Vol. 2, No.

2, Page 141 of 151

Copyright 2008, TSI Press Printed in the USA. All rights reserved

Building a Comfortable Space Fitting to Human Behaviors Through Biopsy Information

Zalili Binti Musa1, Junzo Watada2 and Hideyasu Hirano3 1,2 Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135 Japan 3 Showa Hospital, 35-1 Shioiricho, Shimonoseki 750-0059 Japan Received 1 January 2007; revised 2 February 2007, accepted 3 March 2007 Abstract It is difficult to define the space that all people can feel comfortable. The reason is partly because comfortness relates to many attributes that specify an environment. People have different preferences, and sometimes even the same person changes his/her preference according the state of health, body conditions, working state and so on. Various parameters and attributes of the space should be controlled in order to realize such a comfortable space depending on the data-base of past usages. Information obtained from human bodies such as temperature, blood pressure, brainwaves and etc. can be employed to adjust the space to the best condition. In order to realize a comfortable space, first we should recognize human states and behaviors, and secondly we provide an appropriate environment for a focal person in his/her state. The objective of this paper is to build a space befitting human behaviors or actions where people can feel comfortable using technologies such as KANSEI engineering. In other words, it is required to create a comfortable environment suitable to our feelings. Kansei Engineering is such a field that offers better products to the customers by employing human sensitivity. Keywords Kansei engineering, comfortable space, living body measurement, fuzzy control, neural network.

1. INTRODUCTION
In today's stressful society, comfortable space and life are important to cure the strong stress that befalls on us. It is through such human science as psychology, human factors, physiology, anthropology, hygiene and so on one can study comfortable feeling, and it is by technologies and engineering like mechanical engineering, architecture, control engineering, system engineering, and living science, material science, acoustics, social welfare, and design science one can build such a comfortable space. It is not sufficient to combine these separated research results. We should create new total technology to realize a comfortable space. In this paper, the comfortable space refers to a place where a person feels comfortable when he/she stays there although all people have a different feeling about being comfortable. It is hard to realize the environment that all people can feel comfortable. Therefore, we should build a comfortable space from a viewpoint of each person's. It is expected that a machine or a system can recognize and evaluate the state of a person from his/her behavior, voice,

measurement and by gathering and recognizing data automatically. If we can measure an electroencephalogram (brain-waves), heart beats, sweat, saliva, etc. by an instrument, the obtained information is employed to realize a comfortable space. In order to realize a comfortable space, first we recognize human states and behaviors, and second we provide an appropriate environment for a focal person in his/her state. The objective of this paper is to achieve a comfortable space in terms of affective behaviors or actions. We deal with such techniques as KANSEI engineering. In other words, the objective of this paper is to show the possibility that the measurement of human senses enables us to realize a comfortable space for any person even if the person changes his/her comfortable feeling for conditions according the change of the conditions [1]. In the research, we employ the values of features obtained from electrocardiogram that a test subject. Fuzzy control and neural network are used to adjust a space to the most comfortable one as possible.

Recently, "Comfort," "Senses," and "Kansei" are used in order to express products in their advertising. The reason is because today we seek products more fitting to ourselves than in the days when manufacturing few kinds of many products. Comfort requires safety as well as good environment, smoothing handling. Furthermore, products should fit to each individual consumer. Such aspects are expressed using word "feeling" of each individual consumer. That is rewritten using Japanese word "Kansei." So "Kansei" is required to employ one attribute for expressing a product. That is, we may provide more acceptable products for us when "Kansei" will be measured and enumerated, and engineering in designing and manufacturing products. Additionally, wearable computers enable us to handle such information on line and real time. Such techniques change and evaluate our society drastically. These techniques are essential in a ubiquitous age. Taking a computer like dressing makes it easy to measure senses information. After measuring the senses information using a wearable computer, it can be transferred to a control unit through wireless waves. Such systems realize a comfortable space. In such a comfortable space, it is not necessary to indicate or order the system directly by a person. The objective of this paper is to employ an electrocardiogram and to employ such information of the electrocardiographs in controlling home appliances according the working and resting states as shown in Figure 1.

