FM 101 FINAL REPORT

Contents

Content name
1- Short history of recording In modern era 2- Studio designing Studio Booth Sound track FM studio MCR (main control room) 3- Radio broadcasting stations AM FM SW (short wave) 4- Transmission medium 5- Transmitter 6- Satellite communications Introduction Basic elements The satellite The ground station Various uses of satellite communication 7- SINPO S (signal strength) I (interference) N (noise) P (propagation) O (overall limit) -

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FM 101 FINAL REPORT

15 days Internship in the month of january, in

GROUP MEMBERS OF INTERNIES

Names
12345Azhar Lodhi Hammna Ashraf Ibad-ur-Rehman Wajahat Ullah Ali Asghar

Roll #
(2011-TE-54) (2011-TE-84) (2011-TE-88) (2011-TE-92) (2011-TE-95)

Remarks by internies

Approved by Azeemullah Hashmi, Engineer Manager.

Remarks by interni co-ordinator(s),

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

HISTORY OF RECORDING
SHORT HISTORY OF RECORDING In old age there is concept of recording, only people listen live. 1st recording is on the stone, after this this is enhanced by on metal wire recording. The first wire recorder was a Valdemar Poulsen Telegraphone of the late 1890s. It is process by the electrical working into mechanical working to produce sound energy to listen by peoples.

A coil of wire(voice coil) is placed (inside the cone) in magnetic field produced by a strong permanent magnet. The signal to converted is applied to the coil, so a magntic field is produced due to electric current in the coil. The coil system and permanent magnetic field interacts, so mechanical motion is produced and it causes the coil to move to&fro and it touches the cone, therby reproducing sound from the electrical signal. A nominal speed of 24 inches per second (610 mm/s). At 50 Hz of electricity. Magnetic tape is of Ferrous oxide FeO2. Making a typical one-hour spool of wire 7,200 feet (approx. 2200 m) long. Old equipments,

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

IN MODERN ERA Now a days in a modern era the technology is vast, now recording is on CDs, DVDs, Computer data base, digital devices, softwares etc.

When computer technology evolved to the state where this digital audio could be
recorded onto a hard disk the system came into its own.

Only when personal computers and networks with central servers became powerful
enough to handle large amounts of audio (and pump it round a large building) did digital audio really come into its own for broadcasting. For more detail on wire recording, Link: http://www.videointerchange.com/wire_recorder1.htm

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

DESIGNING OF STUDIOS
STUDIO DESIGNING Studio designing is an important part of radio station. In studios live and recorded programs are made. There are different studios for different types of program. Commonly a studio consist of three rooms: Studio Sound lock Booth

1. Studio Studio consists of sound proofing system so that echo effect can be neglected. This is called acoustic treatment. It consist of table and chairs and several microphones. There is also a speaker and a light showing that the program is ON AIR or not .People belonging to program sit here. 2. Booth It has all the connections of microphones and speaker of the studio room and are connected to a console. A console is a device which is used to control all the other devices. There is a gramophone, cassette recorder, tape recorder, CD/DVD recorder, computer and etc. These all are also connected with console. Console is also connected with MCR(Master Control room) and with other studios. It is operated by an engineer. 3. Sound lock It works as sound barrier between studio and booth.

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

FM Studio FM studios may have a single room studio in which all the items of a Studio and booth are present. Its operator and programmer is a single person known as RJ. Master Control Room (MCR) All the studios in a radio station are connected to a room called master control room. This room decides which studio should go ON AIR and which do not. It has all the studios input and ouput pins. It works like a communicator between studios. MCR also consist of connections of transmitter and receiver. MCR decides which program should go ON AIR.

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

BROADCASTING SATATIONS
RADIO BROADCASTING STATIONS Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networksto broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio. TV audio transmission frequency is 65 Mhz to 72 Mhz. 1- AM In AM waves are travel with respect to the ground. The power in AM waves is 1kw to 10,000 kw. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude. AM is that its signal can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed. AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz. AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth alloted to FM stations without objectionable interference. It generates audio signal on carrier by grounding the RF and pass by AM audio.

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

2- FM FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz. But Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz band. Russia has two bands, 65.9 to 74 MHz FM stations are much more popular since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this format. Bandwidth of 200 kHz is not needed to accommodate an audio signal 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for 75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency. FM power is 1 kw to 5 kw but coverage area is 60 km to 70 km. FM generates audio signal at pre stage.

