Z and Laplace

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
Sami Arca
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PAGE 1 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam EEM 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam
May 11, 2002 Sami Arca
QUESTIONS 1. Fourier series coefcients of a periodic signal x [n] is given as k ak Find signal x [n] .
May 11, 2002
1 0 1 2 1.5 j1.5 3 3 j3 3 3 3 + j3 3 1.5 + j1.5 3
2. Find convolution sum of the following signals.
3. Find z-Transform of x [n] = (n + 1) an u [n]. Hint:
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3n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 h [n] = 0, elsewhere , x [n] = 2, n = 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 elsewhere
nbn1 =
n=0
d db
bn .
n=0
4. Poles of system response of a causal and stable system are inside the unit circle. Prove this property. Hint: Remember that impulse response of a stable system is absolutely summable. You should also remember that ROC of a right-sided sequence is outside region of a circle. 5. Find z-Transform of y [n] = x [2n] in terms of z-Transform of x [n]. Hint: Obtain y [n] in
1 two spets; I. y1 [n] = 2 x [n] + 1 (1)n x [n], II. y [n] = y1 [2n]. First nd z-Transform o 2
y1 [n] and later y [n]. (This question was not included in the exam questions)
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PAGE 2 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam
May 11, 2002 Good Luck
Sami Arca
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DRAFT PAGE 3 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam EEM 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam
June 11, 2002 Sami Arca June 11, 2002
Instructions. Answer all questions. QUESTIONS
1. Find z-transforms of the follwing signals. a) x [n] = an u [n]

n
b) h [n] = u [n] x [n] =
x [k] .
k=0
3. Find inverse z-transform of the following z-transform. 1 1 + , |a| < |z| < |b| , |a| < |b| . X (z) = 1 az1 1 bz1 4. Response of an LTI system to input signal
is
Find response of the system for input signal n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2 . x1 [n] = 4 (n 2) , n = 3, 4, 5 0, elsewhere Good Luck.
Sami Arca
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n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2 x [n] = 0, elsewhere (0.5)n , n = 0, 1, 2 y [n] = 0, . elsewhere
2. Find inverse Laplace transforms of the following Laplace transform. 1 1 X (s) = + , a < Re {s} < b , a < b . sb s+a
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PAGE 4 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam ANSWERS 1 , 1 az1
June 11, 2002
1. a) X (z) = .
|z| > |a| .
b) H (z) =
1 1 ,(|z| > |a|)(|z| > 1) 1 z1 1 az1
2. x (t) = eat u (t) bebt u (t) . 3. x [n] = an u [n] bn u [n 1] . 4. x1 [n] = x [n] + 4x [n 3] , (0.5)n , n = 0, 1, 2 y1 [n] = y [n] + 4y [n 3] = 32 (0.5)n , n = 3, 4, 5 . 0, elsewhere
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam EEM 314 Signals and Systems Reset Exam
June 11, 2002 Sami Arca June 24, 2002
Instructions. Answer all questions. QUESTIONS 1. For input x [n] = u [n], output of an LTI system is given as y [n] = 2 1 (1/2)n+1 u [n]. Find impulse response of the system.
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I - April 04, 2003
April 04, 2003
QUESTIONS
Q1) x (n) = u (n + 1) u (n 1) is input to an LTI system described by difference equation, 1 y (n) y (n 1) = x (n) . 2 Find output signal x (n) . Q2)
Find y (n) = x (n) x (n). ( is the convolution operator ) Q3) 1 2

|n|
Find complex Fourier series coefcients of the signal. Q4) Consider the following set of signals:
Show that an arbitrary signal can be expressed in the form,
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1 1 |n| , 3 3 x (n) = 0, n = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 elsewhere x (n) = , n = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 lZ x (n + l 5) , . (n) = 1 2
|n|
u (n) k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
k (n) = (n k) ,
x (n) =
k=
ak k (n) ,
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PAGE 7 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I
April 04, 2003
by determining an explicit expression for the coefcient ak in terms of the values of the signal x (n). ( Hint: what is the representation for (n) ? ) ( This question is quoted from the textbook: Oppenheim and Willsky, Signals and Systems, Prentice/Hall International, Inc. )
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I ANSWERS
April 04, 2003
A1) Linear and causal systems can be described by constant coefcient difference equations. Then, because x (n) = 0 for n 2, n 2 y (n) = 0 .
The output samples for n > 2 are
Sami Arca
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n = 1 y (1) = 1 y (2) + x (1) 2 = 1 , n = 0 y (0) = 1 y (1) + x (0) 2 1 = 1+1 2 3 , = 2 n = 1 y (1) = 1 y (0) + x (1) 2 1 3 +0 = 2 2 3 = 4 . . . etc.
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PAGE 9 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I The general form of the output is, 1 2
n+1
April 04, 2003
y (n) =
u (n + 1) +
1 2
u (n) .
x (n) = u (n + 1) u (n 1) = (n + 1) + (n) 1 2 A2)

n
y (n) =
k=2
= x (2) x (n + 2) + x (1) x (n + 1) + x (0) x (n) + x (1) x (n 1) + x (2) x (n + 2) .
y (n) is zero if arguments of x (n k) and x (k) are outside of the ranges,
Then, y (n) should be calculated for 4 n 4. Because x (n) = x (n), y (n) = y (n). Finding y (n) for n = 0 . . . 4 will be sufcient.
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2
u (n) is response to (n) .
x (k) x (n k)
2 n k 2 2 k 2 .
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I
April 04, 2003
y (0) = 1 1 + = 3 , 2 1+ 3 16 , = 9 1 y (2) = y (2) = 1+ 3 y (1) = y (1) = = 2 ,
2 2 1 1 2 2 + + +11 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 + +1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 +1 3 3 3
A3) The period of signal, x (n) is N = 5. Because x (n) R and x (n) = x (n), ak = ak . ak 2 2 j n k 1 x (n) e 5 = 5 n=2 = 1 10 2 + 2 cos
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y (3) = y (3) = y (4) = y (4) = 1 1 = 1 . 2 k + cos 5 4 k 5 . a0 = 0.5 a1 = a1 = 0.18 a2 = a2 = 0.07 .
2 2 1+1 3 3 4 , = 3
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I A4) The representation of (n) in terms of (n) is, 1 (n) = (n) (n 1) . 2
April 04, 2003
First signal x (n) is represented by impulses and next equivalent of impulse is replaced.
x (n) =
k=
x (k) (n k) 1 x (k) (n k) (n k 1) 2 k=

The coefcient ak in terms of the values of x (n) is,
Sami Arca
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1 x (k + 1) (n k) x (k) (n k) = 2 k= k=

1 x (k) (n k 1) = x (k) (n k) 2 k= k=
k=
1 x (k) x (k + 1) (n k) 2
1 ak = x (k) x (k + 1) . 2
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II - May 2, 2003
May 2, 2003
QUESTIONS
Q1) Using the known z-transforms, nd the inverse z-transform of, 2 + 2z1 X (z) = , 1 < |z| < 3 . (1 + 3z1 ) (1 z1 ) Q2) Find the Fourier transform of the following signals in terms of, X () = F [x (n)]. 1. y (n) = x (n),
2. y (n) = nx (n).
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II ANSWERS
May 2, 2003
A1) X (z) is partitioned by using partial fraction expansion, 1 1 + . 1 1 + 3z 1 z1
X (z) =
The parts of the z-transform are, X1 (z) = 1 , |z| < 3 . 1 + 3z1 1 , 1 z1
The inverse z-transforms of the parts are,
Then,
A2)
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X2 (z) = |z| > 1 . F1 [X1 (z)] = (3)n u (n 1) . F1 [X2 (z)] = u (n) . F1 [X (z)] = (3)n u (n 1) + u (n) .
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PAGE 14 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II 1)
May 2, 2003
Y () =
n=
y (n) ejn x (n) ejn

n=
= =
n=
x (n) ejn x (n) e

n= jn
2)
Or
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= X () .
n=
x (n) ej()n
Y () = =
y (n) ejn
n=
nx (n) ejn
n=
x (n) nejn x (n) j
n=
n=
d ejn d
=
n=
d x (n) ejn d
d = j d = j
x (n) ejn
n=
d X () . d
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II
May 2, 2003
X () =
n=
x (n) ejn
d d X () = d d
x (n) ejn
n=
= =
d x (n) ejn d n=
x (n)
n=
d ejn d
Sami Arca
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n=
x (n) jnejn nx (n) ejn
= j
n=
= jY () .
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PAGE 16 of 190
EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II Inverse z-Transform
May 2, 2003
1 2j
zn1 dz = (n)
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= (n k) x (k)
1 x (k) zk zn1 dz 2j 1 x (k) znk1 dz = 2j
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Final Exam EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Final Exam - June 13, 2003
June 13, 2003
QUESTIONS
Q1) x (n) = 2 (n + 2) + (n 1) is input to an LTI system described by difference equation, 1 y (n) y (n 1) = 3 x (n) . 2 Find output signal, y (n) for input signal, x (n) .
Q2)
Find complex Fourier series coefcients of the signal.
Q3) Using the known z-transforms, nd the inverse z-transform of, 3z1 , X (z) = 2 5z1 + 2z2
Q4) Find Laplace transform of, x (t) = 6(2+3j)t u (t) .
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x (n) = n 2 , n = 1, 0, 1, 2 lZ x (n + l 4) , . |z| > 2 .
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Final Exam ANSWERS A1) Input Output 1 2
n
June 13, 2003
(n)
u (n) 1 2
n+2
(n + 2) 2 3 (n 1) 1 2
n+2
u (n + 2)
y (n) = 2 3
A2) Period of the signal, N = 4.
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u (n + 2) + (n 1) + 1 2
n1
1 2
n1
u (n 1)
u (n 1)
ak
j k 1 1 j k = e 2 + 1 + 2e 2 + 4ejk 4 2 1 1 k (j) + 1 + 2 (j)k + 4 (1)k 4 2
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EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Final Exam A3) X (z) = 1 1 2z1 1 , 1 1 1 z 2 1 2
n
June 13, 2003
(|z| > 2)
|z| >
1 2
x (n) = (2)n u (n) A4) 6 = e1.79
u (n) .
x (t)
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X (s) = 1 , Re [s] > 3.58 . s + 3.58 + 5.37j
= e1.79(2+3j)t u (t)
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PAGE 20 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam QUESTIONS
March 26, 2004
Q1) Find Fourier transform of a) 1 x (t) = 1 0 x () d .
1 t < 0 0t<1 elsewhere
b) y (t) =
Q2) Find inverse Laplace transform of
using partial fraction expansion method. Q3)
a) Find energy of the signal.
b) Find and plot y (t) = 2x (2 3t) + 2x (3t 1). Q4) Find trigonometric Fourier series coefcients of x (t) = |cos (t)|.
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X (s) = 1 (s + 2) (4s + 1)
2
Re{s} >
1 4
t + 1, x (t) = 1 0
1 t < 0 0t<1 elsewhere
Good Luck
Sami Arca
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PAGE 21 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam ANSWERS
March 26, 2004
A1) a)
1 -1 1
b)
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-1
0 1
X () =
ejt dt + ejt dt
0 1
1 1
= ejt dt + ejt dt
0 0 1
= 2j sin (t) dt
0 1
1 = 2j cos (t) 0 1 = 2j (cos () 1)
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PAGE 22 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam
March 26, 2004
Y () =
1 X () + X (0) () j 2 (cos () 1) = 2
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam A2)
March 26, 2004
X (s) =
1/16
(s + 2) (s + 1/4)2 B C A + + = (s + 2) (s + 1/4) (s + 1/4)2
A =
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= 1/49 C =
s1/4
s2
lim (s + 2) X (s)
lim (s + 1/4)2 X (s)
= 1/28
B =
d (s + 1/4)2 X (s) s1/4 ds 1/16 = lim s1/4 (s + 2)2 = 1/49 lim
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March 26, 2004
dY (s) ty (t) ds 1 et/4 u (t) (s + 1/4) 1 tet/4u (t) 2 (s + 1/4)
x (t) = 1/49 e2t u (t) 1/49 et/4 u (t) + 1/28 tet/4 u (t)
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam A3) a)
March 26, 2004
(t + 1) dt +
1 1 1
(1)2 dt
=
0
(u)2 du + 1
1
b)
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x (t) x (2 3t) 1 1 1 t 1/3 2/3 x (3t 1) 2x (2 3t) + 2x (3t 1) 2 1 2/3 t 1/3 2/3 -2 1/3
1 3 u +1 3 0 4 = 3
t 1
-1
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PAGE 26 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam A4)
March 26, 2004
1/2
a0
1 = 1
1/2
cos (t) dt
1/2
1 sin (t) = 1/2 1 = (sin (/2) + sin (/2)) 2 =
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1/2
ak
2 = 1
cos (t) cos (2kt) dt
1/2 1/2
= 2
1 [cos ((1 + 2k) t) + cos ((1 2k) t)] dt 2
1/2
2 2 sin (1 + 2k) + sin (1 2k) (1 + 2k) 2 (1 2k) 2
1/2
bk
2 = 1
1/2 1/2
cos (t) sin (2kt) dt

