan`schweigen',ahains`Schweigen',withgramm.variationahd.dagn,as.thagn,thagian
ds.,aisl.egjads.,agna`verstummen',agall,gull`schweigsam';
perhapsasactivetoobigerneutropassivengroup:air.tachtaid`wrgt',cymr.tagu,corn.bret.taga
`dasWrgen'asoriginally`zumSchweigenbringen';uncleariscymr.gos-tegf.`Schweigen'.
References:
References:WP.I703,WH.II641f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1055
Root/lemma: tap-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todip
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èintauchen;Nsse'
Material:
Material:Arm.tàtàvem`taucheein',t`n(*tapni-)`dampness,Nsse,rain';
OldChurchSlavictopitiìmmergere',*to(p)ntiìmmergi',inadditionamongothersnsorb.to
`Tmpel',ech.tun`VertiefunginFlusse',russ.tnja`geschtztebay'.
References:
References:WP.I705,Vasmer3,119,120f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1056
Root/lemma: tap-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topressdown,presstogether
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`niederdrcken,zusammendrcken'
Material:
Material:Gr.`low,demtig'(`*gedrckt');aisl.efja`stomp',fn.`crush',fim.`Filz'
(outofitlit.tba,lett.tba,OldPrussiantubo`Filz'.)
References:
References:WP.I705,Mayrhofer477.
Page(s):
Page(s):1056
Root/lemma: tata- ,t t a- underlikewise
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:Daddy;expr.childword
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Lallwort
Material:
Material:OldIndiantat-`father',tta-`father,son,Lieber';gr.(Hom.)Vok.,Vok.ò
father!';alb.tat`father';lat.tata`father(intheKindersprache);Ernhrer';cymr.tad,corn.tat`father',
hen-dat`grandfather';aisl.jaziàgiant'(*easa);lett.tta,lit.ttis,tt,tttis`father',Old
Prussianthetis`grandfather'(OldPrussiantws`father',thewis`Vaterbruder',lit.tvas,lett.tves
`father'),lit.tetàunt',emait.tits`father';russ.ttaetc.`father',russ.-ChurchSlavictetaetc.àunt',
OldChurchSlavictetkads.;nhd.Tate,ostfries.tatte`father';norw.taate`Lutschbeutel',isl.ttads.,
norw.schwed.ttte`Frauenbrust,teat';
besidesgerm.formswithiandu:ags.titt`nipple,Kuhzitze',mhd.zitze`teat';
Maybealb.sis`teat,breast'
schwed.tittaàunt,oldunverheiratetewife,woman';mhd.zutzel`Sauglappen',schwed.tyttaòld
wife,woman,Muhme',ahd.tutta,tuta`nipple'underlikewise;similarlygr.,-`small,noch
ganzyoung',èinbichen',inschr.also`,';small,little';einealsooutof
theidg.SprachenverbreiteteLallwortgruppe.
References:
References:WP.I704,WH.II650,Trautmann320,Vasmer3,81.
Page(s):
Page(s):1056
Root/lemma: tausEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:still,silent,peaceful
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`still,schweigend,zufrieden'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantyati`beruhigtsich,iszufrieden',tu-`befriedigt,zufrieden',tmAdv.
`still,closemouthed'(:av.tuni-,OldPrussiantusnan),Kaus.tyati`beschwichtigt,stelltzufrieden,
erfreut';av.tuni-`stillschweigend'(tuniad-`werstillschweigenddasitzt');
mir.t(*tauso-)`still,closemouthed',air.tae`silentium'(basicform*tausi),mcymr.taw
`schweige!',ncymr.taw`Schweigen;closemouthed',tawel`closemouthed',bret.tao`Schweigen;
still!',abret.taguelguiliatGl.todemas`schweigendesWachen'miverstandenenlat.silicernium;
guo-teguis`compescuit',nbret.tevel`schweigen';
aschwed.thyster`closemouthed,dumb,still'(*usti-);
OldPrussiantusnan`still',tussseèrschweige'(*tus-,aslat.tac-re),lit.tasos,taustis`sichlay,
place(ofWinde)';
slav.*tuiti`beruhigen'(=OldIndiantyati)indentrans.russ.tut`lschen,auslschen',poln.
po-tuszyèncourage'(`*beruhigen'),etc.;besidesintr.*tuchntiinruss.tchnutèrlschen',slov.
pothniti`stillbecome,verlschen';russ.FlNTsna(*sna);
hitt.duk-,dukiia-`sichfreuen'.
References:
References:WP.I714f.,Trautmann332,Vasmer3,128,158,Mayrhofer1,517.
Page(s):
Page(s):1056-1057
Root/lemma: tdEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toactonpurpose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`withVorbedachthandeln'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andosk.
Material:
Material:Gr.Adv.`withVorbedacht,geflissentlich'(`geeignet',
`betreibegeflissentlich');osk.tadait`censeat'.
References:
References:WP.I705.
Page(s):
Page(s):1054
Root/lemma: tgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toputinorder
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àndenrechtenPlatz,ordentlichhinstellen'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.Ànfhrer,Befehlshaber',,`beherrsche,fhrean',nachhom.
,att.,,àufeinenbestimmtenPosten,inReihandlimb,memberstellen,
beordern,sort,order,arrange,regeln'(presentanalog.insteadof*),f.
`Schlachtordnung',n.`Heerschar;order',f.òrder;alignment;Posten,rank';
abrit.PNPra-su-tagus(vorkelt.idg.Lw.);
lit.pa-togsànstndig,bequem'()=lett.patgs`bequem',lit.su-tgti`sichvertragen,sich
verbinden';
toch.AtiPl.Ànfhrer'.
References:
References:WP.I704,Trautmann312,vanWindekensAnt.Class.9,67f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1055
Root/lemma: tlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow;younganimals
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen,grnen;Gewchs,jungerTrieb'
Material:
Material:Gr.-`jungesmannbaresgirl,bride',-,ion.-f.`Hlsengewchs,
Bockshorn',`blossom,spriee';
lat.tlea`Stbchen,seedling,Setzreis',dial.for*tlia,asalsotlla=tlia`Zwiebelhlse';
denominativetlire`split,cut,clip'(originally`*Zweigeabschneiden');
lit.a(t)tlas`Nachheu,Grummet',talkas`grown,nubile,marriageable'.
References:
References:WP.I705,WH.II643,Mayrhofer1,498.
Page(s):
Page(s):1055
Root/lemma: t- ,t- ;ti- ,ti- ,t - ;[tu- ],tu- ,t Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomelt,dissipate,decay
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmelzen,sichauflsen(flieen),hinschwinden(Moder,verwesendes)'
Material:
Material:A.Osset.thayun`tauen,melt'(*ti)=OldChurchSlavictajo,tajet`melt',*tal
`geschmolzen,fluid',russ.tlyj;
arm.tànam`benetze(Aor.tàci);werdehumid,wet(Aor.tàcay)';
cymr.tawdd`liqufacti',toddi,bret.teuzi`melt'(-d-or-dh-forms);
withb(h) -extension(compareunder--)lat.tbs`dasallmhlicheVergehenthrough
Schmelzen,decay,disease,maladyetc.`,tbum`Jauche,mucus,Seuche',tbe,-re,tbsc,re`melt,hinsiechen'.
withk -extensiongr.,dor.`schmelze',`soft,schmelzend',f.Àbzehrung,
Schwindsucht,Verwesung';
B.i-forms:aisl.r(*t-t-s)`geschmolzen,getaut',whereofaàuftauen,tr.andintr.`,enn
`geschmolzen,getaut';
withbh - (compareabovetbs)osset.irw,cirw`yeast'from*tibh-no-;gr.n.`marshyplace,
dampGrund';dak.FlN;aboutlat.Tiberis(*Thubris,<*dhubris)s.SzemerenyiArch.
Ling.5,3ff.;
withl -suffix:gr.`dnnerStuhlgang,Abfhren';abg.tleti`modern,verwesen',tlja`Verwesung',
russ.tlja`Motte'(compareunderlat.tinea),`Blattlaus';
withm -suffix:OldChurchSlavictimno`slime,mud';
withn -suffix:ags.nan`humid,wetbecome',n(*li-no-)`humid,wet,bewassert',whereofnan
`moisten',nian,nian`humid,wetseinorbecome';
OldChurchSlavictina`slime,mud';probablylat.tnus`thelorbeerartigeSchneeball'(fromthestark
abfhrendenWirkung)andtinca`Schleie'(*tnica`schleimigerorinSchlammelebenderfish');lat.
tinea`Motte,Holzwurm'(compareaboveruss.tlja)probablyfroma*tino-,*tin`Moder';
withr - suffix:arm.*tro-,-ri-int`rik``crap,muck,droppings',t`rem`kneadmeal,flour,dough'(`*make
weicheTeigmasse')t`rmem`befeuchte,weicheein',t`rjem`befeuchte,benetze,begiee,bewssere';
lit.tras,trporridge,mash',trai`bewachsenermorass,Heide',lett.trelis`morass';
withs -suffix:ahd.theisk,deisk`stercus,fimus,rudera';ChurchSlavictsto,skr.tijesto`dough',
becauseofsl.tiskati`press'fromtoisk-to-;air.tisrenn,tis`massam(farinaceam)',cymr.toes,
bret.tazm.`dough'(*tisto-);ahd.theismo,deismo,ags.smam.`sourdough';gr.or
,Gen.`WeizenmehlwithWasserzumTeigangerhrt'(underinfluenceoffrom
*stait-reconverted);
withbalt.-formslit.ti`schlpfrig,glitschig',tyt,tti`schlpfrigbecome'
C.u -forms:aisl.eya,ahd.douwen,deuwen`tauen,toschmelzenbegin,zergehn',trans.(fir)douwen`verdauen',aisl.eyr`Tauwind',(*aw)`schnee-andeisfreiesGefilde',ags.awian
(*awn)`tauen',aisl.na`meltintr.`=ags.awenian`netzen'(*awann);aisl.sir`quilenem
facit',norw.tsa`tauen,melttr.`(*awisjan).
Ingerm.alsow-inags.wnan`dwindle,abate',Kaus.wnan`steep,irrigre',aschwed.wna
`vordisease,malady,Sehnsuchtunderlikewisehinschwinden',wna(from*wna=*wna)ds.
(similarlyalsoahd.thwesbenàuslschen,exterminate');germ.*wnamprobablyreshufflingfrom
nan(seeabove)afterdengroupsfromags.dwnan,-cwnan.
D.Herestilldieurbrit.FlN*Tam>engl.T(h)ame,*Tamss>engl.Thames,etc.,*Tani>engl.
Tain,Tean,*Tau>engl.Taw,Tay,inaddition*Til>engl.Till,ven.Tiliaventus,illyr.Tilurius,tirol.
Zilleretc.
References:
References:WP.I701ff.,WH.II639f.,680,683f.,Trautmann312f.,323;Vasmer3,84,100,105,
106,110,MaxFrsterThemse728ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1053-1054
Root/lemma: teguEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dick';onlykelt.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Air.tiug,cymr.corn.tew,bret.teo`thick';aisl.ykkr,jokkr,jukkr`thick',ags.icce
`thick,dense',ahd.dicchids.,as.thikki`ds.,frequent,often'.
References:
References:WP.I718.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: tegSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1013f.under(s)teg-andS.1055.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: teigSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1016f.under(s)teig-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: teigSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1018under(s)teig-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: teiSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1015under(s)tei-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: tek-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toproduce;tobear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zeugen,gebren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantkman-n.(Gramm.)òffspring,descendant,kid,child';takarf.èinTeilthe
weibl.Genitalien';
gr.(*--),,,-,`togivebirthtochildren,zeugen',n.`kid,child;
Tierjunges;Erzeugnis,scion,shoot',n.`kid,child'(:germ.*egnz),`dasGebren,
progeny,interest',`leiheaufZinsen',`father,mother,Pl.parents',ion.-,-
`theNiederkunftnahe';
aisl.egn`freeUntertan,freeman',ags.egnÈdelmann,warrior,Held,servant',as.ahd.thegan
ds.,nhd.Degen.
References:
References:WP.I715,Mayrhofer1,466.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: tek-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreach,stretchoutthehand,get
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`reichen;dieHandausstrecken',teilsumtoempfangen('empfangen,
erlangen'),teilsumtobitten('betteln,bitten')
Material:
Material:Themeaning`bid,beg,ask'onlygerm.:as.thiggian`flehen',ahd.dicken,diggenst.V.
`worumbid,beg,ask',dn.tigge,schwed.tigga`beg',aschwed.iggjads.;
aisl.iggja`receive,annehmen',gr(*gia-)`pleasant',aschwed.iggiaandolderdn.tigge
also`bekommen',ags.icganst.V.`bekommen,annehmen,consume',as.thiggiands.;
air.techtaimÌhave',bret.tizaffèmpfange'(duetoeines*tekt`dasEmpfangene,property'),cymr.
teg`beautiful,pretty'(comparetomeaningaisl.gr),air.tig=cymr.annhegùgly'(*nteki-);ogradeprobablyair.toich`naturgem'(differentundertop-);
lit.tenk,tkti`sicherstrecken,reichen,ausreichen,sufficienthave;zuteilbecome,zufallen';klr.
taknutyànrhren'.
References:
References:WP.I715,KuiperIdg.Nasalprs.186f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1057-1058
Root/lemma: tek-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweave,plait
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weben,flechten'
Material:
Material:Osset.taxun`toweave',andax`filament'(xfromk);arm.tèkèm`turn,twist,rotate,
flechte,wickle',tìur(*tk-ro-)`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved';ahd.tht`wick,cord',nhd.
Docht=aisl.ttr`cordinaSeil',schweiz.dgel,dohe,bair.dhen,elsss.dche`wick'(proto
germ.*h-,g-);alsoaisl.gja`press'eig.`zusammendrehen'aboutOldChurchSlavictkati
`toweave'seeaboveS.1032.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1058
Root/lemma: tek Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toplait;woodwork;carpenter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten,dasHolzwerkofgeflochtenenHauseszusammenfgen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantakati`behaut,bearbeitet,zimmert,verfertigt',lengthenedgradetids.,
participleta-,commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-,--phoneticmutationav.tataandtta-;alsotata-n.`cup,bowl';OldIndiantka-m.`carpenter'(=av.taan-`molder,creator,
god',gr.),fem.tak(:gr.),tar-`carpenter'(comparelat.textor`Weber');
av.taaiti`zimmert,cuts,slicesto,verfertigt',taa-m.àxe',np.tads.,mp.tan`docarpentry,do
woodwork',.us-taan`staircase'(*`construction');
maybealb.tas`deepbowl'
gr.`carpenter',fem.,,-`mark,token,sign',`Handwerk,Kunst,artifice'
(*fromlterem*[]);commonOldIndian-h->-k-:AnatolianTocharianGreekh->-kt-:-tk-phoneticmutationseeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hem- ,hom- ,Gen.-ablativeh()m-s
: èarth'
lat.tex,-ere,-ui-tum`flax,wattle,braid,toweave',gelegentlich`tobuild',textor,-ris`Weber';tla
`Gewebe'(*teksl=slav.tesla,ahd.dehsala),subtlis(*-texlis)`fine,thin,tender;feinfhlig,sharp
witted,shrewd',subtmenÈinschlag,EintraginGewebe;Gewebe';testaf.`Platte,shard,bowl',
therefromtestd`turtle,tortoise'(compareaboveav.tata-),perhapsalsotlum`Fernwaffe,
Wurfgescho'(as`kundigzugeschnitzt,gearbeitet');
Maybealb.(*texere)tjerr`flax,wattle,braid'
air.tlàxe'(*tkslo-);
ahd.dehsa,dehsala`Queraxt,hatchet,hack,mattock,hoe',aisl.exlaf.`Queraxt';mhd.dehsen
`Flachsbreak,rupture',dehse`spindle',ags.eox`spear,javelin';germ.*ahsu-inahd.dahs,norw.
svin-toks`Dachs=badger';
lit.taa-ti`hew'(originallyiterative);lett.teu(*teksi)andtu(*tksi),testandtst`hew';Old
ChurchSlavicte,tesati`hew',russ.-ChurchSlavicteslaàxe',ech.tes`Zimmerholz',russ.ts
`gesgteBretter';
hitt.tak-,takke-`zusammenfgen,unternehmen'.
References:
References:WP.I717,WH.II655,656,678f.,Trautmann319f.,Vasmer3,99f.,Mayrhofer468,
491,Durante,Ricerchelingunder1,234ff.,PedersenHittitisch141Anm.1;SpechtIdg.Dekl.239f.,
LeumannKratylos1,29.
Page(s):
Page(s):1058-1059
Root/lemma: tekEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torun;toflow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laufen,flieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantkti`hurries,schietdahin',takt-,tku-`hurrying,rash,hasty',takv-ds.;
avatk-`herabflieend';av.taaiti`running,hurries;flows',participle-taxta-,np.txtan`run',
hantaina-`zusammenflieend'(=lit.tkinas`running'),av.vitaxti-f.`dasZerflieen,Schmelzen'(=
Inf.slav.*tekti);hereperhapsas`dahinschieend':iran.(skyth.)*taa-(npers.tax)`Pfeil,bow',
fromwhichgr.ds.,lat.taxus`yew'(BenvenisteMl.Boisacq1,37ff.,Mayrhofer1,467f.);
av.taka-m.,np.tak`run,flow'(=lit.tkas,slav.tok);av.taar-n.`run,flow,pathway',taan`hurrying';tai-p-`runningwater(enthaltend)',iran.*tara-`quick,fast';
alb.ndjek`pursue';
air.techid`flieht'(Perf.-gradetich),ateoch`bitte'(*ad-tek`takemeineZuflucht');brit.PNVotepo-rx;mcymr.godep`Zuflucht',tebetèscape';bret.tec'het`flee',mcymr.3.Sg.Konj.nyry-decho
`wernichtflieht'(brit.chfromks,s-Subjunktivstamm);ir.intechn.`way'(*enitekom,compareOld
ChurchSlavictek`run,flow');
got.ius`servant,Knecht'(=OldIndiantakv-,eigentl.`runner',comparelett.teksnisÀufwrter,
Bedienter'),urnord.ewaR`Lehensmann',ags.o(w),ahd.deo`Knecht,servant',Fem.got.iwi,
aisl.y,r,as.thiwi,thiu,ags.owu,owe(n),ahd.diu,diuwa`bondmaid,Dienerin'(*tek-u,
developmentmoviertesFem.to*tekus,orto*teku-s:OldIndiantku-);withderivativeasgot.
widuwairna`Waise'*ewernninaisl.erna`Sklavin',as.thiorna,ahd.diorna`virgin',nhd.Dirne;nextensioninags.owen`bondmaid',aisl.jnn`servant',whereof*ewann`serve'inaisl.na,
jna,ahd.dionn,dionn`serve';got.anaiwan`subjugate,zumSklavenmachen',ags.owian,
aisl.jds.;lengthenedgradeescollectivegot.wisan.Pl.`servant,Knechte'(*tkueso-);
lit.tek,-ti`run,flow,rinnen;aufgehen(fromthesun);marry(fromthewife,woman)',lett.teku,tect
`run';OldPrussiantackelis,lit.teklas,lett.tecilsm.`grindstone,whetstone';lit.tkm`wellspring,
river',tokaèstuary';lett.teksnism.`Bedienter';OldChurchSlavictek,teti`',serb.tm,
ti`flow',etc.;lit.tkas`Pfad',lett.taksds.,lit.takasèstuary';OldChurchSlavictok`',
potok`';toch.cake`river';hitt.u-tku-zi`springt'.
References:
References:WP.I715f.,Trautmann316f.,Vasmer3,89,113f.,Mayrhofer1,466f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1059-1060
Root/lemma: telehEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiantarh-(trdhi,Perf.tatarha,participletrdh-)`shatter,crunch';lit.su-talti
`durchprgeln',tlyti`thrash',tlti`thrash,throw';lett.talzt,talstt`durchprgeln';withzweisilbiger
rootformlit.teliju,-yti`vast,granddurchprgeln',tlauoti`babble,chatter'(meaningasnhd.
Klatschen),talius`babbler'.
References:
References:WP.I741,Mayrhofer1,522;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareundertelek- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1062
Root/lemma: telekEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,zerstoen,schlagen'
Note:
Note:onlyCelticandbaltoslavisch
Material:
Material:Cymr.talch`piece,fragment,Mahlkorn',acorn.talch`furfures'(*telko-);protoslav..*tlk,
*telktiinOldChurchSlavictlk,tlti`'(idg.*telk),tolit.tlkstu,tlkti`tame,domesticated
sein',ap-tlksmogs`durchtriebenerperson';ablaut.slav.tolkm.`Stampfe'andslav.tolknon.
inruss.tolokn`gestoenesHafermehl';balto-slav.*talkf.`commonwork'inlit.talk,lett.tlka
`zusammengebeteneArbeitsgemeinschaft',russ.tolokds.,also`threshingfloor,pasture'etc.
maybealb.(*tolok)troka,tokalandfromUkrainian:
Ukrainian:tolokòccasionalhelpbyfellowvillagers,
fallowland,pasture'[f],tloku[Accs]
References:
References:WP.I741,Trautmann321f.,Vasmer3,116f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveteleh -.
Page(s):
Page(s):1062
Root/lemma: tel-1 ,tel- ,tl(i)- ,tlEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totransport,carry;tobear,suffer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufheben,wgen;tragen;ertragen,dulden'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantulf.`Waage,Gewicht',tulayati`hebtauf,wgt'(withAblautneuerungin
additiontlyatids.),tulima-`wgbar',tlya-`gleichartig,comparable';arm.tòum`lasse,dulde,
ertrage';
gr.and(dor.),participle,,Fut.,dor.,Perf.
,,,`bear,endure,dulden',participle,dor.`duldend,
steadfast;ertrglich'(=lat.ltus,cymr.tlawdàrm',idg.*tl-ts),,-and(after)-,
-èrtragend,duldend,leidend',(originallyto,n.gehrigerPl.(eig.
`diebeidenWaagschalen')`Waage;einbestimmtesGewicht',`fromsameGewicht,
equivalent,gleich',`wervielausgestandenhat;verypatiently';PN,-;,
dor.èrtragend,duldend',ds.,incompound-;e.g.-àffliction
ertragend',-àusharrendenSinnes,beharrlich',nexttowhich-and`*GefahrenorNachstellungenerduldend'i.e.àfflicted,unlucky';m.`(das,wherein
mancarries=)basket,pannier,Ksekorbetc.`,*`*wermhevolleArbeittoertragenhat,
specificfromthespinneryasArbeittheFrauen',whereof,`Wollspinnerei';`pain'(prefix-);redupl.PNT,-,-,-`lasseschweben,schwenke,
swing,brandish';gradationin,`boldness,dascart',`duldend,steadfast,bold',
èrtrage,holdfrom,dulde;wage';e-grade,Hes.,`bearer,
Tragriemen,etc.`,furtherasàufheben=indieHheheave,life'-,-`sicherheben,
aufgehen,fromGestirnen'(ÀufgangfromGestirnen'),,,
trans.(àufhebenandjemandemaufladen,auferlegen'),-àuftragen,order',,
-ds.,further:n.`Zahlung,tribute,tax,Ausgabe,Kosten',`wohlfeil,wenigkostend',
`vielAufwanderfordernd,precious',`freifromtributesandLeistungen,
abgabenfrei',probablyalso(withformantsas,,perhapsthroughmediationeines
Verbums*-)n.Èntrichtung,sacrifice,oblation';
venet.tolar3.Sg.Deponens`bringtdar';
lat.toll,-ere(sustul,subltum)èmpor,indieHheheave,lifeetc.`(*tln,transfiguredfrom*tl-nmi),toltimìnTrabe'(eig.`dieFehebend'),toler,-re`(er)trage,unterhalte',tul,oldtetulPerf.to
fer,alat.Konj.tulam`bear,carry,bring',ltus`getragen'(=gr.,cymr.tlawd);
mir.tlenaim`stehle'(*tlnmi),cymr.tlawdàrm'(`*duldend'),ir.tlith`weak,gentle'(*tl-ti-);air.tolf.
`volition'(*tol),whereoftolnathar`welchergefllt'underlikewise;atmostair.tailm,Gen.telma,bret.
talm`loop,noose,snare,Schleuder',cymr.telm`Dohne'(:);
got.ulan,-aida`bear,endure,dulden',aisl.ola,ags.olian,ahd.dolnds.,aisl.oln.`Geduld',
ahd.dult,ags.geyld,nhd.Geduld,dulden;
lett.iztilt`bear,endure,endure',perhaps(comparegot.barn`kid,child',eig.àsLeibesfrucht
getragen')lit.tlias,lett.tel',telns,OldChurchSlavictelc,russ.telnok(Pl.teljta)`calf';
differentBgaKalbairs.292f.
toch.tl-`heave,life,bear,carry',causativetlssi,preteritAcacl,cla.
References:
References:WP.I738ff.,WH.II688f.,Trautmann317,Vasmer3,90,Mayrhofer1,516.
Page(s):
Page(s):1060-1061
Root/lemma: tel-2 ,tel- ,teluEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:flat,flatground,board
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flach,flacherBoden,Brett'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantala-n.`surface,plain,area,Ebene,palm,sole',secondarytalimam-n.`floor',
tlun.`palate';
arm.tà`region,Distrikt',tàarìrden,earthenvessel,earthenware',tàem`beerdige,vergrabe',
verydoubtfultìtèln`leaf,Plattefrommetal';
gr.`Wrfelbrett,Kchenbrettandlikewise';
lat.tells,-risf.èarth',meditullium`Binnenland'(*telnos;tellsafterrsreshaped);whethertabula
f.`board'etc.from*tal-dhl
air.talam(*tel-m)Gen.talmanèarth',mir.tel,t(a)uln.`forehead,shieldboss',cymr.corn.bret.tal
`forehead';inIr.is*talwithavariantir.tel,tul`shieldboss'zusammengeflossen,seebelow*tu-`to
swell';
aisl.il(i)n.`Bretterwand',iljaf.`Diele,plank',eln.`ground,bottom',ags.ille`Diele',el
`Schiffsplanke,metalsheet',ahd.dil,dilo`Bretterwand,Bretterdiele',dilla(=aisl.ilja,ags.ille,
whetherthesef.)`board,Diele,Schiffsdeck',finn.(fromdemNord.)teljo`thwart';
OldPrussiantalus`theankle,anklebone;theheel;adie(originallymadeoftheanklebonesof
animals)';lit.ptalas`bed',tlsf.Pl.`Bodenbretterinbarge';lett.tilandim.Pl.ds.,tilint,telint`flat
ausbreiten',tilt,tilut`ds.,ausgebreitetlie';aruss.tlo`bottom';potolk(*tolu-ko-)`ceiling';
withformants-to-: lit.tltas,lett.tilts`bridge'=OldIndiantaa-m.(mind.for*trta-)`bank,border,
shore'(actually`gangbarerfloor')
References:
References:WP.I740,WH.II640f.,655,Trautmann321,Vasmer3,110,Mayrhofer1,469,487,
499,SpechtIdg.Dekl.23.
Page(s):
Page(s):1061
Root/lemma: tel-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobestill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stillsein'
Material:
Material:Air.tu(i)lid,con-tu(i)li`sleeps'(Iter.*tolei),cotlud`sleep'(*kom-toli-tu-s);
lit.tyliu,tylti`schweigen'(balto-slav.*tiltiwithsecondarylengtheningofito)and(ap-,nu-,pri-)
tl,tlti`silentbecome',causativetldau,tldyti`schweigenmake',tyls`schweigsam'(idg.*tel-);Old
ChurchSlavictlj,tlti`vermodern,vergehen',serb.z-tljm,z-tljatièinschlummernwollen';in
additiondascausativeslav.*tolitiinOldChurchSlavicu-toliti`beruhigen',ChurchSlavictoliti
`placare'.
References:
References:WP.I742f.,Trautmann321,Vasmer3,114f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapss-losevarianttostel-(ahd.stilli`still')aboveS.1019.
Page(s):
Page(s):1061-1062
Root/lemma: tel-4
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1018under(s)tel-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):1062
Root/lemma: telpEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:space;spacious
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Raumhaben'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantlpa-m.,tlpf.`lair,Ruhesitz';
air.-tella(analogical-talla)èsisRaum,Mglichkeitvorhandenforetwas';
lit.telp,tilpti`Raumhave',talpf.àusreichenderRaum',talpnti,ablaut.tlpinti`Raummake';lett.
tlpu,tlpt`Raumhave',tilpef.`Kramkammer';protoslav..*tilparespectively*tlpainOldChurch
Slavictlpa,russ.tolpf.`heap,troop,multitude,crowd';
toch.Atslp-`go,hinbergehen,erlstbecome'.
References:
References:WP.I741f.,Trautmann317,Vasmer3,117,Mayrhofer1,489.
Page(s):
Page(s):1062
Root/lemma: tem()Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dark
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dunkel'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantmas-n.`darkness,darkness'=av.tmah-ds.,npers.tam`StarofAuges',Old
Indiantamas-`swart'(=av.tmaha-`finster'),tamsra-`dark,livid';tmisr(=lat.tenebrae),newer
tmisrf.,tamisra-m`darkness';tmasvn(-vant)`finster'=av.tmahvant-`verblendet';tamr`verdunkelnd',tmr-òxblood,indigo,kupferrot',timir-`dark,finster';tmla-m.`Xanthochymos
pictorius'(treewithverydunklerbark);fromtamla-pattram`T.-leaf'derivegr.,lat.
mlobat(h)rum;av.tra-Nom.Pl.`darkness',np.tr`finster'=*tamsra-;
gr.(ol.)VN(*tems-);
illyr.mountain-NbyDodona;
lat.tenebrae`darkness'(diss.from*temafr=OldIndiantmisrPl.),temere`blindlings,aufs
Geratewohl'(Lok.*temesiìnDunkeln[tappend]'),temer,-re`blemish,entehren'(eig.ùnvorsichtig
heiligenDingennahen');mir.teim,temen`dark,gray',air.temel`darkness',mbret.teffal`finster';ahd.
demarn.`dawn,twilight';as.thimm`dark'(*imz-);mndl.deemster,ahd.dinstar(andprobablyalso
ahd.finstar)`finster`(*temsro-=OldIndiantamsra-);nd.dsig,ndl.dijzig`nebelig,dark'(*emsiga-);
lengthenedgradeprobablyaisl.mòbscuritasaeris',norw.taamùnklareLuft,dnneblanketof
clouds';
lit.tmsta,tmti`finsterbecome';tams`darkness',tamss`dark',ablaut.lett.tima,timsaandtmsa
`darkness',lit.timsras`schweifchsig,oxblood,indigo';lett.tumst(Inf.tumt)èsdunkelt';OldChurch
Slavictma`darkness',OldChurchSlavictmn`dark';russ.tmrivo`darkness';whetherslav.tn
`shadow'as*tem-ni-sanzureihen
toch.tamsse`dark'.
Maybealb.dimnwinter,longwinternightsoriginofPIErootforwinter,maybealb.tymsmoke
darksmokesimilartopoln.dym
References:
References:WP.I720f.,WH.II656f.,664,Trautmann322,Vasmer3,92f.,162.
Page(s):
Page(s):1063-1064
Root/lemma: tem-1 ,tendEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,hom.ion.dor.(hom.)`cut,bite'(and,,,
);ìncisive',o`break,section,part;band,strap(book)',`cut';
àbgeschnittenesStckgesalzenenFisches',`(*abgeschnittener,abgesonderter)gttlicheror
royaldistrict,region,area';`cut';`rennet'(weiles,idest,hencealso
-Hes.);`Verwalter',asthediePortionenaufschneidende,thenalso
dieArbeitverteilende;otherformations(byBalbilla)`cut,bite'(3.Pl.Aor.Pass.);
,seeunder;phryg.(:ChurchSlavictm);
lat.aestum,-reàbschtzen,taxieren,schtzen'duetoeines*ais-temosÈrzincisive';aboutlat.
temnseeunderstemb-;air.tamun`stump',tamnaid`clips,cuts';
bsl.*tn,*tintifrom*temn(gr.),*temtinlit.tin,tnti`dengeln',slov.tnmtti`hacken',
aech.tnu,tieti`hew,hit',aruss.tnu(tmetisDruckfehler),tjti`hit',whereuponalso*toninstead
of*tom(=)innsorb.tonÀushau'etc.;ChurchSlavictm`Scheitel';
d -extension(originallyd-present):gr.`benage,nasche',dh-presentatt.ds.,
`Nscher';lat.(iterative)tonde,-re,totond,tnsumàbscheren,abschneiden'(inadditiontnsa
`rudder',tnsillaÙferpfahl');mir.tond,tonn,cymr.tonf.`skin';mir.teinnid,tennaid`splits,breaks',
teinmn.`split,tear'andschott.-gl.tum=cymr.tam,corn.tam,bret.tamm`morsel,mouthful,piece'
(*tndsmn-).
References:
References:WP.I719f.,WH.II657,689f.,691,Trautmann324,Vasmer3,92,111,133.
Page(s):
Page(s):1062-1063
Root/lemma: tem-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:enthralled,confused
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:hufiglengthenedgrade`geistigbenommen,betubt'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantmyati`wirdbetubt,wirdsenseless,unconscious,ermattet',participlePerf.
Pass.tt-,Kaus.tmyatièrstickt(trans.),stolen;lootedtheLuft'(kslav.tomiti),tmatièrstickt
(intr.),wirdunbeweglich,wirdhart',tmicf.`beklemmend,betubend',timit-ùnbeweglich',(iafter
stimit-ds.from*sti-`verdichten');arm.t`m(b)rim`werdebetubt'(*tmiro-);
lat.tmtum`berauschendesGetrnk,Met,Wein',tmulentus`berauscht',abstmius`sober';mir.
tm(*tmu-)`disease,malady,Ohnmacht,death';tmaid`stirbt';mcymr.taw`death';nhd.damisch,
dmlich`betubt,benommenenGeistes',westfal.dmmelnèrsticken';russ.-ChurchSlavictomiti
`torment,smite;distress;exhaust'.
References:
References:WP.I720,WH.II657,664,Trautmann313,Vasmer3,118,Mayrhofer1,495,503;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytoconsecutive(tem()-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1063
Root/lemma: tempEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toextend,stretch,span
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dehnen,ziehen,spannen'
Note:
Note:extensionfrom*ten-ds.
Material:
Material:Npers.tba,Inf.tftanandtb--an`turn,wenden,spinnen',intr.`sichdrehen,afflicted
become'(fromoneto*tap=idg.*tmp-analogicalrefinedaus.*tpayati),whereforeprobablyas
iran.Lw.gr.,`cover,rug';
arm.tàmb`(*gestopftesSattelkissen),saddle;dasweicheFleischanTierbeinen';gr.PN(:lat.
tempus`Schlfe');
herelat.tempus,-orisn.`Schlfe'(fromthethingespanntenskin,compareaisl.etc.unn-vangim.
`Schlfe')=lat.tempus`Zeitspanne',inadditiontemperre`Mahalten,Magive'(hence`mix');
templumànopenplaceforobservation,placemarkedoffbytheaugur'sstaff'(`*ausgespannt=
ausgemessen');perhapsantemnf.`sprit'(`dieAufgespannte')from*an(a)-tempn;templa,-rum
`diegespanntenQuerhlzer,aufdenendieSchindelnbefestigtbecome';contemplri`',
tempt,-re(iterativeto*temp)`touch,befhlen,assail,untersuchen,aufdieProbestellen'(see
PerssonBeitr.488ff.);
aisl.ambr`swollen,thick',mbSubst.àufgedunsenerBauch,bowstring';
lit.tempti`throughZiehenspannen,dehnen',Iter.tamptids.,timpti`sichrecken',tmpa`sinew',
temptva`bowstring'=OldChurchSlavicttiva`sinew',lit.tampasÀnspannung,Anstrengung'
(ablaut.tumpas`beginningzumSprunge'),tamprs`tenacious,elastisch';lett.teptis`hartnckig
sein';
OldChurchSlavictpòbtusus,crassus'perhapsfrom`gedunsen';russ.tepst`straffanziehen';
toch.Atampe`power',ABcmp-`tobeable,vermgen'.
References:
References:WP.I721f.,WH.I54,II659f.,662,Trautmann317f.,Vasmer3,95,101,153,Frisk
GteborgsHgsk.Arsskr.57,1951:4.
Page(s):
Page(s):1064-1065
Root/lemma: tendSeealso:
Seealso:seeundertem-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: tengos ,t e ngos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:groundinwater
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`GrundinWasser'
Material:
Material:Gr.n.`ford';lett.tgas(*tingas)`TiefebetweenzweiUntiefen'.
References:
References:WP.I724.
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: tenghEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,dehnen,spannen'
Note:
Note:ar.*thengh-,yetprobablyneverthelessextensionfromten-1ds.
Material:
Material:Av.ang-(anjasnt,anjayent,participleaxta-)`ziehen,Bogenspannen';but
anvar,Abl.anvant`bow(asSchuwaffe)'afterMayrhoferthroughcontaminationwith*danvan(=OldIndiandhnvan-,aboveS.234)originated;osset.t`njn`distend';arm.tànjr,Gen.tànju
`dense,thick'(*tnghiu-);
lat.tm,-nism.`shaft'(*tenksm);OldChurchSlavic*tgnti`ziehen',rastg,rastti
`distrahere',russ.tugj`straff,tight,firm,strong,heavy',poln.tgids.,OldChurchSlavictga
`,',slov.tga`sluggishness,Schwermut'etc.;diemeaning`heavy'alsoinslav.
*tgk:OldChurchSlavicotgiti`',tk`',tgost`',tgotads.etc.;also
OldChurchSlavicistsklèmaceratus,tabidus',istsknti`tabescere'withsk-suffix;hereOld
ChurchSlavicta`litigation';
lit.tingsìdle'(=slav.*tgintgostetc.,and:aisl.ungr),tngiu,tingtiìdle,unlustigsein',tngstu,-au,-ti`trgebecome';
aisl.ungr`heavy',ungem.`burden,load',yngia`beschweren',yngÙnannehmlichkeit,
Verlegenheit',yngsl`distress,crowdedness';ahd.dhsala,ags.xl,aisl.sl`shaft'(protogerm.
*ensleig.`Zugstange');toch.Atk-,tank-`hinder'.
References:
References:WP.I726f.,WH.II.658,Trautmann318,Vasmer3,166.
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: teng-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosoak,wet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`benetzen,anfeuchten'
Material:
Material:Gr.`benetze,befeuchte';lat.ting(oldertingu,dasafterungu:unxiforolder
*tengeingetretenis),-ere,-nxi,-nctum`benetzen,anfeuchten;frben';ahd.thunkn,dunkn
`tunken`;schweiz.tink`humid,wet'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: teng-2
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.1088(tong- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: tenk-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,dehnen,spannen;Zeitspanne'
Note:
Note:(root-extensionfromten-1ds.);onlyGermanic
Material:
Material:Got.eihs(*tnkos),Pl.eihsan.`time';withgramm.variationaisl.ingn.
`Gerichtsversammlung,property,object',ags.ingds.,as.thing,ahd.ding,nhd.Ding,langob.thinx
`rechtlicheZusammenkunft,congregation,meeting',agerm.GNMarsThinxus(germ.*Tiusingsaz
`thegodthecongregation,meeting');ags.inganèinenpact,covenantmake',nhd.dingen.
References:
References:WP.I724f.,Kluge-Goetze137;identicalwith:
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: tenk-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclot,thicken;solid,thick
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`(sich)zusammenziehen(alsoespeciallyvontheMilch;gerinnen),fest,dicht
werden'(outofitalso`gedeihen')
Material:
Material:OldIndiantac-tankti`ziehttogether',with-`makescurdle,coagulate,harden',
tngana-m`MittelzumGerinnen,rennet',takr-m`buttermilk'(*tnk-l-m:*tnk-lo-minisl.l),
npers.talxna`sourmilk';av.taxma-`valiant,proficient,energetic,heldenhaft',compoundstyah-,
Sup.tanita-;np.tanjan`pulltogether',afghan.tat`dense,thick'(*tahta-);
mir.tcar`protection',tcht(*tenkto-,compareaisl.ttr)`geronnen',tchte`gehrig,right',cymr.
teithi`characteristics',mcymr.brenhinteithiawc`rexlegitimus'(from`tight,firm'),air.con-tci`gerinnt'
(=got.eihan,idg.*tnk),tchtaidds.(*tenkt);ablaut.tocad,cymr.tynged`luck',bret.toket`fate,
destiny',PNTunccetace,lat.Gen.inWales;zerogradecymr.tancf.`peace'(*tnk),tangnefds.;
compareadn.taknem`dankbar'undertong-;gall.PNTanco-rx`Friedensfrst';
nisl.ln.`buttermilk';aisl.ttr`dicht',mhd.dhte,nhd.dichtanddial.deicht(protogerm.*entu-);
nisl.tti`sourmilk';got.eihan`thrive',ahd.gidhan,ags.geonds.,participleags.geungen,as.
githungan`vollkommen',inadditiondasKaus.as.thengian`vollenden'(ofpresent*hanfrom
junctionindie-row),got.gaaih,dt.gediegen,mnd.dege`prospering;flourishing,Fortschritt';
VerschmelzungwithVerwandtenfromlit.tinktkti`taugen,passen',patink`schmecke,behage',
Iter.tikau,-yti`zusammenfgen,bringinorder',tkras`right',dastolit.tikti,tektibelongs),nhd.
bair.deihenàustrocknenanddadurchdichterbecome',comparewithgradation*an-nhd.steir.
dahen`dry,dorren'anddieBezeichnungtheTonerdegot.h,ags.h,,ahd.dha,nhd.Ton
(*ann),aisl.`loam',as.thhiìrden';
aisl.engill,ags.engel`prince,lord,master,mister'(*ngilaz);
aisl.ang,mnd.dank`seaweed,Tang',ags.ungÀconitumnapellus',nd.wodendung`Schierling'
(`*dichtemass,tussock');
lit.tnkus`dense,frequent,often';
klr.t'aknuty`ntzen',slov.tek`prospering;flourishing';presumablyOldChurchSlavicta`rain',slov.
t'a`hail',andlikewise;whethergot.ei`thunder'dazugehrt,withfrom`Wetterwolke'
verschobenermeaning,ishchstdubious.
References:
References:WP.I725f.,Trautmann313f.,Vasmer3,158f.MarstranderZcP.7,369f.,J.Loth
RC.41,225f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:root-extensionfromten-1`dehnen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1068
Root/lemma: ten-1 ,tendEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dehnen,ziehen,spannen',alsovontheWeberei,Spinnen,Stricketc.
Grammaticalinformation:ten-bildetinIdg.annotthematicrootaorist(ved.tan,tataèrhat
gespannt')andeinPerfekt(ved.tatna,tatn,lat.tetini).Daspresentwirdwith-eu-extension(ved.
tanti,tanut,gr.hom.)or-ie/o-suffixshaped(gr.);comparetenu-s`thin'anddie
extensionstengh-,tenk-,temp-,tens-.
Material:
Material:OldIndiantanti`dehnt,spannt,erstrecktsich,dauert',av.pairi-tanava1.Sg.Konj.Akt.Ì
willfernhalten',pairi-tanuya1.Sg.Opt.Med.;OldIndianuttna-àusgestreckt'=av.ustna-ds.
(*tnn-,compareOldIndiantaniman-n.`Dnne',alsolit.tnti,lat.ten-re);np.tanan`turn,
spinnen';asd-present(aslat.tend)OldIndiantandat`ltafter,ermattet'(tandr`Mattigkeit,
Abspannung');
participleOldIndiantata-m.`gestreckt'(=gr.,lat.tentus);tati-m.`row,cord,sacrifice,
immolation'(=gr.`Spannung,lengthening',lat.in-,con-tenti),nexttowhichzerogradetnti`cord,Saite,row',tantu-`filament,cord,Saite,AufzugofGewebes';tan-Àusbreitung,Fortdauer,
Fortpflanzung,progeny',Instr.tan`continu',tna-m.`descendant',tna-m,tn,tnas-n.
`progeny';tntra-m`Zettel,Aufzugamloom'=np.tr(av.*tra-)ds.,afghan.tr`net';OldIndian
tna-m.`clay,filament'(comparegr.);perhapsheretan-f.`body,person,Selbst'=av.tan-f.
ds.(Mayrhofer475);
gr.`strecktsich'(=OldIndiantanut),(etc.)`strecke,dehne';ds.
(),ds.;`(long)stripe,Binde'(duetoeiesAdj.*);`Spannung,twitch';
`gestreckt,long,straff';,-`sinew',n.`sinew,straffangezogenesBand'(=
lat.tenus,-oris,comparealsoOldIndiantnas-n.),-`verygespannt,straff'(-probablywith
ion.Psilose=sm-),whereof`heftedenBlickangespanntaufetwas';`Spannung,
Anspannung;alsothevoice,HebungofVerses,musikalischersound,tone'(:lit.tnas);f.
`Spannung'(*tntis);about-`sichausbreitend'seeundertenu-s;
alb.ndnj`breitefrom,pull,spannedieSaiten';katund,ktunt(*ke-tn-t-)`village'(`*ausgespanntes
tent');
lat.tend,-ere,tetendi,tentum,newertnsum`spannen,distend,ausstrecken'(originallyd-present)
=umbr.an-,en-tentuìntendit',ustentuòstendit'etc.,lat.tentus,(in-)tenti;tene,-re,tenui(alat.
tetin=OldIndiantatan),tentum`hold,stopetc.`(originallyDurativ,trans.andintrans.`somewhat
gespannthalten',hencetenrealso`dauern'=vast,spacioussein),at-tinre,pertinre,continuus;
tenrealiquidoriginallywithAkk.ofZielesàufetwastoausgereckt,gespanntsein'(ten-rebelongs
toahd.donn`vast,spacious,ausgestrecktsein'undlit.tnstu,tnti`toswell');tenus,-orisn.`cord
withloop,noose,snare'(=gr.),tenor,-rism.ùnunterbrochenerrun,flow,Fortdauer,
connection;(jur.)sense,mind,InhalteinesGesetzes',tenusprepositionm.Abl.Gen.Akk.`sich
erstreckendbis,bisan',protinus`sichaftervornerstreckend,vorwrts'(compareOldIndianntan,
-tn`jetzig',lat.di-tinus,lit.dabartnis`jetzig'),tenx`tenacious,tenacious';umbr.tenitu`teneto';
air.tan`time'(*ten),eigentl.`Fortdauer,zeitlicheAusdehnung'(intain`when,if')(:lett.tina),air.tt
`Saite'(*tnt)=cymr.tantds.(compareOldIndiantantu-,isl.ind)=bret.ardant`Pflckeamcart
zurBefestigungofSeiles';air.tit`goes'(*tenti,alterWurzelaorist,originally`streckte');
got.uf-anjan`sichdistend,sichausstrecken',aisl.enjaàusspannen,ausstrecken',ags.enian,
ennan`strecken,spannen',ahd.den(n)en`dehnen';aisl.inull`rope,hawser,daseinneteinfat
andinadditiondient,estospannen',aisl.ind,norw.tinderf.`Zwerchfell'(air.tt,OldIndiantntu-);
dh-presentags.indan`toswell,angry,iratesein';inadditionaisl.undf.`river';ags.unian`sich
heben,sichdehnen,toswell',gleichahd.mhd.donn`sichdistend,toswell,strotzen';don
àusgespannt',mhd.done,don`Spannung',ahd.dona,as.thona`twig,branch,Ranke',nhd.Dohne,
ags.lf-oneÀlbranke,Solanumdulcamara';aisl.nf.`Holzstbchen,withdemFellezum
Trocknenausgespanntbecome',schwed.tana`sinew',olderdn.tan`Zwerchfell';
lit.tnstu,tnti`toswell',tnas`swelling,lump,growth'(`*sichdistend',alsoofSpannentheskinan
geschwollenenStellen;gefrdertthroughdasreimendetvnti`toswell');lit.ti-klas`net',OldPrussian
sasin-tinclo`Hasengarn',lett.tinu,tt`flax,wattle,braid,winden,wickeln',tinaèinSetznetz'(:air.
tan),tineklis`somewhatGewundenes,Gewickeltes';lit.tandusìdle';
OldChurchSlavicteneto,tonoto`rope'.
References:
References:WP.I723f.,WH.II662ff.,Trautmann323f.,Vasmer3,93,Mayrhofer1,475,Bergin
riu12,227ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1065-1066
Root/lemma: ten-2
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1021under(s)ten-1.
Page(s):
Page(s):1067
Root/lemma: tensEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dehnen,ziehen,spannen'
Note:
Note:extensionfromten-1ds.
Material:
Material:OldIndiantasayati`ziehthinandher,schttelt',tasati(uncovered),Aor.-tasat`pull,
withGewaltinBewegungplace',tsara-m`Weberschiffchen',vtasti-m.;av.vitasti-`span';
lat.tls,-ium`crawamHalse',Demin.tnsillae`dieMandelninHalse',prtlum`towingropefor
Ochsen,ununterbrochenerFortgang',whereofprtlreìndieLngeziehen'(duringprtlre`drive
away,fortjagen'astls`prpellere`tounderstand,comprehendis);tnsa`Prozessions-or
Gtterwagen',dassubst.Fem.ofparticipletnsus;
got.atinsan`heranziehen',anld.thinsan`ziehen,rend',ahd.dinsan`ziehen,drag',hess.dinse,
dans`ziehen',participlenhd.gedunsen(eig.àufgezogen'),ahd.dansn`ziehen,dehnen';
lit.tsi,tsti`throughZiehendehnen,verlngern',prats`Verzug,Aufschub',utsas
`Leichentuch',Intr.tst,tsti`sichdehnen,sichrecken',tsa-ti(:OldIndiantasayati)`pull,
recken',OldPrussiantinstwei`stir,tease,irritate',2.Pl.Imp.tenseiti,participleentensts`gefat',
teansis`shaft'.
References:
References:WP.I727,WH.II666,688,691,Trautmann318f.,Mayrhofer1,465,491,532.
Page(s):
Page(s):1068-1069
Root/lemma: tenu-s ,t e nu-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dnn',eig.`langgedehnt'
Grammaticalinformation:fem.tenu
Note:
Note:toten-1`dehnen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantan-,fem.tanv`thin,tender,schmchtig,unbedeutend'(tnuka-ds.=slav.
tnk);substantivizedOldIndiantan-f.,tanu-n.,av.tan-f.,tanus-n.,np.tan`body,body';
gr.-`long',fem.`longbalk,beam';(F)`langgestreckt,long';perhapseherzu1.ten,s.SpechtKZ59,35,SommerZurGesch.d.gr.Nominalkomp.127;
lat.tenuis`thin,fine,tender'(fromdemfem.*tenu=OldIndiantanv);gr.Fkannfrom
*Fassimilatedsein;
air.tan(a)e(withsecondary-e),corn.tanow,bret.tanao,tano`thin'(protokelt.*tanauo-;cymr.teneu
verdanktseinedeminfluenceoflat.tenuis);
ahd.dunni,as.thunni,aisl.unnr`thin'(nnfromnu);herealso*enn,*unnf.`Stirne,Schlfe'in
ahd.tinna,mhd.tinne,tunneds.;indencompounds.ahd.tinna-bacho`Schlfe'andahd.dun-wangi,
-wengin.,ags.un-wang(e)f.,aisl.un-vangim.,schwed.tinning`Schlfe';
lit.tvas,lett.tivs`slim';
OldChurchSlavictnk`thin'(assimil.*tnk,russ.tnkij).
References:
References:WP.I724,WH.II666,K.JacksonLang.andHist.376,Trautmann319.
Page(s):
Page(s):1069
Root/lemma: tepEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:warm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`warmsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantpatièrwrmt,burns'(also`kasteitsich,btpenance,atonement'),participle
tapt-èrwrmt,erhitzt',tpas-n.`heat,blaze,glow',tpu-`glhend,hot',Kaus.tpyatièrwrmt,
erhitzt';av.tpaitiìswarm',Kaus.tpayeitièrwrmt,erhitzt',Inchoh.tafsaiti(*tepsketi)`wirdhot',
participletapta-èrwrmt,hot',tafnu-m.`Fieberhitze,fever',tafnah-n.`heat,blaze,glow;fever';np.
tftan`burn,warm,gleam,shine';
alb.tosk.ftoh,geg.ftof`makecold,lschefrom,verletzewithwords'(*vtp-skèntwrme');
lat.tepe-re`lukewarmsein',tepidus`warm',tepor`Wrme';presumablyosk.tefrmàkindof
(blaze-)sacrifice,oblation'(*teps-ro-);umbr.Abl.Sg.withPostpos.tefru-to,Akk.Pl.umbr.tefra
`carnescremandas';
air.t`hot',Pl.tit(*tepent-=OldIndianparticipletapant-);tenandtene,Gen.-ed`fire'(*tepnet-),
cymr.corn.bret.tands.,corn.bret.tana`kindle,inflame';air.tess,cymr.corn.tes,bret.tez`heat'
(*tepstu-,toes-stemlat.tepor,OldIndiantapas-);mir.timme`heat,fear'(*teps-mi);cymr.twym
`heat',acorn.toim`hot',mbret.toem,nbret.tomm`hot'(*tepesmo-);
norw.teva`vorheatkeuchen',ags.efian`pant,gasp',aisl.efrm.smell,odor,taste',efa`smell'
trans.,efja`smell'intr.;(GrundvorstellungofwarmenDampfesfromSpeisen);
OldChurchSlavic*tepl(inteplost`'),ech.teply,russ.tplyjand(withaftertopiti)Old
ChurchSlavictopl`warm';Kaus.serb.tpiti`melt',russ.topt`heizen;zerlassen';pr.PN
Taplawkeneig.`Warmfeld';
hitt.tapaa-`fever,heat'(OldIndianLw.).
References:
References:WP.I718f.,WH.II667f.,Trautmann319,Vasmer3,111,Mayrhofer1,477,569.
Page(s):
Page(s):1069-1070
Root/lemma: terd- ,tredEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrill
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`durchbohren'
Note:
Note:(seealsoter-`malmendesinsect'),extensionfrom*ter-`rub,durchbohren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantrtti,Kaus.tardayati(tardatiGramm.),Perf.tatrda`durchbohren,split',
tardman-n.`hole,aperture',tard-m.èininsect',trdil-`lcherig,durchbohrt',trad-`the(through
Bohren)erffnet';lit.trndu,-ti`fromMotten,Wrmernzerfressenbecome',trandundertrands
`Made,Holzwurm';ablaut.lett.trudi`Moder',trdt`verwittern,faulen';lit.trd`diarrhea';OldChurch
Slavictrd`tinder'and`kindofdisease,malady,'(compareaboveS.1073lit.trediu
`havediarrhea':cymr.trwyddo`bore'),ech.trud`Zitterichamface'.
References:
References:WP.I736,Trautmann328,Vasmer3,144,KuiperIdg.Nasalprs.96f.,183f.,
Mayrhofer1,521f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1076
Root/lemma: terk- ,trek- (tork- ,trok- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen'
Note:
Note:probablyextensionfromter-3`rub,drehendreiben'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantarku-m.`spindle',niarky-`wassichaufdrehenlt';figurativetarkyati
àssumes,sinntafter';
gr.m.f.`spindle(figurative:Pfeil,sprit)'=nìn',as(`StbchenzumAufdrehen'),
ùnverhohlen,geradeheraus'(ùnumwunden');alb.tjerr`spinne'(*trkn);
lat.torque,-ere,torsi,tortum`turn,winden,verdrehen,agonize'(quisk+formantu,compareOld
Indiantark-`spindle'),torqus,torquis`necklaceasjewellery',tormentum`Winde,manacle,
Marterwerkzeug,Wurfmaschine'(*torqu[e]mentom),tormina`Leibschmerzen',torculum`Drehpresse,
Kelter',nasturtium`Kresse'(*nstorctiom`quodnasumtorqueat');
ir.trochal`Schleuder';perhapscymr.torri`break,rupture'(*torks-),mbret.terryffds.;
ahd.drhsil`Drechsler',nhd.drechseln,probablyalsoags.rstan`turn,zusammenwinden,press,
afflict'(asgerm.*rstian);ifalsoaisl.ari`Tang'(from*arhan-)actually`band,strap'
OldPrussiantarkue`Binderiemen(amPferdegeschirr)'liestarkne=*tarkn;OldChurchSlavictrak
`band,strap,Gurt',russ.trokm.`Sattelriemen',poln.trokim.Pl.`strap,Fesseln';
toch.ABtsrk-`torment,smite',Atark-Òhrring',trk-`turn'.
Ameaning`verdreht,quer'showsdiewithtu-anlautendefamilyofahd.dwerah,dwerawr`slantwise,
quer',nhd.zwerch,querandmhd.twerge`Quere',zwerg`quer',ags.weorhìnverted',aisl.verr
`quer,obstructive',got.warhsàngry,irate';theanlauttu-isperhapsthroughhybridizationwith
*tuer-`turn'todefine.
References:
References:WP.I735f.,WH.II692f.,Trautmann314,Vasmer3,125,Mayrhofer1,484f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1077
Root/lemma: ter-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totremble,dabble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zappeln,zittern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantaral-`zitternd,zuckend,unstet';alb.tartais`zapple'(fromredupl.*tartar-).
References:
References:WP.I727f.,Mayrhofer1,481;
Seealso:
Seealso:extensions:trem-,tres-(Kombinationsform*trems-),trep-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1070
Root/lemma: ter-2 ,teruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:feeble,fragile,weak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zart,schwach'
Note:
Note:(toter-`rub'asàb-,aufgerieben,weakened')
Material:
Material:Gr.`tender',sabin.terenum`molle',lat.(aftertenuisreconverted)tener,-a,-um
`tender,soft';
fromtheu-basis:OldIndiantrua-,dial.tlina-`young,tender'(m.f.`youngling,girl',n.`sprout,
Halm'),av.tauruna-`young',osset.trn`knave,boy';
gr.,Hes.,àbgejagtePferde'(Hes.:=
:),,Hes.;
lat.tardus`slow,slack,zgernd'asdo-derivativeeinesred.-stuf.*teru-;air.terc`sparse,small';
zur-groupas`young,tender;youngBursche,Tierjunges'alsotorno-s inlit.tarnas`servant',
OldIndiantara-,taraka-m.`Tierjunges,calf';arm.tòrn,Gen.tòrin`grandchild,grandson';
alb.trim`valiant,gamy;m.youngman',Pl.trima`bewaffneteGefolgsmnner'(trmo-),if`young
Bursche,jugendkrftig'diemeaning-developmentwar;
Note:
Thisseemswrongetymologysincealb.maybealb.trim`brave,notscared'isrelatedtoalb.alb.tosk.
trmp,geg.tremÌscare';lat.trem,-ere`tremble'fromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:trem- ,trems- :
:`tothump;
totremble'(seebelow).
arm.tàrm`young,fresh,green',perhapsaisl.yrma`spare,lookafter'asderivativeeines*ormaz
`weak,tender';islat.termes,-itisàbgeschnittenertwig,branch'dielengthenedgradeinaddition
men-formsingr.`tender,lightkochbar',`hard,raw',hom.`hard,
unerbittlich,unbeugsam';presumablygot.arihsùngewalkt,neu(fromkerchief,cloth)',eig.`fresh'.
References:
References:WP.I728,WH.II648f.,665,670f.,Mayrhofer1,483.
Page(s):
Page(s):1070-1071
Root/lemma: ter-3 ,ter- andteri- ,trEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:torub
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reiben;drehendreiben'(fromwhich`drehen'),`(reibend)durchbohren'
Note:
Note:alsoteru- :treu- (extendedwithb ,g ,gh ,h ,k ,p );hereter-2 `tender'(eig.àufgerieben',
comparelat.mollis:mol),andter-6 inWortenfor`malmendesinsect'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndiantur-`wund'or`sick',tura-ds.;
gr.`reibe(auf),bedrnge,qule,betrbe',,newer`grind,pulverize,durchbohre'
(Fut.;`durchbohrt,durchlchert',`hole'),ds.(comparelit.trinu);
`roundtwiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved',`borer',`drill,wimble,
boreahole,drechsle';`durchbohrte'(participlepresent-,Perf.),
`chisel'(comparealso`piercingloud'under*toro-s`loud'),`Grabstichel,chisel',
`dasVerfertigenerhabenerArbeitinSteinormetal',`carve';`Zirkel,Dreheisen;
Kreisbewegung'(.Hes.,comparelak.);`hole';aboutgr.
ìnconsiderate'()s.Frisk176;
alb.tjer`spinne'(*ter);
lat.ter,-ere,trv,trtum`rub,grind',theprefixedpresentformsfromthebasistri- , tr- , likewise
dtrmentum(synonymoustermentumbyPaul.Fest.498L.)`failure,damage',trticum`wheat'
(`*Dreschgetreide'),trim.`Pflugochse'(àterendaterra'),trbulumàthreshingsledge,wooden
platformstuddedwithironteeth',trbulre`press;beset,plague(late)',tetricus`grumpy,surly,sullen,
finster',intertrg`wundgeriebeneplace';teres,-etis(eig.`glattgerieben')`lnglichrund,glattrund,
slim,fine',terebr`borer';trcae`Rnke'(Pl.)to*trk`tribulatio';
tochABtrik-ìndieIrrego,fehlen',traik-ìndieIrreguide,lead',participlePerf.Pass.tetrku;
fromthesamebasistri-, tr- (astrvetc.)mir.trith`weak',andgr.(,)`rub,
grind,pulverize,entkrfteetc.`,`dasReibenetc.`,m.f.àbgetretenerway,road;das
Reiben,Verzug';compareChurchSlavictrbiti`clean,roden'fromprotoslav.*terb-(:lat.tr-=
sl.terb-:lat.ter-);inadditionmir.trebaid(*trb-)`pflgt,bewohnt',air.trebar`smart'(partlywithtreb,
S.1090,zusammengefallen);
air.tarathar,cymr.etc.taradr`borer';mir.tuirenn(*torin)`wheat'(`Reibefrucht');
ahd.dren`turn,workalathe'(originally`*drehendreibenorbore'),ags.rwan`ds.`;intr.`sich
umkehren'(engl.throw`throw'),ahd.drt,ags.rd,aisl.rr`Draht,filament'(*ru-zeig.`the
Gedrehte'),ahd.drti`quick,fast,rash,hasty,hasty'(eig.`sichhurtigdrehend');besidesgerm.*r-elinnd.drillen`bore,torment,smite',mhd.gedrollen`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,
rounded',nhd.drillen`winden,bore,torment,smite',afries.thralleAdv.`quick,fast',mnd.dral`round
twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,sichwirbelnd',mhd.drel,nhd.dial.drell,drall`strong,
tight,firm,strong',wherewithags.earl`stern,hard'perhapsidenticalis(*tor-los);aisl.armr,ags.
earm,ahd.daramìntestine'(=gr.`hole');withr-thechangingbyablautr-ingot.
rjan`train,practice'=russ.tratit`consume',ech.tratiti`lose,zugrunderichten',tolit.trtinti
`stir,tease,irritate,banter',em.trotas`whetstone',lett.trutsds.(Trautmann326,Vasmer3,133);
got.riskan,aisl.riskja,ryskva,ags.erscan,ahd.drescan`dreschen`,tolit.sutrkinticausative
èntzweischlagen',alsomir.trescòffal,residuum'(whethernotaisl.Lw.);
comparelit.trekti`crack,crackle',ChurchSlavictrsk`fragor,fulmen',ablaut.troskads.etc.;
lit.tiri,trti`forschen';OldChurchSlavictr,trti`rub'(protoslav..*tro,*terti);ablaut.Church
Slavicistor`damnum',russ.tor`gebahnterway'(:gr.`borer,chisel')fromprotoslav..*tara-m.
`Reibung';balto-slav.*trti-f.`Zerreibung',inech.trtds.,infinitiveChurchSlavictrti,serb.tti=lit.
trti;basedonasslav.infinitive*tertiaufzweisilbigerbasis,asalsobalto-slav.*trta-`zerrieben'in
serb.tt=lit.trtas`durchforscht';withn-suffix:lit.trin(*tren),trnti`rub',lett.trinu,trt`rub,
schleifen';withfigurativemeaningalsoOldPrussiantrinie`threatens',trintawinnif.`Rcher'andlit.
trenti`modern';
B.
B.rootformteru- :treu- :
OldIndiantrua-,gr.etc.,seebelow*ter-2`tender';gr.(*-F-)perhaps
ùnverwstlich';`reibeauf,erschpfe',Hes.;,Hes.,
,`hole',`dasZngleinantheWaage'(originallyfromtheaperture,inthesichdie
tonguebewegt);Ìbewltige,damage,verwunde'(Fut.),(*F)
`durchbohre,verwunde,verletze',,dor.ion.`wound'(becauseofatt.ds.with
fromu);
cymr.taraw(*toraw)`hit',trewisèrschlug',mcymr.tereu`hits,knocks',mbret.tarauat`rub',abret.
toreusitàttrivit'(*toru-:gr.),comparenbret.Vannestorein`hit'(Loth.RC37,47f.);
lit.truni,-ti`faulen',eig.`*aufgerieben,morschbecome',lit.trikinu,trkinu`crunch',perhaps(as
`*noiseasbeimDarberreiben'),truk,-ti`crackle,knistern,beimBrechenfromwoodunder
likewise'(comparegr.`rub');
OldChurchSlavictrovo,truti,ablaut.causativetraviti`consume'(idg.*treu:*truei);OldChurch
Slavictravaf.`garden'(ablaut.trvafrom*tru),russ.trav`grass'(inadditionthenhd.FlNTrave);
ablaut.protoslav..*tri`rub'inChurchSlavictryj,tryti(comparegr.`reibeauf':-
`dasLebenerschpfend');herealsoChurchSlavictrizna`Totenfeier'(from*tryzna);
ags.rwigean(*rwjan)`leiden,dulden',ahd.draònus,passio',druon,druota`pati';ags.
lcrwereèinAusstziger',aisl.lkrràusstzig';aisl.rf.(*raw)`heftiges,leidvollesdesire',
randreyja`long,want,sichsehnen',rn.`contrariness,pertinacia',rr`pertinax',ags.ra,
rawuf.àffliction,tribulation;threat',as.thrwerkàffliction'=ags.raworc`woefulness',ahd.
drawa,thrauwa,dra`threat,Drohen',ags.ran`threaten,beset,plague',ahd.drawen,drewen,
drauwen,dren,nhd.drohen,druen;withthemeaning-development`rub-squeeze,press':ags.
geren`zusammengepret,verdichtet',ryn`press';
toch.Atsru`wenig'(*teruo-).
C.
C.Asextensionthei -basiskanngelten:*trid- incymr.trwyddo`bore',lit.trediu`havestarken
diarrhea';compareunderS.1076.
D.
D.extensionsfromter - andtreu -:
1.terb -:
-:s.S.1071under.
2.terg -:
-:lat.terg,-ere,tergo,-reàbwischen,clean',mantlum,mantle`Handtuch'(*man-tergsli-,tomanusS.740),changingthroughablautumbr.Akk.Sg.mantrahklu,mandraclo`mantle'
(*-trgkla);got.arkon.`hole',zerogrademnd.dork`Kielraum',ags.urruc`cumba',`caupolus';
*trg-,*trg-ingr.`zernage,knuppere,fresseRohes'(Aor.),`Nschereien',
`hole,cave',`Kornwurm',`he-goat;billygoat';arm.tùrc,Gen.t`rcoy`mala,
maxilla'(Nom.insteadof*t`rucfrom*tr-throughEntgleisungafterdemGen.t`rcoy)andaracem
`weide'(*tr-);toch.ABtrsk-`chew'.
3.terh-: OldChurchSlavictrzati,trzati`rend',withVelartrgati,trgntids.
4.terp- , trep- (onlybsl.):lett.trps`worm'(`theZerbohrende'),lit.trpas`Zwischenraum,Lcke,
cleft,gap',tarp,terp`between';lit.traps`brittle,lightbrechend',lett.trapj,trapans`mrbe',trapains
`morsch,brittle,verwitternd',trapt,trept`verwittern,faul,mrbebecome';unclearOldChurch
Slavictrap`pit,pothole'(*torp-),serb.trap`Rbengrube'.
5.treugh-: perhapsgr.`',n.`dasAbgerissene,rag',àbgerissen,
zerlumpt';air.trg,truag`woeful,wretched,miserable,unlucky';cymr.mbret.tru`woeful,wretched,
miserable',gall.PNTrougillus,Trgus.
6.treuk -:
-:cymr.trwch`cropped,truncated,cutoff',trychu`cut,clip'(*truk-s-);aisl.r,Pl.rrf.
`trough',ags.rh,Gen.ryhf.m.n.`ds.,gully,coffin',ahd.drhdrch(actually`*Verbrecherblock')
`Fufessel,Tierfalle',nhd.Drauche`Falle,Wolfs-orFuchseisen',as.thrh`manacle';withgramm.
variationisl.rga,norw.dial.trga,tryge,trjug`kindofsnowshoe';aisl.rga`threaten'(seeto
meaningabovemhd.drohen);intensiveaschwed.rykkja,ags.ryccan`press,urge,press,push,
press',ahd.drucken,nhd.drcken;
lit.trk-stu,-au,-ti`rend,break,rupture,platzen',trkis`crack,break,col,gap',lett.trkstu,-u,-t
èntzweigehen,break,rupture;lack,fehlen',trkums`break;lack';traks`Geschirr,vessel',lit.traukai
`Gefe'(`*ausgebohrtes,gehhltesStammstck'),lit.trukti`ziehen',OldPrussianpertraki
`verschlo'(eig.ùmzog'),lett.traukt`hit';lit.trkti`dauern,whren',trkioti`twitch'.
7.treup-: gr.`drill,wimble,boreahole,durchbohre',`borer',`hole';Old
Prussiantrupis`clot,chunk';lit.trup,-ti`crumb,spall,crumble',trups`crumbly',traupus`brittle',
lett.sa-trupt`morschbecome';russ.-ChurchSlavictrup(*troupos)`Baumklotz;corpse',OldChurch
Slavictrupije`',skr.trp`trunk'etc.,OldChurchSlavictrupl`hollow'.
Maybealb.trup`body,trunk'
References:
References:WP.I728ff.,WH.II649,670,672f.,704f.,Trautmann324f.,326f.,330,Vasmer3,
95f.,97,124,130f.,143f.,Frisk177,Mayrhofer1,514.
Page(s):
Page(s):1071-1074
Root/lemma: ter-4 ,ter- :tr - ,tr- ,teruEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocross,transgress,tostay,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`hinbergelangen,hindurchdringen;berqueren,berwinden,berholen,
hinberbringen,retten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantrati`placesabout,bertrifft,berwindet'(tirti,titarti,tryati;tarut),tryati
`placesabout,fhrthinber',tar-`bersetzend,berwindend'(=av.-tara-`berschreitend,
berwindend');tari-`durchlaufend,vordringend,rasch,hilfreich',tras-n.`dasVorwrtsdringen,
energy',Instr.trasAdv.`hasty,rash,hasty',tar-Adj.`strong';tarant-m.`sea';trth-n.`ford,
Trnke'(*trtho-)besides*trth-inprkr.tha-`bank,border,shore',dardischtrt`ford';compare
pmirtrt`ford'(*trto-);
u -basisbesidesintarutalsointrvati`berwltigt,besiegt',Inf.turv,Adj.turvi`berwltigend,victorious';av.tar-`hinbergelangenabout'(present-stemtitar-,taraya-,fromtheubasistaurvaya-,Intens.titraya-,participlev-trta-),taurvan-`berwindend',mp.tarvntan
`berwinden,afflict';.viyatrayma`wirberschritten',osset.trn`drive,push,hunt,chase',bal.
tarag,tharaùmwenden,umkehren';
VerbaladjektivOldIndian-tr(-tr) inaptr`dieWasserberquerend',ji-trìnfight,struggle
berwindend',ratha-tr`cartberholend',radhra-tr`denErmattendenrettend',etc.;comparegr.aboveS.762;
alb.shtir,shtij`putabouteinenriver,treibean,stiftean'
withthemeaningfromOldIndiantar-(seeabove)probablyillyr.Taros,Tararivernames;
gr.ènd,cusp,peak';
hitt.tarzi`besiegt,berwindet';
OldIndiantr-`(*hinberfhren=retten),shield,beware,guard'(tr-sva,tryt,s-Aor.trdhvam,
av.rzdm`schirmet!',Perf.OldIndiantatr),av.r-ds.(present-stemrya-),rti-f.`Schirm,
protection'underlikewise;idg.*tr-becauseofgr.,`piercing=clear,bright
vernehmlich,distinct'andlat.intrre`hineingehen',extrbuntAfranius(seetrnsbeimprepositional
ter-);trmes`Seiten-,Querweg'from*trnswith(tolat.me);
Withm -formant:OldIndiansutrman-`goodbersetzend',trman(uncovered)`cusp,peakof
Opferpfostens';venet.termo`terminus'(LejeuneLatomus12,394f.);
gr.,-n.`purpose,Endpunkt',m.`limit,boundary',àmendsituated,lastly';
lat.termen,term,terminus`Grenzzeichen,Grenzstein'(originally`Grenzpfahl'),umbr.termnom-e
àdterminum',termnas`termintus',osk.teremenni`termina',teremnattens`terminavrunt';
similarlyarm.tàrm(*tremo-)Èndstck',gr.,`dambetweenAfterandthegenitals'(Hes.:
,,),ags.rum(engl.thrum)intunge-rum`das
Zungenband',mnd.drum,drom`Trumm,Endstck,EndstckeinesGewebes,edge',mhd.drumn.
Èndstck,end,piece,splinter',nhd.Trumm,Trmmer,mhd.drumze,drunze,trunze`gebrochenes
Speerstck,splinter';
mnd.treme`Querstange,Sprosse';aisl.rmrm.èdge,border';compare-withsm-suffix-atmost
air.druimm,Gen.drommo`back',perhapsborrowedfromcymr.drumbesidestrum`ridge,back'
(*treusmn);Demin.ahd.dremil`balk,beam,bar,bolt';mnd.trme,mhd.drm,-e,trmem.`balk,
beam,bar,bolt,piece,splinter'(formalnahesteht`hole');
hitt.tarma-`peg,plug,nail'.
References:
References:WP.I732ff.,WH.II671f.,699,Mayrhofer1,480,483,484,487,497,503,506,507,
520,569;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsoundertor-,toro-sS.1088f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1074-1075
Root/lemma: ter-5
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:over,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inprpositionalenWortenfor`hindurch,about-weg'
Note:
Note:toter-4`hinbergelangen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantirAdv.`weg,abseits',prepositionm.Akk.`through-toward,about-weg'
(lateralsom.Abl.àbseitsfrom')=av.tar,tarAdv.`seitwrts,unvermerkt',prepositionm.Akk.
`through-toward,about-toward,about-hinweg,out;apartfrom,besides';air.tarm.Akk.àboutout'(*tares,idg.*teres,comparetairse,tairsiu`transeam,transeos,eas,ea'),nexttowhichtairm-,
tarmi-ds.,trem-,tremi-`through'(cymr.trimuceint`30',`decadeabout20out'),transfigured
nachrem-:re`vor,voran';OldIndiantira-cAdv.`querthrough'=av.tarasam.Akk.`throughtoward,about-toward,about-hinweg';OldIndiantiryac-,tircna-ìndieQueregerichtet,
waagrecht'(denending-yac-,-c-frompratyac-,pratc-bezogen)placeprevious*teriahead;
besides*treiinacymr.trui,mcymr.trwy,drwy,bret.corn.dre(altbret.tre),air.(withProklisenkrzung)
tri,tre`through';Verstrkungspartikelmcymr.trwy-:try-;
lat.trns,umbr.traf,trahafm.Akk.`beyond,about-hinweg',probablyparticipleofVerbums*trre
(*trnt-s);
cymr.tra-e.g.intrannoethàboutnight,amconsecutiveTage'(geminiertesn!),etc.,procliticfrom
*trns,betontmcymr.traw,draw,bret.treu`beyond';withsecondary-s:cymr.trawsetc.`feindselig',
prepositiontrosàbout';
withthesameVerstrkungasOldIndiantira-c,av.tarasa:got.arh,ahd.durh,ags.urhm.
Akk.`durch=through'(*ter-k()e,*tr-k()e);outofitevolvedahd.derh`durchbohrt',ags.yrel(*urhil)
`durchbohrt';n.`hole',ahd.dur(i)hhil`durchbohrt,durchlchert'.
References:
References:WP.I734,WH.II671f.;Mayrhofer1,503.
Page(s):
Page(s):1075-1076
Root/lemma: ter-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofharmfulinsect
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`malmendesorbohrendesInsekt'
Note:
Note:to*ter-`rub,durchbohren';comparewidenedterdMaterial:
Material:Gr.f.`Bohrwurm';lat.tarmes(termes),-itis`Holzwurm'(probablyfromano-stem
*termosor*termo-s);cymr.cynrhonyn`termes,lendix',Pl.cynrhawn,corn.contronen`cimex',mbret.
controunenn,nbret.contronenn`verdeviande'(*kontrno-);cymr.t(o)rogen,abr.toroc,bret.
teurok`Milbe'(*trko-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1076
Root/lemma: ter-7 ,ter- ,terbh- ,terd-terg-terpSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1022ff.,1031f.underster-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1076
Root/lemma: terp- ,trepEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobesatiated,satisfied
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichsttigen,genieen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantpyati,trpti,trmpti,tarpati`sttigtsich,wirdbefriedigt',Kaus.tarpyati
`sttigt,befriedigt',trpt-,tpti-f.`Sttigung,Befriedigung',av.rfa-`befriedigt,ausreichend
versehen'(*tramptha-:OldIndiantrmpti),rfs-n.`contentedness';npers.tulf`bersttigung'(*trfra);perhapsalsoOldIndian-trp-`stehlend',av.tarp-`steal',mpers.tirft`theft',sogd.cf-`steal'(`sich
ofBesitzeserfreuen');gr.`sttige,erfreue',`freuemich';`Befriedigung';
perhapsgot.rafstjan`comfort,ermahnen',anarafstjanèrquicken,zurRuhecomelassen'(to
*rafsta-,idg.*trop-sto-);alsodiegroupgot.arban(arf,arbum,preteritarfta)`bedrfen',
aisl.urfa(arf,urfum),ahd.durfan(darf,durfum)ds.,got.arbs`bedrftig,ntig',aisl.arfr
`ntzlich',arfi`ntig',got.arba`lack,Drftigkeit',aisl.rff.`Bedarf,benefit',ags.earf
`Bedrfnis,benefit',ahd.darbaÈntbehrung,lack',got.arftsf.`Bedrfnis'(=OldIndiantrpti-),aisl.
urft,ahd.durftds.;diemeaning-developmentcouldgewesensein`whereofBefriedigungfindenbedrfen'(compareaboveS.173lat.fruor(ge)brauche);
lit.tarp`prospering;flourishing,growth',tarpst,tarpti`thrive,zunehmen',lett.trpa`wasgute
Hoffnunggives,prospering;flourishing,growth',trpint`verbessern',OldPrussianenterpo`ntzt',
enterpon,enterpen`ntzlich';
toch.ABtsrw-`sichfreuen'(PedersenToch.Sprachgesch.19).
References:
References:WP.I736f.,Trautmann314,Vasmer3,125f.,134,Mayrhofer1,523f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1077-1078
Root/lemma: tersEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:dry;thirst
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trocknen,verdorren;Durst,drsten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantyati`drstet,lechzt'(=got.arsjan),taryati`ltdursten,schmachten'(=
lat.torre,ahd.derren),tara-m.`thirst',tr-àrid,rough,jolting,hoarse',tru-`greedy,lechzend'=
av.taru-`dry,d.h.notfluid'(=apartfromAkzentgot.arsus,alat.torrus`torridus');OldIndian
t`thirst,Begier',av.tarna-m.`thirst';OldIndiantrj-`thirsty';
arm.tàamim,tàramim`welke',tà`shaft,polezumTrocknenfromTraubenunderlikewise'(*trs
or*trsi:gr.);
gr.()`werdedry',`makedry',,`Darre',,
`Darre,Drr-orTrockenvorrichtung';dubious(*)`lisping';
alb.ter`trockne(trans.)antheLuft';
lat.torre,-re,-ui,tostum`dehydrate,desiccate,fry,rsten,singe'(tostus=OldIndiantra-),alat.
torrus,extendedtorridusàusgetrocknet,arid',torris`blaze,burningpieceofwood',torrns`burning,
sengend,erhitzt;violent,roaring,rapidinthecurrent',Subst.`Wildbach'(ìnsummeraustrocknend');
herealsolat.terraf.èarth'(:extorris`verbannt'=tellus:meditullium),osk.teer[m],term
`territrium',teras`terrae'fromital.*terso-,*ters,idg.*trs-,toair.trn.es-stem`Gebiet',corn.bret.
acymr.tir`tellus',air.*tr,tirim`dry';alsobasicform*tros-,*tres-;lat.terres-tris,terrnusafterterra;
air.tart`thirst'(*trsto-);
got.gaairsanst.V.`wilt'(=gr.);gaarsnands.=aisl.ornads.;ahd.dorrnds.;ahd.
derren`drymake,dehydrate,desiccate',aisl.erra`dry'(=OldIndiantaryati,lat.torre);got.
arsjan`drsten',aisl.yrstr(got.*aursis)`thirsty',whereofgot.arsteif.,aisl.orstim.,ags.
urst,ahd.durst`thirst';got.arsus(sinsteadofznachairsan=OldIndiantru-),aisl.urr,ags.
yrre,ahd.durriàrid';ahd.darra,schwed.tarre`GestellzumTrocknen,Darre`;probablyalsoaisl.
orskr,mnd.dorsch`codfish`(`*thetoTrocknende').
References:
References:WP.I737f.,WH.II636f.,694.
Page(s):
Page(s):1078-1079
Root/lemma: tet(e)rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toquack(expr.root)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:redupl.Schallwort`gackern,hhnerartigeVgelunderlikewise'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantittir-,tittir-,tittri-m.`partridge,gamebird';arm.tatrak`turtledove';
npers.taarv`pheasant'(alsogr.,ds.areofpers.origin);
gr.,m.`grouse'(*F-),(outofitlat.tetrax)`Perlhuhn'(*tetrks),,
,VogelnamebyHesych.,èinbird';neologismmir.tethra`crow'(*tetori),aisl.
iurr`grouse'(*euraz);OldPrussiantatarwis`Birkhuhn',lit.tetervasds.,lett.teteris(Gen.teterja,
from*tetervis),lit.ttervinas`Birkhahn,grouse',tetirv`Birkhenne'(lett.ttars`Truthahn'influenced
fromttt,s.titi-),russ.-ChurchSlavictetrviAkk.Pl.`',skr.ttrijeb`grouse',aech.tetv
ds.,russ.tterev`Birkhahn'(tetrka`Birkhenne,Birkhuhn');
verbalgr.`gackere,gluckse(fromthehen)',lat.tetrinni,-re,tetrissit,-re`chatter(from
Enten)';
alsoinotherschallmalendenwordskehrttrascharacteristicelementagain,comparee.g.lat.turtur
`turtledove',*storos`Star',thethrush-names(see1096),streg-,stred(h)-`hiss,schwirren',gr.
`girre',f.`turtledove',`zirpe'.
Maybealb.turtullturtledove
References:
References:WP.I718,WH.II677f.,Trautmann320ff.,Vasmer3,101;comparetor-S.1088f.,
Mayrhofer1,500.
Page(s):
Page(s):1079
Root/lemma: teukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sprout,seed,offspring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Keim,Same,Nachkommenschaft'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantc-f.`Kinder,progeny'(besidestj-f.ds.withvolkssprachlicherErweichung
theTenuis);tokmn.`progeny,Kinder';tkman-n.`youngHalm,sprout',av.taoxman-n.`seed,
sperm,germ,sprout',Pl.`kinship',Oldpers.taumf.`family,seed,sperm,germ,sprout';khotansak.
ttman-n.`seed,sperm',np.tum,afghan.tma`seed,sperm';mhd.diehter`grandchild,grandson'.
References:
References:WP.I713,Vasmer3,149,Mayrhofer508,527;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstoteu-k-`toswell',aboveS.1081(tu-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1085
Root/lemma: teu-1 ,teud- ,teug- ,teuk- ,teupSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1032ff.under(s)teu-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1079
Root/lemma: teu-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolistento,observe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìnfreudlichemSinnedieAufmerksamkeitzuwenden,aufmerken'
Material:
Material:Lat.tueor,-r,tuitusandtttussum`betrachten,observe,shield',intu(e)or`consider',
originallyin-,ob-,con-tuorcon-tu;ttus`certainly';air.cumtth`protection'(*kom-ud-touitus),mcymr.
tu`cover',tued`Hlle,dress',bret.dial.tuec(abret.*tuoc)`Kissenbezug';air.tas-cert`nrdlich',
bret.tus`links'(*teu-sto-);kelt.*teu-to-inmcymr.tut`magician',mir.tathaidds.,air.taith`nrdlich',
mir.tath`links,nrdlich,mad,wicked,evil'(from`*gnstig,good'asAntiphrasiszurBezeichnungthe
unglckbringendenLinken);inadditiongot.iu`dasGute',aisl.yr`mild,friendly',ya
`friendship',ags.geede`good,tugendhaft',geedan`sich(friendly)anschlieen';probablyalso
ags.aw`custom,custom',as.thau,ahd.gethau`Disziplin'as`*observantia';perhapsalsogr.
Hes.(denominativeeines*withsimilarmeaningasgot.iujan`segnen'from
iu).
References:
References:WP.I705f.,WH.II713f.,LothRC43,160ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1079-1080
Root/lemma: teupEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togetdown,concealoneself
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichniederkauern,alsoumsichtoverstecken'
Material:
Material:Gr.Adv.,II.24,163,if`kauernd,hockend'bedeutend;presumablyaisl.optaf.
`thwart'(àufthegehocktwird'),ahd.doftaf.,mnd.duchtf.,ags.oftds.(whereforeaisl.optim.
`Mitruderer',ags.geofta`comrade',ahd.gidufto`Mitruderer,comrade')andgot.iubj`clandestine',
iubs`thief',aisl.jfr,ags.of,as.thiof,ahd.diob`thief';
lit.tpi,tpti`sichhinhocken,indieKnieplace',tpi,tupti`hocken,indenKniensit',lett.tupt
`hocken'.
References:
References:WP.I714.
Page(s):
Page(s):1085
Root/lemma: teusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toempty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leeren'
Material:
Material:Av.Kaus.taoayeiti`makeslos,ltlos'(*tousei),Inchoativ(*tus-sk)av.tusn`sie
verlierendieFassung',baluitusag,thuaàbandonbecome';OldIndiantucch-,tucchy-(*tussko-,*tusskio-)èmpty,bare,lacking,deserted,abandoned,forsaken,nichtig',afghan.taèmpty,
bare,lacking';lat.tesquan.Pl.Èinden'(*tuesku);ags.ost`manure',ahd.dostds.
(`*Ausleerung');OldChurchSlavictt`',russ.tcijèmpty,bare,lacking;lean,hager'etc.(=
OldIndiantucchy-).
References:
References:WP.I714,WH.II675,Trautmann333,Vasmer3,130,Mayrhofer1,508f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1085
Root/lemma: teu - ,tu Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosift
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sieben,durchschlagen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianttau-(dreisilbig,from*titavu-)`Sieb,Getreideschwinge';
gr.(ion.),(att.EM.),att.`siebe'(*F),m.`Sieb'Hes.,
Hes.,f.`Mehlsieb'(EM.),`siebe'.
References:
References:WP.I713;Mayrhofer1,499f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1085
Root/lemma: tg- ,tgEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,att.throughrearrangementalso`Bratpfanne,Tiegel';
ags.eccan`burn'(isecelle`torch'fromfcele,Lw.fromlat.facula,reshaped),ahd.dahhazzen
`lodern'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1057
Root/lemma: tu- ,tu- ,teu - ,tu - ,t -
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toswell;crowd,folk;fat;strong;boil,abscess
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extendedwithbh ,g ,k ,l ,m ,n ,r ,s ,t
Material:
Material:OldIndiantavtiìsstrong,hatMacht',Perf.ttva;inadditiontavs-`strong,stalwart',as
Subst.Akk.tavsam,Instr.tavs`power,strength';tvyas-tvyas-`stronger',tvasvant-`strong',
tvimant-`strong,mighty',tavi-`strong',tvif.`force,power';ablaut.tuvi-inKompositis`very,
mighty',tuviama-`thestrkste':tya-`strong,fast,rapid,hurried';
av.tav-`vermgen',tavah-n.`power,force',tvf.`physicalstrength';ap.atvayamÌamable',
tunuvant-`mighty',tauvyah-`stronger'(:OldIndiantvyas-),tauman-n.`fortune,force,power';
arm.tìv`number';doubtfultùp`(*t-pho-)`thicket,shrubbery,bush';
gr.thenameofgeilenFrevlerswiderdieLeto;,Hes.(*tu--s),
,Hes.;(kypr.FF),Kompar.,contractedion.att.,
`heil,unversehrt;certainly'(from*tu-uo-s);compareM.LeumannGedenkschriftKretschmerII
8f.;inadditionhom.(F),hom.att.(*),Fut.`retten,receive',`Retter'
etc.;(`vollanbody=fit,healthy');n.`body'(*tum`Gedrungenes'),`festmake,
verdichten';-(*-)`fit,healthyanGeist,vernnftig';withthesameWurzelstufestill
,S.1083;
lat.*tove,-re`vollstopfen'asbasefromtmentum`Polsterung'(*touementom)andttus`whole'
(*touetos`vollgestopft,compact');
russ.-ChurchSlavictyju,tyti`fettbecome',ablaut.serb.tvm.`Fettigkeit'.
1.bh -extension:
Lat.tber,-erisn.`hunch,swelling,blister,tumefaction,knag';compareosk.-umbr.gloss.tferaand
ital.tar-tufo,-tufolo`terraetuber';
gr.`zumAusstopfenfromPolsternandBettenusedPflanze'(probably);
perhapsair.taimm`hill'(*teubhm),mir.tomm.`hill,bush',cymr.tomf.`hill,Dngerhaufen'
(*tubhmo-,-m);cymr.tumon`lacroupe';alsoystum`bend'from*eks-teubh-mo-,differentaboveS.
1034;
aisl.faèlevationintheearth,Hgelchen',obd.dppel`swelling,blister,swelling,lump,growth'.
Withthemeaning`tussock':ags.fm.`Laubbschel,einfromFederbschenzusammengesetztes
banner',gef`bltterreich,luscious',ftèinPlatzvollfromBschen',yfel`bush,thicket,
blattreicheplant',fian`sichbelauben';fromthelanguagegerm.Soldatenderiveslat.tfaàkindof
Helmbschel'(Vegetius).
2.g -extension:
Aisl.oka`fog',mnd.dak(e)(from*doke)ds.,aschwed.thuknads.,ags.uxian`darkmake',as.
thiustri,mnd.dster(outofitnhd.dster),ags.estre`dark'(*eustria-).
3.k -weiterung:`toswell;fat'(asOldChurchSlavictyti`fettbecome'):
Lat.tucctumàkindofBauernwurst',tucca`',umbr.toco`tuccas'(gall.Lw.);Old
ChurchSlavictuk`fat';ahd.dioh,ags.oh`Schenkel',aisl.j`thethickOberteilofSchenkels,
Arschbacke';engl.thigh;mir.tnm.,cymr.tinf.`podex'(*tukn);lit.tauka`fat',tukas
`Fettstckchen'andùterus',tunk,tkti`fettbecome',lett.tktds.,tks`swelling,lump,growth',
tuks`fat,fat,obese',tukiPl.`fat,tallow,suet',OldPrussiantaukis`lard';compareS.1085teuk`germ,sprout'anddengr.PNT.
4.l -formations,partlyaswurzelhaftes*tuel-appearing:
OldIndiantlam`Rispe,whisk,tussock,Baumwolle',tl-f.`paintbrush',plitla-n.`hassock,clump
ofgrass'etc.compareMayrhofer1,520;
gr.f.,m.`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb,weal,callus,hump,hunchback',and
`peg,plug,nail,penis';alb.tul`m.`Fleischstckwithoutbone,calf';
lat.tullius`Schwall,Gu'(*tul-no-or-so-);perhapsalsoTullus,Tulliusoriginallynameforthick,
gedunsenePersonen,whethernotEtruscan;
ags.geyll`draught'(),aisl.fimbul-ulàmythicalriver';aisl.ollr(*tul-no-or-so-)`tree,peg,plug',
schwed.tull`Baumwipfel',ags.ollm.`Ruderpflock',mnd.dolle,dulleds.,nhd.Dolleds.and`Krone
einesBaumes,Blumenbschel,tassel,Helmbusch',obd.Dollfuàngeschwollenerfoot,clubfoot,
misshapendeformedfoot',tirol.doll`thick',mnd.westfl.dlle`swelling,blister';perhapsthegerm.
Inselname;
OldPrussiantlanAdv.`much,alotof',lit.tlas`mancher';
ChurchSlavictyl`nape';alsoOldChurchSlavic*tlst,russ.tlstyjetc.`thick'(imitationof
Endingesfromslav.gst`dense,thick').
Aextensionwithbalt.(idg.orh)islit.pa-tuls`swollen',lett.tulzums`swelling,lump,growth',
tulzne`blister,bubble';lit.tuls`gall';
redupl.perhapslat.tutulus`hohekegelfrmigeHaartracht,Toupet';thepilleuslantustheFlamines
andPontificesandlett.tuntult(alsotunturt)`sichinvieleKleidungsstckeeinhllen'.
tu e l- , tu e l- :gr.atmostinn.`Wogenschwall,uncontrollableBewegung(ofMeeres)',
`hpfen',`shake,erschttere;schwanke',-m.`Staubwirbel';mir.telandt(a)ul
`shieldboss',air.mir.telach,t(a)ulach`hill',redupl.tuthle(*tutuel-)`swelling,lump,growth'(dieuformsthrougheinesimilarresultsofAnlauts*tu-asair.cruthfrom*krtu-);cymr.twlch`roundmass,
hill,nipple'.
5.m -derivatives:
OldIndiant-tum-`wirkungsvoll',tmra-`strong,thick',tumala-,tumula-`geruschvoll,lrmend',
tumala-m`din,fuss,noise'(`*Schwall,daslrmendeDurcheinanderazusammengedrngten
Menge');av.*tuma-inTumspana-`fromTumspa-(d.h.einem,dessenRossefat,obeseare)
stammend';gr.korkyr.`';
gr.`burialmound,hillock'=mir.tommm.`hill,bush',cymr.tomf.`hillock,Dngerhaufen',
whetherdiesenotbutfrom*tubhmo-,-m-(aboveS.1080);
lat.tume,-re`geschwollensein',tumidus`swollen',tumor`swelling,lump,growth',tumulus
Èrdhaufen,hillock',tumultus`lrmenderestlessness,Getse';
cymr.twf`power,strength',tyfu`zunehmen,grow'(*tm-),mbret.tiva(*tm-)`zusammenwachsen
(fromanwound);thrive';
aschwed.umim.`Daumen',um`toll',aisl.umall`Daumen';ahd.dmo,ags.ma`Daumen',
ymel`Fingerhut',mnd.dmelinc,nhd.Dumling;mhd.doum`spigot,bung,clot,thrombus'(meaning
asgr.);
lit.tumti`dickbecome,curdle,coagulate,harden',tm(s)tas`heap,bulk,mass',tmulasm.`piece';
toch.tumane,tmne,Atm`10.000'.
6.n -formations,z..aswurzelhaftes*tu - en- appearing:
Frhnhd.tnne`surge',nd.dning,dnung`waves,billowsgegendieWindrichtung';butair.tonn,
bret.etc.ton`wave'from*tusn(see1084)or*to-sn(see971f.);nd.dnen`toswell',mnd.dn(e)
`swollen,dense';
lit.tvstu,tvinau,tvnti`tobloat,bulge,swell(ofwater)',Kaus.tvndau,-ytiànschwellenmake'(with
Ablautentgleisungtvaintis`buhlen',ifeig.`toswell'),tvnas`flood',tvans`lighttumescent(ofriver)',
lett.tvans,tvana`vapor,haze,mist'.
With--nk -extension:lit.tvikti`tobloat,bulge,swell,schwren'=lett.tvkt`sultrinessfeel,vorHitze
schmachten';lett.tvcint`muggymake,thirstymake',lit.tvnkioti`fhlbarhit(ofPuls)',lit.tvekti
`schwellenmake',tvakas`sultriness',tvanks`muggy'(Ablautentgleisunginlett.tveicint=tvcint
andtviks`vapor,haze,mist,sultriness');witht :lit.tntas`heap,bulk,mass'=tmtas,wherefore
perhapsgr.òrdure,slime,mud'(asRckstandofaninundation)
Aufa*tu-n:*tuen-s,*tu-`'basedongr.`penis'(formationas-:),
`schwnzeln,schmeicheln',,`'Hes.(--hypocoristicDoppelung);inaddition
`',`duidiot,dufool';alsoprobably`picket,pole,balk,beam,board'.
7.r -formations:
OldIndiantur-inthemeaning`strong,rich'(whereforetuvi-asKompositionsformase.g.--:
-);aisl.ora`venture,risk',oran`courage,skillfulness',ori`bulk,mass,lump';
gr.:-`he-goat;billygoat,Satyr';
av.tiri-n.`caseousgewordenemilk,Molke';gr.`heap'(*tu-r-s),inadditionablaut.*troingr.`cheese',-`butter';affiliationalsofromabg.tvarog`laccoagulatum'asa
lengthenedgradeformisgoodpossible;comparetvoròpus,creation'undertuer-2;
gr.,eineHeroine,probablyeig.`dieStrotzende,Schwellende';alsoillyr.PNTuro,Turus;ven.
PNTurus,gall.VNTurones`Tours',PNTurcum`Zrich';mir.PNTorna(*turonios);
lat.*tro-s,-m`swollen;clump'wirdassumedthroughob-,re-tr`verstopfe';turge,-re`swollen
sein,strotzen'perhapsderivativefroma*tr-igos`swellingdriving',intrans.GegenstckzurKlasse
causativeerverbsauf-(i)gre;latelat.turi,turgi(-gi-probablynotoriginally,butverbalismfuri,or
supportinturgre)`youngtwig,branch,Trieb,scion,shoot';
7.a:daswordforbull:gr.,alb.tarok,lat.taurus,osk.,umbr.turuf,toru`tauros',Old
Prussiantauris`Bison',lit.tarasds.,OldChurchSlavicturÀuerochs'(Trautmann315,Vasmer3,
154),eitherfromidg.*turo-s(compareOldIndiantmra-`strotzend'asepithetofStieres),or
becauseoforientalischenStierkulteswithursemit.*tauru(arab.twr)zusammenhngend;gall.tarvos
(mir.tarb,cymr.tarw),venet.PNTarvisium,probablyafterkelt.carvos`deer'transfigured;aisl.jrr,
ndl.dial.deuretc.,areafteraisl.stjrr,ahd.stiorunvocalized,derenmeaningagainstfromunserem
wordsinfluencedis(seeaboveidg.*steu-ro-S.1010);
doubtfulags.orìnflammation,ignition'(*tu-ro-`*swelling,lump,growth').
8.s -formations,zusammenhngendwithdemes-stemOldIndiantavs-,av.tavah-etc.:
Dasgerm.andbsl.wordfor`tausend':got.sundif.,ahd.thsunt,dsuntf.undern.,lexSalica
thschunde;as.thsundig,thsind,ags.sendf.n.,aisl.sundf.,shund,shundra(germ.
*s-hundi`vielhundert',idg.*ts-kmt);
lit.tkstantism.,lett.tkstuots,OldPrussiantsimtons(Akk.Pl.);besideslit.*tkstasintkstsisand
tkstinis`tausendster';
OldChurchSlavictysta,ablaut.tystaf.,russ.tysjaa,skr.tsuaetc.(*tsenti,*tsonti);
withthemeaning`Schwall,anschwellendeBewegung(alsoseelisch),Auflauf,Tumult'underlikewise:
aisl.auskn.,ausnf.`din,fuss,noise,Tumult',eysa,ysja`vorwrtsstrmen',ys-sm.
`Getmmel',ahd.dsn`roar,sough,rustle,rant,roister',nhd.tosen,aisl.jstr`vehemency',ystr
`rage,fury,gustofwind',nisl.usurf.Pl.`vehemency,Unbeherrschtheit',usumaur`heftiger
person',ags.yssam.`Toser',mgen-ysse`violence,force';
withthemeaning`swellingeinesBltenstandes;tussock;heap,hill'etc.:gall.tuos,tuos
`Schichte'(*tusto-,LothRC43,165;different-Lw.fromvlat.tstus-WhatmoughJCstem1,7ff.),
cymr.tuswm.`bundle'(*teus-t-uo-),bret.tossen,Vannestosten`hill'(*tus-t),bret.tuchends.
(*toust-ien);whetherair.taimm`hill'from*teusmdifferentabove1.;ahd.dosto,tosto`tussock,
tassel'andÒriganumvulgare'(nhd.Dost,Dosten),nhd.dostigàusgebreitet,aufgedunsen';ostfries.
dst`tassel',norw.tst`tuft,Haarzotte,tassel',tsta`tuft,knot,bundle,treewithbuschigerKrone',
isl.sta`heap,mass';
possiblyhereOldIndianta-m.`hemeinesGewandes',whetheroriginally`Quasten';
lett.tska`swelling,lump,growth',tsis`Wassersucht';tuis`wisp,smallbundle'(couldauchskderivativesbesideslett.tkt`toswell'sein);nhd.Dosche`bush,umbel,Krauthaupt,bouquet,tassel';
ein*tuos-ti-or*tus-ti-perhapsingot.ga-wastjan`makestrong,tight,firm,certain',wastia
`certainty',isl.vest,vestin.`steadypartsofmeat'.
9.t -derivativeteut `(bulk,mass)people,land';teutono-s `Landesherr':
Illyr.PN,Teutana,Teuticus,;messap.PNeotoria,Gen.eotorras;thrak.PNTautomedes;osk.F,touto,umbr.Akk.totam`civitas';gall.GNTeutates(*teuto-tatis`Landesvater'to
tata,aboveS.1056),newerToutates,Ttates,Ttates,PNTeuti,Toutius,Ttius,Toutonos;
Maybeillyr.TNTaula-Taulantcommonitalic-illyr.-t->-l-phoneticmutation.
air.tath`people,stem,land',cymr.td`land',corn.tus,mbret.tut,nbret.tud`thepeople';
got.iuda,ahd.diot(a)`people',as.thiod(a),ags.od,aisl.j`people,people',whereofahd.
diutisc,nhd.deutsch(originally`zumeigenemstemorVolkgehrig',WeissgerberDeutschas
people'sname1953,261)andahd.diuten`verstndlichmake(asthoughverdeutschen),define,
clarify,indicate',ags.geedan`bersetzen',aisl.yaàusdeuten,signify';germ.VN*Theu-danz,
keltisiertTeuton,Touton,todn.PNThyte-sysl;got.iudans`king'(*teutonos),aisl.jann,ags.
oden,as.thiodands.(illyr.PNTeutana,gall.Toutonos);
lett.tuta`people',OldPrussiantauto`land',lit.TautÒberland,Germany',altlit.(Dauka)taut
`people';
hitt.tuzzi-`master,mister,Heerlager'(*tutti-).
References:
References:WP.I706ff.,WH.II650ff.,712f.,714,715f.,718f.,721,Trautmann314f.,331f.,
Vasmer3,149,154,160f.,161f.;KraheSpracheunderVorzeit65ff.,Mayrhofer1,490,513f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1080-1085
Root/lemma: ti-ti- ,(ti)tilEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:chirpingofbirds
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`NachahmungvonVogelrufen'
Note:
Note:barelyursprachlich
Material:
Material:OldIndianiibha-m.`Parrajacana';lett.titilbis,titilbte`Wasserlufer',lit.tilvkas,titilvkas,
titlvis`Brachhuhn,Schnepfe';gr.or`gaggle,cackle,chitchat,talk,snicker(of
partridge,gamebird,theswallow');lat.titi,-re`chirp,twitter,fromsparrow';lett.ttt`sing'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1086
Root/lemma: ti e gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toretreatinfear
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scheuvoretwaszurcktretenorauffahren'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantyjati(=gr.)`verlt,stehtfrometwasback',withni-`verscheuchen,
verdrngen',withni-`hinaustreiben,verjagen',participletyakt-(=gr.),nounagentistyaktar(=gr.Ànbeterthedivinity'),Kaus.tyjyati`makeszurcktreten',tyjas-n.
`Verlassenheit'=av.iyajah-,iyejah-n.ds.;OldIndiantyg-m.`Hingabe,Freigebigkeit'etc.;
gr.(onlypresentandImpf.),hom.`(diegods)scheuen',nachhom.`(diegods)worship,
honour',`(venerates=)ehrwrdig,holy',,Pl.n.hom.`frommefear,shyness,
Ehrfurcht',nachhom.`Heiligkeit,Majestt',hom.`scheuteehrfrchtig',(*)
`verehrungswrdig,convex,elevated,holy;gravittisch,einherstolzierend,prunkend',`tue
etwasfrommirweg,entfernequick,fast,driveout';intr.`goeilig,stolziereeinher',`rash,
hasty,quick,fast;hochfahrend,prunkend',,-f.`violent,eitel',`Pferdeschwanz'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1086
Root/lemma: to-1 ,t- ,ti o Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:that,he(demonstr.base)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Pronominalstamm`der,die'
Grammaticalinformation:Nom.Akk.Sg.n.tod ,Akk.Sg.m.tom ,f.tm ,Gen.Sg.m.tosi o ,f.
tesis
Note:
Note:(Nom.Sg.m.f.so ,s ,seethere)
Material:
Material:OldIndiantd(tt)`das',av.tat,Akk.Sg.OldIndiantmm.,tmf.,av.tmm.,tmf.,tat
n.,etc.;arm.-d(e.g.terd`themaster,misterda,duthemaster,mister',ayd`theda'),da`this',doin
`thesame',etc.;
gr.,Akk.Sg.,(dor.),etc.;-`nun'=alb.tan;
alb.k-ta`dieses'(*tod;outofitinproclitic:)t(Ablat.*td)`where';
maybealb.a-t,atthat,alb.geg.tanall,somuch
lat.istum,-tam,-tudetc.,umbr.estuìstum';lat.tam`so'(oldalsotemporal`tandem'from*tmdem;
auf*tmbasedonalso()tantus,osk.e-tanto`tanta',umbr.e-tantu`tanta'),tum,tunc`then,
alsdann'=av.tm`then';topper(*todper)`cito,fortasse,celeriter,tamen';differentabouttam
SzemernyiGl.35,92ff.;
air.t`ja'(*tod);infig.Pron.3.Sg.m.-dn(*tom),n.-d(*tod),Pl.da(*tns,f.*ts);
got.atan.,Akk.m.ana,Lok.eietc.,ahd.der,diu,daz,aisl.atetc.;
lit.ts,t,ta:etc.`der(selbe)';OldPrussianGen.Sg.f.s-tessias;
OldChurchSlavict,ta,to`that';
toch.Atm`dieses'.
Ancongruitiesorhnlichkeitenseienhervorgehoben:
1.gr.hom.Ablat.`then,inthisFalle;darum',lit.tu`withdem,sofort',perhapsahd.thuo,duo,as.
th`da'(whethernotfromf.*t);gr.ther.megar.-`here',got.ùmso',perhapsaisl.`da,
damals,then'(ifnot=*an),ags.`then,darauf';withitprobablyoriginallygleichgr.`da,nimm!',
lit.tds.
2.tor , tr `there':OldIndiantarhi`tothetime,then'(-hitogr.hom.-),got.aisl.ar`there',as.
thar,afries.ther(ahd.dara)`there';as.thr,ahd.dr,ags.r(ara)`there'.
3.toti `soviele':OldIndianttids.(tatith-`thesovielte'),lat.tot,totidem(ttus`thesovielte'),in
additiongr.()from*toti-os`sobig,large,somuch,alotof'.
4.With-tro -suffix:OldIndianttr`there(toward)',got.ar`fromdafrom',aisl.ara`there',ags.
der`the,dorthin'.
5.OldIndiantad,av.taa`then',lit.tad(from*tadn,compareostlit.tad)`then,alsdann';Old
Indiantadnm`damals'.
6.Gr.`soold',lat.talis`sobeschaffenofsuchkind,such',lit.tlei`bisdahin,solange';Old
ChurchSlavictoliìndemGrade',tol`somuch,alotof,sovery',tolikods.;afterSzemernyi(Gl.35,
1133)from*to-ali- .
Maybealb.(*talis)itill,ia-till,ik-till'ofsuchkind,such'.
7.Gr.,dor.`zurtime,then',OldChurchSlavictamo`dorthin',lett.tminnuotm
`hence'.
8.OldIndianetvant`tantus',av.a-tavantds.fromidg.*tu n t , tu o nt-; gr.hom.(newer
),F;throughinfluenceofm.F()wurdedastoerwartende*F()to*F(),from
whichF;herealsoafterSzemrenyilat.tantus(seeabove);compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,609
Anm.5.
9.Derendingfrom-ìnzwischen'(inadditioncompare-`solangeas')perhapstotoch.A
ku-pre,kwriìf',t-pr(k)`now,yet'.
10.Einstemidg.ti o - besidesto- inOldIndianty-`that,thatbekannte',alb.s(Gen.Dat.Sg.f.)etc.
(s-fromti-),urnord.t,as.thit`dorthin'(RosenfeldForsch.underFortschr.29,177);lit.i`here',
in`here';Oldpers.tya`welches,das',leg.taya(*to+io-),absents(Risch,Asiat.Stud.8,151f.).
maybealb.a-ty,aty,atjethere
References:
References:WP.I742f.,WH.I721f.,II644,645f.,648,Trautmann311ff.,Vasmer3,113,128,
SzemernyiGl.35,42ff.,Mayrhofer1,499.
Page(s):
Page(s):1086-1087
Root/lemma: to-2
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:prefix
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.71and129(messap.tabara)
Page(s):
Page(s):1088
Root/lemma: tolkEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reden,darlegen'
Material:
Material:Lat.loquor,-,loctussum`spreche,say,name';
air.ad-tluch-`danken'(1.Sg.atluchur),to-tluch-`bid,beg,ask'(dotluchur);OldChurchSlavictlk
(*tlk),russ.tolkìnterpretation,explanation'(lit.tlkas`Dolmetsch'issl.Lw.).
References:
References:WP.1744f.,WH.I821,Vasmer3,115.
Page(s):
Page(s):1088
Root/lemma: tong-1 (*teng- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothink,feel
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`denken,fhlen'
Material:
Material:Lat.tonge,-re`nsse,scre',prn.tongiti`nti';osk.Ablat.tangind`sententia'
(messap.Lw.);alb.tng`resentment';
got.agkjan,hta`think,berlegen',aisl.ekkja`gewahrbecome,understand,comprehend,
kennen'(ekkr`pleasant'),ahd.denchen`think',ags.encands.;got.ugkjan,hta`seem,shine,
appear,seem',aisl.ykkja`ds.,gefallen',ahd.dunchen`shine,appear,seem',ags.yncands.;got.
*agks`gratitude',aisl.kkf.`gratitude,contentedness',ahd.dank`Denken,thought,notion,
gratitude',ags.anc`thought,notion,emotion,contentedness,gratitude';mhd.danknme,adn.
taknem`dankbar';
maybealb.(*dunchen),dukem,duket`seem,appear':ahd.dunchen`shine,appear,seem',alsoalb.
dukjaàppearance'.
Maybealb.geg.doke`custom,ritual,tradition(observed)',duk-`toappear,seem'(seeabove).
Alb.showsthatfromRoot/lemma:
:`totake'derivedthenasalizedRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:tong-1
(*teng- )::`tothink,feel'.
toch.Atuk-,takw`love'.
References:
References:WP.I744,WH.II690;besides*tenk-inlett.ticinatàusfragen',kuron.tecintds.,
alsolett.tnkt`babble,chatter,danken,praise,laud'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1088
Root/lemma: tong-2
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1055.
Page(s):
Page(s):1088
Root/lemma: topEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostay;place
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wohingelangen,aufetwastreffenorverfallen;Ort,womanhingelangtorhin
will'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`place,place',`zielehin,vermute,errate',n.`rope,hawser,
rope,band';ags.afian`zustimmen,grant,gestatten;dulden';
lit.tpti(tamp)`become',pritpti`find,encounter,kennenlernen,learn',lett.tapt(topu)`become,
geschehen,gelangen',tapgsèinfhigerKopf',tapint`(zukommenlassen)borgen,leihen',pa-tapt
`hingelangen,whereforecomecan,Muehave',satapt`meet,aufjemandentreffen';
whetherPedersendiegr.wordsrightwithmir.toich`naturgem'(differentundertek-2)andcymr.
tebyg(*tokiko-)`probably',annhebygìncredible'zusammenstellt(comparegr.`denOrt
betreffend',-`wunderlich,auffallend'),wrefordieseeineWurzeltek-:tok-mustbe
assumedanddiegerm.andbalt.wordstherefromtoseparate.
References:
References:WP.I743,PedersenKelt.Gr.I129;differentaboutdiebalt.wordsStangNTS16,259
f.(totep-`schmieren',Trautmann139,Vasmer3,95,120).
Page(s):
Page(s):1088
Root/lemma: tor- ,toro-s
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:loud,distinct
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`laut,vernehmlich'
Note:
Note:oldAbzweigunginthemeaning`piercing,shrilly,screaming'from*tors`piercing',s.*ter-4
`hinbergelangen,hindurchdringen'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantr-`piercing,shrilly,screaming';gr.`piercing,loud,vernehmlich'(also
`quick,fast,agile',compareOldIndiantarsAdj.`rash,hasty,piercing'under*ter`hinbergelangen'),`werdeloudanddistinctsay';
mir.torm,toirmn.,newerf.`din,fuss,noise'(*tor-smn),ir.torann`thunder',cymr.taran,acorn.taran,
bret.tarands.,gall.TaranisGN.;
lit.tari,tartiandtarau,tarti`say',tarmÀusspruch',OldPrussiantrinAkk.Sg.`voice',ettri,Inf.
attrtweiàntworten'(formalasOldIndiantr-ti`rettet':tirti);slav.tortoritiinech.tratoiti,russ.
torotrit`babble,chatter',zerograderedupl.OldChurchSlavictrtor`sonus';
arm.t`rt`rak`goodspeaker',iffrom*tùrtùrak,idg.*tortoro-;
hitt.tar-`say,name'.
References:
References:WP.II744,WH.II677,Trautmann126,Vasmer3,126f.,Mayrhofer1,497;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparetet(e)r- S.1079.
Page(s):
Page(s):1088-1089
Root/lemma: trgh- ,tr g h- andtr g h-
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrag;tomove,run
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,amBodenschleppen,sichbewegen,laufen;Nachkommenschaft'
Note:
Note:entsprichtnichtthenormalidg.rootform;whetherthroughcontaminationfromdhergh-,
dhregh- withterk- andtrek- (aboveS.1077)originated
Material:
Material:Lat.trah`pull'etc.(differentaboveS.257underdhergh-`ziehen');trmaf.`diechainof
Gewebes'(*trgh-sm);
gall.ver-tragus`schnellfigerdog';air.traig,Gen.traiged(*traghetos)`foot',cymr.Pl.trad`Fe';
withunclear:cymr.Sg.troed(einsilb.),Pl.traed(disyllabic)`foot',acorn.truit,mcorn.troys,bret.
troad,Pl.treid`foot';mir.trog`dasparturition,progeny',troganèarth',trogaid`bringtzurWelt'
(compareaserb.trag`descendant');
withidg.or:air.trgudÈbbe',trig`beach,seaside',trgidèbbt',cymr.treio`refluereutmare';
withidg.o:cymr.godro`milk',abret.guotroit`demulgitis',mbret.gorzo,nbret.goero`milk';cymr.
corn.tro(*trogho-)`turn;variation,time',cymr.troi`vertere,volvere';withor:serb.trg`Futapfe',
triti`suchen,spren',aserb.trag`descendant';
probablygot.ragjan`run'(*troghei),ags.rgands.(*trgh-),rg`time',eig.`Zeitverlauf',and
ahd.drigil`servant',ifeig.`runner',probablyalsoaisl.rll`Knecht,servant'(>engl.thrall)from
germ.*rhilaz;
besidestrgh-,tregh-standinsameorsimilarmeaningtreg- (see1090),dhregh- (aboveS.273),
dhergh- (aboveS.257),dhre- (comparealsoAnklngeunderder- `flay':rootformdergh-,dregandunderdher- `hold,stop':rootformdheregh-,dhereh-)andtrek- (see1092).
References:
References:WP.I752f.,WHII697ff.,Trautmann325,H.LewisBBCS.9,34f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1089
Root/lemma: tregEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomakeaneffort;force,battle;solid
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àlleKrfteanstrengen;Kraft,Andrang,Kampf;standhaft,fest'
Note:
Note:probablyas`sichstrecken,stemmen'to(s)terg-,(s)treg- `stare'(aboveS.1023)
Material:
Material:Air.trn(*tregs-no-)`valiant,strong'(fromwhichprobablycymr.trenìmpetuous,
strenuous',Subst.`force,rapidity'borrowedis),Kompar.Superl.air.tressa,tressam,cymr.trech,
trechaf;air.tress(*tregso-)`fight,struggle';aisl.rekrm.,rekn.`strength,Tapferkeit',rekinn
`persistent',rekaùrge,press,push,press',ags.recem.Ùnterdrckung,force,might,Ermdung',
rcn.`Drngen,power,force,might',racuf.`Druck,rush,force,might',as.md-thrakaf.
`distress';reducedgrade*ruhtu-inaisl.rttrm.`power,endurance',ags.rohtm.Ànstrengung;
drckend',russ.trgat`touch',lett.treksne`shove'.
References:
References:WP.I755f.,Vasmer3,139.
Page(s):
Page(s):1090
Root/lemma: treigSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1036under(s)treig- ,whereforestilltoch.Atrisk-`sound,clink,din,drone'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1092
Root/lemma: treisti- ortrstiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stubborn;inabadmood
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`trotzig,finstergelaunt'
Note:
Note:onlylat.andgerm.
Material:
Material:Lat.trstis`finstergelaunt,sad;widerlichorsharpfromGeschmack';ahd.drsti,as.thrsti,
ags.rsteàudacious`.
Maybealb.trishtsad
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1092
Root/lemma: treiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:three
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drei'
Grammaticalinformation:Nom.m.trei e s ,Nom.Akk.n.tr ,Akk.n.trins ,f.tis(o)res ,(dissimil.
from*tris(o)res ,etc.)
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiantryam.,tr,newertrin.,tisrf.;av.ray,rayasm.,rin.,tisrf.;arm.
erek(treies);gr.,gort.,m.f.,alb.tre,f.tri(originallyneutrales*tr);lat.trs(Akk.alsotrs),
tria(tr-intr-ginta`30'),osk.trs`trs',umbr.trif,tref,Akk.`trs',triia`tria';air.tri,f.toir,Akk.tora
(*tisors,*trisorns);cymr.trim.,tairf.,mcymr.bret.teir(*tedres<*tisres,daseaftertheVierzahl),
comparegall.tidres();got.reis,Akk.rins,n.rija,aisl.rr,ahd.dretc.;OldPrussiantris(Gen.
treon),lit.trs,lett.trs(n.triinlit.try-lika`dreizehn',comparelat.tr-ginta`30');OldChurchSlavic
trijem.andtrif.n.;hitt.tri-`drei';toch.Atrem.,tri-f.,traim.,taryaf.
Kompositionsformtri- inOldIndiantripad-,gr.,lat.trips,ags.rifte,lit.trikjis`dreifig';
av.ri-kamrda-`dreikpfig',arm.ere-am`dreiyearsold';illyr.PN-,PN-;kelt.
PNTri-toutos,gall.tri-garanus`withdreiKranichen';air.trar`dreiman'(*triuirom);russ.-Church
Slavictr-gub`dreifach'(=lit.tri-gubasds);perhapslat.tribus`dividingoff,partitioningoffofVolkes,
administrativedistrict',umbr.trifu,trifAkk.Sg.from*tri-bhu-(to*bheu-aboveS.146);lat.trgaf.
`Dreigespann'(shapedafterbgaePl.`Zweigespann'from*biiugae,seeaboveS.230and508);
unclearair.tre-thenc`Dreiheit'besidesmir.d-cheng`Zweiheit',compareaisl.ridjungr`Drittel';
`dreizehn':OldIndiantryodaa-=lat.trdecim(*trs-decim);comparegr.--;
`dreiig':OldIndiantrat-f.,av.risat-,gr.,lat.tr-ginta,air.*trcho,Gen.trchot
(*trkomtos),mir.trcha,bret.tregont(dasefromtrede`dritter'),gall.Abl.Pl.tricontis,toch.Ataryk,
tryka(*triiknt-s).
2.ordinals:altererbtOldIndiantr-tya-=OldPrussiantrts;otherwiseistri-fortr-eingetreten:Old
IndianPNTrit-,av.rita-;av.ritya-,Oldpers.ritiya-or-tya;arm.erir,errord;gr.;homer.
extendedas;lesb.from*;alb.tret;illyr.PNTritus;lat.tertius,umbr.
tertiu`tertio',terti`tertium'(from*tritio-);gall.PNTritios,cymr.try-dydd,bret.trede;got.ridja,ahd.
drittoetc.;lit.trias,lett.treas(tre-insteadoftri-after*treiesalso:)OldChurchSlavictretij;balt.
trit-inlit.tritainis`Drittel';
air.tress(newertriss)`theDritte'(*tristo-),tre(i)sse`triduum',comparelat.testis`Zeuge'(also
`testicle');Ablat.osk.trstaamentudisprobablyfromlat.testamentumborrowed;
toch.trit;hitt.tarriianalli-`thedritte',[te-ri]-ia-an-na`dritter'.
3.tris `dreimal':OldIndiantr,av.ris,gr.,lat.ter,olderterr(from*tris),air.fo-thr`dreimal';
extendedav.rivat`dreimal',aisl.risvar,ahd.driror,ags.riwa,reowads.;einu o -suffixalsoin
av.risva-n.`Drittel'andgr.`Feigenblatt'from*F;inaddition*tris-no- ingr.
`Dreizack';lat.terni(*tri-no-)`jedrei'(besidestrnibyPl.tantumfrom*trisno-parallelwithbni,see
underduu),aisl.rennr`dreifach',renner`drei'(byKollektiven);
Maybealb.tresh,trishìnthree'
auf*trianongoesbackair.tran,acymr.trean,cymr.traean`Drittel',comparealsogall.Akk.Pl.trianis
`Drittel'
4.collectivetrei o -, troi o -: OldIndiantray-`dreifach',trayamn.`Dreiheit',lit.trej,ftrjos`drei'(by
Pluralsubstantiven),lett.treji,f.trejasds.,OldChurchSlavictrojim.Pl.;auf*treiodio-basedonair.
trode`dreifach'.
References:
References:WP.I753f.,WH.II668f.,702f.,Trautmann327f.,Vasmer3,137,Wackernagel(Debrunner)3,346f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1090-1092
Root/lemma: trekEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`ziehen,laufen'
Note:
Note:equalmeaningwithtrgh-, tr g h-, treghMaterial:
Material:OldChurchSlavictrk`run,flow',trkaljati`wlzen',serb.trati`run',traknac`spoor',
bulg.tr`laufe',trkalo`wheel,circle';
mir.tricc,nir.tric(expressiveskk)`rash,hasty';
einevariantaufpalataltrek-perhapsinav.udar-rsa-àufdemBauchsichbewegend,kriechend
(fromSchlangen)'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1092
Root/lemma: trem- ,tremsEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothump;totremble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trippeln,trampeln'and`zittern'
Note:
Note:(contaminatedwithtres- );thesameDoppelbed.bytrep- .
Material:
Material:Gr.`tremble'(=lat.trem,alb.trem);,ùnbeweglich,peaceful',
`fearless',m.`dasZittern',`tremble',`timorous',redupl.
`schaudere'(unclear`frighten');
alb.tosk.trmp,geg.tremÌterrify';
maybealb.trim`brave,notscared'
Note:
Commonalb.m>mp,mbphoneticmutation.
lat.trem,-ere`tremble',tremor`dasZittern',tremulus`zitternd',umbr.tremitu`tremefacito';
got.ramstei`locust,grasshopper(idg.*trems-,asinOldChurchSlavictrsamalgamationfrom
trem-andtres-);as.thrimmanst.V.`tobloat,bulge,swell'or`bekmmertbecome';aisl.ramma
`trample,heavygo',mnd.drammen`rant,roister,violenturge,press,push',dram`din,fuss,noise,
crowdedness,Getmmel'(:lett.tremt);-mm-intensivegemination
lit.trmtièrzittern',trmti`niederstoen;verbannen,austreiben',sutramnti`leiseanstoen',lett.tremt
`wegjagen',tram`schreckhaft(fromhorses)',tramgs`shy,bashful',tramdt`frighten,hunt,chase';
klr.trem,tremtty`tremble,quiver';OldChurchSlavictrs,trsti`shake,upset',s`tremble',trs
`'(slav.*trems-,*troms-,seeabove);
toch.Atrm-ìnrage,furygeraten',tremi`rage,fury'.
References:
References:WP.I758,WH.II701,Trautmann329f.,Vasmer3,144,146f.
Seealso:
Seealso:compareter-1 `wriggle',worfrom*trem-and*tres-extendedare.
Page(s):
Page(s):1092-1093
Root/lemma: trenk-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush;tooppress
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen(alsodrhnend),zusammendrngen,bedrngen'
Note:
Note:s.alsotrenk- `wash,bathe'
Material:
Material:Av.raxtanmGen.Pl.`zusammengedrngt'(inthemeaningtoGerm.stimmend);
lat.truncus`treetruck,trunk',Adj.`mutilated,thesteorGliederstolen;looted',trunc,-re
`verstmmeln';gall.trincosàkindofGladiatoren'(VendryesRC.39,404f.);perhaps(èsdrngt
mich')air.di-fo-thracc-`wish',verbalnoundthracht;probably(asàbgedrngtbecome')air.mir.
tricim`verlasse,weiche',cymr.trengi`vergehen,die',tranc,Pl.trangaum.Àbschied,death,end';
maybealb.trung`stump',alb.geg.(*truncus)truni`(*adolt,blockhead),brain,head'fromlat.truncus
-a-um`maimed,mutilated,cutshort.M.assubst.truncus-i,aloppedtree,thetrunkofatree;the
trunkofahumanbody.Transf.adolt,blockhead'.alsoalb.trgull,trangull`cucumber;adolt,
blockhead'.
got.reihanùrge,press,push'(fromurg.*ren,*rin;throughAblautentgleisungrih,
rahans;faihu-raihna(Dat.Sg.)`richness';alsoas.thrgian,mnd.ndl.dreigen`threaten'Ein
westgerm.*rh-=got.reih-certainlyinmhd.drhe`Stecknadel,HandgertofFlechtensand
Webens';withgramm.variationaisl.ryngja,-va,rng`press,urge,press,push,press'(for*ringa
probablyafterdemAdj.rngrèng'from*rangu-),as.thringan,ags.ringanst.V.,ahd.dringan
ds.(mhd.dringenalso`flax,wattle,braid,toweave',seeabovedrheandcompareabove*terk`turn');Kaus.aisl.rngjaùrge,press,push,constrain,oblige,indieclampbringen',mhd.drengen
ùrge,press,push';aisl.rngrèng'(=lit.tranks),mhd.drange,gedrangeAdv.èng';aisl.rng,
Gen.-varf.`crush,narrowness',ags.drangm.`crush,gedrngtetroop,multitude,crowd',mhd.dranc
`Drang',ahd.drangnùrge,press,push`(=lit.trankau);
aisl.rta,rtta`quarrel,sichquarrel,squabble,bestreiten'(*ranatjan);ags.rll`Knecht,
Unfreier'etc.(*ranhilaz);
ngr.,latelat.drungusandair.drong`troop,multitude,crowd'aregenuineCeltic
(*dhrungho-)andkeinegerm.Lw.;irrigaboveS.255;
lit.trekti`drhnendbump,poke',Frequent.tranka,-ti(=ahd.drangn),traksmas`crush,
resonance',tranks`bumpy'(eig.`stoend'=aisl.rngr);trenku,trikti`wash'(seealso*trenk`wash'),trnkiu,-ti`din,drone';lett.trecu,trekt`zerstoen,zerquetschen;wegjagen';trecint
ùpset',truoksnis`din,fuss,noise,Gepolter';OldPrussianpertrinktan`verstockt';russ.trutt`press,
bump,poke',serb.trti`schmeien';
Anlautdubletteinslov.drkati`bump,poke,stomp,squeeze',OldChurchSlavicudriti
`niederdrcken,torment,smite'.
References:
References:WP.I758f.,WH.II710f.,Trautmann328f.,Vasmer3,144,145.
Page(s):
Page(s):1093
Root/lemma: trenk-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towash,bathe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`waschen,baden'
Material:
Material:Ir.fothrucud`bathe',bret.gozronquetds.(*tronk-),cymr.trochi`mergere,balneare'(-chprobablyfrom-nks-);aboutlit.trenk,trikti`wash'seeabove.
References:
References:WP.I759;
Seealso:
Seealso:probablyidenticalwithtrenk-1;compareaboveS.819aboutlit.perti.
Page(s):
Page(s):1094
Root/lemma: trep-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totrample,tread
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trippeln,trampeln,treten'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantrpr-,trpla-`hasty,unstet'(probablyfrom`trippelnd');afghan.drabl`jiggle,
shake,herabdrcken';gr.`keltere'(`tretedieTraubenfrom'),,hom.
`Fusteig'(-`copulativum',eig.àusgetretenerway'),Hes.,
`GottheitenofWeinbaues';alb.*trip=gr.-inshtip,sh-typ`zertrete,zerstoe,zerquetsche',
pr-t(r)yp`chew',sh-trip,zdryp`steigeherab';
lat.trepidus`ngstlichumherlaufend',trepid,-re`walkontiptoe;trip,fromGeschftigkeitorfear';
ags.rafian`press,urge,press,push,drive,push;rebuke,reproach';engl.dial.thrave,threave`drift,
trailing,herd',as.thran`trot',mhd.drabends.(=russ.tropt),schwed.trav`festgefahrener
SchneeaufWegen',travla`(snow)feststampfen'(besidesprobablythroughhybridizationwithgerm.
*trep-,*tremp-,seeunderder-`run',mnd.drampen`trample',ostfries.ndl.drempel,nd.drumpel
`threshold',mnd.dorpel`threshold');
lit.trepsti(3.Pers.trpsi,oldtrpsti)`withdenFentrampeln',trep-(l)entids.,trypstids.,ablaut.
trypiu,trpti`trample'(for*trip-);trapinti`withdenFenbump,poke',OldPrussiantrapt`tread',
ertreppa`siebertreten';
OldChurchSlavictrepet`dasZittern,Beben',trepetati`tremble',trepati`palpare',bulg.trpam
`stamp,trample,trapple',trpotm.`Getrampel',russ.tropt`stomp,trample,withdenFentreten',
tropf.`Pfad;Fhrte'.
References:
References:WP.I756,WH.II701f.,Trautmann329,Vasrner3,136,140f.
Seealso:
Seealso:Astrem-andtres-probablyextensionfromter-1`wriggle'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1094
Root/lemma: trep-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn;tobowthehead(ofshame)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wenden,alsosichvorSchamabwenden'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantrpat`schmtsich,wirdverlegen',trapf.`thegenitals,Verlegenheit';
gr.,dor.ion.`wende',`reversal',`turn',`keel,Grundbalkenof
Schiffes'(eig.`Wender'),`wende,verndere',Med.`turn,twist,rotatemichum,kehreum',
-`wendemichjemandemto,schmemichvorjemandem',`movable,
nimble';inspiteofHes.not`fulminatorquens',butto,as`theBlitzfrohe';
lat.trepit`vertit';turpis(*trpis)ùgly,nasty'(`*wovormansichabwendenmu',formationasgot.brks
ùsable'),-ur-insteadof-or-dialect.
Maybealb.(*turpis)turp`shame'
References:
References:WP.I756f.,WH.II702,719,Mayrhofer530.
Seealso:
Seealso:Idg.trep-`wenden'extensionfromter-3`rub,drehendreiben,turn'
Page(s):
Page(s):1094
