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WE ARE PROUD OF OUR NOBLE HERITAGE CHARLESTON, SC -
PERMIT #415

SERVING CHARLESTON, DORCHESTER & BERKELEY COUNTIES SINCE 1971

THE

C HRONICLE
VOLUME XXXVII NUMBER 25 •1111 King St. •Charleston, SC 29403• FEBRUARY 11, 2009 • .50

Chronicle Endorses Gregorie

in Dist. 6 Runoff
Suppose they had an elec-
tion and nobody came?
Sadly--no, tragically---
that’s what occurred in the
District 6 election where
there are some 5,353 regis-
tered voters, and only 349
came to the polls. In the
St. Andrews precinct
alone, of the 402 registered
voters, only four took time
to venture out. And what
dose that mean?
Well, it means that
we complain about our
elected officials not being
Why They Support Ms. Coaxum
Senator Ford:
Rep. Gilliard:
accountable. It means that
we complain hat our elect-
ed officials operate on an
agenda that seems more
self-serving than represen-
tative of the people’s will.
It means we complain
about a sort of monarchial
presence of our elected
leaders: once elected, they
tend to stay. It also means
we get the kind of elected
officials and the kind of
representation we deserve.
But, at any rate, we have
an overwhelming obliga-
tion to look closely at can-
“SHE WORKED ON MY CAMPAIGN”
“SHE’S A GOOD WOMAN”
Higgins: “A Silent Kind of Election”
didates William Dudley
By Barney Blakeney
Gregorie and Tommie
Coaxum and then attempt
The low voter turnout for
to determine which of
the Feb. 3 special election
these aspirant politicians
to fill the unexpired term of
would have the most to
Charleston City Council
offer this community.
Dist. 6 vacated by Wendell
This community has been
Gilliard has been
plagued for too many years
described as disappoint-
with political candidates
ing. With only 354 voters
who are so impressed with
casting ballots in the dis-
themselves and their evalu-
trict of 5,353 registered vot-
ation of their own abilities
ers, speculations over rea-
that they have forgotten
sons for the low voter
that their first obligation is
turnout are varied.
to the people as opposed to
The low voter turnout has
themselves.
forced a Feb. 17 runoff elec-
See pg 2
tion between Tommie
Coaxum (172 votes) and
William Dudley Gregorie
(158 votes). Jeffery Hill
received only nine votes.
Observers listed several
reasons they think con-
tributed to the low voter
turnout. Some cited little
confidence elected council
members can influence pol-
icy in Charleston’s strong
Leonard Higgins
mayor/weak council form
of government, a relatively
unpublicized special elec-
tion and lack of confidence
in the candidates them-
selves.
Dist. 6 encompasses eight
city precincts located on
the peninsula’s west side
and a hodgepodge of com-
munities along S.C.
Highway 171 West Ashley.
St. Andrews precinct 3 at
the W.L Stephens recre-
ation center on Playground
Road with 1,164 registered
voters drew the greatest
number of voters with 111
voters (9.62 percent of eli-
gible voters) casting bal-
lots. Coaxum garnered 60
votes compared to
Gregorie’s 40 and Hill’s
nine.
Charleston precinct 13 at
Burke High School with
998 registered voters drew
the second highest number
of voters with a total of 89
voters (9.12 percent of eli-
gible voters) casting 74
ballots for Gregorie, 14
casting ballots for Coaxum
and one voter casting a bal-
lot for Hill.
No other precinct had
more than 47 individuals
casting ballots.
James Johnson, a East Oak
See pg 2

S.C. State Fails to Comply

with Accredidation Standards
A letter from the report was sufficient to
Southern Association of demonstrate compli-
Colleges and Schools sent ance."How do you go
to South Carolina State beyond that to prove you're
last month states that the in compliance?"
university didn't provide Washington said.The
proof it complied with sev- SACS letter didn't outline
eral accreditation stan- specific instances in which
dards. In December, S.C. State was noncompli-
SACS placed S.C. State ant.
on a 12-month warning for But S.C. State's report to
failure to comply with five SACS does explicitly
standards.Former S.C. define one violation.
State Board Chairman
Maurice Washington An independent
acknowledged the warning academic audit commis-
Tommie Coaxum, Senator Ford and Rep. Wendell Gilliard came under his sioned by the board during
watch.Washington said he the administration of for-
mer President Dr. Andrew Maurice Washington-
believed the university's
VOTE GREGORIE FOR CHARLESTON CITY COUNCIL DISTRICT 6 Hugine was cited. The former Trustee
Board Chairman
TUESDAY FEBRUARY 17TH See pg 2

What Was He Thinking ?

Ford
Commitment Introduces
Bill
Compassion
Competence

William Dudley Gregorie, Charleston’s Own: To Create

Worked tirelessly to create jobs and provide critical resources
for our community as HUD’s Columbia Director for nearly a decade;
Wants to continue his service as your next City Councilman by
expanding economic development, increasing opportunities for
small business owners, and improving education;
Sen. Robert Ford
Larry Smith, Publisher,
Community Times.
Is a true visionary: as our Councilman, he will seek for us safer,
better streets and more measures taken to preserve our
FLORENCE- This week
community, rich with culture and history. a South Carolina Senate
panel approved a bill to
We need William Dudley Gregorie to be our Full-Time City Councilman. force South Carolina coun-
ties, towns and cities to
give workers a paid
Let him be your choice on Tuesday, February 17th.
Paid for by the Grassroots Committee to Elect William Dudley Gregorie to City Confederate Memorial
Day holiday. The bill was
Council Seat District 6
introduced by Charleston
Senator Robert Ford, an
ENDORSEMENTS
African-American with
governatorial hopes.
Senator Ford believes that
the bill will force South
Carolinians to reflect on
the state’s history. The
questions are, what has the
Senator been drinking, or
has he been blinded by the
lights of too many video
games?
City Councilman City Councilman City Councilman
In a state where we
James Lewis, Jr. Robert M. Mitchell Jimmy S. Gallant, III
are forced to cut back on
District 3 District 4 District 5
teachers in the classrooms,
this Senate leader believes
we should spend more of
the state’s limited financial
resources to teach our chil-
dren information that
already exists in history
books in our schools.
Yes, as Senator
Ford says, we should work
for a better understanding
Mr. Arthur Lawrence, Mr. Clay Middleton,
Westside Neighborhood Lowcountry Coordinator of one another’s history,
but this misunderstanding
Assoc. President for Cong. Jim Clyburn
is one of the reasons that
South Carolina is facing a
10% unemployment rate,
third world health statis-
tics and environmental
“He has the temperament and experience to get the job done!” issues like those that lead
A
Confederate
Holiday!
us toward becoming the
nation’s dumping ground.
Senator Ford says he
wants to be Governor of
South Carolina, but where
is the vision and new ideas
that will move South
Carolina from an outhouse
state of mind to a state
where we use our colleges
and university systems to
map out our future.
Today at Clemson
University students and
staff are working on cut-
ting edge technology for
the automotive industry.
At the University of South
Carolina-Columbia they
are working on nanotech-
nology and biotech sys-
tems. While South
Carolina State University
engineers are working with
the Savannah River Plant
on nuclear issues, and all
Senator Ford has to add is
that we need to better
understand the
Confederacy.
Some who read
this will think that this is a
race issue, African-
Americans versus whites,
but this issue cuts to the
heart of South Carolina.
For nearly 40-years
African-American children
and white children have
been going to school
together, working togeth-
er, and in some cases going
to church together. If we
want them to continue to
have these opportunities
Larry Smith- Publisher
we need to create a new
economy in South
Carolina. One that gives
all of our citizens a chance
to work in jobs that pay a
living wage, a wage that
will support families by
providing economic
resources such as health
insurance and the ability to
own their own home.
Senator Ford, you
are no President Barack
Hussein Obama. Your
vision for South Carolina
doesn’t include the great
minds in the state; it only
seems to be a poor attempt
to draw attention for your
campaign – a page taken
from the manual used by
the white elected officials
across the state and the
nation who want to divide
the voters across racial
lines.
With concerns
from counties, local munic-
ipalities and from the for-
mer Chair of the South
Carolina Legislative Black
Caucus, Representative
Leon Howard (D)
Richland County, as they
cite the 357, 734 people in
Richland County and the
millions across South
Carolina. Representative
Howard went on record to
say that he was not aware
of any public outcry to sup-
port another paid holiday.
However, Senator Ford
See pg 2
2- February 11, 2009 The Chronicle

