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R e p o r t o f t h e T r a i n i n g P r o g r e m m e o n W e t D e p o s i t i o n M o n i t o r i n g
4 - 9 A u g u s t 2 0 0 3 C P C B , D e l h i , I n d i a
M
a
r
c
h


2
0
0
4
National Focal Points (NFP) and National Implementing Agencies (NIA)

Bangladesh
NFP: Ministry of
Environment & Forest

NIA: Department of
Environment, Dhaka



Bhutan
NFP&NIA: National
Environment
Commission, Thimphu
India
NFP: Ministry of
Environment and Forest

NIA: Central Pollution
Control Board, New
Delhi

Iran
NFP & NIA:
Department of
Environment, Tehran
Maldives
NFP & NIA: Ministry of
Home Affaires, Housing
& Environment, Mal

Nepal
NFP: Ministry of
Population &
Environment

NIA: International
Center for Integrated
Mountain Development,
Kathmandu
Pakistan
NFP: Ministry of
Environment, Local
Govt. & Rural
Development

NIA: Pakistan
Environment Protection
Agency, Islamabad

Sri Lanka
NFP: Ministry of Forest
& Environment

NIA: Central
Environment Authority,
Colombo











Contributors to this training material
Envirotech International Chapter 1-8; Chapter 11-17
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Chapter 8 & 9
MISU Department of Meteorology, Stockholm
University
Chapter 10
UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia and the
Pacific
Chapter 18
Mal Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and Its Likely Transboundary Effects for
South Asia is being implemented by UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific in
Collaboration with the National Implementing Agencies, South Asia Cooperative Environment Program
(SACEP) and Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) with the financial support from Sida, the Swedish
International Development Agency.
CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Units & Materials and Energy Balances..1

Chapter 2: Air Pollution, sources and characteristics...9

Chapter 3: Air Pollution and Meteorology 17

Chapter 4: Dispersion of Pollutants23

Chapter 5: Basic Chemistry Concepts.31

Chapter 6: Basic Statistics Concepts....37

Chapter 7: High Volume Sampler44
features, setting up and sampling for SPM and gaseous pollutants

Chapter 8: Sampling Using Passive Samplers.51

Chapter 9: Deposition monitoring Sampling with bulk collector54

Chapter 10: Using Wet Only Collector..57

Chapter 11: Spectrophotometer.65
principles, features, preparation of calibration curve

Chapter 12: Electrical Conductivity Meter73
principles, standardiz ation, measurement of E C

Chapter 13: pH Meter .79
principles, standardiz ation, measurement of pH .

Chapter 14: High Volume Sampler...85
preventive maintenance, calibration

Chapter 15: QA/ QC...101
quality assurance procedures, internal & ex ternal analytical quality control programme

Chapter 16: Good Laboratory Practice109

Chapter 17: Operation Instruction of Soap Bubble Meter115

Chapter 18: Data reporting .121

Annex: Test Methods.135
1
Chapter 1
Units and Materials and Energy Balances

1 Units of measurement

In any environmental management programme measurement, accounting and
balancing of materials, pollutants or otherwise, is required. For example, in a sodium
hydroxide manufacturing industry, which may use mercury in its process, it is important
to know the amounts of mercury purchased every year and discharged in gaseous,
liquid and solid wastes and that carried over in the product. This will enable designing
of a suitable environmental monitoring and management programme. It is therefore
necessary to follow a commonly used and accepted system of measurements
consistently. This session reviews some basic considerations which an environmental
scientist or engineer must be familiar with. to carry out such accounting.

Table 1 gives some of the common units that are used in environmental management
calculations. It also gives conversion factors between the International System of Units
(SI) and British System, commonly known as foot pound second system (fps). In most
countries measurements are made in units based on SI units.

Table 1: Some basic units and conversion factors.

Quality Sl units Sl Symbol Multiply by To obtain
fps units

Length meter m 3.2808 ft
Mass kilogram kg 2.2046 lb
Temperature celsius. C 1.8 +32 F
Area square meter m
2
10.7639 ft
2

Volume cubic meter m
3
35.314 ft
3

Energy kilojoule kJ 0.9478 Btu
Power watt W 3.4121 Btu/h
Velocity meter/second m/s 2.2369 mi/h
Flow rate meter
3
/second m
3
/s 35.3147 ft
3
/s
Density kilogram/meter
3
kg/m
3
0.06243 lb/ft
3








2
In the environmental field, it is quite common to encounter both extremely large
quantities and extremely small ones. To describe such extreme values a system of
prefixes are used with the units. Commonly used prefixes and their meaning are
presented in Table2.

