Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr in. Piotr Szulc Wrocaw University of Technlogy Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering 2010
1. The principles and basic concepts, fundamentals of vector account 2. Flat balance of forces - definitions, principles of reduction conditions of equilibrium, torque 3. Beams statically determinable - solving using analytical and graphical string polygon 4. Trusses flat statically determinable 5. Sliding and rolling friction 6. Static moment - measures weight solids and plane figures
1
Literature
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. TAYLOR J., Classical mechanics, University Science Books, 2005 SCHECK F., Mechanics - From Newtons Laws to Deterministic Chaos, Springer, 2003 SINGH U.K., DWIVEDI M., Problems and solutions in mechanical engineering, New Age International, 2007 AMBROSE J., Simplified mechanics and strength of materials, New York , John Wiley & Sons, 2002. MISIAK J., Mechanika Oglna, WNT, Warszawa 1998 . NIZGODZISKI M., NIEZGODZISKI T., Mechanika oglna, PWN, Warszawa 1998.
Division of mechanics
MECHANICS
SOLID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
GENERAL MECHANICS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
STATICS
DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
Newton's laws
I. Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform rectilinear motion, except if it is compelled by forces acting on it to change that state. The principle of inertia II. The change of motion is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the straight line along which that force acts. III. To every action there is always an equal and contrary reaction; or, the mutual actions of any two bodies are always equal and oppositely directed along the same straight line.
Newton's laws
The principle of superposition
If a material point of mass m runs at the same time several forces, each of which operates independently, and together they act as though there is only one force vector equals the vector sum of forces
r r dp F= dt
F =k
mM R2
k gravitational constant
Basic concepts
Basic concepts
Basic concepts
Material point A body size vanishingly small compared with the size of the areas in which it moves. It is thus endowed with a certain geometric point mass Space, m
Mass, kg Force, N
Perfectly rigid body (indeformable), it is the body which points do not change within the forces Internal External Surface Mass Active Reactive
Basic concepts
System of material points It arises from the breakdown of the body in the infinitely growing number of material points forming a continuum material.
r r F1 and F2
r R
r F2
r R
Mechanical System It is the set of material points or body having the property that the position and movement of each element depends on the position and movement of other elements of the system
r F1
whose numerical value is :
r r rr R = F1 + F2 + 2 F1 F2 cos
r r F1 = F2
F1 = F2
r F1 r F2
r F1
r F2
r F2
Principle of statics
Principle of operation and prevent Each activity is accompanied by equal in amount to the opposite return and lying on the same line counter
Principle of statics
Degree of freedom The possibility of making the body motion is independent of other movements Material point Has two at the level, three in the space degree of freedom Perfectly rigid body Has three at the level, six in the space degree of freedom
The principle of liberation from the constraints of any body can liberate from the bonds, replacing them with performance feedback, and then considering a free body, which is under the action of passive and active forces (reaction ties)
Principle of statics
Bonds conditions restricting the movement of the body in space
r r R = Ry
r Ry
Physical quantities
Scalar Vector
r R
r Rx
r r r r a = ( ax , a y , az )
r a = ( Bx Ax , By Ay , Bz Az )
- temperature, C
r N2
r r uuu a = AB
- velocity, m/s - aceleration, m/s2 - force, N
r N1
r Ry
r Mu
r r r r a = ax i + a y j + az
2 a = ax + a 2 + a z2 y
r R
r Rx
r G
Types of vectors
Related to point
r a
r ay
r G
Wersor
r ax
r a0
Directional cosines
cos = ax a
cos = ay a
cos = az a
r a 0 = a0 = 1
r a
Operations on vectors
Addition Subtraction Scalar multiplication
Systems of forces
The collection of any number of forces simultaneously acting on the body called the arrangement of force Systems of forces are divided into: Flat layouts Spatial layouts Flat systems are divided into: Flat converge systems Plane parallel systems Any flat layouts
r r r c = a +b r r r c = a b r r c = d a
Vector multiplication
r r r c = a b r r d = a ob
r F1
r F3
r R
r F2
r F3
r R
r F2
r F1
r r r r R = F1 + F2 + F3
r F2
r F2
F
r F4
r F2
i =1
ix
=O
r F4
r F1
r r r r F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
F
i =1
iy
=O
r i r r r R = xR Rx
r R
r Rx
i =1
r j yR Ry
r k r r 0 = k ( xR Ry yR Rx ) = M o = 0
n r r = kM o = M io
r r
Mo Rx
Mo Ry
Thence
xR Ry yR Rx = M o
where:
rx = x2 x1
ry = y2 y1
rz = z2 z1
xR y R =1 Mo Mo Ry Rx
r F3
Forces Plan
r F2
r F1
r W
r F3
r W
string polygon
polygon of forces
r F1
r F1
r W =0
r F2
r F2
r F1
r F2
r F1
r F3
r W =0
r F2
r F1
r F2
r RB
r RA
r F1
r F1
r F3
r F2
r RB
r F2
r F1
r RA
r RB
M(N ) = f( )H kl k p N
r RA
r RB
r F1
where: M (N) bending moment in cross-section N f (N) ordinate of the diagram of moments H distance from the pole kl length scale of the plan forces , np. m/cm, kp Scale of a force , np. kN/cm.
ix
=0
r RAx
r RB
Fix = RAx = 0
iy
= RAy F1 + RB = 0
= F1a + RB (a + b) = 0
M
From the above equations shows that:
iA
iy
=0
=0
RAx = 0
RAy = F1
b a+b
RB = F1
a a+b
iA
Flat truss is called the system of rods lying in one plane, joints and connected in nodes.
r RAx
Flat trusses may be self-supporting structure, or be part of a larger structure the spatial grid .