Root/lemma: trep-3 ,trebSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1037under(s)trep-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1095
Root/lemma: tres- ,ters- (*teres-)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totremble
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zittern'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantrsati`zittert'(=gr.),trast-`zitternd'Kaus.trsayati`makeserzittern';av.
tarta-(ar.*trta-`timorous'),trsaiti,.tarsatiy`frchtet'(*trs-[s]k)=lit.tri);Kaus.av.
rhayete`versetztinfright';perhapsarm.ererÈrschtterung,Beben,Zittern'(*tresri-);
lat.terreo,-reìnSchreckenversetzen,daunt,scare'(daseinsteadofkausativenoderivesfrom:)
terror`fright';umbr.tursitu`terrt,fugt';
gr.(Aor.hom.)`tremble,flee',Hes.,ùnerschrocken',
(*),`timorous,fleeting';
mir.tarrach`timorous'(*trs-ko-);ags.rs`fringe'(compareOldIndiantrasaamèine
bewegliche,zitterndeornament,decoration');
lit.tris`tremble'(*trs-[s]k);lett.trsasf.Pl.`Zittern',trist`tremble,quiver',perhapslit.tresi,trsti
`lufigsein'.
References:
References:WP.I760,WH.II674f.,Trautmann329;
Seealso:
Seealso:to1.ter-1`wriggle'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1095
Root/lemma: tr-eu-dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,push,*displeasure
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`quetschen,stoen,drcken'
Note:
Note:probablyextensiontoter-3,tereu- `rub'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:tr-eu-d- :
:`topress,push,*displeasure'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:dreh- :
ùnwilling,displeased'[commonillyr.-balt.-h->-d-,illyr.alb.-g>-thphoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:Alb.treth`castrate,clip'(`*smash,crushtesticles')=lat.trd,-ere`bump,poke,
fortstoen,urge,press,push'(trdisèisenbeschlageneshaft,polezumFortstoen');
Maybenasalizedalb.ndrydh`twist',alsoprefixedshtrydh`squeeze'.
mcymr.cythru`torment,smite',godru`wild',gorthru`Bedrckung'(*-treudo-);mir.trotaid`streitet'
(*truzd-from*trudd-),cymr.trythill,drythill`lustful'(outofitmir.treitell`Liebling');air.tromm,cymr.
trwm`heavy'(*trudsmo-`drckend');got.usriutan`beschwerlichfall',aisl.rjta`lack',ags.()rotanunpers.èxhaust,berdrssigbecome',ahd.(ar-,bi-)driozan`beset,belstigen',nhd.
verdrieen;aisl.rjtr`widerspenstigerperson',ahd.urdrioz`displeasure';aisl.rautf.`Kraftprobe,
crowdedness',ags.ratm.`crush,Gewaltttigkeit,threat',mhd.drz`displeasure,load,complaint'
(=slav.trud);ags.rat(n)ianùrge,press,push,torment,smite,scold,chide,threaten';
ags.retanèxhaust(tr.),urge,press,push',aisl.reyta`poweraufwenden,withstand,exhaust(tr.
andintr.)';aisl.rysta,ahd.rstit,ags.geryscan`distress',rysmanèrdrcken,ersticken',mnd.
drussemenèrdrosseln,erdrcken';OldChurchSlavictrud`toil',trud,truditi`beschweren,
torment,smite'.
Maybealb.trys,trysa(aor.)`press,compress,squeeze',trondit`torment,overwhelm'.
References:
References:WP.I755,WH.II710,Trautmann326,Vasmer3,143,LothRC41,226ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1095-1096
Root/lemma: tr b - ,trb- ,tr e b- ortrb- ,tr b Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:building,dwelling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Balkenbau,Gebude,Wohnung'
Material:
Material:Lat.trabsandtrabs,-isf.`balk,beam',taberna`Bude,Wohnraum'(dissim.from
*traberna);
osk.trbm`domum,aedificium',trbarakavmàedificare'(*trb-),umbr.tremnu`tabernculo',
trebeit`verstur'(*trb-or*trb-);acymr.treb,ncymr.tref,abret.treb`dwelling',mir.treb`house,
estate',air.dthrub,cymr.didref`desert,waste,wasteland,Einsiedelei',air.atreba(*adtreb-)
`besitzt,dwells',cymr.athref`dwelling,Besitzung',gall.VNAtrebates`possessresorSehafte';
aboutmir.trebaid`bebaut,bewohnt',seeaboveS.1071;
ags.orp,ropèstate,courtyard,village',afries.therpandthorp,as.thorp,ahd.dorf`village',aisl.
orp`Gehft',got.arp`field,farmland';aisl.repn.Òberboden,Lattenboden,Galerie,Absatz',
repim.èrhhteUnterlage'(besidesalsorafnim.`staff,balk,beam',refn.ds.fromarootvariant
aufidg.p,aspresumablygr.-att.inschr.-ol.Hes.`picket,pole,
Schiffsbord');
ablaut.lit.trob(Akk.trb)`house,edifice,building',lett.trbaèdifice,building',OldPrussianinPN.
Troben;
einevollererootformterb-ingr.,assim.Pl.`house,dwelling'(*terb-no-),from
whichborrowedOldChurchSlavictrm`tower',etc.;aboutgr.`dwelling's.KretschmerGl.
24,90f.
References:
References:WP.I757f.,WH.II696f.,Trautmann330,Vasmer3,95f.,97.
Page(s):
Page(s):1090
Root/lemma: tr u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toprosper
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gedeihen'
Note:
Note:extendedtreu-sMaterial:
Material:Av.Perf.3.Sg.Med.turuy(i.e.turuw)`hataufgezogen,unterhalten',present-stem
rao-(raota)`zurripeness,consummation,Vollkommenheitgelangenorbringen',raoti`(ripeness)consummation,end';
ahd.triuuit(alem.t-for-)èxcellet,pollet,floret';trowwen(*raujan)`pubescere,crescere',mhd.f
gedrouwenàufgewachsen,grown';aisl.rask`zunehmen,thrive,ripen'(*rwn),mhd.druof.
`fruit',older-nhd.druhen,truhen`thrive,zunehmen',schweiz.trehends.;aisl.rrf.`power',ags.
ryds.;aisl.roskr(*trusko-)`(reif,vollwchsig)strong',roskim.`strength',roskask`strong
become'.
References:
References:WP.I754.
Page(s):
Page(s):1095
Root/lemma: trii to- ,trtoEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sea,watery
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`nassesElement'
Material:
Material:Air.trath,Gen.trethan`sea'(protokelt.*triaton-);gr.,sonofPoseidonorNereus
andthe-,alsorivername,Tf.`seainLibyen';èpithettheAthene'
ratherasTàm3.daysborn'withmetr.lengtheningofdeutbar.
Maybealb.tret`dissolveinwater'
Note
Note:
Theoriginofgr.`sonofPoseidonorNereus'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:trei- :
:`three'or
thetrident
tridentoftheseagod.Itwasinitiallyanumberandlateritbecamethenameforthesea.
References:
References:WP.I760.
Page(s):
Page(s):1096
Root/lemma: trisEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:stalk;vine
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pflanzenstengel,Rebe'
Material:
Material:Gr.K(*trisni);alb.trish`Pfropfreis,sprout';skr.trs`Weinrebe,
reed'(trsje`Weinberg'),ech.trs`stalkoftheplant',vinntrs`grapevine',slov.ters`grapevine'(slav.
*trso-).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1096
Root/lemma: trozdos- :tr z dosEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:blackbird
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Drossel'
Note:
Note:compareaboveS.1079
Material:
Material:Lat.turdus,-m.`thrush,Krammetsvogel;einfish'(*trzdos,withdial.u);mir.truit,druitf.,
nir.truid,druid`Star'(*trozdi-);fromdemIr.borrowedmcymr.trydw,drydw(afterdrud`toll'
transfiguredtodrudw),bret.dred,tred(olderPl.),acorn.troetm.,ncorn.tros,Pl.tryjy,treyju,
Singulativf.mcorn.troan;besidesabret.tra[s]cl,nbret.drask(l)m.,Vannesalsotaraskl,f.cymr.
tresglen`thrush';aisl.rstr(*rastu-z,comparetou-stemcymr.trydw)`thrush',norw.trost,trast;
unclearmhd.drostel,ags.drostle(germ.*rustal-),ahd.drosca-(la),mhd.bair.drschel,schwb.alem.drostl(germ.*rau(d)-sk-,-st-),ags.rysce(*ruskjn,engl.thrush;mnd.drsle,and.thrsla
(reshapedfrom*throstlaafter*sla=ags.sle,nhd.`blackbird`);protogerm.-au-and-u-perhaps
throughinfluenceanonomatopoeicwordsSchallsippewithu,asingr.`girre',
`turtledove',poln.trukads.,etc.;balto-slav.*trazda-m.`thrush'inOldPrussiantresdef.,lit.
strzdas,lett.strzdsm.;slav.*drozdinruss.drozd(Gen.drozd)etc.
References:
References:WP.I761f.,WH.II718,Trautmann327,SpechtIdg.Dekl.49.
Page(s):
Page(s):1096
Root/lemma: truk Seealso:
Seealso:seeundertuerk-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1097
Root/lemma: trusEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:reed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schilfrohr'
Material:
Material:Gr.`bulrush'as*h(),*trusomtoOldChurchSlavictrst,skr.trst,trskaetc.
`reed',lit.tr(i)usds.,strst,strusts,srusts`RohrspanorBaststreifen'.Doubtful,daBinseand
Schilfzweiganzvariousthingsare.
References:
References:WP.I762,Trautmann330,Vasmer3,141,145.
Page(s):
Page(s):1097
Root/lemma: tr o fEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:leprosy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àussatz'
Material:
Material:Air.trosc`leprosy'(*trds-ko-);bret.trousk`Schuppen',trouskan`Moos',cymr.trwsg(l)
`raw';got.rts-filln.`leprosy',ags.rstfell(for*rts-)`leprosy';comparegr.`reibeauf',lit.
trunti`modern'(seeter(eu)-`rub',basicmeaningthenperhaps`kratzig')andlat.trdetc.(see
*treud-).
References:
References:WP.I762,I.WilliamsBBCS.11,142f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1096-1097
Root/lemma: tu ,tutu
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:chirpingofbirds
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Vogelruf;alsovonanderndumpfenSchalleindrcken
Material:
Material:OldIndianthuthukrt-m.èincertainbird,Ringeltaube';gr.Hes.,
Hes.;lat.tutubre`cry'(fromtheowl),comparePlaut.Men.653f.`vnadferrinoctuam,
quae`t,tùsquedicattibi';lit.ttoti`toot',tutls,tuttis`hoopoe';inGerm.neugeschaffen(or
withfalteringconsonantshiftinonomatopoeicword)mnd.(nhd.)tten`toot`,aisl.tauta,tutla
`murmur';asoldtype(*twithd-present)ags.tanèinenTonausstoen',aisl.jta`howl,einen
starkenTongive',ags.otan`howl,widerhallen,rant,roister',ahd.diozan`loudsound,clink',aisl.
ytr`strongsound,tone,Geheul',mhd.duz,diez,dz`clangor,noise',got.utharn`Tuthorn,
Trompete',aisl.yss`din,fuss,noise',ags.yssam.`Toser'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1097
Root/lemma: tu a k-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobathe
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`baden'
Material:
Material:OldPrussiantwaxtan`Badequast'(*tuakstom);
got.wahan,wh,aisl.v,ags.wan`bathe',ahd.dwahan,dwg,twuog`wash',aisl.vttr
(*wahtu-)`dasWaschen'etc.;aisl.vln.`Seife',got.wahln.`spa,bath',ahd.dwahalds.,ags.
walm.n.`Waschen';as.twahilaf.`Handtuch',ahd.dwahilam.ds.,frnk.*thwahljads.,outofitfrz.
touaille,fromwhichengl.towel.
References:
References:WP.I747,Trautmann333,Johannesson451.
Page(s):
Page(s):1098
Root/lemma: tu a kos
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:skin
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haut'
Material:
Material:OldIndiantvacas-`skin'(incompoundashiranya-tvacas-`goldfellig'andintvacasya-ìn
theskinsituated'),besidestvk-f.`skin,fell,fur';gr.`shield'(fromHuten,leather),`Schildtrger';hitt.tuekkas`body,person,selbst'.
References:
References:WP.I747,MayrhoferI,537f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1099
Root/lemma: tu k -1 ,tukEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topulltogether,closeup
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwa`festumschlieen,zusammenschnren'(gr.weiteralso`festhineinstopfen
underlikewise')
Material:
Material:OldIndiantvanakti`ziehtsichtogether'(unbel.);
gr.att.,ion.(,ion.;)àusrsten,bewaffnen;anfllen,
feststopfen'(*tuaki),`vollgestopft',withgr.(Entgleisung)àrmament,armor,Geschirr,
saddle,clothing',`cover,Saumsattel;clothing,berzug'(>lat.sagma>ahd.soum,nhd.
Saumtier),`fishingnet',Poll.,Hes.,andtheban.
`physician,medicineman'anddasdemlat.sagana`Zauberin'thebasicliegende*;,
dor.`hurdle,stall,sacredplace';`pfercheein,sperreein',dor.ìnthe
Schfereiaufgezogeneslamb',,-`Sklavin';alsoprobably`wiege',`Gewicht;
Gegenwert,Belohnung';withgradationprobablyhom.`strong',`binstrong,have
power';zerograde`gedrngt,numerous'(*-).
References:
References:WP.I746f.,WH.II463,KuiperIdg.Nasalprs.122.
Page(s):
Page(s):1098
Root/lemma: tu e i-2 ,extendedtu e i-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toexcite,shake,movearound;toshimmer
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrregen,hinandherbewegen,schtteln,erschttern,alsoseelisch'
Grammaticalinformation:(s-present;toes-stemtueios-,tueies-,av.wayah-)
Note:
Note:=tu e is -`sparkle,glitter',da`lebhafteBewegung-flicker,sparkle,glitter'eincommon
Bedeutungsverhltnisis.
Material:
Material:OldIndiantvi-èxcited,arousedsein;sparkle,glitter,gleam'(presenttvatiGramm.,
tviur`siewarenexcited,aroused,bestrzt',3.Sg.tviata,titvi),tve-`boisterous;funkelnd,
gleaming',tvi-,tvii-f.èxcitement,Ungestm;radiance';urind.(Mitanni)PNTurattamaybefrom
*Tvi(a)-ratha-=OldIndiantve-ratha-`dessencartboisterousvordringt';
av.wy-ant-participle`fearerweckend',up-wayeiti`beafraid,ngstigtsich',wy`Schrecknis,
danger',wayah-n.ds.(therefromwayaha-n.`gefhrlicherstate,status,danger',wayahant`terrible,dangerous');wasn.`fear,atrembling,quaking,shaking,terror,anxiety,fear,dread,
alarm';wisra-`luminous'(wreOldIndian*tvicchra-);
gr.`shake,swing,brandish,erschttere'(*tueis;-;),zerogradesparticiple
(:OldIndiana-tvi-ata),,Èrschtterung,Erdbeben';froma*tueis-ros`funkelnd'
derives`glhend,burning(hochsommerlich);Hundsstern(Sirius),Sterngenerally',,
Suidas(toconsonant-stemprobablyaftergeworden);if
`glimmering'(`gltte,makeblank')hereanzureihenis(:tuis-+[]),isesperhapsas
tuisi-(Kompositionsformbesides*tueis-ro-)+,perhaps`vonfunkelnderHelle'toanalysieren
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1099
Root/lemma: tu e nhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tooppress
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bedrngen'
Material:
Material:Av.wzjaiti`gertincrowdedness'(av.*tuanzhatiwith-zgh-fromidg.-h+sk),toas.
thwingan,ahd.dwingan`press,zwingen,unterdrcken',aisl.vinga,-aa`constrain,oblige,
belstigen,plague',ags.winglianàufbinden';butahd.dhen`press,niederdrcken'(nhd.deuhen,
dauhen),ags.yn,on(preterityde)`press,belstigen,constrain,oblige,bump,poke,prick'from
*hjan(*unian),whereuponalsomndl.dwen,douwen`press,press,andprobablyalsoanfrk.
bethwen`deprimere'andags.ywan`press,beset,scold,chide,bestrafen'goback,belongto
(s)teuk-,aboveS.1032.
References:
References:WP.I748f.,KuiperNasalprs.126.
Page(s):
Page(s):1099-1100
Root/lemma: tu e nSeealso:
Seealso:seeundertu-6.
Page(s):
Page(s):1099
Root/lemma: tu e rk Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Av.wars-`cut,clip,schnitzendgestalten',participlewarta-,wrtar-orwarxtar`creator,god,molder':OldIndianGNTv(-ar-)from*Tvrar;inadditionprobablygr.,-
`Fleisch',Pl.`Fleischstcke'(ol.),`tear,sichaufdieLippenbeien,verhhnen',
-`fleischfressend',Subst.`Sarg=coffin'(>lat.sarcophagus>ahd.sarch,nhd.Sarg);if
as`Querschnitt'herealsodiefamilyofahd.dwerah`quer'(etc.,seebelowterk-`turn')
Einfromturk-entstandenes*truk-seeksmaninlat.trux,trcis`rough,prickly,durchbohrend(of
look),abstoend,fierce,grim,defiant',truculentus`finsterindenMienen,griesgrmig',trucdre
`niedermetzeln'(from*truci-caidostolat.caedaboveS.917),toair.tr(*truks)`totgeweiht',Gen.
troch(*truks).
References:
References:WP.I751,WH.II695,709,711f.,Mayrhofer1,539.
Page(s):
Page(s):1102
Root/lemma: tu e r-1 :tur- andtu r Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,whirl
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,quirlen,wirbeln',alsovonlebhafterBewegungberhaupt
Note:
Note:fromwhichpartlytruMaterial:A.
Material:A.OldIndiantvrat,turti`hurries',tryatds.,tra-,tri-`hasty',tur-inthemeaning
`rash,hasty'(nottotur-`strong',dastotu-`toswell'),tura-`hurrying',turayti`hurries'(:
from---),av.wa-(ar.*tvrta-)`hasty';turaga-`horse'(`rusher,racer');
gr.-(prefix)`treibean',Med.`hurry',(*F-=idg.tur-),`hurtig,agile'
(comparewithoutprefixHes.);`Rhrkelle',`rhreum'(*);
lat.truaf.`scoop,alsozumUmrhrenbeimKochen',trulla,truella`scoop,paten',trulleum`Becken,
Waschbecken',probablyalsoamptru,-re`beidensaliarischenReligionsfeierntanzenandhpfen';
ahd.dweranst.V.`quick,fastherumdrehen,durcheinanderrhren,mix'(nhd.bair.zweren),ags.
weran`bestir',ge-wer`curd',schwed.tvra`stir';aisl.vara`Quirl',ags.wre,wref.`tudicula';
aisl.yrill,ags.wirel,ahd.dwiril`Quirl,Rhrstab';mnd.dwarl,dwerl`whirl,curl';isl.yrla`whirl',
nhd.dorlen`sichdrehen';aisl.orim.`bulk,mass,greatness,bulk,extent,allotment',of
onomatopoeicwordsSchalleindruckadurcheinanderwirbelndenMengefromprobablyalsoaisl.yrja
`run,sausen',urs,ors`fiend,demon,giant',ags.yrs`giant,demon',ahd.thuris,dur(i)s,tursds.;
B.
B.withb -Erweiter.:gr.,att.`din,fuss,noise,perplexity',Adv.,att.
`durcheinander';lat.turbaf.`dielrmendeUnordnungaMenge,perplexity,Getmmel',turb,-re
`bewilder,durcheinanderbringen',turb,-inism.`whirlwind,whirl,drehendeBewegung,Kreisel';mir.
torbaid`baffle',cymr.twrfm.`din,fuss,noise'(lat.Lw.torff.),tyrfu`rant,roister'(M.O'Brienriu11,
91);aisl.orp`Menschenhaufen',yrpaùrge,press,push';perhapshitt.tarup(p)-ùnite,
versammeln';
C.
C.withm-formants:lat.turma`troop,multitude,crowd,swarm',aisl.rumaf.,rymrm.`din,fuss,
noise,crash,blast',ags.rymmm.`troop,multitude,crowd,bulk,mass,power,glory,magnificence,
radiance',rymma`warrior';as.heru-thrum`verderblicheGewaltofSchwertes';mhd.nhd.dial.
drumeln`sichinWirbeldrehen,lurch',schweiz.drmmel`dizziness,giddiness;swindle',andmhd.
*durm,turm`whirl,dizziness,giddiness;swindle',mhd.nhd.dial.durmel,drmel(t-)`dizziness,
giddiness;swindle,dizziness,whirl',durmig(drmig,drmisch)`betubttaumelnd,schwindlig;
tobend,boisterous,angry,irate';
Maybealb.turm`crowd',(similar-msuffixtoalb.zjarm`fire'hencenotalat.loanword),turrem`rush
intoacrowd'.
D.
D.inGerm.einebedeutungsgleichefamilywithanlaut.s-anddenablautgerm.*stur-and*staur-:
ahd.str(r)en(ga-,ar-,zi-)`stren,inVerwirrungbringen',nhd.stren`turbare'(strenìnLande
herumfahren,aufdiestrgo',zerstren,verstrt,afries.tstra`destroy'(comparelat.turbre:
disturbre);ablaut.aisl.styrr,Gen.styrjarm.`Getmmel,perplexity,noise',ags.styrian`move,
bewilder,agitate,tell',gestyrn.`movement',ahd.irsturien,mhd.strn`stochern,antreiben',nhd.
strenìnetwasherumstbernorwhlen';aisl.sturlaìnUnordnungbringen,stren',mhd.strel`tool
zumStren';mitm-suffix(seeabove)aisl.stormr`storm,restlessness,Kampfessturm',ags.storm,
ahd.sturm`storm',schweiz.sturm`schwindlig',strmi`dizziness,giddiness;swindle'.
Maybealb.shtyj,shtyraaor.`push,stir'
References:
References:WP.I749f.,WH.I42,II708f.,718,719,Mayrhofer1,514,539,569f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1100-1101
Root/lemma: tu e r-2 :tur- ,tu e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tograb,toenclose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fassen,einfassen,einzunen'
Material:
Material:Gr.:,ep.ion.f.`rope,cable,band,strap'(*tueri),-()
`Handpferd',compareand[]Hes.;witho-gradationf.Ùrne'
(*tuoros);perhaps,-`Sirene(Todesgttin);einewildBienenart,einsmallbird',whether
originallyÙmstrickerin',to`rope,band';f.,-,-f.`basket,wickerwork',compare
att.,,Hes.;perhapsextension*tuerg-,compare*tuer-p-ingr.
f.`groerbasket',whetherhere*tup-to*tp-dissimilated,thereafteralso-besides
-;
afterLothRC40,475f.herebret.tornaod`Steilkste',gall.turno-`height'inPNwieTurno-magus,
Turncumetc.;
lit.tveriu,tvrti`catch,tohem,gird,border,umhegen,form,mould',lett.tveu,tvert`grasp,catch,
hold,stop',ablaut.lit.turi,turti`hold,stop,have',lett.turu,turtds.,OldPrussianturit`have,
sollen';lit.p-tvaras`paddock',tvrtasÈinzunung',tvarstti`mehrfachtohem,gird,border',lett.
tvarstt`grasp,catch,capture';ChurchSlavictvor`forma',OldChurchSlavictvoriti`create,make',
aruss.tvorÀussehen',serb.tvrac`creator,god';lengthenedgradelit.tvor,lett.tvre`fence',Old
ChurchSlavictvar`creation,creature';inadditionruss.tvargm.(fromwhichnhd.`Quark=curd'),
comparezurformationlat.formaticum,frz.`fromage';originallyparticiple:lit.tvr-tas,lett.tvirts`strong,
tight,firm'(*tur-to-),OldChurchSlavictvrd,russ.tvrdyjds.(*tur-;thevariationt:dfromoriginally
konson.Stammzudefine);inadditionstillaruss.tvrdf.`Himmelsgewlbe,Befestigung'.
References:
References:WP.I750f.,Trautmann333f.,Vasmer3,85ff.,HofmannGr.etym.Wb.305,308,
353.
Page(s):
Page(s):1101
Root/lemma: tu i -1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocutdown,hack,hit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`scharfhauen,schlagen'
Material:
Material:Ags.wtanst.V.`cut,clip,abschneiden'(wred-present;inaddition)gewit`chip,
splinter',aisl.veitr`Querhieb,incision',veita`hew,hit,bump,poke';lit.tvskinu,-inti`vast,grand
anklopfen',tvju,tvtiScherzwortfor`proficientthrash';infolgeofonomatopoeicwords
Schallcharaktersthelit.wordsdubiousVergleich.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1099
Root/lemma: tu b hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hollow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rhrenartighohl'
Note:
Note:onlygr.andlateinisch
Material:
Material:Gr.,-m.Àbzugsrhre,Weinheber,Feuerspritze,Weinschlauch',
`Maulwurf'(`rhrenfrmigeGngewhlend'),Hes.(eig.`hollow'),probablyalso
`hollow,fragile,easilybroken;unstable,dilapidated,lame',`spoil';lat.tbia
`Schienbeinknochen;geradePfeife,flute',belongsbarelytostb(h)-`shaft,pole'(aboveS.1015),das
festess-hat.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1102
Root/lemma: tu [u]- :tu u- :t-lEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:tube
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Rhre'
Material:
Material:OldIndianta-m.,tf.`quiver',tava-m.`flute'(*tln-):OldChurchSlavictul
`quiver';gr.`gully,duct,tube,pipe,canal';withreduplication-stem*tuu-:*or*
`duct,tube,pipeamunterenendtheLanze',inèinaboutdasuntereLanzenende
gestlptes,rhrenartigesStck',withn-forms`'(`*duct,tube,pipe'),inthe
Koine`spear,javelin,spit,pike'.
References:
References:WP.I752,WH.II688,Vasmer3,150,Mayrhofer1,518,J.Hubschmid,Bibl.Facult
dePhilos.etLettresdel'Univ.deLige,Fasc.129(1953),194.
Page(s):
Page(s):1102
Root/lemma: t-loEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:sluggish,lazy
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sumigandlargweiliginArbeiten,Redenunderdgl'
Material:
Material:Lett.ta,tlis`werwithnichtsfertigwird',tot,tat,tlotis`sumen,slowlysein,
zgerndandieArbeitgo;babble,chatter';aisl.aulf.`Festsetzung',mlasikaul`beimSprechen
stocken',nisl.aul-reiànhaltenderermattenderRitt'underlikewise,aul-stinn`cunctabundus',
norw.tla`heavywork',tyla`hesitate',lett.tuotisds.;withotherformsperhapslett.tauotis
`hesitate,zaudern,nichtfertigbecome,slowlysein'.
References:
References:WP.I745f.,HolthausenAltwestn.Wb.313.
Page(s):
Page(s):1098
Root/lemma: t
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thou
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`du'
Grammaticalinformation:Gen.t(e)u e ,Dat.toi ,tebh(e)i ,Akk.te ;stemt - ,teu o - ,teu e - ,tu o - ,
tu e - andteMaterial:
Material:1.OldIndiantu,t`yet'(zurhervorhebendenandaufforderndenparticlegeworden),av.t
ds.,enkl.`du';ar.*tuum(afterOldIndianahm)inOldIndiantuvm,tvm,gthav.tvm,jav.tm,
ap.tuvam`du';arm.du`du';
gr.dor.,hom.ion.att.(-fromdenKas.obl.,where-fromF-),hom.,lak.,bot.
(after-,-);alb.ti(*t);lat.t;air.t(*tor*t),tussu,-sso(*t)`du',cymr.tietc.(*t);
got.u,aisl.andsuffig.u,o,as.th,ahd.d,du;lit.t(*tor*t),OldPrussiantou(*t)`du';
OldChurchSlavicty;toch.Atu,t(u)we,hitt.zik,zikka`du'(*tegafrom*te+*eg),tuk,tukka`dir,
you',enklit.-du-(*tu)and-ta(*teor*toi)`dir,you';
2.idg.*teu e - `dein',kelt.*toueinair.to,mcymr.teu`dasDeinige',precedingkelt.*tou>air.do
`dein',cymr.dy,corn.the,bret.dads.;hitt.-ti-`dein'.
3.Possessivumteu o -s, tu o -s: OldIndiantv-,gthav.wa-,av.tava-,hom.ion.att.(*F),
hom.lesb.dor.,bot.(*F);alb.y-t,Akk.tn-t(VerschmelzungofarticlewithdemPoss.);
lat.tuus(from*tovos),umbr.tover`tui',osk.tuvai`tuae';lit.tvas,OldChurchSlavictvoj.
References:
References:WP.I745,WH.II712,Trautmann315,331,JacksonLangandHist.657,Mayrhofer1,
507,Vasmer3,102f.,PedersenHittitischp.58.
Page(s):
Page(s):1097-1098
Root/lemma: ubEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrag,press
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drngen,(nieder)drcken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianubjti`hltlow,base,pressestogether',av.ubjyite`wirdniedergedrckt(auf
theWage)';
preu.-lit.byti`zurhaste,hurryurge,press,push'.
References:
References:WP.I193f.,Mayrhofer1,107.
Page(s):
Page(s):1103
Root/lemma: udero- ,u deroEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:belly
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Bauch',andgleichbedeutendewordshnlichenAnlautes
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianudra-m`belly,intumescenceofLeibes,thethickTeileinesDinges,cavity,
Inneres',andara-`bauchlos',av.udara-ds.;gr.Hes.(becauseofAsperratherfor
*);lat.uterus`lowerabdomen,belly,esp.womb,uterus'(tfordamehestenzugleichwithdem
phoneticalterationfrom*udris`hose'to*utris,utereingetreten);OldPrussianweders`belly,
stomach',lit.vdarasìntestines,entrailsoffish,intestines,entrails;Wurstmagen',lett.vders,vdars
`belly,stomach';
zurprepositionudbelongperhapsgr.Hes.(*ud-sto-s`vor-stehend')and
`womb,uterus'(ud+compounds-suffixtero-).
2.Lat.venter,-tris`belly'(kann*uendri-sein).
3.Lat.v(n)scaf.`thebubble',OldIndianvast-m.`bubble,bladder'(*undti-);vanih`Mastdarm,oreinintheNheofNetzesliegenderKrperteil';compare`Labmagen',ahd.
wan(a)st,wnist`paunch',nhd.Wanstalso`psalterium',ablaut.isl.vinstrf.`psalterium',norw.dial.
vinstrf.`Labmagen'(*uenistr);comparealsoLidnKZ61,19ff.
maybealb.*v(n)sca,vsca,veshka`bladder'.
4.Germ.*wana-inmnd.ingewt,ingewant,ingewendeds.,ndl.ingewand;das-ge-fromingewtis
fromEingeweide,ndl.geweide(see1122)herbergenommen.
References:
References:WP.I190f.,WH.II750f.,846,Trautmann343f.,Vasmer1,177,Liebert
Nominalsuffix-ti-196f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1104-1105
Root/lemma: u-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:A.AsimitationofEulenrufes:
Urgerm.*uwwninschweiz.huw(e),hu(e)òwl';Deminut.*uwwilninahd.wila,mhd.iuwel,iule,
nhd.owl,ags.yltwist`Vogelfalle'(withLockeule),besides*uwwalninahd.MNl-,mnd.nd.ags.
le,nnl.uil,engl.owl,aisl.ugla;comparenhd.Uhu(md.)and(withp-Erweit.)germ.*f-inaisl.fr,
ags.f,abair.vo,bair.-sterr.auf;
inadditionlett.pisÙhu',pt`cry(fromEulenandTauben)',lit.pasÈcho',aruss.vypl,Church
Slavicvyp`seagull',russ.vypm.,vypf.`bittern'(somewhatdifferentlett.but`coo,fromTauben',
bele`turtledove');compareOldIndianuh-`schreiend'andlat.ulula`Kauz'underul-.
B.k -extensionuk- , euk-: air.uch`wehe!'and`sigh',mir.alsooch,achds.;vielleichtgot.auhjn
`rant,roister',auhjdus`din,fuss,noise,Getmmel'(u,au),lett.aka`whirlwind',OldPrussian
aukis`Greif',lit.apokas`Nachteule',lett.kuot`jubilate',serb.ukati,uati`hucall,shout,cry',ka
`clamor'.
References:
References:WP.I187,WH.I119,Trautmann335,Vasmer1,226,240,Kluge-Gtze16182,881f.,
Mhlenbach-Endzelin4,409.
Page(s):
Page(s):1103
Root/lemma: u-2
Seealso:
Seealso:s.au-4S.73f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1103
Root/lemma: ulEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohowl
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Schallwz.`heulen'
Note:
Note:variousredupl.ululMaterial:
Material:OldIndianlka-m.=lat.(gloss.)ulucus`Kauz,owl';
OldIndianulul-,ull-ùlulabilis,ululatus',gr.,`bark',lat.ululre`howl',ululaf.`Kauz',
maybealb.(*ululre)ulras,ulrij`howl'.
lit.ululabagosèsheulendiewaves,billows',ullti,ulti`hallocall,shout,cry',ulboti,lbauti`call,
shout,cry,sing,cry';
butair.ilach`clamor'(*eluko-),mir.alsoulachds.,nir.olchobhchn,ulchobhchn,ulgadnòwl'
probablytoel-,ol-.
References:
References:WP.I194,WH.II813f.;compareel-,ol-S.306.
Page(s):
Page(s):1105
Root/lemma: upr ,upri
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:over,above
Note
CentumlanguagesprovethatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:upr ,upri :
:òver,above'derivedfromanolder
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:*hukwr ,*hukwri :
:òver,above',latertheoldlaryngealwaslost.Whatbecomes
clearisthecommongr.-celt.-kw->-p-phoneticmutation.ThereforeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:upr ,upri :
òver,above'derivedfromthesamerootasthecognatesforhorse.Thisrootdevelopedfromthe
conceptofclimbingahorse:Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:ek u o -s :
:`horse'.Theskyabovewasseemlycalled
accordingtothehorsegoddess:gall.Epona`TheCeltichorsegoddesswhoseauthorityextended
evenbeyonddeath,accompanyingthesoulonitsfinaljourney'.
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbout,oberhalb',prepositionand(auerinAr.)preverb;alsoàbout-hinaus'
Note:
Note:relatedwithupos.d.
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianupri,av.upairi,.upariyàbout,about-toward,about-out(Akk.);abouttoward(Instr);about(Gen.)';arm.probablyiver`hinauf,above'(probably*uper;besidesfrom
Kasusformenfrom*upero-:)iveroyìf,oberhalb',iverayàbove,darauf'(theseasprepositionbeim
Gen.àbout,auf');
gr.,preverbàbout,about-out'andprepositionàbout-toward,oberhalb,about-out(Akk.);
about'alsoinsensefromlat.d;`zumprotection,zumBesten(m.realGen.;arkad.withDat.-Lok.)';
lat.umbr.super(tos-seebelowupo)preverbàbout,drber'andprepositionàbout,about-toward,
about-out(Akk.);about'(Àbl.`=Lok.);air.for-,forpreverbàbout,auf'andprepositionàbout,about
-toward,about-out(Akk);aboutauf(`Dat.`=Instr.orLok.)',cymr.gor-,gwar-,corn.gor-,bret.gour,gall.uertragusàkindofschnellfigerHunde',PNVer-cingeto-rx(dasinselkelt.-o-nachir.fo-,
brit.gwo-);
kelt.*vertamo-`thehchste'inVNVertamo-cori(),changingthroughablautcymr.gwar-thaf`height'
(*vortamos);keltiber.ueramos`summus'(*uperemos);
got.ufar,aisl.yfir(*peri);ahd.uber(*upri),withinSatzinlautbewahrtemi-ahd.ubari,ubiripreverb
àbout'andprepositionàbout,about-toward,about=out(Akk.);about'(`Dat.`=Instr.orLok).
2.OldIndianpara-`theuntere,nhere'=av.upara-`theobere';gr.`Mrserkeule',
òberesrope,band'(`palate',ùpperchamber'areunclear);
lat.super,superus`thatisabove,upper,higher',osk.supruis`thatisabove,upper,higher'(therefrom
lat.suprÀdv.over,onthetop;oftime,before,previously;inwriting,above;ofamount,etc..over,
more,beyond;Prep.withacc.above,over;oftime,before;ofamount,morethan,above,beyond',
superior,suprmus,umbr.subraàbove',supruAdv.àbove';lat.supernus`thatisabove,celestial,
supernal',umbr.supernem.Akk.òver,above,upon,on');got.ufarAdv.àbout,above',ahd.obaro
Adj.`thatisabove,upper,higher',ags.yferrads.(*ueriz;Superl.femestseebelowupo).
References:
References:WP.I192,WH.II613ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,518ff.Mayrhofer1,105f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1105-1106
Root/lemma: upo ,up ,eup ,(e)up-sEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:under,fromunder,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:etwaùnderanetwasheran'
Note:
Note:fromthemeaning`fromunderhinauf'diemeaning`hinauf,about',diepartlyhere,esp.butin
related*upr(i)(seed.),aswellasinthegroupetc.ausgeprgtis;idg.upoispreverb(e.g.
OldIndianpa-i-,gr.-,lat.sub-e)andprepositionbyvariantcase.
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianpapreverbandpreposition`toward-to(Akk.);an,by,to(Lok.);inLaufe
from,gem,withinsensetheBegleitung(Instr.)',av.upa,.uppreverbandpreposition`towardto,in,auf(Akk.);by,in(Lok.)';
gr.preverbandprepositionùnderanetwasheran,underetwas(Akk.);underan,under(`dative',
eig.Lok.andpartlyperhapsInstr.);under;ofUrheberbeimPassiv(Gen.ofBereiches);fromunder
weg,under-hervor(Abl.)';
lat.sub(s-from*[e]ks-,comparegr.;-bfrom-pasinab=gr.),preverband
prepositionùnderanetwasheran,underetwas'(Akk.;alsotemporal,e.g.subnoctem);underan,
under(Àbl.`,eig.Lok.),asosk.(partlyperhapsInstr.,asumbr.sumaronato`sub
*maronatu'),besidessubs-(asabs)insustineunderlikewiseandinsusquedqueferàequ
animfer'(Gell.),comparealsounderdiegroupfrom,umbr.sub-,su-,osk.;air.fopreverb
andprepositionùnder'(Akk.,`Dat.`=Lok.orpartlyperhapsInstr.),acymr.guo-,gu-,gua-,ncymr.
go-,gwa-,corn.go-,gu-,bret.gou-preverbandincompoundgall.vo-(Voretusunderlikewise),ve(gr.-kelt.-lat.parave-rdusÈxtrapostpferd',fromwhichnhd.Pferd);
maybealb.(*subeo,subito)shpejt`sudden,fast'.
perhapscymr.gorau`best'from*uper-esu(=gr.-`verygood',L.-P.S.186)orfrom*upergousom(compareS.399)afterBinchyJ.C.stem1,148ff.;dasfromkelt.vo-;withOldIndian
upasthnam`Bedienung',pasti-,upa-st-m.`subordinate,servant'comparemir.foss`servant'
(*upo-sto-),cymr.bret.gwas,corn.guasds.,gall.PNVasso-rxetc.,mlat.vassus,vassallus,smtlich
zurrootst- S.1005,1008,asalsoair.foth`replacement,equivalent'(fo+t)butmir.fothae
`foundation,origin,source,beginning;anancestor'fromfo+suide(see885);
got.uf(ubuh)prefixàuf,under',prepositionùnder'(Akk.,`Dat.`=Lok.andpartlyperhapsInstr.),
ahd.oba,mhd.obe,obìf,about'(*up),butaisl.ofàbout,an,in',ags.ufe-(*po),ahd.f(fan)
àuf'(toahd.compareunderOldChurchSlavicvysok);besideswith-pp-as.uppa,up,ags.uppe,
up,aisl.uppàuf,aufwrts'and(withoneonlyinair.s,uas,cymr.uchwiederkehrendenlengthened
grade)got.iwpa`droben',iupàfter,above';hitt.upzi`gehtauf'(fromthesun).
maybealb.hyp,hipi`climb,mount(ahorse)'
2.supplementary:OldIndianupam-`theoberste,hchste,nchste',av.upma-ds.,ags.ufemest
(andyfemest)`thehchste,oberste';
lat.summus(*supmos)`thehchste'=umbr.somo`summum',comparealsogr.`the
hchste,erste'.-Gr.`zurckgelehnt,rcklings'(afterSittigfromsup-ti-`sleeping'-aboveS.
1048-,compareKretschmerGl.22,247),lat.supnusàufdembacklying,backwardsgebeugt,
migansteigend',alat.suppus(shortformtosupnus)ds.,supp,-re`supnre,aufdenbacklay,
place,rcklingshinstrecken',umbr.sopam`suppam'.
uplo-s ingot.ubils,ags.yfel,ahd.ubilèvil',mir.felèvil,bad'.
upes- ingot.ubizwaf.`Vorhalle',aisl.upsf.,upsim.`VorhalleaKirche',ags.efes,yfes`Dachtraufe',
ahd.obosa,obasa,obisa`Vorhalle';
ups- (compareabovelat.subs-,susque)ingr.Adv.`high'(seemsbrigensas-einLok.Pl.
tosein,asair.s,uasfrom*oup-su),whereof,`higher',`thehchste';,
,-ds.,`fromhochherab',`height,acme,apex',`high';with
lengthenedgradekelt.ou(probablyidg.eu,comparegot.iupa):air.s,asàbove,about'(*oup-su)
=cymr.uch,corn.ugh,bret.uc'hds.,whereforeAdj.air.asal`high',cymr.uchel(compoundsuch,
Sup.uchaf)corn.huhel,bret.uc'hel`high',gall.,-,Uxello-dnum(*oupselo-),furtherair.
all`bermut'(*oupsl)andair.chtar,achtar`dasObere',cymr.uthr`dreadful,erstaunlich'(*ouptro-,maybefrom*oupstro-,orafterdemrelationship*eks:*ektro-dafreingetreten);heredasair.
preverbuss-,oss-(*us<*ups)e.g.inair.osnad`sigh'(see38),cymr.uch-enaid,bret.huanadds.,
where*usthrough*ousersetztwordenis;ursprngliches*usand*ud-s-(seeaboveunderud-)
arephoneticallyotherwisenottodistinguish,discern;compareThurneysenGr.5,526;keltiber.PN
Vxama,gall.Vxisama(:cymr.uchaf`hchst');
protoslav..*psa-`high'placedinOldChurchSlavicvysoketc.`high'.
References:
References:WP.I192f.,WH.II612ff.,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,522ff.,Trautmann335,Vasmer1,
242,Mayrhofer1,105f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1106-1107
Root/lemma: u a dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:pledge
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pfand,Pfandeinlsen'
Material:
Material:Lat.vas,vadis`Brge',vadimnium`Brgschaft',praes.-dis,olderpraevides`Brge';got.
wadin.`pledge,Handgeld'(wadjabks`Pfandbrief',gawadjn`verloben'),aisl.ven.`pledge,
anvertrautesblessing',afries.wed`pact,covenant,promise,Brgschaft,certainty',ags.wedd
`pledge,pact,covenant',as.weddi`pledge',ahd.wtti,wti`Pfandvertrag,Rechtsverbindlichkeit,
pledge',mhd.alsoÈinsatzbeiaWette,Schadenersatz',nhd.Wette;aisl.vejaàufsSpielplace,
wetten,underHinterlegungaBrgschaftBerufungeinlegen',ags.weddian`pact,covenantmake,
promise,verheiraten'(weresweddian`sicheinemManneverloben',engl.wed`marry'),mhd.wetten
`pledgegive,Strafgeldentrichten,wetten',nhd.wetten;
lit.vdas`pledge,Brge',vadoti(lett.vadut)`somewhatVerpfndeteseinlsen',u-vadoti`for
jemandeneintreten'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1109
Root/lemma: u a i
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:woe!
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Interjektion`wehe!'
Material:
Material:Av.vayi,avi,vya`wehe'!(voya-`Wehruf'):arm.vay`Wehe,misfortune'(v-insteadof
g-fromidg.u-throughnebenherlaufendeneologism);similarlygr.(aslat.vah!)andseit
alexandrinischertime,,,ngr.(Neuschpfungen);alb.vajàffliction,lament';
lat.vae;mir.fe,cymr.gwae`weh!';withoneperhapswithlett.vadizusammenhngendend(h)suffixpresumablymir.fed,fid`scream,sound,tone',cymr.gwaedd`clamor,eiulatus';
hereas`Heuler':arm.gail,gall.*uai-lo-sinPNVailo,Vailico,abrit.Gen.Vailathi,air.Faln,mir.fel,
fel-ch`wolf'=cymr.gweil-giÒzean';
got.wai,aisl.vei,v,ahd.as.w;ags.w`wehe!',got.wai-neiìfyet!'(eig.`wehe,danicht!')in
compoundsofschlechten,fehlerhaftenZustandes,e.g.got.wajamrjan`blaspheme',waiddja
`beltter',aisl.veill`lax,weak'(*wai-haila-),vla,vla,vla,veila`lament';ags.wlanàfflict'
(`*sickmake',froma*w-hl=aisl.veill);ahd.wwo,wwa`Wehe,pain,affliction',as.w,Gen.
wwes,ags.wwa,wa,aisl.v,vds.,finn.(Lw)vaiva`plague,woefulness';ahd.weinn`weep,
cry',ags.wnian,aisl.veina`lament',whereofprobablyas`bejammernswert'got.wainags`woeful,
wretched,miserable,unlucky',ahd.wnag`woeful,wretched,miserable,unlucky',mhd.also`weak,
small,little',nhd.wenig;
lett.va`wehe,ach',vaijttrans.`wehetun',wadt`lament,weep',vadiPl.`lamentation,misery,
need'(seeabove);serb.vj`wehe!'isneologism.
Alb.vaj`lament',vajtoj`tolament'
References:
References:WP.I212f.,WH.II724,Trautmann338.
Page(s):
Page(s):1110-1111
Root/lemma: u a l- ,u a l-d(h)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobestrong
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`starksein'
Material:
Material:Lat.vale,-re`beiKrftensein,starksein;gelten,vermgen',osk.F`valens'or`vale',
pl.Ualesies=lat.Valerius;herealsolat.volmum(volaemum)pirumàkindofgroerBirne',toosk.
ualaemom,valaimasòptimus'withunclear-aimo-,perhapsSuperl.to*valaio-orNachbildungfrom
osk.maimo`maximus'
air.faln-,foln-`rule,reign'withoriginallyprsensbildendem-n-;air.flaithf.(*ulati-)`Herrschaft,
prince,lord'=cymr.gwlad,acorn.gulat,mcorn.gulas,mbret.gloat`land',nbret.glat`fortune';air.
flaithem`ruler'(*ulatiomos),mcymr.guletic,ncymr.gwledigds.,gall.Vlatosds.;abrit.Cuno-valiGen.
to*Cuno-valos`strongaseinwolf',mcymr.Cynwal,air.Conallds.;cymr.gwaladr`ruler'(*valatros),
withmetathesisacymr.gualartinPNCat-gualart,abret.Cat-uualart;
einedentalextensionisinGerm.(protogerm.t)andBalt.-Sl.(dordh)frequent,often:got.waldan,
aisl.valda(*uulm),aschwed.presentalsovalla(*valan),preteritalsovalt(*vevald),ahd.waltan
etc.`walten,rule,reign,effectuate';aisl.valdn.`power,force,might,Herrschaft',alts.giwaldf.
`power,Herrschaft',afries.wald,ags.gewealdds.,ahd.giwaltds.;aisl.einvaldiÀlleinherrscher',alts.
alowaldo,ahd.al(e)waltoetc.;
lit.veldti`regieren,besitzen',paveldtièrben':OldPrussianweldsnanAkk.Èrbe,inheritance',
weldnaim.Pl.Èrben';Iterat.lit.valdti`regieren',lett.vldt`rule,reign',lit.valdnas(lett.valduons,
vldiniks)`ruler',OldPrussianwldnikansAkk.Pl.`Knige';lit.valsiusÀmtsbezirk',lett.vlsts
`Reich,Staat,Gemeinde';ablaut.lit.pavilds`beherrscht';
OldChurchSlavicvlad,vlasti`rule,reign',aruss.particlepresentvoodyj`theherrscht',aech.vladu
vlasti`rule,reign'etc.;OldChurchSlavicvlastf.`Herrschaft',sloven.vlst`Grundeigentum,
possession'etc.;
toch.walo,Awl,Obliq.lnt,lnte`king'(*ul-nt),toch.Awlts,jltse`tausend'.
References:
References:WP.I219,WH.II727f.,Trautmann340f.,Vasmer1,209,219,222.
Page(s):
Page(s):1111-1112
Root/lemma: u a nk Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:beam
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Balken'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvya-`crossbar,crossbeam':mir.fice`ridgepole,rooftree,summit';
compareOldIndianva-`reed',ava-`dasBalkenlose'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1112
Root/lemma: u a p-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochatter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwatzen,plappern'
Material:
Material:Ags.wflian,isl.vafla,norw.dial.vavla,vabla,bayr.wabeln;lit.vapu-,-ti`babble,
chatter'.
References:
References:WP.I217,Johannesson104,WH.II733.
Seealso:
Seealso:comparedasfollowing:uap-2,pPage(s):
Page(s):1112
Root/lemma: u a p-2 , p Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Av.ufyeimiìnvoco';OldChurchSlavicvpiti`call,shout,cry',ech.pti`lament',ablaut.
ChurchSlavicvyplandvypm.`larus',russ.vypm.andvypf.`bittern';
perhapsinadditionlat.vpulre`Prgelbekommen',whetheroriginallyèinWehgeschreierheben';
gr.,dor.`rufe,cry'couldonlyherebelong,whetheranlaut.Fthroughdissimilationgegen
denconsecutivelabialdwindledwre.
References:
References:WP.I217,WH.II733f.,Trautmann335,Vasmer1,226,240;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareu-1inonomatopoeicwords.
Page(s):
Page(s):1112-1113
Root/lemma: u a zdh- (betteru o zdh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:long,wide
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weit,lang'
Material:
Material:Lat.vastus`wide,ungeheuerbig,large,unfrmlich';air.fot,Dat.fut`length',fotae`long',
nir.fad,fada,manxfoddey.
References:
References:WP.I220,WH.II737;SzemernyiArchiv.Linguist.4,48f.,whereerdenlat.alteration
fromzdhtostprobablymakes.
Page(s):
Page(s):1113-1114
Root/lemma: u bEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocall,cry,complain
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`rufen,schreien,wehklagen'
Material:
Material:Got.wpjanschw.V.`call,shout,cry',aisl.paschw.V.`call,shout,cry,wail',p`shout,
call,clamor,lamentation',ahd.wuoffen,mhd.wefenschw.V.`lament,weep';ahd.wuofan(wiaf)ds.
(wuof`Jammergeschrei'),as.wpian(wiop)ds.(wp`misery'),ags.wpan(wop)`weep,cry'(wp
`shout,call,clamor,Weinen');
OldChurchSlavicvablj,vabiti`herbeirufen,herbeilocken',lett.(fromdemSlav.)vbti,lit.vbyti`vor
Gerichtarrogate'.
References:
References:WP.I217,WH.II726,733f.,Trautmann336f.,Vasmer1,161;
Seealso:
Seealso:furthertouap-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1109
Root / lemma: u dhdh-,u
u dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togo,march
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gehen,schreiten'
Material:
Material:Arm.gamÌcome';lat.vd,-ere`go,schreite',vadum`seichteplaceimWasser,ford'
(therefromalb.va,Gen.vauds.),vd,-reàufaFurtbergehen,durchwaten';
aisl.Aor.presentvaast.Vb.`go,vorwrtsdringen,(through)-wade',ags.wadan,afries.wada,mnd.
waden;ahd.watan,mhd.watends.;moreovergerm.*waa-`ford';aisl.van.,ags.wdn.`water,
sea',gewd`ford',mnd.wat`seichteplace',ahd.wat`ford',aisl.vaill`ford',comparenhd.PN
Salzwedel.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1109
Root/lemma: u g h- ,su g hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocry,sound
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreien,schallen'
Material:
Material:Gr.,dor.:f.`clangor,noise',,-f.`clangor,sound,tone,Widerhall',
(ark.F)m.ds.,`schalle,tne',,`brighttnend',-àdversetnend',
ablaut.`ringsumschreiend',(*FF),f.`clamor',(*FF),`cry',
`zusammenschreiend'(*FF);
perhapswithbeweglichems - here:
got.ga-swgjan,swgatjan`sigh',aisl.sgrm.`din,fuss,noise'(*swgi-),ags.swgan`sound,clink,
sausen,roar,bellow',swg,swgm.`din,fuss,noise,sound',as.swgan`sough,rustle',holl.
zwoegen`groan,moan';zerogradeprobablyaisl.svagla`pltschern',arn-sgr`dasRauschenof
Adlerflugs';
lit.svagti`sound,clink',lett.svadzt`rattle,clash';
forisl.sukka`rant,roister',besidessvakke,isthoughcomparisonwithnorw.dial.sykia`bark,bay'
andlit.saugtièigenartigsing',alit.sugti`howl,whimper',lett.sudzt`wail',skstitis`sigh'(besides
k-formsaslit.saukithroughinfluenceofkakti`howl',akti`cry')underidg.*s(e)ug-possible;got.
swgnjan`frohlocken'couldduetofromgerm.swg-,swag-asonomatopoeicwordinsLeben
gerufenwordensein;das-kk-inaisl.sukkaisintensivierend.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1110
Root/lemma: u g -1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cover;sheath
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Hohldeckel,Scheide;schtzendberdecken,berstlpen'
Material:
Material:Lat.vgnaf.`vagina,esp.ofSchwertes';balt.*ui`stlpe'inlit.viu,vti
ètwasHohlesaboutetwascover,stlpen',lett.vu,vst`coverauflegen,stlpen';
ontheotherhandcouldlat.vgna(comparenhd.Scheidetoscheiden)alsotoarootu g - `split,
break,rupture'belong,dieFrisk(see13)ingr.`rupture',withRedupl.andAblaut(<*FF-)`protectiongegendenwind',whethereigentl.`dasSichbrechenofWindes',sm.`break,
steilerslope'andintochar.wk-`sichsplit',Kaus.`split,distinguish,discern',wkmn.
`Besonderheit,Vorzug'findwill.
References:
References:WP.I214,WH.II725,Frisk13,Trautmann343.
Page(s):
Page(s):1110
Root/lemma: u g -2
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schreien'
Note:
Note:perhapsfromanonomatopoeicwordu Material:
Material:OldIndianvagnu-m.`sound,tone,shout,call',ved.vagvan-`lrmend',vagvan-m.
`Getse';lat.vgi,-re`cry,wimmere',vgor,-rism.`Widerhall'(daslengthenedgrade,fromaistem*ugi-sderive);lit.vgrauti`whimper,cry'.
References:
References:WP.I214f.,WH.II725f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionbelongsdasfollowing:ugh-,sughPage(s):
Page(s):1110
Root/lemma: u i - ,u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:weak,miserable
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwach,elend'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvyati,vyat`wirdfaint,languid,erschpft',abhi-vta-`sick'(vta-`dry,arid'),
vya-`tired';
cymr.gwael`rmlich,low'(*uai-lo-);acymr.guoilaut,cymr.gwaelodetc.`residuum';
ags.wl`crowdedness,need',aisl.vlds.;
lit.vjsparticiple`leidend',lett.vj,f.vja`lean,weak,sick,woeful,wretched,miserable',vjums
`Schwche,disease,malady'.
References:
References:WP.I213f.,WH.II789f.,LothRC.39,417.
Page(s):
Page(s):1111
Root/lemma: u k
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:cow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kuh'
Material:
Material:OldIndianva`cow(diewedertrchtigis,stilleincalfnourishes)',vit`rinderndecow;
brnstigesTierweibchenberhaupt';lat.vacca`cow';lat.-cc-wreasconsonantstretchin
Tiernamenverstndlich.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1111
Root/lemma: u -1 ,u - ,u Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,verwunden'
Note:
Note:alsowitht-forms
Material:
Material:Gr.`harm,injure',Med.ìnVerblendunghandeln';besidesonlyAoristformen
,-,kontr.,;primresVerb,Aor.*F-,themat.present*F->,in
addition-formation,Hes.;verbalnounsF->`damage,blame,
Verblendung,penance,atonement',therefrom`verblendet';hom.-`geschdigtam
Verstande'(incorrect-);
witht -formants:gr.,(*-,compare3.Sg.Aor.)`verwunde',,
ùnverwundet';f.,ol.f.`wound'from*F--,compare(i.e.F),recteHes.`Wunden',Hes.
lett.vts`wound'=lit.votsòffenesulcer',Demin.votlis.
References:
References:WP.I211,Frisk2,178,251,291,H.SeilerFestschriftDebrunner409ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditiondasfollowing:u e n- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1108
Root/lemma: u -2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:apart
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àuseinander',especiallyàuseinanderbiegen,drehen'
Material:
Material:Dieseroot,welchepossiblyeineReihefromextensionshat(seebelow),liesafteraller
Wahrscheinlichkeitvorinlat.vrusàpartgebogen,auswrtsgebogen;dachsbeinig;
entgegengesetzt',vricus`Feapartspreizend',vric,-re`Feapartspreizen',vra
`gabelfrmigeshaft,pole,fork,transom';whetherherevarius`mannigfaltig,wechselnd,different,
varicolored',vari,-re`mannigfachmake,varicoloredsein';whetherperhapsinOldIndianru-m.
`Schenkel,Lende'
References:
References:WP.I212,WH.II734f.,Mayrhofer1,116.
Seealso:
Seealso:extensionstherootshine,appear,seem,mostlywiththemeaning`bent,curvedsein',
vorzuliegenindenrootsut-,ug-,uek-,uk-,ueng(h)-,uenk-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1108-1109
Root/lemma: u sto-s
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.346;inadditionafterLloydJones(t.Celt.7,234)mcymr.gwaws`terrible'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1113
Root/lemma: u t-1 ,betteru tEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spirituallyexcited
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`geistigangeregtsein'
Material:
Material:Lat.vts,-is(probablykelt.Lw.)`Weissager,seer',gall.N.Pl.ds.,air.fith
`seer,Prophet',mir.fth(*utu-)`Prophezeiung,Ursache'=cymr.gwawd`poem';got.wds
`besessen',aisl.r,ags.wdds.(*wda-),ahd.wuotìnsanitus';aisl.sa`frenzied,verrcktmake',
ags.wdan,ahd.wuoten,alts.wdian`rage,frenzied,verrcktsein';ahd.*wuot(Gen.wuoti),mhd.
wuotìntenseGemtsstimmung,fury';inadditionaisl.inn,as.ags.Wden,ahd.Wuotan;auf
germ.*wa-pointataisl.rm.`Poesie',ags.w`song,sound,voice,Dichtung';
Thieme(Asiatica,FestschriftWeller656ff.)interpretsOldIndianapi-vat-asoriginallyànblasen,
inspirieren'(differentaboveS.346),andplacesestoourfamily,diethenasextensionfrom*au`blow'(aboveS.81ff.)aufgefatbecomecould.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1113
Root/lemma: u t-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobend,curve
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Lat.vatx,-cis`krummeorschiefeFehabend',vatiusèinwrtsgebogen,crooked',
vatia`someonewithcrookedBeinen',vascus(*vat-scos)`quer,slant,skew';germ.*wawan`curvature,bend',thenwithengerermeaning`calf,knee-bend':aisl.vvim.`Muskeln,esp.thick
MuskelnanArmenandBeinen',aflvvi`biceps',norw.vodve`thickMuskelnanArmandleg'etc.,
ahd.wadom.`sura,suffrago',mhd.wade`calf',alts.uuathan`suras',mndd.wade`calf',mndl.wadef.
`knee-bend,popliteus';
Connectionwithlat.vrusàpartgebogen,auswrtsgehend,dachsbeinig'etc.(root*u-)isprobably.
Maybealb.var`hang'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1113
Root/lemma: u e bh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweave,plait
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weben,flechten,knpfen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianubhnti,umbhti,unbdhi`schnrttogether',withpa-andpr-`binds',rvbhi-m.`spider'(eig.Wollweber);newer-vbhi-afterv-`toweave'(idg.*u-,aboveS.75);av.
ubdana-`fromWebstoff,fromZeuggemacht'(froma*ubda-`Gewebtes',idg.*ubh-t-);np.bfad
èrwebt';
gr.`theweaving',105,otherwise`weave',n.`theweaving'(after
denvorigenfrom*Funvocalized);
alb.venjÌweave'(*uebhni);
ahd.weban`toweave,flax,wattle,braid,spinnen',ags.wefan`toweave,flax,wattle,braid,tie,bind,
knot',aisl.vefa`toweave,flax,wattle,braid,schlingen'(participleofinn),vefja(*uobhei)`wickeln,
hllen'=ags.webbian`toweave';aisl.veptr,ags.weft,wift,weftaÈinschlagfaden',mhd.wift`fine
filament,Gewebe;Honigwabe';aisl.vaf`diaper',vafièntanglement,Unordnung';ahd.waba,wabo
`Honigwabe',aisl.vefr(*waja-)`Gewebe,Aufzug,gewobenesZeug'=ags.webb,as.webbi,ahd.
weppids.;ahd.wuppi`Gewebe',schwed.u(aisl.*yfr)Èinschlag';
-gradeaisl.kongurvfa,ags.gangelwfre`spider';
toch.wp-`toweave',waptsa`Weber',wpelme`Gewebe'.
References:
References:WP.I257,Mayrhofer1,107;
Seealso:
Seealso:belongstoau-5`toweave'S.75;inaddition*uobhs`wasp'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u e bh-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towander,roam,swarm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichhinandherbewegen,wabern,wimmeln'
Material:
Material:Mhd.weben`move,swing',weberen`sichtummeln',webelen`waver',nhd.ostpreu.
wibbeln;mhd.waben,waberen,wabelenìnunsteterBewegungsein',wappen`hinandher
schwanken',nhd.(nd.)wabbelig`wackelnd,e.g.fromGallertigem',ags.wafian(esp.withhandum)
`sichbewegen',mengl.waveren,engl.waver`wobble,waver',aisl.vafla`wobble,sway',vafra`sich
unstethinandbackbewegen,wabern'(vafrlog`Waberlohe'),vefjastds.;
aisl.vfa`schweben,dangle',ags.wfreùnstet,flackernd';
lit.vebd-,-ti`wimmeln,sichverwirren,durcheinanderbewegen';
inadditionahd.wibilm.`beetle,chafer,Kornwurm';as.wivil,mnd.wevelds.,ags.wifel`Kornwurm',
aisl.*vifillintoryfill`Mistkfer',ags.wibba`Rokfer';lit.vbalas`beetle,chafer',vabuolasds.,em.
vabol`Mistkfer',lett.vabuolis`beetle,chafer'(besidesostlit.dial.vbuolas`beetle,chafer',
em.vambol,lett.vambale,vambuole`Mistkfer').
References:
References:WP.I257f.,WH.II733,Trautmann336,Vasmer1,176;
Seealso:
Seealso:moreover:uedPage(s):
Page(s):1114-1115
Root/lemma: u e dh-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,schlagen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvadhati,vadht`hit,bump,poke,destroy',Kaus.vadhayati,vadh-m.`ttend,
Mordwaffe(esp.fromIndrasGescho);blow,knock,Vernichtung'=av.vada-m.`wedgezum
SpaltendesHolzes',OldIndianvdhar-n.`Mordwaffe(esp.fromIndrasGescho)'=av.vadar-n.
`weapon(toSchlagen)',vdhram`Lederriemen',OldIndianvadhasn-m.ds.,av.vdya`zurckstoen'(lengthenedgradeasgr.);
gr..Hes.,hom.`stoend,zerwhlend',`hairofthehead,Mhne';
`poke,push'(:av.vdya-),`shove',Èrschtterung'(*en-uodh-tis);alsoin
,,(-,-metr.lengthening);
OldIndianvdhri-`verschnitten'(`withzerstoenentesticles')=gr.,Hes.;
secondary,;
lit.vedegàkindofaxe',lett.vedgaÈisaxt,crowbar',OldPrussianwedigo`Zimmerbeil',air.fodb
`Waffenbeute'(*uodhuo-);isalsoav.vaaan-ÈNeinesglaubensfeindlichenFrsten'asàxe,
Schlger'todeuten
einsk-presentseemsir.fisc-`press',mcymr.gwascu,bret.gwaska`press'(certainlyablaut:o).
References:
References:WP.I254f.,Frisk446f.,449f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1115
Root/lemma: u e dh-2 ,vorNasalenu e dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tolead
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`fhren;heimfhren,heiraten(vomManne)'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvadh-f.`bride,youngwife,woman',av.va-ds.,vayeiti(Kaus.)`leads,
zieht',withupa-èineFrauzurmatrimonygive',withus-`(Frauen)entfhren,rob',varya`heiratsfhig(fromgirl)';
air.fedid`leads,goes,carries,bringt',mcymr.go-di-wawòvertaken',air.to-fed-,to-d-fed-`guide,
lead',cymr.arweddu`guide,lead,bring',Verbalnom.mcymr.arwein(*are-ued-no-),cyweddu`guide,
lead,wohinbringen',Verbalnom.cywain(*kom-ued-no-),cymr.dy-weddo`marry',corn.d-om-ethy
ds.,mbret.d-im-iziff,nbret.dimizi`marry,getmarried';
lit.ved,vsti`lead,guide;marry(ofhusband)',lett.veduds.,Prter.-stem*ued-inOldPrussian
wedd,lit.vd,lett.dial.vedeandOldChurchSlavicved-ae;lit.vds`suitor',vedklis
`marriageable,youngman',nau-ved,-veds`bridegroom'(`leadinghomeanew'),lett.vedekle
`daughter-in-law',vedama`bride';
Maybealb.vash,vajz,varsh(*vades)`younggirl,virgin'commonalb.-d->-l-,-r-,-j-phonetic
mutation.
OldChurchSlavicvedo,vesti`guide,lead',seldom`marry',Iter.voditi,(butOldChurchSlavic
nevsta`bride'rather`thestranger',as`dienochnichtHeimgefhrte',Vasmer2,206);
Note:
OldChurchSlavic:nevsta`bride,daughter-in-law'[f]derivedfromlit.nau-ved,-veds
`bridegroom'
Iterat.lit.vaditiandvadti,lett.vadt`guide,lead',andvadt`hinandherguide,lead';aboutlit.
vadoti,lett.vadutàuslsen,loskaufen';seeaboveS.1109;OldChurchSlavicvod,voditi`guide,
lead',aruss.voditienuèineFrauheimfhren'.
Inadditionprobablyu e d-mno- , thewordforthepurchasepricethebride:
Gr.(for*FwithSpir.asperafter*Fh`pleasant'),hom.Pl.`bride-priceor
wedding-gifts';butalso`dowryoftheparents',,hom.`topromiseforwedding-presents,
tobetroth',hom.àbetrother;(thedaughterequipping)fatherofthebride',-
`withoutbride-price;alsoofthehusband,bringingnogifts'([F]and[F]withandas
suggestionvowels);
ags.weotuma,wituma,wetmam.`Kaufpreisthebride',afries.wetma,witmads.,burg.wittemo,ahd.
widomo,widemo`dowry',mhd.wideme,widem,nhd.Wittum(inadditionahd.widimen,mhd.
widemen,widmenàusstatten',nhd.widmen);gr.slav.-no-maybefrom-mno-andwithdemgerm.-
men-stemcomparable;dubiousOldChurchSlavicvno`dowry,Zahlungfordiebride',whetherfrom
*uedno-,comparealso*uesno-;
doubtfulalb.vigj`gifttothewedding,tothebirthofchildren,bytheconstructionofahouse'(ued(h)l-).commonalb.-dz->-gl-,-gj-phoneticmutation.
References:
References:WP.I255f.,Trautmann344,Vasmer1,177,182,212,Frisk442f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1115-1116
Root/lemma: u e dh-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind,attach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`knpfen,binden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianv-vadh-m.`SchulterjochzumTragenfromLasten,Tragholz,Proviant';
vadhra-m.n.`Lederriemen';
gr...Hes.;
air.fedanf.`Gespann,Geschirr',fedil`Joch'(coibdil`companionship',coibdelach`Blutsverwandter'),
air-com-fed-`beschdigen',mcymr.argywedu,abret.ar-co-guedds.;cymr.gwedd`Joch';arwestf.
`Saite,band,strap';
got.gawidan`connect'(gawiss`connection'),ahd.wetan`bind,insJochspannen,connect';zero
gradeperhapsschwed.dial.yddÒx'srope,rein'from*udhet.
hitt.ueda-,uete-`tobuild'(fromdemfromRutengeflochtenenHause).
References:
References:WP.I256,PedersenHitt.118;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionuendh-1S.1148.
Page(s):
Page(s):1116-1117
Root/lemma: u e dSeealso:
Seealso:s.uedh-2
Page(s):
Page(s):1115
Root/lemma: u e gEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toweave,bind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`weben,knpfen;Gewebe,Gespinst'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvgur`Fangstrick,netzumWildfang,Garn';lat.vlum`sail,Hlle,kerchief,
cloth,curtain'(therefromvlre`verhllen'),Demin.vxillum`banner,ensign,flag,Fhnchen';air.
figim`weave',fige`theweaving',abret.gueig`textrix',nbret.gweads.,acymr.gueetic`textilis',
ncymr.gweu`toweave,tie,bind,knot',gwe(*uego-)`Gewebe',acorn.guiatgl.`tela',ncorn.gwia`to
weave';mir.indech,cymr.anwe`Gewebe';gall.veadia(*vegiadia)`Spinnwirtel'(J.LothRC.38,86);
ags.wice`wick',nhd.bair.wichengarn`BaumwolletoDochten',norw.vikf.`FitzeorDockeGarn'
(dieseandotheri-formsthroughinterferencefromueik-,ueig-`bend,winden'underS.1130,Persson
Beitr.323a3);mhd.wiht`wick';ags.wecca`wick',and.wekko,mnd.wecke`wick,Lunte',mhd.
wicke`wick,Scharpie',nhd.dial.wicke`theumdiespindlegewickelteFlachs',ahd.wickil(n)`Wickel
zumAbspinnen',nhd.Wickelàsmuch,asjedesmalszumAbspinnenumdendistaff(=stafffor
holdingflax,wool,etc.,inspinning)gewickeltwird',mhd.nhd.wickeln;-gradeags.wcig`loop,
noose,snare,Fallstrick'(inablautandmeaninggenautoOldIndianvgurstimmend);norw.dial.
ke`verfitztemass,e.g.fromZwirn'(vonTorp473as`connection'took=iugumplaced,butprobably
withAnlautdehnungfrom*[w]kan-);zerograde(*ueg-or*ug-withbernahmefromw-fromden
lengthenedgradeforms)mnd.wocke,wocken`Spinnrocken;FlachsorWolleaufdemRockenstock',
as.wocco`cicindela(wick,Lunte)';aufredupl.*ueug-basedonprobablyags.woce,mnd.wke,
weike,ahd.wiocha`gedrehtesGarn,Lunte',nhd.dial.Wieche.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:hereuokso-`Wachs'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1117
Root/lemma: u e hEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tomove,carry,drive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bewegen,ziehen,fahrenunderdgl'
Note:
Note:einezerogradeuh-onlyinAr.andprobablyalsoinAlb.
Material:
Material:OldIndianvhati`leads,travels,zieht,fhrtheim,heiratet',also`flows'and`ltflow',Aor.
avkam(participleh-,inadditionneologismhati`schiebt,throngs',LeumannIF.57,221);
commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-,-z-phoneticmutation
av.vazaiti`leads,zieht,flies'(participlevata-,whereintinsteadof-zd-afterPartizipienfromnicht
aufAspirataauslautendenWzln.);OldIndianvhyatièrltfhren',vahana-`fhrend,fahrend',n.
`dasFhren,Fahren,ship'(zerogradevhana-`fhrend,bearing,carrying',n.`draftanimal,cart,
ship'),av.tr-vazana-`Feuerwedel'(comparediegerm.kelt.no-formations);OldIndianvahtra-n.
`Fahrzeug,ship'(:lat.vehiculum),OldIndianvaha-`fahrend,fhrend'(=slav.voz`cart'),vha-m.
`shoulderofJochtieres',vaht-f.`river,Fahrzeug',vahy-`zumFahrensuitable',n.`vehicle,
Tragsessel,Ruhebett',av.vazya-n.`load,Tracht'(=as.wiggn.`horse'),OldIndianvhar-`fahrend,
fhrend',m.`Zugpferd,Zugochs;HeimfhrereinesMdchens;Lasttrger',av.vatar-`draftanimal'
(=lat.vector),nexttowhichwithd:vadra-`thevorwrtsbringt',sy-udri-ENeig.`dessenfemale
Zugtieredappled,dotted,spottedare'(*udrf.to*udar-);OldIndianvh-`fhrend,bearing,
carrying',m.`draftanimal,vehicle',av.vza-`fahrend,fliegend',m.`Ziehen,pull,draftanimal'(:got.
wgs),OldIndianvhiha-,av.vzita-`theatbestvorwrtsbringt';OldIndianvahas-`fahrend'(:
n.),vhas-n.`vehicle,dasdieGtterherbeifhrendeLob',av.vazah-`fahrend,fhrend';
gr.Hes.,pamphyl.Fèrsollbringen',kypr.F`brachtedar',n.`cart',
(-insteadof-after)m.`cart',`lead,guide',`lassemichbear,carryordrive,
reite',-`dieAegisschwingend',-(hom.),-(dor.),F(lak.)`thedie
Erdeheiratet'(Beiw.ofPoseidon,BorgeaudKZ68,222),m.`gully,canal,Wasserleitung',
`leiteWasserinagully,acanal';`Hebel'(:aisl.vagl`Hhnerstange'),,
`bewegefort,rolleorwlzefort';
alb.vjedh`stehle';zerogradeprobablyalb.udh`way,journey;law-Vorschrift',whereofwith
formants-rperhapsalsour`bridge'(*udh-r);
Note:
OldIndianparticipleh-`lead':alb.udh`way,journey'alsoOldIndianvhar-`fahrend,fhrend'
commonOldIndianillyr.alb.shift-h->-dh-phoneticmutation
lat.veh,-ere,vxi(:OldIndianvkat,OldChurchSlavicvsAorist),vectum`drive,guide,lead,
bear,carry,bring'(inadditionprobablyalsocon-,d-,subvexsus),umbr.aveitu,arsueitu,arueitu
`toconduct,carry,convey,bear,bring,etc..,apersonorthingtoaplace;andpass.,tobecarried,to
ride,tocometoaplaceuponahorse,inacarriage,ship,etc..`,kuveitu`he/sheshallcarrytogether,
collect,store',lat.vehisf.`cart,Fuhre,Fuder',vehemnseig.`*einherfahrend',hence`violent,stormy,
hottempered,stormy',vectis`Hebel,Hebebaum,crowbar',originallyabstractnoun*`dasHeben,
Fortbewegen',vectglis`todentributesandenStaatgehrig'(placesein*vectisinthemeaning`das
Herbeibringen,Ablieferung'ahead),vectgal`tribute,taxandenStaat,Geflle,tax',vlx`quick,fast'
(*ueh-slo-),vles`Leichtbewaffneter';veia`plaustrum';
air.fn`kindofcart'(*ueh-no-;compareOldIndianvahana-andahd.wagan)=cymr.gwainds.,
abrit.covinnus`Sichelwagen',cymr.amwain`herumfhren',arwain`guide,lead',cywain`drive';air.
fecht`journey,time,mal',mcymr.gweith,ncymr.gwaith`work,work,mal',corn.gweth,gwyth`mal',
acorn.gueid-uuròpifex',bret.gwez,gweach`mal',gall.PNVectirix,Vecturius;
got.gawigan`move,shake',aisl.vega`move,swing,heave,life,wiegen',ahd.wegan`sichbewegen,
wiegen(nhd.bewegen,erwgen,wgen,wiegen),as.wegan`wgen,consider',ags.wegan`bring,
guide,lead,wgen',got.gawagjan`move,shake'(=,slav.voziti;lengthenedgradeOldIndian
vhyati)=ahd.weggen`move';iterativeaisl.vaga`hin-andherbewegen',ags.wagian`sich
bewegen',ahd.wagon`sichbewegen,vibrieren'(whereforeaspost-verbalahd.waga`movement'
Wissmann,Nom.postv.1,14);got.wigs,aisl.vegr,ahd.as.ags.weg`way';aisl.vigg,as.wigg,ags.
wicgn.`horse'(=OldIndianvahya-);aisl.vtt,vttf.`Gewicht'(=lat.vectis),ags.wihtn.ds.,mhd.
gewihten.ds.;
aisl.vgf.`Hebel',Pl.vagar`sled',vgur(andvgir)f.Pl.`barrow,bier';ahd.as.waga`cradle',aisl.
vaggads.,ahd.wiga`cradle';ahd.wagan,ags.wgn,aisl.vagn`cart'(ablaut.withir.fn);aisl.vagl
m.`Hahnenbalken',norw.`Hhnerstange'(`*Tragstange',compareformal-,-);
Maybealb.vig`hand-barrow'
got.wgs`Wogenschlag',Pl.`Wogen',aisl.vgr`sea,Meeresbucht',ahd.wg`surge',as.wg
`hochflutendeswater',ags.wg`surge';aisl.vg`Hebel,Wage,Gewicht',ahd.wga`Wage,
Gewicht,Wagnis'(mnd.mhd.wgenìndieWagelay,place,aufsGeratewohldransetzen,venture,
risk`),as.wga`lanx',ags.wg,wge`Wage,einbestimmtesGewicht';
lit.ve,vti`drive',vemas`cart',v`Wagengeleise',prav`Wagengeleise';abg.vez,vesti
`vehere',veslo`rudder'(*ueh-slo-),voz`cart',vo,voziti`drive,guide,lead';alsoaruss.va
`Wohnwagen,tower'.
References:
References:WP.I249f.,WH.II742f.,744,Trautmann356f.,Vasmer1,178f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1118-1120
Root/lemma: u e Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:fresh,strong
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`frisch,starksein'
Grammaticalinformation:stativeverbu e Material:
Material:OldIndianvja-m.`power,quickness,contest,Kampfpreis',vjyati`regtan,treibtan,
luftumdieWette';vjra-m.`thunderbolt,club,mace,joint'=av.vazra-`club,mace,joint',Oldpers.
vazrka-,npers.buzurg`big,large',derivativefrom*uazarn.;
lat.vege,-re`binalert,awake,smart',trans.èrrege',vigil`watchful,wakeful'and`Wache,
Wchter'(*vegilis),thereaftervigilreàwakesein';vegetus`rhrig,alert,awake,smart';
got.gawaknan`wakeup,arouse'=aisl.vaknads.,ags.wcnan(preteritwc),wcnian`born
become';aisl.vakinnàwake';Kaus.got.uswakjanàwaken'(bisaufdieabbreviation=OldIndian
vjyati)=aisl.vekja,ahd.etc.wecchan`waken,arouse,revive';Zustandsverbumgerm.*waknin:
got.wakan,aisl.vaka(schw.Verb)`watch',ags.wacian,as.wakn,ahd.wahhn,wahhn`watch';
ahd.wachalàwake',ags.wacol(*wakala-),aisl.vkull(*wakula-:lat.vigil);got.wkainsf.`das
Wachen';aisl.vakr,ags.wacor,ahd.wachar,wakaràctive,fresh,wacker`(formal=OldIndianvjra-,
av.vazra-);aisl.vaskràlert,awake,smart,agile'(*vakska-);perhapsalsoahd.wahs`sharp'.
toch.ABwsir`lightning';
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:compareau e g- ,aug-aboveS.84f.,fromdemue-barelytoseparateis.
Page(s):
Page(s):1117-1118
Root/lemma: u e g- : g - ,uksEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet;toirrigate;ox()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht;netzen'
Material:
Material:Gr.`humid,wet,fluid';lat.vidus`humid,wet,damp'(outofitdus,whereoflgo
`dienatrlichedampnessofBodens'),vor,-ris`dampness,Nsse',vsc,-ere`humid,wet
become,sichbetrinken',vns`humid,wet,damp'(placeein*vosfrom*go-sahead);me,-re
`humid,wetsein',mor`dampness',mect`befeuchte'(basedonauf*gsmos);mir.falÙrin'
(*uog-lo-);
aisl.vkr(Akk.vkuan)`humid,wet',vkvim.,vkvaf.`Nsse',whereforeaisl.vkva,vekkja`(blood)
shed,flieenlassen',vkf.(*vakv)òffene(nasse)placeinEise',mnd.wakef.`holeinEise',ndl.
wak`humid,wet,damp',engl.(fromdemNord.)wake`Kielwasser';
s -Erweit.:OldIndianukti`befeuchtet,besprengt',av.uxyeiti`sprht'(ofwaterandfire);common
OldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x-phoneticmutation
inaddition(withthesameVerhltn.asOldIndianvran-`virile',lat.verrs:OldIndianvar-m`rain',
s.uer-`feuchten')idg.uksen- `bull,Tiermnnchen'in:OldIndianukm.,av.uxan-`bull'(in
additionfem.*uksr`dieBesprengte'>lat.uxor`wife');cymr.ychòx'(=idg.*uks,urbrit.*uch>
-,withumlautych),Pl.mcymr.ychen,ncymr.ychain,bret.ouhen,oc'hen,corn.ohanÒchsen',mir.
oss`deer';PNOs-car`hirschliebend',Demin.OissnÒssian';got.ahsus(Gen.Pl.auhsne),aisl.
oxi,ags.oxa,ahd.as.ohsoòx';toch.okso`rother,cattle,bull'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*oxa)kaòx',(*oxie)qePl.òxen'.
References:
References:WP.I248f.,WH.II815,849,Mayrhofer1,98.
Page(s):
Page(s):1118
Root/lemma: u e ibSeealso:
Seealso:seeunderu e ip- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1124
Root/lemma: u e idh- ,u i dhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toseparate;widow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`trennen'
Note:
Note:probablyfrom*ui-àpart'and*dh-`place'grown
Material:
Material:OldIndianvdhyati`durchbohrt'(lengthenedgradepartlyvdh-,partlyvyadh-,latter
probablypreviouslythroughimitationfromvyath-:vith-`waver');viddh-`durchbohrt,
durchschossen',nirviddhaàuseinanderstehend,voneinanderapart,separated',vindht`wird
empty,bare,lacking,hatMangelanetwas',vidh-`vereinsamt',vidhur-àpart,separated,remote,
distantfrom,lack,beshortof';vehtùnfruchtbar'i.e.`dieleere',SommerMnchnerStudienz.
Sprachwiss.11,20;
lat.dvid,-ere`separate,divide',umbr.uefAkk.Pl.`partes',vetu`dividito'(*vf-tu);lit.vidsm.
Ìnneres',vidursm.`Mitte',lett.vidusm.`Mitte,Inneres,region';
maybenasalizedalb.vend`region,place'
ablaut.lit.viedulisìnsidewitheredtree';
maybealb.(*viedulis)vejush`widow'[commonalb.-d->-j-phoneticmutation].
inaddition(comparedieobigenu-stem)OldIndianvidhv`widow',av.viavds.,gr.[F]
`Junggeselle',lat.vidua`widow;geschiedeneorunverheirateteFrau',viduus`stolen;looted,empty,
bare,lackingfrometwas',air.fedb`widow',corn.guedeuds.,cymr.gweddw`widower',got.widuw
`widow'(furthermorewiduwarnam.`Waise'),ags.widuwe,wuduwe,ahd.wituwa`widow',Old
Prussianwiddewu,OldChurchSlavicvdovads.;idg.*uidheuo-Adj.àpart,separated',inFem.
substantivized`widow';
s-presentetc.ahd.wsan`vermeiden',urweisPerf.`subterfg',mhd.onlyparticipleentwisen
àbandonfrom,empty,bare,lackingfrom';afries.wsa,ahd.weiso,nhd.Waise(germ.waisan-<
*uoidhson-).
References:
References:WP.I239f.,WH.I359,Trautmann358;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareu i dhu- `tree'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1127-1128
Root/lemma: u e id-1
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:extensionfrom*uei-ds.
Material:
Material:OldIndianvd-m.`tussockofstarkenGrases,besenfrmiggebunden,zumFegenetc.`;
hom.`bendmich,krmmemich'(froma*F--`gebogen');lat.vdulus`geflochtener
basket';lett.vdint`flax,wattle,braid'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1124
Root/lemma: u ( e)id-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee;toknow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrblicken,sehen'
Grammaticalinformation:(originallyAorist),Zustandsverbumu ( e)id(i)-, nasalizedu i -n-d-, Perf.
u o id-- `haveseen,white',whencediemeaning`know,haveknowledgeof'alsoaufotherforms
bertragenwurde;fromthemeaning`behold'derives`find'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianvetti,vidmsividnti`know,haveknowledgeof'(presentreshufflingofPerf.
vdavidm),vdate(also),vidti(also)`know,haveknowledgeof',Perf.vdavidm,Opt.vidyt,
participlevidvn;av.vaavdar,Opt.vdyt,vdv`know,haveknowledgeof'(diemeaning`see'in
aiwi.vsm`havewahrgenommen',paiti.vsm`wurdegewahr',fravizdm`nehmtwahr');toparticipleOldIndianvitta-`recognized,bekannt',av.vista-`bekanntas'andOldIndianvidit(probablyzurbasis*uidi-);Inf.OldIndianvidmne(=gr.)`know,haveknowledgeof',gthav.
vdvani;Kaus.OldIndianvedayati`ltknow,haveknowledgeof,kndigtan,bietetan',av.
uzvaayeiti`ltknow,haveknowledgeof';
Inthemeaning`find':OldIndianvindti(vtti,vitt),vidat,vivda,vvidat,vitt-,Kaus.vdayati,av.
vaiti,vnasti,vvaa,vivdaiti(Konj.),Kaus.vaayeiti`lterlangen,makesteilhaftig',participle
vista-`(vor)gefunden,vorhanden';dieseparationfromdenformsthemeaning`see,know,have
knowledgeof'isnotquitesharpdurchzufhren,compareOldIndianvindti`white',sbal.gindag`see';
arm.egitèrfand'(=OldIndianvidat,gr.F),gtanem`find';fromdemPerf.*uoidareshaped
gitemÌknow'(ifromoi;inadditiongt,gitak,gitun`wissend,wise');resultsofnasalpresent(=Old
Indianvindati,ir.finn-,seebelow)perhapsinarm.gint`profit,gain',iffrom*uind-;
Gr.èrscheine,scheine,gebemirdenAnschein';`white',,Konj.,participle
(*F-),;Aor.(F)`sah',(:OldIndianvidat,arm.egit),participle-,
;gr.,att.probably-F-ùnsichtbar,notanzusehen's.lastlyFrisk33f.;
nasalizedèrscheine,zeigemich;gleiche';
alsokelt.vindo-`white'(air.find,cymr.gwynn,gall.PNVindomagus,-bona);
lat.vide,-re`see'(fromthebasis*u(e)id-,compareOldChurchSlavicvidti,lit.pavydti,
got.witan,-aidaòbserve'etc.,andwithzerograde*u(e)id-the2.syllableOldChurchSlavicpresent
vidit,lit.pavdime,lat.vdi-s-t,OldIndianAor.avdt,vdi-tr-,vdi-tum,vidi-t-;umbr.uirseto
`visa'or`visum',auirsetoùnsichtbar':lat.vidre=tacitus:tacre),Perf.vd(=OldChurchSlavic
vede),participlevsus(asvsus,-us`dasSehen,sight'withforaftervdandvso);
lat.vs,-ere`besuchen'(i.e.`tosehenwish'),umbr.revestu`revisito'(*ueid-s-);similarlygot.
gaweisn,as.ahd.wsn`besuchen';
air.ad-fadat`sieerzhlen'(etc.);compoundsunseresVerbsaredo-adbatèrshows',do-adbadar
`wirdgezeigt',as-ind-etèxpounded';nasalpresent(seeaboveOldIndianvindti)nad-finnatar`sie
wissennicht',rofinnadar`pflegttowissen'(*ui-n-d-n-),as-fnimm,doaisbna`points,shows,
evinces,shows'(from*uid-n-)mcymr.1.Sg.gwnn,corn.gon,mbret.gounÌknow'(dieweiteren
brit.Prsensformen,e.g.2.Sg.mcymr.gwydost,gwdost,1.Pl.ncymr.gwyddom,areagainstitof
Perf.derive);Perf.air.rofetarÌknow',rofitirèrwhite'=cymr.gwyr(*uidrai);air.rofess`scitumest'
(*uidtom,comparealsofiss,ncymr.gwys`dasWissen'from*uid-tu-s),fess`scita'(Pl.neutr.),
mcymr.gwyss,mbret.gous`wurdegewut';air.tosech,cymr.tywysog`guide,leader'(*touisskos,
OgamGen.TOVISACI),air.tusÀnfang',cymr.tywys`guide,lead'(*to-uissus,idg.*-uidtus);here
probablyalsoair.fid-`send',e.g.3.Pl.fidit(=OldIndianvdayati,aisl.veitads);air.fado`master,
mister'(*ueidonts);
got.fraweitan`rchen'(ànimadvertere'),ahd.firwzzan`tadelndvorwerfen,verweisen',wzzan
`bemerken,lookoutauf',as.ags.wtan`reproach,rebuke,reproach'(therefromaisl.vtin.ags.wte,
as.wti,ahd.wzzin.`punishment'),got.in-weitan`dieworship,venerationprove';withostentatious
meaning-developmentags.gewtan`fortgehen,die',as.giwtan`go',ahd.(Hildebrandlied)giweitèr
walked',(Tatian)arawzan`discedere';got.fairweitjan`gespannthinblickenauf,perhapszurbasisauf
-:--,ascertainlydie-verbsgot.witan,-aidaàufetwassehen,observe',aisl.onlyparticiplevitar
`beobachtet,bestimmt',ags.(be)witian`betrachten,decide,define,ordain,determine';preterit
presentgot.wait,witum`know,wirknow,haveknowledgeof'(Inf.witan,participlewitands
neologism),aisl.veitvitum(vita,vissa)`know,haveknowledgeof',also`bemerken,erforschen,
indicate,gerichtetseinafter,lookafter,goafter',ags.wt,witon(witan,wissewiste),ahd.weiz,
wizzums(wizzan,wissa,wessa)`know,haveknowledgeof'substantiviertesparticiplegot.weitws
`Zeuge'(:,`Zeuge');to-participlegot.unwissùngewi',ahd.giwis(s),as.ags.wiss
`certainly'(aisl.vissa`Gewiheit');Kaus.aisl.veita`grant,leisten,help;alsoWasserineineRichtung
leiten',ahd.weizen`show,beweisen';toFseemsasInjunktivags.wuton(withfolgendemInf.)
from*witon`latuns'(older`latunszusehen,tendamus')tobelong;
lit.vizdmi(for*veidmiafterdemImper.alit.veizdi=*ueiddhi,compareOldIndianviddh),veizdti
`see,hinblicken',pavdiu,-vdime-vydtiìnvidere'(seeo);ofoldPerf.fromOldPrussianwaisei,
waisse`duweit'(=OldChurchSlavicvsi)waidimai`wirknow,haveknowledgeof',Inf.waist;Old
ChurchSlavicvid,vidii,videti`see',previousPerf.Med.vd(=lat.vd`white'),presentreshaped
vm,vdti`know,haveknowledgeof';povdti`know,haveknowledgeoflassen'(probably
reshufflingeinesKaus.*uoidi,sl.*vditi,aftervdti`know,haveknowledgeof');izvst`bekannt,
certainly'.
B.
B.nominalformation:
rootnounsOldIndian-vid-`kennend,expert,skillful'(e.g.avavid-),av.vd-`teilhaftig';gr.-,-
ìgnorant';
got.unwita,ahd.unwizzoÙnwissender',ahd.forawizzo`praescius',ags.wita`weiserman,
Ratgeber',gewita`Zeuge',ahd.wizzo`weiserman',giwizzo`Zeuge'post-verbalen-stem;aberair.
fadu`Zeuge'(*ueid-ut-s)secondaryn-stem;
OldIndianvid`Kenntnis',cymr.etc.gweddf.`sight,apparition';OldIndianvidy`Wissen,doctrine',
av.viyads.;air.airden.`mark,token,sign'(*[p]ari-vidiom)=cymr.arwyddm.ds.,as.giwitt,ahd.
(gi)wizzin.`Wissen,Verstand',ags.witt`Verstand,Besinnung',got.unwitin.Ùnwissenheit,
Unverstand',comparealsoahd.wizzf.`Wissen,Verstand,Besinnung'inadditionahd.gi-,ir-wizzn
`lookout'(nhd.Witzm.),mnd.wittef.ds.;
es -stem:OldIndianvdasn.`Kenntnis,Umsicht,heiligeSchrift',gr.n.Àussehen,shape',lit.
vidas`front'(toglottalstopseebelow),OldChurchSlavicvid(serb.vd)`sight,Aussehen'(from
ehemaligenNeutra),soprobablyalso:mir.fadm.Èhrenbezeigung',air.fad(*ueidos)withDat.
`coram',cymr.yngwyddds.,gwyddÀnwesenheit',mbret.agoez,nbret.ac'houez`ffenlich'
(àngesichts');cymr.ad-wydd`cruel,savage',gwar-adwyddìnsult';otherformationsingot.unweis
ìgnorant,ungebildet',fullaweis`vollkommenweise',aisl.vss,ahd.as.ags.ws`wise'(*ueid-s-o-),
ahd.ws(a)`(*Aussehen=)kindof,Weise',ags.ws(e)`Weise,state,status,direction',aisl.ruvs
`different',perhapsalsoòuterapparition,shape,sight'(if*F);
gr.,-`wissend,expert,skillful',aisl.vitr`sensible,wise';
gr.(hom.)`beautifulfromGestalt',Hes.,duetoeines*-wherefore
withSuffixablaut`shape',ùnsichtbar';lit.vaidalasàpparition',pavdalas`shape'(*elo-);gr.,-`,',OldIndianvidura-`smart,sensible,wise',lit.pavdulis
Èbenbild',akispavydulis,OldPrussianweydulisèyeball',got.farweitl`Schauspiel';
OldIndianvidmn-m.`Weisheit'(comparealsoInf.vidman,),gr.,-èxpert,
skillful';Hes.;
gr.,att.,bot.F`wissend,expert,skillful;Schiedsrichter',èrkunden',
`Geschichte';
inBalt.giveseseineReihefromwordswithdemablauti::lit.vidas(comparedwithserb.vdfrom
*uidos),vizdmi,vyzdsèyeball',ivsti`gewahrbecome',pavydti`beneiden',pavdasènvy',Old
Prussianaina-wdaiAdv.`gleich';theoriginatorseemsdaslengthenedgradeepresent*uidmi.
perhapshereOldChurchSlavicvda,aruss.vaèyelid'(protoslav..vdia,Vasmer1,178)and
ChurchSlavicnevedaÙngebildeter',aruss.va`Wissender'.
References:
References:WP.I236ff.,WH.II784f.,Trautmann338,357f.,Vasmer1,176ff.,192,Frisk33f.,
451f.,M.LeumannCeltica3,241ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1125-1127
Root/lemma: u e ik-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tochoose,filter
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àussondern'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvinkti,vivkti,vevekti`sondert,siebt,sichtet',particlevikt-;Kaus.vecyati;av.
ava-vak-àusscheiden,aussuchen';fromthemeaning`togottesdienstlichenZweckenaussondern'
entspringtdieof`Weihens',whereforeherelat.victima`sacrificialanimal,sacrifice,oblation',being
basedonaufeinemi-oru-stem,*vikti-srespectively*viktu-s`Weihung';got.weihs`holy',as.wh-ds.,
ahd.wh,whids.,comparemhd.(ze)whennahten,fromwhichnhd.Weihnachten;aisl.v-n.
`Heiligtum,temple',as.whm.`temple',ags.woh,wgm.`Gtterbild';derivedVb.got.weihan,altisl.
vgja,as.whian,afries.wa,wga,ahd.when`weihen';withintensivegeminationgerm.*wik-kan`magician':ags.wiccam.ds.,wicce`Zauberin'(engl.witch);md.wicken`conjure,performmagic',
wicker`magician,Wahrsager';withoutgemination:ags.wigol`zumWahrsagengehrig',wiglian
`wahrsagen',mnd.wickelen;einevariant*ueig-()inumbr.eveietuèlectum'(*ek-ueigtum).
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:relationshiptoueik-,ueigh-`bend'etc.isnotausgeschlossen.
Page(s):
Page(s):1128
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:force,energy(victory,battle,etc..)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ènergische,especiallyfeindseligeKraftuerung'
Material:
Material:Lat.vinc,-ere,vci,victum`dieOberhandgewinnen,win,triumph;defeat,conquer',
pervicx`hartnckig,steadfast',osk.vincter`convincitur';
air.fichid`fights',dfich-`punish,curse',fchm.`discord,rage,fury',feuchuir`stern'(*ukaris),
feuchraeàustereness,severeness'(unclearisdaschinacymr.guich[i]r`wild'),fecht(*uikt)
`campaign=acymr.guith,cymr.gwyth`rage,fury',abret.uueith-inPN;gall.VNauf-vices(abrit.
Ordo-vices`Hammerkmpfer'),PNVicto-valosetc.;withfullgradeVcti-rx,Vco-rx=air.PN
Fachrai,Gen.Fachrach(OgamVECREC);
got.weihan`fight',wiganaDat.Sg.`fight,struggle,war,fight';ags.ahd.wgan(ahd.onlyin
particlewgant,whant,gawigan`decrepitus',irwigan,confectus,àbgekmpft')`fight,quarrel',mhd.
anwgenàssail';mhd.when`schwchen',nhd.dial.sichweihen=`sichweigern',anweihen
ànfechten';aorist-presentaisl.vega,v`fight,slay',ahd.ubarwehan`berwinden'(withfalschem
consonant),mhd.widerwehen`withblankenWaffenkmpfen';aisl.vla(*vhalian)`sort,order,
arrange,sichwithetwasabgeben';aisl.vg,as.wg,mnd.afr.wch,ahd.wc,wgetc.`fight,struggle',
aisl.Adj.vgr`kampftchtig',got.zerogradewaihjf.`war,fight,fight,struggle';o-gradeingerm.
*waig-f.`power',therefromderivedas.wgian,ags.wgan,ahd.weigenetc.`belstigen,torment,
smite',norw.veiga`swing';einro-Adj.isahd.weigar`sichwidersetzend,stout,proud',mndl.weiger,
wger`widerwillig',therefromahd.weigarnetc.`sichweigern';
lit.veiki,vekti`somewhatmake,work',apveiki`bezwinge',prveikiu`bewltige',vikus`fast,rapid,
hurried',veikls`ttig,geschftig',vikas`power,life',vkism.`life(digkeit)',vikrsàlert,awake,
smart';lett.viktàlign'etc.;veklis`hurtig,fit,healthy',vkt`thrive';
OldChurchSlavicvkm.`power,Lebensalter',ech.russ.vkds.;
perhapsherealsolat.vix`barely,withgenauerneed',asàlleKraftzusammennehmend'.
References:
References:WP.I232f.,WH.II791f.,Trautmann339,Vasmer1,179.
Page(s):
Page(s):1128-1129
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocometogether,becomeequal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zutreffen,gleichkommen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(kypr.F)f.`Bild',hom.Impf.èsschiengood',herakl.`siehielten
forgood,regelten',hom.èsschicktsich,pat'(FF;3.Du.,etc.),att.
(*FFF)`suitable,fitting,fitting',hom.(*FF),(*F)`vergleiche',(F),
(F)`similarly',àngemessen',ion.ùnpassend',att.(*F)`schmhlich',
`maltreatment',(-F)`bildeafter,vergleiche,vermute';
lit.-vktièintreffen,zutreffen,wahrbecome',pavikslasèxample',paveiksls`musterhaft',lett.vkst
`vorbereiten';eineAbgrenzungcomparedwithdenunder*ueik-2genanntenwords,aslit.vikus
`fast,rapid,hurried',vekti`do,make',isthoughnotwithconfidencevorzunehmen.
References:
References:WP.I233,Frisk38,454f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1129
Root/lemma: u e ik-4 ,u e igEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tocurve,bend;togoround,toexchange
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.`biegen,winden';alsovondrehender,schwingender(thenberhauptrascher)
BewegungaswellasvomhastigenSich-zurck-Biegen,Zurckschnellen,Ausbiegen,umeiner
Bedrohung,einemSchlageunderlikewiseauszuweichen,`sichwenden,weichen'.2.Withthe
meaning`variation,Abwechslung'
Note:
Note:(extensionfrom*uei-`bend').
Material:
Material:1.OldIndianvci-f.`deception,seduction'(Rv.10,10,6;probably`*Krummheit');
withvoiced-nonaspiratedOldIndianvjate,vijte,participlevikta-,vigna-`voretwaszurckfahren,
davoneilen',pra-vij-Èinsturzthreaten',abhivij-ùmkippen',vga-m.`Zittern,intenseBewegung,
rush',av.vag-(vaj-)`(einGescho)swing',vaa-m.Ànprall,blow,knock,prank',nivixta-
`herabgeschwungen,herabgeschleudert',npers.vxtan`toss,fling',osset.vunùpset,move',
balgjag`swing,toss,fling';Intens.OldIndianvvjyate`fhrtlos';
OldIndianvi-vyktiùmfat',vycas-n.`furtherRaum',av.vyxa-,vyxman-`congregation,meeting'
();
gr.,Aor.(F)Alkman`zurckweichen,nachstehen,unterliegen',(bot.)(i.e.F)
Hes.;
lat.viciaf.`vetch':nasalizedvinci,-reùmwinden,bind',umbr.previlatu`praevincult';
got.waihstaàngle,point,edge',mhd.weigen`waver';ags.wicga`beetle,chafer';mnd.nnd.wchele
`Weidenbaum'from*wgele,diminutivetoas.*wga,westfl.w`Weidenbaum',ablaut.afries.ags.
wg,as.wg`wall',(*uoiko-`geflochtenewall');alsomhd.gewge,nhd.Geweih,dial.Gewicht(eln)ds.
(originallyprobably`*Gezweig');
lett.vkstu,vkt`sichbiegen,ductilebecome',vksts`ductile,soft',vkne`Ranke';lett.vcint
`schwenken,tummeln',refl.`sichschwenken,bendmake'.
Withidg.g : aisl.vkva,ykva(w-present),vkja,preteritveik`fromtheStellercken,(sich)bewegen,
sichwenden',as.wkan`weichen'(:),ags.wcanst.V.`weichen,zusammenfallen',ahd.whhan
st.V.èineRichtungnehmen,weichen';aisl.veikr(andveykrwith-w-aftervkva)`soft,weak',nnorw.
also`pliable'(compareaisl.veikja`bend'),ags.wc(outofitaisl.vkr)`soft,weak,woeful,wretched,
miserable',as.wc`weak',ahd.weich`soft,weak,timorous';ags.wicef.`Rster',mengl.wiker
`Weidengerte';mnd.wkm.,wkef.Èntweichen,escape',mhd.wchm.`groin,flank',formal=aisl.
vk`smallbay',ags.wcf.,mnd.wkds.;norw.dial.vikn.`smallpoint,edgeorbend';ahd.whhn
`spring,tanzen,hpfen',nhd.hess.wicken`rash,hastyandviolenthinandherbewegen',schwed.
vicka`sichunstetbewegen,wippen';
lit.vigrs,vglas`rash,hasty,adroit',lett.vegis`light',slov.vg`bent',vgati`waver',ven
`gebogen'.
2.Lat.vicis(Gen.),vicem,vice,Pl.vics,vicibus`variation,Abwechslung';perhapsair.fiach
`mutuum,Geschuldetes,blame';aisl.giafa-vxlÀustauschfromGaben',vxl`kreuzweis'(vxla
`swap,vary,exchange');as.wehsl`trade,Geld',ahd.whsal,wehsil`variation,Austausch,trade'
(as.wehsln,mhd.nhd.wechseln);withsicheremidg.g got.wik`dieanjemandenkommende
Reihenfolge',aisl.vika`Woche'(originally`*variation'),also`Seemeile'(`*variationtheoarsman';also
mnd.wekess`Seemeile'),ags.wicu,wucu`Woche',as.wikaincrce-wika`Kreuzwoche',ahd.
whha,wohha`Woche';
unclearisbecauseofGutturalsOldIndianvi-(*uik-)`work,Dienstleistung',tri-vi(Instr.),after
Wackernagel(KZ67,173)àbwechselnd',afterG.Liebert(Nominalsuffix-ti-S.138f.)though
`dreifacheDienstleistung'.
References:
References:WP.I233ff.,WH.II781f.,791f.,Trautmann338f.,Frisk454.
Page(s):
Page(s):1130-1131
Root/lemma: u e ik - ,u i k - ,u o ik o - (*duei-kayati)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:house,settling
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haus,Siedlung'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e ik - ,u i k - ,u o ik o - (*duei-kayati)::`house,settling'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
k ei- :
:`tosettle':Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:k(i)- ,k(i)- :
:`toacquire,possess'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianv-f.`Wohnsitz,house',PLva`people,citizen',av.vs-(e.g.Akk.vsm,ap.
viam)`house,village,Clan',OldIndianvi-pti-`householder,Gemeindehaupt',vi-ptn
`housewife',ablaut.OldIndianvman-n.,jav.vasma-m.`house,dwelling',OldIndianv-m.
`Nachbar'(aslat.vcnus);verbal(seebelow)OldIndianviati`trittein,gehtein',niviati`kehrtein',
av.vsaiti`gehtein,tritteintoetwas';
MaybefromSkt.v-(RV+)`settlement,community,tribe'derivedalb.(*v)fis`settlement,
community,tribe',vis`territory,spot,place'
Note:
Alb.cognatehasderivedfromSanskritnotfromSlavic.
gr.,F`house',ds.,`bewohne',`housemate',-Fepithetthe
DorerìndreiPhylenzerfallend';alb.vis`place',amvis(am`mother')`housewife';
lat.vcus,dial.vcus`Husergruppe,village,Flecken,Stadtteil'(=gr.F),umbr.uocu-com,Akk.
vukuifàedes';lat.vlla`Landhaus,estate'(*uoik-sl,withlat.suffix-sl,or*ueiksltoes-stemfrom
got.weihs);
got.weihsn.,Gen.weihsis`village,spot';
OldPrussianwaispattinAkk.`housewife',lit.vipat(i)s`master,mister',vipati`noblewife,woman',
verballit.viinti`host',vieti`toGastesein',lett.vesis`guest';OldChurchSlavicvs`village'.
References:
References:WP.I231,WH.II782f.,Trautmann363f.,Vasmer1,193.
Page(s):
Page(s):1131
Root/lemma: u e i-1 ,u e i - :u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,bend,wind,*branchout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,biegen';vielfachvonbiegsamenZweigen,Flechtwerk,
Rankengewchsen
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e i-1 ,u e i - :u - :
:`toturn,bend,wind,*branchout'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
du (u) :
:`two'throughanillyr.-balt.intermediaryrootsincetheshiftd->zeroisauniqueillyr.-balt.
phoneticmutation.
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianvyati`webt,flicht'(paradigmaticcertainlywithPerf.vuh,participlet-,Inf.
tumzusammengefat,diezurroot*au-,presumablythebasefromuei-,belong);vya-m.`Weber,
theweaving',vyaka-`Weber,Nher';vyyati`winded,wickelt,hllt'(:lat.vie),participlevt-
`winded,gewickelt',vyna-n.`dasWinden,Umhllen';vay`twig,branch,bough',compare
lengthenedgradeOldChurchSlavicvja`twig,branch,bough');aboutvvyate`flattert'seeaboveS.
86;
gr.(i.e.F)Hes.,,(-=F-),Hes.;
alb.withg(h)-suffixvik,vigu`geflochteneTragbahre,Pflugdeichsel';
Note:
alb.deg`Zweig,Ast,Gebsch'(*duoigh):vik,vigu`geflochteneTragbahre,Pflugdeichsel',
commonillyr.-balt.d->zerophoneticmutation.Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e i-1 ,u e i - :u - :
:`toturn,bend,
wind,*branchout'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:du (u) :
:`two'.
lat.vie,vire`bind,flechte'(vi-:OldIndianvyna-),vtilis`geflochten';
air.fen-(*ui-n-)inar-fen-àbschlieen',im-fen-ùmhegen',Verbaln.imben.,mir.techfitheà
wickerhouse';cymr.gwal-en`twig,branch';mir.f`rod'(*ui);
got.waddjus`Wall,wall'(originallyfromwickerwork)=aisl.veggr`wall'(protogerm.*wajjus);
lit.veju,vti`winden,turn',vtas`winded,twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved'(=OldIndian
vta-),OldChurchSlavicvjo,viti`turn,flax,wattle,braid,winden',lett.vja`geflochtenerfence',vjas
`Ranken',OldChurchSlavicvja`twig,branch,bough'(DehnstufenformbesidesOldIndianvay
ds.);ablaut.ChurchSlavicpovojm.`fascia'.
B.
B.With ( h )-extensionpresumablyhere:
Lit.vy`Bastschuh',lett.vze`geflochtenerBastschuh'.
C.
C.Withl -formant:
Aisl.vl(*uil)`Kunst,Kniff,tool',vla`bestricken',ags.PNWlund,ahd.Wialant;ags.wl(e)
àrtifice,deceit';
lit.viel`Draht',vieliti`wickeln',vyl,lett.vle`hem,Strieme';lit.ap-vlti`lie',vyls`fallacious',vlius
`lie,falsity',OldPrussianpra-vilts`verraten';russ.viljt`dieRichtungbeimLaufenndern,wedeln,
Winkelzgemake',vilj`winded,gekraust',vlicaìvy'.
Maybealb.vile`bunchofgrape',vjel`harvestgrapes'
D.
D.Withm -formant:
OldIndianvman-n.`loom(from*ueimen,atfirsttovyati);lat.vmen`rodzumflax,wattle,braid,
wickerwork';mir.fiam`chain';mnd.wm(e)`Lattenwerk,Stangen';withdemconceptthedrehenden
Bewegungisl.vm,vma`dizziness,giddiness;swindle,anesthetization',norw.dial.veima`lurch,
waver',nhd.hess.wmeln`waver';whetherheregr.Hes.as`fromRuten
geflochteneHtten'(*F-=lat.vmen)
E.
E.Withn -formant:
Gr.,`sinew'(*F--:ech.vnek`band,strap,Stirnband'or*F--zurrootformueis-2);Old
ChurchSlavicvnc`Kranz';probablyags.wine-wincla(besidespne-wincle)Ùferschnecke',
wining`Binde';aboutgr.compareSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,5702;
barelyherethenameofWeins:gr.(myk.vo-no-)`Wein',`grapevine',,-
`grapevine,Rebe,Wein',arm.gini`Wein',(*uoi-niom),alb.vn,tosk.ver`Wein'(*uoin),lat.
vnum;latterisnotbarediewellspringfromair.fn,cymr.gwinandfromgot.wein,ahd.as.ags.Old
ChurchSlavicvn(fromwhichagainOldChurchSlavicvinoandfromdemSlav.lit.vnas),but
probablyalsodiefromfalisk.volsk.uinu,umbr.vinu,uinu;dathePontustheoriginatorofthe
Weinkulturwar,handeltessichwoblumeinvorderasiat.word;compareursemit.*wainu(arab.
thiop.wain,hebr.jajin,assyr.nu)andhitt.wi-ja-na-a-,hierogl.-hitt.wa(i)ana-,luv.dial.win-;s.lastly
LarocheBSL51,XXXIII,A.KammenhuberMnch.stemf.Spr.6,53f.
F.
F.Withr -formant:
Gr.`rainbow'(F)=Iand(F)`theasGtterbotinpersonifiedrainbow';ags.wr
`Metalldraht,gewundenerjewellery',mnd.wre`Metalldraht',sptaisl.vra-virki`workfrom
Metaldraht';besidesgerm.wra-,dasbecauseofgr.Fprobablyaufidg.*u-rogoesback,steht
germ.*wira-from*uiro-inahd.wiara`gold-orSilberdraht';air.fiar`slant,skew',cymr.gyr
`recurvus,limus',(*uiro-),bret.goar,gwar`courbe';lat.viriaeàkindofArmschmuck'iskelt.
loanword;
lit.-vairs`tortuosus,mannigfaltig,verschiedenartig'.
G.
G.Witht -formant:
OldIndianvta-,vtas-m.`rankendesWassergewchs,reed,Gerte',vtra-m.`Rohrstab,duct,
tube,pipe',av.vaiti`willow,Weidengerte';participleOldIndianvt-(seeabove);
gr.`willow';,èineWeidenart'(*F-,-),m.`Dotterweide',`rope';
,-,ol.Ff.`Radfelge,Schildrand,willow'(=lat.vitus);
lat.vtilis`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved',vtis`Rebe'(=lit.vtis);vtex,-icis
`Keuschlamm,(eintree)',vitusf.`Radfelge'(gr.Lw.),vitta`Binde'(from*vt,demFem.of
participle*utos,throughconsonantincrease);
air.fithf.`fibra'(*veiti-),cymr.gwdenfrom*gwyden(*ueitin)`vinculum,ligamen,virgacontorta';
mir.fithlennÈpheu'();butcymr.gwythen,corn.gwyth,abret.guithennou`vein(n)'areLw.from
lat.vitta;
aisl.vir`willow',ags.wig`willow'(seeabovelat.vtexetc.),mnd.wde,ahd.wda`willow'(in
additiono-gradeasgr.:norw.dial.veid`willow,Wicken'),ags.weel`Binde';nhd.Eingeweide,
mhd.(n)geweide:ahd.wid(i)`ropefromgedrehtenReisern',kuna-with`manacle',got.kuna-wida
`manacle',aisl.vi,-jar`gedrehtesband,strap',vijads.=ags.wie`Weidenband',ahd.witta
`Binde',ags.wio-,wie-winde`convolvulus',mnd.wede-winde`ds.,ivy,Geiblatt',ags.wiu-winde
`Geiblatt',aisl.vi-vindillds.;also(comparegot.inwindsìnverted',inwindiaÙngerechtigkeit'to
windan)as.inwid`malice,Tcke',ags.inwidd`bsartig,heimtckisch',aisl.vigjarn`bsartig';
lit.Inf.vti,vyts(Akk.vt)`Weidengerte',ablaut.ilvtis`Grauweide';lett.vte`Ranke',vtuls
`willow',OldPrussianwitwan`Weide',apewitwoÙferweide'(:-);ablaut.OldChurchSlavicvtv
`twig,branch';
OldChurchSlavicInf.viti;vit(=lit.vyts)`restortainmodumfunis',pavit`Ranke',s-vitk
`(book)rolle',russ.vtvina`twig,branch,rod,Gerte',sloven.vitika`ring'.
References:
References:WP.1223ff.,WH.II799f.,802ff.,806,Trautmann345f.,Vasmer1,193f.195f.,201,
205f.,Morris-JonesWelshGr.101,Frisk462.
Page(s):
Page(s):1120-1122
Root/lemma: u e i-2 ,u e i - :u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towither
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`welken'
Note:
Note:extendedu -t- andu e i-sMaterial:
Material:Lat.visc,-ere`verwelken,verschrumpfen',vitus`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered,
verschrumpft';
Maybealb.(visc)vyshket`wither'
air.feugudgl.`marcor'isfromfo`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered'(*ui-uo-)=cymr.gwywds.derived;
aisl.visinn`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered',participleeines*wisan,whereofgerm.*wisnn,-nin
aisl.visna,ags.wisnianand(withgramm.variation)weornian,ahd.wesann`wither,wilt'(alsonhd.
verwesenbelongsasags.forweoren`verwest'shows,originallyhere);mhd.wesel`weak,faint,
languid',engl.dial.weasel,weazen`thin,lean',aisl.vesall`woeful,wretched,miserable',vesligrds.,
norw.visa`weakperson',schwed.vesaèxhaust';
lit.vsti`wither,wilt'(preteritvtau),vtinu,pa-vaitin`makewelken',lett.viett,vttds.
References:
Seealso:
Seealso:relationshiptoueis-`deliquesce'isprobable.
Page(s):
Page(s):1123
Root/lemma: u e i-3 ,u e i- :u Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toreachtowardssmth.,topursueorwishsmth.;tobestrong
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:1.àufetwaslosgehen',einerseits`gehen,geradeRichtungnehmen;Weg,
Reihe',andererseits`worauflosgehen,eserstreben,erjagen,ersehnen,wollen'.2.`strongsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvti,3.Pl.vynti,alsovyati`verfolgt,strebt,leads(theweapons),treibt,lenkt',
alsoènjoys',participlevt-`verfolgt,beliebt',Adj.`geradlinig',vt`row',vth-,vthf.`row,way',
pravayaa-`zumAntreibenhelpful',m.`Stachelstock',pravtar-`Wagenlenker',vti-`horse'
(`*Verfolger');pada-vf.`spoor,way,Pfad',padavy-`Wegweiser,Anfhrer'(lengthenedgrade);
withthemeaningèrstreben-gernhaveunderlikewise';vt-`beliebt,gerngenossen',vt`Genieen,enjoyment,meal',deva-v-`denGtternangenehm',devvti-ènjoyment,feastfordie
gods';
av.viInf.`togladden,togefallen';vy-(vayeiti,vviti`jagtweg',3.Pl.vyeinti)`pursue,hunt,chase',
vyna-`theVerfolgte',viwa-Adj.`tohunt,chase,jagendtopursue',vtar-`Verfolger',vtay`Verfolgung';
withthemeaning`fly'OldIndianved.vvyat`flies'andav.-vayeinti`siefliegenheran';OldIndian
vnatièrsehnt',vn-`sehnschtig,verlangend';
gr.`bewegemichvorwrts,hurry,strebe,begehre',(reshufflingeines*F-;Asperafterdem
Mediumfrom),`cupidus',(F-),[F]`walkedlos',`gait,way,pathway',
(*F),hom.`Verfolgung'(F-),Akk.ds.,(metr.lengthening)
`Schlachtgetmmel',,-`WiederzurckdrngeninKampfe',korinth.F`verfolgt'
(compare-:);(F),dor.F()`hurtig,quick,fast'(metr.lengthening),
besides*F-,assumedthroughep.ion.,-`hawk'(theschnelle),att.(throughengeren
connectionan),-`hawk';
`power'(=lat.vs,vim),Hes.,`withpower'(Instr.auf-bhi),whereof;about
`sinew'seeaboveS.1121;
lat.viaf.`way'.osk.vi,umbr.ablativevea,viads.,osk.amvan(n)ud`Straenviertel,road'(*ui);
lat.vs`duwillst'(*ueisi=OldIndianvi),vs,vim`power,force,might'(=gr.ds.),Pl.vrs(from
ans-stem);invtre`host,einladen',within-èin'-comparedwithverneinendemin-ùn'-ininvtus
`widerWillen'(:OldIndianvta-`beliebt');whethervindex`Brge,Rcher'as`BestimmertheShne'
toOldChurchSlavicvna`blame'
(aboutair.fad`Wild',fadach`Jagd'etc.seebelow*uidhu-`tree');
mcymr.gwit`dish,food',melwit`honey'(:OldIndianvt-ènjoyment,meal'),IforWilliamsBBCS.11,
143;
aisl.veir`Jagd',ags.w`Jagd,journey'=ahd.weida`food,Weide,Jagd(Waidwerk),Fischerei',
also`Fahrt,journey',mhd.anderweide`zumzweitenmal',nhd.anderweit,mhd.dr-weide`zum
drittenmal',aisl.veia,ags.wan`hunt,chase,umherstreifen',ahd.weidn`hunt,chase;food
suchen':idg.*uoit`dasDrauflosgehen,Jagen';as.winPNW-rc,Gr-w(:lat.vs);
lit.veju,vti`hunt,chase,pursue',vtas(=OldIndianvt-)`verfolgt',vaj-ju,-ti`mehrfach
nachjagen',pavijs`StreckeWegs',lett.vajt`pursue',t-vejai`RckfllefromKrankheiten',t-veja
`mal'(`*gait',comparemhd.anderweide`zumzweitenmal');-gradelit.pavjus`danger',pavojs
`dangerous';OldChurchSlavicvoj`warrior',vojna`war,fight',ablaut.OldChurchSlavicpovinti
ùnterwerfen',vzvitije`profit,gain'(`*Erjagtes');withthemeaning`Verfolgungeinesbeltters'
probablyOldChurchSlavicvina`blame,punishment',ablaut.lett.vana`blame',lit.vainti`vilify,
scold,scold,chide',OldPrussianetwintèntschuldigen';
ech.etc.vtati`begren'remindsanlat.invitre;unclearisdasrelationshiptoruss.vittetc.`stay,
dwell',andtolit.viet,lett.veta`place'(*ueit),Trautmann345,Vasmer1,205;
maybenazalizedalb.(*viet)vend`place'
es -stem,respectivelys -extension:OldIndianvyas-n.`vitality,Jugendkraft,Jugendalter',vayati
(*uizd-)`makesstrong,tight,firm',vu-`tight,firm',vivi,vatiìsttig,wirkt,bringtzustande,
richtetfrom',lat.vrs(seeo).
References:
References:WP.I228ff.,WH.I713f.,II749f.,800f.,Trautmann345f.,Vasmer1,201,215;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparealsouro-s`man'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1123-1124
Root/lemma: u e ip- ,u e ibEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,sway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen;sichdrehend,schwingendbewegen'
Material:
Material:1.u e ip-: OldIndianvpat,-ti`regtsich,zittert',vpyati,vipyati`makestremble',vpraèxcited,aroused,begeistert',vip-if`rod,Gerte',viptha-m.àkindofPfeil'(comparetelavibrre);
av.vip-`throw,entsenden(Samen)';
cymr.gwisgi`restless,reif'(fromNssen)from*uip-sk-mo-;
got.biwaibjanùmwinden',ahd.ziweibjan`scatter';aisl.veifaìnschwingender,zitternderBewegung
sein,toss,fling,schlingen,umwickeln',ags.wfan`bekleiden';ahd.weibn`waver,schweben,
unstetsein';aisl.vfaùmhllen',nisl.vfla`bewilder',vfl`Klptel';ags.wifel,wifer`Pfeil,Wurfpfeil'(:
OldIndianviptha-);inadditionwfian`vorastonishmenterstarren',wfer-hs`Theater';perhaps
ahd.wb,as.ags.wf,aisl.vfn.`woman,wife'as`dieverhllteBraut';compareagainstitTavernierVereeckenRBPhH32,97f.;
OldPrussianwipis`bough',lett.viepe`cover,HlletheWeiher',viepl'is`Verkleidung,mask',viept
`verhllen',wpnuot`lcheln(dasGesichtverdrehen)',underlikewise;lit.atvpti`herabhangen,from
scrap,shred,Lippen',vaiptis`dasMaulverziehen,gawk',vypsa,-ti`withoffenemMunde
dastehen,gawk';(withbalt.from[i]:)lit.vptis`denMundverziehen',vpls`Gaffer',lett.vplis
`Maulaffe,lubber'etc.;withsecondaryablauta(:e)inadditionlit.vampls,vampl`jemand,thewith
offenemMundedasteht,dummerperson',vampsa,-ti`withoffenemMundedastehen'.
2.u e ib-, u i -m-b-:
Gr.Hes.,.,IHes.(alsoprobably
Hes.);
lat.vibr,-reìnzitternde,schwingendeBewegungplace,sichzitterndbewegen';vbix,-cis(in
Glossenalsovipex,vimex)`Strieme,weal,callusfromSchlgen';compareunderlett.vbele;
perhapsmir.femm`tail,Stengel,kelp',femman`kelp',cymr.gwymon,bret.gwemon,goumonds.
(*uimb-,compareags.wimpel),O'Rahillyriu13,162ff.,differentThurneysenKZ48,67;
got.weipan(st.V.)`bekrnzen',wipja`Kranz';aisl.veipr`headfascia,Kopftuch',veipa`female
Kopftracht',norw.dial.veipa`wickeln,einePeitscheschwingen',ahd.weif`Binde,headfascia',mhd.
weifen`swing,haspeln',wfen(st.V.)`swing,winden',mnd.wp`tussock,wisp',ags.wpian
àbwischen',norw.vpa`steiferstraworstiffhair,Spelze',mnd.wpen`toss,fling,sprinkle';ahd.wipf
`Schwung',mhd.alsowif=holl.wipds.,ahd.wipfil,wiffil`Baumwipfel`,nhd.(eig.nd.)mnd.mengl.
wippen,mhd.wipfen,wepfen`hpfen',norw.vippa`wisp,whisk',nasalizedags.wimpel`Wimpel,
Schleier',ahd.wimpal`Stirntuch,Schleier';
lett.viebt,viebties`sichdrehen,verdrehen;dasGesichtverstellen',lit.vbur-iu,-tiand-ioju,-ioti
`wedeln';lett.vbele`Striemen'.
References:
References:WP.I240ff.,WH.II779f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:comparesueip-aboveS.1042.
Page(s):
Page(s):1131-1132
Root/lemma: u e is-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosprout,grow
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sprieen,wachsen'
Material:
Material:Lat.vire,-re`greensein,begreen',viridis`green';
aisl.vsir`germ,sprout,scion,shoot',norw.vse`ds.,Rispe,Stielandleaves,bloom,blossom,
Fruchtansatz'(changingthroughablautvise`germ,sprout'andprobablyalsoveis`saftigerStengel');
ags.wse`scion,shoot,Stengel';ahd.wsa,mnd.wese,nhd.Wiese,ags.wsc,mnd.wsch(e)ds.;
lit.vesti`sichvermehren',veisls,visls`fertile',veisl`brood',lett.viestis`sichmehren,thrive',lit.
vasius`fruit',vais`fertility',lett.vaisla`brood',lit.-vsti`sichvermehren'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1133
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen'alsoespeciallyfor`biegsame,flechtbareRuten,outofitgebundene
Besenunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:extensionfromuei-`turn'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianva-m.`Tracht,Anzug'(comparevayatiùmwindet,umkleidet');vat
`bewinded',vyatiùmwindet',participlevit-ùmhllt,dressed',v-m.`loop,noose,snare,
Binde',vids.;arm.gi,Gen.gioy`juniper'(afterdenbiegsamen,toFlechtarbeitenverwendeten
Zweigen:*uso-or*ueiso-,*uoiso-);aboutgr.seeaboveS.1121;
nschwed.vesem.(aisl.*veisior*visi)`tussock,zusammengedrehterknot';inadditionndl.wier=
afries.wr-Àlge,Tang'(ags.wr`Myrte',wr-treo`Myrtenbaum',Tertiumcomparationis,presumably
ìmmergrn'),ags.wrÀlge,Tang',wrods.as`Wasserschlingpflanze';
OldChurchSlavicvichr`whirlwind'(*uisura-),lit.vesulasds.,russ.vichatùpset,move';lit.
vstas`Schnrbrust',vstytièinwickeln',lett.vsttds.,vsts`bundle'etc.
ech.vch,vch(*uoiso-)`wisp,Strohwisch;Schankzeichen',vchads.,russ.vcha`twig,branch
zumBezeichnenofWegs,Absteckpfahl',vichr`topknot',slov.vhet`tussock(hay)';
B.
B.Withk -extension:
OldIndianve-k-m.`loopforstrangling';ablaut.aisl.viskf.`bundlefromstraworreed',schwed.
viska`smallbesom',
ahd.wisc`wisp,Strohwisch'(therefrommhd.nhd.wischen),ags.wiscian,newerweoskian(*wiskn)
èinehurdlefromRutenflax,wattle,braid';lat.viscus,-erisìntestines,entrails';as`drehende,
vibrierendeBewegung'hereprobablyalsolit.viski,viskti`quiver';byofries.wisk`rasche
Bewegung,Husch',mhd.wischen`sichleichtandquick,fastdahinbewegen',nhd.entwischenkann
secondarydevelopmentfrom`fleetingaboutetwaswegwischen'vorliegen;
besidesgerm.p-Variantenontheonehandinndd.wispeln`sichhin-andherbewegen',schwed.visp,
visperùnzuverlssigerperson',ontheotherhandinnorw.vispm.`tassel,tussock',schwed.visp
`QuirlfromRuten'.
C.
C.Withg -extension:
lat.virga`dnnertwig,branch,Reis,rod'(from*uiz-g),inadditionvirg`girl,virgin';lit.vizg,vizgti
`tremble',vizgti`waver'.
References:
References:WP.I242f.,WH.II799,802,Trautmann345,347,Vasmer1,195,207,243.
Page(s):
Page(s):1133-1134
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toflow;poison
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zerflieen,flieen(ofteninFlN);alsovomtierischenSamen;besondersvonthe
FeuchtigkeitanddemGeruchfaulenderPflanzen,unreinenSften,Gift'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvati`zerfliet',vi-n.`poison',Adj.`giftig',vi-(Nom.vi)andvih
Èxkremente,ordure',also`tierischerSamen',visr-`muffigsmelling';av.vi-,via-`poison',vaah`Moder,Verwesung';arm.g`carrion';
gr.`poison'=lat.vrus`toughFligkeit,mucus,juice,sap,poison,sharpness'=mir.f`poison';
lat.vnaf.`vein'from*ueisn;cymr.gwyar`blood'(*ueisaro-);inadditiondiekelt.FlNcymr.Gwy
(*Ueis),engl.Wear(abrit.*Uisuri),gall.Visera>frz.Vesre,Visuvia>frz.laVezouseetc.;agerm.
FlNWisura`Weser',lat.Visurgisds.:comparedieruss.FlNVechra(toSo),ablaut.Vchera(zur
Kama);heretheFlNWeichsel(fromOldPrussian*Vksl,older*Vskl,fromvorbalt.*Vstlfrom
*ueistl),lat.Vistula(fromgerm.*Wstlinags.Wstlawudu,butags.Wslefromslav.Visla);
aisl.veisaf.`swamp,marsh',ags.afries.wse,engl.ooze`slime,mud';perhapsahd.weisunt,
weisont,weisantàrteriae'(theflowing);whereforeags.wsend,engl.weasan`windpipe,gullet',
furtherahd.wisunt,-ant,mhd.wisent,aisl.visundr(*uisonto-)`Bisonochse'(fromdemGerm.
deriveslat.bisn,-ontisandgr.);inadditionOldPrussianwis-sambrsÀuerochse',OldChurch
Slaviczbrds.;afterdemsmell,odorbenannt,asalsonisl.visla,ahd.wisula,ags.weosule,wesle,
engl.weasel`weasel'andtheIltis
Iltis'polecat'(aboveS.304),thegerm.*wis(j)`polecat'assumes;
comparevlat.vissi`breakingwind,fart,fetidness';Marstrandercompares(riu5,207)stillnir.fal
`Frettchen'(*uiselo-);
perhapsmoreoveridg.u k s- `MistelandotherleimlieferndeBume'ingr.m.`Mistel,Vogelleim',
lat.viscumds.,ahd.wichsila,mhd.whsel`Weichsel(kirsche)',russ.etc.vinja`Kirsche'(outofitlett.
viksna,OldPrussianwisnaytos`Kirschen')-KirschgummiandMistelbeerebecomeasVogelleim
verwendet;
afterSpecht(Idg.Dekl.206)inadditionfurtherlit.viksv`Riedgras'from*vis-k-vbesidesvizg
`grass',OldPrussianwissene`Porsch'.
References:
References:WP.I234f.,WH.II746,800,801f.,Vasmer1,208.
Page(s):
Page(s):1134
Root/lemma: u e k-tiEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thing
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Sache,Ding'
Note:
Note:(uek-ti-)
Material:
Material:Got.wahtsf.`thing',aisl.vttr,v(t)r,vitrf.`livingbeing,bermenschlichescreature,
thing',ags.wihtf.`thing,entity,demon',as.wikt,mnd.wichtèntity,creature',ahd.wiht`livingbeing,
demon,thing',nhd.Wicht;got.ni-waht`nichts',ags.n-wiht(engl.naught,not)ahd.niwihtand
neowiht`not,nichts';
OldChurchSlavicvetf.`thing,thing';comparewruss.re`thing':russ.r`discourse,word'.
References:
References:WP.I246,Vasmer1,196;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstouek-`speak'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1136
Root/lemma: u e k- ,u e -n-kEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianvcati`gehtcrookedorslant,skew',vacyt`schwingtsich,flies',vakr`gebogen,crooked',vanku-`fliegend',vkri-f.`Rippe',vaka-,vakara-m.`Flukrmmung',
vakana-m.`Leisten,Weiche',vak`belly,groin,flank,riverbed';av.-vata-`writhed,crooked,
humped';commonOldIndian-h->-k-:Avestan-h->-x->--phoneticmutation
arm.gangur`crispus,flexus'(*unkuro-);
lat.convexusàrched,writhed,crooked,humped',subvexus`schrgaufwrtsfhrend';
mir.feccaid`bcktsich',withtheprepositionfor:`wendetsichgegen,beginntto'(withexpressive-kk);gall.FlN*Vocalus(MatresVocallinehae),germanisiertVacalus,Va(c)halis`Waal';lit.FlNVok
(*uki);
idg.u o nko - inOldIndianvaka-,got.unwhsùntadelhaft',ags.wh`crooked,inverted',as.whn.