SCLC Faces Another Turning Point

Chronicle endorsements -----------------------------
cont. from pg 1

Public office is a trust and it is a trust that should not be cited it as a factor in his
taken lightly. It takes a certain kind of man or woman to By. George E Curry dent and CEO of SCLC, announcing Steele’s depar-
NNPA Columnist effective this week, and decision to leave, the ture, said, “Charles Steele’s
effectively represent a district.The battle lines are being SCLC board is deeply
drawn now, with the injection of State Senator Robert Byron Clay, a board mem- passion for civil rights and
Five years ago, the ber from Kenner, La., was involved in daily opera- his desire to keep the
Ford going all out in support of Ms. Coaxum by financing tions of SCLC. For exam-
her campaign, that’s good, nothing wrong with that, but Southern Christian named interim president. organization alive and rele-
Leadership Conference, Although Steele left office ple, the organization’s gen- vant has changed not only
the question remains who is financing the senator? eral counsel reports direct-
the Atlanta-based civil without rancor – Board SCLC, but the world’s
rights group co-founded by Chairman Raleigh ly to the board chairman view of SCLC for the bet-
It would behoove us to look closely at the candi- instead of the president as
dates and then give it only if we are convinced that the per- Dr. Martin Luther King Trammell repeatedly tried ter.” Trammell added, “His
Jr., was in disarray. It had to persuade Steele to is the case under most determination and drive
son can adequately give us the kind of representation we organizational structures.
have deserved for so long and gotten only rarely. It is for just concluded a conven- rescind his resignation – restored the organization
tion in Jacksonville, Fla. SCLC finds itself at anoth- Still, the past several years back to our original rele-
this reason that we endorse William Dudley Gregorie in have been uncommonly
the Feb. 17 in the runoff election. that was so contentious er turning point. vance. Because of Charles,
that police had to be sum- And the person the board smooth for SCLC, largely our membership has
moned to keep the peace. selects to lead the organi- because of the good work- increased and he has given
Also, you have to wonder why the endorsers in the ing relationship between
above photo, can vouch for a candidate, Tommie Coaxum, Instead of choosing zation may determine if a new foundation on which
between the two candi- SCLC will build on the Chairman Trammell and we can continue to build.”
who claims to be an ‘educator’ but has never revealed her President Steele.
educational background or schools she has served, except dates vying for president at progress made under Steele, who moved his fam-
the time, TV Judge Greg Steele’s leadership or Trammell was generally ily from his native
in the capacity as a substitute teacher! supportive of Steele and
Mathis and Ralph D. return to its near-death sta- Tuscaloosa, Ala. to
Abernathy III, convention tus. Steele maintained open Atlanta, said he plans to
Further, why would Mayor Joe Riley Jr. agree to and regular communica-
endorse Ms. Coaxum, except having a “safe” vote on coun- delegates picked Rev. Fred Whomever is selected, remain in Georgia and con-
Shuttlesworth to serve as along with the board, will tions with Trammell, who centrate on potential busi-
cil? Perhaps he may have forgotten that it was Mr. lives in Dayton, Ohio.
Gregorie, as director of HUD operations in South interim president. face the challenge of com- ness opportunities, many
But when Shuttlesworth ing up with vibrant pro- Since Joseph Lowery of them in the international
Carolina, increased funding for the State to over $ 1.4 bil- stepped down as president
lion and $400 million for the expansion of MUSC. This fired longtime staffer Rev. grams to make the organi- arena. He also plans serve
E. Randel T. Osburn sev- zation more effective. of SCLC in 1997 after a 20- as a consultant to SCLC
included another $8 billion for counties across the State, year tenure, the organiza-
including the City of Charleston. Jim French eral months later, the Despite being a major play- while it seeks its next
SCLC board overruled er in the civil rights move- tion has been roiled by leader and build on his
Shuttlesworth and sus- ment, seeking justice for political infighting. Martin efforts to establish conflict
pended him. The civil the Jena 6 in Louisiana, Luther King III’s 7-year resolution centers around
rights icon from marching to urge the year tenure ended in 2004 the world.
Birmingham, Ala. quit, Justice Department under after frequent clashes with In the meantime, my old
Higgins a --------------------------------------------------- saying: “Only God can give George W. Bush to be the board. Shuttlesworth buddy can be proud of
life to the dead.” more aggressive in enforc- quit abruptly in 2004 after what he accomplished. In
cont. from pg 1 ing civil rights and preach- serving several months. addition to always criticiz-
That’s when the SCLC
board turned to Charles ing economic empower- And when Steele was ing “scared Negroes,” he
Forest resident said while any of the candidates,’ he Steele, Jr., an Alabama ment, much of Steele’s selected to succeed was fond of saying that
he saw almost no signs of added. undertaker, to breathe new efforts were devoted to Shuttlesworth that same when he took over, “We
campaigning by the three Leonard Higgins of life into the dying organi- keeping the organization year, many were predicting weren’t dead, but we were
candidates - Coakum of Ashleyville said he was dis- zation. Taking office with solvent. He also spent a a similar fate for him. on life-support.” SCLC
West Ashley, Gregorie of appointed about the elec- no money in the bank and considerable amount of In a speech to the National can now breathe easier
Charleston’s west side and tion and attributed the low the office lights turned out, time making SCLC an Newspaper Publishers because of Charles Steele,
Hill also of West Ashley - voter turnout to a lack of Steele began rebuilding international force, estab- Association in Phoenix two Jr.
leading up to the election campaigning on the part of the organization. The lishing conflict resolution years ago, Steele recalled:
the city’s form of governing the candidates and publici- group’s finances were so centers abroad and joining “When we got there, the George E. Curry, former
probably kept many voters ty on the part of the media. shaky that when Steele efforts to bring peace to lights were off. The phone editor-in-chief of Emerge
at home. “This was a kind of silent first accepted the job, he the Middle East. was off. Dr. King’s organi- magazine and the NNPA
“A lot of people don’t think election. A lot of people commuted from To attract a credible zation couldn’t meet pay- News Service, is a keynote
their representatives on said they didn’t even know Tuscaloosa, Ala. and for a national figure to become roll, inherited a $100,000 speaker, moderator, and
council have any power to about the election and short period, slept in his SCLC’s seventh president debt from the convention media coach. He can be
influence what happens many white constituents car to save money. in 52 years, the board needs coming out of Jacksonville, reached through his Web
because Mayor Joe Riley West Ashley didn’t partici- But that changed quickly. to adjust how it interacts Fla. and owed the federal s i t e ,
controls everything in the pate at all,” he said. The former Alabama state with its president/CEO. government. And now the www.georgecurry.com.
strong mayor form of gov- While the candidates senator raised more than The role of directors is to federal government owes
ernment. So it really didn’t began to campaign in vari- $6 million over four years, establish policy and allow us. In the last two years,
matter who got elected,” ous communities a few including $3.3 million to the president to supervise we have raised $6 million.”
Johnson reasoned. days prior to the election build new headquarters for day-to-day operations. Trammell, in a statement
The thought that elected he saw few signs that an SCLC on Auburn Avenue. Although Steele never
representation, at least for election was forthcoming The organization’s assets
this special election, is in the weeks preceding the increased 10-fold under “To the ordinary
inconsequential was election either from candi- Steele. Over that same S.C. State -------------------------------------------------
echoed by Elliott Blake of dates or the news media period, the former American or
Line Street. Blake said he which gave the election Alabama state senator cont. from pg 1
felt neither of the three only minimal coverage, increased the number of Englishman, the race
candidates offering for the Higgins added. chapters from 10 to 85 and accrediting agency said the board's audit was conducted
seat demonstrated the “I trust now that people are rescued SCLC from irrele- "in a manner that is not clearly articulated in its
question at bottom is
qualities needed for effec- aware of the Feb. 17 runoff vancy. bylaws."SACS also contended the audit failed to involve simply a matter of
tive representation. election those who will be Steele resigned as presi- faculty and the administration, which violates SACS stan-
“All of them brought some- impacted by whomever is dard 3.4.10.That standard mandates faculty is ultimately ownership of women;
thing to the table, but they elected will have a hand in responsible for a university's curriculum.SACS acknowl-
all also had flaws. One choosing a representative,” edged a similar audit had been conducted earlier by white men want the
seemed to have no specific Higgins said. Hugine's administration.S.C. State says the audit was
agenda, another seemed conducted to assess the effectiveness and productivity of right to use all
handpicked to promote the certain academic programs and the possibility of adding
status quo agenda and the What was --------------------------------------------------- new majors.The university said the second audit was women, colored and
third candidate seemed to cont. from pg 1 appropriate because the initial one failed to address the
lack commitment to any concerns of the board regarding academics. It also includ- white, and they resent
agenda,” Blake said. “I ed more faculty representation than the first audit.The
don’t think Dist. 6 con- dismissed those concerns saying the benefits outweighed S.C. State report added, "This review provided a frame- the intrusion of col-
stituents saw the kind of the costs. As this bill heads to the full Senate Judicial work from which the faculty can develop a plan of action to
representation they want in Committee, I for one would like to know what benefits enhance its academic programs and curricula." ored men in this
Senator Ford sees in this bill, and I mean the benefits that The audit was done by the Education Commission of the
don’t include him doing a song and dance for what he States. It was the same review the board cited as a reason domain.”
thinks is a chance to get the white vote. to terminate Hugine's contract in 2007.Washington reiter-
Senator Ford is right when he says that we have ated that faculty was involved in conducting the ECOS
THE CHRONICLE come a long way in South Carolina. We have come a long audit.
way when one of the most hard lined African-American W.E.B. DuBois
1111 King Street leaders in our state turns to a group he has been fighting In addition, S.C. State noted faculty have leader-