1/2
=
1/2
sin ((1 + 2k) t) dt +

1/2
sin ((1 + 2k) t) dt
= 0
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PAGE 27 of 190
March 26, 2004
x (t) = a0 +
k=1
ak cos (2kt)
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 2 Exam QUESTIONS
April 30, 2004
Q1) Fourier transform of signal x (t) is given as, 2 (1 cos ()) . 2 x (t) X () )
X () =
Find Fourier transform of x (0.5t 2) . (
Q2)
X (s)
x (0.5t 2) ?
a) Find system response H (s) of the system. b) Find differential equation which describes the input-output relationship of the system.
Q3) Find Fourier series coefcients of
Here, x mod y is the reminder of integer division and is always positive. 13 mod 5 = 3, 9 mod 5 = 1.
Q4) X (z) = 21 z , (5z 2) (2z 5) 2 5 < |z| < . 5 2
Find inverse z-transform using partial fraction expansion method.
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1/s 1/s Y (s) 4 5
x [n] = (n 2)
mod 5 .
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 2 Exam Q5) x [n] 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 x [n/2] , y1 [n] = x [2n] and y2 [n] = 0, n = 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . otherwise 1 2 3 n
April 30, 2004
a) Find and plot y1 [n] and y2 [n]. b) Find and plot y [n] = 3y1 [n] 2y2 [n] . (Take plot range as n = 6 . . . 6 ) .
Q6) Find Laplace transform of x (t) = e2|t| .
The following questions are given as exercises.
Q7) An LTI system is described by the following differential equation. d2 y (t) dy (t) +4 + 5y (t) = x (t) 2 dt dt
Initial conditions for x (t) = u (t) are given as, y (0) = 0, and response , s (t), of the system.
Q8) There is many denitions of Dirac delta function. One of these is,
Let (w, t) = ej2t is basis function of Fourier transform pairs ;
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. dy (t) dt = 0. Fint unit step
t=0
(x) = lim
a0
ej2x(ya|y|) dy
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PAGE 30 of 190
April 30, 2004
X () =
x (t) (w, t) dt
1 x (t) = 2
X () (w, t) d .
Using denition of Dirac delta given above, prove that x (t) can be reconstructed from X () .
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 2 Exam ANSWERS
April 30, 2004
A1)
Y () =
x (0.5t 2) ejt dt ,
changing integral variable t with u = 0.5t 2,
t = 2u + 4
Y () becomes,
A2)
X (s)
Sami Arca
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t = u = t=u= ,
dt = 2du
Y () = 2
x (u) ej(2u+4) du
= 2e
j4
x (u) ej2u du
= 2e
j4
X (2)
= ej4
(1 cos (2)) . 2
A (s)
1/s
B (s)
1/s 4 Y (s)
C (s)
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PAGE 32 of 190
April 30, 2004
A (s) = X (s) + C (s) C (s) = 5Y (s) 4B (s) A (s) = s2 Y (s) B (s) = sY (s) .
Combining the equations we obtain,
The system response is,
Time domain equivalent of the system is,
A3) Period of x [n] is N = 5.
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s2 Y (s) = X (s) 5Y (s) 4sY (s) s2 Y (s) + 4sY (s) + 5Y (s) = X (s) . H (s) = = Y (s) X (s) s2 1 . + 4s + 5 dy (t) d2 y (t) +4 + 5y (t) = x (t) 2 dt dt . n 0 1 2 3 4 x [n] 3 4 0 1 2 .
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PAGE 33 of 190
April 30, 2004
ak
1 = 5 =
x [n] ej
n=0
2k 5
2 6 8k 1 3 + 4ej 5 + ej 5 + 2ej 5 5 4 2k 2 1 = 3 + 4ej 5 + ej 5 + 2ej 5 5
The Fourier series coefcients,
ak 2 0.81 0.26j 0.31 0.43j 0.31 + 0.43j 0.81 + 0.26j .
A4)
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0 1 2 3 4 X (z) 21 = z (5z 2) (2z 5) 5 2 = . 5z 2 2z 2 X (z) = 2z 5z 5z 2 2z 2 1 1 = 2 5 1 z1 1 z1 5 2 = A (z) + B (z) .
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PAGE 34 of 190
April 30, 2004
A (z) =
1 , 2 1 z1 5 1 B (z) = , 5 1 z1 2
|z| >
2 5 5 . 2
|z| <
a [n] = b [n] =
A5)
Sami Arca
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u [n 1] . x [n] = a [n] + b [n] = 2 5
n
2 5 5 2
u [n] ,
n
u [n] +
5 2
u [n 1] .
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PAGE 35 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 2 Exam y1 [n]
April 30, 2004
2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
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y2 [n] 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 y1 [n] 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 5
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PAGE 36 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 2 Exam y [n]
April 30, 2004
2 2 5 4 3 2
2 1 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 n
A6)
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6
X (s) =
e2|t| est dt
e2t est dt +
e2t est dt
e2t est dt +
e2t est dt
e(s2)t dt =
0
1 , s2
Re {s} < 2
e(s+2)t dt =
0
1 , s+2
Re {s} > 2
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PAGE 37 of 190
April 30, 2004
X (s) =
1 1 + s2 s+2 4 = , 2 < Re {s} < 2 4 s2
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam QUESTIONS
May 31, 2004
Q1) An LTI system is described by the following differential equation. d2 y (t) dy (t) +4 + 5y (t) = x (t) 2 dt dt Find unit step response , s (t), of the system.
Q2) System function of a continuous-time LTI system is given as,
Using the bilinear transform, s =
2 1 z1 , nd discrete time equivalent (H (z)) of the system T 1 + z1 function and write difference equation of the discrete-time system (the sampling period T = 2).
Q3) Poles of transfer function of a discrete-time LTI system is given as, 0.5 + j0.25, 0.5 j0.25, 0.25+j0.5, 0.25j0.5 and zeros of the transfer function are 1.5+j0.25 and 1.5j0.25. H (0) = 1. Find the transfer function and frequency response of the system.
Q4) Plot cascade form realization of continuous-time system with system function H (s) given in Q2.
Q5) Find trigonometric Fourier series coefcients of x (t) = 3 |cos (t /4)|.
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H (s) = 2 1 s + 1 2s + 1
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PAGE 39 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam ANSWERS
May 31, 2004
A1) Since this differential equation represents an LTI system y (t) = 0 for t < 0. Then a solution for t 0 should be looked for. The characteristic equation of the differential equation is, s2 + 4 s + 5 = 0 .
The roots are 2 + j and 2 j. Then the homogenous solution is,
Because input is a constant, the particular solution is a zero degree polynomial;
The complete solution is,
The inition conditions, y (0) = 0 and b. They lead to following equations,
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yp (t) = 1/5 . y (t) = yh (t) + yp (t) = a e(2+j)t + b e(2j)t + 1/5 . dy (t) dt = 0 are used to nd unknown constants, a and
t=0
yh (t) = a e(2+j)t + b e(2j)t .
a + b = 1/5 (2 + j) a + (2 j) b = 0 .
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PAGE 40 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Solution for these equations is a = 1/10 + 1/5 j and b = 1/10 1/5 j. Then,
May 31, 2004
y (t) = (1/10 + 1/5 j) e(2+j)t + (1/10 1/5 j) e(2j)t + 1/5 = 1/5 2/5 e2 t sin(t) 1/5 e2 t cos(t) .
As a result the unit step response the LTI sytem;
s (t) = 1/5 2/5 e2 t sin(t) 1/5 e2 t cos(t) u (t) .
A2)
The input output relation in z-domain,
The corresponding difference equation;
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H (z) = H (s)|s=(1z1 )/(1+z1 ) = (z + 1)2 z (3z 1) 1 + 2 z1 + z2 = 3 z1 Y (z) = H (z) X (z) . 3 y (n) y (n 1) = x (n) + 2 x (n 1) + x (n 2) .
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PAGE 41 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam
May 31, 2004
A3) The structure of transfer function of an LTI system is a rational polynomial function; 1 + b1 z1 + b2 z2 + + bM zM 1 + a1 z( 1) + a2 z2 + + aN zN 1 r1 z1 1 r2 z1 1 rM z1 = A , (1 p1 z1 ) (1 p2 z1 ) (1 pN z1 )
H (z) = A
where pk and rk are poles and zeros respectively. N is the order of the LTI system. Hence, for given poles and zeros the transfer function; A 1 (1.5 + 0.25 j) z1 1 (1.5 0.25 j) z1 . (1 (0.5 + 0.25 j) z1 ) (1 (0.5 0.25 j) z1 ) (1 (0.25 + 0.5 j) z1 ) (1 (0.25 0.5 j) z1 )
H (z) =
Using H (0) = 1, the unknown constant is found as, A = 0.0422. Then the transfer function becomes, 0.0422 0.1266 z1 + 0.1055 z2 . 1 1.5 z1 + 1.125 z2 0.4688 z3 + 0.09766 z4
A4)
I. Realization of H1 (s); Y (s) = H1 (s) X (s) .
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H (z) = H (s) = H1 (s) H2 (s) .. 1 , s+1 2 H2 (s) = . 2s+1 H1 (s) =
DRAFT
PAGE 42 of 190
May 31, 2004
Y (s) =
1 X (s) , s+1 1 (X (s) Y (s)) . s
s Y (s) + Y (s) = X (s) , Y (s) =
x (t)
y (t)
II. Realization of H2 (s);
x (t)
III. Realization of H (s);
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Y (s) = H2 (s) X (s) .. Y (s) = 2 X (s) , 2s+ 1 2 s Y (s) + Y (s) = 2 X (s) , Y (s) = 1 (X (s) 0.5 Y (s)) . s y (t) 0.5
DRAFT
PAGE 43 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam x (t) y (t)
May 31, 2004
0.5
or, x (t) y (t)
A5) Period of cos (t /4) is 2 sec. Period of the absolute value of the cosine decreases by half and becomes 1 sec. Then T = 1 sec.
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0.5 1 a0 1 = T 1 1
t0 +T
x (t) dt
t0
3/4
cos (t /4) dt
1/4
2 ,
DRAFT
PAGE 44 of 190
May 31, 2004
ak
2 = T 2 1
t0 +T
x (t) cos
t0 3/4
2kt dt T
cos (t /4) cos (2 k t) dt

1/4
= 4
cos(k/2) , (1 + 4 k2 )
x (t) =
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bk 2 = T 2 1
t0 +T
x (t) sin
2kt dt T
t0
3/4
cos (t /4) sin (2 k t) dt
1/4
= 4
sin(k/2) . (1 + 4 k2 )
2 4
k=1
cos(k/2) cos (2 k t) + 4 (1 + 4 k2 )
k=1
sin(k/2) sin (2 k t) . (1 + 4 k2 )
DRAFT
PAGE 45 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam QUESTIONS
April 01, 2005
Q1a) x (t) = (1 2 |t|) (u (t + 0.5) u (t 0.5)) is given. Find and plot y (t) = x (0.5t 0.5) x (0.5t 1) x (0.5t + 0.5) + x (0.5t + 1). 1 [n + 2] + [n] + 2 [n 2] is given. Find and plot y [n] = x [2n 2] 2 x [2n 4] x [2n + 2] + x [2n + 4]. Q1b) x [n] =
Q2a) A continuous-time LTI system is described by the following rst order differential equation.
Find i) unit step response, ii) impulse response, of the system and iii) response of the system to an arbitrary input.
Q2b) A discrete-time LTI system is described by the following rst order difference equation.
Q3) A periodic signal is given as, sin (2t) , x (t) = 0, x (t + l 2) , 0.5 t 0.5 1 t < 0.5 and 0.5 < t 1 lZ
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d y (t) + 2y (t) = x (t) . dt y [n] 0.2y [n 1] = x [n] .
DRAFT
PAGE 46 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam
April 01, 2005
Find a) complex Fourier series representation, b) trigonometric Fourier series representation of the signal. d2 d Q4a) Find state-space representation of 2 y (t) + 0.5 y (t) + y (t) = x (t). Choose state varidt dt d y (t). ables as z1 (t) = y (t) and z2 (t) = dt Q4b) Find state-space representation of y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n]. Choose state variables as z1 [n] = y [n 2] and z2 [n] = y [n 1].
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers ANSWERS
April 20, 2005
A1a)
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0t<1 otherwise 0<t1 otherwise 1t<2
1 + 2t, x (t) = 1 2t, 0, 1 + t, x (0.5t) = 1 t, 0, t, x (0.5t 0.5) = 2 t, 0,
1/2 < t 0 0 t < 1/2 otherwise 1 < t 0
DRAFT
PAGE 48 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers 1 t, 1 < t 2 t 3, 2 t < 3 0, otherwise t 2, 2 < t 1 t, 1 t < 0 0, otherwise 3 + t, 3 < t 2 1 t, 2 t < 1 0, otherwise 3 + t, 3 < t 2 3 2t, 2 < t 1 t, 1 < t 1 3 2t, 1<t2 t 3, 2<t3 0, otherwise
April 20, 2005
x (0.5t 1) =
x (0.5t + 0.5) =
x (0.5t + 1) =
A1b)
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y (t) =
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PAGE 49 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers
April 20, 2005
x [n] = x [2n 2] = x [2n 4] = x [2n + 2] = x [2n + 4] =
1 [n + 2] + [n] + 2 [n 2] 2 1 [2n] + [2n 2] + 2 [2n 4] 2 1 [2n 2] [2n 4] 2 [2n 6] 2 1 [2n + 4] [2n + 2] 2 [2n] 2 1 [2n + 6] + [2n + 4] + 2 [2n + 2] 2 1 1 3 3 1 [2n + 6] + [2n + 4] + [2n + 2] [2n] + [2n 2] 2 2 2 2 2 + [2n 4] 2 [2n 6]
y [n] =
A2a)
To nd impulse response rst nd the step response. The solution of the differential equation consists of homogenous and particular solutions. The homogenous solution is solution of the differential equation for x (t) = 0.
The homogenous solution is yh (t) = A est and s is found by solving the characteristic equation dk s + 2 = 0. ( k is replaced by sk ). Hence dt yh (t) = A e2t .
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d y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t) . dt d yh (t) + 2yh (t) = 0 . dt
DRAFT
PAGE 50 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers The particular solution is solution of the differential equation d yp (t) + 2yp (t) = 1, t 0 . dt
April 20, 2005
Since the left hand side of the equation is constant the solution should be a constant, yp (t) = B. From the differential equation, d B + 2B = 1, t 0 . dt B = 1/2. Then the solution is y (t) = yh (t) + yp (t) = A e2t + Bu (t). The initial condition
Hence,
Since the systems is linear it should be initially rest. The complete solution or response to unit step is,
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A + 1/2 = 0 A = 1/2 . 1 1 e2t , t 0 2 y (t) = 1 2t e , t<0. 2 s (t) = y (t) = 1 1 e2t u (t) . 2
y (0) = 0. The constant A is found from the initial value.
DRAFT
PAGE 51 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers The impulse response of the system is simply derivative of the unit step response, ds (t) dt
April 20, 2005
h (t) =
= e2t u (t) .
The response to an arbitrary input is just convolution between input and the impulse response,
y (t) = x (t) h (t)
x () h (t )d
A2b)
First solve the difference equation for x [n] = u [n].
Sami Arca
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= x () e2(t) u (t )d
t
= e
2t
x () e2 d
y[n] = 0.2y[n 1] + 1, n 0 .
DRAFT
PAGE 52 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answers y [1] = 0 y [0] = 0.2y [1] + 1 = 1 y [1] = 0.2y [0] + 1 = 1 + 0.2 y [2] = 0.2y [1] + 1 = 0.2 + 0.22
April 20, 2005
y [3] = 0.2y [2] + 1 = ((1 + 0.2) + 0.22 )0.2 + 1 = 1 + 0.2 + 0.22 + 0.23 ...
n
y [n] =
k=0
(0.2)k =
1 (0.2)n+1 1 (0.2)n+1 = 1 0.2 0.8
Hence, the step response is
The impulse response,
The response to an arbitrary input is just convolution between input and the impulse response,
A3a)
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s [n] = 1 (0.2)n+1 u [n] . 0.8 h [n] = s [n] s [n 1] = 0.2n u(n) . y [n] = x [n] h [n]
=
k=
x [k] h [n k] x [k] (0.2)nk u [n k]

k= n
= (0.2)n
k=
x [k] (0.2)k
DRAFT
PAGE 53 of 190
April 20, 2005
1/2
ak
1 = 2
1/2 0
j sin (2t) e
2 2
kt dt
1/2
1 = 2
1/2
1 sin (2t) ejkt dt + 2

