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What are adjectives? Adjectives are descriptive words which are used to add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information (e.g. Please hand me the blue paper), or they can just make the sentence more interesting or detailed (e.g. A frigid, icy, painfully cold wind blew around the town). Adjectives modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives can usually be identified by asking what: -The girl is beautiful. -What is the girl? She's beautiful. What are adverbs? Adverbs are descriptive words which are used to add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information (e.g. Please hand me the scalpel now), or they can just make the sentence more interesting or detailed (e.g. A wind blew violently and unceasingly around the town). Adverbs usually modify verbs, and they frequently end in -ly. Adverbs can be identified by how or where or when: The dog ran quickly. How did the dog run? It ran quickly.

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Uses of adjectives
Adjectives can tell the reader how much or how many of something you're talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind you want. Please use three white flowers in the arrangement. Three and white are modifying flowers. If you are using multiple adjectives which are commonly put together, there's no need for a comma between the adjectives. Look at that sweet little puppy! If the adjectives aren't usually used together, separate them with a comma or conjunction. I'm looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet. My new dog is small and good-tempered. Adjectives usually go before the noun (e.g. small child) unless one of the following verbs are involved: be, feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, seem. In these cases, the adjectives work more like adverbs. The child is small. The child seems small.

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Uses of adverbs
Adverbs answer the question how (e.g. How is the dog running?), as well as when, and where. The dog ran quickly. Quickly is modifying the verb ran. The adverb doesn't have to go after the verb; feel free to vary the sentence structure to make it more interesting for your reader: - Silently, the girl snuck past her parents' room. - Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. - The dog ran fairly quickly. - The adverb fairly is modifying the other adverb quickly. - The weather report is almost always right. - The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always. - The woman is quite pretty. - The adverb quite is modifying the adjective pretty. - This book is more interesting than the last one. - The adverb more is modifying the adjective interesting. Adjectives modify nouns Adjectives are words which modify (describe) a noun not verbs or adverbs or other adjectives. The girl is beautiful. Beautiful is modifying the noun girl. Tom Longboat was not a bad runner. (adjective) It's easy to identify the adjective in this sentence. The foundation seems good. (adjective used as adverb) This descriptive word is a little more difficult. Even though good is usually an adjective, it's modifying seems (How does the foundation seem? It seems good.) so it's an adverb. We can't answer the question what is the foundati on because we haven't shaken it around and tested it yet, so we don't know if it's good foundation or bad foundation we'll find out for sure if the building falls down. N.B. Sometimes it may look like an adjective is modifying another adjective, as in the case of dark blue or bright yellow, but this is because modern writing has removed the hyphen from a compound adjective. The proper form is dark-blue and bright-yellow . The evolution of English will eventually change the rules so an adjective can modify another adjective, but formal writing standards don't allow it yet.

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Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Adverbs are words which modify (adds description to) a verb. Often but not always they end in -ly. Tom Longboat did not run badly. (adverb) It's easy to identify the adverb in this sentence. That cake looks good. (adjective used as adverb) My elderly neighbor looks well. (adverb) These two descriptive words are a little more difficult. Even though good is usually an adjective, it's modifying looks (How does the cake look? It looks good.) so it's an adverb. We can't answer the question what is the cake because we haven't tasted it yet, so we don't know if it's good cake or bad cake. Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. The woman is quite pretty. This book is more interesting than the last one. The weather report is almost always right. The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always, and they're both modifying right.

My girlfriend and I have an alike hairstyle. Because hairstyle is being modified, an adjective is required here: My girlfriend and I have the same hairstyle. My girlfriend and I have a similar hairstyle. If you really want to use the word alike, change the wording of your sentence: Our hairstyles are alike. This sentence works because alike is modifying are, not hairstyles.