`bel',aisl.vf.(*uonk)àngle,mischief'.
References:
References:WP.I246,WH.I268f.:afterKuiper,Nasalprs.142zurrootu-(seeaboveS.1108),
wherebesidesdempresent*u-n-k-mieinKonj.*u()-nu-kstand;somitfurtherzurrootu-,ug-,
uk-,ueng(h)-,seethere.
Page(s):
Page(s):1134-1135
Root/lemma: u e k Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wollen,wnschen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianv-mi,vi,u-msi,av.vasm,usmah`wollen,wish',participleOldIndian
unt-,f.uat`willing',av.an-usant-,-usait`widerwillig,ohneestowollen',av.vasah-(Nom.vas)
`wollend=afterseinemWillen',vas,vasàfterwish,beliebig'(Akk.Sg.ofn.*vasah-),vas-xaraàfterGefallenschaltend'etc.,OldIndianvai-tva-n.`Willensfreiheit';ap.van,av.vasn(Instr.Sg.)
àfterdemWillen'(arm.vasn`becauseof'Lw.);
gr.(previousparticiple)(kret.F),`freiwillig'(theAsperafter`sich',asthough`from
sichselbstheraus'),,`widerWillen,ohneVorsatz',f.dor.,comparekret.
Hes.,FinHes.,i.e.F,in,hom.`becauseof'
(*F;isdiepreposition),hom.-àfterBeliebenwirkend',-àfterBelieben
treffend'(metr.lengtheningfor*-),outofitextended-,-;bot.Fh(withversch.assimilationoutofitthes.F,att.);,dor.àfterdem
Willen,becauseof,(unclear)',`notwollend,widerstrebend'(after);
hitt.uek-`wish,arrogate'.
References:
References:WP.I244f.,Frisk473f.,477,479.
Page(s):
Page(s):1135
Root/lemma: u e k- (*uek-)
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianvkti,vvakti`sagt,talks,speaks',Aor.vcam(=,seebelow),participle
ukt-,Kaus.vcayati,av.vak-`speak',xta-,OldIndianvacas-n.=av.vaah(=gr.)
`discourse,word',OldIndianvacan-`redend,sagend',vc-,Nom.Sg.vk=av.vx(=lat.vx)
`voice,discourse,word',OldIndianvcla-`gabby,gossipy,loquacious,garrulous,blithering',
vkyamÀusspruch,discourse';vaktram`mouth';
arm.goem`cry,rufe,rufetomir,ladeein,name'();
gr.,el.kypr.Fn.`word',Aor.`sprach',lesb.Fetc.(=OldIndianvcam,idg.*eue-uk-omwithDiss.from-FF-to-F-),Akk.`voice'(alsoprobablyas`denweithin
schallenden'),f.`voice',`shout,call,Larm';
lat.vox,vcis`voice',voc,-re`call,shout,cry',umbr.sub-ocau,-ocanu,-oco`call,anbeten';
air.foccul`word'(=OldIndianvaktram`mouth')<*uok-tlo-m=cymr.gwaethl`fight';faimm`din,
fuss,noise'(*uok-smn);commonillyr.-celt.-k>-thphoneticmutation.
gall.Vepo-litanos`breitgesichtig',cymr.gweb`face';
ahd.giwahanen,-inenèrwhnen,gedenken'(*gawahnjan,Denom.*uok-no-,compareOldIndian
vacan-;inadditiontreadinparadigmconnectionold-gradePf.:)giwuog,mhd.wegen`gedenken
make,inErinnerungbringen',aisl.vttr`Zeugnis'(*wahtaz,compareahd.giwahtm.Èrwhnung,
Ruhm'),vtta`bezeugen';aisl.munf.`voice',nisl.mur`sound',ags.wm(a)`din,fuss,noise'
(*whm-);
OldPrussianwacktwei`locken',enwackmai`wirrufenan';
hitt.uek-,uk-àdjure',toch.Awakf.,wek`voice'.
References:
References:WP.I245f.,WH.II823ff.,Trautmann339f.,Vasmer1,196,Berginriu12,136f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1135-1136
Root/lemma: u e -2 ,u e dhGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`flechten'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.75f.(au-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u e lk-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todrag
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Av.vark-`ziehen,drag'onlywithPrverbien:aipivarainti`zieheneinKleidungsstck
darberan';lit.velk(vilkti),OldChurchSlavicvlk`pull,drag'=gr.[F](byHom.for
einzusetzen),att.outofitreconverted;(hybridizationfromwith)`furrow',with
Vokalvorschlag*-Fl-in`furrow',*-Fl-inlakon.`plough'.
References:
References:WP.I306,Trautmann349f.,Frisk77;afterSpechtKZ.66,25tosuelk-,asselk-above
S.901.
Page(s):
Page(s):1145
Root/lemma: u e lk-2 ,u e lgEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet,damp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feucht,na'
Material:
Material:1.u e lk- :Air.folc`Wasserflut',folcaim`bade,wash',cymr.golchi,corn.golhy,bret.
gwalc'hi`wash';ahd.welh(besideswelc,seebelow)`humid,wet,milde,wilted;faded,flaccid,
withered',(ir)welhn`soft,schwachbecome',mnd.welen`wither,wilt',ags.wealg`geschmacklos,
widerlich',engl.wallow,nisl.valgr`lukewarm';probablyalsonorw.valenìnsensibleorerstorbenvor
Klte';lett.valks`humid,wet',valka`runningWsserchen,dampplace';illyr.FlNVolcos,PN
.
maybealb.vlag`moistofground'
2.u e lg- :ahd.welc`humid,wet,milde,wilted;faded,flaccid,withered',mnd.walcheit`macies',welk
`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered,drre',mengl.welkin`wither,wilt';withotherVokalstellungags.wlc,
wlacu`lukewarm',mnd.wlakds.(withanl.s-mhd.swelk`wilted;faded,flaccid,withered',swelken,
ahd.swelchen`wither,wilt');presumablyahd.wolchann.,wolchaf.,as.wolkann.`Wolke`;
lit.vlgau,-yti,vlgytiànfeuchten',vlknas`humid,wet',ablaut.OldPrussianwelgenn.`catarrh',lett.
valgums`dampness',vlgansandvalgs`humid,wet',alsolit.valgis`dish,food',vlgau,-ytièat'(of
concepttheflssigen,breiigennourishment,foodfrom,compareruss.volga`flssigenourishment,
food');
slav.*vlgk`humid,wet'inruss.-ChurchSlavicvlgk,inadditionpoln.wilgn`humid,wet
become',russ.vognutds.,ablaut.*ulginOldChurchSlavicvlagaf.`dampness',russ.volga
`Flssigkeit,Zukost',inadditionvolitànfeuchten,withbuttercook';heretheruss.FlNWlga(=
ech.FlNVlha,poln.FlNWilga)fromslav.*Vlga.
References:
References:WP.I306,Trautmann358,Vasmer1,216f.,219.
Page(s):
Page(s):1145-1146
Root/lemma: u e l-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosee
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Lat.voltus,vultus,-sm.`Gesichtsausdruck,Miene,Aussehen,shape'(*vl-tu-)stelltsich
toir.filèsgives',olderImper.*uele(comparefrz.voici!),cymr.gweled`see',bret.guelet`lavue',air.
fili(Gen.filed,vorir.OgamVELITAS)`seer,Dichter'(*uelts);thenamethegerm.SeherinVeleda;in
Germ.seemseineprobablyfrom*uel-abgeleiteteroot*uleid-(*uleid-):got.anda-wleiznn.()
`front',aisl.lta,ags.wltan`see,see,show';zerogradegot.wlits`front,shape',aisl.litr(Akk.Pl.litu)
Àussehen,paint,color',as.wliti`radiance,Aussehen,shape',afries.wlite`front,Aussehen',ags.
wliteds.,also`radiance',wlituf.`form,kindof';o-gradedascausativegot.wlaiton,aisl.leita(*wlaitn)
`sichumsehenafter,suchen'(whereforeaspost-verballeitf.`dasSuchen',WissmannNom.
Postverb.1,11),ags.wlatiands.;
alsogerm.*wulu-m.`glory,magnificence'(`*prestige'):got.wulus`glory,magnificence',aisl.Ullr
(*wuluz)`Gttername',ags.wuldor`gloria',comparegot.wulrs`Wert',wulriza`herrlicher';further
wulags`'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1136-1137
Root/lemma: u e l-2 ,u l ei- ,u l (i)Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:towish;tochoose
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wollen,whlen'
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianunthemat.3.Sg.Med.Aor.avrta,Opt.vurta,participleur-;vrt,
vrnti,vrti,vrut`whlen,vorziehen,lieben',vrt-`gewhlt,erwnscht',vra-m.`wish,
GegenstanddesWunsches',vara-`vorzglich,-st,better,best',varyas-`better',variha-`best',
varya-`whlbar,vortrefflich,distinguished',varaa-n.`dasWhlen,Wnschen',vra-m.`Kostbares,
treasure,tribute'etc.,vth`futile',av.ap.var-`whlen,wollen'(3.Pl.preteritMed.varat,Opt.
vairmaid),vrn[a]-(1.Sg.Med.vrn),vrnav-(3.Du.Med.vrnvait;participlePerf.Pass.
varta-,vairya-`thebeste,kstlich,wert';alsoav.var-`believe';
arm.ge`Gefallen,beauty'(presumablyfrom*uel-no-,comparecymr.gwell`better');ven.PNVoltinos,Voltiomnus,illyr.Voltius,Voltisaetc.(M.LejeuneBSL.49,41ff.)from*ulti-;
gr.,`will',afterSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,676from*ul(i)mi,Pl.*uleim();lat.vol(*vel),vult
(*velt),velle`wollen'(Opt.velim),voluntas,-tisf.`goodvolition'(previousparticiple*uolunt-tt-s);
nlo,nevis,nevoltÌwillnot'(*nevol);mlÌpullvor',backformationaftermavolt(magisvolt);
umbr.eh-veltu`jubt',veltu`dligit',ehvelklu`dcrtum,dictum';
mcymr.corn.bret.guell`better',ncymr.gwell(*uel-no-`Vorzug,Wahl',ortouer-2,seethere);gall.
VNVellav,Catuvellaun(comparedenligur.PNGenava`Genf':raet.VNGenauni);
got.wiljan,ahd.willu,wili,wllanetc.`wollen';got.wilja,ahd.uillo,willioetc.`volition';Kaus.Iter.got.
waljan,aisl.velja,ahd.wellen`whlen`(=OldIndianvaryati`whltforsich',OldChurchSlavic
voliti);ahd.walaf.,aisl.valn.`Wahl'(:OldIndianvra-m.);
lit.pa-vlmi,3.Sg.pa-vlt,Infin.pa-vlti`wollen,allow',ablaut.viltsf.`hope'(*ultis),vilios`hoffe';
OldChurchSlavicvelj,velti`wollen,order',ablaut.voljaf.`volition',therefromvolj,voliti`wollen,
wish',inweiterenablautdo-vlj,do-vlti`gengen'(*uol-);
aboutgot.wala,ahd.wela,wolaetc.`probably'compareFeist3543.
B. d -extension(d-present):gr.,hom.`sehnemich,demandafteretwas',n.
`wish,desire';
ir.fled,cymr.gwledd`Gastmahl,festival'(*uld);gall.PNVlido-rx.
. p -extension:hom.`lassehoffen',,`hoffe',Perf.poet.;,-f.
`hope',`hoffe',hom.`hope',zerograde*,Sup.to,dissim.
èrwnscht,reizend',èrwnscht'(r/n-stem);lat.volup(e)Adv.`vergnglich,
gerne',(*uolpi-,*ulpi-),volupts`pleasure';
doubtfulhom.`festival',ol.(*-F-).
References:
References:WP.I294f.,WH.II828f.,Trautmann348f.,SpechtKZ62,59f.,Vasmer1,180,224,
Frisk78,455,485,502f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1137-1138
Root/lemma: u e l-3
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topress,push
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drngen,pressen,zusammendrngen,einschlieen'
Material:
Material:Hom.(*F-);Inf.-Aor.andwithsuggestion,Aor.Pass.,
,ep.ion.(*F-),att.(*FwithVorschlags-),dor.el.F,redupl.
(*F-F)`drnge,push,press,presse';lakon.,Hes.,messen.
,ion.`troop,multitude,crowd'(F-),nexttowhichprobablywithi=e(as)att.
,dor.`troop,multitude,crowd'(*F),hom.(*`scharenweise',pamph.FGen.
from-`crowdedness';
hom.(ol.)(*F)`densezusammengezogen'()and(*F)
`versammelt'(withol.--);comparedieauf*Ffrom*F,*Flzurckgehendenion.
,`versammelt',`versammle',`congregation,meeting',dor.andds.
(underlikewise);att.`placeofGerichts,dashchstecourtinAthen'togetherwith,
isborrowedfromargiv.,,withErsetzungfromdor.throughatt.,dasasthe
Asperaneinepadfand;dasanlaut.-iskopul.-;
`scharenweise,sufficient'(Hom.),Hes.;hom.`Getmmel,Gewhl'(because
ofHes.metr.lengtheningfor*F),att.`Verdrngungfrom
Besitzrechten'(*F-);
lit.vlinas`Wall',valins`Tuchecke',lett.valnisèdge',su-valti`(corn,grain)zusammenbringen,
reap',lit.i-valti`heraus-,fortschaffen',valti`clean';OldChurchSlavic*vel(:gr.)invelmi,ma`very,excessive',vellp`verybeautiful',velij,velik`big,large',*val`heap,bulk,mass'
(*ulos)inruss.vlomìnbulk,mass',navl`groerheap',zavl`Verstopfung,Sperre',privl
`Landen'(*Andrngen),vlmja`haufenweise'etc.;
g -extensionisprobablylat.volgus,vulgus`daspeople'(=`big,giantbulk,massofpeople',compare
aboveruss.valom,valmja)=OldIndianvrga-m.`dividingoff,partitioningoff,group',mbret.
gwalch`berflu',nbret.a-walc'h`sufficient'(compare),gwalc'ha`sttigen',cymr.gwala`bulk,
mass,sufficient';toch.walke`long'.
References:
References:WP.I295f.,WH.II826f.,Frisk71f.,74,117,455ff.,Vasmer180,181;
Seealso:
Seealso:originalresemblancewith*uel-7`turn'isdenkbar,da`press,topresstogether'originally
`zusammenwinden'seinkann.
Page(s):
Page(s):1138
Root/lemma: u e l-4 ,u e lEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair,wool;grass,forest
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inWortenfor`Haar,Wolle',also`Gras,hre,Wald'
Note:
Note:relationshipto*uel-`turn'('curlyhair'underlikewise)or*uel-`rend,pluck'ispossible
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianrf.(compareOldIndianr-vbhi-`spider',aboveS.1114)`wool',av.
varnds.,gr.,dor.n.`wool',lat.lnads.,lng`FlaumofBartes,Milchhaare',got.
wulla,ahd.wollaetc.`Wolle=wool',lit.vlna`Wollfaser',Pl.`wool',lett.vilna`wool',OldPrussian
wilna`Rock',r.-ChurchSlavicvlna,serb.vna`wool';schwchereAblautform*ulnincymr.gwlan,
corn.gluan,bret.gloan(brit.Lw.ismir.olann)`wool';
othervowelgradationinlat.vellus,-eris`Vlies'(villus`daszottige,wolligeHaartheanimal')=ags.
wil-mod`colus'(i.e.`Wollstange',aswul-mod),probablyalsoarm.gemn`wool,Vlies';relationshipto
lat.vellere(uel-8)from*uelsliesnahe;*u l - ingr.n.`hem,Gespint',germ.*wlha-(under
B)andidg.*u l -ro- (uel-7)S.1143.
B.
B.gutturalextensions:
OldIndianvalk-m.`bast,splint',valkala-`Bastgewand',vrkala-n.`Bastgewand;einbestimmtes
intestines,entrails';isl.lf.,dn.lu`Tuchflocke,dasRauheanKleidern',ags.as.wlh`fibre,
filament,fringe,Flocke'(germ.*wlha-);aisl.lagr`tuftofWolleor'(*wlagaa-);OldChurch
Slavicvlakno,russ.volokn`fibre,filament';withidg.k:OldIndianvla-m.`sprout,twig,branch'
(thesepointatauf`biegsamerod')andav.varsa-,npers.gurs=OldChurchSlavicvlas,russ.
volos`hair';toafrombeidenrootformbelongsgr.f.`krauseshair'(*ulksn),m.`wool';
compareunder*uel-`turn'dielikewiseauf*uolk-indicatingags.wielgan`roll',ahd.wal(a)gn.
C.
C.Dentalextensions:
Gr.(*F,idg.*ult-iios)`densewithWolleorHaaren,alsobrushwoodbewachsen';air.folt
`hair',cymr.gwallt,acorn.gols,abret.guoltds.,therefromabret.guiltiat,guiliat,guoliat,mbret.
guilchat`Schur,Tonsur'andcymr.gwellaif,acorn.guillihim`scissors',perhapsalsocymr.gwellt,
corn.gwels`grass',abret.gueltiocion`fenosa'(ortomir.geltboth`pbulum',gelid`grast'S.365,with
gwaftergwallt);
ahd.as.wald`wood,forest',ags.wealdds.,aisl.vllr`meadow';afterE.Lewy(KZ.40,422)and
Holthausen(KZ.46,178)wrdeWaldas*(s)ualtustolat.saltusÈngpa,Bergwald',belong,das
thenfromsaltus`Sprung'toseparatewre(aboveS.899),duringErnout-Meillet2889bothunite
(comparePasdeCalaisetc.);otherstellenWaldtogot.wileis`wild',aisl.villr`wild,verrckt',ags.
wilde,as.ahd.wildi`wild,unbebaut'(*ueltiio-),nhd.Wild(*ueltos),whereforefurthercymr.gwyllt
`wild,phrenetical,quick,fast'(*uelt-),corn.guyls`wild,unbebaut',abret.gueld-enesìnsulaindomita'
(mir.geilt`Wahnsinniger'isprobablybrit.Lw.);
lit.vltis`Haferrispe,Haferspelte'(also`Garn'),OldPrussianwolti`hre',ukr.volt`Rispe',serb.
etc.vlt`hre';
withvoiced-aspiratedOldChurchSlavicvlad,aruss.volod`hair'.
D.
D.OldIndianvla-,vra-m.`tail(haar),Haarsieb',ablaut.lit.vala`SchweifhaarofPferdes'.
References:
References:WP.I296ff.,WH.I756,II745,Trautmann341,359,Vasmer1,220f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1139-1140
Root/lemma: u e l-5 ,u e lEnglishmeaning:

Englishmeaning:todeceive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`tuschen'
Material:
Material:Lit.vlti`cheat,deceive',lett.viltds.,OldPrussianprawilts`verraten',lit.vlius`deceit,
artifice',zerogradeOldPrussianpo-wela`sieverrieten',lett.velts`futile',lit.vltasùnntz';(gr.
=aboveS.777);mir.fell`deceit'(mir.fall,newerfaill`Nachlssigkeit',cymr.gwall`ds.,
lack',bret.gwallèvil,bad'areprobablyaseigenegroupforsichtostellen);afterBgaKalbairsen.I
34f.belongdiebalt.wordstouel-2.
Aextensionfrom*uel-perhapsin:
gr.`betrge,verletze'(*uel-ebh-),`trgerisch';lit.vlbinti(*ubh-)`locken,
ffen,zumbestenhave'.
References:
References:WP.I298;Frisk493;differentMhlenbach-EndzelinIV534,596.
Page(s):
Page(s):1140
Root/lemma: u e l-6
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:warm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`lau,warm'
Material:
Material:Arm.gol`heat',golanam`sichwrmen';lit.vlditi`lukewarmmake'.
References:
References:WP.I302;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstoS.1142under(uel-7).
Page(s):
Page(s):1140
Root/lemma: u e l-7 ,u e l- ,u l Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,wind;round,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden,wlzen'
Note:
Note:extendedu e l(e)u- ,u l - ne-u- ,u ( e)lei- (diesealsoùmwinden,einwickeln=einhllen')
Material:A.
Material:A.OldIndianvlati,-te`wendetsich,drehtsich'(),Kaus.vlayati`makessichwenden,
roll',valanam`dassichWenden,sichBiegen,surge,Wogen',val-m.`Bedeckung,cave'(orto*uer),vala-,valaka-m.perhaps`(round)balk,beam,shaft,pole',lengthenedgradecakravla-n.
`hoarfrost,ring,circle,bulk,mass',lavla-n.`VertiefungumdierooteinesBaumes'(compare
Mayrhofer1,79f.),probablyalsovra-m.`(*turn)row,Folge,mal,Wochentag'=npers.br`mal';
fromu -mi-: OldIndianrm-m.f.`surge,wave',av.varmids.
fromtheu -basis:OldIndianvrti,rtiùmhllt,bedeckt,umschliet,umringt,hemmt,wehrt',av.
vrnavaiti`bedeckthllend'(containpartlyidg.*uer-5),dasav.wordalso`wendet(sich)'asOld
Indianvlati;compareS.1160;
OldIndianvartra-(=gr.)n.`berwurf,i.e.wasmanumlegt'(uncovered,lva-,lba-m.n.
`Hlleofembryo,womb,uterus'(comparelat.volva);
fromthei -basis:OldIndianvalaya-m.n.`circle,roundEinfassung,bracelet',valit-`gewendet,
gebogen',valli-,vall`Rankengewchs,Schlingpflanze',vallari-,vallarf.`Ranke,Rankengewchs';
arm.gelum(Aor.geli)`turn,umdrehen,winden',Med.`sichdrehen,winden'(daspresentzuru-basis,
comparethematiclat.volvo),gelumn`gyration,Umwindung'(=lat.volmen,),glem`rolle,
throw,castlow,base'(*gilemfrom*ul-or*gulemfrom*ul-),gil(*ul-)`roundWurfstein'(compare
gr.,russ.valn`roundpebble'),presumablylamb(-i,-iv)`ring,circle'from*ul-m-bhi-(duetoof
n-stem,comparelit.vilns,OldChurchSlavicvlna,ahd.wlla);
gr.`turn,twist,rotate,coil'(*F--),ds.(probably*F-F-,inaddition`rope,
band;close-packed,herdingtogether,ofcattle;=Troy,theTroad',`squinting(theeye)',
bot.F,,Hes.),att.ds.(*-F);fromol.(*F):
`rope,thebandforbindingcorn-sheaves'),and`whirl,turn,dizziness,
giddiness;swindle'(after),,Pl.,,f.ìntestinalworm',`worm'
(*-F-),Hes.(i.e.F),`plaitedbasket',àroundsmoothstone(from
whichpassageitwastakentosignifythehumantrunk;anycylindricalorbowl-shapedbody:mortar,
kneadingtrough,hollowseatonwhichthePythiaprophesied,support,drinking-vessel,mouthpieceof
aflute,stoneusedasaweight',hom.`frizzy,fleecy,woolly,woolen;ofplants,twisted,curling;
twisted,crooked'(*F),redupl.`Milchhaar,Korngarbe,einInsekt',`fascicle,sheaf',
`thegums'(as`torose,rounded');
fromthei -basis:`vine-layer,vine-tendril,thevine',`winded',f.`bracelet',therefrom,
att.,and(after)`curl,wind,turn;makingitroll;turnround,toturnachariotround
thedoubling-post;ofanyrapidmotion,esp.ofacircularkind;torollorwindround,asthewoolround
thedistaff;metaph.toturninone'smind,revolve;toturnoneselfround,turnquickround,turntobay;
ofaserpent,tocoilhimself,ofamissile,tospinthroughtheair;toturnhitherandthither,goabout;to
whirlinthedance',ablaut.,att.`turn,twist,rotate,wlze';ds.;abouts.S.
1142;
fromtheu -basis:ep.`wrap,envelop,cover;tocrawlorwrigglealong,ofalameman',Med.
`writhe,dragoneselfalong'(*F,compare),compareparticiple;
`whirl,turn,roll'(duetofrom*F--);,`hidingplace,nook,bolt-hole',
(after)ìntestinalobstruction,twistingofthebowels,crampoftheintestine,volvulus;
lurking-place,den,hole;butcher'sblock;akindofvine';ablaut.*FF-`whirl,gyration'in()`runninginwhirl'=`rollingstone';F-inAor.Pass.`wurdegeschleift,gewlzt',
`wrapped',ion.att.(Hes.)`bow-case;sheathofaspear;mirror-case;
caseofashield;sheathofthespinalcord,theshardofabeetle'swing;shellofacrab;oftheeye-lids;
oftheumbilicalcord;huskorcapsuleofseeds;thebody,asbeingthecaseorshellofthesoul;
reservoirforwater;tankforfish;container',`case,quiver,akindofPhrygianpipe,madeof
box-wood,withahorntipandbendintheleftpipe,millet;sheath',`kindofpastry,perhaps
pretzel'(besides,);hom.n.àclosecovering,shelter,defence,fence,
protection'(*FF,withpriordissimilationto*F;compareHes.;basicmeaning
probably`barrierornettingfromwindingbranches');*F-in`sockorbandagewornby
runnersontheankle;foot-wrapper',Perf.,`veiled';secondary:in`sleeve,
garment,wrapper,'(lat.volmen,arm.gelumn);
inadditionalso`willow',`*mountainpasture,ofosiers,ofthewillow-copse'(Fof
Korinna-Papyrus),likeags.welig,etc.`willow',differentfromidg.*salik-`willow';
afterFrisk36,42,80herem.f.`tomcat,cat'or`weasel',also(from+
`tail')and`quick,fast,movable,nimble,shimmering,varicolored;wriggling;changefulofhue,
gleaming,glancing,ofarmsandarmour;changeful,shifting,varied;shifty,wily,slippery'from*(F)F-;f.`chain,manacle'(*F-);
Maybe,,,lordofthewinds,properlytherapidorthechangeable,Od.
alb.vjel`harvest,vomit'(*uelu);valf.`surgeofkochendenwater;wave,surge'(*ueln);
Note:
Wrongetymology,sincealb.vjell`vomit'derivedfromabbreviatedlit.vmti`vomit',vmala`vomit'>
maybetruncatedalb.(*vmala)vjell`vomit'
seeRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e m- ,u e m- :
:tospit,vomit
lat.volaf.`roundness,cavitythehandortheFusohle'(compareaisl.valr`round',OldIndianvalam.`cave');fromtheu-basisvolv,-ere,-,voltum`roll,kollern,wlzen,turn,whirl'(*uelu),volmen
`pulley',involcrum`Hlle,sheath',involcre`Serviette',probablyalsovolva,vulva`womb,uterus,
EihautthePilze';
reducedgradevallus`picket,pole,Palisade',whereforeascollectivevallum`Pfahlwerk,
Verschanzung'[outofitborrowedas.wal,ags.weall,mhd.wal(l)`Wall'];valls,vallis`valley'
(`*incurvation')=gr.*F>(*uelnis),valvae`dieTrflgel,Doppeltre',valvolae`Schoten'
(*uelu);
air.fillid`bends'(previousn-present),bret.goalenn`virga'(`*biegsamerod');air.flmae(=flmae)
`saepes'(presumably`*wickerwork');-grademir.flm.`fence,paddock',cymr.gwawl`murus,
vallum';
doubtfulmir.fail,foil(Gen.falach)`ring'(*uelik-,ablaut.with);
aisl.vilPl.,Gen.viljaìntestines,entrails',ags.we(o)loc,weolc,uioloc`Trompeterschnecke',ndl.welk,
wulkds.fromgerm.*weluka-,probablyzuru -basis,ascertainlygot.walwjan`wlzen',walwisn
`wallow',ags.wielwan`wlzen,roll'(*walwjan),walwiantr.intr.`wlzen,roll';aisl.valr`round',ags.
waluf.`Striemeafterablow,knock'(*uolo-,-,comparelat.vola),mnd.walen`turn,wlzen,roll',
ahd.wulstaf.`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;bulb';got.walus`staff',aisl.vlr`roundstaff',
afries.walu-ber`Stabtrger',ags.uyrt-wala(`Wurzelstock'),ahd.wurzala`root';n-presentahd.
wellan`round,roll',as.bwellan`blemish'(`*insmutherumwlzen'),afries.biwullenparticiple
`befleckt',whereforeahd.wella`Welle=wave',comparewithformants-mi-(asOldIndianrm-,
av.varmi-)ahd.walmÀufwallen,Sieden,heat',ags.wielm,wylm`surge,Wallung,Sieden';
withthemeaning`waves,billowsthrow'(compareahd.wellaetc.),`tobubbleup,boilup,surgeup'
(fromQuellenandesp.fromsiedendemWasser,fromwhichpartlyalsowordsfor`vapor,heat'
entsprangen)besidesahd.walm,ags.wielmalsoaisl.vella,vallèffervesce,simmer,seethe,boil,
boil',ahd.(etc.)wallan,wiel`wogen,wallen,tobubbleup,boilup,surgeup,simmer,seethe,boil,
cook',Kaus.aisl.vella`zumSiedenorSchmelzenbringen,zusammenschweien',mnd.mhd.wellen
ds.,aisl.vellaf.`Sieden',afries.walla,ags.wiellf.`wellspring,Sieden',zerogradenorw.ollaf.
`wellspring',got.wulan`simmer,seethe,boil',aisl.ylr`Wrmedunst',ylja`warm',olmr`furious':ahd.
waloAdv.`tepide',wal`tepor';hereuel-6S.1140
lengthenedgradeags.wlm.n.`whirlpool,pool',wlan(*wljan)`wlzen',mnd.wlends.,
ahd.wuolen`whlen,aufwhlen'(comparezumablautOldChurchSlavicvaliti`wlzen',andto
meaningàufwhlen'alsonhd.Wal,Wehle,WuhleòfWasserausgewascheneVertiefung');
lit.veli,vlti(heavybasis)`walken',vltis`Garn,fishingnet'(=russ.vlot`filament,fibre'bisaufdie
intonation),lett.velt`wlzen,walken',lit.apvals,lett.apl`round',OldPrussianwalis`Zugscheit
amcart',lit.vol`woodenbeetle,hammer',pavlai`Walzen',lett.vlef.`Waschbleuel',v-vala`the
LaufstockbeimGarnwinden'(:vvaluotàusgelassensein');lit.vlei,vlàgainst,nocheinmal',lett.
vl`still,further'(àgainst'from`turn')andwithmeaning-development`sichentwinden,sichwinden=
hesitate'perhapslit.vls,lett.vls`late',lit.valand`while'(outofitruss.valnda`Saumseliger');
slav.*valm.inChurchSlavicval`wave',russ.val`wave,surge,Walze'(bsl.*ula-),obvl
Èrdrutsch',provlÈinsturz';OldChurchSlavicvalitis`',russ.valt`wlzen',Iter.
serb.vljati,russ.valjt`wlzen,walken',ablaut.russ.-ChurchSlavicobl`round',russ.blyj
`roundish'(*obvl);aboutruss.vlotseeabove;
bsl.*uiln-(*uln)f.`wave'inlit.vilns,vilni,lett.vilna`wave';slav.*vlnainOldChurchSlavic
vlna,russ.volnds.;inadditionOldChurchSlavicvlatiìnWallungbringen'.
Toch.AwalyiPl.`Wrmer'.
B. d -present(respectivelyd-Erweiterg.):aisl.velta,valt,ahd.walzan,mhd.walzen,wielz
`sichwlzen',ahd.also`volvereanimo'(wgrm.a-presenttoaPerf.withidg.neologismwith
UntersttzungofIterativs:)got.waltjan`wallow',uswaltjanùmwlzen',aisl.velta,ags.wieltan,ahd.
welzantrans.`wlzen,roll,turn',anord.valtr,ags.wealt`rollend,wlzbar,unbestndig';ags.wlatian
unpers.`nauseare',wlta,wlttam.`disgust,repulsion,loathing'(*wltia),wltan`foedare',mnd.
wlaten`disgust'(uld-:ul-d-);alsobesidesahd.wal(a)gn`wallow,roll'stehtmhd.diemeaning
`disgust,repulsion,loathingfeel',walgunge`Seekrankheit',alsonorw.dial.valg`widerlich,evil'(see
under);
d -Erweit.alsoinlett.velde,veldre`dasofrainniedergelegte(asgewlzte)corn,grain';comparefrom
thei-basisabovegr.,,.
C.
C.Weiterbildungen:
u l ei-s-, u l i-s- in:air.flesc`rod'(*ulisk),got.wlizjan`hit,chastise,castigate'(ifderivativefroma