0 1/2 1/2
sin (2t) ejkt dt
1 = 2
0 1/2
1 sin (2t) ejkt dt + 2

0
sin (2t) ejkt dt
ak = j
typesetting of the following needs to be corrected
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= j sin (2t) sin (kt) dt
0 1/2 1/2
1 1 sin (2t) sin (kt) = cos ( (2 + k) t) + cos ( (2 k) t) 2 2
cos ( (2 + k) t) dt j
cos ( (2 k) t) dt
1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 sin ( (2 + k) t) | j sin ( (2 + k) t) | 2 (2 + k) 2 (2 k) 0 0 1 1 sin (2 + k) sin (2 + k) = 2j(2 + k) 2 2j(2 k) 2
= j
DRAFT
PAGE 54 of 190
April 20, 2005
ak = j
1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 sin ( (2 + k) t) | j sin ( (2 + k) t) | 2 (2 + k) 2 (2 k) 0 0 1 1 = sin (2 + k) sin (2 + k) 2j (2 + k) 2 2j (2 k) 2 1 1 1 = + sin k sin k 2j 2 + k 2 2k 2 sin k 2 4 = 2j 4 k2
x (t) =
2 sin k jkt 2 e j 4 k2 k=
A3b)
A4a)
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x (t) = a0 + a0 = 0
2 Re ak e
j 2 kt T
0
k=1
Re ak e
j 2 kt T
0
1 4 sin k 2 2 4 k2
1 x (t) =
k=1
4 sin (kt) sin k 2 4k 2
DRAFT
PAGE 55 of 190
April 20, 2005
dy (t) d2 y (t) + 0.5 = x (t) 2 dt dt z1 (t) = y (t) z2 (t) = dy (t) dt dz1 (t) z2 (t) = dt dz2 (t) = 0.5z2 (t) z1 (t) + x (t) dt dz1 (t) 1 z1 (t) 0 dt 0 + x (t) = dz2 (t) 1 z2 (t) 1 0.5 dt
y (t) =
A4b)
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1 0 + 0x (t) y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n] z1 [n] = y [n 1] z2 [n] = y [n 2] z2 [n] = z1 [n 1] z2 [n + 1] = z1 [n] y [n] = x [n] 0.5z1 [n] z2 [n] z1 [n + 1] = 0.5z1 [n] z2 [n] + x [n]
DRAFT
PAGE 56 of 190
April 20, 2005
z1 [n + 1] 0.5 1 = 1 0 z2 [n + 1] z1 [n] y [n] = 0.5 1 z2 [n]
z1 [n] 1 + 0 z2 [n] + 1x [n]
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam 2 QUESTIONS
April 29, 2005
Q1) Find Fourier transform of the following signal, cos (t) , x (t) = 0, 0.5 t 0.5 otherwise
Q2) Find Fourier transform of the following signal,
Q2) Find frequency response of the following system. And draw block diagram realization of the system. d2 y (t) dy (t) + + 2y (t) = 2x (t) dt2 dt
Q3) Find inverse Fourier transform of, sin2 () X () = 4 . 2 (Use the convolution property of Fourier transforms.)
Q4) Find complex and trigonometric Fourier series coefcients of, a) periodic convolution of
Sami Arca
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cos (t/2) sin (4t) , x (t) = 0, 1 t 1 otherwise
DRAFT
PAGE 58 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam 2 sin (2t) with itself, and b) periodic convolution of 0, x (t) = 1, x (t + l) , 1/2 t 0 0 t 1/2 lZ
April 29, 2005
with itself. (Use the periodic convolution property of Fourier series (ck = T0 ak bk ).)
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam (Recompense) QUESTIONS
April 20, 2005
Q1a) x (t) = (1 |t|) (u (t + 1) u (t 1)) is given. Find and plot y (t) = x (2t 2) x (2t 4) x (2t + 1) + x (2t + 2). 1 [n + 2] + [n] + 2 [n 2] is given. Find and plot y [n] = x [n/2 1] 2 x [n/2 2] x [n/2 + 1] + x [n/2 + 2]. Q1b) x [n] =
Q2a) A continuous-time LTI system is described by the following rst order differential equation.
Q2b) A discrete-time LTI system is described by the following rst order difference equation.
Q3) A periodic signal is given as, sin t , 2 x (t) = x (t + l 2) , 1 t 1 lZ
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d2 d y (t) + 2 y (t) + 2y (t) = 2x (t) . dt2 dt y [n] 0.7y [n 1] + 0.1y [n 2] = 2x [n] 0.7x [n 1] .
DRAFT
PAGE 60 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam (Recompense)
April 20, 2005
Find a) complex Fourier series representation, b) trigonometric Fourier series representation of the signal. d2 d Q4a) Find state-space representation of 2 y (t) + 0.5 y (t) + y (t) = x (t). Choose state varidt dt d y (t). ables as z1 (t) = y (t) and z2 (t) = dt Q4b) Find state-space representation of y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n]. Choose state variables as z1 [n] = y [n 1] and z2 [n] = y [n 1] y [n 2].
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam 2 (Recompense) QUESTIONS
May 27, 2005
Q1) Find Fourier transform of the following signal, cos (t/2) sin (4t) , x (t) = 0, system. 1 t 1 otherwise
Q2) Find frequency response of the following system. And draw block diagram realization of the dy (t) d2 x (t) dx (t) d2 y (t) +2 + 2y (t) = +2 + x (t) 2 2 dt dt dt dt
Q3) Find inverse Fourier transform of,
Q4) Let x (t) and y (t) are periodic signals with period of T0 . Prove that complex Fourier series coefcients of x (t) y (t) is,
F
where ak are bk are Fourier series coefcients of x (t) and y (t) respectively.
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X () = 2e2j (u ( + 1) u ( 1)) . x (t) y (t)
l=
al bkl = ak bk .
DRAFT
PAGE 62 of 190
May 25, 2005
Q1) A continuous-time LTI system is described by the following rst order differential equation. d y (t) + 2y (t) = 2x (t) . dt Find a) unit step response, b) impulse response.
Q2) A periodic signal is given as, sin (4t) + cos (4t) , x (t) = 0, x (t + l 2) ,
Find trigonometric Fourier series representation (sine and cosine form) of the signal. d d2 (t) + 0.5 y (t) + y (t) = x (t). Choose state varidt2 dt d ables as z1 (t) = y (t) and z2 (t) = y (t) + y (t). dt Q3) Find state-space representation of Q3) Find inverse Fourier transform of,
(Use the time shift and the convolution property of Fourier transforms).
Q4) System function (H (s))of an LTI causal and stable system have poles at s = 1 + j and s = 1 j and one zero at s = 1. h (t) is the impulse response of the system. h (0+ ) = 2
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0.5 t 0.5 lZ
2 j sin () . X () = 4 e 2
1 t < 0.5 and 0.5 < t 1
DRAFT
PAGE 63 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam and
May 25, 2005
dh (t) = 2 are given. a) Find the system function and mark pole-zero locations and dt t=0+ specify the region of convergence on the s-plane. b) Find the impulse response of the system.
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Answer the rst 4 questions. Q5, Q6, Q7 are left to you as exercises. Exam time is 90 minutes.
April 07, 2006
QUESTIONS
Q1)
6
x (t) 2
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1 1 2
-
Find, a) 3x (2t + 3) ,
b)
x (t) dt,
c)
x (2t) dt,
d)
x2 (t) dt,
e)
x2 (2t) dt.
Q2) Find complex Fourier series coefcients of x (t), A cos2 t , T x (t) = 0, x (t) , x (t) = x (t + l To ) ,
(To T ).
T T t 2 2 otherwise
To To t 2 2 lZ
Q3) Fourier series coefcients of a real and periodic signal for k 0 is given as; k 0 1 2 3 4... 0
ak 1 2 j 3 + 4j 1 2j
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DRAFT
PAGE 65 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam The period is, To = 1 sec. Construct signal from its Fourier series.
April 07, 2006
Q4) p (t)
6 6
q (t) A
A
-
T/2 T/2 A
T/2
T/2
t -
Find and plot convolution of p (t) with q (t).
Q5) Find Fourier transform of
a) (t), b)
c) x (t) = eat u (t), a > 0, d d) y (t) = (eat u (t)), a > 0. dt Hint :
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db (t) da (t) d (a (t) b (t)) = a (t) + b (t) dt dt dt F [a (t)] = A () F [b (t)] = B () a (t) = eat b (t) = u (t)
DRAFT
PAGE 66 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Q6) Find Fourier transform of 1 , a) x (t) = ea|t| u (t) 2 b) y (t) = lim x (t)
a0
April 07, 2006
a > 0.
Q7) Find complex Fourier series coefcients of x (t). p (t) + jq (t) , 0, x (t) , lZ T T t 2 2 otherwise
x (t) =
where p (t) and q (t) are as in Q4.
(Since x (t) = x (t), the Fourier series coefcients are real !). Q8) The magnitude,
and phase,
of a Fourier transform are given. Find the inverse Fourier transform (X () = A () ej () ).
Q9) Find the bilateral Laplace transform of a) (t),
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x (t + l To ) , A () = Ao , 2B 2B 0, otherwise /2, 0 () = /2, >0 0, otherwise
x (t) =
DRAFT
PAGE 67 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam b) db (t) da (t) d (a (t) b (t)) = a (t) + b (t) dt dt dt L [a (t)] = A (s) L [b (t)] = B (s)
April 07, 2006
c) x (t) = eat u (t), a > 0, d d) y (t) = (eat u (t)), a > 0. dt Hint :
Q10) Find the unilateral Laplace transform of a) x (t) = eat , a > 0, d x (t). b) y (t) = dt Reminding :
This property can be easily proved by employing partial integration method.
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a (t) = eat b (t) = u (t) Y (s) = s X (s) x (0)
DRAFT
PAGE 68 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam ANSWERS
April 07, 2006
A1) a) x (3 t + 3) = x ( (3 (t 1))). The transformation of independent variable can be done in three steps.
xa (t) = x (t) xb (t) = xa (3 t)
Alternatively,
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t + 3, 3 t < 1 x (t) = 2, 1 t < 1 1, 1t2 3 (3 t + 3) + 9, 3 3 t + 3 < 1 y (t) = 6, 1 3 t + 3 < 1 3, 1 3 t + 3 2 9 t + 18, 2 t > 4 3 4 2 = 6, t> 3 3 1 2 t 3, 3 3 1 2 3, t 3 3 4 2 = <t 6, 3 3 9 t + 18, 4 < t 2 3
y (t) = 3 xb (t 1)
DRAFT
PAGE 69 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam b)

1 1 2
April 07, 2006
x (t) dt =
3
x (t) dt +
1
x (t) dt + x (t) dt
1
1 22+22+11 2
= 7
c)

d)
e)

A2)
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x (t) dt

1 x (2t) dt = 2 = 7 2
x2 (t) dt =
x2 (t) dt +
x2 (t) dt + x2 (t) dt
1
1 2 22 + 2 22 + 1 12 2
= 13
1 x2 (2t) dt = 2

x2 (t) dt
13 2
DRAFT
PAGE 70 of 190
April 07, 2006
ak
1 = To
T 2 A cos2
2 j kt t e To dt T
T 2 T 2 2 2 = kt dt A cos2 t cos To T To
0
A3)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
= A To cos 2 A t dt + T To cos 2 t T cos
0 0
T 2
T 2
2 kt dt To
A To
T 2
0
cos T 2
0
A 2 t dt + T 2To
T 2
0
cos 2
k 1 T To
t dt
A 2To
cos 2
1 k + T To
t dt
T k T k AT sin To To = 0 4 (To + kT ) 4 (To + kT ) T k 2 sin AT k To = 2T 2 T 2 2 k o AT sin
DRAFT
PAGE 71 of 190
April 07, 2006
x (t) =
k=
2 kt ak e To j j
2 2 2 t j t j 2t = 1 + (2 + j) e To + (2 j) e To + (3 4 j) e To 2 2 2 j 3t j 3t j 2t + (3 + 4 j) e To + (1 + 2 j) e To + (1 2 j) e To = 1 + 4 cos (2t) + 2 sin (2t) + 6 cos (4t) 8 sin (4t) + 2 cos (6t) + 4 sin (6t)
A4) Suppose that,
The signals in terms of g (t) are,
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A, T t T 4 4 g (t) = 0, otherwise a (t) = g (t) g (t) A2 T 1 2 |t| , T t T 2 T 2 2 = 0, otherwise p (t) = g t + T 4 T 4 +g t T 4 T 4 q (t) = g t + +g t
DRAFT
PAGE 72 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam p (t) q (t) = g t+ T T T +g t g t + +g 4 4 4 T T T t+ g t+ +g t+ g t 4 4 4 T T T g t+ +g t g t t 4 4 4 T T t+ + a (t) a (t) + a t 2 2 T T +a t t+ 2 2 t T 4 T 4
April 07, 2006 T 4
= g g = a = a
A6)
b)
A8)
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X () = j (j)2 a2 1 j Y () = x (t) = Ao (cos (2Bt) 1) t
a)
DRAFT
PAGE 73 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam (Recompense) QUESTIONS
May 18, 2006
Q1) x (t) = (1 |t|) (u (t + 1) u (t 1)) is given. Find and plot y (t) = x (2t 2)x (2t 4) x (2t + 1) + x (2t + 2).
Q2) A continuous-time LTI system is described by the following rst order differential equation. d d2 y (t) + 2 y (t) + 2y (t) = 2x (t) . dt2 dt Find i) unit step response, ii) impulse response, of the system and iii) response of the system to an arbitrary input.
Q3) A periodic signal is given as,
Find a) complex Fourier series representation, b) trigonometric Fourier series representation of the signal.
Q4) Find inverse Fourier transform of, X () = 2e2j (u ( + 1) u ( 1)) .
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sin t , 2 x (t) = x (t + l 2) , 1 t 1 lZ
DRAFT
PAGE 74 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Answer all questions. Exam time is 90 minutes.
June 09, 2006
QUESTIONS
Q1) Two discrete-time signals are given: n 2 1 0 1 2 3 a [n] 1 2 3 b [n] 0 4 3 3
Find convolution, c [n] = a [n] b [n].
Q2) A second order linear time invariant system is given as
Find impulse response of the system (y [2] = y [1] = 0).
Q3) Find complex Fourier series coefcients of x (t).
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1 1 0 0 1 2 0 elsewhere 3 1 1 y [n] y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n 1] 4 8 4
DRAFT
PAGE 75 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam p (t)

6 6
June 09, 2006 q (t) A
A
-
T/2 T/2 A
T/2
T/2
t -
x (t) =
where To > T .
Q4) Find the unilateral Laplace transform of a) x (t) = eat , a > 0, d b) y (t) = x (t). dt Reminding :
Q5) Find inverse Laplace transform of, 1 (s + 2) (s + 3)

2
using partial fraction expansion.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x (t) = x (t) , x (t + l To ) , To To t 2 2 lZ Y (s) = s X (s) x (0) X (s) = , Re [s] > 2
p (t) + jq (t) , 0,
T T t 2 2 otherwise
DRAFT
PAGE 76 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Q6) The magnitude, Ao , 2B 2B A () = 0, otherwise /2, 0 () = /2, >0 0, otherwise
June 09, 2006
and phase,
of a Fourier transform are given. Find the inverse Fourier transform (X () = A () ej () ).
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam ANSWERS A1) 2 k 2 1 n k 3 3 n 5

2
June 09, 2006
1 + k n 3 + k
c [n] =
k=2
a [k] b [n k]
Sami Arca
DR A FT
+a [1] b [n 1] + a [2] b [n 2]
= a [2] b [n + 2] + a [1] b [n + 1] + a [0] b [n]
DRAFT
PAGE 78 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam c [3] = a [2] b [1] = 4 c [2] = a [2] b [0] + a [1] b [1] = 11 c [1] = a [2] b [1] + a [1] b [0] + a [0] b [1] = 15 c [0] = a [2] b [2] + a [1] b [1] + a [0] b [0] +a [1] b [1]
June 09, 2006
Sami Arca
DR A FT
= 6 c [1] = a [2] b [3] + a [1] b [2] + a [0] b [1] +a [1] b [0] + a [2] b [1] = 6 c [2] = a [1] b [3] + a [0] b [2] + a [1] b [1] +a [2] b [0] = 7 c [3] = a [0] b [3] + a [1] b [2] + a [2] b [1] = 10 c [4] = a [1] b [3] + a [2] b [2] = 3 c [5] = a [2] b [3] = 2 c [n] = 0, n < 3 and n > 5
DRAFT
PAGE 79 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam A2) 1 1 3 h [n] h [n 1] + h [n 2] = [n 1] 4 8 4 For n < 02, h [n 2] = 2 [n 1] h [n] + 6h [n 1]
June 09, 2006
n = 1 h [3] = 2 [2] h [1] + 6h [2] = 0
For n 0,
Sami Arca
DR A FT
n = 2 h [4] = 2 [3] h [2] + 6h [3] = 0 . . . n < 0 h [n] = 0 3 1 1 h [n] = [n 1] + h [n 1] h [n 2] 4 4 8
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PAGE 80 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam n = 0 h [0] = 3 1 1 [1] + h [1] h [2] 4 4 8
June 09, 2006
= 0
n = 1 h [1] = 1 3 1 [0] + h [0] h [1] 4 4 8 1 = 4
Sami Arca
DR A FT
n = 2 h [2] = 3 1 1 [1] + h [1] h [0] 4 4 8 3 = 8 n = 3 h [3] = 3 1 1 [2] + h [2] h [1] 4 4 8 3 3 1 1 = 4 8 8 4 1 = 4
DRAFT
PAGE 81 of 190
June 09, 2006
n = 4 h [4] = 1 3 1 [3] + h [3] h [2] 4 4 8 3 1 1 3 = 4 4 8 8 9 = 64
n = 5
Sami Arca
DR A FT
h [5] = n 0 h [n] = 2n 1 4n 2n 1 h [n] = u [n] 4n n 1 = u [n] 2 1 4
n
1 3 1 [4] + h [4] h [3] 4 4 8 1 1 3 9 = 4 64 8 4 19 = 256 . . .
u [n]
DRAFT
PAGE 82 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam A3)