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Adverbs and Nouns Adverbs can occasionally modify nouns. The effect is creative and informal, and is best not used in formal writing. I have lots of homework. The adverb lots is modifying homework, telling the reader how much you have. However, breaking grammar rules does wonders for adding emphasis: This book is altogether madness. Altogether is an adverb. There's no argument here as to what the speaker thinks of the book. I'm feeling more like myself after a hot bath. More like myself is an adverb phrase which is modifying feeling, even though it looks like more is modifying the pronoun myself. You should assess your own writing based on the audience: would your reader find this sentence structure interesting or disconcerting? Adjectives and Verbs There are two things to consider when contemplating the relationship between adjectives and verbs. The first is that adjectives can come after the verb: The rock star was crazy. The cat's tail is long. I am furious with my business partner. The cookies smell awesome! That shirt looks great on you. Note that these are forms of to be or sense verbs : to look, to seem, to appear, to taste, to sound, to feel, to smell, etc If these verbs are modifying the noun in front of them, an adjective will always be required so the noun is properly modified. The second thing to consider is verbs that turn into adjectives; these are called participles. Usually, the verb has -ing tacked onto the end of the root form, or it's the past tense. The adjective can be placed before the noun or after the verb. The smiling baby is really cute. - Smiling is used as an adjective here, as is cute. This is my new washing machine. - Washing is acting like an adjective for machine. This is my broken washing machine. This washing machine is broken. - Broken is an adjective which is modifying washing machine. In the summer, frozen popsicles are refreshing. The secretary handed the boss the translated document. After washing all the teacups, she found a forgotten one in the living room. An Adjective with the Verb To Be If the verb to be is modifying the noun which is before it, you will always need an adjective after to be. For instance: The homeless man was hungry. The young kids will be tired after their field trip. It's alright to have multiple adjectives both before and after to be: The old homeless man was cold and hungry. All the young kids will be tired and cranky after their field trip. Make sure the verb is actually a form of to be in past, present or future tense rather than a verb tense using to be. If you have were going (e.g. The kids were going home after their field trip), there's no need for an adjective after the verb to be; that's the place for an adverb. Misuse of Alike The word alike is an adverb (even though it seems like an adjective), and shouldn't be used to modify a noun; instead, use an adjective (perhaps same or similar).

Misuse of Same The adjective same should modify a noun. If same is modifying a verb, consider changing same to alike or similarly. It is common for people and their pets to look same. Same could modify people or pets, but not look; use an adverb instead. It is common for people and their pets to look alike. Of course, there's always the to be/sense verb rule to be considered: They are the same. There may be situations where the to be/sense verb rule doesn't apply (English is notorious for breaking rules), so try a couple of wordings to see which sounds better. In situations where you're writing informally, it's alright to use same after a verb. Misuse of Unlike The adjective unlike does not make sense if used before a singular noun, because it is used in comparisons; a different adjective (e.g. different, dissimilar, contradictory, opposite) should be used instead. However unlike may be used before plural nouns. Some people would attempt to be polite, and describe her as an unlike person. Unlike is inappropriate in this sentence because there is no comparison being made. It would be better to describe her as - an unusual person, or a unique person . Their unlike perspectives clash. Because a comparison is being made between the two perspectives (a plural noun), unlike is appropriately used. Remember that unlike can only modify a plural noun, so look for one in your sentence. Anymore vs. Any More Any more These two words are the traditional expression in English and may be preferable for formal writing, particularly in a negative expression when meaning any longer. I do not care for this author any more. I do not care for this author any longer. The two adverbs are interchangeable, and you can use them in formal and informal writing. - Anymore Dialogue is not considered a reasonable method of education anymore. - Anymore is a modern term (an evolution of any more) which may not be acceptable in the eyes of some readers. Consider your audience carefully before using this adverb. While certain dialects may use anymore at the beginning of a sentence (Anymore one can buy anything online), this is not considered acceptable in formal writing. In fact, it's a fairly rare usage, so you may want to remove it from your writing altogether unless you're writing for a very specific audience. Anytime vs. Any Time As English is an ever-evolving language, words are often caught mid-change. The adverb anytime is currently evolving; in common usage, it may be written as one word, but in formal communication it should be left as two words. Quotation marks may be used any time a character is speaking. This sentence is obviously formal, so a compound word would be inappropriate here. My new bicycle allows me to go anywhere, anytime. In this sentence, anytime is acceptable as a compound word because the sentence in informal; it's not the kind of thing one would write in an essay or proposal. Anyway, Anyways, or Any Way # Anyways The adverb anyways is extremely informal, and indicates the speaker is resuming a narrative thread or changing the topic of discussion. It's not a word you should use in formal writing. I never did understand numbers very well. Anyways, I've decided to move from financing into tech support. # Anyway Anyway can be used to mean in any case. This adverb is acceptable in formal writing, but intentions may be better expressed by the use of a variation of in any case. Consider your audience when choosing the adverb. Paris is expensive, but many people would like to vacation there, anyway. Paris is expensive, but many people would like to vacation there, in any case.