Charleston, SC 29403 all of his political life for support of his run for Governor. ship roles in multiple councils and committees on campus.
•••• What’s next Senator Ford? Do you put on white face and SACS also said the university didn't adhere to standard
sing “Mammy?” 3.2.6, which requires a clear distinction between the roles
(843) 723-2785 South Carolina has some big issues facing us this of the board and administration.SACS said it received an
year and we cannot afford the lack of leadership that overwhelming amount of third-party comments from press
Fax: (843) 577-6099 Senator Ford is offering from any of our elected officials,
Email: Chaschron@aol.com and individuals in regard to the board micromanaging
African-American or white. Isn’t it time we go about the Hugine's administration."... there appears to be a serious
J. JOHN FRENCH, SR. business of growing our state and creating a better quality disconnect between the opinions of the public and school
of life for the people who live in our state. Senator Ford’s officials," SACS said in regard to the allegation.The S.C.
President - Editor//Publisher bill should be voted down and the people of Charleston State report contended the media contributed to the pub-
VALENTINA SMALLS should take a long look at who they send to represent them lic perception of board micromanagement.It also asserted
in the South Carolina Senate, because while other Senate that Washington, speaking on behalf of the university, was
Operations-Business Mgr./ leaders continue to “bring home the bacon” for their com-
Comptroller-Advertising viewed by some as "usurping the power of the president.
munities all Senator Ford can come up with is a poor plan However, in order for the board to promote the interests
SIMONA A. FRENCH to get himself elected governor of the state. South of the university, there are times when they must be
Carolina deserves better leaders and we as citizens should spokespersons for the university." Third-party information
Receptionist- demand more in 2009.
Traffic/Photographer suggested the board also interfered with the athletics pro-
Larry Smith is the Publisher of The Community gram. SACS standard 3.2.11 states the president must have
Marketing Times Newspaper and The Times Upstate Newspaper in authority over athletics.
Tolbert Smalls, Jr. South Carolina. He can be reached by email at lar-
Contributing Writers- ryscafricanvillage@hotmail.com. In the report, the university contended the board
Hakim Abdul-Ali only approves policy and provides a supportive role to ath-
letics.The report noted the president assigns the duties of
Beverly Birch the athletic director. S.C. State also has an NCAA compli-
Bob Small ance officer who reports to the president, according to the
report.S.C. State submitted several contracts to show
DEADLINE: compliance for SACS standard 3.2.11. One of those was a
PUBLIC SERVICES signed contract between Hugine and University of South
FRIDAY PRIOR TO Carolina Athletics Director Eric Hyman to play two foot-
ball games over a five-year period.SACS asked S.C. State
PUBlICATION DATE to submit proof the board wasn't controlled by a minority
Member: of trustees. The agency also requested evidence the board
National Newspaper Publishers, Assoc. did not have any conflict of interest issues.The university
responded that the board's committee structure ensured
South Carolina Press Assoc. all trustees have an equal influence on policy. The report
Amalgamated Publishers noted that all trustees must sign a statement swearing they
S.C. Chamber of Commerce are free from any conflict of interest pertaining to S.C.
State.The warning does not affect the institution's current
NO REFUNDS ON SUBSCRIPTIONS accredited status.The university will have to submit evi-
Published Wednesday dence it is complying with the standards by September or
TRI State Printing- face further consequences.
North Charleston
If S.C. State fails to comply with those standards
Credo of The Black Press by next fall, it could receive probation. According to the
The Black Press believes that SACS Web site, probation is usually, but not always, the
America can best lead the world next step before a university loses its accreditation.The
from racial and national antago- SACS letter and S.C. State's report were obtained
nism when it accords to every through a Freedom of Information Act Request. S.C.
person, regardless of race, creed President George Cooper had said the university wouldn't
or color, his or her human and relinquish the SACS letter, citing it as an institutional
legal rights. Hating no person, matter.During Thursday's board committee meetings,
fearing no person, the Black
Washington said those documents should be made public.
Press strives to help every person
in the firm belief that all persons
Cooper replied the university would release the docu-
are hurt as long as anyone is ments, which it did.Cooper said the university would hire
held back a consultant to assist with its 2010 SACS reaccreditation
process.
The Chronicle February 11, 2009- 3
4-February 11, 2009
by Jim French
The Words of Malcolm X
(To mark the assassination of Malcolm X, February 21, we
are reprinting excerpts from speeches he made in 1964 and
1965.)
Malcolm broke with the Nation of Islam in March of
1964 because of the group’s policy of shunning involve-
ment in the social and political struggles of Blacks. After
he left the Nation, Malcolm began to put together a new
group the Organization of Afro-American unity, that
aimed to be a part of and help lead struggles for Black
liberation from oppression.
To a large degree, Malcolm’s political development was
also shaped by opposition to the moderate outlook of the
accepted leaders of the Black movement. Unlike them a
central tenet of Malcolm’s thinking was firm opposition to
relying on the whims of Congress of waiting for the govern-
ment to fulfill its promises.
Malcolm castigated liberalism and blasted illusions about
Black progress. He concluded that Blacks would have to
view their struggle in a new light and broaden their hori-
zons. They would have to organize their own power to real-
ize Black liberation.
In the face of such power, Malcolm warned, the govern-
ment would use repression. But it would also offer conces-
sions, reforms, and Black figureheads as safety devices
against social explosions.
The ideas that Malcolm warned, the government would use
repression. But it would also offer concessions, reforms,
and Black figureheads as safety devices against social
explosions.
The ideas that Malcolm was presenting were a major threat
to this country’s rulers. He was saying no to segregation,
and no to second-class citizenship. They had to go; and if
the system or any individuals stood in the way, they had to
also go.
It is easy to understand why the country’s rulers would
be relieved to see Malcolm gotten out of the way. it is still
not known to what degree they had a hand in doing it.
But on February 21, 1965, assassins removed Malcolm
from the scene. His ideas, however, remain.
On broken promises: “It was the Black man’s vote that put
the present (Lyndon Johnson) administration in
Washington D.C. Your vote, your dumb vote, your igno-
rant vote, your wasted vote put in an administration in
Washington, D.C., that has seen fit to pass every kind of
legislation imaginable, saving you until last, then filibus-
tering on top of that.”
“And you and my leaders have the audacity to run around
clapping their hands and talk about how much progress
we’re making. And what a good president we have, if he
wasn’t good in Texas, he sure can’t be good in
Washington, D.C. Because Texas, is a lynch state. It is in
the same breath as Mississippi, no different; only they
lynch you in Texas with a Texas accent and lynch you in
Mississippi with a Mississippi accent.”
“And these Negro leaders have the audacity to go and
have some coffee in the White House with a Texan, a
Southern cracker -- that ‘s all he is -- and then come out
and tell you and me that he’s going to be better for us
because, since he’s from the South, he knows how to deal
with Southerners....”
Look at the way it is. What alibis, do they use, since they
control Congress and the Senate? What alibi do they use
when you and I ask, “well, when ar you going to keep your
promise?” They blame the Democratic party. The
Democrats have never kicked the Dixiecrats out of the party.
The Dixiecrats bolted themselves once, but the Democrats
didn’t put them out. Imagine, these lowdown Southern seg-
regationists put the Northern democrats down. But the
Northern Democrats have never put the Dixiecrats down.
Now, look at that thing the way it is. They have got a con
game going on, a political con game, and you and I are in
the middle.
“It’s time for you and me to wake up and start looking at
it like it is, and trying to understand it like it is: and then
we can deal with it like it is. “The Ballot or the Bullet,”
April 3, 1964.
On Black progress: “When you compare our strides in
1964 with strides that have been made forward by peo-
ple elsewhere all over the world, only they can appreci-
ate the great double-cross experienced by Black people
here in America in 1964.
The power structure started out the new year the same way
they started it out in Washington the other day. Only now
they call it--what’s that? -- “The Great Society?” Last year,
1964, was supposed to be the “Year of Promise.” They
opened up the new year in Washington, D.C., and in the city
hall and in Albany talking about the Year of Promise....
“But by the end of 1964, we had to agree that instead of the
Year of Promise, instead of those promises materializing,
they substituted devices to create the illusion and delusion.
We received nothing but a promise...
“Right after they passed the civil rights bill they murdered
a Negro in Georgia and did nothing about it; murdered two
whites and a Negro in Mississippi and did nothing about it.”
So that the civil rights bill has produced nothing where
we’re concerned. It was only a valve, a vent, that was
designed to enable us to let off our frustrations. But the
bill itself was not designed to solve our problems.
Since we see what they did in 1963, and we saw what they
did in 1964. What will they do now, in 1965?....
“I just read where they planned to make a Black cabinet
member. Yes, they have a new gimmick every year.
They’re going to take one of their boys, Black boys, and
put hin in the cabinet, so he can walk around Washington
with a cigar-fire on one end and fool on the other.
“And because his immediate personal problem will have
been solved, he will be the one to tell our people, “Look
how much progress we’re making: I’m in Washington,
D.C. I can have tea in the White House” -- “Prospects
from Freedom in 1965,” January 7, 1965. Which means
segregation is against the law. A segrationist is a criminal.
You can’t label him as anything other than that. And when
you demonstrate against segragation the law is on your
side. The Supreme Court is on your side. “The Ballot or
the Bullet...”
When you look at it like that, think how rich Uncle Sam had
to become, not with this handful, but millions of Black peo-
ple.. Your mother and father and my mother and father, who
didn’t work an eight hour shift but worked from “can’t see”
in the morning until “can’t see” at night, and worked for
Black History
Month Still
Needed
By. George E Curry
NNPA Columnist
An increasing number of people, including two of my
journalism colleagues – Rochelle Riley and Cynthia
Tucker – are proposing that we stop celebrating Black