T/2
June 09, 2006
ak
1 = To
T/2 T/2
j p (t) e
2 kt To dt + j 1 To 2 2 k t dt + To To
T/2
j q (t) e
2 kt To dt
T/2 T/2
2 = To
0
p (t) cos
T/2
q (t) sin
0
2 k t dt To
T/2
2A To
0
cos
2 2A k t dt + To To
0
sin
2 k t dt To
A4) a)
b) x (0) = 1.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
ak T/2 2 2 To 2 To cos kt sin = To 2 k To To 2 k 0 A T A T = 1 cos sin kt + kt k To k To 2 kt To
T/2
0
X (s) =
ea t es t dt
1 (s + a) t = e s+a 0 1 1 (s + a) e + = s+a s+a 1 , s+a Re [s + a] > 0, Re [s] > a
DRAFT
PAGE 83 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Y (s) = s 1 1 s+a a , Re [s] > a = s+a
June 09, 2006
A5) 1
2
X (s) =
(s + 2) (s + 3) A B C = + + 2 s + 2 (s + 2) s+3
Sami Arca
DR A FT
B =
s2
lim (s + 2)2 X (s)
= 1
C =
s3
lim (s + 3) X (s)
= 1
A =
d (s + 2)2 X (s) s2 ds d 1 = lim s2 ds s + 3 1 = lim s2 (s + 3)2 = 1 lim
L [t y (t)] = 1 (s + 2)2
d Y (s) ds d 1 = ds (s + 2)
DRAFT
PAGE 84 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam {Re [s] > 2} = {Re [s] > 2} {Re [s] > 3} 1 , Re [s] > 2 (s + 2) 1 L , Re [s] > 3 e3t u (t) (s + 3) 1 L , Re [s] > 2 t e2tu (t) (s + 2)2 L e2t u (t) x (t) = e2t u (t) + t e2t u (t) + e3t u (t)
June 09, 2006
Sami Arca
DR A FT
A6)
1 x (t) = 2 1 = 2
A () ej () ejt d j
Ao e
1 2 ejt d + 2
2B
Ao e 2 ejt d j
2B 2B
Ao = 2
j jt Ao d + e 2e 2
2B
e 2 ejt d j j t+
0 2B
Ao = 2 = Ao
j t + A 2 d + o e 2 cos t + d 2
2B
2 d
2B
0 2B
Ao =
0
sin ( t) d
DRAFT
PAGE 85 of 190

2B
June 09, 2006
Ao x (t) =
0
sin ( t) d
2B Ao 1 = cos ( t) t 0 Ao (cos (2Bt) 1) = t
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam (Recompense) Answer all questions. Exam time is 90 minutes.
September 06, 2006
QUESTIONS Q1) A rst order linear time invariant system is given as 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] x [n 1] 4 Find impulse response of the system (y [1] = 0).
Q2) Two discrete-time signals are given:
Find convolution, c [n] = a [n] b [n].
DR A FT
n a [n] b [n] 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 1 elsewhere 0 cos (t) + sin 1 t 2 X (s) = 1 (s + 2) (s + 3)2 , Re [s] > 2
Q3) Find complex Fourier series coefcients of x (t) =
Q4) Find inverse Laplace transform of,
using partial fraction expansion.
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 87 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam (Recompense) Q5) Find the unilateral Laplace transform of x (t) = cos (2t) .
September 06, 2006
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam QUESTIONS Q1) Find trigonometric Fourier series of periodic signal 1 , 0.5 | t | , 1 t 1 x (t) = 0.5 [ | t | ]2 = x (t 2) , Z
May 12, 2007
Q2) Consider that x (t) is an even periodic signal with fundamental period To and has zero average value. Then its trigonometric Fourier series representation is
Find Fourier series representation for
in terms of the series coefcients of x (t).
Q3) Find Fourier transform of a) (t), d) ejo t .
Q4) Find inverse Fourier transform of a) 2 (), d) ejto .
DR A FT
x (t) = ak cos k
k=1 t
2 t To
y (t) =
x () d
b) (t to ),
c)
(t To ),
b) 2 ( o ),
c)
2 To
( o ),
Q5) System function of an LTI system is given. The poles of the system function are s = 5j and 2 s = 5j. The system function has one zero located at s = 1. And H (0) = . 25
The modulo N is denoted by b = [a]N , or in other way a = b ( mod N ). By denition, their difference is exactly divisible by N ((a b) /N has no reminder). Note that b 0.
1
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 89 of 190
May 12, 2007
a) Write the system function H (s). b) Write the differential equation describing the system. c) Find the impulse response.
Q6) s (t) 1 t
A periodic signal x (t) is obtained from the aperiodic signal shown in the following gure; x (t) =
=
s (t 2). Find period of y (t) = 2x (t/3) x (t/5).
Q7) A block diagram implementation of an LTI system is given below. x (t)
25 q1 (t)
a) Find system function of the system. b) Write state-space equations for the state variables shown
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 s q2 (t) 1 s 2 y (t) 2
1.5 1.0 0.5
0.5 1.0
DRAFT
PAGE 90 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam in the gure.
May 12, 2007
Q8) The delta-dirac function is limit case of,
(t) = lim p (t) .

a0
p (t) =
1 a , a2 + t 2
a > 0.
The integral and derivative of p (t) ; 1 a dt a2 + t 2 t 1 . arctan = a
p (t) dt =
Show that,
Sami Arca
DR A FT
d (t) = d p (t) dt 2 at . = a2 + t 2
a0
lim
f (t)
1 a dt = a2 + t 2
f (t) (t) dt = f (0) .
a0
lim
f (t) d (t) dt =
f (t) (t) dt = f (0) .
DRAFT
PAGE 91 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam (use partial integration method) and
May 12, 2007
a0
lim
d (t) dt =
(t) dt = 0 .
Q9) An LTI system characterized by a differential equation; d3 d2 d y (t) + 3 2 y (t) + 12 y (t) + 10y (t) = 9x (t) 3 dt dt dt is given.
a) Find the impulse response (by time domain solution of the differential equation). b) Find the system response. c) For state variables, q1 (t) = y (t) and q2 (t) = y (t) and q3 (t) = y (t) nd state-space equations.
Q10) Trigonometric Fourier series representation of periodic signal 1, 1/4 t 1/4 x (t) = 1/2 t < 1/4 0, x (t ) , Z x (t) = 1 2
is
k=1
Plot the rst 2, 5 and, 10 terms of the series for 1/2 t 1/2.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
2 (1)k cos (2 (2 k 1) t) . (2 k 1)
and 1/4 < t 1/2
DRAFT
PAGE 92 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Q11) Find trigonometric Fourier series of periodic signal,
May 12, 2007
x (t) = cos2 ( t) .
Q12) Find Fourier transform of, 1 | t | , 1 t 1 x (t) = 0, elsewhere Q13) Find inverse Laplace transform of
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H (s) = s+2 (s + 3) (s2 + 2 s + 5)
DRAFT
PAGE 93 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam ANSWERS A1) x (t) 0.5 + t 2 1 0.5 t t 1 To = 2 1 1 2
May 12, 2007
To = 2 sec and o =
Then, a0 = 0. x (t) = x (t). x (t) is an even function. The trigonometric Fourier series does not contain sin terms. bk = 0.
0
ak
employ partial integration method, let
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 2 1 1 2 2 2+ 1 1 1 2 2 =0.
1
2 = rad/sec. The one period of the signal is a triangle shape. It consists To of three triangles. The area under one period is
2 = 2 = 2
2 x (t) cos (k t) dt + 2
x (t) cos (k t) dt
1 1
x (t) cos (k t) dt,
( x (t) cos (k t) is an even function)

1
0 1
= 2
0
1 t cos (k t) dt = 2
0
(1 2t) cos (k t) dt
dv = cos (k t) dt, v =
u = 1 2t, du = 2t dt
1 sin (k t) k
DRAFT
PAGE 94 of 190

1 1 sin (k t) | +2 ak = (1 2t) k 0 1
May 12, 2007
1 sin (k t) dt k
0
1 1 1 1 = sin (k ) 2 cos (k t) | k k k 0 2 2 1 sin (k ) 2 2 cos (k ) + 2 2 = k k k 2 2 = 2 2 cos (k ) + 2 2 , k k 4 = 2 2 sin2 k . k 2
( sin (k ) = 0 ) ( 2 sin2 () = 1 cos (2) )
a2k1 =
4 2 (2k 1)2 4
a2k = 0 .
A2)
y (t) is an odd function. It has only sin terms and the coefcients, bk = ak
A3)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x (t) =
k=1
2 (2k 1)2
cos ((2k 1) t) .
y (t) =
x () d
ak cos k
t
k=1
2 To
ak
cos k
k=1
2 To
=
k=1
ak
To 2 sin k t 2k To To . 2k
DRAFT
PAGE 95 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam a)
May 12, 2007
F [ (t)] =
0
(t) ejt dt
(t) e
jt
dt + (0) e
j0
dt +
0+
(t) ejt dt
= 0 + (0) dt + 0 = 1
c)
See the footnote 2 .

2
The Fourier transform sums to zero for = k
Sami Arca
DR A FT
b)
F [ (t to )] =
(t to ) ejt dt
= (0) ejto dt = ejto
(t To )
F [ (t To )] ej To
2 = To
2 To
2 2 and sums to innity for = k . Using Fourier series; To To
ej
=
=
=
ej
2
=0
cos ( ) + 1 =
=1
2 ( 2)
DRAFT
PAGE 96 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam d)
May 12, 2007
F e
jo t
ejo t ejt dt
ej t(o ) dt
= 2 ( o )
See the footnote 3 . A4) a)
b)
c)
The integral sums to zero for = 0 and sums to innity for = 0. Using Fourier transform;

Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 [2 ()] = 2
2 () ejt d = 1
1 F 1 [2 ( o )] = 2
2 ( o ) ejt d = ejo t
2 To
2 To =
1 = To 1 = To
F 1 2
jt
2 To
e
=
2 To
d =
ej d = 2 ()
DRAFT
PAGE 97 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam d)
May 12, 2007
F e
jto
1 = 2

ejto ejt d
1 2
ej (tto ) d
= (t to )
A5) a)
b)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H (s) = A (s + 1) A (s + 1) = 2 (s + 5j) (s 5j) s + 25 H (0) = A 2 = 25 25 A = 2 Y (s) 2 (s + 1) = X (s) s2 + 25 s2 Y (s) + 25Y (s) = 2sX (s) + 2X (s) d d2 y (t) + 25y (t) = 2 x (t) + 2x (t) 2 dt dt
DRAFT
PAGE 98 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam c)

0+
May 12, 2007
d2 y (t) dt + 25 dt2
0+
0+
0+
y (t) dt
0
=2
0
d (t) dt dt
+2
0
(t) dt
y (0+ ) y (0 ) + 0 y (0+ )
=2 0 =2
+2
See 4
0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
DR A FT
D1 y (t) dt =2 (t) dt +2
0 0
d y (t) dt + 25 dt
0
u (t) dt
y (0+ ) y (0 ) + 0 y (0+ )
=2
+0
=2
d2 y (t) + 25y (t) = 0, dt2
for t > 0
The impulse response is the solution of the differential equation for t > 0. The characteristic polynomial has complex conjugate roots.
y (t) = K ej5t + Kej5t
4 t
y (t) =
t
y () d d
y (t) =
y () d d y (t) dt d2 y (t) dt2
Dy (t) = D2 y (t) =
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 99 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam K= B A +j 2 2 A B +j 2 2
May 12, 2007
y (t) =
A B j 2 2
ej5t +
ej5t
= A cos (5t) + B sin (5t)
y (t) = 5A sin (5t) + 5B cos (5t)
y (0+ ) = A = 2
A6) Fundamental period of x (t) is 2 sec. Consider that To is fundemental period of y (t). t + To t + To x 3 5 t To t To = 2x x + + 3 3 5 5
To /3 and To /5 have to be multiple of 2 sec. t = 2 3 t = k 2, 5 = 5, k = 3 To = 30 sec. The frequencies of x (t/3) and x (t/6) must be integer multiples (harmonics) of frequency of y (t).
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (0+ ) = 5B = 2 B = 2 5 y (t) = 2 cos (5t) u (t) + 2 sin (5t) u (t) 5 y (t + To ) = 2x k = 5 3
DRAFT
PAGE 100 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Then, 1 1 = To 6 1 1 n = To 10
May 12, 2007
5 m = n 3
m = 5, n = 3 A7)
1 1 = Hz. To 30
25 q1 (t)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 s q2 (t) y (t) 2 1 s 2 25 W (s) = W (s) s2 25 W (s) 1 + 2 = X (s) s s2 X (s) W (s) = 2 s + 25 X (s) 2 2 W (s) + 2 W (s) = Y (s) s s 2 (s + 1) W (s) = Y (s) s2 2
x (t)
W (s)
DRAFT
PAGE 101 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Y (s) = 2 (s + 1) s2 s2 2 (s + 1) X (s) = 2 X (s) 2 + 25 s s + 25 2 (s + 1) s2 + 25
May 12, 2007
H (s) = b)
q1 (t) = q2 (t) q2 (t) = 25q1 (t) + x (t) y (t) = 2q1 (t) + 2q2 (t)
A8)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
q1 (t) 0 1 q1 (t) 0 + x (t) = 1 q2 (t) 25 0 q2 (t) q1 (t) y (t) = 2 2 q2 (t)

(t) dt =
a0+
lim
p (t) dt
1 t arctan a0 a 1 = lim+ a0 2 2 = lim+ = 1
DRAFT
PAGE 102 of 190

May 12, 2007
(t) dt =
a0+
lim
d (t) dt
= =
a0
lim+ p (t) |
a0+
lim (p () p ())
= 0
f (t) (t) dt =
a0+
lim
f (t) d (t) dt

A9) a)
0+
DR A FT
=
a0+
a0+
lim [ f () p () f () p () f (0) ]
lim f (t) p (t) |
f (t) (t) dt
= f (0)
D3 y (t) + 3D2y (t) + 12Dy (t) + 10y (t) = 9x (t)
0+
0+
0+
0+
Dy (t) dt + 3
0
y (t) dt + 12
D1 y (t) dt + 10
D2 y (t) dt = 9
D2 (t) dt
0
y (0 ) y (0 ) + 3 0 + 12 0 + 10 0 = 9 0 y (0+ ) = 0
0 +
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 103 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam See 5

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
May 12, 2007
D2 y (t) dt + 3
0 + 0
Dy (t) dt + 12
0
y (t) dt + 10
0 +
D1 y (t) dt = 9
0
D1 (t) dt
y (0 ) y (0 ) + 3 (y (0 ) y (0 )) + 12 0 + 10 0 = 9 0 y (0+ ) = 0
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
D3 y (t) dt + 3
0 + 0
D2 y (t) dt + 12
0 +
Dy (t) dt + 10
+ 0
y (t) dt = 9
0
(t) dt
y (0 ) y (0 ) + 3 (y (0 ) y (0 )) + 12 (y (0 ) y (0 )) + 10 0 = 9 1 y (0+ ) = 9
The impulse response is zero input response for,
The characteristics polynomial,
The roots are, 1 = 1, 2 = 1 + 3j, and 3 = 1 3j. The estimated solution for real root, 1 = a is K ea t . The solution for the complex conjugate roots
5 Integral of a signal is continuos if it has only nite discontinuties. Let a (t) is continuous signal. b (t) = a (t) + K u (t) is discontinuous at t = 0. (b (0 ) = a (0 ), b (0+ ) = a (0+ ) + K). t t
c (t) =
b () d =
c (0 ) = c (0+ ).
Sami Arca
DR A FT
D3 y (t) + 3D2 y (t) + 12Dy (t) + 10y (t) = 0, y (0+ ) = 9, y (0+ ) = 0, t 0+ y (0+ ) = 0 3 + 32 + 12 + 10 = ( + 1) 2 + 2 + 10
a () d + K t u (t).
DRAFT
PAGE 104 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam 2 = a + jb and 3 = a jb is A ea t cos (b t) + B ea t sin (b t). Then, y (t) = K et + A et cos (3 t) + B et sin (3t)
May 12, 2007
and
y (t) = Ket Aet cos (3 t) 3 Aet sin (3 t) Bet sin (3 t) + 3 Bet cos (3 t) y (t) = Ket 8 Aet cos (3 t) + 6 Aet sin (3 t) 8 Bet sin (3 t) 6 Bet cos (3 t)
From the rst and second equations, B = 0 is obtained. And from the rst and the third equations it is easly found that K = 1, and A = 1. The impulse response is then,
b)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
K+A = 0 K A + 3B = 0 K 8A 6B = 9 y (t) = et (1 cos (3 t)) u (t) . s3 Y (s) + 3s2 Y (s) + 12sY (s) + 10Y (s) = 9X (s) H (s) = 9 Y (s) = 3 2 + 12s + 10 X (s) s + 3s
Employing the initial conditions we get,
DRAFT
PAGE 105 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam c) q1 (t) = y (t) and q2 (t) = y (t) and q3 (t) = y (t). Then,
May 12, 2007
q1 (t) = q2 (t) q2 (t) = q3 (t)
From the differential equation,
q3 (t) + 3q3 (t) + 12q2 (t) + 10q1 (t) = 9x (t)
A10)
0.5
Sami Arca
DR A FT
q3 (t) = 3q3 (t) 12q2 (t) 10q1 (t) + 9x (t) 1 0 q1 (t) q1 (t) 0 q (t) = 0 2 0 1 q2 (t) q3 (t) 10 12 3 q3 (t) q1 (t) y (t) = 1 0 0 q2 (t) q3 (t) x (t) 1 n=2 n=5 n = 10 t 0.5
0 + 0 x (t) 1
DRAFT
PAGE 106 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam A11)
May 12, 2007
x (t) = cos2 ( t) = 1 1 + cos (2t) 2 2
1 The period of x (t) is To = 1sec. The trigonometric Fourier series coefcients of are a0 = , 2 1 a1 = , and ak = 0 for k = 2, 3, . . . , . 2 A12) 1
DR A FT
1 1 t t 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 x (t) = p (t) p (t)
t
p (t)
y (t)
x (t)
t 1
1.0 0.5 1
The signal x (t), can be derived from p (t) and y (t);
x (t) =
y () d = y (t) u (t)
and y (t) = p (t + 0.5) p (t 0.5) . Then, X () = P () P ()
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 107 of 190

