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ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Summary of the Lectures by Prof. Dr. Q. Huang Lukas Cavigelli, December 2011 lukasc@ee.ethz.ch

TYPICAL VALUES MOS-TECHNOLOGY


for AMS C35 FETs: ( ): for 3.3V NFET ( ) and 3.3V PFET ( )

EMITTER & SOURCE DEGENE RATION


Emitter Degeneration: increases input & output resistance, but reduces input resistance: ( ) ( ), if | output resistance: | ( ( { ( ) )) )

Unit

BASIC EQUATIONS & SMALL SIGNAL CIRCUIT S


Small Signal Model: Only model differential behavior, use derivatives for all currents and voltages many ground-connections & short circuits. Use small letters. , Reasonable values: BJT: , , MOS: , , Capacitors: MOS Capacitor: 5-12 fF/, , cheap MIM Cap: 1-5 fF/, highly linear, 20%, 1m Resistors: Silicided Poly-Si Resistor 5-20 / (cheap) , 20% Unsilicided Poly-Si Resistor 50-400 /, 20% but more accurate relations can be used

BIPOLAR
Collector current: Transconductance: ( )

( Source Degeneration: same setup with MOSFET instead of BJT. increases output resistance, but reduces .

CASCODE STRUCTURE
Basic Cascode: Cascode = cascade to cathode

Amplification: for this lecture Hybrid- (small signal) model: at a certain operation point | | [ ] for low frequencies:
| [ ]

[ ]

ANALOG SUBCIRCUITS CURRENT MI RRORS


Simple CM: MOS: BJT:
from
( )

For BJT:
( )

: bias current, : thermal voltage, : Early voltage Frequency Response: )| for low frequencies, -10dB/dec after , | ( , more on foils

( )

For FET: ( ) if

( (

) )

Regulated Cascode:

and

MOSFET (HERE: N-TYPE)


Triode/lin./ohmic region: if and [ ( then Active/saturation region: if and ( ) (

(NMOS) ) ] (NMOS) ) { !!

COMMON-EMITTER & COMMON -SOURCE AMPLIFIERS


C-E, C-S Amplifier with resistive load: ,

REFERENCES
Simple Current Source:

condition for saturation with PMOS: Cut-off/subth./weak-inversion region: if Pinch-Off point: and

C-E, C-S Amplifier with Active Load: ideal current source instead of resistor Common-Emitter Amplifier with non-ideal current source: (
[ ] [ ]

) ) )

Widlar Current Source: for very small currents (A) using only moderate resistor sizes ( ) for BJT: for FET: (not widely used)
( )

] (| ])

|
]

] |)

( ( )

( )

(
[ ]

( )

Wilson Current Source:

UNSORTED
PMOS: , small-signal model accordingly flipped

ADMINISTRATIVE
Testing: start: icdesign ams-hk3.70 -tech c35b3 & user: aic04 pass: 7qf-D3Lr user: aic20 pass: afto1]Xb

supply independent biasing

IMAGE ARCHIVE

sophisticated small-signal bjt


Simple Voltage Source:

The bulk off all PFETs are connected to

TRICKS

MOSFET hybrid-pi

STUFF FROM THE EXERC ISE


High Swing Cascode Current Mirror:

MOSFET physical model

Single-Ended Amplifier

usually

, blabla

BASIC AMPIFIERS

Emitter-Coupled pair

Source-Coupled pair

Differential Input to Single-Ended Output

SINGLE -STAGE OTA

SINGLE -STAGE CASCODE OTA

FOLDED CASCODE CMOS OTA

AC ANALYSIS
mit ( ) , :

Comparison to non-cascode OTA: higher gain, higher output resistance, smaller output swing Additional pole of M9/M10-cascode at much higher frequency Gain Function:

( ( )( ) ( )

( )[ ( )]

( ( )[ ( ) ] with

)(

)(

Basic Idea: Stability problem in feedback conf., if gain>1 where 180, because

Folded Cascode BiCMOS OTA: Difference: Replace M3,M4,M5,M6 with npn Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6 Comparison: improves by 6 dB, higher for npn BJTs, can be higher TODO: 2nd Order Amplifier Model

fastre OpAmp

DESIGN CONSTRAI NTS


mit o ( ( | ( (| |)
(

DESIGN CONSTRAI NTS


DC Gain:
| ( )
( )

) (
)

( | | (| |
|

) |) :

und |

), if |
|

Output Swing: Slew Rate: GBP:


(gain-BW-prod)
( )

o
( )

| ||
|

| ( (|
|

Noise consideration: , because noise-power , PMOS less noisy Typical performance of single-stage cascade OTA in 0.5m CMOS process: ) ( )
( )

UGBW:
(unity-gain-BW)

Phase Margin:

REGULATED CASCODE
Principle:

FULLY DIFFERENTIAL O TA SIMPLE FULLY DIFFERE NTIAL OTA

SWITCHED CM FEEDBACK

NORTON-EQUIVALENT
( ) ( ) | ( ) | ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )

COMMON-MODE (CM) FEEDBA CK

SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS

Example:

Applying KCL and simplifying with ( )(

and )

and | |

| |

| |:

FULLY DIFFERENTIAL V S. SINGL E ENDED


Adv. of fully differential Amps Better PSRR (power supply rejection) Better CMRR (common mode reject.) = diff. gain / common mode gain Double output swing for low volt. Higher SNR No extra diff. to single ended conv. Adv. of single ended Amps Less area consumption No extra common-mode feedback Requires less effort to design

FULLY DIFFERENTIAL T ELESCOP IC CASCODE OTA

TWO STAGE AMPLIFIERS

COMPARATORS

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