History Month. I strongly disagree and, evidently, so
does Barack Obama, who signed an executive order desig-
nating February as African-American History Month.
“I propose that, for the first time in American history, this
country has reached a point where we can stop celebrating
separately, stop learning separately, stop being American
separately,” Riley wrote in the Detroit Free Press. “We
have reached a point where most Americans want to gain a
larger understanding of the people they have not known,
customs they have not known, traditions they have not
known.”
Riley must be confusing Detroit, which is 81.6 percent
Black, with the rest of America.
Cynthia Tucker is even farther afield. She says that Black
History Month seems “quaint, jarring, anachronistic.”
Writing in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Tucker
added, “Suffice it to say that the nation of Tiger Woods,
Oprah and Barack Obama no longer needs a Black
History Month.”
Suffice it to say that this is sheer nonsense. The America of
Tiger Woods, Oprah and Barack Obama is also the
America where the Black unemployment rate is twice that
of Whites, where the rate of poverty among Blacks is more
than twice that of Whites and where the median family
income for Whites is $25,000 higher than that of African-
Americans.
The election of Barack Obama demonstrates how little
White America knows about Blacks if they think he is the
first African-American with the skills or education to serve
as president of the United States. If students were taught
about the contributions of Blacks in America perhaps they
would know that W.E. B. DuBois earned a Ph.D. from
Harvard in 1895. That same year, William Monroe
Trotter, the crusading editor of the Boston Guardian,
graduated from Harvard with Phi Beta Kappa honors, the
most prestigious academic recognition in college. Yes, two
African-Americans graduated from Harvard more than 100
years ago.
A year after they graduated from Harvard, the Supreme
Court issued its famous Plessy v. Ferguson decision,
upholding Louisiana’s Separate Car Act requiring segre-
gation on all common carriers operating in the state.
Plessy wasn’t overturned until the Brown decision out-
lawed “separate but equal” schools in 1954.
The Supreme Court decision notwithstanding, Jim Crow
laws separating the races remained in effect for a decade
after Brown, prohibiting Blacks from attending desegre-
gated schools, being treated in the same hospitals, or
being buried in the same cemeteries as Whites.
Although many American history textbooks carry
accounts of the Plessy decision, many are riddled with lies,
beginning with the notion that Christopher Columbus
“discovered” America. First, Columbus discovered land
already occupied by Native Americans. Second, he was
lost, thinking he was in India. Consequently, we have two
groups of people called Indians today because Columbus
got lost.
Rarely are the contradictions about the so-called
Founding Fathers taught to students. They were fighting
for their freedom while enslaving Africans. Thomas
Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence,
enslaved nearly 200 Africans.
Even Abraham Lincoln wasn’t the great liberator he is por-
trayed to be in the history books. In fact, he said during
one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858: “I am not, nor
ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the
social and political equality of the white and black races,
that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters
or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office,
nor to intermarry with white people ... I as much as any
other man am in favor of having the superior position
assigned to the white race.”
Were you ever taught that about Lincoln in school?
Today’s students are not being taught that either, which is
why we need Black History Month and more. I have post-
ed on my Website, my Top 100 Books on Black History.
Because the emphasis is on Black history, classics, such an
Invisible Man and other works of fiction, are not included.
Rather these are books that both Blacks and Whites
should read in order to be fully educated about African-
American history. If you read 10 books on the list – any 10
– you will learn more Black history than you covered over
the course of your elementary, secondary and probably col-
lege education.
I understand the point Rochelle Riley and Cynthia
Tucker were trying to make: Our history books should be
inclusive and tell the history of all Americans, including
Blacks. But the books aren’t inclusive and simply pretend-
ing they are does not contribute to our education nor justi-
fy ending Black History Month.
George E. Curry, former editor-in-chief of Emerge maga-
zine and the NNPA News Service, is a keynote speaker,
moderator, and media coach. He can be reached through
his Web site, www.georgecurry.com.
nothing, making the white man rich, making Uncle Sam
Rich.
This is our investment. This is our contribution--our
blood. Not only did we give of our free labor, we gave of
our blood. Every time he had a call to arms, we were the
first ones in uniform. We died on every battlefield the
white man had. We have made a greater sacrifice than
anybody who’s standing up in America today. We have
made a greater contribution and have collected less. Civil
rights, for those of us whose philosophy is Black national-
ism, means “give it to us now, fast enough.” -- “The Ballot
or the Bullet.”
Can I Ask For Mercy?
The Chronicle
Who
Asked
Me?
by Beverly Gadson-Birch
(It Ain’t Always About Race)
It was May 17, 1954 when the Supreme Court
outlawed segregation in public schools. Segregation was
a part of the ole south that we wanted so desperately to
leave behind. We had grown tired of the old hand me
down readers where the characters were Jane and the
little doggie named Spot. If you are a baby boomer or
before, I am sure you will recall those colorful paperback
readers with Jane and Spot. “Jane see spot run. Run
Spot run.” When I think back to those white educators
who denigrated black students with insignificant readers
and denied them the same access to an education, I feel
infuriated at just how they took advantage of the educa-
tional system to dumb down black students.
As slaves, blacks were forbidden to read because
woe be unto you if you were caught. If graves could talk,
the number of blacks who were killed by Massah when
he found out they could read would be staggering. In
case white folks don’t know what racism is, that’s
racism. When innocent Black children are denied the
right to a quality and equal education as any other chil-
dren, that is racism. Even when books were handed
down from the White schools to the Black schools, there
were never enough books to go around. Some Blacks
got off to a late start in life with little or no education and
never caught up.
Even when the Supreme Court paved the way
for a “so-called” equal education, Blacks had to work in
the fields picking cotton and tobacco. They couldn’t
afford to abandon the fields for the classroom. Blacks
who wanted nothing more than to get an education was
faced with the reality that they had to work if they were
to survive; they had to substitute their dream of an edu-
cation with the reality of work to provide for their fami-
lies. In many instances, the older siblings in the family
sacrificed their education so the younger ones could real-
ize their dreams. Blacks were disenfranchised from
what should have been one of those inalienable rights
guaranteed under the Constitution.
With all due respect to those teachers at St. John
High School who took exception to the information that
was reprinted from a 1997 education magazine and
passed out by the Principal Specialist that said “black
students learn and behave differently from white stu-
dents” and attributed the achievement gap between
Whites and Blacks, at least partly, to “white teachers
who don’t understand black culture”. I say to you it
ain’t always about race. Some things are about reality.
It’s a fact that “some” white teachers do not have a clue
about black culture and have not taken the time to learn
about it. They live a life that black students can only
fantasize about. Oftentimes, the truth hurts. While
“some” teachers may have thought the Principal
Specialist was out of line even to the point of being insen-
sitive, I thought he was right on target. The fact is
“Some” teachers don’t care that there is a vast difference
between white and black culture. “Some” teachers know
that they are there to get their student loans written off
for working with “under privileged” children. When
the loan is forgiven, the teacher is gone. “Some” teach-
ers are in the classroom getting frustrated because they
can’t seem to “reach” the child. In order to reach a
child, you must be able to touch the child. To touch is not
physical act but a mental connection. Teachers must be
able to connect. How can you connect if you believe that
all black students are like the criminals you see on tele-
vision? That’s a minority representation of the black
populace. If “some” of the teachers took the time to
learn about black culture, they would understand that
Blacks live by the railroad tracks and not by the
seashores. They have to leave home to get some peace of
mind from the train running by the house all day and all
night. For relaxation, “some” open their windows to the
roaring of the waves splashing against the sea wall. If
“some” took the time to learn about black culture, they
should have known that black children have problems
with comprehension because the words they use are not
used in many black children homes. How could you
“some” have missed this?
According to the newspaper article, one teacher
said she interpreted the article as being “how do you
reach kids who come from different backgrounds?” I
say to this educator, you are on the right track. Continue
to explore ways to work with all children. The first step
is recognizing that there is a problem and working to
find solutions.
“Some” white teachers are running to Board
members with frivolous complaints when they should be
finding ways to teach children. The Principal Specialist
did not write the article. He was merely using it as a tool
to say, we have a problem and one of those problems
might be that we are not addressing the cultural differ-
ences when trying to reach students. Since all students
are not alike, it stands to reason that all students cannot
learn the same at the same rate. You see one box does
not fit all. Sometimes we have to go outside of the box
for results. And, perhaps the Principal Specialist was
saying if “some” teachers were listening instead of com-
plaining about their hurt feelings they would not have
been so quick to take things out of context. The fact is
“we can learn from each other’s culture”. We are all dif-
ferent, yet alike. Even within the same race we are dif-
ferent, yet alike. If “some” of those white teachers think
they know all there is to know about black children, they
need to shadow a kid from the ghetto and they would
learn more in one day than they have learned from those
Ivy League schools in the four years it took them to get
that “Bad (BA) Ass” Degree.
Blacks are so often stereotyped while whites are
not. All it takes is for one black person to exhibit some
negative behavior and then all of them are thrown into
the same bag. I challenge “some” of the teachers to work
harder at educating all children. Teaching was never
meant to be an easy job, just rewarding.
The Chronicle February 11, 2009-5