Any way When written as two words, any way can be replaced by in any manner or by by any means. To get students to read, teachers often bribe them any way they can. To get students to read, teachers often bribe them in any manner they can. To get students to read, teachers often bribe them by any means they can. All of these adverbs are acceptable in formal writing. I don't mind staying home from the party because I don't feel all that well, any way. Because any way cannot be replaced with in any manner, it should be written as one word: anyway. Everyday vs. Every Day # Everyday** As an adjective, this adverb means common or informal . Everyday is perfectly acceptable in formal writing. It is not appropriate to wear everyday clothes to one's convocation. # Every day** This adverbial phrase can be replaced by each day. This term may also be used in formal writing. It is not synonymous with everyday. Homework must be left in the professor's mailbox every day. Homework must be left in the professor's mailbox each day. Homework must not be left on the professor's lectern everyday. Because everyday cannot be replaced with each day, we know this usage is incorrect. Everyone vs. Every One Everyone The pronoun everyone may be replaced by everybody. It is used to refer to all the people in a group. The new protocols will affect everyone positively. The new protocols will affect everybody positively. Every one Written as two words, every one refers to each individual who makes up a group, and means each person. My mother would like to thank every one who offered assistance during her illness. My mother would like to thank each person who offered assistance during her illness. For emphasis, you can also add each to the sentence: Students may excel if each and every one is treated with dignity and respect. Every Time # Everytime should be written as two separate words: every time. While some compound words like everywhere and everyone have become commonplace in the English language # everytime is not considered an acceptable compound word. You don't need to remind me to do the dishes everytime. You don't need to remind me to do the dishes every time. Every time we breathe, we inhale pollutants.

With Sense Verbs Following a verb which refers to the senses (e.g. see or seem, taste, feel, sound), be sure to use an adjective to describe the noun in the clause, instead of an adverb. - She felt badly about her behavior last evening. Badly is an adverb, which shouldn't be used after felt. - She felt bad about her behavior last evening. - The house appears sound, but it hasn't been inspected yet. - The house appears soundly, but it hasn't been inspected yet. - That old meat smells funnily. - That old mead smells funny. Exception: When using the verb to look to mean to see with one's eyes, as opposed to to seem or to appear, use an adverb to describe the verb. - I looked quickly at the man's face. The verb to look is used to mean to see with one's eyes, and so an adverb is used. - I looked terrible after the long ordeal. The verb to look is used to mean to appear or to seem, so an adjective is used.

Sometime, Sometimes, and Some Time All three of these adverbs are considered acceptable for formal writing. # Some time When using some time, some is an adjective. It is describing the amount of time, and frequently implies a long period. For some time, the world has been known to be round. He has been studying Aramaic for some time. It can also imply a fairly specific amount of time: I require another couple of hours to finish this project today. I require some time to finish this project today. # Sometime When written as one word, this adverb implies a vague time in the future. It can frequently be replaced by someday. The cure for cancer will be found sometime. I'll get around to finishing that book sometime later. Give me a call sometime, and we'll have coffee. # Sometimes When written as one word and ending in s, this adverb implies occasionally. Sometimes, I just don't understand what that man is saying. English grammar sometimes follows its own rules, and sometimes it doesn't.

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Double Negatives, Involving Negative Words and Adverbs Certain adverbs which infer little, few or not often shouldn't be used in the same clause as a negative word, as this creates a double negative. Such adverbs include: scarcely, hardly, barely, rarely, and seldom - The employees never scarcely had personal time, as the project deadline loomed. - The employees scarcely had personal time, as the project deadline loomed. - My professor doesn't rarely look at the work we hand in, but he doesn't send it to his assistant, either. - My professor rarely looks at the work we hand in, but he doesn't send it to his assistant, either. - The vocalist barely achieved the proper note. Misuse of Much When referring to a noun, if one can count multiples of that noun, it's considered a countable noun. If the quantity is generally too many or too difficult to count, it's called an uncountable noun. For example, a grain of sand is countable (one grain of sand, two grains of sand), but sand itself is uncountable. For countable nouns, use the adjective many. For uncountable nouns, use the term much. - How much shoes are in this store? Shoes are countable, even if there are billions and billions of shoes; use the adjective many to modify shoes. - How many shoes are in this store? - How much are the shoes in this store? Are they expensive? In this sentence, how much is referring to the price of the shoes, not the quantity. Some nouns can be countable or uncountable. - There are many wines for sale. - This sentence refers to the different types of wine which are available for sale. - There are many wine for sale. - There is much wine for sale. - This sentence refers to the quantity of wine which is available for sale. Misuse of Many For countable nouns, use the term, many. For uncountable nouns, use the term, much. - I can't attend the party because I have too many stuff to do. Stuff is an uncountable noun, so it can't be used with the adjective many. - I can't attend the party because I have too much stuff to do. Some nouns can be countable or uncountable. - There are many wines for sale. - This sentence refers to the different types of wine which are available for sale. - There are many wine for sale. - There is much wine for sale. - This sentence refers to the quantity of wine which is available for sale. Many Without a Direct Noun Many and much are be used as adjectives. When used to modify another adjective, much is used because the second adjective is always uncountable, just like a noun. Most of the time, it is used this way in comparisons, so look for words like more and less, or suffixes like - ier. - The white cat is many more amusing than the brown cat. Many is modifying more, but more is uncountable, so the first adjective needs to be changed to much. - The white cat is much more amusing than the brown cat. - Are these purple jeans many less expensive than the black ones? - Are these purple jeans much less expensive than the black ones? - Tom is many funnier than Mary. - Tom is much funnier than Mary.