Table2: Common prefixes

Prefix Symbol Meaning

micro 10
-6

milli m 10
-3

centi c 10
-2

deci d 10
-1

deca da 10
hecta h 10
2

kilo k 10
3

mega M 10
6


Commonly used units of length, area, volume and mass are:

1 kilometer (km) = 1000m
1 m = 100 centimeter (cm)
1 cm = 10 millimeter (mm)
1 hectare = 10,000 m
2

1 liter (L) = 1000 mL=1000 cm
3

1 m
3
= 1000 L=1kL
1 kg = 1000 gram (g)
1 g = 1000 milligram (mg)
1 mg = 1000 micro gram (g)

Units of Concentration

Concentration of pollutants in water or air are expressed as a ratio: mass or volume of
pollutant in a given mass or volume of water or air. Substances in water are usually
expressed in terms of mass of substance per unit volume of the mixture such as mg/L
or g/L.










3

















Concentration of substances in liquids are also expressed as ratio of mass of the
substance to a specified mass of mixture, usually as parts per million (ppm) by weight.
Since most concentrations of pollutants in water are small, one liter of mixture weighs
essentially 1000g, we can write:

1mg IL 1g
-------- x ------------ x -------- = 1 mg/10
6
mg=1pp
L 1000g 1000mg

Therefore mg/L and ppm may be used interchangeably as long as the liquid density can
be assured to be 1000 g/L.

Sometimes concentrations in liquids are also expressed in percentage (mass/mass)















Concentration of air pollutants are measured both in terms of mass of pollutant (g or
mg) per unit volume (m
3
) of the mixture and as percent or ppm by volume. Since the
volume of a gas changes significantly with temperature and pressure, to calculate
volume at different temperature and pressure help is taken of the relationship.
P
1
V
1
P
2
V
2

-------- = --------
T
1
T
2


Example 1

4 kg of common salt is thrown in a pond containing 800m
3
water. What is the resulting
concentration of the salt in the water in mg/L, g/L?

Solution
4kg 10
6
mg 1m
3

-------- x ------------ x -------- = 5 mg/L
800m
3
1 kg 10
3
L

5mg 1000 g
-------- x ------------ = 5,000 g/L
L 1 mg


Example 2

For the data of Example 1, calculate the concentration in percentage. Assume the density
of solution as 1000 kg/m
3
(or 1000 g/L)

Solution
4kg 1m
3

-------- x ------------ x 100 = 0.0005%
800m
3
1000 kg

Note: ppm can be changed to percent by dividing by 10
4
.

4

Where P= pressure, V= volume, T=Temperature in degree Kelvin (K) and subscripts 1
and 2 correspond to the changes in the condition of measurement.


















































Example 3

14 g sulphur is burnt in a room having 5000m
3
air maintained at 15C Calculate resulting
sulphur dioxide concentration in the air in the room in g/m
3
, ppm and percent by volume.

Solution: -

Calculate the volume of 5000 m
3
air at one atm. pressure at 25C and 0C, using V
1
=V
2
.
T
1
/T
2


5000 (273 +25)
V
25
= ---------------------- = 5173.6 m
3

(273 + 15)


5000 (273 + 0)
V
0
= ------------------- = 4739.6 m
3

(273 + 15)

Calculate the mass and volume of SO
2
produced at 0 C from stochiometric equation.

S + O
2
= SO
2


64g SO
2

Mass of S0
2
produced=14 g S x------------------ =28 g
32 g S

Since 1g mole of a gas occupies 22.4 L at STP

28 g SO
2
22.4 L SO
2

Volume of SO
2
produced at 0C= -------------------- x------------------------- = 9.8 L
64 g SO
2
/mole 1 mole


28 g SO
2
10
6
g
----------------- x ------------------ = 5412 g/m
3
at 25 C
5173.6 m
3
air 1 g

5


















For uniformity in reporting, the concentration of air pollutants can be reported as g/m
3

at 25C. This is also written as g/Nm
3
(microgram per normal meter cube).