As Steele Resigns, Clay Named Interim

I President of National SCLC
See It By. Jennifer Bihm as large as the national
Special to the NNPA from African-Americans into the
Hakim Abdul-Ali hotel and restaurant indus- chapter and he has done a
the Los Angeles Sentinel magnificent job in that
tries in California. He's a
founding member of the post.''
Celebrating Afro Thought (Part One) LOS ANGELES (NNPA)
Alliance for Equal SCLC is a now a nation
- Southern Christian wide organization made up
It’s Black History Month time again for some seasonal-minded Leadership Council Opportunity in Education,
a collaboration of organi- of chapters and affiliates
“colored” folk in America. (SCLC) officials with programs that affect
For many others, like yours truly, it’s a daily happening. As such, I announced the resignation zations in Los Angeles
leading the fight against the lives of all Americans:
feel that I’m obliged as a student, collector, writer and reminder of of their president Charles
UCLA's admission poli- north, south, east and
soulful occurrences, both past and present, to tell it like it is, at Steele Jr. last week and west. Its sphere of influ-
immediately afterwards a cies for Black students. I
least “As I See It.” addition, he is a co-founder ence and interests has
ground swell of rumors become international in
focused on The Rev. Eric of the Knowledge Transfer
I feel very honored to have written for so long for this highly Summit, an African- scope because the human
regarded African-American newspaper called “The Charleston Lee of the Greater Los Charles Steele Jr. rights movement tran-
Angeles Chapter as his American Leadership
Chronicle.” This great news outlet has served as a vehicle to deliv- Forum. scends national bound-
er the bold Black thoughts of the struggles, hopes and aspirations replacement. aries.
Citing his desire to make Rev. Eric P. Lee is Lee has a B.S. in Political
of many known and unknown people of color without fear. President/CEO of the Economies of Industrial Past National Presidents
While thinking on that vein today I’d like you to join with me as I ''a career change decision.'' have included, Rev. Dr.
Steele, 62, said, ''the time Southern Christian Societies from UC
put some words, phrases and thoughts from the African and Leadership Conference of Berkeley and a Masters in Martin Luther King, Jr.:
African-American experiences worldwide for us to reflect on. I is right to bring on new 1957 to 1968
leadership.'' Greater Los Angeles and Pastoral Studies from
hope to make you think that about the reality of where “we” are as Chairman/President of the Azusa Pacific University. Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy:
a culture, and it’s “our” celebration. However, he announced, 1968 to 1977, Rev. Joseph
he would still be a consult- California Christian He is an affiliate member
Leadership Conference, of the Black Business E. Lowery: 1977 to 1997
After all, it is “that” time of the year, so, let’s get busy and learn so ant to the civil rights Martin L. King, III: 1997
organization co-founded the parent organization for Association, Recycling
more about the brilliance of the Black Experience. It’s something seven the California SCLC Black Dollars, 100 Black to 2004, Rev. Fred
that we should all celebrate and be immensely proud of. by Dr. Martin Luther King Shuttlesworth: February
Jr. Chapters. Men of Los Angeles, and
I do, and I certainly am. I also feel that, if you’re of color, you Lee has been instrumental Kappa Alpha Psi 2004 to November 2004
should be too, because Black is Beautiful all year round. That’s Steele held the position and Steele, Jr. Will Lee be
since 2004, a time when in increasing membership Fraternity.
not nationalistic in deliverance, but only a statement of a deeply and managing the largest ''At this time my primary next?
felt God Alone creative fact, and now I’ll begin my “Celebration of SCLC was headed for Reverend Lee is one of Los
bankruptcy, it was report- financial budget of any focus is on the chapter that
Afro Thought.” chapter outside of the I have been selected to Angeles' most vocal and
ed. He was able to turn visible civil and human
things around financially national headquarters. lead, but my commitment
I’ll start with words and thoughts of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., ''There is no other person for the SCLC would not rights activists. From
made in 1968 in his book, “ Where Do We Go From Here?” He and he also oversaw the addressing the right of
building of conflict resolu- that I can think of to lead prevent me from doing
said, “When I see the leaders of nations again talking peace while the national SCLC into whatever I'm asked of on African-American security
tion centers overseas and a guards to organize into
preparing for war, I take fearful pause. A nation that continues new site for national head- the new millennium than any level,'' Lee said.
year after year to spend more money for military defense than on Eric Lee,'' stated Los Treasurer of the Los unions to addressing
quarters. homophobia, Lee has
programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death.” SCLC Vice President Angeles City Councilman Angeles SCLC Board
Mary Prince in “The History of Mary Prince” said, “How can Bernard Parks. Danny J. Bakewell Jr. sug- already leading the SCLC
Byron Clay will serve as into the 21st Century.
slaves be happy when they have the halter around their neck and president until a replace- A Diversity Task Force gested that, ''Eric Lee is
the whip upon their back? and are disgraced and thought no more ment for Steele is found, member, Lee has been certainly qualified because
of than beasts?—and are separated from their mothers and hus- officials said. working to reintegrate the Los Angeles chapter is
bands, and children, and sisters, just as cattle are sold and separat-
ed.” These poignant thoughts were written in 1831.
Novelist Frank Yerby in his 1967 book, “Judas, My Brother,”
offered, “A man must live in this world and work out his own sal- The Cradle to Prison Pipeline:
vation in the midst of temptation.” A traditional Southern African-
American saying my late grandmother, Mrs. Mamie J. Simmons,
would always remind me was that “People may think that you’re a
America’s New Apartheid
fool. But open your mouth and they’ll surely know it.”
Frederick Douglass boldly dictated in his classic autobiography adulthood significantly less to be a fair society. Health tive workers as possible to
of 1881, “Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,” that “You are not likely and involvement in and mental health care and support them. We can ill
judged by the height (that) you have risen, but from the depth the criminal justice system quality education cost far afford to let millions of our
(that) you’ve climbed. “ Harlem’s own James Baldwin said “A ghet- significantly more likely. less than prisons. children grow up poor, in
to can only be improved in only one way: out of existence.” This As Black children are more If called to account today, poor health, uneducated,
thought was a prevalent theme in his 1961 blockbuster “Nobody than three times as likely as America would not pass and as dependent rather
Knows My Name.” White children to be poor, the test of the prophets, than productive citizens.
and are four times as likely the Gospels, and all great What then can leaders do
Zora Neale Hurston wrote “Roll your eyes in ecstasy and ape his to live in extreme poverty, faiths. Christians who pro- to help build the spiritual
every move, but until we have placed something up on the street a poor Black boy born in fess to believe that God and political will needed to
corner that is our own, we are right back where we were when 2001 has a one in three entered human history as a help our nation pass the
they filed the iron collar off.” This line appeared in her book chance of going to prison poor vulnerable baby, and test of the God of history
“Moses, Man of the Mountain,” which was written in 1939. in his lifetime and is almost that each man, woman and and better prepare for
There’s a an African saying that states “The legs in chains with six times as likely as a child is created in God’s America’s future? What
friends is better than to be with strangers in a garden.” In Egypt a White boy to be incarcerat- own image, need to act on steps can you take to heed
favorite comment is “If you desire that your conduct is good, fight ed for a drug offense. that faith. Dr. King’s warning not to
against the fault of greed, a severe disease which is incurable. It The past continues to The Jewish Midrash says let our wealth become our
alienates fathers, mothers, as well as uncles and makes a dear Marian Wright Edelman strangle the present and God agreed to give the destruction but our salva-
the future. Children with people of Israel the Torah tion by helping the poor
friend bitter.” Lazaruses languishing at
Claude McKay wrote many acclaimed masterpieces, and among an incarcerated parent are only after they offered their
By. Marian Wright more likely to become children as guarantors, our closed gates? How can
them was his 1937 gem, “A Long Way from Home.” In this book our nation use its blessings
he wrote, “Color consciousness was the fundamental of my rest- Edelman incarcerated. Black chil- deeming neither their
NNPA Columnist dren are nearly nine times prophets nor elders suffi- to bless all the children
lessness. And it something which my fellow expatriates could sym- and Latino children are entrusted to our care and
pathize, but which they could not altogether understand. For they cient. It is time to heed the
Child Watch® three times as likely as prophets' call for justice rekindle America’s dim-
were not Black like me. Not being Black and unable to see deep White children to have an ming dream?
into the profundity of blackness, some even thought that I pre- for the orphans and the
Incarceration is becoming incarcerated parent. weak. America’s As President Obama and
ferred to be white like them. the new American Blacks constitute one-third Congress contemplate
“They couldn’t imagine that I had no desire merely to exchange Declaration of
apartheid and poor chil- and Latinos one-fifth of the Independence says, ''We ways to stimulate our econ-
my Black problems for their white problem. For all their knowl- dren of color are the fod- prisoners in America, and 1 omy, let them begin by
edge and sophistication, they couldn’t understand the instinctive hold these truths to be self-
der. in 3 Black men, 20 to 29 evident, that all men are investing in a healthy, fair,
and animal and purely physical pride of being a Black person res- It is time to sound a loud years old, is under correc- head, and safe start for
olute in being himself and yet living a civilized life like themselves. created equal, that they are
alarm about this threat to tional supervision or con- endowed by their Creator every American child and
Because their education in the white world had trained them to American unity and com- trol. Of the 2.3 million in measures to ensure their
see a person of color either as an inferior or as an exotic.” with certain unalienable
munity, act to stop the jail or prison, 64 percent Rights….'' successful transition to col-
If you’re of color, I believe that should make you think of the growing criminalization of are minority. Of the 4.2 lege and productive adult-
racism issue, and so should my next “Afro Thought.” It’s powerful. children at younger and million persons on proba- hood.
After more than two cen-
“We did not come into existence on the auction blocks of younger ages, and tackle tion, 45 percent are minori- turies, it is time to make Learn more about CDF's
Richmond, Charleston and New Orleans. Nor did our religious the unjust treatment of ty; of the 800,000 on those truths evident in the Cradle to Prison Pipeline®
consciousness begin with the preaching of Christianity. The mis- minority youths and adults parole, 59 percent are lives of poor children of Campaign.
sionaries tried their best to stamp out the survivals of African reli- in the juvenile and adult minority. Inequitable drug color and to close our
gions…but they couldn’t quite pull it off.” These explosive senti- criminal justice systems sentencing policies includ- intolerable national Marian Wright Edelman,
ments were voiced by Gayraud Wilmore, “Black Theology,” in with urgency and persist- ing mandatory minimums hypocrisy gap. America's whose latest book is The
Philot,ed., Best Black Sermons, 1972. ence. have greatly escalated the sixth child is waiting for all Sea Is So Wide And My
Haki Madhubuti related in a 1986 “Crisis” magazine article “Only incarceration of minority of us to welcome him or Boat Is So Small:
a Black man can teach a boy how to be a man, and Black men sel- The failure to act now will adults and youths. her to the table in our rich Charting a Course for the
dom talk to their sons.” Kwame Kkhrumah said in “I Speak of reverse the hard-earned land and show the world Next Generation, is presi-
Freeedom” in 1961 that “Freedom without law is anarchy.” The racial and social progress Child poverty and neglect, whether democratic capi- dent of the Children's
great performer Leontine Price once said in 1990, “Be Black, for which Dr. Martin racial disparities in systems talism is an oxymoron or Defense Fund. For more
shine, aim high.” Luther King, Jr., and so that serve children, and the whether it can work. Our information about the
many others died and sacri- pipeline to prison are not national creed demands it. Children's Defense Fund,
Author and educator Dr. Nathan Hare often said in 1968 that ficed. We must all call for acts of God. They are All great faiths demand it. go to www.childrensde-
“Black consciousness is the state of being conscious of one’s black- investment in all children America’s immoral politi- Common sense and self- fense.org.
ness viv-a-vis white racism…awareness of membership in the from birth through their cal and economic choices interest require it. And our
Black race and then struggle including the state of being void of successful transition to that can and must be moral redemption and
dreams of one day waking up white.” In Jamaica the locals say “ adulthood, remembering changed with strong politi- credibility in the world we
sharp spur mek mauge horse cut caper. (The pinch of circum- Frederick Douglass's cor- cal, corporate and commu- seek to lead compels it.
stances forces people to do what they themselves thought impos- rect observation that ''it is nity leadership. Ending child poverty is not
sible.) easier to build strong chil-
dren than to repair broken
No single sector or group
can solve these child- and
only an urgent moral neces- BARACK
sity, it is economically ben-
Nnamdi Azkikiwe said, “Originality is the essence of true scholar- men.'' nation-threatening crises eficial. OBAMA-
ship. Creativity is the soul of the true author. This brother of wis- So many poor babies in alone but all of us can Dr. Robert M. Solow,
dom uttered this in a speech delivered in Lagos, Nigeria, in 1934. rich America enter the together. Leaders must M.I.T. Nobel Laureate in
From this same country comes the famous expression that “It world with multiple strikes call us to the table and use Economics, wrote in
A
takes an entire village to educate the child.” against them: born without their bully pulpits to Wasting America’s Future
prenatal care, at low birth- replace our current para- that ''ending child poverty PART
The highly respected novelist Ralph Ellison said in his piece weight, and to a teen, poor, digm of punishment as a is, at the very least, highly
“Richard Wright’s Blues” in 1964, “The blues is an impulse to keep and poorly educated single
mother and absent father.
first resort with a paradigm
of prevention and early
affordable'' and would be a OF
the painful details and episodes of a brutal experience alive in one’s boost to the economy. A
aching consciousness, to finger its jagged grain, and to transcend At crucial points in their intervention. That will healthy Social Security and BLACK
it, not by the consolation of philosophy but by squeezing from it a development after birth save lives, save families, Medicare system for our
until adulthood, more risks save taxpayer money, and
near-tragic, near-comic lyricism. As a form, the blues is an autobi-
ographical chronicle of personal catastrophe expressed lyrically.” pile on, making a success- save our nation’s aspiration
increasing elderly popula-
tion need as many produc-
HISTORY
From the general continent of Africa it’s believed that “A man ful transition to productive
without culture is like a grasshopper without wings.” To that I
may the thoughts of J.A. Rodgers wrote in his book “Nature
Knows No Color Line” way back in 1952 that “We are blossoms of
the sun, and as blossoms owe their to sunlight so do human
beings.” Do you understand that “Afro Thought?”