There are various spaces in our environment. The space of each room has different objectives even in a residential space. Working space and space in a vehicle as well as residential space are included in an urban space. In future a universe space will be taken into consideration. It is always essential that such a space provides us comfort, convenience as well as safe. The information obtained from a living body enables us to automate the adjustment of temperature, humidity, brightness and wind strength by home appliances. Our main objective is to provide a technique that realizes a comfortable space for each individual in real time. Basically, it is hard to realize a comfortable space for all people. Therefore, we should build a comfortable space that is suitable for all. It is expected that a machine or a system can recognize and evaluate the state of a person from his/her behavior, voice, measurement and by gathering and recognizing data automatically. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to show the possibility that the measurement of human senses enables us to realize a comfortable space for any person even if the person changes his/her comfortable feeling for conditions according the change of the conditions [1].

Kansei Engineering
"Kansei" is a Japanese word that means total information of human senses. Kansei Engineering is a technology, method or theory to translate human kansei or sense to production of real things or to design of objects. In other words, Kansei Engineering is a technology to recognize vague and uncertain image on feeling that a customer has about some products and to employ them in designing the products. Again, Kansei Engineering is a technology to build and implement such Kansei or vague image in product design in some ways [2,3]. The objective of this paper is to employ electrocardiographs obtained a person to adjust the environment of a space to the most comfortable that he/she feels. There are many human factors like heart beat, sweat, saliva etc. in a human body that can be able for the control of a space. Before explaining the details of our methods, we briefly survey researches related to kansei engineering in this section. Kansei Engineering is a theory and techniques which employ five senses and use such mechanism in developing products and services. If we successfully employ such senses information in development of products, we can

Figure 1. Control based on Electro Physiological Information.

2. RELATED WORK
The objective of this section is to provide the present state of arts and discuss a future trend of researches on a comfortable space fitting to human behaviors through biopsy information.

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provide more individuals.

personal

use

product

for

[7,8,9] and robotic [10,11] or man-machine [5,12]. A computer game is one of the importance fields where human behavior study is adopted. In computer gaming behavior properties of a player is one of main inputs to produce a suitable interaction with the game itself. Clarke and Duimering have studied a computer game as behavior setting as worthy of social scientific investigation in their own right and contributes to a better understanding of computer gaming as a complex, context-dependent and goal-directed activities [6]. Lee et al, has studied the human behavior for safety purpose. In their study, they have developed an agent model for human performance in air traffic control. The objective of their study is to develop agent models with human-like performance characteristic using a cognitive architecture. At the end of their study, they conclude that their model has the potential to provide a safe and cost-effective way that tests the design and implementation of a new technology, predicts possible human errors, as well as to anticipate transitional challenges and their impact on implementing new task procedures [7]. Based on modeling a human behavior in aircraft evacuations research, the result shows this model will become a useful tool for assessing the effects of various regulations, procedures, devices and configurations on aircraft evacuation safety [9]. Furthermore, research on human behavior is one of importance fields in robotics. For example Mizoguchi et al. have developed a robot for an office room to support an office work such as understanding, recording and retrieving of telephone calls by human behaviors understanding function with networked machines [10]. Takahashi et al. have used a neural network in order to estimate human cognitive based on the set of physiological measures such as a heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, skin potential response (SPR), blink rate and saccadic eye motion rate have been chosen as the representative metrical indices reflecting human mental state [12]. Meanwhile, Kubo et al. have proposed a physiological measure to validity the human state estimation for a mutual adaptive interface (MADI). The objective of the research is to develop a general framework for human-machine

The most important issue in Kansei Engineering is to measure "Kansei". There are methods of measuring human senses such as sensory test, measurement of a living body and cognitive measurement [2,3]. 1. Sensory test: Generally, questionnaires can be included in the sensory test. Questionnaires have an influence from the objective patient or the environment. Therefore, we should manage such influences. Semantic differential, test electrocardiograph, and the rating scale method are included in this category. Measurement of a living body: Through measuring brainwaves, electrocardiography, heart rate, blood flow, sweating, the change of Kansei and emotion is detected. Furthermore, the sensory test can result in the more accurate decision using measurement of a living body. Cognitive measurement: Protocol analysis is widely employed in cognitive measurement. The method makes a test subject operate an test object such as a product, illustrate his impressions using words and at the same time his behavior is recorded using a videotape recorder. After then, the information of the videotape and the descriptive impression of the test subject are scrutinized and analyzed.