1/2
May 12, 2007
P () =
1/2 1/2
ejt dt
=2
0
cos (t) dt =
2 sin 2
X () = P2 () = 4 sin2 2 2
A13)
The inverse Laplace transform; 3 3 1 1 1 j e(1+2j) t u (t) + + j e(12j) t u (t) h (t) = e3t u (t) + 8 16 16 16 16 1 1 = e3t u (t) + et (cos (2t) + 3 sin (2t)) u (t) . 8 8
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H (s) = A = lim (s + 3) H (s) =
s3
s+2 s+2 = 2 + 2 s + 5) (s + 3) (s (s + 3) (s + 1 2j) (s + 1 + 2j) A B C = + + s + 3 s + 1 2j s + 1 + 2j 1/8 1/16 (3/16) j 1/16 + (3/16) j + + = s+3 s + 1 2j s + 1 + 2j
1 8
B=
s1+2j
lim
C=
s12j
lim
3 1 j 16 16 1 3 (s + 1 + 2j) H (s) = + j 16 16 (s + 1 2j) H (s) =
DRAFT
PAGE 108 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam QUESTIONS Q1) Find the Fourier transform of ; a)
June 07, 2007
2, 1 t < 0 1, 0, 0t<2 elsewhere
x (t) =
b)
Q2) Find the trigonometric Fourier series coefcients of;
Q3) Find inverse Laplace transform of a)
b) H (s) = s (s + 2) (s2 + 9)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 1 sin (2t) , t< 2 2 1 y (t) = 0, 1 t < 2 y (t + 2) , Z and 1 t<1 2 H (s) = 1 (s + 2) (s2 + 9)
2 t + 2, 1 t < 0 y (t) = t + 2, 0t<2 0, elsewhere
DRAFT
PAGE 109 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Q4) A block diagram implementation of an LTI system is given below.
June 07, 2007
x (t)
y (t)
1 s
a) Find system function of the system. b) Write state-space equations for the state variables shown in the gure.
Q5) An LTI system characterized by a differential equation; d d2 y (t) + 2 y (t) + 10y (t) = 9x (t) 2 dt dt is given. a) Find the impulse response (by time domain solution of the differential equation). b) Find the system response.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
2 1 s 25 q1 (t) 2
q2 (t)
DRAFT
PAGE 110 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam ANSWERS A1) a)

0 2
June 07, 2007
X () =
1
2 ejt dt +
0 0
(1) ejt dt
2
b)
A2) The period is To = 2 sec and o = rad/sec.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
t
1 jt 2 jt + e e = j j 1 0 2 2 j 1 2j 1 = + e + e j j j j 2 1 = ej/2 ej/2 ej/2 + ej ej ej j j 4 2 = ej/2 sin (/2) ej sin () j j sin () sin (/2) 2 ej = 2 ej/2 /2
y (t) =
x () d
Y () =
1 X () + X (0) () j X (0) = 0
Y () =
2 j/2 sin (/2) 2 j sin () e e j /2 j
y (t) = y (t)
DRAFT
PAGE 111 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam The signal is an odd function. The Fourier series does not contain dc and cos terms.
1/2
June 07, 2007
bk =
1/2
sin (2 t) sin (k t) dt
1/2 1/2
1 = 2
1/2
1 cos ((2 + k) t) dt + 2
1/2 1/2
cos ((2 k) t) dt
1/2 1/2
1 1 sin ((2 + k) t) = 2 (2 + k)
1 1 + sin ((2 k) t) 2 (2 k) 1/2 1 (2 k) 2
A3) a) 1 A B C = + + 2 + 9) (s + 2) (s s + 2 s + j3 s j3 A = lim (s + 2)
s2
B = lim (s + j3)
sj3
Sami Arca
DR A FT
b2 = 0
1
1 1 1 sin (2 + k) + sin = (2 + k) 2 (2 k) 1 1 k k = + sin sin (2 + k) 2 (2 k) 2 k 4 sin = 2) (4 k 2
b2
4 (1)1+
4 (2 1)2
y (t) =
4 (1)1+
=1
4 (2 1)2
sin ((2 1) t)
1 1 = 2 + 9) (s + 2) (s 11
1 1 1 = lim = sj3 (s + 2) (s j3) (s + 2) (s2 + 9) 18 j12
DRAFT
PAGE 112 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam C = B = 1 18 + j12
June 07, 2007
h (t) =
1 2 t e + 11 1 2 t e + = 11 1 2 t = e + 11 1 2 t = e + 11
1 1 ej3 t + ej3 t 18 j12 18 + j12 1 1 1 1 ej3 t + ej3 t 6 3 j2 6 3 + j2 1 1 (3 + j2) ej3 t + (3 j2) ej3 t 6 11 6 11 2 1 cos (3 t) + sin (3 t) , t>0. 11 3
A4)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
L1 1 d s = L1 (s + 2) (s2 + 9) dt (s + 2) (s2 + 9) h (t) = 2 2 t 1 e + (3 sin (3 t) + 2 cos (3 t)) , 11 11
b)
t>0.
DRAFT
PAGE 113 of 190
June 07, 2007
x (t)
A (s)
y (t)
1 s
q2 (t)
a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 s 25 q1 (t) 2 A (s) = A (s) 25 A (s) + X (s) s2 25 1 + 2 = X (s) s Y (s) = A (s) + Y (s) = A (s) 2 2 A (s) + 2 A (s) s s 2 2 1+ + 2 s s Y (s) = s2 + 2s + 2 s2 X (s) s2 s2 + 25
DRAFT
PAGE 114 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam H (s) = b) s2 + 2s + 2 Y (s) = X (s) s2 + 25
June 07, 2007
q1 (t) = q2 (t) q2 (t) = 25 q1 (t) + x (t) y (t) = 25 q1 (t) + x (t) + 2 q2 (t) + 2 q1 (t) = 23 q1 (t) + 2 q2 (t) + x (t)
A5)
0+
[D y (t)] dt + 2
0
y (0+ ) y (0 ) + 2 0 + 10 0 = 9 0 y (0+ ) = 0
Sami Arca
DR A FT
D2 y (t) + 2 D y (t) + 10 y (t) = 9 x (t) D y (t) + 2 y (t) + 10 D1 y (t) = 9 D1 x (t)
0+ 0+ 0+
y (t) dt + 10
D1 y (t) dt = 9
D1 (t) dt
0+
0+
0+
0+
D2 y (t) dt + 2
0 0
[D y (t)] dt + 10
0
y (t) dt = 9
0
(t) dt
y (0+ ) y (0 ) + 2 0 + 10 0 = 9 1 y (0+ ) = 9
DRAFT
PAGE 115 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam d2 d y (t) + 2 y (t) + 10y (t) = 0, 2 dt dt t>0.
June 07, 2007
2 + 2 + 10 = 0 1,2 = 1 j3
y (t) = A e(1+j3) t + B e(1j3) t y (t) = A (1 + j3) e(1+j3) t + B (1 j3) e(1j3) t
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (0+ ) = A + B = 0 y (0+ ) = A (1 + j3) + B (1 j3) = 9 A+B=0 A + B = j3 3 A= j 2 3 B= j 2 3 3 y (t) = j e(1+j3) t + j e(1j3) t 2 2 = 3 et sin (3 t) , t>0.
DRAFT
PAGE 116 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam QUESTIONS Q1) Find Fourier transform of the following continuous time signal. t, y (t) = 1, 0, 0 t < 1, 1 t 2, otherwise
May 08, 2009
........................................................................................ 1 1 at te 2 eat + C a a
Q2) Find complex Fourier series of the following periodic signal derived from the signal given in Q1. y (t) , x (t) = x (t + 2) ,
........................................................................................
Sami Arca
DR A FT
eat dt = 1 at e +C a
1 1
teat dt =
teat dt +
eat dt =
1 2a 1 1 e 2 ea + 2 a a a
1 1 t cos ( at + b) dt = t sin ( at + b) + 2 cos ( at + b) + C a a
0 t 2, Z
Y () = F [ y (t) ]
DRAFT
PAGE 117 of 190
May 08, 2009
ak =
2 1 Y k To To 1 = Y ( k ) 2
Q3) Find convolution of eat u (t) , with itself. a>0
Sami Arca
DR A FT
z (t) = y (t) x (t)
........................................................................................
y () x (t ) d
z (t) =
ea u () ea(t) u (t ) d
= eat
u () u (t ) d
u () u (t ) =
1, 0 < < t 0, otherwise
DRAFT
PAGE 118 of 190
May 08, 2009
z (t) = eat
0
d ,
t>0
= teat
z (t) = teat u (t) Q4) Plot one sided discrete magnitude and phase spectrum of the following signal (A cos (2 f t + ) represents an oscillation and A is the magnitude and is the phase of this oscillation).
x (t) = 1 + 2 cos (2 t + /3) + 3/2 cos (4 t + 2/3) 1/2 cos (6 t) .
........................................................................................
mag.
DR A FT
A phase (rad.) freq. (Hz) f f
freq. (Hz)
Q5) Fourier transform of a continuous time signal is given as 1 j . (1 + j) (3 + j)
X () =
Find inverse Fourier transform of the signal by employing partial fraction expension method. Note that F eat u (t) = 1 , a + j for a>0,
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 119 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam and ab 1 ac 1 a+s = + . (b + s) (c + s) cb b+s bc c+s
May 08, 2009
........................................................................................ The following equation is obtained by multiplying Eq. ( ) by minus : a s ba 1 ca 1 = + . (b + s) (c + s) cb b+s bc c+s Comparing this with X () it is seen that :
Therefore partial fraction expansion of X () is
Q6) Generate a discrete time signal by sampling the following continious time signal. The sampling rate is Ts = 0.5 sec.
Plot the discrete time signal.
........................................................................................
Sami Arca
DR A FT
a = 1, b = 1, c=3. 1 j 1 2 = . (1 + j) (3 + j) 1 + j 3 + j 1 1 |t| 2 x (t) = x (t + 4) , 2 t 2, Z
DRAFT
PAGE 120 of 190

x [n] 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
May 08, 2009
n
5 6 7
x [n] = x (n Ts ) = x (2 n) .
a)
x (t) is input and y (t) is output. b)
x [n] is input and y [n] is output.
........................................................................................ A linear system has to satisfy the following property: Input x1 x2 x1 + x2 Output y1 y2 y1 + y2
If initials values of an differentiation equation (difference equation in discrete time case) are zero
Sami Arca
DR A FT
d y (t) + 2 y (t) = x (t) , dt y [n 1] + 1 y [n] = x [n] . 2
Q7) Test the linearity and causality of the following systems.
DRAFT
PAGE 121 of 190
May 08, 2009
the homogenous solution of the differential equation is zero. This means the response is zero for t < 0. So the system described by the differential equation is causal. In other case when the differential equation has non-zero initial values causality will be violated. The linearity will also be failed. Because the differential equation response will be composed of particular solution (a linear time invariant and casual system response to the input x (t)) and homogenous solution.
Q8) Can the following Fourier series representation of a periodic signal converge ? Why ?
x (t) = 1 +
n=1
........................................................................................
Q9) The unit step function can be considered as limit of eat u (t):
a) Using this property nd the Fourier transform (U ()) of u (t). What is
Sami Arca
DR A FT
n=11
1 cos (2 n t) . n (n + 1)
1 = n (n + 1) =
n=1
1 1 n n+1
n=1
1 n 1 n
n=1
1 n+1 1 n
n=1
n=2
= 1.
u (t) = lim+ eat u (t) .

a0
lim U () =
DRAFT
PAGE 122 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam b) The following relation u (t) = 1 u (t) , yields U () + U () = 2 () . The above result shows that the Fourier transform of unit step function should be 1 . j
May 08, 2009
U () = A () +
Q10) Find
a) the Fourier transform of (t) and ej(2/To ) kt ,
b) and the inverse Fourier transform of () and ( (2/To ) k).
Q11) Does Fourier transform of
exist ? Find,
a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x (t) = 1 u (t) 1+t |x (t)| dt
Find A ().
DRAFT
PAGE 123 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam b)
May 08, 2009
|x (t)|2 dt
Q12) Does Fourier transform of x [n] = exist ? Find, 1 u [n] 1+n
a)
b)
Q13) Find impulse response of the following system.
Q14) Find complex Fourier series of the following periodic signal. cos ( t) , x (t + ) ,
Sami Arca
DR A FT

|x [n]|
|x [n]|2
y (t) + 2y (t) + 5y (t) = x (t) .
x (t) =
0 t 1, Z.
DRAFT
PAGE 124 of 190
May 25, 2009
Q1) Frequency response of a linear time invariant and casual continuous-time system is given as follows: H () = 1 (j) + 2j + 5
2
a) Find the corresponding differential equation of the frequency response. (10p) b) Find the impulse response of the system by calculating inverse Fourier transform of the frequency response. (15p)
........................................................................................ a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H () = = Y () X ()
2
(j) + 2j + 5
(j)2 + 2j + 5 Y () = X ()
(j)2 Y () + 2jY () + 5Y () = X ()
y (t) + 2y (t) + 5y (t) = x (t) .
DRAFT
PAGE 125 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam b) H () is partitioned as follows. 1