The actual load-bearing structures, such as the regimes maintaining floors of buildings, parts of cranes, etc., the rods are connected at nodes on a permanent basis (riveted, welded, bolted with bolts, etc.), but this does not significantly affect the calculation results .
a) statically determinable
b) statically indeterminate
Equilibrium conditions:
F
a
ix
= RAx + S1 = 0
ix
= R Ax 3F = 0,
Fiy = RAy + S4 = 0
S1 = RAx = 3F , S4 = RAy = 4F
Equilibrium conditions for node D : The flat truss
Fiy = RAy + RB F = 0
iA
= RB a 3Fa = 0
ix
= S3 + S5 cos ( 45 ) = 0,
iy
= F S4 S5 sin ( 45 ) = 0
Reactions :
RAx = 3F
RAy = 4F
RB = 3F
S5 = 3 2F , S3 = 3F
Cremonas plan forces is a diagram of a method involving the construction of polygon of forces for each node, starting from the node where the two rods are connected.
RAx = 3F
RAy = 4F
RB = 3F
Friction phenomenon of the emergence of forces tangential to the contact surface of two bodies.
Equilibrium conditions:
These are resistance forces. They prevent movement, which would made if there were no friction. They are therefore passive forces .
S1 = 3F
S5 = 3 2F
ix
= S3 + RAx + S1 + S5 cos(45) = 0,
F M
iy
iD
= RAy F S5 sin(45) = 0
= S1 RAx = 0
S3 = 3F
Coulomb's Experience
ix
= F T = 0
From that
F
N=G
iy
= N G = 0
P=T
St at ic
fri c
tio
Friction laws
1. The friction force is independent of surface area in contact with each other bodies and depends only on its type .
2. The size of the frictional forces of the body that is at rest can vary from zero to the limit, proportional to the total normal pressure. 3. When the body slides on a surface, friction force is always directed opposite to the direction of motion and is less than the limit value.
T N
where - coefficient of friction (static), depending on the type of friction material of the bodies, the values of the roughness and the surface (dry, wet, cold hot).
Boundary friction
If the friction force reaches its limit value, ie the friction is fully developed, the above formula should be an equal sign
Tg = N
The direction of friction force T, acting on a body found at rest, is opposite to the direction of movement, which arose that if the friction was not .
T ' = 'N
where - coefficient of sliding friction (kinetic), which depends on the relative speed of the body, according to the curve shown in Figure
Rolling friction
Equilibrium conditions
Rolling friction
F
F
ix
= F T = 0
= N G = 0
i0
Rolling friction or rolling resistance is formed by shunting a cylinder with a weight of G on the horizontal plane.
iy
M
T =F
N =G
= Tr = 0
T 0
N = qdF
Rolling friction
Equilibrium conditions
Friction tension
F F
ix
= F T = 0 = N G = 0
i0
T =F
N =G
d 2
d 2
iy
M
f - rolling friction or rolling friction arm
= Tr Nf = 0
Substituting N = G we get:
d d F = (S + dS )cos + S cos + dT = 0 ix 2 2
f T =G r
F = dN S sin (S + dS )sin =0 iy 2 2
S 2 = S1e
The coordinates of this measure, by definition, we determine the moment of force and allegations about the time of the resultant force .
The value of the y-axis until the resultant force R applied to point C is equal to
My = R xc
Where in the resultant force module of this system is
R = Fi
My = Fxi i
The theorem on the moment of collision there
R xc = Fxi i
yC =
F y F y
i =1 i i
i=n
i=n
i =1 i=n
and hence
xC =
Fi xi
i =1
i =n
Fi xi
i =1 i =n
i=n
F
i =1
zC =
Fz Fz
i =1 i i
i=n
i=n
i =1 i=n
i i
F
i =1
F
i =1
l =
m l
kg m
S =
where: S is the area
m S
kg m2
Static moment
Static moment material point relative to the plane is called the product of the mass of a point by its distance from this plane
m V
kg m3
S = mr
Static moment
Static moment of system of material points plane is the sum of the static moments of all the points of this system, relative to this plane
Static moment
In the rectangular coordinates system of material points is three moments of static models
S yz = mi xi
S = S i = mi ri
S zx = mi yi
S xy = mi zi
Mass measure
For the continuous system equations takes the form :
mx C = xdm
myC = ydm
mz C = zdm
S y = mi xi
or
S x = mi yi
xC =
m x
i
S y = xdm
S x = ydm
yC =
m y
i
zC =
m z
m
i i
xC =
i x i Vi
i =1 i=n
yC =
y V
i =1 i =n i i
i =n
V
i =1 i
xC =
xdV xdV
V
V
i =1 i
dV
V
yC =
ydV ydV
V
dV
V
zC =
z V
i =1 i=n i i
i=n
V
i =1 i
zC =
zdV zdV
V
dV
V