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Background of Ancient Greece Physical Environment Mainland Greece dominated by rugged mountains Isolated cities and towns from each other Led to the creation of independent political sphere Greece surrounded by the ocean The link to the surrounding civilizations The Nile is to Egypt as the Aegean is to Greece Climate Moderate, rains only in winter Very little arable land Greece at the time of the Peloponnesian War The Bronze Age Cretan Civilization Minoans of Crete Capital Knossos on the island of Crete Had plumbing system King Minos 1400-1200 B.C. Evidence suggests the Minoans had a happy life, as well as some equality of the sexes. Beginning of Greece Mycenaeans Capital Mycenae had 20 ft. thick protective walls Kings ruled from ~ 1600-1200 B.C. Trojan War- (~1200 B.C.) Agamemnon Homer- Iliad & Odyssey Heinrich Schliemann German Archaeologist who found Troy (1871) Provided evidence that Homers works had a historical basis The Dark Ages ~ 1200 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Same time as the unknown people of the sea bringing about

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~ 1200 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Same time as the unknown people of the sea bringing about collapse in Egypt and for the Hittites 400 year gap in writing From 1100-750 B.C. Homer Heroic Poems epics Iliad Odyssey Arete Heroic ideal Strive for excellence, courage, fame, and honor Olympics First Olympics 776 B.C. Olympia Compete naked for integrity Chariot races, boxers, wrestlers, runners, and javelin. Lasted 5 days Pentathlon Broad jump, discuss, javelin, sprint, and wrestling. Greek City-States Post 750 B.C. Rise in city-states End of Dark Ages Polis City Get words like police and politics Acropolis Fortified hilltop Meetings at marketplace - Agora Athens Evolution of Athenian politics Monarchy Royal family Aristocracy Ruled by a few noble families

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Monarchy Royal family Aristocracy Ruled by a few noble families Tyranny rule by one man Democracy rule by the people Demokratia Rule by people Discontent in Athens Economic Small farmers could not compete with imports Had to borrow money from wealthy nobles, used land as collateral When they could not pay back, land was taken or debt slavery Political Common people had no voice in politics As kings lost power, power transferred to aristocracy Alcmaeonidae Leaders and Reforms Draco 621 B.C. Arranged systematically and put in writing existing Athenian laws. Harsh punishments for crimes, draconian. Solon 594 B.C. Rewrote Dracos laws Free persons enslaved for debt All male citizens have right to vote in the Assembly Only wealthy retained membership in the Council, Administrative body solon means wise lawmaker Democratic Expansion Cleisthenes 508 B.C. Expanded democracy, all classes could serve in Council Ostracism or banishment for 10 years Intended to prevent future Athenian dictators Pericles 461-429 B.C. Government service available to all men Paid salaries the poor could get paid for jury duty

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Paid salaries the poor could get paid for jury duty Funeral Oration Height of the Athenian Democracy Ancient Coins Comparison of Democracies Athens Direct democracy Citizenship based on ancestry Women denied voting rights Slavery permitted United States of America Representative democracy Citizenship based off birth, granted to some immigrants Women and men have equal rights Slavery prohibited Identify: Athens Who: What: Where: When: Why. Sparta Spartan class structure Citizens Ruling nobility Slaves (helots) Farmers Government

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Government Sparta was an aristocracy Ruled by Noble Families Aristocracy more effective in dealing with slave (helot) uprisings Agricultural society Sparta did not develop trade or industry Militaristic society Neglected art, literature, and science

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Lycurgus Lawgiver to Sparta Created militaristic society Valued duty, strength, loyalty ~ 650 B.C.

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Spartan Responsibilities Male At 7 years old boys are taken for their military education Serve in military Female Vigorous physical training for motherhood Child birth Both are considered a Spartans duty to the state, being equally important.

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Identify: Sparta Greek Unity Independent city-states, unified culture Language and literature (Homer)

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Religion Same polytheistic religion Sought prophesies from Oracle of Apollo at Delphi Olympic Games Fear of Persian Empire The Persian Wars unify Greece Persian Wars Ionian Revolt Persian expansion to Asia Minor Factional strife in Ionia New Persian control Persians had tyrannical saytrap Ionian rebels ask for support, Athens sends military aid Greeks burnt Sardis, the Persian regional capital, to the ground Darius I ordered his slave to tell him three times a day sire, remember the Athenians Battle of Marathon Darius sent a fleet of ships to defeat Athens. Persians brought the son of Peisistratus, an Athenian tyrant, to install as the Athenian Saytrap. Athenians drove back Persians The Greek force hurried back to protect Athens. Ran from Marathon to Athens, just over 21 miles Herodotus Activity A - author P place and time P prior knowledge A audience R reason T the main idea S - significance Second Invasion Battle of Thermopylae Xerxes marches Persian Army around the Aegean Sea.