2.

3.

Human Behavior/State
Behaviors refer to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Meanwhile human behavior is the collection of activities performed by human beings. Based on Kuno et al. human behaviors can be classified into two groups which are intentional behavior and unintentional behaviors [4]. Based on Kubo et al. the human state is divided by two major categories which are short term state and background state. The short term state means one of dominating human cognitive such as information acquisition, memory related, thought, motor action and others. A background state is a human state with longer time constants. Some examples for background state are mental workload, stress, and wakefulness [5]. Nowadays, a human behavior or a human state is the important researches. Each studies have their own purpose such as for game player behavior [6], reduce cost, man power and safety risk

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interaction using an artificial neural network. Their experiment using artificial neural network for trained data based on physiological measure has shown to be capable of performing state estimation properly [5].

3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of human's heart. Figure 2 and Table 1 show an electrocardiogram is recorded that measures electric waves obtained from a human heart through electrodes placed on the surface skin of a chest, arms and legs. Meanwhile an ECG translates the heart's electrical activity into line tracings on paper. The spikes and dips in the line tracings are called waves as shown as Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Biopsy Information System

A biopsy information system has a wide possibility in a today's society. Such a system is widely implemented for medical purpose. Applications to medical uses have been adopting biopsy information systems for detection of breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer and etc. Various techniques have been purposed by researchers. Piron et al. used a hybrid breast biopsy combining ultrasound and MRI to develop an application for detecting a breast cancer. Based on their experiment, they have found that a hybrid-guidance approach to breast biopsy demonstrated more accurate than MR guidance [13]. Meanwhile, Ernest et al. have proposed a new technique to detect prostate cancer using ultrasonic spectrum analysis. The result shows this technique is able to identify of small localized cancerous lesions of the prostate and to demarcate their boundaries for biopsy guidance [14]. Welch et al. have developed a system that is able to determine the three dimensional locations of a breast cancer using gamma-gray guided biopsy. This system consists of a small field-of-view gamma-gray camera mounted to a stereo tactic biopsy table. The camera is mounted on a rotatable arm such that it can be used to view the breast region from two 15 degree stereo views [15]. Beside that, a lot of researches and applications have been developed for medical purpose such as a stereo-fluoroscopic image-guided robotic biopsy scheme [16], prostate biopsy protocol using 3-D computer simulation [17] and computer-aided detection of breast cancer nuclei [18]. Nowadays, biopsy information has been used as a one biometric application. As we mentioned above, the objective of this paper is to achieve a comfortable space based on a human state or behavior recognition. In the research, we employ the values of features obtained from electrocardiogram that a test object has in an environment. Fuzzy control and neural network are used to adjust a space to the most comfortable one as possible.

Figure 2. Position of electrodes. Table 1. Names of electrode positions

Code Red Yellow Orange Blue Black Installation Position V5 1 ch CM5 Induce Sternum xiphoid process of sternum manubrium of sternum right V5 2 ch NASA induce

Earth

Figure 3. QR2100.

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Method of abstracting information

The experiment consists of a rest interval for 5 minutes and a work interval for 10 minutes. These intervals are repeated. In the work interval, test subjects are directed to typewrite some texts in order to give a stress on the test subjects. Figures 6 and 7 show its results.