*wliza-`rod'),slav.*lska(*vloisk),russ.-ChurchSlaviclskov`fromdemHolzofStyraxbaumes
gemacht',serb.lijska`Haselstaude'etc.;aboutruss.ls`wood,forest,Holz'(*ls),les`fishing
line,fence',dieperhapshergehren,s.Vasmer2,33f.andaboveS.665.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*uli-s)lisòaktree'
u l -ro- , u l -ro- , u l -ro-: gr.,dor.Pl.`rein',Hes.(*-,-F-),lat.

lrum`strap',lricaàleathercuirass,corseletofthongs;adefence,breastwork,parapet:pinnae',
arm.lar`rope,cord,bowstring,muscle',compareaboveS.1139.
D.
D.gutturalextensions:
u o lg- inOldIndianvlgati`(*drehtsich),hpft,springt',withsam-`placessichinrollendeBewegung',
withabhi-`walltauf',valg`bridle,rein,rein',lat.valgus`sbelbeinig',ags.wealcan,wolc`roll(tr.
andintr.),sichhinandherbewegen,volvereanimo',ahd.walkan,mhd.walken,wielc`trample,felt,
thrash',mhd.also`wallow',aisl.valkn.`dasHinundhergeworfenwerden,esp.aufthesea',ags.
gewealcn.`dasRollen',wealcam.`surge';*walkninaisl.valka`fromplacetoplacedrive,pushor
ziehen,plague,volvereanimo',ags.wealcian`roll'(intr.),engl.walk`wander',mnd.walken`walken,
knead';lett.valgs`rope,cord';
nasalizedas.wlank`minxish,wanton,bold',ags.wlanc`minxish,wanton,stout,proud,stately',iffrom
themeaning`springend'(:OldIndianvlgati)evolved.
u o lk-: inmnd.walgen`wrestle,struggle,fight,belkeitempfinden',norw.olga`bedisgusted',ahd.
wal(a)gn`wallow,roll',trans.`wlzen,roll',mhd.unpers.m.Dat.`disgust,repulsion,loathingfeel',
walgunge`Seekrankheit'.
References:
References:WP.I298f.,WH.I822,II728ff.,825,832ff.,Trautmann349,Vasmer1,165f.,234,
Frisk36,42,457f.,461f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareuel-3.
Page(s):
Page(s):1140-1144
Root/lemma: u e l-8
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totear,wound;tosteal
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reien,ansichreien,rauben;reien=ritzen,verwunden,Wunde';besides
wordsfor`tten,Blutbad,SchlachtfeldanddieLeichendarauf;Blut'
Note:
Note:withdemablautu o l- :u l- ,dieperhapsasselbstndigegroup(A.)abzulsenare
Material:A.
Material:A.Air.fuilf.`blood',mir.fuili`blutigeWunden',cymr.gweli(*uolso-)`wound',corn.goly,
Pl.golyow,mbret.goulyowds.;aisl.valrm.`dieLeichenaufdemSchlachtfeld',ags.wln.`ds.,
Schlachtfeld,Blutbad',ahd.waln.ds.(`Walstatt'),as.wal-dd`murder',aisl.valkyria`Walkre',ags.
wlcyrigeèrinys,Zauberin'm.;lengthenedgradeahd.wuol`Niederlage,ruin,Seuche'(butwuolen
`whlen'seebelow*uel-`turn'),as.wl,ags.wlm.f.`Seuche,Pest';
klr.valjava`withGefallenenbedecktesSchlachtfeld',ech.vleti`fight,battle',vlka`war,fight',
wruss.valka`fight,struggle,Holzfllen',vali`win,triumph',OldPrussianlint(from*wlint)`fight';
lit.vlsorvls`theghostlyfiguresofthedeceased',vlinas,nowadaysvlnias`devil'(originally
`ghost'asalit.veluokas),lett.veli`thespiritsofthedeceased'.
B.
B.Gr.`werdegefangen'(thess.F,ark.F),Aor.(F),(*F),`gefangen',presumablyalsoion.att.,`Heloten'(fromlak.*for
*-F);(*-F),Fut.àufwenden,consume,slay'(`*zumGebrauch
hernehmen,ansichreien'),`destroy,smash';
hom.att.`wound,scar'(*For*F),np.valna,vlna`wound',lat.volnus,-eris
`wound'(*ulsnos=air.flann`blood;blutrot');Hes.(i.e.F;FickKZ.44,438);
lat.vell,-ere,velliandvolsi(vulsi),volsum(vulsum)`pluck,tear,rend;ausreien,ausrupfen,
abzupfen';
got.wilwan`rob',wulwa`robbery';
hitt.ualmi`bekmpfe';
inGerm.furtherformationsmnd.wletef.`wound,Schmi',mhd.letzenìnjure'(idg.*u[e]led-),
probablyalsoafries.wlemma`beschdigen,injure',mnd.wlame`Gebrechen,Sndhaftigkeit';
hitt.hulli-,hulliia-`fight,struggle'().
References:
References:WP.I304f.WH.II729f.,827,Trautmann348,Frisk74;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapsinadditionuelk-1`ziehen'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1144-1145
Root/lemma: u e -4 ,u o - ,u e sGermanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`herab'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.73(au-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u e -5 ,u o Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`jener'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.75(au-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u e m- ,u e mEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tospit,vomit
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`speien,sicherbrechen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvmiti,newervamatiàusspeien,vomit',vnta-`gespien',vamathu-m.
Èrbrechen',av.vam-`vomit';npers.vtk`saliva'(*um-to-);
gr.(for*-),Aor.`vomit',m.,f.Èrbrechen'(`Sumpfschildkrte');
lat.vom(*uem)èrbreche',vomitusÈrbrechen',vomicaùlcer,Eiterbeule';
norw.dial.vimla`nauseafeel',vimra`nauseacause',aschwed.vamim.`disgust,repulsion,loathing';
aisl.vma`nausea',vmrèkelhafteperson';
lit.vmti`vomit',vmala`vomit',vmdytièrbrechenmake',lett.vemt`sicherbrechen';
maybetruncatedalb.(*vmala)vjell`vomit'
verydubiousiskinshipfromgot.Gen.Pl.wamm`Fleck',gawammsGen.Pl.`befleckt,impure,
unclean',aisl.vammn.`fault,error,Gebrechen',ags.wammm.n.`Fleck,Gebrechen,wrong;
injustice',Adj.`mad,wicked,evil,evil,bad',as.wamn.`bles,evil,harm',Adj.`mad,wicked,evil'
(*uom-no-);compareWeisweilerIF41,46.
References:
References:WP.I262f.,WH.II835,Trautmann350,Frisk504f.,508.
Page(s):
Page(s):1146
Root/lemma: u e ndh-1
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,wind,plait
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,winden,wenden,flechten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvandhra-m.`Wagensitz',originally`Wagenkorb'(fromnetting),arm.gind`ring',
gndakortòy`vine-layer,Rebscho';
gr.rhod.`cart'Hes.,-`Korbwagen'(*undh-ro-);umbr.pre-uenduàdvertit',ahauenduàvertit';
richevolvedinGerm.:got.ags.as.windan,ahd.wintan,aisl.vinda`winden',Kaus.got.wandjanetc.,
nhd.wenden,aisl.vindr`slant,skew',got.inwindsìnverted',mhd.windeht`winded',ahd.wanda
`turbo',aisl.vandr`genau,difficult,hard'(`*inverted,verdreht'),vandim.`Schwierigkeit,Ungemach',
ags.wandian`hesitate,achten,scheuen',got.wandus=aisl.vndr`Gerte,rod',vandahs`Haus
fromwickerwork',schwed.dial.vann`SchlingfadenanPflanzen',aisl.vndull`zusammengedrehtes
bundlefromHeu',nhd.wandern,wandelnamongothersm.
References:
References:WP.I261,WH.II787;
Seealso:
Seealso:*uendh-isperhapsnasalizedFormetoudh-`tie,bind,knot,bind'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1148
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schwinden'
Note:
Note:seeaboveS.1047(s)uendh-ds.;
Material:
Material:unclearisdasrelationshiptoOldChurchSlavicpri-svdati,pri-svnti`marcescere,
torrefieri',aech.svadnti,ech.vadnouti`wither,wilt',poln.widzieìtch',swd`Brandgeruch,
fetidness'etc.;compareHolub406.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1148
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:hair,beard
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Haar,Bart'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.`rootofa/thehair,youngbeard,Gesichtsausschlag'(*ui-uondhos),
`villous,shaggy';
mir.find`hairofthehead',air.Gen.Pl.finnae(*uendhu-),newerNom.Sg.mir.finnads.,nir.fionnn
`Sumpfgras',fromwhichmcymr.gwynnawnds.;mir.fs`Schamhaar,hair'(*uendh-s-o-);ahd.
wintbrwaèyelash'(Haarrand);OldPrussianwansof.`thefirstbeard',OldChurchSlavicvs,s
`barba,mystax'(bsl.*uondh-s-o-,-).
Maybealb.diminutive(*uendh-ul,*vent-ul)vetulèyebrow'.
References:
References:WP.I262,Trautmann341,Vasmer3,189f.,Frisk729f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1148
Root/lemma: u e -n-ghEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobebent
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gebogensein'
Material:
Material:Germ.*wanga-`field'ingot.waggsm.`Paradies',aisl.vangr,as.wang,nhd.-bair.-sterr.
WangÀue'etc.(eigentl.`bend');withschwacherinflectionahd.etc.wanga`cheek',derivativegot.
waggareism.(or-in.)`pillow',ahd.wangarids.andaisl.vengi(*wangia),ahd.r-wengids.;herealso
mnd.wingeren`crookoneself,grovel,truckle,creep'.
References:
References:WP.I218,WH.I268f.;afterSpechtIdg.Dekl.216couldthoughalso*uenk-for
unserewordsangesetztbecome,whethermanendbetontesidg.*uonk-etc.annimmt.
Page(s):
Page(s):1149
Root/lemma: u e -n-gEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianvgati`goes,hinkt'(Gramm.),vajula-`namedifferentPflanzen',e.g.`calamus
Rotang'etc.;
alb.vank,vangu`Felge',vek`Henkel',vegl`handle,grasp,Handhabe'(ung-);
ahd.winchan,mhd.winken`waver,winken',ahd.winch,mhd.winc`Wink,Wanken',compare
ags.wince`Winde',engl.winch;ags.wincian`winken,nicken,dieAugenshut',mnd.winkends.,ahd.
winkilàngle,earth';
ablaut.aisl.vakkaùmherirren,amble',as.wancon,ahd.wankon,mhd.nhd.`wanken=wobble';ags.
wancolùnbestndig',wenceln.`kid,child,Dienerin',nengl.wench;
lit.vngiu,vngtiàvoid,vermeiden',actuallyàusbiegen';ablaut.Iterat.vngstytiundvangsìdle';
vngis`bow,curvature',ivngti`vermeiden',vngiuoti`bow,Umwegemake',vingrs`sich
schlngelnd,sharpwitted,shrewd';OldPrussianwngriskanAkk.Sg.àrtifice',wanganAkk.Sg.
ènd';lett.vingrs`fresh,hurtig,skilful'.
References:
References:WP.I260,Trautmann350f.;WissmannNominaPostverb.40,110;JoklLingunder-k.Unters.102ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareu-,uek-etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):1148-1149
Root/lemma: u e -n-kSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1134f.(uek-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1149
Root/lemma: u e n-1 ,u e nEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostrive;towishfor,tolove
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ursprnglich`streben',fromwhich`wnschen,lieben,befriedigtsein'and
èrarbeiten,Mhehaben',perfectiveèrreichen,gewinnen,siegen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvnati,vanti`wnscht,liebt,gewinnt,siegt',participlevanita-,-vta-,vni-tr-,
vant-`gainer',av.vanaiti,vanaoiti`siegt',mpers.vantan`defeat,conquer,hit';OldIndianAor.presentvantiinsamemeaning;Kaus.vanyatiandvnyati(ersteresnichtcovered);as-sk-present
OldIndianvchati`wnscht',comparevchf.`wish';vanas-n.`lust'(comparelat.Venus),vani-f.
`desire,wish',whereforevanyati`bettelt',vanyaka-`beggar',van-asnounagentism.(compareav.
-vanuinNom.Pr.);incompositionserscheiritvnya-;s.furthervant-asNom.Sg.m.(av.vantar
`victor'),vanti-Nom.Act.(uncovered,yetcompareav.-vantay-);OldIndianvma-`link'andvm`lieb(lich),lascivious';
venet.VNVenetfrom*uenetos`geliebt';comparedieVenostesindenAlpen,dieVenetulaniin
Latium(KraheIF.58,137);lat.-germ.Venethi(Plin.);ahd.Winida`Wende'pointataufprotogerm.
*Vento-,againstitlat.-germ.Venedi(Tacitus),ags.Winedas`Wenden'auf*Venet-;
Maybealb.(*venedi)vendi`country,homeland',vendos`place,put,settle,judge,decide'
lat.venus,-erisf.`love,Liebesgenu,Liebreiz',VenusnametheLiebesgttin,venustus`graceful,
reizend,mellifluous',veneror,-ri`withreligiousfear,shynessworship,huldigen,demtigbid,beg,
ask',originally`dielovebezeugen';herealsovnor,-ri`pursueeinWild,jage';
air.fine(*venj)`kinship,stem,family',mir.fin-galach`parricidalis',coibnius`kinship'(*con-venestu-),
abret.coguenouìndigena',mbret.gouen`Rasse',cymr.gwen`Lcheln'(outofitmir.gends.);
auerordentlichreichvertretenisdierootuen-indengerm.Sprachen:
aufidg.*uenisgoesbackgall.Veni-inPNVeni-carusetc.,aisl.vinr`friend',as.ahd.wini,afries.ags.
wine;einej-derivativeisgot.winja`willow,food',mnd.ahd.winne,aisl.vinf.`Weideplatz'(compare
air.fine`kinship');zerogradeahd.wunnia,wunna,wunn`lust,Wonne',as.wunnia,ags.wynnds.
(mhd.wunne`Weideplatz',onlyintheFormelwunneandweidereplacementfordasoldwinne);
idg.*uenistro-wirdthroughaisl.vinstri`link',as.winistar,afries.winisteretc.assumed,eine
Komparativbildg.aslat.sinisteretc.(comparemoreoverOldIndianvma-`link');
frequent,oftenisthejunctionto`befriedigtsein,sichaccustom'inGerm.;comparezerogradesgot.
unwunands`sichnichtfreuend',aisl.una(*wunn)`zufriedenseinwith',afries.wonia,as.wonn,
wunn`stay,dwell',ahd.wonn`habitual,customarysein,sichaccustom,bleiben,wohnen';as.
giwono,giwuno,ags.gewun,ahd.giwon`habitual,customary';aisl.o-gradevanrds.;derivedas.
giwono(*-wunan-)`consuetude'etc.,aisl.vanim.ds.;aisl.venja(*wanjan),as.gi-wennian,ags.
wennanetc.àccustom';
maybealb.von`late',vonoj`delay,staylate'
dielengthenedgradehatgerm.diemeaning`hoffen,erwarten'angenommen;got.wns(i-stem)
èxpectation,hope',aisl.vn,as.wnds.,afries.wnòpinion',ahd.wnalso`Vermutung,Wahn,
intention'etc.;Adj.necess.aisl.vnn(*vnja-)`tohoffen,pretty,pleasant',whereforeaisl.vnd
(*vni)`hope,expectation',got.wnjanèrwarten,hoffen',aisl.vnads.,vnask`sichrhmen',
as.wnianetc.;zerogradeaisl.sk(*wunsk)`wish',ags.wsc-,ahd.wunsc`wish'etc.,aisl.skja
`wish',ags.wyscands.(comparegewyscanàdoptieren'),ahd.wunscends.etc.(compareaboveOld
Indianvchati);
diemeaning`work,leiden,quarrel,gain'showssichgerm.inthefamilygot.winnan`leiden',aisl.
vinna`work,align,berwinden',as.winnan`quarrel,fight'etc.,ags.wierwinnam.àdversary',ahd.
widarwinnods.;got.winn,winnaàffliction,-schaft',aisl.vinna`work',ahd.winna`fight',mhd.winne
`pain';schlielichgot.wunnsàffliction';
ChurchSlavicuniti`velle',unjii,unji`better';
hitt.uen-,uent-`futuere';toch.Awai,wn-`pleasure'.
References:
References:WP.I258f.,WH.II752f.,Vasmer3,184.
Page(s):
Page(s):1146-1147
Root/lemma: u e n-2
Germanmeaning:
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveunderu -1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1147
Root/lemma: u e nEnglishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schlagen,verwunden'
Note:
Note:(:u - ,similarlyasgem-:g- `go,come')
Material:
Material:Arm.vandem`destroy,smash';got.wunds`verwundet',ahd.nhd.as.ags.wund,Subst.
ahd.wunta,ags.wund,aisl.and`wound'(*unts,-t),ags.if`swelling,lump,growth'(originally
probably`swelling,blisterinfolgeeinesSchlages'),engl.wen,mnd.wene,dn.dial.vann,vne
(protogerm.*wanja);cymr.ymwan`fight',mcymr.gweintÌdurchbohrte',3.Sg.gwant;gwn
`punctio',corn.ythymwanas`percussit',gwane`perforare'.
Maybealb.(*wene)vara'wound'[rhotacismN>R]
References:
References:WP.I212.
Page(s):
Page(s):1108
Root/lemma: u e p-2
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tothrow,throwout
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`werfen,streuen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvpati`wirft,streut(denSamen)',vpra-m.n.Àufwurf(fromearth),Erdwall',
vapr`Feuersttte',av.vafra-,mpers.vafr,npers.barf`snow'(eigentl.[*Schnee]wehe);
OldChurchSlavicvepr,lett.vepris`boar'(as`theBefruchter');differentaboutbsl.*uepria-`boar'
aboveS.323;remainsfarofflat.veprs`briar'(see1156).
References:
References:WP.I256f.,WH.II732,Trautmann351,Vasmer1,183.
Page(s):
Page(s):1149
Root/lemma: u ( e)rd- ,u e rd- ,u r dEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twig,root,branch
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Zweig,Rute;Wurzel'
Material:
Material:Gr.,-`twig,branch,rod'(=lat.rdx),m.,ol.*F(from
toerschlieen)`youngtwig,branch'(about,uer-,ured-`turn');compare
lesb.`root'(*F);
alb.rrnz`root'(MannLg.26,388;28,37);lat.rdx,-cisf.`root';probablyrmus`bough,twig,
branch'(as*urdmos)andradius`staff,Speiche,raybrightbody,Weberschiffchen';
cymr.gwraidd`roots'(*urdio-),Singulativgwreiddyn,acorn.grueitengl.radix,mbret.gruizyenn,
nbret.grisienn;cymr.gwrysg`ste,Zweige'(*urd-sko-);air.mir.frn`root'(*urdno-),newerfrm;
cymr.greddfÌnstinkt,nature'(*urdm-;alsoperhapsoriginally-mn-suffix,compareabovegr.
);
got.warts`root',ags.wyrt,ahd.wurz`herb,plant',mhd.also`root',ahd.wurzala,ags.wyrtwalu(eig.
`herb-stock')`root'(herealsoas.wurtia,mhd.wrze`Wrze',nexttowhichthechangingbyablaut
as.wirtea,mhd.wirzeds.;besidesdiesenauf*uerd-beruhendenformssteht*ur()d-inaisl.urt
`herb';aisl.rt`root';
toch.witsako`root'.
References:
References:WP.I288,WH.II414,415,416,PokornyZcP.26,1ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1167
Root/lemma: u e rdh- ,u r edhEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:togrow;high
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wachsen,steigen;hoch'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvrdhati,vrdhat,vrdhti`wchst,mehrtsich',vrdha-m.`dasFrdern',
vardhyati`makesgrow',vrddh-`grown,big,large,old',vddhi-f.`Strkung';av.vard-`make
grow';OldIndianrdhv-`high'(*uor-dh-uo-);OldIndianvrdhant-èmporsteigend';
gr.,dor.-èrect,straight,right,true'(*uordh-uo-),inadditionalso`thefrhe
morning',,èarly,matutinal',`binfrhauf',thereforeanlaut.Fthrough
lakon.Hes.,otherwise(from*-)`Spanferkel'(
)gesichertwird;`limb,member,body,face(withtheeyesandmouth)';
alb.rit`grow,makegro';
perhapsgot.gawrisqan`fruitbringen',aisl.rskr`proficient',rskvaskàufwachsen,ripen',rskinn
`grown';
OldChurchSlavicetc.rod`partus,generatio,gens,natura',roditi,radati`parere',red`dish,food,
nourishment,food',nslov.redti`nhren',lett.radtèrschaffen,togivebirthtochildren'(probably
Lw.),raa`prospering;flourishing,reicheharvest'(*radi),rasma,rasme`prospering;flourishing,
Ergiebigkeit',lit.rasmds.;doubtfullit.rsnas`strong,proficient',lett.resns`thick,dickleibig,
dickstmmig'(russ.Lw.);OldChurchSlavicran`',ech.poln.rano`dietimefrhmorgens,
dieFrhe'(comparebulg.radase`(diesun)goesauf,(sol)oritur')from*urdhno-.
References:
References:WP.I289f.,Trautmann234,Vasmer2,491,527f.,Mayrhofer1,117.
Page(s):
Page(s):1167
Root/lemma: u e r-g- ,u e r-h- ,u e r-kSeealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1154f.(u e r-3 :D.u e r-g- ,etc..)
Page(s):
Page(s):1169
Root/lemma: u e r-1 ,u r eEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclose,enclose;pen
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àbschlieen,einschlieen;Hrde'
Note:
Note:extensionfromu e r-5 .
Material:
Material:OldIndianvraj-m.`hurdle,Umhegung',vrjana-m.Ùmhegung,Einfriedigung,
abgeschlossenesettlement',gthav.vrzna-,jav.varzna-,ap.vardana-n.`Gemeinwesen'(outof
itborrowedOldIndianvardhana-`town,city',WackernagelKZ.67,168f.);av.varz-àbsperren';
oss.ruz(*wraza-=OldIndianvraj-)`Rudel,Hirsche';
hom.,(F-)and(withVorschlags-),att.`schlieeein,from,holdab',att.
,ion.`jail',att.`jail,Verschlu',kypr.ka-te-vo-ro-ko-ne`siebelagerten';in
additionair.fraig`wall',nir.fraigh`wallfromwickerwork,roof,hurdle',becauseofmcymr.ach-vre
`wattledfence'from*uregi-(LothRC.38,301).
References:
References:WP.I290,Frisk465f.;BenvenisteBSL.52,34;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareuerh-aboveS.1154.
Page(s):
Page(s):1168
Root/lemma: u e r-2 ,u r eEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todo,work
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wirken,tun'
Material:
Material:Av.varz-(vrzyeiti=got.warkei;s.alsogr.)`wirken,do,make',participle
varta-,varza-m.`Wirken,Verrichtenfrom,Ttigkeit'(npers.varz,barz`Feldarbeit,Ackerbau'),
varti-f.`Handeln,Tun',vartva-Adj.`wastotunis';arm.gorc`work'(withsecondaryo);gr.,
F`work,work'(=dt.work),àrbeite',thereafter`worker'(for*),
(occasionally)`do,sacrifice'(*Fz,*uerilengthenedgradeafterFasinas.wirkian),
Fut.,Aor.,Perf.),`do'(fromneologism,hom.ùngetan'
reconvertedfrom*[F]);`tool',`(geheimer)worship',`feiereMysterien',
`MitgliedareligisenBrderschaft';,ion.,`knead,rhrethrough,tan,
converthideintoleather'(asnhd.Teigwirkenwithmeaning-VerengerungintheBerufssprache),
wherefore`Quirl'(probablyredupl.F-F);
alb.rregj`clean',Mediopassivrregjem`mhen,strive'(stemE.MannLg.26,382f.);abret.guerg
èfficax',gall.vergo-bretusòbersteauthoritytheAeduer',alsoverco-breto(Pokorny,VoxRomanica
10,266f.);mcymr.gwreith`feat,dead,act'(*uretu-),1.Pl.Imper.acymr.guragun,newergwnawn
etc.(ninsteadofrthroughinfluenceof*gn-`make',S.373),corn.gruen,mbr.gr-(u)eomp(*ure`make'),Lewis-PedersenS.336f.;
as.wirkian(neologismafterwerk),warhta,ahd.(frnk.)wirkan,wirchen,war(a)hta`work,ttigsein,
wirken';got.warkjan(=av.vrzyeiti),aisl.yrkja,orta,ags.wyrcan,worhte,ahd.(obdt.)wurchen,
wor(a)hta`wirken,do,make,effectuate',ahd.gawurhtf.`feat,dead,act,action',got.frawarhts
`sndig',f.`Snde'etc.,got.warstwn.`work'(*warhstwa-;similarlyav.vartva-);ahd.werc,
werah,as.werk,aisl.werkn.(=)`work,Ttigkeit,work',ags.weorcalso`hardship,agony',
whereforealsoaisl.verkr,Gen.verkjar(m.i-stem)`pain,affliction'hierhergehrenkann;
ahd.wirken`nhend,stickend,webendverfertigen'=as.wirkian,ags.wircan,anddastherefromnot
trennbareahd.werihinthemeaningòakum,stuppa',wirihhi,wurihhiòakum'showAnwendung
ourrootaufdieWeberei;s.againstitMarstranderIF.22,332f.(theWergandwirken`toweave'the
root*uerg-`turn,winden'allotmchte);annhd.Wergremindscymr.cy-warch`Hanf,Flachs'=bret.
koarc'h,abret.coarcholiongl.`canabina';MarstranderZcP.7,362seeksthereineinidg.*uerk`turn',seeaboveS.1155.
References:
References:WP.I290f.,Frisk548f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1168-1169
Root/lemma: u e r-3 ,u o rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toabound,tobefullofstrength
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`strotzen,schwellenvorSaftandKraftorZorn'
Material:
Material:OldIndianrj-,rjf.,rj-m.`juice,sapandpower,nourishment,food'(*uor-),rjyati
`nourishes,strengthens',rjasvant-`strotzend';
gr.`seelischer,heftigerTrieb,Affekt,rage,fury'(èrzrnejemanden'underlikewise),
`fromdampnessandjuice,sapstrotzen,violentlust,crave,inleidenschaftlicherStimmung
sein',,-()`ppigerfruchtbarerErdboden,Marschland,Au';
e-gradeair.ferc,mir.fergf.`rage,fury'presumablyalsothebyPtol.(i.e.
vergivios`theangry'orstill`theschwellende,surging');mcymr.ywerit`sea'(d.h.ywerydd)rather
from*uerio-to*auer-aboveS.80and1165;comparePedersenKelt.Gr.II,669f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1169
Root/lemma: u e r-10
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Flu,flieen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveauer-S.80f.;inadditionVar-inmanyFlN(uer-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1165
Root/lemma: u e r-11 ,u e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:friendship;trustworthy,true
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Freundlichkeit(erweisen)'
Material:A.
Material:A.rootnounsu r- :gr.F-inhom.()èinenGefallentun',Pherek.
,Bacchyl.withGen.`';`wohlgefllig,pleasant';Nom.Pl.-`Vertraute',
Sg.o-stem`traut,lieb';Hes.;PN,fromF.
B.
B.derivativeu r :germ.*wra`pact,covenant,profession,declaration,covenant'inaisl.GNVr
`goddesstheTreuschwre',Pl.vrar`Treuegelbde',ags.wrf.`pact,covenant,loyalty,protection',
ahd.wrads.,mnd.wre`pact,covenant,peace';OldChurchSlavicf.`faith,belief'.
C.
C.compoundsauf-u ro-s , -uri-s , formalasgr.o,:lat.se-vrusòhne
Freundlichkeit',i.e.`stern',therefromassevrreìnsure',persevrre`beharren';Gegenstckgall.
PNCo-vrus,cymr.cywir`right,loyal,faithful';*urisingot.alla-werei`schlichteGte',aisl.lvrr
`friendly,gastlich',ags.eal-werlic`benigne',ahd.alauuari,mhd.alwre`schlicht,oafish,clownish',
ahd.zur-wri`verdchtig'=got.*tuzwrs(tuzwrjan`doubt'),*unwrs(un-wrjanùnwillingsein'),
ahd.miti-wri`gentle'.
D.
D.adjectiveu ros `true':lat.vrus,air.fr,cymr.gwir;as.ahd.wr,nhd.wahr.
E.
E.Verbalableitungen:gr.(*FF)`Feier,festival',ol.ds.(*Frather
angeglichenan,hom.`mellifluous');ds.;
ahd.wern,giweren,giwern,nhd.gewhren,as.waron`leisten'.
Hereprobablyalsogerm.weruz(=idg.*uert-)inaisl.verr(Dat.Sg.virebesidesfrequentvere)
`repast,meal',got.wairdus`',as.werd,ahd.Wirt`householder,Eheherr,Wirt',afries.huswerda`Hauswirt,householder'.
References:
References:WP.I285f.,WH.II528,768,WissmannNom.postverb.115ff.,TheltestenPostverb.
ofGerm.45,Frisk531,547f.,565,Trautmann351,Vasmer1,184.
Page(s):
Page(s):1165-1166
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brennen,verbrennen,schwrzen'
Material:
Material:Arm.vaem`zndean',vaim`burn';perhapsalb.vorb`Kochtopf'and()germ.*uarma`warm'ingot.warmjan`warm',aisl.varmr,afr.as.ahd.warm`warm',changingthroughablautahd.
wirma`Wrme'(*wirmia)andwirmina,mhd.wirmeandwirmen;compare()aisl.orna`warm
become,warm';OldChurchSlavicvar`heat',variti`cook'(differentaboveS.81);inadditionalso
balto-slav.uarna-m.`raven'inlit.varnas,OldPrussianVok.warnis,Akk.Pl.warnins,OldChurch
Slavicvran,russ.vron,probablyeinsubstantiviertesadjective*uarna-`black,verbrannt'inOld
ChurchSlavicvran,russ.voronj`black'etc.;withlengthenedgrade(Vriddhi)femin.bsl.*urn`crow'inOldPrussianwarne(secondary-stem),lit.vrna,russ.ChurchSlavicvrana,serb.vrn,
russ.vorna(glottalstopthroughVriddhi);hitt.uar-`burn,verbrennen',participleuarant-`burning'
(Intrans.),uar-nu-`kindle,inflame,verbrennen'.
References:
References:WP.I269,Trautmann343,361,Vasmer1,169,228f.,SzemernyiKratylos2,121f.,
thealsogerm.*swarta-`black'(differentaboveS.1052)dazustellt.
Page(s):
Page(s):1166
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:squirrel,etc..
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èichhorn,alsoIltis,Marderunderlikewise'
Note:
Note:indencertainlyZugehrigenwithRedupl.uer-uer-,ue-uer-,uai-uer-,ui-uer-,u-uerMaterial:
Material:Npers.varvarahÈichhorn';lat.vverraf.`Frettchen'(*v-ver-sa);cymr.gwiwer,bret.gwiber
fromdemLat.;unclearnir.ioraradh,schott.-gl.feorag;
baltoslav.*uuer-and*uuer-*uaiuer-f.Èichhrnchen'inlit.vaivers(vaivaras,vaivarys)
`Mnnchenofpolecatormarten',vaiver,voverÈichhorn';lett.vvere,vverisds.;Old
Prussianwewareds.;aruss.vverica,nslov.vvericaÈichhorn',klr.vyvirka,ech.veverka,bulg.
ververicads.;
notreduplicatedin2.partfromags.c-weorna,aschwed.korne,ahd.eihhurno,eihhornetc.
Èichhorn'(seebelow*aig-`sichviolentbewegen').
References:
References:WP.I287f.,WH.III808,Trautmann356,Vasmer1,176.
Page(s):
Page(s):1166
Root/lemma: u e r-1 ,alsosu e rEnglishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobind,toattach
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`binden,anreihen,aufhngen',alsozumWgen,daher`schwer;Schnur,Strick'
Material:A.
Material:A.Gr.from*F(withVorschlags--),seitHomeralso(jedenfallsfrom
*contracted,withinsteadof):)`reihean,verbinde,kopple',)`lifthigh,raise,uplift';
to)`kopple':
Hes.,Hom.(Pind.)èngvereint,coniunx',att.
`Zweigespann',,att.`Viergespann',hom.`Beipferdbesidesdem
Zweigespann';
to)`lifthigh,lassehngen':
Hes.,hom.`sieflattern';hom.,att.,aeol.
èrhoben,highschwebend'(ìnmitten');,;Hes.;
;;inadditionwithlengthenedgradeandIntensivredupl.(*FF)
`Schwebe,Schaukel',with.furtherinaddition`Schwertkoppel',`leathersack'
(*Fbecauseoflat.Lw.averta`Packsack'),alsoprobablyn.`sword';-orrathercontractedto-in`windpipe,Arterie',besidesÀorta';-contractedto-in
ànhngen'(comparebyAlexandrinernwith`rope,loop,noose,
snare',`Bramsegel');
alb.vjer`hngeauf',avar`together',vark,-gu`row,Kranz,chain',vargar`row,Trupp';
lit.veri,vrtièinfdeln';lett.veru,vrtèinfdeln,prick,sew',inadditiondieIterativalit.vrstyti,lett.
vrstt`wiederholteinfdeln',lett.savre`rodzumBinden',ostlit.vrtin`bundle',lett.virtene,virkne
(*virtne)f.Àneinandergereihtes,row',alsolit.pa-varandvorf.`longrow'(fromcart,animalsetc.),
lit.virv,lett.vrve`rope,band',OldChurchSlavicvrvds.(=OldPrussianwirbeds.),lit.apvaras
`bootlace',varanda`nettingfromWeidenruten',vras`spider';OldChurchSlavicvvrti
`hineinstecken',provrti`durchstecken',russ.verat`stecken,hineinlegen',OldChurchSlavicobora
(*ob-vora)`rope',russ.verenca`longrow,line',OldChurchSlavicverigyf.Pl.`Ketten,Fesseln',slov.
verga,verga`chain',inadditionalsogot.wrius`herd',ags.wrdds.;russ.vorna,vornka
`Trichter',veret`sack,bag',OldChurchSlavicvrtitn.ds.etc.;
B.
B.Withthemeaning`row,swarmetc.`:
OldIndianvrndam`troop,multitude,crowd,bulk,mass';air.foirennf.`factio,group,troop,multitude,
crowd',acymr.guerin`factio',ncymr.gwerin`people,bulk,mass,troop,multitude,crowd',abret.
guerin`factiones'(*varn);ags.weorn,wearn`troop,multitude,crowd,bulk,mass,Truppe';toch.
warnai`with';aboutruss.verenca,lit.vor,lett.virkne,alb.vargarseeabove.
C.
C.Withto -formants:*u r to- inOldIndianvrta-m.`troop,multitude,crowd,Truppe,bulk,mass',
ags.wrd`herd',got.wrus(Hs.wrius).
D.
D.withs mobile:su e r- in
lit.sverisverti`wgen',inadditionsvrasm.`Wage',svars`heavy',andsvir,svrti`das
bergewichthave,berhngen';svrtisf.`Brunnenschwengel',lett.sveu,svrt`wgen,wiegen',
svars`Gewicht',svref.`Brunnenschwengel';cymr.chwar-,bret.c'hoar-`geschehen';
germ.swra-`heavy'ingot.swers`geehrt',ahd.mhd.swr(ahd.swri)`heavy,drckend,
schmerzend';doubtfulgr.n.`Schiffsballast'(see1152)andlat.sriusèrnst'.
References:
References:WP.I263ff.,WH.II521,Trautmann296,351ff.,JoklLingunder-kult.Untersuchungen
194,Vasmer1,184ff.,226f.,229;2,243,Frisk23f.,49,153ff.;H.LewisBBCS.4,136f.about
kelt.*suar-`geschehen'(`*fall').
Page(s):
Page(s):1150-1151
Root/lemma: u e r-2 (*su e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:highland,highplace,top,high
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èrhhteStelle(inGelndeorinderHaut)'
Note:
Note:extendedu e r-d- ,u e r-sMaterial:A.
Material:A.Lat.varus`Gesichtsausschlag,Knspchen'(=lit.vras,Pl.vira,compareostlit.virs,
Pl.viriam.`FinneinSchweinefleisch'),lat.varulus`Gerstenkornineye',varixm.f.`Krampfader';
perhapsmir.ferbbf.`Hitzblatter,Finne'(*uerbh),fromwhichborrowedabret.guerp`Brandmal',
mbret.guerbl`bubon';
nisl.varn.Àugenschleim',schwed.varn.`pus';compareahd.warah,ags.wearh,worsmds.;ags.
wer-nglm.ùlcer',nengl.warnelds.;ndl.weer`weal,callus',norw.dial.vere`swelling,lump,
growthundertheskintheKhe';
withn-suffix:schwed.dial.verna,ahd.werna`Krampfader',nhd.dial.Wern`Gerstenkornineye'
(*wern);
withthemeaning`lip'(*swollenelevation):got.wairilomDat.Pl.,ags.welerasPl.(rearrangement
from*werelas),afries.were,asfromthes-extensionaisl.vrrf.OldPrussianwarsus`lip'.
u e r-d-: npers.bal`wart'(iran.*vard-);ahd.warza,ags.wearte,aisl.vartaf.(*uord)`wart';ablaut.
OldChurchSlavicvrd`damage',russ.veredùlcer,Eiterbeule'.
u e r-s-: lat.verrcaàsteepplace,height,awartonthehumanbody,anexcrescenceonprecious
stones'(byCatoalso`locuseditusetasper'),ags.wearr`weal,callus,wart',flm.warre`weal,callus,
knag',ahd.werra`Krampfader',nhd.Werre`Gerstenkornineye'.
B.
B.OldIndianvarmn-m.`height,headmost,topmost,highest,uppermost',vrman-n.`height,
headmost,topmost,highest,uppermost,cusp,peak'=gr.n.`pad,Riff,hill'(afterFrisk561ff.
identicalwithn.`Ballast'andfromidg.*suermn`schweresGewicht'),OldIndianvryas`higher',vriha-`hchst';lit.virs`dasObere,hchstecusp,peak',lett.vrsusm.`dasObere',f.
vrsa;slav.*vrchinOldChurchSlavicvrch,russ.verch`headmost,topmost,highest,
uppermost,acme,apex'(OldChurchSlavicvrchuàbove',ofu-stem);air.ferr`better'(*uersoùpper')toPositivfern`good'(*uerno-);cymr.etc.gwell`better'eitherfrom*uelno-`Wahl'orafter
ThurneysenGr.236ferrandgwellfrom*uer-lo-withdifferentdevelopmentfrom-rl-;mir.farrf.
`Pfosten'=cymr.gwarf.`nape'(*urs);mancheconnectgot.warsiza,ahd.wirsiro`schlimmer'with
ir.ferr,sothat(asbynhd.aboutS.1105)ìnhheremGrade'toàboutdasrechteMa
hinausgehend';doubtfulgr.`Berghhe,foreland,promontory'(*urison)andaisl.risi,ahd.riso,
mnd.rese`giant'(*wrisan-),as.wrisilds.,wrisilc`riesenhaft'(dieformsohnewthroughsupportin
germ.risanaboveS.331);perhapsalsothrak.-phryg.`fortress'(*urii)andtoch.ABri`town,
city'(whethernottouer-ùmschlieen');doubtfulphryg.`';
afterSpecht(KZ66,199ff.)herealsogr.,lesb.(moreproperly-),,bot.
dor.lak.m.`sky,heaven'from*uorsanos,to*uorsos`high'(inOldIndianvryas-`higher',
seeabove),furtherablaut.gr.(Hes).
References:
References:WP.I266f.,WH.II734,762f.,Trautmann360,362,Vasmer1,190f.,230.
Page(s):
Page(s):1151-1152
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:hereperhapsdieunderuer-1angefhrtenbaltoslavischenwords.Sonstonlyabstractionfor
derivativesandRootextensions.
Page(s):
Page(s):1152
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :A.u r m i-s ,u r m o-s (*su e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:worm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wurm'
Material:
Material:Lat.vermis(from*vormis,*urmis);got.warmsm.`snake',aisl.ormr,ags.wyrm,afries.
wirmds.`worm',as.ahd.wurmm.ds.;baltoslav.*uarma-m.`worm,insect'inlit.varmasìnsect,
mosquito',OldPrussianwormyanVok.`red'(`wurmfarben'),ablaut.urminands.,slav.vrmjen.
Ìnsekten'inaruss.vermije,ukrain.vermnyi`red';withsamemeaningafries.worma`Purpur',ahd.
gi-uurmt`redgefrbt',ags.wurmam.`Purpurschnecke,Waid,Purpur',outofitborrowedabret.
uurm`dark',cymr.gwrm`dark(blue)',fromwhichagainair.gormds.;gr.PNFand(ol.
*Ffrom*urmos)`Holzwurm'Hes.;comparefromtheg-orgh-extensioninthesamemeaning
mir.frigef.,Nom.Pl.frigit`Fleischwurm'(*urg(h)-ntes),cymr.Pl.gwraint`Wrmerintheskin'
(*urg(h)ntoi),gallolat.brigantes(*vrigantes)`Wrmerineyelid';mbret.gruech,nbret.grec'hf.`Milbe'
(frombrit.*vrigg,withintensification).
References:
References:WP.I271,WH.II760,Trautmann342f.,Vasmer1,189,Frisk501;
Seealso:
Seealso:rhymewordtokrmi-,aboveS.649.
Page(s):
Page(s):1152
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :B.u e r-b- andu e r-bh- (*su e rk- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.àkindofbriar,RhamnuspaliurusL.`(*-,*urb-nos),`rod,Gerte,
staff',ol.Glosse`';
lat.Pl.verbera,-um`Ruten,Rutenschlge,Zchtigung'(verberre`withRutenstroke,hit'),verbna
`dieleavesandzartenZweigeofLorbeers,lbaums,theMyrteetc.asheiligeKruter'(*uerbesn;
comparedeninsubverbustusthebasicliegenden-es-stem);
lit.virbasm.`Reis,Gerte',virbalas`thinStbchen,knittingneedle',virbnis`loop,noose,snare',lett.
virbs`Stckchen',virba`shaft,pole',OldChurchSlavic*vrba`willow',russ.vrba`Weidenzweig'
(withtheaccentuationofAkk.Sg.;russ.dial.verbhatdieolderslav.accentuation),vorba
`Zirkelschnur,Zirkelbrett',vorby`Garnwinde';
got.warpan`throw'(`*turn'),aisl.verpa`throw'andèinGewebeanzetteln,diechainshave,shear',
aldriorpinnòfAltergebeugt',verpask`vorHitzezusammenschrumpfen',ags.weorpan,as.werpan,
ahd.werfan`throw';aisl.varpn.`dasWerfen,Zettel,EinschlagofGewebes',as.warp,ahd.warf,
ags.wearpn.ds.;
dielat.andbsl.words(ansichalso)couldalsoidg.*uerbh-fortsetzen;aufeinsolchescould
bezogenbecomedieaufnasalized*u r embh- indicating,Hes.,
`krummerVogelschnabel',probablyhybridizationfrom-and-),`gebogenesknife',
`gebogenerhook',`gebogen',nd.wrmmeln`zerknllen,zerknittern';
nasalizedu r emb-: gr.`turn,twist,rotateinKreiseherum',Med.`turn,twist,rotatemich
herum,treibeherum',(att.)`kreisfrmigemovement,Schwung,Kreisel',cymr.gwrym
`hem,suture'(*urembo-);mnd.wrimpen,wrempen`(dasface)zusammenziehen,rmpfen',wrempich
`distortus,verdreht,rmpfig',wrampachtich`winded,crooked',holl.wrimpen,wrempen`distorqure'
(besidesgerm.*hremp-andremp-,ahd.hrimpfan,rimpfan`rmpfen').
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1153
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :C.u ( e)r-ed- (*su e rkh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobenddown,tosway
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`sichbiegen,neigen,schwanken'
Material:
Material:Gr.,ol.(i.e.F)`schwank,slim,agile',`schwank',
(byHes.)`thegedrehtefilament,Einschlag',`slim,aufgeschossen';
got.wratn`wander,reisen',isl.rata`wander,umherschweifen,reisen,meet,find',mhd.razzeln
`wenden,turn',ahd.rzi`vagans,rapax';lit.rand,radu,rsti`find'(ìn-venire');lett.rodu,rastds.;
suffixales-st-(KrahePBB71,242)showaisl.rst`Wasserwirbel',ags.wrstlian,mnd.worstelen
`wrestle,struggle'(aboutdasas`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,walzig'partlyhereorto
*uert-gestellteahd.wurst,nhd.`Wurst=sausage's.Kluge-Gtze16288).
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1153-1154
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :D.u e r-g- (*su e rg- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianvrkti,vrjati`wendet,dreht',vrjin-`crooked,rnkevoll'(ratherwithg-formsto
vrnti`wehrt',s.uer-ùmschlieen');lat.verg-ere`sichneigen';verminan.Pl.`dasBauchgrimmen'
(*uergmena);holl.werken`sichwerfen,krummziehen(fromwood)',schwed.vurken`windschief
throughdampness';lett.sa-vergt`shrivel,shrinkduetoexcessdryness,wrinkleup';OldChurch
Slavicvrg,vrti`throw'russ.ot-vrgnut'àblehnen'etc.;compareunderS.1181;
cymr.gwraint`Wrmer'etc.(seeaboveS.1152)kanngorhinWurzelauslauthave.
Nasalized*u r eng-:
ags.wrenc(*urongi-)`(gyration),Modulationthevoice,Kunstgriff,insidiousness',wrencan`turn,
winden,cheat,deceive',wrincle`wrinkle',ahd.birenkit`luxated',mhd.renken`drehendziehen',mhd.
ranc,Pl.renkem.`gyration,curvature,schnelleBewegung',nhd.verrenken,Rank`Rnke',nschwed.
vrinka`verstauchen',nnorw.vrinkeàbgeschmacktbecome';lit.regtis`sichschwerflligbcken,
crook',rangs`ductile',rangts`hasty',rngaèincrookedDasitzender'underlikewise;perhapsOld
Indianabhi-vlag-m.`Fangnetz',abhi-vlag-`capture';undertheimaginingofNasenrmpfenskann
angereihtbecomelat.ringor(rictusthenwithanalog.ifore)`denMundaufsperrenanddieZhne
fletschen,sichrgern',ChurchSlavicrgnti`hiscere',rg`derision,ridicule'etc.
References:
References:WP.I271f.,WH.II436,752f.,Vasmer2,543f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1154
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :E.u e r-h- (*su e rh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,press,strangle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,einengen,wrgen,pressen'
Note:
Note:nasalizedu r enhRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e r-3 :E.u e r-h- (*su e rh- )::`toturn,press,strangle'derivedfromg -extension
ofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u e is-2 :
:`toturn,bend'[rhotacism-s->-r-].
Material:
Material:Aisl.virgill`rope',urga`rope,hawser-end',as.wurgil`rope',mhd.erwergenst.V.
èrwrgen',ahd.wurgen`dieKehlezusammenschnren,erwrgen',ags.wyrgands.;aisl.vargr
(`*Wrger'=)`wolf,gechteterVerbrecher',ags.wearg,as.ahd.war(a)g`robber,Verbrecher',got.
launawargsùndankbarerperson',gawargjan(`zum*warga-make')=`verdammen'=ags.wiergan
`verfluchen',as.warageanàseinenVerbrecherpunish,curse'etc.;
Maybealb.geg.(*vargha)varza`girl,virgin':lat.virga`thinbranch,rod'(from*uiz-g),virg`girl,
virgin';
Root/lemma:
Root/
lemma: u e is-2 :
:`toturn,bend'.
alb.z-vjerthèntwhne'(`bindelos';doubt,ifnotto*uert-,byPedersenKZ.36,335);
lit.veri,vertièinengen,lace,tie,press',vers,virs`rope',virti`bind',vras`fishsnaring
net',lett.vrzt`wenden,turn,kehren,lenken',varzi`Setzkorb',varza`Fischwehr;eineverwickelte
thing';OldChurchSlavic-vrz,-vrsti`bind',russ.p-voroz`Zugschnur(amBeutel)',poln.powrz
`rope',sloven.vrzlf.`fence,hedge',perhapsalsoruss.vra,poln.wiersza(*uerhsi)`Reuse',
klr.verslo(*uerh-s-lo-)`Krbisstengel',ech.povslo`Garbenband,Strohband',serb.vrijslo
`Kesselhaken';
lit.virs,lett.vrsis(*urhio-)`Heidekraut',changingthroughablautruss.vres,vresk`Heidekraut',
poln.wrzos,serb.vrjesds.;lit.virktis,lett.virksne(*virsk)`stiff,intenseKrautfromBohnen,
Kartoffeln;RankenfromErbsen,Hopfen';comparefromthei-extension*u(e)rei-k-diewordsfor
Heidekrautgr.(F),air.froech,cymr.grug(*uroiko-).
Nasalized*u r enh -:
Gr.(*urenghu-,SchwyzerGr.Gr.1,302)`rash,hasty,behende'(`sichdrehend');
ahd.(ge)ringi`light',afries.ring,mndl.gheringhe,mnd.mhd.(ge)ringi`light,quick,fastwilling,ready',
ifmnd.fries.r-insteadoftoerwartendenwr-througholddissimil.reductionofw-intheVorstufeproto
germ.*wrinwja-(from*urenghu-)todefineis;
withothermeaningdevelopment:ags.as.wrengan`festzusammendrehen,winden,press',ahd.
ringan`sichwindendanstrengen,luctri',nhd.ringentodn.vringle`winden',mnd.mnl.wrang`bitter',
mhd.rangÙmdrehung',ags.wrangn.(engl.wrong)`wrong;injustice'(<anorw.vrang),ags.wrang(a)
m.`Schiffsbauch'(<anorw.vrng),alem.rang`convolution';got.wrugg`loop,noose,snare';
aisl.rangr(aschwed.vranger)`crooked,verdreht,unrecht',mnd.wrank,wrange`sour,bitter',aisl.rng
f.`Krummholz',ags.wrang,mnd.urangef.ds.
References:
References:WP.I272f.,II373,Trautmann355,362,Vasmer1,186f.,E.FraenkelKZ.72,193f.
Seealso:
Seealso:compareuer-underS.1168.
Page(s):
Page(s):1154-1155
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :F.u e r-k- (*su e rkh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,wind,bend
Germanmeaning:
Note:
Note:nasalizedu r enkMaterial:
Material:Nir.feircf.(air.ferc)`hump,hunchback,hunch,Heft';cymr.cywarch`Hanf,rope,band'
(*kom-uorko-),abret.coarcholionPl.`fromHanf',bret.Vanneskoarc'h`Hanf',corn.cerds.;
u r enk- :u r onk- ingerman.*uranh,aisl.vrf.àngle,point,edge'(*uronh)=schott.-gl.frgf.