Dr. Carter G. Woodson, the founder of Black history Week, now

celebrated as Black History Month, said, in 1935, “Let the light of
history enable us to see that enough of good there is in the lowest
estate to sweeten life, enough of evil in the highest to check pre-
sumption; enough there is of both in all estates to bend us in com-
passionate brotherhood, to teach us impressively that we are of
one dying and one immortal family.”
Finally, please run this next quote from Ethiopia past your Black
conscious mind-set and try to reflect for more than an instance on
its relevance. It simply says that “Then a spider webs unite—they
can tie up the lion.” On that note, I’ll conclude my “Collection of
Afro Thoughts” for today, and that’s, “As I See It.”
6- February 11, 2009
Antebellum Slavery: Health
The ante-bellum period of
the old South is often con-
sidered the pinnacle of
Southern aristocracy.
Although the aristocrats
owned a majority of the
wealth and land, it was
their slaves who made the
plantations a success.
The Work: Slavery became
the most absolute involun-
tary form of human servi-
tude. Their labor services
are obtained through force
and their physical beings
are regarded as the proper-
Shirley
Chisholm
runs for
president
Shirley Chisholm
By the early 1970s, the
advances of the civil rights
movement had combined
with the rise of the feminist
movement to create an
African–American
women’s movement. —
There can’t be liberation
for half a race,” declared
Margaret Sloan, one of the
women behind the
National Black Feminist
Organization, founded in
1973. A year earlier,
Representative Shirley
Chisholm of New York
became a national symbol
of both movements as the
first major party
African–American candi-
date and the first female
candidate for president of
the United States.
A former educational con-
sultant and a founder of the
National Women’s Caucus,
Chisholm became the first
black woman in Congress
in 1968, when she was
elected to the House from
her Brooklyn district.
Though she failed to win a
primary,
Chisholm received more
than 150 votes at the
Democratic National
Convention. She claimed
she never expected to win
the nomination. It went to
George McGovern, who
lost to Richard Nixon in
the general election.
The outspoken Chisholm,
who attracted little sup-
port among
African–American men
during her presidential
campaign, later told the
press: —I've always met
more discrimination being
a woman than being black.
When I ran for the
Congress, when I ran for
president, I met more dis-
crimination as a woman
than for being black. Men
are men.”
ty of others.
*Most slaves were given
tasks to perform according
to their physical capability.
*A work day consisted of
15-16 hours a day, during
harvest time and, could go
on during harvest and
milling for 16-18 per week 7
days a week.
*Their was little sex differ-
entiation in the field work.
Women who were well-
along in their pregnancies,
were still sent to work at
plowing and hoeing.
*"Hard driving" was quite
common, and consisted of
working slaves past their
physical capabilities, as
what they regarded as nor-
mal.
*In the South there was no
rest season, the climate
was always considered
good enough to work in
and, so, everyone was eco-
nomically active all year
round.
*Children between the
ages of six and ten might
be active as water carriers.
Children between the ages
of ten and twelve were
organized into gangs and
put to weeding.
Punishment was an inher-
ent part of the slave sys-
tem. Not only was physical
punishment brutal but the
mental and sexual abuse
were also an inherent part
of slavery.
The Punishments: While
each plantation had its
own set of social, religious,
and labor codes, all had the
basic format for an instilled
hierarchy in which the
slavemaster reigned as gad.
He maintained the element
of slave misery, by control-
ling the degree of pain.
*Treatments were given
such as mutilation, brand-
ing, chaining, and murder
which were supposedly
regulated or prohibited by
law.
*Whipings, beatings,
drownings, and hangings
were as unpredictable as
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they were gruesome.
*It was clear to plantation
owners that slavery cold
not survive without the
whip (even though owners
were forbidden to deliber-
ately kill or maliciously
mutilate a slave). Males
and females were whipped
indiscriminately. The
severity of whipping
depended on the number of
strokes to the type of whip.
Fifteen to twenty lashes
were generally sufficient,
but they could range much
higher.
* Other items used for pun-
ishments included stocks,
chains, collars, and irons.
*Slaves could also be
hanged or burned at the
stake.
*Women could be raped by
the owner of the planta-
tion, his sons or, any white
male.
The slave standard of liv-
ing started with a poor,
and often, inadequate diet.
The Food: The food was
generally adequate in bulk,
but imbalanced and monot-
The Chronicle
dens, by fish or wild game, packed dirt. They were
leaky and drafty and the
and molasses (not usually).
combination of wet, dirt,
and cold made them dis-
*The slaves prepared their
own food and carried it out eased environments.
to the field in buckets.
The Diseases: The South
was a disease environment
*Lack of variety and vita-
mins made the slaves sus- for everyone due to the hot-
ter weather and the swamp
ceptible to nutrition relat-
ed diseases. and marsh. Physicians
were in short supply, and
medical knowledge poor.
The Clothes: Slaves were
not well-clothed. They had There was no concept of
bacterial transmission of
inadequate clothing for
people engaged in heavy disease, or insect borne
diseases.
labor all year.
*Children would dress in Life expectancy for
long shirts. Southerners was lower
than Northerners and life
expectancy of slaves was
*Make slaves were provid-
ed with two shirts, woolen
pants, and a jacket in the
lower than whites.
winter. Along with two
shirts and two cotton pants
*Diseases included malar-
ia, Asiatic cholera, dysen-
tery, pneumonia, tubercu-
in summer. Women were
provided with an insuffi-
cient amount of cloth and
losis, tetanus, pellagra,
beri beri.
made their own clothes.
*Deaths in child BIRTH
*The cloth was cheap WERE many due heavy
material, produced in excess labor.
onous. England ("Negro cloth").
The only thing that eased
*Typical food allowance The Home: Plantation the pains of slavery was
was a peck of corn meal slaves were housed in that they were allowed to
and three to four pounds of slaves cabins. Small, rudely have families and that they
salt pork or bacon per built of logs with clap- could but their freedom,
week per person. This diet board sidings, with clay which was not likely, but it
could be supplemented by chinking. Floors were gave them hope.
vegetables from their gar-
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Center for Women 129 Cannon Street (between Ashley Ave & President St.)
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The Chronicle
You can Tell the Election
Is Tuesday..........
You’re Starting to Hear From
Your State Senator Again
Jim French Says...
W il li am D u d le y G r e g o r i e
A S t ro n g V o i c e
A C l e ar C h o i ce
Paid for by the Committee to Elect William Dudley Gregorie
February 11, 2009-7
Around 1739 or 1740 in South Carolina,
Black slaves outnumbered White plantation
owners. Runaway slaves headed for
Florida, the Spanish military ruled Florida,
the Spanish hated the English colonists, and
offered the runaway slaves their freedom.
Hundreds of Negro slaves escaped into Spanish
Florida. The escaped Negros joined the Indians and
Spanish in raiding and robbing the white plantation
owners in South Carolina, they freed the slave victims
and killed the cruel and brutal white slave owners and
escaped back to Spanish Florida and FREEDOM.
Ever notice that you seldom hear
about what goes on in Charleston --
except during an election or run-off
election that will decide who will
serve in Charleston City Council.
That’s when your state senator makes
his once-ever reappearance to tell you
that his support for a certain candi-
date will further the goals of Blacks
and give our mayor another vote to
keep supressing the minority commu-
nity.
He usually cites a list of things he
claims to have done for you as a state
senator, but he refuses to say the can-
didate he is pushing, will just be
another “yes” vote for the present
administration that has blotted out
any real concern for us.
After the run-off election February 17,
and if you vote for the senator’s candi-
date, you’re back in the dark again.
Somehow, your state senator is
nowhere to be seen or heard from
again, unless he’s promoting the gam-
ing industry who writes his paycheck.
Strange, no one will ever ask the ques-
tion: With no professional skills and
no visible employment, how can the
senator be noted as the best “Well-
dressed Senator in the S.C. General
Assembly?” Just asking.
The most obvious reasons that
Senator Robert Ford is endorsing
Tommie Coaxum for Charleston City
Council in District 6, is just another
‘safe’ vote for - the present administra-
tion who fear that William Dudley
Gregorie will challenge and not
remain silent in opposition to those
who support the status quo. If this
sounds like better representation, vote
Feb. 17 for William Dudley Gregorie.
8-February 11, 2009 The Chronicle