3- SW (SHORT WAVE) Shortwave radio is radio communication using the upper MF (medium frequency) and all of the HF (high frequency) portion of the radio spectrum, between 1,80030,000 kHz. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m (1500 kHz) which marked the original upper limit. The amateur radio 1.8 MHz 2.0 MHz band (known as the "top band") is the lowestfrequency band considered to be 'shortwave'. Medium used for short wave is ionize sphere.

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM A transmission medium is a material substance that can propagate energy waves. It is classified by,

Linear medium if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be superposed. Bounded medium if it is finite in extent, otherwise unbounded medium. Uniform medium or homogeneous medium if its physical properties are unchanged at different points. Isotropic medium if its physical properties are the same in different directions.

There is also some bands or layers present that covering the whole world. It is used as a medium for the transmission of waves. The components used to maintain a cooling of the plant of dish or a device that recieve a signals from satellite is LNA Low Noise Amplifer teperature is -200o. LNB Low Noise Boster teperature is -60o. Field strength metre is used to find the power (mw) of signal of RF (radio frequency) signal.

FM 101 FINAL REPORT

TRANSMITTERS

TRANSMITTER A transmitter is a deivce used to a transmit the signal of FM, AM, short wave etc to the channel. Transmitter have requires some stages, 1- FM power 10 watts to 50 watts for exciter. 2- Intermediate power. 3- Power amplifer (vaccume tube used). Output is 1.5 kw to 5 kw. Source of signal
RF AMPLIFIER 1 RF AMPLIFIER 2 Amplified signal Detector Stage

output

449 kHz

In transmitter first HPF (High Pass Filter) is used then LPF (Low Pass Filter).
RF AMPLIFIER 1 RF AMPLIFIER 2

Oscillato r Detector Stage

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FM 101 FINAL REPORT

SATELLITES

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Introduction In 1962, the American telecommunications giant AT&T launched the world's first true communications satellite, called Telstar. Since then, countless communications satellites have been placed into earth orbit, and the technology being applied to them is forever growing in sophistication. Basic Elements Satellite communications are comprised of 2 main components: The Satellite The satellite itself is also known as the space segment, and is composed of three separate units, namely the fuel system, the satellite and telemetry controls, and the transponder. The primary role of a satellite is to reflect electronic signals. In the case of a telecom satellite, the primary task is to receive signals from a ground station and send them down to another ground station located a considerable distance away from the first. The Ground Station This is the earth segment. The ground station's job is two-fold. In the case of an uplink, or transmitting Station, terrestrial data in the form of baseband signals, is passed through a baseband processor, an up converter, a high powered amplifier, and through a parabolic dish antenna up to an orbiting satellite. In the case of a downlink, or receiving station, works in the reverse fashion as the uplink, ultimately converting signals received through the parabolic antenna to base band signal. Various Uses of Satellite Communications Traditional Telecommunications Cellular Satellite Messaging for Commercial Jets

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FM 101 FINAL REPORT

What are the requirements for a satellite to be geostationary? 1. Its revolutionary direction must be same as that of the earth, i.e. from west to east. 2. The time period of satellites revolution must be same to the time period of the rotation of earth along its polar axis, which is equal to 24 hours. 3. The equatorial plane of earth must be coplanar with the orbital plane of the satellites revolution.

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FM 101 FINAL REPORT

SINPO

SINPO SINPO is an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation and Overall response. The code is used for an overall assessment of the quality of the whole radio transmission, especially in reception reports written by shortwave listeners. Each letter of the code stands for a specific factor of the signal, and each item is graded on a 1 to 5 scale (where 1 stands for very bad and 5 for very good). It stands for:

S (Signal strength)
An assessment of how well the signal stands out above the background receiver noise. I (Interference) An assessment of how well it stands out above competing signals.

N (Noise)
An assessment of how well it stands out above static or man-made noise. P (Propagation) A measure of propagation-related distortion such as fading or flutter. O (Overall merit) A measure of the extent to which all these factors contributed to the overall intelligibility of the entire contact.

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FM 101 FINAL REPORT

As an example of SINPO report,

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