Figure 4. HS1000Lite. In this experiment Wearable Holster Electrocardiogram is employed to record long term of heart activity. The holster electrocardiogram can continuously measure and record electrocardiograph. The size of the holster electrocardiogram is light and small which does not weigh a subject. Figure 5 shows an example of a normal electrocardiograph. The electrocardiograph consists of five kinds of wave as PQRST. P wave shows excites, QRS wave shows excitements of ventricle. T wave comes out when the ventricle cured its excitement. The excitement of an atrium can be not measured because their recover waves are quit small and overlapped with QRS waves. In this experiment, R-R interval that is an interval between QRS wave is employed. One wave of QRS is produced when the heart gives one beat. That is, the R-R interval is a one that the heart gives one beat. Figure 6. R-R interval.

Figure 7. R-R interval: Average of 30 steps. Based on Figures 6 and 7, the horizontal axis shows QRS numbers numbered sequentially which are time-series data. Meanwhile, the vertical axis shows the voltage difference. From this figure, the changes between rest and work intervals are observed.

Results
In Figures 6 and 7, vertical axis shows R-R intervals. Horizontal axis shows QRS number that is numbered in the order that QRS wave comes out. work interval of 10 minutes is 1 725 steps rest interval of 5 minutes is 726 - 1045 steps work interval of 10 minutes is 1046 - 1743 steps We can recognize the difference between work and rest intervals in Figure 6. In order to clarify the difference, the average of QRS numbers in 30 steps is figured in Figure 7. The average of 30 steps in Figure 6 resulted in the clear difference between work and rest intervals in Figure 7. Using this result, the threshold is decided and the result can be employed to control.

Figure 5. Illustration of an Electrocardiogram.

4. FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM

In this paper, we employed the fuzzy control to adjust the room temperature according the measurement of electrocardiograph from a test subject. In this case, one attribute is selected out

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of various features concerned with a comfortable space. That is, in building a comfortable space, room temperature is employed as a controlled parameter and the most comfortable space will be realized for a test subject by adjusting the room temperature. It means to build the Kansei System realizing that a person in a space will be made most comfortable by controlling the temperature of the space.

X3 = j

1 T ( j ) ( 2) ( X j ( j = 1,..., n), (T ( j ) = S j S T =T ( j 1) +1

3.

(2) Calculate the mean value of the results obtained in step 2. The result is shown in Figure 10. The calculation can be written as follows:

Method to select characteristic features

Electrocardiograph was measured with each interval of 5.12 seconds for 1200 times, that is, about 100 minutes (=5.12x1200). In the experiment, a subject repetitively pursued the works and rests for a certain interval. In the experiment the electrocardiograph was measured as shown in Figure 8.

X (j 4 ) = X (j3) X ave

(3)

Figure 10. Graph obtained in step 3. 4. 33% of the maximum value obtained in step 3 is set to threshold value, . Set each step value to 1, when the value is greater than , and 0 when the value is less than , respectively. The result is as in Figure 11. The calculation is shown as follows:

Procedure of electrocardiograph
The procedure of electrocardiograph is illustrated in the following:

X
Figure 8. Measured Electrocardiograph. 1. Calculate the mean using all numerical data and shift the mean of all sample voltages so as to become 0. Calculate the absolute value as shown in Figure 9. The calculation is as follows:

(5) j

1 : X (j 4 ) = ( 4) 0 : X j

(4)

X 2 = X i(1) X ave j

(1)

Figure 11. Graph obtained in step 4.

Result of selection of characteristic features

Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows three characteristic terms as 1) between steps 1 to 10, 2) between steps 11 to 14 and 3) between steps 24 to 28. 1) The interval between steps 1 to 10 can be explained as the interval is the start of working and the subject did not feel any stress for the working, then the electrocardiograph was not yet decreasing sufficiently. 2) The interval between steps 11 to 13 can be explained as the subject had rest and the electrocardiograph is appropriate. On the other hand, in step 14 the subject started

Figure 9. Graph obtained by step 1. 2. The resulted measurement of the electrocardiograph shows that the amplitude of electrocardiograph becomes larger. Calculate the mean of every 40 steps where one step means 10ms in order to remove random errors. The calculation is shown as follows:

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working. In this term the subject just started the work so the electrocardiograph did not decrease from the relaxed state to the stressed state. 3) The interval between steps 24 to 28 can be explained as the subject had appropriate electrocardiograph between steps 24 to 27 as same as in the interval between steps 11 and 13. But in step 28, the subject was at rest so the state of the subject has not changed sufficiently from the relaxed state to the stressed state. Therefore, the electrocardiogram did not decrease as it was expected.