`cave,swamp,marsh,hideout'(MarstranderZcPh7,362f.);inadditionlatelat.branca`paw'(`die
crooked'),fromgall.(probablynichtkelt.origin)*urank,idg.*uronk=baltoslav.*rank`hand'inlit.
rank,lett.ruoka`hand,Arm';OldChurchSlavicrka`hand',russ.ruk`hand,Arm';furthertolit.
renk,riktiàuflesen,gather,collect',parankf.`Nachlese'.
References:
References:WP.1273,WH.II759,v.WartburgFrz.etym.Wb.498,CorominasDicc.delalangua
castellana1,509,SpechtIdg.Dekl.131,158,Trautmann237,Vasmer2,545.
Page(s):
Page(s):1155
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :G.u e r-p- ,u r -ep- (*su e rkh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndianvrpas-n.àrtifice,Kunstgriff',originally`*curvature,Winkelzug';
gr.(*F,*urp-)`nhetogether,flicke',`needle'(also,as`suture'with
probablythroughEntgleisung);`biegemich,schlageafteraSeitefrom',`skinrash,
Neigung',`gleichwiegend',`sichaufbeideSeitenneigend',-(F-)`Hirtenstab',(*-F)eig.`heregewendet!',`Wurfstab,cudgel,club',
`club,mace,joint,Trklopfer,StellholzinaFalle',`rod,staff'(perhapsalso
withfromp,seeabove*uerb-);lengthenedgradePl.`Zweige,shrubbery,shrubbery,bush',
`shrubbery,bush,thicket';
alb.vrap`schnellergait';
lat.repns`sudden(*denAusschlaggiving)';
maybealb.rjep`peel,skin'
perhapsveprs(mostlyPl.)`briar,Dorngebsch',ifdissimil.from*vreprs,undverpa`dasmnnliche
limb,member',ifactually`*rod',from*uorpor*urp(:),verpus`theBeschnittene';
aisl.orf,ahd.worf,mhd.(sensen)worp,nhd.dial.worb`Sensenstiel'(from`*rod';ablautequallywith
andperhapslat.verpa);dn.dial.vravle`winden,maunder,drivel',mengl.wrappen`wickeln';
lit.verpi,verpti(lett.vrpt)`spinnen',varpst`coil,spool,spindle',lett.vrpsteds.,verpeli
`whirlwind',lit.vrpiu,-ti,virpu,-ti`waver,tremble,quiver',virpuls`ZitterntheGlieder',andwiththe
developmentto`drehendtoss,fling,throw,loslassen',OldPrussianetwierpt`loslassen'(`*drehend
toss,fling'),anuirpis`Wasserabla,Flutrinne',craujawirpsÀderlassen',pouirpt`freilassen',pouirps
`free';russ.-ChurchSlavicvrpu,vrpsti`reie,pflcke,raube';changingthroughablautlit.varpas
`hre'(`*dasGepflckte'),lett.vrpads.,lit.varpti`stochern';formalcomparableech.vrpa,vrp
`wrinkle',sloven.vrpa,rpa`Hautrunzel',nsorb.ropa,osorb.(w)ropa`crease'.
References:
References:WP.I276f.,WH.II425f.,754,Trautmann353,Vasmer1,189,229.
Page(s):
Page(s):1156
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :H.u e r-t- (*su e rkh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,wenden'
Grammaticalinformation:causative-iterativeu o rtei
Material:
Material:OldIndianthemat.presentvartati(-t)`dreht',Med.`drehtsich,rollt,verluft',avest.vart`sichwenden';otherPrsentiaOldIndianvavartti,vartti,causativevartyati`placesindrehende
Bewegung'(=got.fra-wardjan,OldChurchSlavicvratiti,lit.vartti),vrtman-n.`pathway',vartana-n.
`dasDrehen',bydenMitanni-Indernaika-vartanaetc.èineRunde(theracecourse)';vartula-`round',
vartul`Spinnwirtel'(:mhd.wirtel),vrtt-`twiddled,twisted,rotated,revved,revolved,round'(=lat.
vorsus,virsus,lit.virstasetc.),vrtti-f.`dasRollen,kindof,nature'(=lat.versi-,OldChurchSlavic
vrst),varti`Gerolltes';einpresent*vrnatmiisbecauseofvnta-m.`Blattstiel',vrntka-m.
Èierpflanze'anzunehmen;vrkku(*vrtka-)`kidneys'(actually`bulge;bead;lip;torus;wreath;roll;
bulb'),av.vrka-vrtka-ds.,
comparepehl.gurtak,npers.gurda`kidney'fromOldpers.*vrt(a);
Note:
Wrongetymology,sincethosecognatesderivedfromalb.gur`stoneinthekidneys',ngurta`stony'.
gr.(F-from*urt-)`Rhrlffel',Hes.,(-Aeolian;)Hes.;`hard,notdrehbar'(*-F-);
lat.vert(neologismtoreplacementofoldKausativs),vert,versum`kehren,wenden,turn',
Deponensrevertor;vortex,vertex`whirl,Scheitel',versus,adversus`gegen'(to-participle),versus,-
sm.`line,row,furrow';umbr.kuvertu,covertu`convertit',trahvorfi`transverse',lat.versi-n-,osk.
Dat.FeinGtterepithet;osk.umbr.vorsuseinpieceofwoodasfieldmeasureiseinTerminus
therm.SiedlerinCampanien(M.Leumann);compareair.forrachèinpieceofwoodasfield
measure';
ven.goddessVrotah`Wenderin,Geburtsgttin'(VetterGl.20,72);
air.ad-fertaàversatur',adbartàdversarius',ablaut.d-fort-`diffuse,einschenken'(comparefrz.
verser),mir.fertasf.`Schaft,spindle,Erdwall'(newerfersat),cymr.gwerthyd`spindle',acorn.gurhthit
gl.`fusus',abret.Pl.guirtitougl.`fusis',mbret.guersitds.;rootnounsasAdverb*urt:air.preposition
fri,preverbfrith-,mcymr.gwrth,ncymr.wrth,corn.orth,bret.ouz`gegen'(zurbasicforms.
ThurneysenGrammarS.515,JacksonLanguageandHistoryS.337);cymr.gwerthu`sell',corn.
gwerthe,bret.gwerzads.(butcymr.gwerth`Preis'kannags.Lw.sein);
got.etc.wairan,ahd.werdan`become'(`toturn');got.fra-wardjan,ahd.frawarten`spoil'(causative
tofrawairan`zugrundego',actuallyèineWendungzumbelnehmen'),got.etc.-wars,ahd.wert,nhd.-wrts`wohingewendet';perhapsgot.etc.wairs,ahd.wert,Subst.`Wert,Preis'(compare
air.frith-,lat.vorsus`gegen'togetherwithdemrelationshipfromOldIndianprti`gegen':lat.pretium
àsGegenwertdienenderPreis)'ahd.wurt`fate,destiny'(*urti-`turn');
baltoslav.*uerti`wende,turn,twist,rotate'(older*uert)inlit.veri,versti,lett.veru,verst
`wenden,kehren',Intransitivlit.virst(*vrtst),virstiùmfallen,fall,sichinetwasverwandeln',Iter.
vartti`continualwenden',OldPrussianwirst`wird';slav.*vrtj,*vrttiinOldChurchSlavicvrtti
s`',Iter.vratitis`',russ.-ChurchSlavicvrteno`spindle'(*uerteno-n.),Old
ChurchSlavicvrm`time'(*uertmenn.),lit.varstas`Pflugwende',compareOldPrussianainawarst
ònce';baltoslav.*uirstf.`Wende'inOldChurchSlavicvrsta`',russ.verst`row,
Lebensalter,Werst',comparedieparticiplelit.virstas:lat.versus,OldIndianvrtt-andlat.versus,-s
`furrow,line,row';OldIndianvrtt-n.`wayoflife,lifestyle,Benehmen';baltoslav.*uirsti-f.`kindof'in
russ.-ChurchSlavicsvrst`gleichesage,pair',slov.vrst`row,kindof',comparelit.Infin.virsti:Old
Indianvrtti-f.seeabove.
toch.Awrt-`throw',wrattsai`gegen'(*wart,*urt),yerter`Radkranz',Awrknt,Obl.yerkwantai
(*yertwantai),PedersenToch.235.
References:
References:WP.II274f.,WH.II763ff.,Trautmann354f.,Vasmer1,189,190,229,230,235,
Frick151.
Page(s):
Page(s):1156-1158
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r ei-n-: (*su e rkh- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeconfused;toclenchtheteeth
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`dasGesichtverdrehen,fromVerlegenheit,beimGrinsen,beimBeieninetwas
Saures'
Material:
Material:norw.dial.vrna,vrein`grinsen;intheruttingdieOberlippeandNaseheave,lifeor
verdrehen',thenalso`cry,neigh,frombrnstigenhorses'(henceags.wrne`horny,lustful',as.
wrnisk,ahd.reinisc`leichtfertig,horny,lustful',as.wrnio,ahd.reinno`stallion'underlikewise),dn.
dial.vrinsk`verysour'(`denMundverziehend')
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1158
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r izd- (*su e rih- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobeconfused,ashamed
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wirdverlegen,schmtsich'()
Material:
Material:viell.fromans-Erweit.andwithprobablyprsensbildendemd:OldIndianvrat`wird
verlegen,schmtsich',vra-m.`Verlegenheit,thegenitals'(*urizd-),lat.rde,-re`lachen';ags.
wrstan`turn,bend',norw.dial.(v)reist`Weidenring;Querkopf',isl.reista`verdrehen,crook',could
einidg.*uroizd-voraussetzen.
Page(s):
Page(s):1158
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r ei- (*su e reih- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobecrooked()
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`krummsein'()
Material:
Material:Inav.urviz-maiya-`dieLeibesmitteschnrend',zarany-urvixna`withgoldener
Verschnrung(amshoe)'(unorganischesx);got.wraiqs`',afries.wrk`crooked',schwed.
vrkèigensinnigerperson'(*uroi-uo-s);heredasinvocalismirregulargr.`crooked';
gr.ishybridizationfromand.
References:
References:WP.I279.
Page(s):
Page(s):1158
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r eik - (*su e reik h- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toturn,bind
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen;umwickeln,binden'
Material:
Material:Av.urvisyeiti(*vriyati)`wendetsich,drehtsich',Kaus.urvasayeiti`wendet,dreht',
urvasa-m.`gyration'(=gr.,ndl.wreeg);OldIndianvr-`Wasserwirbel';
gr.`writhed,crooked,humped,gebogen',ds.;`Koffer,hutch'maybefrom
*urikskos;
lat.rca`Kopftuch',rcinium,originallydial.rcinium`smallKopftuch'(*ureik);
mnd.wrch(wrg-)`bent,verdreht,(therefrom)stiff;verrckt,eigensinnig,heimtckisch',engl.wry
`slant,skew',ags.wrgian`tendere,conari,niti',(`*sichwinden,whereuponwrestle,struggle'),afries.
wrgia`bebent,bow'(),ags.urxlf.`variation,Tausch,earnings',aisl.rxnm.`knot',hence
probablyalsoags.wrsen,wrsenf.,ahd.reisann.ds.mengl.wrhìnverted,halsstarrig',ndl.
wreeg`stiff',Subst.`Fubeuge',aisl.reigiask`denKopfzurckwerfen,violentbecome',aisl.rigaf.
`bend',riga`move',nisl.rign,rigrm.`stiffnessindenGliedern'(from`*luxated'),mhd.rigen,
widerrigen`wogegenankmpfen,widerstreben',nd.wrigge(le)n`seitwrtsorhin-andherdrehen',
engl.wriggle`crookoneself',nd.uriggelÈigensinn',norw.rigga`connect,umwickeln;upset;doubtful
go',rigla`wobble,sway,doubtfulgo';mhd.ric,rickes`band,strap,manacle,knot;Geschlingethe
Eingeweide,narrowway',schweiz.rikch`HeftelfromFaden',mhd.ric`neck'(probablyas`*Dreher'),
withexpressiveconsonantstretchtheIntensivittmengl.nd.ndl.wrikken`hinandherturn,jiggle,
wobble,sway',mnd.vor-wrikken`dislocate,luxate,crick',norw.(v)rikka,schwed.vrikka`dislocate,
luxate,crick,wriggeln';ndl.gewricht`joint';mnd.wrist,ags.wrist,wyrst,aschw.vrist,aisl.rist
`Fugelenk',mhd.rist`hand-,Fugelenk'(*wrihst-);ahd.rhom.`sura,poples,locuscorrigiae',mhd.
rhe`RistofFues',nhd.Reihends.,mndl.wrghe,ndl.wreeg`Fubiege';withthemeaning
ùmwickeln'(:lat.rca):ags.wron,wron(*wrhan)èinhllen,cover,shield',wrigels`Hlle',ahd.
intrhhen,-rhan,participleintriganènthllen',mhd.rigelm.èineheadpiece,diemanumwindet';
lit.ri,rti`bind',rysm.`bundle',raia`bind',ratis`band,strap,Binde,headfascia',also
raktiswithk-insertion,asrkt`Gerte',i-si-rkti`sichinFdenauflsen'(perhaps`sich
ausringeln,kruseln'),riasandraas`lame'(`*luxated,crooked'),ritu,-au,-ti`lamebecome',
reasànkle',lett.risu,rist`bind',rieuristds.,ristu,rstu(*urkst,barelynasalized)`fgemichan';
OldPrussiansenrists`connected',perrist`connect'.
References:
References:WP.I278f.,WH.II433,Trautmann236,246,HolthausenAengl.etym.Wb.408.
Page(s):
Page(s):1158-1159
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r eip- ,u r p- (*su e reikh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,,ion.n.`wickerwork,Matte',`throw,cast',`drehende
Bewegung,Schwung,Wurf'(inaddition),`flabellum,bellows';
ahd.rban,mhd.rben`reibendwendenorturn',nhd.bair.reiben`turn,wenden',mnd.wrven,fries.
wriwwe`rub',nd.wribbeln`turn'.
References:
References:WP.I280,Kluge-Gtze16607.
Page(s):
Page(s):1159
Root/lemma: u e r-3 :I.u r -ei- :)u r eit- (*su e reikh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Aschwed.vra,aisl.ra`turn,wringen,winden,tie,bind,knot',ags.wr-an,ahd.rdan
`turn,winden,bind',ags.wriam.`rein,ring';aisl.riull`tussock',isl.riill`walzigesbitofwoodzum
Netzbinden',ahd.ridilm.`Haarband,Kopfband';ags.wr,wrf.`band,strap,bundle',mnd.
wrden`zusammendrehen',ahd.reid,reidi`curly,frizzy';withthemeaning`zornrunzelnd'aisl.reir
àngry,irate',ags.wràngry,irate,hostile,violent',as.wrth,mnd.wrtds.;
lit.riei(*reiti),risti`winden,wickeln,roll',lett.rieu,riestàbfallen,sichabtrennen',therefromlit.
riettiàuskriechen',changingthroughablautrit,-a,rsti`roll,wlzen',lett.ritu,ristds.,iterativelit.
riioti`hin-andherrollen';
eineadditionalformwithgerm.t(phoneticallyinfluencedfromwrtan`rend')inolderndrhein.wrten
`turn,verdrehen,wringen',ndl.wrijten`turn'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1159-1160
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofind,take
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`finden,nehmen'
Note:
Note:besidesu e r(i)- ,u rMaterial:
Material:Arm.gerem`takegefangen,raube';
gr.(withunclearasby,8.uer-;Aspirationafter)`find'(Quantittof:
unacquainted),-,-(*F-F-),,-,-;
air.farìnvni'(*ueura),frthìnventumest'(*urto-);
*urt-inlit.su-rsti,srau`catch,grasp',OldChurchSlavicobrsti`find',s-rsti`find,encounter,
meet',Aor.-rt(present-rto),ob-rtaÈrfindung'.
References:
References:WP.I280,Vasmer2,244,Frisk589f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1160
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toclose,cover;toguard,save
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verschlieen,bedecken;schtzen,retten,abwehren'
Material:A.
Material:A.WithPrfixen:`shut'and`ffnen';`door';u o rtom `gate'.
OldIndianapi-vrti`verschliet,bedeckt',apa-vroti`ffnet';alsolat.operi`bedecke',aperi`ffne'
(from*op(i)-and*ap(o)-ueri);osk.veru`portam',umbr.verof-eìnportam',osk.vereiasGen.Sg.
`Jungmnnerbund'(originally`Torwache',VetterGl.29,240);
lit.veriu,-vrti`shut',atvrti`ffnen'(fromwhichpreviouslywithoutpreverbveri,vrti`ffnen',and
`shut';OldChurchSlavic(za)/vr,vrti`shut',Iter.ot-voriti`ffnen';
derivatives:*uortominNom.Pl.lit.vartai,lett.vrti`gate,door',OldPrussianwarto`Haustre';Old
ChurchSlavicvrata,russ.vorta`gate,Tre';alsoto3.uer-couldbelongOldChurchSlavicverja
andzavor`Hebebaum',russ.verej`Torflgel',zavor`gesperrterpassage';
perhapsherelit.varti`drive,push'(formal=germ.warjan,OldChurchSlavicot-voriti,comparealso
OldIndianKaus.vryati)as`dasgateffnen,umdasViehfromthehurdlehinauszutreiben';in
additionruss.provrnyj`fast,rapid,hurried,agile'.
B. u e r -, u e ru- , u r - `verschlieen,cover,shield,retten';u e r-to- `paddock',u e r-tro `protection',
u r - ti- Èinzunung'.
OldIndianvrti(alsovratiandKaus.varyati)ùmschliet,wehrt';av.Akt.-vrnav-,Med.vrn`cover,hllen';derivativesfromalightbasis:OldIndianvrt-participlePerf.Pass.,vrti-f.
Èinzunung'(av.hm-vartay-`Tapferkeit'),varman-n.`protection',vrtra-n.`Schutzdamm,Deich'
(osset.vart`shield'fromiran.*vrra-,s.BaileyIRAS1953,110f.),vrtra-n.Àbwehr,enmity(en),
fiend(e)',(av.vrra-`Widerstand,Wehr,shield'),Sg.GNVrtra-(`thedieGewssereinschliet'),
varatr-`strap',vrdhra-,vadhra-m.va(r)-dhrds.,vara-m.Èinschlieen',alsovala-(av.vara-ds.),
lengthenedgradevra-(av.-vra-)`Deckung,Wehr';av.varna-Ùmhllung,Bedeckung'(thereafter
OldIndianvra-`paint,color'probablyfrom`Bedeckung'),vara-`Verteidigungswaffe,Wehr',
vrman-`Wehr,parapet'etc.;
u e r - besidesinpresentvrtiinOldIndianvar-tr-m.`Schtzer,Schirmer',vr-tha-n.
`protection,shield,Heer,herd,swarm',perhapstheGNVrua-as`thebinder'(asMitraaboveS.
710);herealsoOldIndianuruyti`befreit,erlost,rettet'asuru--yti,comparehitt.uarressesta
`protected';aboutOldIndianVrua-s.Wackernagel-DebrunnerII2,S.485(tour-`water',above
S.80);
gr.perhaps,-`mildew,Moder',ifactually`Bedecker'(wre*-F--,compareOldIndian
ar-vrt`dieFluteneinschlieend');
F-inhom.àbwehren,retten,preserve,protect',Impf.:-,-,themat.geworden
,Perf.(*F-F),ion.(*F)`holdfest,preserve',`protection,
defense',`geschtzt,befestigt',-`stadtschtzend';-,-
underlikewise(-F-);
otherablautgradeF-withoutVokalvorschlaginInf.hom.,hom.ion.`schirme,
errette;holdfest,holdback'(lattermeaning,diealsothek-Erweit.,,`hold
ab,back',Pass.`zgere'innewohnt,from`througheinenVerschlufernhalten,abwehren'),Perf.
(*F-F),`protection,defense',`schtzend,rettend',,`Retter,
liberator',`stadtschtzend';lengthenedgrade`burialmound';
alb.varr`grave'(*uorn),vath`paddock';
air.ferenn(*uereno-)`belt,girdle',fertae(mir.fert)`burialmound'(withSteinenverschlossen)=ags.
weor(seeunder),air.feronn,ferann(*uerono-)`land,farmland'(probably`*umhegt');mcymr.
gwerthyr`fortress'(*uertro-;compareaboveOldIndianvartra-);hereprobablyair.riu,Gen.renn,
cymr.IwerddonÌrland'as*epiueri,Gen.-ionos`hill,island'(compareahd.werid)afterPokornyKZ.
47,233,ZcP.15,197ff.;
got.warjan`wehren',aisl.verja`wehren,hinder,verteidigen',ags.werian`ds.,aufdmmen',ahd.
weren`verteidigen,shield',as.werian`wehren,shield,hinder',germ.-varii(`Verteidiger',outofit
Èinwohner')inChatuvarii,Bojuvarii,aisl.e.g.Rm-verjar`Rmer';urnord.waru`theumschlieende
Steinkreisumeingrave'(seeaboveir.fert)=aisl.vrf.,nnorw.vorm.`ReihefromSteinen',also`hill
orbankfromSteinenorgravel',aisl.vern.`dam,Fischwehr',ags.werm.ds.,mhd.wern.
`Stauwehr',ahd.wer`Wehr,protection',ags.mylen-waru,-wer`Mhlenteich',waru`protection';
lengthenedgradeahd.wuorf.`dam',schweiz.wuhr`Wehr';aisl.vrn`Verteidigung,protection',ags.
wearn`Widerstand,Verweigerung'(inmhd.warne,werne`Vorsicht,Frsorge,warning'iseinto*uer`gewahren'gehrigeswordeingeflossen),aisl.varna`sichenthalten,vorenthalten'=ags.wearnian
`warn',refl.`sichenthalten',ahd.warnn`sichhten,warn',ags.wiernan`sichenthalten,
vorenthalten,chop,cut,reject';
ags.waron.`bank,border,shore,beach,seaside',ahd.weridìsland,Halbinsel'(nhd.Werder),
mhd.wert`LandrckenbetweenSmpfen,bank,border,shore',mnd.werde(r)èingedeichtesLand';
ags.weor,worn.m.`courtyard,household'(*uer-to-,*urto-),as.wurthf.`gestampfter
odergepflasterterPlatz'(=OldIndianvrti-),mnd.wurt,wort,wurde,wordef.èrhhterplace,
Hofsttte;garden,Feldstck',aisl.urf.`heapfromFelsblcken';
comparealb.vath`paddock,HofumdasHaus,hurdle,sheepfold'(*uor-t),tochar.wrto,wart(t)o
`garden,wood,forest',ir.fert`burialmound';inthemeaningalsoOldChurchSlavicvora
`saepimentum'.
References:
References:WP.I280ff.,Frisk568f.,593f.,643f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:inadditionu e rh-1 .
Page(s):
Page(s):1160-1162
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:totalk,speak
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feierlichsagen,sprechen'
Note:
Note:alsou e re- ,u r Material:
Material:Av.urvta-n.`determination,command'(=),nexttowhichfromthelightbasis*uere:av.urvata-n.`determination'=OldIndianvrat-n.`command,statute,profession,declaration',and
OldChurchSlavicrotaòath';ablaut.OldPrussianwertemmai`wirschwren';
gr.`say'(*F),Fut.ep.ion.,att.,Pass.Aor.ion.(*F),att.
(*F),Perf.-,-diss.from*FF-,comparegeneuertes=renamed,haschanged
arg.FF;`verabredet=festgesetzt',,ol.F`Redner',,el.Ff.
`Spruch,pact,covenant',diss.tokypr.F,whereofF`pact,covenant,law',
`word',`discourse',`someone,thesichverstellt'(*F),`Verstellung';
russ.vru(*vr),vrat`lie,maunder,drivel',withk-suffix(*uork):russ.vrkaèmptygossip',Old
ChurchSlavicvra(*uorkios)`physician,medicineman(*Besprecher),magician,Hexenmeister';
maybealb.geg.vra,tosk.vras`kill,wound',alb.geg.verbu,tosk.verboj`toblind,makewander
aimlessly';maybealb.geg.verbu,tosk.verboj`toblind'isrelatedtotherevengekillingandangerofa
murder-alsoalb.verbohem`tobecomeblindfromanger'.
hitt.ueriia-`call,shout,cry,beauftragen',particle-uar-actually`sagte';
perhaps(inspiteofVasmer2,508f.andaboveS.860)herebaltoslav.urk-,urek-inlit.rki,rkti,
lett.rkt`cry',rkut`sichunterhalten',OldChurchSlavicrek,reti`say',ablaut.OldChurchSlavic
rok`Frist,Termin',ràccusation'and*urk-ingerm.got.wrhsàccusation',wrhjan
`beschuldigen'=west-germ.*wrgjan,ahd.ruogen,nhd.rgen;
dh-extensionu e r-dho- etc.:

Gr.Hes.(SpechtKZ59,65);
lat.verbum`word'(notfrom*vorbombecauseof:)umbr.uerfaleànopenplaceforobservation,place
markedoffbytheaugur'sstaff';
got.waurd,ahd.wortetc.`word'=OldPrussianwirds`word';lit.vardas`name'.
maybealb.urt`sage,smart,intelligent',uroj`pray,wish'.
References:
References:WP.I283f.,WH.II756f.,Trautmann238,360,Vasmer1,234f.,2,539,Frisk469ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:hereprobablyu r ek- .
Page(s):
Page(s):1162-1163
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àufreien,ritzen'
Note:
Note:baseforextensions:
Material:A. u e rd-: av.vardva-`soft,lax',OldChurchSlavicvrd,russ.vred`wound';u r ed-:
OldIndianavradanta`siewurdenweich',vrandn-`mrbewerdend';u r d-: OldPrussianredo
Àckerfurche',olderdn.vraade,vrode`whlen,aufbohren';u r d-: lat.rd,-ere`gnaw,consume',
rstrum(*rd-trom)n.`Nagewerkzeug,snout,bill,beak,neb',ags.wrtan`whlen,dig',aisl.rtads.,
ahd.ruozit`suscitat,movet',ags.wrt,mhd.ruozel,rezel,nhd.Rssel(*wrtila-);inadditiondie
zerogradeinschwed.dial.rota,ruta`whlen';afterFrisk(EtymaArmen.30)inadditionstillarm.
gercum`shave'from*uerd-s-(originallyAoristbildung).
B. u o rn: alb.varr`wound',russ.voron`RuderlochinSchiffsheck,Hennenstei'(therefrom
vornka`Trichter'),poln.wrona,ech.vranaàperture';u r e-no- , u r o-no- inOldIndianvra-m.n.
`wound,crack'besidesu r -n inOldChurchSlavicruss.etc.rana`wound'.
Maybealb.(*varna)varr`grave'[commonalb.rn->rr-shift]notfromlat.urna`cineraryurn'.
C. u e rh-: OldIndianvrhti`reitfrom',Aor.varhi,participlevrh-,mla-vrt`dierootsausreiend'
(WackernagelKZ.67,166ff.).
D. u e rk- , u r ek-: gr.,ol.(*F)n.`rag,zerlumptesdress;wrinkle';
Hes.;,Hes.,ds.;
E. u r esk- (from*urek-sk-),u r s k- OldIndianvrcti`hautab,splits',vrcana-àbhauend',n.`das
Abhauen',pra-vraska-m.`cut';ava-vraca-`splinter';russ.-ChurchSlavicvraskaetc.`wrinkle'
(*uorsk).
Maybealb.vras`kill'[alb.possible-ska>-sphoneticmutation]
F. u r -ei- , u r -: gr.`Feile,Raspel'(*urn;oronomatopoeicword)and`Haifisch'(fromseiner
zumPolierenverwendetenrauhenRckenhaut');`skin;Lederschild',(ol.)(i.e.F)
Hes.,hom.`schildtragend'(compareM.Leumann,Homer.Wrter196ff.);
withd-extension(originallyd-present)ags.wrtanèingraben,ritzen,schreiben,malen',as.wrtan
`tear,verwunden,ritzen,schreiben',mnd.wrten`rend,schreiben,draw,sign',nhd.reien,urnord.
wrait`schrieb,ritzte'(besidesgerm.*rtaninaschwed.rtads.,compareunterrei-,reid-`ritzen');got.
writs`line',ags.writ`Schrift',wrttòrnament,decoration,jewellery,jewel'underlikewise;
afterFrisk(EtymaArm.28ff.)herearm.ergicanem`tear,break,rupture,grind,carve,slit,injure,stir,
tease,irritate'from*ureid-s-.
References:
References:WP.I286f.,Trautmann236,Vasmer1,229.
Page(s):
Page(s):1163-1164
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toobserve,payattention
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gewahren,achtgeben'
Material:
Material:Gr.onlyF-,withspiritusasper-:hom.`siebeaufsichtigen',
Hes.,u o rs in(forafter)`,supervisor,custodian,keeper',
`Wchter'(*-),`protection',`Wchter'(fromcompoundsabstracted),dor.
,att.Èhrenwchter,Retter'(F=germ.wara-seebelow),(,
)`see,observe'(denominativeeinesalsoinsteckenden*F=ahd.as.wara,ags.
waruàttention')ol.freilich,similarlyaslat.verri;lengthenedgradeatt.,ion.`Hut,
care'hom.-,`nichtsnutzig',`vernachlssige'from
*`',atmost,`door-,Torhter'(ratherbecauseofhom.
an-,-,correspondingly);`cavere';Hes.
Suid.
lat.vereor,-r,-itussum`worship,fear,dread';zurformcomparegr.ol.(F)`see,observe';
air.c(a)ir`fitting,right':cymr.cywairds.(*kom-uerios);
germ.:u o rs ingot.war(s)`behutsam',aisl.varr`behutsam,careful,shy',ags.wr`gewahr,
attentive,careful,behutsam',as.war`careful,auftheHut',ahd.giwaràttentive,careful'=(F);
o r ingot.warai`Behutsamkeit,artifice',mhd.wer(ahd.*war)`Vorsicht';ags.waru,as.ahd.wara
àttention,Obhut',waranman`wahrnehmen',aisl.varaf.`Handelsware,Zahlungsmittel',ags.waru,
sptmhd.war,nhd.Ware;ahd.bewarn`preserve,protect`,as.warnòbserve,protect,lookafter,
watchover,keep',ags.warian`preserve,protect,beware,guard',aisl.varaàttentivemake,look
after;protect,assume',refl.`sichhten';*u o rtos (*u o rdhos )ingot.darawards`Torwart',ahd.wart
`Wchter,Wrter,Hter',warto,got.wardjads.,as.wardnàuftheHutsein,lookafter,watchover,
keep',ahd.wartnàchten,peer,wahrnehmen,warten,erwarten',warta`Beobachtungetc.`,nhd.
Warteunderlikewise;*u o rn- inahd.furiwarna`Vorbereitung'(ags.wearnf.`Widerstand,
Verweigerung,Vorwurf',nhd.warnenetc.throughinterferencefromAngehrigenfrom*warjan
wehrenetc.`,androot*uer-`verschlieen');
lett.vru,vrt`see,show,bemerken'(mostlyreflexivevrties),vrbaàttention';
toch.Awr-,wr-sk-`smell'.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1164
Root/lemma: u e r-9 :u e ru-s (*su e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wide,broad
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Adj.`weit,breit'
Material:
Material:OldIndianur-,av.vouru-(from*varu-,idg.*ueru-),jav.alsouru-`wide',westoss.urux,
Kompositionsformav.uru-(from*uru-,asOldIndiangru-besidesgur-,aboveS.476);comparative
vryas-,Superlativvriha-,inadditionOldIndianurcf.`dieearth',Femin.touru-vyc:urc`weitreichend',comparedenav.BergnamenVourua-,perhaps=OldIndian*urcya-;OldIndian
urvaa-m.`year',*uruaa-`weitwandering';PNUrvf.from*uru-v-ìntensedesire';inaddition
ulkhala-`mortar'from*ur-khara-`withbreitembottom';
withmetathesisgr.-(asin,uer-4;compare-underuer-5)in(insteadof
*F)`breit',aswellasin`Breite'(seeaboveSchwyzerGr.Gr.1,412Anm.1);perhaps
toch.Awrts,aurtse`wide,breit'
neuter:u e ros- inOldIndianvras-n.`Breite,Raum'(gr.insteadof*F);
doubtfulu e ros- `breast'inOldIndianuras-(from*vuras),av.vards.andOldIndianvrma-m.n.
`Weite,Umfang',vrivas-n.`Raum,Weite,Behaglichkeit',dieeineheavybasisvoraussetzen.
References:
References:WP.I285,Mayrhofer109f.,ThiemeLg.31,439.
Page(s):
Page(s):1165
Root/lemma: u e rs- (*su e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todragontheground
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àmBodenschleifen'
Material:
Material:Lat.verr(oldervorr),verr,versum`schleifen,amBodenschleppen,fegen';
aboutgr.`goaway,schwinde's.Frisk566;
aisl.vrr`stroke';barelyhereas.ahd.wrran`bewilder,durcheinanderbringen'etc.;
lett.vrsms`heapofcorn,grain';russ.-ChurchSlavicvrchu,vrti`dreschen',ablaut.vrach`das
Dreschen'(geschahoriginallythroughSchleifen),russ.vroch`heap(fromcorn)';
hitt.uariia-,uar-àbwischen,pluck,reap'.
References:
References:WP.I267,292f.,WH.II761f.,Trautmann361,Vasmer1,230.
Page(s):
Page(s):1169-1170
Root/lemma: u e r- (e) n (*su e r- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:alder,poplar
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Èrle,Pappel'('Sumpfbaum'),thereafter`Stange,Balken'
Material:
Material:Arm.geran(*ueren)`trabs,tignum';
alb.verrf.(*uern)`Populusalba';
bret.gwernf.(*uern)`Schiffsmast;alder',acorn.guern`Mast',guern-enàlder',cymr.gwernen
`Schiffsmast,alder',Pl.koll.gwernÈrlen,swamp,marsh',mir.fernf.`1,Mast',gall.Fernodubrum
(Èrlenwasser';fromdemKelt.derivepiemontes.verna,prov.verna,verno,frz.verne,vergneàlder').
References:
References:WP.I292,-LbkeREW3p.9232,VendryesRC.46,137andaboveS.81.
Page(s):
Page(s):1169
Root/lemma: u e s-1 (*su e s- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostay,live,spendthenight
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`verweilen,wohnen,bernachten'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvsati(participlesecondaryuita-)`verweilt,dwells,bernachtet'(with:
`sleepswithaFrau',withupa:`fastet')=av.vahaiti`dwells,verweilt',OldIndianKaus.vsayati
`beherbergt';vstu-,vasat-m.f.,vs-m.àbode,residence,bernachten',Oldpers.vahanam
`residence,Flecken',OldIndianlengthenedgradevstu-n.`site,house',newervstu-n.`thing,thing'
(vastuka-m.èineplant',actually`Hofunkraut');vsa-vemann.`Schlafzimmer';
arm.goyìs,existiert,isvorhanden',goy(i-stem)`being,being,blessing,property';
gr.ep.Aor.(stetswithconnected)`zubringen',inadditionpresent,;
perhapsf.`stove,hearth,altar',figurative`house,familyetc.`,withsecondaryion.,ol.
bot.lokr.dor.ark.throughAssimil.andasbetontethesecondsyllable,dasFehlendesF
perhapsthroughinfluenceof;derivativefrom*ues-ti-`Bleiben,dwelling',also`zumHeim
gehrig';withunexplaineda-vocalism(F)n.`town,city'(`Stdter',`stdtisch');
messap.vastei(Dat.);
lat.Vesta`goddessofhuslichenHordes';
mir.f(a)id`nchtigt(also`withawife,woman'),bleibt,verweilt,wakesinthenight'(*uoseti),3.Sg.
preteritfu(*uiust),3.Pl.fotar(*ui-uos-ont-r),verbalnounfess,feissf.`Schlafen,coitus,abode,
residence',ablaut.fossm.`Bleiben,tranquility',ifoss`tohouse',fossad`tight,firm,steadfast;
dwelling,abode,residence';cymr.gwas`Heimsttte',mcymr.gwest,kywest`Ruheplatz',gwest,
cywestach`coitus',gwesti`dwelling',dirwest(*drouest-)anddarwest(*to-are-ues-t-)`fast';
got.wisan(1.Sg.preteritwas)`sein,bleiben',aisl.vesa(latervera),ags.as.ahd.wesan(engl.
preteritwas),afries.wesa`sein,bleiben',nhd.war,gewesen,substantivierterInfin.èntity';got.wists
f.èntity',aisl.vist,ags.ahd.wistèntity,abode,residence,Dasein';aisl.vrr`peaceful,friedlich'(or
identicalwithdem2.partfroml-vrr,seeaboveS.1165;certainlyherebelongshera-vrr
`berechtigt,indistrict,region,areatosein');as.wern,ahd.weren`dauern,whren'(inadditionahd.
wirig`lasting,dauerhaft',nhd.lang-wierig)andas.warn,mnd.waren`dauern';perhapsgot.wis
`calm(atsea)',ifactually`tranquility');
toch.Awee`lair',wat,ost`house',waamo`friend',Pl.wamo,wsa`dwells';hitt.ui`leben,amLebenbleiben',uia-`mirror'.
References:
References:WP.I306f.,WH.II773,Frisk25,173f.,576f.,VendryJsRC.35,89f.,LothRC.38,
297,IforWilliamsBBCS.2,41ff.,R.A.FowkesJC.stem2,1f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1170-1171
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tofeast
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schmausen;aufgerumtsein'
Material:
Material:OldIndiannuvvas`hataufgezehrt',vst`vordemravenousness',av.vastra
`Fresse,muzzle',vstrm`food',vstar-`Hirte';aboutlat.vscoràsSpeisegenieen,sichnhren'
seeaboveS.73;mir.fess,feiss`food,eating'(*ues-t),air.fach`raven'(*ueskos),outofit
borrowedcymr.gwyach`Steifu'(einbird);air.ban-[]ess`wedding'(`Frauen-fest'),bret.banves
`festival',cymr.gwest`festival';got.wailawisan`tofeast,delight',frawisan`consume',wiznìndulge
oneself',waila-wizns`feast',gawizneigs`sichmitfreuend',ags.wesan`tofeast'(onlyBeowulf3115,
Hs.weaxan);ahd.firwesan,mhd.verwesen`consume';aisl.vist,ags.ahd.wistf.`dish,food';in
ablautprobablyahd.wastel(frz.gteau)`cake';
hitt.uei-`pasture',ueiia-`weiden,abweiden;leiten,regieren';uetara-`herdsman,shepherd'.
References:
References:WP.I307f.,VendryesRC.35,89f.,WH.II769
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytouesu-`good'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1171
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wet
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`feuchten,na'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.,alt-therischh(meaningunacquainted);umbr.
vestikatu`libato'(formationaslat.lectca);
ahd.wasal`rain',ahd.waso`lawn,clodofearth,pit,pothole',nhd.Wasen`lawn',as.waso,mnd.
wase`dampErdgrund,slime,mud;clodofearth,lawn';mnd.wasemm.`Wasserdampf,haze,mist';
ags.wsn.`dampness,juice,sap';engl.ooze`dampness,slime,mud',asverb`durchsickern,spring
up,bubble',mnd.ws`scum,froth,foam,Absud,juice,sap',olderdn.norw.s`Pflanzensaft';
presumablyav.vahu-tt-f.`blood',vahuwa-n.`Blutvergieen,blutigerfight',vohuna-m.`blood'
andOldIndianvs,vas`bacon,fat,lard'(alsovasinscribed,asva-m`flssigesfat');
herewiththemeaning`maleanimal'(comparelat.verrsetc.:uer-,uer-s-`feuchten'):OldIndian
ra-m.`Bffel,Kamel',ur-`Pflugstier',av.utrm.`Kamel'(alsoinZara-utr);OldIndianu
`Pflugstier'.
References:
References:WP.I308,Trautmann343,Mayrhofer1,113f.,Frisk433.
Page(s):
Page(s):1171-1172
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tostick,pierce
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:OldIndiannivsita-ùmsLebengebracht',nirvsanam`dasErmorden,Tten',
parivsayati`schneidetringsab,from'underlikewise;air.fennaid`schindet'(*ues-n-ti);alb.usht
`hre';ahd.ort`cusp,peak,point,edgeetc.`,nhd.Ort`place'(and`Schusterahle'),ags.ord`cusp,
peak,Anfang',aisl.oddr`cusp,peak',agerm.Osd-ulfus=as.ags.Ord-ulf(differentaboveS.237);lit.
usns`thistle,Hagedorn',lett.usna,una`thistle';
aboutChurchSlavicv`louse'etc.,seeaboveS.692andVasmer1,232f.
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1172
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:todress,puton
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kleiden'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvst`kleidetsich,ziehtan',av.vasteds.(comparedasunthemat.gr.,),vahaitids.;OldIndianvsana-,av.vahana-n.`garment';OldIndianvsman-n.`cover'(=
);vastra-,av.vastra-n.`clothing'(:gr.F,mhd.wester);
arm.z-genum`pullmichan'(*uesnu-=),zgest`clothing'(-tu-stem);
gr.,ion.,Aor.()`kleiden',Med.`sichkleiden',athemat.Perf.(*F-)3.Sg.
-(Herod.);n.`clothing'(-dhes-stem),,-ds.(*F[-]-withdemfrom
);`weiblichesgarment'(OldIndianvsana-m);ion.att.,dor.F,lesb.F
`dress'(:OldIndianvs-man-);Hes.,-,,-`good,schlechtgekleidet',
withVorstufeofItazismus`dress,mantle';dor.F(Hes.),f.
`wrmeresWintergewand,Soldatenmantel';
alb.veshÌkleidean',vishem`kleidemichan';
lat.vestis`clothing',vesti,-re`kleiden'(compareHes.);
got.wasjan,ahd.werian,aisl.veria`kleiden',ags.werian`ds.,dressbear,carry';got.wastif.`dress';
mhd.wester(seeabove)`Taufkleid'(butahd.earlywastibarn,previouslybyNotkerwesterwt);aisl.
vesln.`dress'(*wesala-),ver`berzug'(*waza-);
hitt.ua-,ue-,luw.ua()-`bekleiden,anziehen';toch.wastsi,wstsi`dress'(neologism);Awsl
ds.;
References:
References:WP.I309,WH.II775f.,Frisk521f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1172-1173
Root/lemma: u e s-no- (*su e s-no- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:price
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Kaufpreis'
Material:
Material:BydeneinzelnenSprachenswayse-ando-vocalism:OldIndianvasna-m.`Kaufpreis',n.
èarnings',vasnayati`feilscht';arm.gin`Kaufpreis';gr.hom.`Kaufpreis',lesb.(*uosn),
ion.att.`Kauf',`kaufe',gort.`sell';lat.vnus(onlyinAkk.vnum,Dat.vno,later
vnui)`sale'(vend,-dere`sell'is*vnom+d,vne`verkauftbecome'=*vnom+e);marr.
eituamvenalinam`pecuniamvenaliciam'()mueinloanwordfromdemLat.sein,dasnmarr.notn
ergebenwrde;aruss.vno`dowry';hitt.uaniya-`sell'(compareaboveua-`buy').
References:
References:WP.I311f.,WH.II753f.,Vasmer1,182f.
Seealso:
Seealso:ues-8
Page(s):
Page(s):1173
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`drehen,wickeln'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvd-m.`hassock,clumpofgrass'(*uozdos);uhf.`Genick',ua-m.
`headfascia'(*us-n-`gyration');schwed.,norw.vase`Laubbndel',vasa`verwickeln,maunder,
drivel',aisl.vasask`sichverwickeln',mnd.mengl.wase`bundle'.
References:
References:WP.I309f.,Mayrhofer1,114.
Page(s):
Page(s):1173
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tobuy,sell
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`kaufen,verkaufen'
Material:
Material:Hitt.ua-,uaiia-`buy,acquire',usaniia-`sell',ueia-`Kaufpreis';perhapslat.vlis
(*uesli-)`wohlfeil'.
References:
References:WP.I312,WH.II753f.,SzemernyiArch.Lingunder6,36
Seealso: u e s-noPage(s):
Page(s):1173
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gleam,shine'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.86f.(au e s- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):1173
Root/lemma: u e speros (u e keros )(*su e s-k
s-kero
ero)
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:evening
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Àbend'
Material:
Material:Gr.m.èvening,vespertine',f.èvening',,
`vespertine';lat.vesper,-erisand-erièvening,Abendzeit',vesperaÀbendzeit'(outofitair.fescor,
mcymr.gosper,gosber);probablytonhd.West(aboveS.73);againstitbalt.-sl.*uekera-m.
èvening':lit.vkarasèvening'(Pl.vakara`Westen',vakarvjas`Westwind'),lett.vakarsèvening',
OldChurchSlavicveerds.,whereforeAdv.OldChurchSlavicvera`yesterday'etc.,basic
meaningperhaps`darkness',tolit.kanas`cloudy',nkna`shadow',lat.umbra(*unksr)`shadow';
cymr.ucherèvening'nothere,butfromidg.*uoiksero-(PokornyZcP.15,377);arm.gier`night'
from*uoikero-,afterPeterssonHeteroklisie231ff.zurrootueik-`humid,wet'()inOldIndian
vant-m.`pond,pool'(comparedieFlNlit.Vieint,Viemuetc.),aisl.veig`berauschendes
Getrnk',lett.vieksts`Wasserstrudel'.
References:
References:WP.I311,WH.II770f.,814f.,Trautmann348,Vasmer1,196,Frisk575;thevariation
uesperos:uekerosperhapsafterSpechtIdg.Dekl.119tabootodefine;comparealsoHavers
Sprachtabu125,178.
Page(s):
Page(s):1173-1174
Root/lemma: u e s-r (*su e s- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:spring
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Frhling'
Grammaticalinformation:Gen.u e s-n-es
Note:
Note:(lat.-germ.urafter*ir`year')
Material:
Material:OldIndianvasant-m.(*uesento-)`spring',vasantìnspring'(from*vasanextended);vasarhn`frhschlagend',vsar-`morgendlich';
av.variLok.ìnspring'(*vasriforolder*vasar,comparenpers.bahrwithQuantittsumsprungfrom
*vhar,compareOldpers.ra-vhara-);
arm.garun(*uesr-),Gen.garnan`spring';
gr.,,also,withneuemNom.;Hes.(*F)`spring',`zumspring
gehrig';
lat.vr,vrisn.`spring',vernus(*uerinos)àufdenspringbezglich';
maybealb.vera`summer',[lat.primaveraspringtime(f.useasfem.sing.ofLprimaverapl.primum
verfirstorearliestspring)],alb.[pran=`near'+vera=`summer']>alb.pranvera`spring,early
summer'.
air.errach(lenierteformfrom*ferrach)`spring'(*uesrko-);acymr.guiannuinìnspring'(*ues-nteino-),butmcymr.gwaeanhwyn,ncymr.gwanwynplaces*gwaeantfrom*ues-nto-ahead;acorn.
guaintoin`spring';
lit.vsaraandvasara,lett.vasara`summer'(*uesera-);
OldChurchSlavicvesna`spring';*ueserinios`vernus'inlit.vasarnis`summery',lett.vasariim.Pl.
`Sommergetreide',compareruss.-ChurchSlavicvesnnyj,russ.vesnnij`Frhlings-';
maybealb.(*vesna,*visienta)vjeshtaàutumn(longsummer)'[commonalb.n>nt>tphonetic
mutation].
abouthitt.ameh(a)-,ameant-`Frhjahr's.A.GoetzeLg.27,471,51,467ff.,F.SommerM.
stemz.Spr.4,7,G.R.Solta,S.-Ber.sterr.Akad.,Bd.232,1.,16f.;
References:
References:WP.I301,WH.II755,Trautmann356,Vasmer1,192,Frisk432f.,605f.
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytoau e s- `gleam,shine',aboveS.86f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1174
Root/lemma: u e t- (*su e t- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:year
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Jahr'
Note:
Root/lemma:en-2 :
:`year':Root/lemma:
Root/
lemma: u e t- :
:`year'[protheticu - , v-beforebareinitialvowels]derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:hei2, hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- ::`winter;snow'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvats,vatsar-m.`year',vats-m.`Jhrling,calf,rother,cattle',vatsak-m.
`Klbchen',sa-vtruN.Du.f.ìdenticalcalfhabend';sogd.wtnyy(leg.wat(u)an)òld';
gr.F,n.`year',`biennial',ànnual,yearly',att.,delph.`for
thenchsteyear'(haplologyfrom*F-F,s.alsoFrisk534,J.B.HofmannGr.
etym.WB.227,aboveS.609);gr.,`JhrlingfromHaustieren'(:lat.vitulus,see
under);
alb.vit,Pl.vjet`year',parvjet`vorzweiJahren',vjetf.`calf',vitsh`calf'(from*ueteso-,comparelat.
veternus);messap.atavetes=òfgleichenyear';
Comment:
Alb.vit,Pl.vjet`year':hitt.witt-`year';alb.vjetròld':lat.vetus,-erisòld'.
lat.vetus,-erisòld'(gleich;theGenet.veterisschlietcloseconnectiontoalit.vetuasfrom),
vetustusòld'(probablyfrom*uetosto-sàged',formationasonustus:onus),vetulus`ltlich',osk.
Vezke`*Vetusco',Gttername;lat.veternus`Zugvieh';vitulus`calf'=umbr.vitluf`vituls'(ital.i
insteadofepresumablythroughborrowingfromanichtnhertobestimmendenidg.language
Italiens);osk.ViteliÌtalia',fromwhichthroughunterital.-gr.mediationlat.Italia,actually`dasland
theItal`(`youngRinder',afterdemStiergottMrs);
mir.feis,corn.guis,abret.guis`sow'(*uet-si-);
got.wirusòneyearoldlamb',aisl.ver,ahd.widaràries,ram'(compareaboveOldIndiansavtru);
OldChurchSlavicvetchòld',alit.vetuasòld,aged';
einLok.orpossiblyAkk.Sg.ofzerogradestemut-liesvorinOldIndianpar-tìnvergangenen
years',arm.heru,gr.,dor.,aisl.fjor,mhd.vertds.,air.nn-uridàbannopriore'
(Vokalumstellung);
hitt.witt-`year',hierogl.-hitt.usa-,luv.uads.
References:
References:WP.I251,WH.I723,II776ff.,807,Trautmann365,Vasmer1,194,O.Szemernyi
ZDMG.101,204f.,Word8,50,Frisk534,579f.,583f.,Kronassercomparesound-under
Formenlehre126A.20.
Page(s):
Page(s):1175
Root/lemma: u - 1 (*su - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:we
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`wir'(Dual)
Grammaticalinformation: u e i- (Plural)
Material:
Material:Nom.1.DualOldIndianvm(=v-am,idg.*-om),av.v,got.wit,aisl.vit,ags.wit,Old
ChurchSlavicv,lit.v-du(*uedu)`wirboth';
Nom.1.Pl.OldIndianvay-m,av.vam(idg.*-om),got.weis,ahd.wir,aisl.vr,ags.wetc.,hitt.
us(*uei-es),toch.wes,Awas`wir'.
References:
References:WP.I220,Trautmann344,Vasmer1,175f.,Liebert,Idg.Personalpron.102ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u -3 ,u - (*su - )
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blasen,wehen'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.82ff.(aue-);inthesameplaceu -lo- ,u e -s- ,u e t- ds.
Page(s):
Page(s):1114
Root/lemma: u p- :u p- (*su e k- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toblow;tosoar
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`blasen,dunsten'
Material:
Material:FallsdasOldIndiancausativevpayati`makesblow'keinesecondaryformationtovti
`weht'(aboveS.82)darstellt,butfromastem*up-derivedis,kannesAblautformtolat.vapor(old
vaps)`vapor,heat'sein(incorrectaboutvaporaboveS.596),whereforestillvappa,vapi`kahmiger
Wein'.
alb.vapa`summerheat'
References:
Page(s):
Page(s):1149-1150
Root/lemma: u s -6 (*su s - )
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:ìhr'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.514(iu-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1173
Root/lemma: u s u- (*su s u- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:good
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`gut'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvsu-`good'(inadditionvasv`night'),vsun.`blessing,Besitztum,property,
richness'(dasSubst.afterAkzentandablautdasprimre),av.vahu-,vohuds.,OldIndianvasyn
`better',vasiha-`best',av.vahy,vahitds.;alt-illyr.Ves-cleves,compareOldIndianvsu-ravas-;
Note:
Illyr.displayssatemandcentumcharacteristicssimilartoalb.andOldIndianalsoillyr.addsprothetic
v-beforebareinitialvowelslikealb.hence*u->v-inillyr.dialectsandmodernalb.
germ.inEigennamen,e.g.Wisu-rh,-mr,alsoWisi-Gothae;gall.inEigennamenasBello-,Sigovesus,Vesu-avus,air.*feb(onlyindencaseobliquecovered,e.g.Dat.Sg.feib)`Vortrefflichkeit'from
*uesu,febas`Vortrefflichkeit',*febtu,Gen.febtadgl.`substantiae';ablaut.air.f`good,Gte'
(*uosu-);besides*usu-inir.fiu`wrdig',cymr.gwiwds.,bret.gwiou`cheerful',gall.Usu-rx;about
usu-inasian.Sprachens.BossertMitteil.Inst.Orientf.2,78ff.;
besideseus-(withmetathesisasingr.fromF)in:
got.iusiza`better',iusilaÈrholung,Erleichterung'(afterWissmann,D.lt.Postverb.d.Germ.72ff.
post-verbalto*iusilon,asiniloÈntschuldigung,Vorwand'to*inilon);OldChurchSlavicunje`better'
(Kompar.toan*uno-from*eus-no-);
illyr.PNVeselia`Felicitas';lett.vsls`fit,healthy,heil,unversehrt';OldChurchSlavicvesel,
ech.veseletc.`cheerful';
maybethroughmetathesislat.(*veselia)felicitas-atis
felicitas-atisf.`happiness,goodfortune,success;
personif.,GoodFortuneasagoddess',felix-icis
felix-icis`fruitful,fertile.Transf.,ofgoodomen,favorable,
bringinggoodluck;fortunate,lucky,successful;Felix,theLuckyOne,sur-nameofSulla.Adv.
feliciter,fruitfully;auspiciously,favorably;luck-ily,successfully'.
toch.Awe,yai`night'as*ues`dieGute'.
References:
References:WP.I311,Vasmer1,191f.,Frisk594f.
Seealso:
Seealso:probablytou e s-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):1174-1175
Root/lemma: u g- :u g- (*su e gh- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:lat.vagor,-ri`schweifeumher,breitemichfrom',vagus`wandering';air.fnm.`slope,
cavity;slantwise,abschlssig'(*ugno-);acymr.guoin,cymr.gwaun`lowland,depression,meadow',
corn.goen,goon,gon,bret.geun,yeun`Sumpfland'(*ugn).
References:
References:WP.I218,WH.I268,II726,LothRC36,181;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareu-,uek-,uk-,ueng(h)-,uenk-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1120
Root/lemma: u k- (:*u k- )(*su e k- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Lat.vacill,-re`wobble,sway,waver';abrit.VN-`dieBewohnerthe
gekrmmtenFelder',cymr.gwaeth(*uk-to-)Kompar.`bad'(Superl.gwaethaf),corn.gweth,mbret.
goaz.
References:
References:WP.I218,WH.I268,II723ff.;
Seealso:
Seealso:s.alsou-,ug-etc.
Page(s):
Page(s):1135
Root/lemma: u i dhu- (*su e ihu- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tree
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Baum'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u i dhu- (*su e ihu- )::`tree'derivedfromalb.-illyr.vith,Gen.vidhèlmtree'ofRoot/
Root/
lemma: u i n- andu e i- (ui-)::èlm';commonalb.-->-d-phoneticmutation.
Material:
Material:Air.fid,Gen.fedo`tree,wood,wood,forest',cymr.gwdd(Sg.gwydden),acorn.guiden,
br.gwez(Sg.gwezenn)ds.,alsoincymr.syb-wydd`pine'(`Harzbaum')=corn.sibuit;gall.VNUiducasses;aisl.vir,Gen.viarm.`wood,forest,wood,tree',ags.widu,wudum.ds.,ahd.witu,wito
`wood';
perhapsas`Grenzbaum,trennenderGrenzwaldbetweenAnsiedlungen'to*u e idh- `separate,divide'
andthenformal=OldIndianvidhu-`vereinsamt',lit.vids`Mitte,Inneres';compareaboveS.707lit.
mdias`tree';
connectionwithir.fad`wild',fadach`Jagd',cymr.gydd`wild',acorn.guitfil`fera',bret.gouez`wild'
wrethemeaningafterthroughlat.silvticus`wild':silva,lit.mednis`wild',medikl`Jagd':mdis
`tree'toprop,support,yetbliebedabeidielengthenedgradeeicomparedwithdemGrundworteir.fid
difficult,hard;esishencefadfromfidtoseparateandaufeinebesides*ueit-inahd.weida,ags.
w,aisl.veir`Jagd,fishing'(:*u e i-3 )liegenderootform*ueid(h)-tobeziehen.
maybealb.fidan`sapling'andthenfromalb.passedintoTurkishlanguagenotviceversa,alsoolder
alb.vidhelm-tree.
References:
References:WP.I314,228ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1177
Root/lemma: u i n- andu e i- (ui-)(*su e ihu- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:elm
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:Ùlme'
Material:
Material:Withnasalizationdiebsl.groupserb.vz(Gen.vza),russ.vjaz,poln.wizÙlmus
campestris'(protoslav..*vz);lit.vnkna,lett.vksnads.(alsoOldPrussianwiminoèlm',lies
wincsno)from*uinsn(Suff.asinlit.glosna`willow');
entnasaliertags.wc,wce,engl.witch,nd.wkeèlm';
likewiseuin-asui-kannvorliegeninalb.vith,Gen.vidhèlm'andinkurd.vizàkindofelm';das
relationshipthenas.zurunnas.formisstilltoklren.
clearlythealb.formistheoldestone.Alsoalb.showsthatRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u i n- andu e i- (ui-)::
(elm-tree)derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u i dhu- :
:(tree).
References:
References:WP.I314,SpechtIdg.Dekl.59f.,Trautmann360,Vasmer1,244,Petersson
Heteroklisie56f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1177
Root/lemma: u i e th- ,u i th- (*su e isu- )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`schtteln'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvythat`sways,taumelt,gehtschief,kommttoFalle,shrugs,jerks,weicht',
vithur-`fluctuating,mangelhaft';got.win`shake';relationshipto*u e i-1 `turn'isprobably,dain
Kreisethisrootwordsfor`waver,hinandherbewegen'rightfrequent,oftenare.
References:
References:WP.I318,KuiperNasalprs.53,Wackernagel-DebrunnerII2,487.
Page(s):
Page(s):1178
Root/lemma: u k s- (*su k s- )
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`MistelandandereLeimlieferndeBume'
Note:
Note:(usk-)
Seealso:
Seealso:s.S.1134(u e is- ).
Page(s):
Page(s):1177
Root/lemma: u -k m t - (*su -k m t - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:twenty
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`zwanzig'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u -k m t - (*su -k m t - )::`twenty'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:se- :
:`reflexive
pronoun'+Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(d)ek m ,(d)ek m - t ,(d)ek u - :
:`ten'.HenceRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u -k m t -
(*su -k m t - )waspreviouslyanattributenoun,earlieranordinalnumbercreatedaccordingtoillyr.
patternwithillyr.alb.-taadjectiveformant(seeabovealb.numbersfrom1-10).
Note:
Note:actuallyDual`twodecades'(toidg.u - `two'anddk m t - ,aboveS.192)
Material:
Material:OldIndianviat-,av.vsaiti,osset.insi,arm.k`san,gr.,dor.F,hom.
for(F),alb.zet,lat.vginti(seeaboveS.192),air.fiche,Gen.fichet(*uikt-s,-os),acymr.
uceint(insteadof*gwycaintfromdemcompound*dou-viceint,cymr.deugaint`40'abstracted),corn.
ugans;toch.Awiki,ik.
References:
References:WP.I313,Wackernagel-Debrunner3,366f.,WH.II788f.,Frisk453f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1177
Root/lemma: u - 1 (*su - )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:separatefrom;both,two
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:àuseinander'actuallyèntzwei',also`zwei'
Note:
Note:(seeu -k m t - )
Material:
Material:OldIndianv-àpart',av.v-àpart;abseits,apart,separatedfrom;entgegen;throughand
through'(alsovi-:vi-pat-`goaway,passover');OldIndianviu-àftervariantSeiten'inviua`verschiedenartig',viu-rpa-`verschiedengestaltig'underlikewise,viuva-n.àequinoctium',
viuvant-ìntheMittesituated,afterbeidenSeitengleich',viv-ac-àfterbeiden(allen)Seiten
gewandt,auseinandergehend',OldIndianviva-dryank`berallhingoing',av.vipaaAdv.`ringsum
allenthalben'(*uisu-and*uisuo-;besides*uiso-in:)lit.vsas,lett.viss,OldPrussianwissa-àll';Old
ChurchSlavicvsàll,whole';withthesamemeaningàll'fromàfterallenSeiten
auseinandergegangen,umfnglich'andidg.k-suffix:OldIndianvva-`jeder,all',av.vspa-,.
vispa-`ds.`;Sg.also`whole'(*uikuo-;outofitalsoOldpers.visa-withregularsouthwestdevelopmentfrom-v-);
tostem*uisu-,uisuo-presumablyalsogr.FF,`gleich'(fordasontheotherhandderivation
from*uidsuosto*ueid-`behold'erwogenwird);
lat.vitium`fault,error,Gebrechen,damage'as*ui-ti-om`*Abweichung';vituper,-re`spoil,tadle'
(vitium+parre);inadditionlat.vitilgf.`skinrash'.
comparative*u i tero- :OldIndianvtara-`furtherfhrend',vitarm`further,further',av.vtarm
`seitwrts',vtara-`theweitere,sptere',ira(i.e.vira)Adv.`particularly,specially,especially,
particular:inparticular,peculiarly,separately,extra,notably,apart,separated',got.wiraAdv.and
prepositionm.Akk.`gegen,wider,comparedwith,vor',aisl.virAdv.andprepositionm.Dat.Akk.
`gegen,wider,with,by'(alsoviafterPaarenasnorr:nor),ags.wiAdv.andprepositionm.Gen.
Dat.Akk.`gegen,comparedwith,wider,along,with',wier-incompounds,ahd.widarAdv.`gegen,
back,against',prepositionm.Dat.Akk.`gegen,comparedwith,wider';lat.perhapsinvtricus
`Stiefvater',originally`thezweite',or`theentferntereVater'(butahd.entrig,dasantheeinzigen
Stelle,whereesvorkommt(11.Jh.),`transtiberinus'bersetzt,wirdrathertoenont`beyond'belong);
OldChurchSlavicvtoràlter,secundus'(from*vtor).
References:
References:WP.I312f.,WH.II80,808,Vasmer1,192f.,237,Trautmann362f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1175-1176
Root/lemma: u - 2 ,u o i- (*su - )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Gr.,ion.f.`shout,call,scream'(F:),,ÀusruftheFreudeorofSchmerzes',
hom.(F)epithettheArgiver(`');epithetofApollo(denmanwith
anrief),henceperhapsF,IÌonier'as`VerehrerofApollo';or-Rufer(Schwyzer
Gr.Gr.1,80);ags.w(besidesweg,wei,w)`weh,oh';duetoeines*u-to-`jubelnd'herelit.vyturs
`Lerche'andprobablylat.vtulor`jubilate,cheer,stimmeeinenSieges-orLobgesangan,becheerful';
aruss.viskati`neigh',visnti`muttire',russ.dial.viat,poln.wiska,wiszcze`loudwhistle';russ.
vizg`Gewinsel',vizt`whimper'.
References:
References:WP.I312,527,WH.II807,HolthausenAe.etym.Wb.392,Vasmer1,199.
Page(s):
Page(s):1176
Root/lemma: u r o-s (*su r o- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:man;warrior
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Mann',actually`theKrftige'
Material:
Material:With:OldIndianvr-,av.vra-`man,Held',umbr.Akk.Pl.n.u(e)iro`mancipia',volsk.Abl.
Sg.couehriu`*coviri,contine',lit.vras,lett.wrs,OldPrussianwijrs`man';skyth.`'
(Herod.4,110),moreproperly-=vro-;OldIndianvirap-from*vra-pv-a-(:av.pasuvra)
`peopleandVieh',compareumbr.ueiropequods.
With :lat.vir`man',inthelterenlanguagealsodaseinzigewordfor`husband',whereforevirg
`mannhaftevirgin,Heldin',virtus`Mannhaftigkeit,skillfulness,Tugend',air.fer`man',cymr.etc.gwr,
Pl.gwyr(towelchemtheSg.gwranalogicaldazugebildetis),got.war,aisl.verr,ahd.as.ags.wer
`man',toch.Awir`young';nhd.Werwolf;probablytolat.vs`power'etc.,*uei-àufetwaslosgehen',
s.d.
References:
References:WP.I314f.,WH.II796f.,Trautmann360,W.SchulzeKl.Schr.398,Untermann,IF.
62,127.
Page(s):
Page(s):1177-1178
Root/lemma: u l ek- ,u l k - (*su l ek- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:toshine;fiery
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`leuchten,feurig'
Note:
Root/lemma:se- :
:`reflexivepronoun'+lek`shape,apparition'.
Material:
Material:OldIndianulk,ulku`meteor',perhapstogr.F(whetherHes.);
incredible`gleaming,sun',`mixtureofgoldandsilver,amber';toch.ABlek`shape,
apparition'.
References:
References:WP.I321,J.B.HofmannEtymol.gr.Wb.106,Frisk629,Mayrhofer1,112.
Page(s):
Page(s):1178
Root/lemma: u l k -os (*kwel- k u (n))
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wolf
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wolf'
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u l k -os :
:`wolf'derivedfromanextentionofRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:u l ek- ,u l k - :
:`toshine;
fiery'[similarityofsparkingbeastlyeyesinthedark]
Material:
Material:OldIndianvka-m.`wolf',vrk`Wlfin',vrkti-èinWlfischer',vrky-`mad,wicked,evil,
mordlustig';av.vhrka-`wolf(geneuertes=renamed,haschangedFem.vhrka);gr.
(geneuertes=renamed,haschangedFem.);lat.lupus(sabin.Lw.);got.wulfs,aisl.ulfr,
ags.as.wulf,ahd.wolf`wolf',fem.ahd.wulpa,mhd.wlpe,aisl.ylgr(from*wulgis,idg.*ulk);lit.
vilkas,lett.vlks,OldPrussianwilkis,OldChurchSlavicvlkds.;fem.lit.vlk,slav.vli-cainserb.
vica,russ.volca;
withdoublezerograde():alb.ulk`wolf',ligur.MNUlkos,illyr.PNUlcudius,Ulcirusmons,PN
,pannon.Ulcisiacastra;abrit.PNUlcagnus,urir.(Ogam)Gen.Ulccagni=air.PNOlcn,
alsoalsoair.olc,Gen.uilc`mad,wicked,evil',asSubst.m.`Missetter',n.èvil,harm,bel'(see307,
310);comparealsodenpon.MN,theaufoldLabiovelarhinweisencould;
Szemernyi(KZ.71,199ff.)receivesillyr.ulk-from*uulk-,idg.*ulk-an;thenkelt.ulko-mustbe
lookedasillyr.Lw.;conspicuousislat.PNVlp(ius)Lupio(CIR130);
Note:
Alb.(*ulk)ulku`wolf'[theshiftk>ku)[conservativedefinitiveformsversusindefiniteforms(alb.
phonetictrait)];alsoalb.(*ulcagnus)ulkonj`she-wolf':abrit.PNUlcagnuscommonalb.-kn->-nj-
phoneticmutation:Swedishvarghona,varginna,vargbna,varghona,varginna,vargbna`Wlfin'.
possiblewrealso,dalat.lupusandgerm.*wulfazwithidg.ptoOldIndianlopa-m.`jackal,fox',
av.raopi-,mpers.ropasetc.belongs,ormindestensfromaderartigenWurzelbeeinflutis(seeabove
S.690,wherealsoGall.PN,abrit.Gen.Lovernii,cymr.llywarn,acorn.louuern,nbret.
louarn`fox',idg.*louperno-shinzufgenis).
References:
References:WP.I316f.,WH.II836f.,Trautmann359,Vasmer1,218,223f.;variousdistorted
taboo;denLabiovelarleugnetW.WissmanninD.Wb.14,2,1242.
Page(s):
Page(s):1178-1179
Root/lemma: u l p - ,lup- (*su i lk- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:akindofcarnivore(fox,wolf)
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:inRaubtierbezeichnungen,especiallyfromdemHundegeschlecht(Fuchs,
Schakal,Wolf)
Note:
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:u l p - ,lup- (*su i lk- )::àkindofcarnivore(fox,wolf)'derivedfromRoot/lemma:
Root/lemma:
u l k -os (*su i lek-os )::`wolf'[commonlat.k->p-phoneticmutation].
Note:
Note:older -stem
Material:
Material:Av.urupi-sm.(*lupis)`dog',raopis`fox,jackal',mpers.rps,npers.rbh`fox'=Old
Indianlop-m.`jackal,fox';
Maybealb.lop`cow,(hugeconsuminganimal;coweatenbywolves)',llup`devour',llap`tongue':
Lith.lapenti`toswallowfood'.
arm.alusGen.-esu`fox';
Maybezerogradeinpoln.(*lues)lis`fox'.
gr.f.,shortform;
lat.volps`fox',possiblyalsolupus`wolf';
lit.lp(*ulop),lett.lapsa(syncopatedfromlapesaidg.*ulopek);comparelit.vilpis`wildcat',it
wouldbeplacednearmpers.gurpaknpers.gurba`housecat,domesticcat',fromiran.*urpa-,idg.
*ulpos;itconcernscertainlyvarioustabooadjustments.
References:
References:WP.I316f.,WH.I836f.,II830,Frisk83,Trautmann149,SpechtIdg.Dekl.36,Lidn
KZ.56,212ff.
Page(s):
Page(s):1179
Root/lemma: u o bhs (*gu o bhs )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wasp
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wespe'
Material:
Material:Av.vawaka-`scorpion',butiran.*vawa-`wasp'inmpers.vaz`wasp',Baluchigwabz
`bee,wasp';
Maybenasalizedalb.(*guobhs)*glsa,grenza`wasp':acorn.guhi-engl.`wasp',mcymr.gw(y)chi,
abr.guohi:Swedishgetting`wasp':Baluchigwabz`bee,wasp';[commonalb.gh->gl->gj-:lith.
gh->dz-phoneticmutation].
lat.vespaf.`wasp'(from*vops);
acorn.guhi-engl.`wasp',mcymr.gw(y)chi,abr.guohigl.fucos(*uops-),fromwhichborrowedair.
foichgl.`wasp'(also`caterpillar,cankerworm'),nir.fotlachandpuith`wasp',outofitspoch`fierce
attack'(O'RahillySc.G.stem3,63);
maybealb.(*spoch)shponj`pierce,sting(ofawasp)'.
ags.wfs,wps,wsp`wasp',ahd.wefsa,wafsa,waspa,bair.webes,thr.weps-chenand
wewetz-chen,dieaufgerm.*wabi-sand*wabi-tweisen;
lit.vapsv`wasp',OldPrussianwobseds.;
ChurchSlavicosa,klr.os(from*vops,baltoslav.*uaps).
References:
References:WP.I257f.,WH.II770,Trautmann342,Vasmer2,280,SpechtIdg.Dekl.45f.,
SzemernyiArch.Lingunder4,52.
Seealso:
Seealso:distincttou e bh- `toweave'.
Page(s):
Page(s):1179
Root/lemma: u o ghni-s ,u o ghnes- (*su o ghnes- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ploughshare
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Pflugschar'
Material:
Material:Gr.,Hes.(inadditionprobablyalso.
Hes.)=OldPrussianwagnis`Pflugmesser';ahd.waganso,nhd.bair.derWagensun,aisl.
vangsni`plowshare';butlat.vmis,-eris(Nom.thereafteralsovmer)`plowshare'fromuogh-smis;
unclearisgr.,f.`plowshare'(compareBrugmannII21,288);
ahd.weggi,weckim.`wedge'(and`keilfrmigerWecken'),ags.wecg,aisl.veggr`wedge'=lit.vgis
`wedge=spigot,hammer,nail',lett.vadzis`wedge',OldPrussianwagnis`Sech(partofPfluges)'.
References:
References:WP.I315f.,WH.II835,Trautmann337;afterWackernagelKZ.61,206ff.as`spitzer,
bohrenderobject'toOldpers.ud-avajamÌstachfrom'(rootuegh-).
Page(s):
Page(s):1179-1180
Root/lemma: u o kso- (*su o kso- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:wax
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wachs'
Material:
Material:Ahd.as.wahs,ags.weax,aisl.vaxn.`Wachs';lit.vkas,lett.vasksds.;russ.-Church
Slavic(etc.)voskds.;to*ueg-`toweave',asahd.waba`honeycomb'to*uebh-`toweave',s.
Trnquist,StudiaNeophilol.17,99f.
References:
References:WP.I315,Trautmann343,Vasmer1,231.
Page(s):
Page(s):1180
Root/lemma: u o rtoko- (*su o rtoko- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:quail
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Wachtel'
Material:
Material:OldIndianvartaka-m.,vrtikf.`Wachtel';gr.,-,byGramm.also-and
with--,byHes.,i.e.F`Wachtel',dessenendingafter,,-,,-
(and,-)transfiguredis;ion.`Delos'(`Wachtelinsel').
References:
References:WP.I316.
Page(s):
Page(s):1180
Root/lemma: u ro- ,- (*su ro- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:deceit;madness
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Schwindel,Wahnsinn'
Material:
Material:Gr.`senseless,unconsciousbecome,erblassen'belongstoastem-;
independenttherefromalts.wrigèntkrftet,tired,faint,languid',ags.wrig,engl.weary`tired',ahd.
wuorag`berauscht';diek-derivativelacksinaisl.rarf.Pl.`Betubtsein',rr(*urio-)`geistesgestrt,
baffle,furious'andags.wrian`wander,waver,zerfallen';aboutgr.,`sleep'seeabove
S.72.
References:
References:WP.I316;
Seealso:
Seealso:perhapstouer-3aboveS.1152(Frisk,Eranos43,229f.).
Page(s):
Page(s):1180
Root/lemma: u r h-1 :u r h- (*su r h- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:thorn,spike
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Dorn,Spitze,stechenderPflanzenstengel'
Material:
Material:Att.(),ion.f.`dornigesReis,briar,thornhedge'(Hes.
with-asverbalismfromF,seealsounderuer-gh-`turn');`backbone,spine,mountainridge',
`(rupturedasbackbone,spine,henceallg.:)zerhaue,zerstcke';
mir.fracc(withgg)`needle';lit.ras`dryReis,Stoppel,Besenstumpf,Gabelzinke',ras`tine',triris`dreizinkig'.
References:
References:WP.I318.
Page(s):
Page(s):1180
Root/lemma: u r h-2 :u r h- (*su r h- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tohit,push
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Att.(:,),ion.`hit,stamp';intr.`strzeviolent,dringe
heran',att.()àbschssig',alsom.`Wassersturz,Fallgatter,einWasservogel';att.,
ion.`Meeresbrandung,flood;umbrandeteplace';
butOldChurchSlavicu-raziti`percutere',russ.raz`meal',ech.rz`blow,knock'etc.belong
probablyratherto*ur-.
References:
References:WP.I318f.,Vasmer2,484.
Page(s):
Page(s):1181
Root/lemma: u r eg- (andu e rg- )(*su e rg- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:topush,drag,drive
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`stoen,drngen,puffen,treiben,feindseligverfolgen'
Material:
Material:OldIndianperhapsvrjati`schreitet,goes',pra-vrjyati`ltwandern,verbannt',parvrj`Verstoener';PerssonBeitr.501seeksagainstitinihneneinwith*uer-g-`turn'(see1154)
nchstverwandtes*ureg-,basicmeaning`sichdrehendbewegen';
lat.urge(besidesearly,butunursprnglichurgue),-reùrge,press,push,beset,press'(*urgeior
*urgei);
got.wrikan`pursue',aisl.reka`drive,push,hunt,chase,pursue,throw,verwerfen',ags.wrecan
ùrge,press,push,drive,push,rchen'(and`vorwrtsschreiten',seeabove),afries.wreka`drive,
push,rchen',as.wrecan`rchen,punish,curse',ahd.rehhands.,wrehèxul',got.wraks`Verfolger',
wrakjan`pursue',ags.wracu`revenge,vengeance,punishment,woefulness',wrcn.`Verbannung,
woefulness',wrecc(e)anàufmuntern,antreiben,waken,arouse,revive',wreccaèinVerbannter,
Elender,foreigner,stranger',as.wrekkio,ahd.(w)reck(e)o`landesflchtigerHeld',nhd.(neufrom
demMhd.aufgenommen)Recke;ags.wrc`Verbannung,woefulness',norw.rakùmhertreibender
object,debrisorkelp'(hencemnd.Wrak`Wrack'),withealsoisl.rekàufdemWassertreibender
object';lengthenedgradegot.wrkei`Verfolgung',afries.wrke,as.wrka`punishment,revenge,
vengeance',ahd.rhha`revenge,vengeance',aisl.rc`Verfolgung',rkr`verwerflich',rkja(:Old
Indianvrjyati)`verwerfen,vertreiben'=afries.wrka,ags.wrcan`drive,push,urge,press,push';
bsl.*uerg-incompatiblemeaning:lit.vrgas,lett.vrgs`slave';ablaut.lit.vargas`need,woefulness',
vargti`needleiden',OldPrussianwarganAkk.Sg.m.`bel,affliction,danger',lit.vargs`heavy,
beschwerlich,woeful,wretched,miserable',lett.vrgs`woeful,wretched,miserable,siech',Old
Prussianwargsèvil,bad';OldChurchSlavicvrag`fiend',poln.wrog`bel,evil,harm;theBse,
devil;Verhngnis';
yetarediebsl.wordsalsowithgerm.warga-(seeS.1154under*uerh-,*uer-`turn')compatible.
References:
References:WP.I319f.,WH.II839f.,Trautmann342,Vasmer1,228.
Page(s):
Page(s):1181
Root/lemma: u r eik- ,u e reik- (*su e reik- )
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Heidekraut'
Seealso:
Seealso:seeaboveS.1155underuerh-.
Page(s):
Page(s):1182
Root/lemma: u r ek- (*su e reik- )
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`reden,rufen'
References:
References:WP.I318,II343,362,Trautmann243,Vasmer2,508f.
Seealso:
Seealso:s.oberunderuer-6.
Page(s):
Page(s):1182
Root/lemma: u r en- (*su e ren- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosprinkle
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`bespritzen,besprengen'
Material:
Material:Gr.(*urni)`bespritze,besprenge(withwaterordust,powder)',,-f.`drip';
with-dh-extensionf.`drip,Staubkrnchen'(*urndh-),`besprenge,streuefrom';
secondary--in,,Perf.Pass.andAor.to;couldindeed
alsotoOldChurchSlavicizroniti(aboveS.329)belong;
aboutas.ahd.wrennio,as.wrnio,ahd.reineo,rein(n)o`stallion'(toags.wrne,as.wrnisc`horny,
lustful',norw.vrna`cry,neigh')seeaboveS.81andunderuer-3respectivelyurei-;
afterSzemernyi(KZ.73,74)herehitt.hurnai-`sprinkle'(*urn-),furtherperhapstoidg.auer-above
S.80f.
References:
References:WP.I277,320,SpechtIdg.Dekl.156.
Page(s):
Page(s):1182
Root/lemma:
Root/lemma:(u r eth- :)u r oth- oru r ath- (*su e reth- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:tosupport
Germanmeaning:
Material:
Material:Ags.wrauf.`pad',wreian`prop,support',as.wreian`prop,support',giwreianèine
padbuild'becomefromTrautmannKZ.42,331withav.urvaa-`befreundet;friend'connected;yetis
dafreinebasicmeaningàufdenmansichprop,support,abandonkann'nottosichern.
References:
References:WP.I320.
Page(s):
Page(s):1183
Root/lemma: u r - ,u r - ,u r - (*su r - )
Englishmeaning:
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`brechen'
Material:
Material:Arm.ergic-ucanem(*ur-)`';gr.(and)`break'(Aor.Pass.
,Perf.,herakl.),,lesb.Ff.`dasDurchbrechen,Reien',zero
gradeion.`crack,col,gap',Adv.`violent',Adj.ds.;,-f.`crack,col,
gap,Ritze',,,,(*)ds.,`zerfetzt',,-m.
`Wogenbruch,surf,surge,breakers';
baltoslav.*ri`cut,bite':lit.riu,rti`cut,clip,ritzen,rend,notch,furchen'(alsorau,ryti;in
additionrism.ìncision,Ritze,Ackerstreifen');inadditionlit.riau,riyti`mehrfachritzen,cut,
clip',lett.razef.`schneidenderpain,distress';
maybealb.rrzoj`ruin,destroy'
OldChurchSlavicr,rzati`',aruss.ru,rzati`cut,clip,schlachten';inadditionslav.
*rzntiinpoln.rzn`cut,clip,carve,schlachten';
baltoslav.*ra-m.`cut'inlit.rs,atram.Pl.`Schnitzel',russ.rz`cut,incisure';
ablaut.baltoslav.*ra-m.`cut,line'inlit.roas`line,stripe,cut',lett.ruza`stripe,meadow,row,
lowland,depression,gorge,ravine,gulch';
protoslav..*raz`cut,Hieb'inech.rz`blow,knock,Hieb,Mal',russ.raz`Mal',andOldChurch
Slavicobraz`,',russ.braz`Bild';russ.razt`hit'etc.,OldChurchSlavicuraziti
`durchbohren';
comparealb.rrah`hit,zerstoe'(from*rradh),rras`drngetogether,trete',Aor.rashe.
References:
References:WP.I319,Vasmer2,484,485,505,Trautmann245f.;
Seealso:
Seealso:compareaboveurh-2.
Page(s):
Page(s):1181-1182
Root/lemma: u r ughi o - (*su r ughi o - )

Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:rye
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Roggen'
Material:
Material:Thrak.(*urughi)Èmmerkorn,Roggen';
aisl.rugrm.`Roggen',aschwed.rogher,ags.rygem.(*rugi-),besidesafr.rogga,as.roggo,ahd.
rocko(withGeminierung);inadditionthegerm.VNlat.Rugii,aisl.Rygir(inRoga-land),ags.Pl.Ryge,
Rugas,perhapsalsoRgen;ags.rygen`fromRoggen',mhd.ruggin,rckin;
lit.rugs,lett.rudzis`Roggenkorn',Pl.lit.rugia,lett.rudzi`Roggen';lit.rugien`Roggenacker',
rugnis`fromRoggen';
aruss.r,serb.r,russ.rof.`Roggen';serb.ran,ech.ren(fromslav.*rn)besides
russ.-ChurchSlavicran,russ.ranj`fromRoggen';bulg.bricaàkindofSommergetreide'
derivesfromdemThrak.
References:
References:WP.II374f.,Trautmann246,Vasmer2,529,JacobsohnArier133ff.,wherealso
abouturalischeequivalent(probablyidg.Lw.).
Page(s):
Page(s):1183
Root/lemma: u e ren- (*su e ren- )
Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:ram,sheep,lamb
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:`Widder,Schaf,Lamb'
Material:
Material:OldIndian*uran-(from*vuran-),Akk.*uraam,Nom.ur,fromwhichuraa-m.`lamb,
aries,ram',urf.`sheep',inadditionurabhra-m.àries,ram'for*ura-bha-(asvrabha-tovran-);
comparenpers.barra(*varnak)`lamb';pehl.varakàries,ram';iran.vrnjar-,vr-na`Lmmerschlger'(HumbachDLZ.78,299f.);
arm.gan,Gen.gain`lamb';
gr.hom.(F),Gen.`lamb',kret.F;alsointsakon.vanna,fromlakon.F`lamb',
inaddition-Finhom.`schafreich',outofitlate),withablaut.àries,ram',
whethernotratherfrom*(*-F)to`virile'(aboveS.336);
derivative*urnn-inlat.(asgerm.Lw.)rno`Tierfellasclothing,Pelz';
unclearasderivativelat.vervx,-cis(-x,-cis)`Hammel';unclearisalsodasrelationshiptodenauf
*eruo(s)-`wool'rckfhrbarengr.wordsn.`Wollflie',derived,att.`wool',att.
,`schnwollig',ol.-àries,ram'(`whereuponWolleis'),ion.,att.
`fromwool';anlautendesFlsstsichnotnachweisen.
References:
References:WP.I269f.,WH.II429,SpechtIdg.Dekl.33f.,Frisk137f.,468f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1170
Root/lemma: d Englishmeaning:
Englishmeaning:upwards;away
Germanmeaning:
Germanmeaning:èmpor,hinauf',sekundralso`hinaus'
Note:
Note:besides d -s (comparelat.ab:absunderlikewise)
Material:
Material:1.OldIndiand-,t-èmpor,out'preverb;av.us-,uz-(*uds-)ds.,ap.us-ds.(ud-inudapatatèrlehntesichauf,fielab'isprobably*uz-);
gr.-in-(seebelowger-`heavy'),`Stachelschwein',`Startseil',kypr.-
Àufgeld'(att.`')andinthisMundartgenerallyzumErsatzefromgeworden:adnominal
withLok.e.g.-`x';eine(angot.iupabesides*upogemahnende)fullgradeprobablyin
kypr..and(`Trichter')Hes.;(becauseof
,seeunderudero-`belly');
lat.s-queìnafort,ununterbrochenfrom-herorbis-toward';
air.preverbuss-,oss-couldalsoauf*uds-goback;seeunderupo;
got.tAdv.òut,heraus',ahd.z,nhd.from,as.ags.tds.,wgerm.alsoprepositionbeim`dative'
Abl.(inadditiongot.ta,aisl.ti,ags.te,ahd.zeàuen,outside';got.tana,ahd.zanaetc.,nhd.
auen;aisl.tar,ags.ter,as.tar,ahd.zar`besides',partlyasprepositionbeim`dative'andAkk.;
ahd.zero,zaro,ags.terra`theouter');intrinsicauf*udsvorvoicedVerschlulautenbasedon
germ.*uz-`from,from-heraus,from-vor,vor-weg'ingot.us(uz-;vorr:ur-)prefixandpreposition
`from,from'(Dat.=Abl.),alsoaisl.rpreposition,asprefixr-,or-,r-,ags.or-,as.ur-,or-prefix,
ahd.ur,ar,irpreposition`from,from'(vorzzurckweichend),ur-,ir-,ar-,er-prefix,nhd.r-,er-(e.g.
Urlaub,erlauben);mnd.(t)bten`(from)tauschen,erbeutenfrom*bitian,compareaisl.ta
`darreichen';
lit.u-àuf-,hinauf-,to-'prefix(themeaninghalberprobablytodividefromupreposition`behind,
for',s.*hS.451f.;Trautmann,Bsl.Wb.336hltantheEinheitfest,alsofordieconsecutive
forms),lett.uz,zprefixandprepositionàuf'(inadditionalsoOldPrussianunsei`hinauf,auf');
aksl:vz-(vs-)prefix,vz()prepositioninthemeaning`hinaufanetwas'(Akk.);
2.Kompar.OldIndianttara-`thehhere,obere,sptere,hintere'=gr.`thesptere';Sup.
OldIndianuttam-`hchster,oberster,best',av.ustma-ùerster,last',gr.`last,
sptester'(fur*);aboutOldIndianucca-`high'(*ud-ke),ucc,av.usaAdv.àbove;after
above's.Wackernagel-DebrunnerII,2,545f.
References:
References:WP.I189f.,WH.II344,SchwyzerGr.Gr.2,517f.,Vasmer1,214.238f.,242,
Mayrhofer1,99,101f.
Page(s):
Page(s):1103-1104
END

Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (J. Pokorny)

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Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (J. Pokorny)

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Indo-EuropeanEtymologicalDictionaryIndogermanischesEtymologisches

Root/lemma: abhro- (*hebhro- )

lemma: au ( e)-9, au e d-, au e r-:

Root/lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)

labiovelars:ak er-, ok er-whosezerogradeproducedalb.(*kerna),gurr`stream'[commonalb.

anhos-, anhes `oppression,affliction,crowdedness':OldIndianhas-n.`Fear,distress,need'

t-formations:r t -, art- `jointtogether'.

Aheavybase*au - , *au - probablytobeaddedhom.(fromSchulzeQunderep.72

e.au - et- ingr.Hes.,Et.M.,(contractedfrom)`vapour,

a.u- , u-: OldIndianvti,av.viti`blows',gr.ds.,kypr.(readwithfrom*dj-)Hes.

b.au -d-: ahd.wzan,wiaz,mhd.wzen`blow,exhale,inflate',wz`gustofwind',lit.vdnti

c.u -lo- perhapsinlat.vltus`scattered,dissipated,fanaway,winnowthoroughly',whence

4.extensionu e r-s- `rain,dew':OldIndianvar-n.`rain,rainyseason,year'(varati`itisraining'),

dh -extension1.au-dh- , 2.(a)u - d h- , u-dh-:

Root/lemma: b el-, b l-, abe lEnglishmeaning:

balbal- (babal-,bambal- ,fromwhichbamb-,balb-underlikewise):

bhr s ti-, bho rstiOldIndianbhrf.`prong,spike,cusp,peak,edge,point'=germ.*bursti-inaisl.burstf.`bristle,

bhr e zdh-,bhr o zdhMir.brataim`loots,robs'(inadditionbratn`salmon')=cymr.brathu`sting,bite,drillthrough';

bhl - (bh e l - )inaschwed.bulin,bolin`swollen',bulde,bolde,byld`hump,ulcer';aisl.bulr,bolrm.`tree

bhl- , mostlybhl - in:lat.fls,-rism.`aflower,blossom.Transf.,theprime,flowerofanything,the

extensionsofps(i)- , ps/i/- , ps(i)- , ps- inOldIndianpsti`consumes',gr.,`rub',

p- extensiondp- , dp- ; dp-no- , -ni- `sacrificialmeal':

Root/lemma: deik Englishmeaning:

u - extension:dei e u- (:di u- , diu - , di u - )`bright,divinereveredskyandbrightday:

es- stemdiu e s- presumedfromOldIndiandivas`day',formaltodak.`commonmullein,

en- stem*deien- (thematicdeino- , dino- )onlyinthemeaning`day':

r- extensiondi-ro- , d-ro- in:

dek e mo-s inOldIndiandaam-,av.dasma-,osset.dsm;lat.decimus,therefromdecumnus

dek m - to-s ingr.(seealsoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I595);got.tahunda,anord.tunda,ahd.

lemma: hesor-1 ,hesr- :

dreu- (partlywithaszerograde,probablybecauseof*dreux-),FlN(participle)dr(o)u(u ) ent/i :

d(e)r- (:*deri- )onlybarelycovered(seeesp.PerssonBeitr.779f.):

Note:commonillyr.-balt.h- > d-phoneticmutationhence-g-from-d-iswrongetymology.

edont-, dont-, dn t -`tooth',probablypreviousparticiplepresent

Root/lemma: ei-4 :oiEnglishmeaning:

i - ini ro-: i ro-: i ro-`year,summer':

ni-, nei- `low,base',comparativenitero- `low'(incontrastto`upper'):

enter, n t er `between-in',en-tero- `inward':

Root/lemma: enq- ,onq- (*hok

b.extensionered - (d-present):s.ered- `deliquesce',OldIndianrdati,rdti`flowsetc.`,also

d.basiserei- ; andrei- :r- ; roi o -s , r-ti- `flux'.

e.basisereu- ; er-nu- `contest',or-u o - `hasty'.

geleb ( h )-,glb ( h )-(:glb ( h )-)andgleb ( h )-(::gl b ( h )-)`conglobate'.

Root/lemma: gel-2 andgelEnglishmeaning:

inidg.-- (not--g )pointatbalt.*greni`turn,twist,rotate'inlit.gri,grti`turn,twist,rotate,drill,

c.ger-d , gr-ed- , nasalizedgrend-:

d.grep- org(e)rp- (compareaboveS.387*gerb-)inmnd.krappe`hook,claw,talon';

g - t- , geu-t- ; aboutgu - et- seedistinctivearticle;gut-r `throat'.

f.Withr-suffixes;geu-ro-s,gou-ro-s , g-ro-s , gur-no-s.

u-extensionsghn u - , ghneudh- , ghneus-:

Root/lemma: gher-3 ,ghr- :ghr- :ghrEnglishmeaning:

Root/lemma: ghrebh-1 ,gherbh- ;rootwideningghrebhEnglishmeaning:

Root/lemma: gol-1 ,lengthenedgradegl- ,reduktionsst.g o lEnglishmeaning:

Root/lemma: grb(h)o-s :grb(h)o-s

Root/lemma: embh- ,m b hEnglishmeaning:

enu-1 <neu- incentumlanguagesaslat.-illyr.preferredtheorderconsonant+vowel.

hleu- andhlu-: hl- perhapsingr.(F),`grngelbeorhellgrnepaint,color',

rootextensionheres-, hres-, hers-:

lemma: hesor-1 ,hesr- :

ghr - ns-o- (duetoanes-stemghre-nes-):

dh -extensiong[u]dh- , g[u]dh- , gdh-.

s -stemi ( u)s- , i s- `broth':

lemma: (s)k p -2 ,(s)k p - and(s)k p - ;(s)k b (h)- ,skob(h)- andsk b (h)- :

Aheavybaseau - , au - probablytobeaddedhom.(fromSchulzeQunderep.72

u r enk- :u r onk- ingerman.uranh,aisl.vrf.`angle,point,edge'(uronh)=schott.-gl.frgf.