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Agreement Errors Adjectives such as many, several, few, and enough should be used to modify plural nouns. Singular nouns may be modified by words such as a, one, the,or that. - The man reacted quickly, with few consideration for his own safety. Consideration is a singular noun, and it can't be used with few. - The man reacted quickly, with little consideration for his own safety. - The man reacted quickly, with no consideration for his own safety. However, thoughts is plural, so it can be used with few. - The man reacted quickly, with few thoughts for his own safety. - Do you have enough packet of sugar? In this sentence, we'll have to change the noun to make it agree with the adjective enough. We can use a countable or uncountable noun, just not a singular noun. - Do you have enough packets of sugar? - Do you have enough sugar?

Misuse of Like and As. The confusion in using like or as is caused by a lack of understanding of the word's role. Like is used as a preposition, telling where, when or how the noun in the sentence is doing whatever it may be doing. As is used like a conjunction, joining two clauses. A general rule-of-thumb is that like should be followed by an object (to make a prepositional phrase), and as should be followed by a clause containing a verb. Like Most of the time, like compares two things. - Imagine a grown woman acting as a child. Here, we're comparing two things (the woman and the child), so like should be used. - Imagine a grown woman acting like a child. The same goes for this next sentence where we're comparing the mother and the girl: - The little girl, as her mother, has bright red hair. Even though this sentence has a verb after as, the verb has belongs to the first clause, - The little girl has bright red hair. We need the adverb like to modify her mother. - The little girl, like her mother, has bright red hair. As Frequently, as can be replaced by the way. No one makes chocolate cake like my mother does. Because there is a verb after like (does), the conjunction as should be used. It's easy to say that about this sentence because as can be replaced by the way. No one makes chocolate cake the way my mother does. No one makes chocolate cake as my mother does. He can't play cricket like he used to. At first glance, there appears to be no verb after like. However, when speaking, we often leave out verbs which are already implied. The implied verb is play, as in he used to play cricket . Like should be changed to as. He can't play cricket as he used to before he got so old. Other and Another If the noun is singular, we use another to modify it; if it is plural, we use other. Another means one other, so it should only be used with the singular. - If the weather doesn't change soon, we may have a drought in another parts of the country. Another is modifying parts which is a plural noun so we have to change something. - If the weather doesn't change soon, we may have a drought in another part of the country. - If the weather doesn't change soon, we may have a drought in other parts of the country. - I want to learn from many another teachers, not just one. - I want to learn from many other teachers, not just one.

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Wrong Participle See: Adjectives and Verbs Verbs can be used as adjectives; this is called a participle. Some examples of participles are - The Flying Dutchman and a loved one. Participles can be either the past-tense form of the verb or the progressive tense (ending in -ing). There is no clear way to determine which verb uses which form (although intransitive verbs do not use the progressive tense). Some verbs can use both but each will have a different meaning. - The dog looks like a sleeped baby. - The dog looks like a sleeping baby. - I saw a really bored movie last night. The participle should be boring; movies cannot be bored. - I saw a really boring movie last night Make sure you have the right verb form: participles don't use the present tense. - The frighten girl ran away from the dog. - The frightened girl ran away from the dog. Common Errors in English: Bad or Badly Bad is an adjective; badly is an adverb. Don't get them confused. - I did bad on my English exam. - I did badly on my English exam. By the time the speech ended, he wanted to go home bad. This sentence is possible, if he wants to become a criminal before going home. (Perhaps he's going to murder the speaker?) - By the time the speech ended, he badly wanted to go home. But remember the rule about sense verbs. If you want to talk about how something looks or smells, or how someone feels, use bad. - She felt bad about forgetting her brother's birthday.

