You are on page 1of 11

18

15

10,


2004

10

........................................................................................................................................2
1. 15 ........................................................................3
2. .................4
3. ........................6
3.1 , ..................................................................6
3.2 ........................................................................................................7
.........................................................................................................................................8
................................................................................................................................9

:

15 18 ; ,
. (1500-2000 )

2/11

10


.

15 , .

,
.

. , ( 3.1),
( 3.2).

3/11

10

1. 15 .
14 .
,
. ,
.1
15
.
, 15
.
14 15 ,
.2
,
, -.3

.4
, ,
.

, .5
.
. '
,
,
,
.6

1
2
3
4
5
6

, . 127
Bernstein-Milza, . 281
Bernstein-Milza, . 276-277
Bernstein-Milza, . 259
Bernstein-Milza, . 267
Bernstein-Milza, . 281
4/11

10

2.
.
( ),
1000 ..7
, H. Pirenne.8 1000 ..
15
.

. Burns

,
.9 Bernstein-Milza


.10 Burns, Bernstein-Milza,
.
Subrahmanyam
.

.11

,
.12
BernsteinMilza ,12
' .
: Subrahmanyam

:
,
,
.11

15 : ,
7
8
9
10
11
12

Burns, . 163
Aymard, . 15
Burns, . 162
Bernstein-Milza, . 285
Subrahmanyam, . 47
Bernstein-Milza, . 285
5/11

10

,
13 15
,
.12 Kamen

,
.13

. ,
,
.

12 Bernstein-Milza, . 285
13 Kamen, . 17
6/11

10

3.
.
15 ,
. ,
, . ,
,
,
.14

3.1 , .
,
Aymard
.15 Aymard :
,
,
.16
, .
,17 ,18
,
.15
. , :

. ,
.18 Burns,

.
,
. ,
,
,
.19

: .
,
.
,
14
15
16
17

Bernstein-Milza, . 284
Aymard, . 16
, . 138
, , ,
, .
18 Burns, . 165
19 , . 138
7/11

10


.20
,
,21 , ,
, .

3.2 .
15
.
,
, Valla,
. 1453
, .22
1492
.
. . Kamen
, ,
.23
, ,

. ,
,
, .
, ,
.
.24
,
,
. 14
15 , ,
.
,
18
.25

20
21
22
23
24
25

Burns, . 165-166
Burns, . 161
Kamen, . 13-14
Kamen, . 14
Bernstein-Milza, . 293
Bernstein-Milza, . 291
8/11

10

15 18
. ( ),
26 ( ), .
,
. ,
.
15 , .
,
.

26 .
, ;
9/11

10

1. Bernstein Serge, Milza Pierre: -


, , 1997
2. : , ' , ,
1999
3. E. M. Burns: - ,
' , , , 1983
4. Maurice Aymard, 1492: , , Maurice Aymard
(.), , , ( '), , 2003
5. Sunjay Subrahmanyam, , , Maurice
Aymard (.), , , ( '), , 2003
6. Henry Kamen, , , 2002

10/11

10

You are free:

to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work


Under the following conditions:
Attribution. You must give the original author credit.

Noncommercial. You may not use this work for


commercial purposes.
No Derivative Works. You may not alter, transform, or
build upon this work.

For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.

11/11

You might also like