Membership function
Parameters of Membership functions employed in the experiment are shown in Figures 13, 14 and 15. In the experiment notation a means 25 and 18 for the rest and working of the subject, respectively. The detail explanation will be given in subsection below.

Algorithm of Control System

The algorithm of control system is: 1. Input the degree of the present temperature.

Rule Table employed

In the experiment, a fuzzy controller is employed to adjust the temperature in the room. The fuzzy controller is configured as in Table 2. Table 2. Table of control rules

x1
PB NB NS ZO PS PB PB PS PS ZO PB PS ZO NS NB NS NS NB NS NB

x1

Figure 13. Membership function of a temperature.

The rule is employed as shown in Table 2 where x1 denotes present temperature and x1 denotes change of the present temperature. In Table 2 notations NB to PB are used as N, P, B and S denote Negative, Positive, Big and Small, respectively. That is, NB means big in the negative value, PS means small in the positive value and ZO means about zero. The illustration NB to PB as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 14. Membership function for the change of temperature.

Figure 12. Illustration of NB to PB.

Figure 15. Consequence (Membership function of output temperature).

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2.

3.

Change the value into 1 and 0 according to the working and rest of the subject using the characteristic abstraction of electrocardiograph. Use the data obtained in step 2. a. As value 1 shows that the subject is in the rest state, set the optimum temperature to 25 C degree in order to make the subject relaxed. So the temperature of the space is controlled as it becomes 25 C degree by a fuzzy controller. Value in Figures 9 to 11 is set to 25. b. As value 0 shows that the subject is in the working state, set the optimum temperature to 18 C degree in order to make the subject work comfortably. So the temperature of the space is controlled as it becomes 18 C degree by fuzzy control. Value in Figures 9 to 11 is set to 18.

the same value according to the subject state. In this section the optimal temperature is obtained from database which contains the historical change of the temperature in the condition of a day such as time, weather, and the state of a person. It should be explained how to decide value under the lack of data. A neural network is employed to compensate a lack of data. The smart housing adjusts a room temperature to some optimal value which is obtained from a database. When the data base has no appropriate value, the neural network compensates the lacked value using the neighbor values.

5. CONTROL ON THE BASIS OF A DATABASE

In the temperature control by fuzzy control, it is possible to employ the data base of temperature in order to simplify the input of the objective temperature. Here we employed the neural network to compensate interpret the lack of the data in the data base.

Simulation results
The simulation is pursued according the algorithm of a control system has we mentioned before. Figure 16 shows results the temperature of the room started from 20 C degree, and the temperature of the room is optimally adjusted according the state of the subject using the measurement of the electrocardiograph. As Figure 16 shows, the temperature of the room is optimally controlled according to the state of the subject. In the interval between steps 0 to 100 the temperature of the room was adjusted to 25 C degree as the subject has just started the work and the electrocardiograph did not decrease before feeling the stress.

Neural Network
The neural network has most adjust ability to non linearity of input-output relations. Even if much computation time is required for learning teaching data, the computation of the output from any input is rather short after finishing learning. When some teaching data are lacked the neural network provides a good interpolation among the teaching data. In this system, the neural network takes a part to provide an appropriate temperature for any ages and for both sexes. Therefore, the neural network is one of the fittest methods to the system. In our study, we used back propagation technique as a learning process. Back propagation is a supervised learning technique used for training artificial neural networks with hierarchical structure consists of input, hidden and output layers. The back propagation algorithm is a special case of learning methods of minimizing an evaluation criterion. The back propagation is employed to have neighbor values in order that the neural network can compensate a lacked value. In these cases, we build the database of objective temperature for each sex, and every month. Table 3 shows a database of neutral temperature for each sex, and each month (C degree). The parameters of a neural network are employed in the experiment as follows: 1. 2. The number of units in the hidden layer=4. The number of units = 10.