I believe saving the planet is impossible.

The Chronicle WE ARE PROUD OF OUR NOBLE HERITAGE

The Chronicle-----
Lowcountry Connection -
February 11, 2009 1b

Avery Institute A Repository for Lowcountry Black

By Barney Blakeney
Avery Institute is a jewel of
Charleston Black history.
Established in 1865 as the city’s
first accredited secondary
school for African Americans,
for nearly 100 years Avery
Institute prepared leaders who
excelled as educators, business
people and community
activists. Today Avery contin-
ues its history as a reservoir for
Lowcountry Black History as
the Avery Research Center for
African American History and
Culture.
After the Civil War, the New
York-based American
Missionary Association found-
ed what became Avery
Normal Institute and named
the school in honor of New
York abolitionist Lewis
Tappan. It was staffed with
northern white missionaries
and members of Charleston’s
free Black community.
Thomas Cardozo, a member
of the local free Black commu-
nity was Avery’s first principal.
Cardozo’s brother Francis was
Avery’s second principal (1866-
68) and campaigned to con-
struct a permanent building to
house the school which previ-
ously had been located in sev-
eral buildings confiscated by
the federal government.
The structure located at 125
Bull St. was financed with
funding from the Freedman’s
Bureau and the estate of Rev.
Charles Avery of Pittsburgh,
Penn. for whom the school
was renamed. In addition to
securing a new structure
Cardozo also expanded the
school’s mission of primary
and secondary education to
include teacher training.
Avery remained a private
school serving Blacks until
1947. It closed in 1954 having
graduated scores of students
who went on to make their
mark on the local and world
stage.
Among them were Howard
University biologist Ernest E.
Just, Liberian Supreme Court
Justice T.M. Stewart, New
York YWCA Executive
Secretary Cecelia H.
Saunders, Los Angeles, Cali.
District Attorney Hugh H.
McBeth, Charleston artist
Edwin Harleston, educator
and civil rights advocate
Septima P. Clark, Charleston
contractor H.A. DeCosta,
publisher John McCray,
North Carolina Mutual
Insurance Company President
Arthur J. Clement, Charleston
NAACP icon J. Arthur
Brown, S.C. Rep. Lucille
Whipper, educator Amanda
G. Lee and Jenkins
Orphanage Executive
Director Johanna Martin-
Carrington.
In 1978 the Avery Institute of
African American History and
Culture was established to
save and renovate the building
at 125 Bull St. as a repository
for African American history
and culture. In 1985 members
of the institute cooperated
with the College of
HAPPY VALENTINE’S DAY
Charleston to found the Avery
Research Center for African
American History and
Culture.
As the only research center of
its kind in the Southeastern
United States the center col-
lects, preserves and makes
available to the public the
unique history and cultural
heritage of African Americans
in Charleston and the
Lowcountry.
Georgette Mayo, the center’s
interim director said Avery
serves a unique function in
that an estimate 40 percent of
slaves coming to the United
States came through the ports
of Charleston.
Researchers from around the
world regularly use the cen-
ter’s resources, yet surprising-
ly, many in the local communi-
ty, “Don’t know what’s in our
own backyard,” she said.
In addition to its invaluable
wealth of manuscripts, docu-
ments, pictures and illustra-
tions the center also makes
available to the public its
museum galleries and archives
reading room. Its microfiche
and microfilm collections
include the Booker T.
Washington speeches (1912-
1915), Black abolitionists
papers, W.E.B. DuBois
papers, Freedmen’s Bureau
records and records of antebel-
lum Southern plantations.
Through its Saturday for
Youth Program begun in
January the center hopes to
give young people something
they can take and run with into
the future, Mayo said. One
Saturday each month the cen-
ter will focus its programming
toward a youthful audience.
During February the center
will feature a poetry reading by
renowned poet Nikki
Giovanni Feb. 19 in the Stern
Student Center at the College
of Charleston and the Feb. 21
opening of “Mermaids and
Merwomen of Black Folklore”
exhibit to run through Feb. 28.
Avery will continue creating
history through groundbreak-
ing activities that foster the
education of young people as it
moves into the future, said
Mayo.

John Brown’s raid - October 16, 1859

A native of
Connecticut, John Brown
struggled to support his
large family and moved
restlessly from state to
state throughout his life,
becoming a passionate
opponent of slavery along
the way. After assisting in
the Underground Railroad
out of Missouri and engag-
ing in the bloody struggle
between pro– and
anti–slavery forces in
Kansas in the 1850s, Brown
grew anxious to strike a
more extreme blow for the
cause.

On the night of
October 16, 1859, he led a
small band of less than 50
men in a raid against the
federal arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia. Their aim
was to capture enough
ammunition to lead a large
operation against
Virginia’s slaveholders.
Brown’s men, including
several blacks, captured
and held the arsenal until
federal and state govern-
ments sent troops and were
able to overpower them.
John Brown was
hanged on December 2,
1859; his trial riveted the
nation, and he emerged as
an eloquent voice against
the injustice of slavery and
a martyr to the abolitionist
cause.
Just as Brown’s courage
turned thousands of previ-
ously indifferent northern-
ers against slavery, his vio-
lent actions convinced
slave owners in the South
beyond doubt that aboli-
tionists would go to any
lengths to destroy the —
peculiar institution.”
Rumors spread of other
planned insurrections, and
the South reverted to a
semi–war status.

Only the election of the

anti–slavery Republican
Abraham Lincoln as presi-
dent in 1860 remained
before the southern states
would begin severing ties
with the Union, sparking
the bloodiest conflict in
American history.
2b-February 11, 2009 The Chronicle