2
May 25, 2009
H () =
(j) + 2j + 5 1 = (j + 1 + 2j) (j + 1 2j) A B = + j + 1 + 2j j + 1 2j
Q2) Complex Fourier series coefcients of a periodic signal with period of 2 sec. are given as
Sami Arca
DR A FT
j12j
A= =
lim
(j + 1 + 2j) H () 1 1 = j + 1 2j 4j
j12j
lim
B= =
j1+2j
lim
(j + 1 2j) H () 1 1 = j + 1 + 2j 4j
j1+2j
lim
H () =
0.25j 0.25j j + 1 + 2j j + 1 2j
h (t) = 0.25j e(12j)t u (t) 0.25j e(1+2j)t u (t) = et 0.25j e2jt 0.25j e2jt u (t) 1 = et sin (t) u (t) . 2
DRAFT
PAGE 126 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam follows:
May 25, 2009
a0 = 1,
a1 = 1 a2 = 0.5j
a1 = 1 a2 = 0.5j .
Find the periodic signal. (20p)
........................................................................................
Q3) Step response of a linear time invariant system is given as follows: 1 cos (t) . 2
a) Is the system stable ? Why ?
b) Is the system causal ? Why ?
........................................................................................ a) lim s (t) . System is unstable. (7.5p) t 1 b) Input is zero for t < 0 but output s (t) = cos (t) = 0 2 (7.5p)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x (t) = a2 e To (2) t + a1 e To (1) t + a0 + a1 e To t + a2 e To 2t = 0.5j e2 t + 1 e t 1 + 1 e t 0.5j e2 t
2 2 2 2
= 1 + 2 cos (t) + sin (2t) .
s (t) = et sin (t) u (t)
for t < 0. System is non-causal.
DRAFT
PAGE 127 of 190
May 25, 2009
Q4) Find complex Fourier series coefcients (not the trigonometric Fourier series coefcients) of the following periodic signal: (20p) 1 1, 0<t< 2 1 x (t) = 1, <t<0 2 x (t + ) , Z.
0 1/2
........................................................................................
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1/2 1/2 0 1/2
ak =
j2kt
dt +
ej2kt dt
j2kt
dt +
ej2kt dt
1/2
ej2kt + ej2kt dt
1/2
ak = 2j
sin (2kt) dt
1/2
2j = cos (2kt) 2k 0 1 = (1 cos (k)) jk
a2k1 =
2 j (2k 1) kZ.
a2k = 0,
DRAFT
PAGE 128 of 190
May 25, 2009
Q5) A linear time invariant system is described by the following constant coefcient linear differential equation. y (t) + 2y (t) = x (t) . a) Find impulse response of the system by solving the differential equation in time domain. (10p) b) Find the response for the input (15p)
x (t) = et u (t) .
a)
u (0 ) = 0 and, y (0 ) = 0 since the system is causal. Therefore,
The characteristic equation of the differential equation is (the n th derivative of y (t) : y(n) (t) is replaced by Dn ): D+2=0
Sami Arca
DR A FT
0+ 0+ 0+
........................................................................................
y (t) dt + 2
y (t) dt =
(t) dt
0+
0 0+
y (t)
+ 2 0 = u (t)
y (0+ ) y (0 ) = u (0+ ) u (0 )
y (0+ ) = 1 .
DRAFT
PAGE 129 of 190
May 25, 2009
The root of the characteristic equation is D = 2. The homogenous solution of the system is then
y (t) = Ae2t ,
t>0.
From the initial condition unknown constant A is found:
y (0+ ) = A = 1 .
The impulse response of the system is
b)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (t) = e2t u (t) . y (t) = e2t u (t) et u (t)
t
e2 e(t) d
t
= et
e d
t
= e
= et et 1 = et e2t , t>0.
y (t) = et e2t u (t) .
DRAFT
PAGE 130 of 190
May 25, 2009
Q6) Find the Fourier transform of e(a+jb)t u (t) . Does the signal have Fourier transform for all a R. If not, what is the interval of a R where Fourier transform exist ? Where complex number ajb falls in the comlex plane for this interval of a.
Q7)
b) Using the result above nd Fourier transform of
in terms of X () = F [ x (t) ]. For
plot Y ().
Sami Arca
DR A FT
ak ej To kt .
2
a) Does inverse Fourier transform of ( o ) exist ? If yes, nd the inverse Fourier transform.
k=
y (t) = x (t) cos (o t)
A + X () = A 0,
A t, 1 < t < 0 1 A t, 0 < t < 1 1 otherwise
DRAFT
PAGE 131 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam X ()
May 25, 2009
1 1
Q9) Find complex Fourier series of the following periodic impulse train.
Q10) Find step response of the following system.
You dont need to calculate y (0+ ). Only an impulse can impose initial values at t = 0+ .
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x (t) =
=
(t To ) ,
Z.
y (t) + a y (t) = y (t) .
f (t) (t to ) dt = f (to )
F e(a+jb)t u (t) =
1 , j + a + jb
a>0
F [ x (t) ] = jX ()
DRAFT
PAGE 132 of 190
May 25, 2009
(t) e
jt
dt = 1,
ejt d = 2 (t)
cos () =
1 j 1 j e + e 2 2 1 1 j sin () = e + ej 2j 2j
Sami Arca
DR A FT
Im b a + jb a Re Complex plane
DRAFT
PAGE 133 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I QUESTIONS Q1) a) Find Fourier transform of the above signal (15 p) . x (t) 1 1 1 1 t
March 31, 2010
b) A periodic signal y (t) is generated from aperiodic signal x (t);
Find the complex Fourier series coefcients of this signal by employing the Fourier transform obtained in Q1a (5 p) . Supplementary:
Q2)
a) Find inverse Fourier transform of the following Fourier transform by using partial fraction expansion method (10 p) . Y () = 2 1 + 2
Hint: Y () R. Therefore Y () = X () + X (). For real signals, F [x (t)] = X (). b) Find the Fourier transform of z (t) = 2 1 + t2
by using duality property of the Fourier transform (10 p) .
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (t) =
=
x (t 2) .
teat dt =
1 at 1 te 2 eat + c a a
DRAFT
PAGE 134 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I Supplementary: The duality property:
F
March 31, 2010
z (t) = Y (t) Z () = 2y () eat u (t)

F
y (t) Y ()
F
1 , a + j
a<0.
Q3) Find impulse response of the following causal LTI systems. Integrating both side twice and
b > 0. Solve the problem in time domain.
a) y (t) + (a + b) y (t) + aby (t) = x (t) (10 p) .
b) y (t) + 2ay (t) + a2 + b2 y (t) = x (t) (10 p) . Supplementary: Eulers Identity
Q4) Find convolution of the above signals (20 p) . x (t) 1 1 1 t
Hint: Evaluate the convolution integral for the intervals; I. t < 2, II. 2 t < 0, III. 0 t < 2, IV. t 2.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
ej = cos () + j sin () h (t) 1 1 1
once in the interval of [0 , 0+ ] yields initial conditions; y (0+ ) = 1 and y (0+ ) = 0. a > 0 and
DRAFT
PAGE 135 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I
March 31, 2010
Q5) Transfer function of a causal LTI system is given as following. a) Find Poles, zeros and ROC of H (s). Show poles, zeros and ROC in the s-plane (10 p) . b) Find the impulse response of the system by using partial fraction expansion method (10 p) . s+2 (s + 3) (s + 4)2
H (s) =
Supplementary:
........................................................................................
Q6) The following causal LTI system is given. +
X (s)
DR A FT
L teat u (t) = (a + s)2 , ROC = Re [s] > a A (s) E (s) B (s)
L eat u (t) =
1 , a + s 1
ROC = Re [s] > a
Y (s)
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 136 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I A (s) = 1 a s2 B (s) = a
March 31, 2010
For a = 1, a) nd the transfer function of the system. b) nd the impulse response of the system. c) Check the stability. Is system stable ?
a) Find the transfer function of the system.
b) Use partial fraction expansion method to nd the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function and consequently impulse response of the system.
Q8) A causal LTI system is given as following
New variables which are called as state variable can be generated as below
Sami Arca
DR A FT
2y (t) + 10y (t) + 12y (t) = 2x (t) + 3x (t) a0 y (t) + a1 y (t) + a2 y (t) = bx (t) z1 (t) = y (t) z2 (t) = y (t) = z1 (t)
Q7) A causal LTI system is given as following
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PAGE 137 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I The derivative of z2 (t) can be extracted from the differential equation
March 31, 2010
a0 z2 (t) + a1 z2 (t) + a2 z1 (t) = bx (t) z2 (t) = a1 a2 b z2 (t) z1 (t) + x (t) a0 a0 a0
These equations leads to the following matrix equation z1 (t) 0 = a2 z2 (t) a0 1 z1 (t) 0 + b x (t) a1 z2 (t) a0 a0
The modest form is
This equation is known as state equation and matrix A is called as state-transition matrix. The solution of this vector differential equation is
Here, eAt is the matrix exponential. The matrix exponential is a matrix function on square matrices:
Find the state variables for the constants, a0 = 1 , a1 = 3, a2 = 2, and b = 1.
Q8)The following signal
Sami Arca
DR A FT
z (t) = A z (t) + bx (t)
t
z (t) = e
A(tto )
z (to ) + e
At
eA bx () d
to
At
=
n=0
An n t n!
x (t) = cos (2t) + cos (4t) + cos (6t)
DRAFT
PAGE 138 of 190
March 31, 2010
is input to a lter with a frequency response of H (f). The values of the frequency response at f = 1, f = 2, and f = 3 Hz are
1 j/2 e 3 1 j3/4 e H (3) = 5 H (2) =
H (1) = 1 ej/4
b) Find the output y (t) of the lter by using the convolution property of the Fourier transform.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
DRAFT
a) Find the Fourier transform of x (t).
PAGE 139 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I ANSWERS A1) a)
March 31, 2010
X () =
1
x (t) ejt dt
=
1
tejt dt
1 1
b) Since the periodic signal is generated from the aperiodic signal the complex Fourier series coefcients can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the aperiodic signal.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
t jt e = j 1 (j)
2
ejt
1 j 1 1 1 j e e + 2 ej 2 ej j j 2j 2j = cos () 2 sin () 2j ( cos () sin ()) = 2
ak =
1 X To
2 k To
To = 2 2 k = k To
DRAFT
PAGE 140 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I ak = 1 X ( k) 2 1 1 cos ( k) + 2 2 sin ( k) = j k j k k cos ( k) sin ( k) = j 2 k2
March 31, 2010
The above equation gives coefcients for all k Z. It can be further simplied by replacing 0 cos ( k) = (1)k and sin ( k) = 0. Notice that ak = , when k = 0, therefore undened. 0 Actually as y (t) is an odd signal we know that a0 = 0. Applying LHospitals rule we can nd this. But be careful, ak is a discrete function of integer k, not a a function of a continuous variable.
may not obtain true value of a0 after simplications. A a result, we separate a0 from the simplied version of ak . 1 (1)k , k Z {0} j k ak = 0, k=0
A2)
a) The Y () can be partitioned into partial fractions as below.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
Y () = 2 1 + 2 A B = + 1 j 1 + j A = 2 2 = lim = 1 2 j1 1 + j j1 1+ 2 2 B = lim (1 + j) = lim = 1 2 j1 j1 1 j 1+ lim (1 j) Y () = 1 1 + 1 j 1 + j
Hence simplications is valid for discrete k but limit is dened for continuous variables and we
DRAFT
PAGE 141 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I F 1 F 1 1 1 + j 1 1 j = et u (t) = F 1 1 1 + j
March 31, 2010
et u (t)
tt
= et u (t)
Therefore,
y (t) = et u (t) + et u (t) = e| t |
b) Here,
We can utilize the duality property to nd the Fourier transform of z (t).
A3) The impulse response, as it appears in its name, is response to the impulse at the input. Impulse is exerted at time t = 0 and disappears after (t > 0). Since the system is causal the output (response) is zero for t < 0. The response for t > 0 need to be computed and can be found by solving the homogenous differential equation (response to zero input). a)
The characteristic equation is D2 + (a + b) D + ab = 0
Sami Arca
DR A FT
z (t) = [ Y () ]t = 2 1 + t2 Z () = 2 [ y (t) ]t = 2e| | y (t) + (a + b) y + aby (t) = 0, t>0
DRAFT
PAGE 142 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I The roots of the characteristic equation
March 31, 2010
(D + a) (D + b) = 0 D1 = a D2 = b
Then the solution is y (t) = C1 eD1 t + C2 eD2 t = C1 eat + C2 ebt The unknown coefcients are found from the initial values imposed by the impulse at t = 0+ .
Finally we get, y (t) = 1 1 eat u (t) + ebt u (t) a + b ab
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (t) = C1 eat + C2 ebt y (t) = aC1 eat bC2 ebt y (0+ ) = C1 + C2 = 0 y (0+ ) = aC1 bC2 = 1 C1 = C2 1 a + b 1 = ab
DRAFT
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EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I b) The same steps are repeated to nd the impulse response.
March 31, 2010
y (t) + 2ay + a2 + b2 y (t) = 0,
t>0
The characteristic equation is D2 + 2aD + a2 + b2 = 0 The roots of the characteristic equation
(D + a + jb) (D + a jb) = 0
Then the solution is
The unknown coefcients are found from the initial values imposed by the impulse at t = 0+ .
Sami Arca
DR A FT
D1 = a jb D2 = a + jb y (t) = C1 eD1 t + C2 eD2 t = C1 e(ajb)t + C2 e(a+jb)t y (t) = C1 e(ajb)t + C2 e(a+jb)t y (t) = (a jb) C1 e(ajb)t + (a + jb) C2 e(a+jb)t y (0+ ) = C1 + C2 = 0 y (0+ ) = (a jb) C1 + (a + jb) C2 = 1
DRAFT
PAGE 144 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I C1 = C2 1 2jb 1 = 2jb
March 31, 2010
Replace the coefcients in y (t) 1 (a+jb)t 1 (ajb)t e + e 2jb 2jb 1 at 1 1 y (t) = ejbt + ejbt e b 2j 2j 1 at e sin (bt) = b
y (t) =
We obtain
A4) The convolution integral:
The graphical illustration of x (t ) and h () are as shown below. As both signals has nite x ( + t) 1 1 + t 1+t 1 1 h ()
supports (exist only in nite interval) the integral should be calculated for specied time intervals. I. For t < 2, h () x (t ) = 0. Hence, y (t) = 0.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y (t) = 1 at e sin (bt) u (t) b
y (t) =
h () x (t ) d
DRAFT
PAGE 145 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam I II. For 2 t < 0,
1+t
March 31, 2010
y (t) =
1
h () x (t ) d =
1 1 1 (2 + t) (2 + t) = (2 + t)2 2 2 4
III. For 0 t < 2,

1
y (t) =
1+t
h () x (t ) d =
1 2
1 1 4 t2 t + 1 (2 t) = 2 4
Then the convolution integral is as follows.
A5) a) The transfer function has one zero and two poles. s = 2, is zero
s = 3 and s = 4 are poles. Because the system is causal the ROC is right side of a vertical line which is bearing the rightmost pole.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 (2 + t)2 , 2 t < 0 4 y (t) = 1 4 t2 , 0 t < 2 4 0, otherwise y (t) 1 2 2 t
IV. For t > 2, h () x (t ) = 0. Therefore, y (t) = 0.
DRAFT
PAGE 146 of 190
March 31, 2010
Im
ROC = Re [ s ] > 3
Re
b)
Therefore, H (s) = 1 1 2 + + (s + 3) (s + 4) (s + 4)2
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H (s) = s+2 (s + 3) (s + 4)2 A B C = + + (s + 3) (s + 4) (s + 4)2 A = lim (s + 3) H (s) = lim
s3
= 1 (s + 4)2 s+2 C = lim (s + 4)2 H (s) = lim = 2 s4 s4 (s + 3) d s+2 d (s + 4)2 H (s) = lim B = lim s4 ds ds s4 (s + 3)
s3
s+2
= lim
s4
1 s+2 (s + 3) (s + 3)2
= 1
DRAFT
PAGE 147 of 190
March 31, 2010
The inverse Laplace transform of the system function yields the impulse response of the system.
F 1 [ H (s) ] = h (t) = e3t u (t) + e4t u (t) + te4t u (t)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II Answer all questions. QUESTIONS Q1) The following signals are given 1 t 1, 2 < t < 0 2 2t 1, 0t<1 t + 2, 0, 1t<2 elsewhere
May 06, 2010 Exam time : 150 minutes.
x (t) =
x [n] = [n + 2] 2 [n + 1] 3 [n] 1.5 [n 1] + [n 2] + 2 [n 3] + 0.5 [n 4] a) Plot x (t) and x (2t + 4). Find energy of the signal. (8 p) b) Plot x [n] and x [n + 2]. Find energy of the signal. (9 p)
Q2) Find inverse transform of the following Fourier transforms.
a) Magnitude and phase of Fourier transform of a continuous time signal is given as (9 p) 1 2 + 1
b) Fourier transform of a discrete time signal is given as (8 p)
Q3) Find impulse response of the following LTI and causal systems. Use time domain method.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
M () = () = arctan () X () = 3ej3 + 2ej2 + ej 1 2ej 3ej2
DRAFT
PAGE 149 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II a) (8 p) y (t) + 4y (t) + 3y (t) = x (t) Initial values of the impulse response are y (0+ ) = 1 and y (0+ ) = 0. b) (9 p) y [n] 1 14 y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n] 15 5 14 . 15
May 06, 2010
Initial values of the impulse response are y [0] = 1 and y [1] =
Q4) Find a) Bi-lateral Laplace transform of (8 p)
Do not forget to specify the ROC. b) z-transform of (9 p)
Do not forget to specify the ROC.
Q5) In particular a system may or may not be 1. Memoryless 2. Time-invariant 3. Linear 4. Causal
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 1 x (t) = et u (t) e3t u (t) . 2 2 x [n] = 5 4 1 3
n
u [n] +
9 4
3 5
u [1 n] .
DRAFT
PAGE 150 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II 5. Stable
May 06, 2010
Determine which of these properties hold which do not hold for each of the following signals. Justify your answer. In each example y (t) or y [n] denotes the system output, and x (t) or x [n] is the system input. (17 p) (a) y (t) = ex(t) (b) y (t) = x (t 1) x (1 t) (c) y (t) = [ sin (6t) ] x (t)
(e) y [n] = x [n 2] x [n 17] (f) y [n] = nx [n]
Q6) Find convolution of the signals given below (15 p) x (t)
1 1
A. 1 (at + b)3 + c 3a
B.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
h (t) 1 1 t 1 1 t (at + b)2 dt =
(d) y [n] = x [n] x [n 1]
DRAFT
PAGE 151 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II
May 06, 2010
1 , j a 1 F eat u (t) , j a F eat u (t)
a<0 a>0
C. L denotes bi-lateral Laplace transform. UL denotes uni-lateral Laplace transform.
D.
E. Z denotes bi-lateral z-transform. UZ denotes uni-lateral z-transform.
F. Solution of homogenous differential equation
Sami Arca
DR A FT
Re [s] < a 1 , 1 aej 1 F an u [1 n] , 1 aej F an u [n] |a| < 1 |a| > 1 1 , 1 az1 1 Z an u [1 n] , 1 az1 Z an u [n] ROC = |z| > |a| ROC = |z| < |a| y (t) + ay (t) + by (t) = 0
1 , sa 1 L , eat u (t) sa L eat u (t)
Re [s] > a
DRAFT
PAGE 152 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II is y (t) = C1 es1 t + C2 es2 t s1 and s2 are roots of the characteristic equation D2 + aD + b = 0
May 06, 2010
and constants C1 and C2 are determined from the initial conditions. G. Solution of homogenous difference equation
is
1 and 2 are roots of the characteristic equation
and constants C1 and C2 are determined from the initial conditions. H. Convolution integral
If x (t) and y (t) are time limited functions you should specify integral interval(s) where x () y (t ) = 0.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y [n] + ay [n 1] + by [n 2] = 0 y [n] = C1 n + C2 n 1 2 D2 + aD + b = 0 z (t) =
x () y (t ) d
DRAFT
PAGE 153 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II I. Fourier transform for continuous-time signals