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Common Errors in English: Good or Well Good is an adjective; well is an adverb but can also be used as an adjective. - Did you do good on your exam? - Did you do well on your exam? - Did you do a good job on your exam? Good is modifying job not the verb to do. - That's well cake. - That's good cake. - That cake tastes good. Remember the rule about sense verbs? Because tastes is used, we need an adjective instead of an adverb. The same rule applies to to be. Be good! This sentence refers to your behaviour. As an adjective, well is also used to mean in good health, so don't get it confused with the adverb. Be well. This sentence refers to your health and well-being.

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An Adverb Between a Verb and Its Direct Object An adverb should not be placed between the verb it is modifying, and the direct object (whatever the verb may be modifying). Most adverbs end in -ly, but not all of them, so they can be difficult to identify. Be sure to look for words which may be nouns or adjectives but are acting like adverbs. - The woman applied smoothly the lipstick. - The adverb (smoothly) should not be between the verb (applied) and the direct object (the lipstick). We need to re-write the sentence so the adverb is in the right spot, preferably right beside the verb. - The woman applied the lipstick smoothly. (better) - The woman smoothly applied the lipstick. (best) Remember to look for adverbs that don't end in -ly. I poured slowly the milk into the glass. - Mary just went yesterday to the market. - I poured the milk into the glass slowly. (better) - Mary just went to the market yesterday. - I slowly poured the milk into the glass. (best)

Common Errors in English: Sure or Surely Sure is an adjective; surely is an adverb. - Are you sure the lecture is today? - Mary is surely finished the painting by now. - Surely, Mary will be finished the painting tomorrow. - This is sure to be the best party ever. Here, sure to be is an idiomatic phrase which is modifying party, so it's working like an adjective. Common Errors in English: Near or Nearly Nearly is an adverb, which means almost; near is a flexible little word which can be an adjective, verb, adverb or preposition. - I have nearly finished this essay. (adverb) - Is the park near the school? (adverb) - As we neared the restaurant, we could hear the loud music and voices. (verb) - We have a house on the near side of the lake. (adjective)

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Adjectives can be used to compare two things, or more than two things. Comparatives When comparing two things, you're likely to get adjectives like smaller, bigger, taller, more interesting, and less expensive. Notice the -er ending, and the words more and less. Make sure you have used the proper ending, or the proper comparative adjective. - Mike is more funny than Isaac. - Mike is funnier than Isaac. Notice the spelling change for adjectives ending in -y: the comparative ends in -ier. - This book is boringer than the last one. - This book is more boring than the last one. - Advertising encourages women to be more thin. - Advertising encourages women to be thinner. Superlatives When comparing more than two things, you'll get words like smallest, biggest, tallest, most interesting, and least interesting. Notice the -est ending, and the words most and least. Make sure you use the proper ending or superlative adjective. Frequently, you'll find the article the before the superlative (e.g. the coldest winter). - Martha is the elder of the four sisters. If there were only two sisters, we could use the comparative elder here. Because there are four sisters, we need a superlative. - Martha is the eldest of the four sisters. - I think his last book is his least interesting; his third book was the most interesting. - That must be the weirdest play ever written. Remember that adjectives which end in -y have their spelling changed if -est is added. - That is the sleepyest puppy of the litter. - That is the sleepiest puppy of the litter.

Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are usually hyphenated (although we sometimes don't bother putting in the hyphen unless we need it for purposes of comprehension). British and American English differ greatly on this,so it's safer to put the hyphen in if you're writing for British readers. - She doesn't have any post-secondary education, but she is very well-read. - I prefer the light blue sweater. - Mr. Lake is teaching an under-water photography course. - Their courses are sub-standard. You don't need to hyphenate them if they're capitalized, though. - Did you get the Super-Saver coupons? - Did you get the Super Saver coupons? You can also create a compound adjective by combining an adverb and an adjective. Again, the British sometimes hyphenate these, while the American's don't usually bother. - She is a remarkably-intelligent girl. - He looks like a well-fed baby. While formal writing is not likely to use compound adjectives like the following ones, you can use them in less-formal compositions and creative writing. Quotation marks or italics can be used. - She gave me a you're gonna die look. - He's away so often, he was given an in absentia award.

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