Temperature of the space

Voltage of brainwaves

Figure 16. Comparison between result and brainwaves. The algorithm of control system was spent to explain how the space temperature is adjusted to

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The initial weighted value is between -1 and 1. The initial threshold value is between -1 and 1. Learning rate = 0.2. Total number of learning cycles = 100,000 The condition of learning termination is till the error is less than 0.001.

Table 3. Database of neural temperature for each sex and each month (C degree).
Month Male Female 1 21.8 23.2 2 22.0 23.4 3 22.2 23.6 4 22.3 23.7 10 22.2 23.6 5 n.d n.d 11 n.d n.d 6 23.1 24.2 12 22.4 23.6

Figure 17. Result obtained by neural network. human parameters such as humidity, smell and so on. And also we may use other parameters of a human body including electrocardiogram, seat analysis, saliva analysis and so on. This system enables us to control a human environment according the state of a person. Nevertheless, there are several issues that should be considered. One issue is how the temperature should be set for plural persons in a room. One solution is to set the mean value for all persons there. In this case it will happen that all people would not be satisfied. As we mentioned before, recently, "Comfort," "Senses," and "Kansei" are used in order to express products in their advertising. The reason is because today we seek products more fitting to ourselves than in the days when manufacturing few kinds of many products. Comfort requires safety, good environment, smoothing handling. But it is difficult to measure. Therefore we believed that our proposed method based on human behavior or human state is a way to measure a comfortable space for a human.

Month 7 8 9 Male 23.5 23.6 22.8 Female 24.8 25.6 24.3 n.d denotes not define

We employed the teaching data illustrated in Table 3 of the neutral temperature of each sex and each month. The input is sex and month. Man is 1 and Woman is 0, and month is denoted by 1 (January) to 12 (December). The objective temperature is set from Table 3 but month 5 (May) and 11 (November) have no values. Therefore, we employed the neural network to compensate the value of the objective temperature using a database.

Results
Figure 17 shows the error rate in the computation where a vertical axis is error rate and horizontal axis is the number of learning cycles. Figure 17 shows the learning process by the decreasing error rate that the neural network learned properly the data given. Figure 17 shows that even for lacked months May and November the temperature is properly obtained through the neural network compensation. Even if we have few data on some features we can compensate such lack of data through the back propagation learning of a neural network. The compensation by the neural network controls the comfortable space effectively and efficiently within a short time. Figure 17 shows a result obtained by neural network.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author would like to thank to Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) and Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia for a study leave.

REFERENCES
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6. CONCLUSION
The temperature of the space is effectively controlled using the measurement of electrocardiograph of a test subject according his/her state such as in working or in rest. The proposed method can be extended to other [2]

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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Zalili Binti Musa received the B.S and M.S in Computer Sc. from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 1997 and 2003, respectively. She is a lecturer in the Faculty of Software Engineering and Computer System, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, and currently pursuing the Ph.D degree at the Waseda University, Japan. Her research interests are human behavior, pattern recognition, tracking system, and image processing.

[11]

[12]

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Junzo Watada received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Osaka City University Japan, and Dr. of Engineering from Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. Currently, he is a professor at the Graduate School of Information, Production & Systems, Waseda University, Japan. His professional interests include soft computing, tracking system, knowledge engineering and management engineering.

Hideyasu Hirano received his M.D graduated from the School of Medicine, Kumamoto University in 1971, and the Ph D degree from the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University in 1979. He has been an associate professor at the Univ. Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, and currently the President of Showa Hospital. He is a professional in Internal Medicine around ASO (arteriosclerotic obliterans), hypertention and metastatic cancer therapy.

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