May 06, 2010
X () =
x (t) e
jt
dt
1 x (t) = 2
X () ejt d
J. Fourier transform for discrete-time signals

X () =
n=
x [n] ejn
1 x [n] = 2
X () ejn d
K. Bi-lateral Laplace transform
L. z-transform for discrete-time signals
Sami Arca
DR A FT
a+
X (s) =
x (t) est dt
1 x (t) = 2j
X (s) est ds
X (z) =
x [n] zn
x [n] =
n=
1 2j
X (z) zn1 dz
DRAFT
PAGE 154 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II M. Complex Fourier series for continuous-time signals 1 ak = T0
t0 +T0
May 06, 2010
x (t) e
t0
j 2 kt T
0
dt
x (t) =
k=
ak e
j 2 kt T
0
N. Complex Fourier series for discrete-time signals 1 N

n0 +N k0 +N
ak =
x [n] ej N kn
n=n0
x [n] =
k=k0
ak ej N kn
A1) a)
DR A FT
ANSWERS x (t) 1 1 2 2 t 1 1 ta -2 0 1 2 tb 3 2 1.5 1
x (2t + 4) 1 3 t
The value of x (t) at time t = ta ; x (ta ) appears at the transformed signal at time t = 2
ta = tb 2
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 155 of 190
May 06, 2010
x (t) dt =
2
1 t1 2 2 3 1 t1 2
dt +
0 0 3
(2t 1) dt +
1 1
(t + 2)2 dt
2
= 4 3
1 1 + (2t 1)3 (t + 2)3 6 3

2 0 1
b) The value of x [n] at time n = na ; x [na ] appears at the transformed signal at time n = 2 na = x [n] x [n + 2]
DR A FT
1
nb
na -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
nb 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 156 of 190
May 06, 2010
x [n] =
n= n=2
x2 [n]
= (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (1.5)2 + 12 + 22 + 0.52 = 21.5
A2) a)
b)
X () = 3ej3 + 2ej2 + ej 1 2ej 3ej2
A3) a) Impulse response is just solution of homogenous differential equation at t > 0. This is because impulse appears in the input at time t = 0 and specify the initial values of the system and
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 + j = 1 + 2
1/2
ej arctan()
(1 + j)1 =
1 + 2
1/2
ej arctan()
1 F 1 t e u (t) j + 1
= 3ej(3) + 2ej(2) + ej(1) 1 ej 0 2ej 1 3ej 2

2
=
n=3
x [n] ej n
DRAFT
PAGE 157 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II n x [n] -3 3 -2 2 -1 1 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3 elsewhere 0 disappears after. The characteristic equation of the system is as
May 06, 2010
D2 + 4D + 3 = 0
The roots of the characteristic equation
Then the impulse response
The constants are found from the initial values.
1 C1 0 1 = 1 C2 3 1
Sami Arca
DR A FT
(D + 3) (D + 1) = 0 D1 = 3, D2 = 1 y (t) = C1 e3t + C2 et y (0+ ) = C1 + C2 = 0 y (0+ ) = 3C1 C2 = 1 C1 1 1 1 0 = 2 C2 1 3 1 C1 1 1 = 2 C2 1
DRAFT
PAGE 158 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II Finally we get the impulse response 1 1 y (t) = e3t u (t) + et u (t) 2 2 b) Impulse response can be found by following similar approach to the above. 14 1 D+ = 15 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 D1 = , D2 = 5 3 1 3
n
May 06, 2010
D2
D
n
1 C1 1 C1 15 1/3 1 1 C1 1 9 1 = = = 4 3/5 1 4 5 C2 14/15 C2 3/5 1/3 C2 14/15 The impulse response is
A4) a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y [n] = C1 + C2 y [0] = C1 + C2 = 1 1 14 3 y [1] = C1 + C2 = 5 3 15 y [n] = 9 4 3 5
n
u [n]
5 4
1 3
u [n]
DRAFT
PAGE 159 of 190
May 06, 2010
1 , s+1 1 L e3t u (t) , s3 L et u (t)
Re [s] > 1 Re [s] < 3
X (s) =
1 1 1 1 + 2s+1 2s3 s1 = , 1 < Re [s] < 3 (s + 1) (s 3)
b)
A5) Denition of system properties Memoryless or system with no memory: A system is said to be memoryless if output depends only present value of the input. Time-invariance: A system is time invariant if it does not change its characteristics in time. It
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 , 1 1 z 1 3 n 3 1 Z u [1 n] , 3 1 5 1 z 5 1 3 Z u [n]
n
ROC = |z| >
1 3 3 5
ROC = |z| <
X (z) =
9 1 1 1 3 4 1 z1 1 z1 3 5 3 1 1 z 7 7 , = 3 1 1 1 2 1 z 1 z 3 5
5 4
ROC =
1 3 < |z| < 3 5
DRAFT
PAGE 160 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam II produces the same output to the same input at any time it is applied to the system.
May 06, 2010
Linearity: A system is linear if output is linearly dependent on the input. It does not depend on the exponential powers of the input. Causality: A system is causal if it generates output only after input is applied. Stability: A system is stable if output is bounded for a bounded input.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
Memoryless Time-invariant Linear Causal a + + + + b c + + + d + + e + + + f + + +
Stable + + + + + -
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam QUESTIONS Q1) The following signals are given t + 1, 1 t < 0 1, 0t<1 1, 0, 1t<2 1otherwise
May 28, 2010
x (t) =
x [n] = 2 [n + 3]+3 [n + 2]+4 [n + 1]5 [n]4 [n 1]+2 [n 2]1 [n 3]+2 [n 4] a) Plot x (t) and x (t/2 + 3/2). Compute energy of x (t).
b) Plot x [n] and x [n/2 + 3/2]. Compute energy of x [n].
a) et cos (2t) u (t) and te2t u (t), n n 1 1 cos [2n] u [n] and n u [n] b) 2 2 Q3)
a) Find convolution integral of the following continuous-time signals
Sami Arca
DR A FT
e2t u (t) et u (t) et u (t) et u (t) e2t u (t) t et u (t)
DRAFT
PAGE 162 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam b) Find convolution sum of the following discrete-time signals 1 3 1 2 1 3
n n
May 28, 2010
u [n]
n
u [n] u [n] n
1 2 1 2 1 2
u [n]
n
u [n]
n
u [n]
Q4) a) Transfer (system) function of an LTI and causal continuous-time system is given as in the following s+1 (s + 2) (s2 + 4s + 5)
Find the impulse response.
b) Transfer (system) function of an LTI and causal discrete-time systems is given as in the following 2 z 12 z2 15 z + 4 (2 z 1)2 (3 z 1)
Find the impulse response.
Q5) A continuous-time LTI and causal system is given as in the following. The continuous-time signals are sampled with a sampling interval of T = 0.05 sec. d y (t) + 4 y (t) = x (t) dt Find the corresponding difference equation by approximating the differential equation. Use a) backward difference approximation, b) bilinear transform.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
H (s) = H (z) =
DRAFT
PAGE 163 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Q6) Find Fourier transform of the following signals. a) 1, x (t) = 1, 0,
May 28, 2010
1 t < 0 0t<1 otherwise
b)
c)
d)
Q7) Block diagram of an LTI and causal system is given as in the following
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1, n = 4, 3, 2, 1 x [n] = 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 0, elsewhere x [n] = 1 3
n
x (t) = et cos (2t) u (t)
cos [2n] u [n]
DRAFT
PAGE 164 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam X (z)
May 28, 2010
K (z)
Y (z)
D1
5/6
-7/15 D1
-1/6
2/15
a) Find the system function H (z). b) Find the corresponding difference equation of the system.
Q8) Prove the following z-transform properties. a)
b)
Hint:
c)
Q9) Determine properties (memoryless, causality, linearity, time-invariance, stability) of the following systems. Justify your answers clearly. a) d y (t) + ty (t) = x (t) dt
Sami Arca
DR A FT
Z [ x [n] y [n] ] = X (z) Y (z) ,
n
ROC ( Rx Ry )
x [n]
k=
1 X (z) , 1 z1
n
ROC [ Rx ( |z| > 1 ) ]
k=
x [n] = u [n] x [n]
Z [ an x [n] ] = X
z , a
ROC = |a| Rx
DRAFT
PAGE 165 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam b) d y (t) + 3y (t) + cos (2t) = x (t) dt c) 1 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] + x [n 1] 2 2 d) 1 y [n] y2 [n 1] = x [n] 2
May 28, 2010
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam I. INTEGRALS 1 (at + b)3 + c 3a
May 28, 2010
(at + b)2 dt =
teat dt = II. COMPLEX NUMBERS Eulers Identity
1 1 at te 2 eat + c a a
Cauchys integral
Consider contour integral
where
Here, a, b, and c are poles of F (z) and c is a multiple pole. A, B, and C1 are called as residues of F (z). The contour integral is equal to sum of these residues.
III. FOURIER SERIES
Sami Arca
DR A FT
ej = cos () + j sin () z1 dz = 1
C
zn1 dz = [n]
F (z) dz
F (z) =
B C1 C2 Cn A + + + ++ 2 z a z b z c (z c) (z c)n
F (z) dz = A + B + C1
C
DRAFT
PAGE 167 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Complex Fourier series for continuous-time signals.T0 is the period. 1 ak = T0
t0 +T0
May 28, 2010
x (t) e
t0
j 2 kt T
0
dt
x (t) =
k=
ak e
j 2 kt T
0
Complex Fourier series for discrete-time signals. N is the period. 1 N

n0 +N k0 +N
ak =
x [n] ej N kn
n=n0
x [n] =
k=k0
ak ej N kn
IV. FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Fourier transform for continuous-time signals
Fourier transform for discrete-time signals
Fourier Transform Pairs.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
X () =
x (t) e
jt
dt
1 x (t) = 2
X () ejt d
X () =
n=
x [n] ejn
1 x [n] = 2
X () ejn d
DRAFT
PAGE 168 of 190
May 28, 2010
1 , j a 1 F eat u (t) , j a F eat u (t)
a<0 a>0
The duality property:
L denotes bi-lateral Laplace transform. UL denotes uni-lateral Laplace transform. Bi-lateral Laplace transform
Laplace Transform Pairs.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
z (t) = Y (t) Z () = 2y () y (t) Y ()
F F a+
1 , 1 aej 1 F an u [1 n] , 1 aej F an u [n]
|a| < 1 |a| > 1
X (s) =
x (t) est dt
1 x (t) = 2j
X (s) est ds
a
DRAFT
PAGE 169 of 190
May 28, 2010
1 , sa 1 L eat u (t) , sa L eat u (t) VI. Z-TRANSFORM
Re [s] > a Re [s] < a
Z denotes bi-lateral z-transform. UZ denotes uni-lateral z-transform. z-Transform
z-Transform Pairs.
VII. LTI and causal systems
Solution of homogenous differential equation
Sami Arca
DR A FT
X (z) =
x [n] zn
x [n] =
n=
1 2j
X (z) zn1 dz
1 , 1 az1 1 Z an u [1 n] , 1 az1 Z an u [n]
ROC = |z| > |a| ROC = |z| < |a|
y (t) + ay (t) + by (t) = 0
DRAFT
PAGE 170 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam is y (t) = C1 es1 t + C2 es2 t s1 and s2 are roots of the characteristic equation D2 + aD + b = 0
May 28, 2010
and constants C1 and C2 are determined from the initial conditions.
is
1 and 2 are roots of the characteristic equation
and constants C1 and C2 are determined from the initial conditions.
Convolution integral
If x (t) and y (t) are time limited functions you should specify integral interval(s) where x () y (t ) = 0.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
y [n] + ay [n 1] + by [n 2] = 0 y [n] = C1 n + C2 n 1 2 D2 + aD + b = 0 z (t) =
Solution of homogenous difference equation
x () y (t ) d
DRAFT
PAGE 171 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Convolution sum
May 28, 2010
z [n] =
k=
x [k] y [n k]
VIII. APPROXIMATION OF CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEMS BY DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
Backward-difference approximation 1 1 z1 T
s= Bi-linear transform
Frequency warping of bi-linear transform
Here, t is angular frequency of continuous-time signal and n is angular frequency variable of discrete-time signal. n Tt , when, t 2 T
Sami Arca
DR A FT
s= 2 1 z1 T 1 + z1 t = n 2 n tan T 2 T = 2 arctan t 2
DRAFT
PAGE 172 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam QUESTIONS Q1) (15 p)
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
a) Find the impulse response of the following linear time-invariant and casual system (by solving the homogenous equation in time domain).
D2y (t) + 2Dy (t) + 5y (t) = x (t) .
b) Find the frequency response of the following linear time-invariant and casual system.
1 3 Q2) (15 p) A continuous time signal; x (t) = u (t + 1) u (t) + u (t 2) is given. 2 2 t a) Plot the signal. b) Find the energy of the signal. c) Plot x 1 . 3 Q3) (20 p) Find (test and describe clearly) the properties (linearity, time-invariance, causality, memory, stability) of the following system. For testing stability and memory use the characteristic equation or nd the impulse response.
Q4) (15 p) Find the Fourier transform of the following signals.
a) x (t) = u (t + 1) u (t 1),
Q5) (14 p) Find the following convolutions.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 7 y [n] y [n 1] + y [n 2] = x [n] . 6 3 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] . 2 b) x (t) = e|t| = et u (t) + et u (t).
DRAFT
PAGE 173 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam a) et u (t) e2t u (t), b) 1 2
n
SUMMER TERM, 1 3
n
July 30, 2010
u [n]
u [n].
Q6) (15 p) Transfer function of an LTI and causal system and its partial fractions are given as s2 + 6 1 2 1 j j = + 2 = + . 3 2s+4 s s + 2 s 2s + 2 s+2 s1+j s1j b) Is the system stable ? c) Find the impulse response.
H (s) =
a) What is the ROC of H (s) ? Give your answers clearly.
Another transfer function:
H (s) =
Q7) (14 p)
a) From multiplication of two unit length complex numbers; eja ejb , derive the trigonometric identities for cos (a + b) and sin (a + b) by using the Eulers identity for each complex number.
d) Show that y (t) = A et cos (t + ) + (1 t)2 is a solution for the following differential equation. A and are determined by auxiliary conditions on y (t).
c) Find polar representations of the following complex numbers.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
eja ejb = ej(a+b) . D2y (t) + 2Dy (t) + 2y (t) = 2t2 .
s2 2 1 2 1 j j = 2 = + . 3 + 2s+4 s s + 2 s + 2s + 2 s+2 s+1j s+1+j
DRAFT
PAGE 174 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam 1 3 +j , 2 2 0 + j, 1 + 0j,
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
cos (2fo t) + j sin (2fo t).
Sami Arca
DR A FT
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam ANSWERS A1)
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
a) The characteristic equation of the differential equation is
s2 + 2s + 5 = 0 .
The roots of the characteristic equation
The impulse response is then,
The constants C1 and C2 should be determined from the initial conditions. Integrating the differential equation one and twice and evaluate the integrals in the interval of, 0 t 0+ we obtain
Sami Arca
DR A FT
(s + 1)2 + 4 = 0 (s + 1)2 = 4 (s + 1) = j2 s = 1 j2 . s1 = 1 j2 s2 = 1 + j2 . y (t) = C1 es1 t + C2 es2 t , y (t) = 0, for t < 0. for t>0
DRAFT
PAGE 176 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam y (0+ ) and y (0+ ).
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
Dy (t) + 2y (t) + 5D1 y (t) = u (t) y (t) + 2D1y (t) + 5D2 y (t) = tu (t)
Evaluating the denite integrals in the second equation over [ 0 , 0+ ]