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Battle of Thermopylae Xerxes marches Persian Army around the Aegean Sea. Ties hundreds of boats together and creates a bridge across the Hellespont. Battle of Salamis Themistocles uses geographical strategy to outsmart the Persian navy Artemision Straight Battle of Plataea Land, infantry battle in Boeotia Greek infantry out fought the remaining Persians Significance of Persian Wars Greece became Greece Fought off the largest army the world had ever seen Stood up for the ideals of freedom and self-rule Athens gains hegemony in the Aegean Sea Delian League Greek naval and military alliance (Greek equivalent of NATO) Peloponnesian Wars Warm-up: Please Identify these terms. Themistocles Delian League Persian Wars Pericles 3 Major goals for Athens Strengthen Athenian democracy Build a commercial empire Glorify Athens Used money from the Delian League to fund projects in Athens

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Delian League Ancient Greeces NATO All city-states were to pay tribute Created for the purpose of unifying the Greeks against the Persian threat. Athens manipulates and uses funds for their own benefits. Peloponnesian War

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Athens manipulates and uses funds for their own benefits. Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta go to war 431 B.C Sparta marches on Athenian territory Burn local Athenian food supply Long walls protected Athens Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War Pericles Funeral Oration Our public men have, besides politics, their private affairs to attend to, and our ordinary citizens, though occupied with [their daily work], are still fair judges of public matters [U]nlike other nations, [we do not regard the man who fails to take part in government] as unambitious but as useless. [W]e Athenians are able to judge , and instead of looking on [public] discussion as a stumbling-block in the way of action, we think it [is] indispensable to any wise [government] action at all. - Recorded by Thucydides Disaster for Athens Plague 430 B.C. In Athens, while Sparta continued to destroy the Athenian farmland Refuge behind city walls, but close quarters allowed for a rampant spreading of the plague Plague kills Pericles Lost military campaign in Sicily 415-13 B.C. Alcibiades Repercussions of War 27 year war ends on 404 B.C. Sparta is victorious Loss in confidence in the Athenian Assembly mob-rule People turned to the arts Aristophanes and drama

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Aristophanes and drama Philosophy Art began to show emotion Thucydides My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last forever Philosophy Philosophy love of wisdom, philos sophia Socrates was the founder of Western Philosophy Greek philosophers tried to understand natural laws through reason
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Socrates Socrates old Athenian soldier and stonecutter Began questioning Athenian society Used questioning to learn and create discussion Socratic Method Examine topics using reason and standards of truth Questioned democracy, patriotism, religion Socrates Trial 399 B.C. Charge undermining the authority of the gods and corrupting the youth Socrates rebutted these charges in Platos, The Apology Said people should question what they know to be true Claimed he was making Athens better and smarter by questioning Guilty as charged Sentenced to death - Committed suicide by drinking hemlock Plato Plato Student of Socrates and failed playwright Bitter over Socrates conviction, Plato left Athens Built school called The Academy lasted 900 yrs. Wrote The Republic described the perfect society, not a

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Wrote The Republic described the perfect society, not a democracy Three groups of people Rulers Warriors Farmers and Artisans From the ruler class a philosopher-king
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Aristotle Aristotle Platos student at The Academy Every truth followed logically from another truth Developed the Scientific Method Used logical statements known as syllogisms All dogs have hair All golden retrievers are dogs Therefore, all golden retrievers have hair Tutored Alexander the Great School of Athens ~ Raphael Phillip II of Macedon 359 B. C. Phillip becomes king of Macedon Macedon is a northern Greek speaking kingdom Phillip created a Macedonian professional army Used a 16X16 phalanx Improved cavalry Maps during Phillip II Before (359 B.C.) After (336 B.C.) Phillip conquers Greece Phillip took over Greece Son Alexander led successful cavalry attack 337 B.C. Phillip divorced Alexanders mother and had a child Threatened Alexanders prospects of being king During a celebration of Phillips daughters marriage he was assassinated With the support of the military Alexander proclaimed himself to be king Significance of Phillip

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to be king Significance of Phillip WHY?.......... United Greece after the Peloponnesian War Laid the foundations for Alexanders Empire Made military advancements 16X16 phalanx Spear Catapult Alexander the Great 22 years old when became king Taught by Aristotle Enjoyed the Homeric Poems especially The Illiad When Thebes rebeled, Alexander conquered and sold all the citizens into slavery Wanted to carry out his fathers dream of invading Persia Conquest Alexander won battles at Granicus, Issus, and was welcomed as a liberator in Egypt Darius III offered the western third of the Persian Empire and his daughters hand in marriage for a truce Alexander declined and sought to conquer all of Persia Burned Persepolis to the ground Chased after Darius, eventually Darius was killed by one of his own saytraps Continued into the Indus River Valley Alexanders Legacy Ended the era of independent Greek city-states Spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean and Persia Emergence of Hellenism The fusion of Greek and Eastern (Persian) cultures Cared much more about conquering land than governing Unmatched military career Hellenism Alexandria, Egypt was the center of the Hellenistic world Museum and library

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Alexandria, Egypt was the center of the Hellenistic world Museum and library Astronomy and geography Mathematics and physics Euclids Elements Proliferation of sculptures Colossus of Rhodes 105 ft. tall By 150 B.C. Hellenism is on decline, but Rome will assimilate Greek drama, architecture, sculpture, religion, and philosophy

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