2 Materials and energy balance

The first step in understanding a process is to compile an overall materials and energy
balance. This step alone may locate imbalances and inconsistencies. It may not be
possible to measure every flowing stream in a process. Careful measurement of all
inputs and outputs can characterize the unknown streams. Such balances can also give
an idea of the behaviour of a system if any of the input and output conditions are
modified. Lastly and most importantly materials and energy balances can give us
important information regarding the impact on the environment of a proposed new plant
or activity. These aspects are illustrated by the following examples.


















and 9.8 L 1 m
3

--------------- x ------------ x 10
6
= 2.06 ppm
4739.6 m
3
10
3
L

and 2.06
----- = 0.0002 %
10
4

ppm x mol wt
Note: mg/m
3
= ------------------- (at 25 C and 1 atm)
24.45

Example 4

A high volume sampler filtered air at an average rate of 1.2 m3/min for 24hour period.
This resulted in collection of 0.8500g of dust particles. What is the particulate
concentration?


Solution
Total air filtered = 1.2 m
3
/min x60 min/h x 24h =1728m
3

Particulate concentration = 0.85g/1728 m
3
x 10
6
g/g
= 492 g/m
3

6
Example 5

A bag house is being used to remove dust from an air exhaust stream flowing at 100.0
m
3
/min. The dirty air contains 15.0 g/m
3
of particles, while the cleaned air from the bag
house contains 0.020 g/m
3
. The industry's operating permit allows the exhaust stream to
contain as much as 0.90 g/m
3
. For various operating reasons, the industry wishes to bypass
some of the dirty air around the bag house and blend it back into the cleaned air so that the
total exhaust stream meets the permissible limit. Assume no air leakage and negligible
change in pressure or temperature of the air throughout the process. Calculate the flow rate
of air through the bag house and the mass of dust collected per day in kg.

Solution

Draw a flow diagram of the process as shown in Figure 1. In this problem two balances can
be made, namely, flow rate of dust in g/min and flow rate of air in m
3
/min. Balancing of flow
rate of air in m
3
/min is possible because the temperature and pressure of air remains
constant in the system.

Write a balance for dust around the total system:

Input = Output from bag house +Output in the mixed exhaust
Or Output from bag house = 100m
3
/min. x 15 g/m
3
100m
3
/min. x 0.90 g/m
3
=1410 g/min.

Or Daily dust Output = 1410g/min x 24h/1d x 60min/1h x 1kg/1000g= 2030 kg

Write a balance for airflow around A:
100 = X+Y, where X and Yare bypass stream and flow through baghouse,
respectively.

Write a balance for dust around B:
15X + 0.02Y = 0.9x100
Solving the last two equations
X, the bypass stream = 5.9 m
3
/ min.
Y, the flow through bag house = 94.1 m
3
/min.

7





















































Example 6

A 150 MW coal-fired power plant is 40 percent efficient. If the coal contains 42 percent
ash and 0.5 percent sulphur, calculate the amount of ash and S0
2
produced per day.
Assume calorific value of coal = 6,000 kJ/kg coal.

Solution:-

First we determine the input rate of heat to the plant. Since it is 40% efficient, heat
required

150 x 10
3
kW
----------------- = 375000 kW=375000 kJ/s.
0.4


375000 kJ 1 kg coal
Therefore coal used= --------- ----- x ------------
s 6000 kJ


3600s 24h 1T
x ------- x ------- x --------- = 5400 T/d
1h 1d 1000kg


Since the coal is 42% ash, amount of ash produced 5400 x 0.42 = 2268 T/d

Usually only 10 percent of the ash is collected as, bottom ash. The balance escapes
with flue gas as fly ash. Therefore the plant will emit 0.9 x 2268= 2041 T/d ash if no ash
removal method is adopted.

If an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) of 97% efficiency is installed, the plant will emit 0.3 x
2268=6.8 T/d ash.

Amount of SO
2
can be calculated from stochiometric relation: S + O
2
= SO
2
, i.e., 32 g S
produces 64g SO
2
.

5400 T Coal 0.5g S 64g SO
2

Therefore SO
2
produced= ------------------- x ------- x ------------- =54 T/d
d 100g 32g S

Note: 1W = 1 J/s
8











A B







































Baghouse
Mixed exhaust to atmosphere
Flow= 100.0m
3
/min
Dust = 0.90 g/m
3

Bypass air
Flow= X m
3
/min
Dust= 15.0 g/m
Exhaust air
Flow =100.0 m
3
/min
Dust removed
Flow=Z kg/min
Baghouse inflow
Flow= Y m
3
/min
Dust= 15.0 g/m
3

Baghouse exhaust
Flow= Y m
3
/min
Dust= 0.020 g/m
3


FIGURE 1 PROCESS DIAGRAM FOR THE BAGHOUSE EXAMPLE.