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
y (t)
0
+2D1 y (t)
0
+5D2 y (t)
0
= tu (t)
0
we get y (0+ ) = 0. We assume that the solution (impulse response) does not have any impulse at the origin.
We also employ the causality property of the system: y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0. Likewise, evaluating the rst equation over [ 0 , 0+ ]
0+
yields y (0+ ) = 1. Then,
Sami Arca
DR A FT
0+
D y (t)
0 0+
D y (t)
0.
0+
0+
0+
Dy (t)
0
+2y (t)
0
+5D1 y (t)
0
= u (t)
0
C1 + C2 = 0 s1 C1 + s2 C2 = 1
DRAFT
PAGE 177 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam The coefcients are computed as
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
C1 = C2
1 1 = s1 s2 j4 1 1 = = . s2 s1 j4
We replace these coefcients in the solution 1 1 (1j2)t e + e(1+j2)t j4 j4 1 t 1 1 1 = ej2t + ej2t = et sin (2t) e 2 j2 j2 2
y (t) =
The solution is then,
b) We obtain Fourier transform of the both sides of the difference equation. To do this we employ shifting property of the Fourier transform: F [ x [n k] ] = ejk X ().
A2) a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
1 y (t) = et sin (2t) u (t) . 2 7 1 Y () ej Y () + e2j Y () = X () 6 3 7 j 1 2j = X () + e Y () 1 e 6 3 Y () = X () 1 = H () . 7 j 1 2j 1 e + e 6 3
DRAFT
PAGE 178 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam x (t) 1 -1 2 -1/2 t
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
b)
0 2
E=
|x (t)| dt =
1
|1| dt +
0
1 3 1 dt = 1 1 + 2 = 2 4 2
J.
c)
-3 -1/2
A3) Linearity: I. Additivity
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x 1 t 3 x 1 t 3 1, 1 1 t < 0, 3 < t 6 3 t 1 = , 0 1 < 2, 3 < t 3 2 3 0, elsewhere . 1 6 t 3
1, 1 t < 0, x (t) = 1 , 0 t < 2, 2 0, elsewhere .
DRAFT
PAGE 179 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Input x1 (t) x2 (t)
SUMMER TERM, Output y1 (t) y2 (t)
July 30, 2010
x1 (t) + x2 (t) y1 (t) + y2 (t)
1 y1 [n] y1 [n 1] = 2 1 y2 [n] y2 [n 1] = 2
x1 [n]
II. Homogeneity
Since both additivity and homogeneity are satised the system is linear.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
x2 [n] (y1 [n] + y2 [n]) 1 (y1 [n 1] + y2 [n 1]) = 2 Input x (t) Output y (t) x (t) y (t) 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] 2 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] 2 1 ( y [n]) ( y [n 1]) = ( x [n]) 2
(x1 [n] + x2 [n])
DRAFT
PAGE 180 of 190
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
Time-invariance: The coefcients of the difference equitation does not change with time; they are constant. Therefore the system is time-invariant.
Causality: It is known that output is zero for zero input for a linear linear system. A causal system produces an output only when an input is applied; output is zero when the system is at rest. Recall the denition of the causality, 0, 0,
x [n] =
n<k
From the denition of the causality it is seen that if the system is linear (satises zero output for zero input) the system has to be causal too. In other words initial conditions of the difference equation are all zero (y [n] = 0 for all n < k).
Memory : The system needs present value of the input (x [n]) and past value of the output (y [n 1]) to generate its output. 1 y [n] = y [n 1] + x [n] . 2
The system should remember the past value; y [n 1] at present time n. Therefore the system is with memory.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
DRAFT
x [n] , n k 1
y [n] =
n<k
y [n] , n k 1
PAGE 181 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam BIBO Stability: If |x [n]| < A,
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
|y [n]| < B. Here, > A, B > 0. 1 y [n] y [n 1] = |x [n]| 2 1 |y [n]| + |y [n 1]| |x [n]| 2 1 B+ BA 2 2 B A 3
A4) a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
2 For bounded input (0 < A < ), the output is also bounded (0 < B A < ). The system is 3 stable.
X () =
x (t) ejt dt
1 ejt dt
1
1 = ejt j sin () .
1 j 1 j e + e j j
= 2
DRAFT
PAGE 182 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Or,
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
F [x (t)] = F [u (t + 1) u (t 1)] = F [u (t + 1)] F [u (t 1)] 1 1 + () ej + () ej j j 1 j 1 j e e + () ej () ej = j j sin () =2 + () ej0 () ej0 sin () . =2 = b)
A5) a)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
= 1 1 2 + = 1 + jw 1 jw 1 + 2
F [x (t)] = F et u (t) + et u (t) = F et u (t) + F et u (t)
et u (t) e2t u (t) =
e u () e2(t) u (t ) d
u () u (t ) =
1, t 0 and 0 t 0, t < 0 .
DRAFT
PAGE 183 of 190

t
SUMMER TERM,
t
July 30, 2010
e u () e2(t) u (t ) d =
0
e e2(t) d = e2t
0 t
e d
= e2t e = e2t et 1
0
= et e2t .
For all t, et u (t) e2t u (t) = et u (t) e2t u (t) .
DR A FT
1 2
n
b)
u [n]
1 3
u [n] =
k=
1 2
u [k]
1 3
nk
u [n k]
u [k] u [n k] =
1, n 0 and 0 k n 0, n < 0 .
n
k=
1 2
u [k]
1 3
nk
u [n k] =
k=0
1 2
1 3
nk
1 3
k=0 n
3 2
1 3
3 2
n+1
=3
1 2
3 2 1 3
= 2
1 3
3 2
n+1
For all n, 1 2 A6) a) The poles of the transfer function are s = 1 j and s = 1 + j. Since the system is causal the
n
u [n]
1 3
u [n] = 3
1 2
u [n] 2
1 3
u [n] .
Sami Arca
DRAFT
PAGE 184 of 190
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
ROC is right side of the vertical line containing the rightmost pole(s) of the system function. Then the ROC is Re [s] > 1. b) The system is unstable because the ROC does not contain j axis. c)
h (t) = j e(1j)t u (t) j e(1+j)t u (t) = et j ejt j ejt u (t) = 2et sin (t) u (t) .
h (t) grows as t increases. This is because the system is unstable. If the poles were located at the left half plane of the complex plane h (t) would be decreasing; the system was stable.
A7) a)
eja ejb = ( cos (a) + j sin (a) ) ( cos (b) + j sin (b) )
Sami Arca
DR A FT
eja ejb = ej(a+b) = cos (a + b) + j sin (a + b) .
= cos (a) cos (b) sin (a) sin (b) + j ( sin (a) cos (b) + sin (b) cos (a) ) .
DRAFT
PAGE 185 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam Therefore,
SUMMER TERM,
July 30, 2010
cos (a + b) = cos (a) cos (b) sin (a) sin (b) sin (a + b) = sin (a) cos (b) + sin (b) cos (a) .
b)
y (t) Dy (t) D2 y (t)
= = =
A et cos (t + ) + (1 t)2 A et sin (t + ) A et cos (t + ) 2 (1 t) 2A et sin (t + ) + 2
D2 y (t) + 2Dy (t) + 2y (t) =
c)
Sami Arca
DR A FT
2t2 1 3 +j = ej/3 2 2 0 + j = ej/2 1 + 0j = ej 0 cos (2fo t) + j sin (2fot) = ej2fo t .
DRAFT
PAGE 186 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Answer all the questions. Exam time : 90 min. QUESTIONS
SUMMER TERM,
August 13, 2010
Q1, Q6, Q7 are 10p, others are 15p.
Q1) Find the frequency response of the following linear time-invariant and casual system.
D2y (t) + 5Dy (t) + 6y (t) = x (t) . 2 Q2) Output of an LTI and causal system is y [n] = 2 3 n 2 x [n] = u [n]. Find the impulse response of the system. 3
n
u [n]
Q3) Plot continuous time signal; x (t) = (t + 1) u (t + 1) 4u (t 1) (t 3) u (t 3). (Find the behavior of x (t) for each time interval of t < 1, 1 < t < 1, 1 < t < 3, and t > 3).
Q4) Find the Fourier transform of x (t) = tet u (t). Use the following Fourier transform property. d X () . d = 1 2
n
Q5) Find the Fourier transform of x [n] =
Q6) Find the convolution; 2t e2t u (t) e2t u (t).
Sami Arca
DR A FT
F [t x (t)] = j 1 2
|n| 1
1 3
u [n] for input
u [n] + (2)n u [n 1]. Recall that:
n =
n=
1 , 1 1 , 1
|| > 1 || < 1 .
n =
n=0
DRAFT
PAGE 187 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Q7) Find the convolution; n 1 2
n
SUMMER TERM, 1 2
n
August 13, 2010
u [n]
N
u [n]. Remember that N (N + 1) . 2
n=
n=1
Q8) Transfer function of an LTI and causal system and its partial fractions are given as 1 s 1 1 1 1 = 2 = + . + 5s + 2 s + 2 s + 2s + 1 s + 2 s + 1 (s + 1)2 b) Is the system stable ? c) Find the impulse response.
H (s) =
s3
4s2
a) What is the ROC of H (s) ?
Q9) Transfer function of an LTI and causal system and its partial fractions are given as 4z 3z z2 = . 1 7 2 1 2 z+ z z z 6 3 3 2
a) What is the ROC of H (z) ?
Give your answers shortly and clearly.
Sami Arca
DR A FT
L teat u (t) = 1 (s + a)2 , Re [s] > a . H (z) = b) Is the system stable ?
Give your answers shortly and clearly. Recall that
c) Find the impulse response.
DRAFT
PAGE 188 of 190
EEE 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam Some other questions
SUMMER TERM,
August 13, 2010
Q1) Impulse response of an LTI and causal system with a transfer function of s+a (s + a)2 + b2
H (s) =
is h (t) = L1 [ H (s) ] = eat cos (b) u (t) . Explain shortly and clearly where and why the poles of the transfer should be located in ? Use the
and/or, lim h (t).

t
Q2) An LTI causal system is given as
Transfer function of this system is
And the impulse response is 5 2 h [n] = [n] + 3 3 1 2

n
Sami Arca
DR A FT

absolute integral of the impulse response;
|h (t)| dt =
eat |cos (b)| dt
eat dt .
1 1 y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] + x [n 1] . 2 3
1 1 + z1 2 5 1 3 H (z) = = + . 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 z 1 z 2 2
u [n] .
DRAFT
PAGE 189 of 190
SUMMER TERM,
August 13, 2010
The inverse system of this system is G (z) = 1/H (z). a) Find difference equation of the inverse system. b) Find the impulse response of the inverse system.
Q3) Find the residues of the following functions. z2 2 F1 (z) = 3 z 4 z2 + 5 z 2 and F2 (z) = Q4) Find the following limit. z z2 3z + 2
Q5) Find the solution of the following differential equation.
Q6) Find the solution of the following difference equation.
Q7) Find the the following sum.

3
Sami Arca
DR A FT
t
lim e(a+jb) t
Dy (t) + 2y (t) = (2 sin (t) + 2 cos (t)) u (t) ,
y (0+ ) = 0 .
1 1 y [n] y [n 1] = y [n] u [n] , 2 3
y [0] = 1 .
2+j 2
n=0
DRAFT
PAGE 190 of 190

Z and Laplace

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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

PAST EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS

May 11, 2002 Sami Arca

May 11, 2002

1 0 1 2 1.5 j1.5 3 3 j3 3 3 3 + j3 3 1.5 + j1.5 3

2. Find convolution sum of the following signals.

3. Find z-Transform of x [n] = (n + 1) an u [n]. Hint:

EEM 314 Signals and Systems Midterm Exam

May 11, 2002 Good Luck

June 11, 2002 Sami Arca June 11, 2002

Instructions. Answer all questions. QUESTIONS

1. Find z-transforms of the follwing signals. a) x [n] = an u [n]

b) h [n] = u [n] x [n] =

EEM 314 Signals and Systems Final Exam ANSWERS 1 , 1 az1

June 11, 2002

|z| > |a| .

1 1 ,(|z| > |a|)(|z| > 1) 1 z1 1 az1

June 11, 2002 Sami Arca June 24, 2002

April 04, 2003

Find y (n) = x (n) x (n). ( is the convolution operator ) Q3) 1 2

Show that an arbitrary signal can be expressed in the form,

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I

April 04, 2003

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I ANSWERS

April 04, 2003

The output samples for n > 2 are

April 04, 2003

x (n) = u (n + 1) u (n 1) = (n + 1) + (n) 1 2 A2)

= x (2) x (n + 2) + x (1) x (n + 1) + x (0) x (n) + x (1) x (n 1) + x (2) x (n + 2) .

y (n) is zero if arguments of x (n k) and x (k) are outside of the ranges,

u (n) is response to (n) .

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam I

April 04, 2003

y (0) = 1 1 + = 3 , 2 1+ 3 16 , = 9 1 y (2) = y (2) = 1+ 3 y (1) = y (1) = = 2 ,

April 04, 2003

The coefcient ak in terms of the values of x (n) is,

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II ANSWERS

A1) X (z) is partitioned by using partial fraction expansion, 1 1 + . 1 1 + 3z 1 z1

The parts of the z-transform are, X1 (z) = 1 , |z| < 3 . 1 + 3z1 1 , 1 z1

The inverse z-transforms of the parts are,

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II 1)

y (n) ejn x (n) ejn

x (n) ejn x (n) e

x (n) nejn x (n) j

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II

x (n) jnejn nx (n) ejn

EEM 314 Signals and Systems II Midterm Exam II Inverse z-Transform

1 x (k) zk zn1 dz 2j 1 x (k) znk1 dz = 2j

June 13, 2003

Find complex Fourier series coefcients of the signal.

Q4) Find Laplace transform of, x (t) = 6(2+3j)t u (t) .

June 13, 2003

A2) Period of the signal, N = 4.

j k 1 1 j k = e 2 + 1 + 2e 2 + 4ejk 4 2 1 1 k (j) + 1 + 2 (j)k + 4 (1)k 4 2

June 13, 2003

x (n) = (2)n u (n) A4) 6 = e1.79

EEE 314 Signals and Systems Midterm 1 Exam QUESTIONS

March 26, 2004

Q1) Find Fourier transform of a) 1 x (t) = 1 0 x () d .

1 t < 0 0t<1 elsewhere

Q2) Find inverse Laplace transform of

using partial fraction expansion method. Q3)

a) Find energy of the signal.