CHURCH - SOCIAL
WALLINGFORD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
Invites You To COME, SHARE and FELLOWSHIP
LIFE CHANGING MINISTRIES- "Come join
us...and watch your life change" - Sarah Mae Flemming’s Challenge
with The Seniors Activities Bible Study, Physical Fitness,
Arts & Craft Projects, Health Education, Enrichment
1852 Wallace School Rd.
Chas., SC 29407 to SCE&G Changed Face of
Programs, Speakers, Community Resources, Trips,
Recreation, Nutritional Lunch and lots more fun . .
(Road that runs directly behind the Marshalls/T.J.
Maxx shopping center) Civil Rights in the South
Sunday service-
.When: Every Thursday, Where: 705 King Street, Time: 10:00 a.m. powers of a deputy sheriff,
11:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Cost: NO CHARGE~~FREE, Bible study-Wednesdays the line was inscribed into a
(843) 723-9929 @7:00 p.m. body of state laws that had
Glenn Scott, Pastor for three generations sepa-
rated blacks and whites.
FRIENDSHIP MISSIONARY THE HOLY ROCK MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH On Columbia buses, the
BAPTIST CHURCH- will be hosting their annual Black History Tea and program on color line shifted, depend-
Sunday, February 22, 2009 at 4:00p.m.
Sunday School - 10:00 AM- During these services the church will honor several African
ing on whether more black
Americans who have contributed greatly in the areas of Civil or white people were riding.
Sunday Service -11:00 AM Rights, Equal Rights, Education, and Justice. One thing remained firm-
Thursday Night Bible Study and Prayer Service- 6:00 PM- Our Honorees for this year are as follows: Sarah Mae Flemming, whites never sat behind
South Carolina State Senate, Robert Ford
The church is located at 75 America Street, Charleston, Former City of Charleston SC Police Chief,
blacks. On that historic
South Carolina Chief Rueben Greenberg Sarah Mae Flemming, the morning Flemming took a
Retired Educator from Trident Technical College, forerunner of Rosa Parks, seat in what she deemed an
We are the church where Christians are at work! Mrs. Vertell M. Middleton for many years remained appropriate area.
The speaker for this occasion is Mrs. Gloria G. Lambright, an unsung hero in the After taking her seat, a
Dean of Charleston County Baptist Association Sunday School
The Honorable L.B. Fyall- Publicity Committee BTU Congress of Christian Education. annals of civil rights. It white Columbia bus driver
Reverend Leroy Fyall – Pastor The public is cordially invited. was a little-publicized humiliated the 20 year old
Yours in Christ, Rev. Charles A. Green, Pastor civil-rights case involving black woman from
public transportation in Eastover, blocking her with
Columbia that helped his arm and accusing her of
Week of 02/11/09 thru 02/17/09 Rosa Parks and her sitting in the “whites-only”
lawyers prevail in a law- part of the bus. This inci-
suit challenging segrega- dent, occurring 17 months
tion on buses in before Rosa Parks took her
M o n t g o m e r y , stand against segregation
Alabama…this case on city buses in
became the Flemming Montgomery, Alabama-
legacy. Flemming challenged seg-
Flemming was born on regation on SCE&G buses
June 28th, 1933, in the in Columbia.
midst of the Great Encouraged by several
Depression, the eldest of well-known civil rights
Don’t forget Mack and Rosetta activists and attorneys, she
the gift card! Flemming’s seven chil- filed suit against SCE&G.
Subject to availability. See gift cards for dren. The granddaughter Rebuffed in federal court in
details, terms, conditions and
(if applicable) fees. All trademarks are
of slaves, Flemming grew Columbia, Flemming’s case
property of their respective owners. up on her family’s own traveled to the 4th US
land - 130 acres, five Circuit Court of Appeals in
miles north of what is now Richmond, which struck
downtown Eastover. She down segregation on city
would eventually die of a buses. The ruling was wide-
heart attack on that same ly ignored, but is cited in

89
land, just shy of her 60th the decision on the far-bet-
¢
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take the action necessary to
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nationwide. Among the
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SUNDAY SCHOOL - 9:45 AM
• Shop 6 of 8 weeks
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See Store Office for Official Rules.
THAT SITS BESIDE
We reserve the right to limit quantities and correct typographical and photographic errors. Rainchecks unavailable on alcohol and tobacco products. All Stores Accept THE ROAD WHERE
EVERYBODY
Good neighbors. Great prices. IS SOMEBODY & GOD
hold our new president and
Congress responsible for
ensuring that all students
are prepared for college
and the 21st century work-
place by enacting policies
that hold schools account-
able for student success."
The achievement gap is
most prevalent among
black male students. In
2007, only 47 percent of
black males graduated
from high school, com-
pared to 75 percent of
white males, and research
shows that these men are
more likely than their
white peers to live in
poverty, experience poor
health and be incarcerated
later in life.
CELEBRATE
BLACK HISTORY
EVERYDAY
4b-February 11, 2009
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now 1-866-334-3253 x
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gram. Financial aid if quali-
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ment assistance. Computer
available. Financial Aid if
qualified. Call 866-858-
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www.CenturaOnline.com
; In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act,
MISCELLANEOUS FOR
SALE
The Chronicle
Classifieds
$600 Weekly Potential$$$ A NEW COMPUTER NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS COMMERCIAL
Processing HUD Refunds, NOW!!! Brand name lap-
CORRIDOR DESIGN
PT. No Experience. No tops & desktops. Bad or NO
Selling. Call: 1-888-213- credit- No Problem. Notice is hereby given that Charleston County Council will REVIEW BOARD
5225 Ad Code: M18 Smallest weekly payments hold three public hearing on: CITY OF CHARLESTON
avail. It’s yours NOW - Call
1-800-816-2375. Tuesday, March 3, 2009 at 6:45 o_clock p.m., in Council A meeting of the
EARN UP TO $500 Weekly! Commercial Corridor
Assembling various prod- NOTICES/ Chambers,
Design Review Board will
ucts at home. No exp! Easy ANNOUNCEMENTS second floor of the Lonnie Hamilton, III Public Services be held Thursday,
work! Part time or Full Time. Building, 4045 Bridge View Drive, North Charleston, S.C. February 12, 2009, at 5
Call: 1-888-335-9661 Ad DIVORCE without children p.m. in the Meeting Room,
Code: X-19 $95.00, DIVORCE with chil- The first two public hearings will be on the granting of utility Third Floor at 75 Calhoun
dren $95.00. With FREE
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE name change documents easements on portions of County Owned Property: Street (Charleston County
(wife only) and marital set- School District Building).
SAWMILLS FROM ONLY tlement agreement. Fast, The first being located at 3841 Leeds Avenue identified by The following application
$2,990.00 - - Convert your easy and professional. Call parcel identification number 412-00-00-011 and the will be considered:
LOGS to VALUABLE LUM- 1-888-789-0198. second being located at 3715 Leeds Avenue identified
BER with your own 1. Riverlanding Drive –
Norwood portable band STEEL BUILDINGS by parcel identification Number 412-00-00067,
TMS# 275-00-00-114
sawmill. Log skidders also Request preliminary
available. www.norwood- “ B U I L D I N G The third public hearing will be on a proposed Ordinance, approval for new construc-
sawmills.com/300n. FREE SALE!”...“UNPRECEDENT- extending the period of time that a boat not used exclu- tion of a marina as per doc-
information: 1-800-578- ED LOW PRICES” Sale sively in Interstate Commerce can be in Charleston
1363, Ext. 300-N. ends February 16. 25x40 umentation submitted.
$5,190. 30x50 $6,390. County from 60 days consecutively or 90 days in the aggre- Owner:
HELP WANTED 35x60 $8,990. 40x60 gate to 180 days in the aggregate during a property tax Daniel Island Company
$12,700. 60x100 $33,600. year Applicant:
MONEY FOR SCHOOL. OTHERS! Pioneer Steel. 1- Stubbs Muldrow Herin
Get up to $70k and great 800-668-5422. Since 1980. Public comments, written and oral, are invited. Architects
career with U.S. Navy. Paid Neighborhood:
training, medical/dental, HUGE SAVINGS! Steel Daniel Island Town Center
vacation. HS grads ages Arch Buildings. 3 Repo’ed. Beverly T. Craven
17-34. Call Mon-Fri 800- 20x20, 25x36, etc. Will sell Clerk of Council
Files containing information
662-7231 for local interview for balance owed. Pick up
available. Call Now!1-866- pertinent to the above
352-0716. application are available for
Invitation to Bid
HELP WANTED - public review at the
CONSTRUCTION VACATION RENTAL Exterior Painting and Wood Repair at Meeting Street Architectural/Preservation
Manor Office, 75 Calhoun Street,
Learn to Operate a Crane NORTH MYRTLE BEACH, (Charleston County School
or Bulldozer. Heavy SC- Oceanfront! Up to 20% The Housing Authority of the City of Charleston will District Building), Third
Equipment Training. off your next vacation week. receive sealed bids on A General Contract for the Floor, during regular work-
Prepare for National Private homes/condos. Exterior Painting and Wood Repair at Meeting Street ing hours, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00
Certification. Financial & Spring/Summer Get-A- Manor until 2:00 p.m. local time on March 10, 2009
Placement Assistance. Ways! Free brochure. Call p.m., daily except
at 550 Meeting Street, Room 114, Charleston, South Saturdays, Sundays, and
Georgia School of 1-866-276-6156, or Carolina. Bids will be publicly opened.
C o n s t r u c t i o n . www.northmyrtlebeachtrav- holidays.
www.Heavy5.com 1-888- el.com ; Copies of the bidding documents may be obtained
381-2437. after 2:00 p.m. on Tuesday, February 10, 2009 at
VACATION RENTALS the CHA Capital Fund Office, 545 Meeting Street, NOTICE OF PUBLIC
Charleston, SC 29403. Contact Ed Donnelly at (843) HEARING
HELP WANTED – ADVERTISE your vacation 720-3983.
DRIVERS home, condo or apartment
to more than 2.9 million A voluntary pre-bid conference will be held at 545 MODIFICATION OF
DRIVER - COMPANY driv- South Carolina newspaper Meeting Street on Tuesday, February 24, 2009 at EXISTING TRAFFIC
ers and teams. Miles and readers. Your 25-word clas- 10:00 a.m. OPERATIONS ON
mileage. Home often. Paid sified ad will appear in 107
weekly and much more! S.C. newspapers for only SPRING STREET AND
This Federally funded contract will obligate the con- CANNON STREET.
Call Karen today, 800-333- $375. Call Jimmie Haynes tractor and subcontractors not to discriminate in
8393 x 1121 or visit, at the South Carolina employment practices and comply with the Davis
www.geminitrafficsales.com Newspaper Network at 1- Bacon-Act and Section 3 of the Housing and Urban The public
Development Act of 1968. is hereby advised that the
BILLS GOT YOU DOWN?
Driver- Join PTL today! City Council of Charleston
NEED A LOAN TO CHA reserves the right to wave irregularities and to will hold a public hearing
Company drivers earn up to reject any and all bids.
38 cpm. 1/2cpm increase GET YOU UP? Tuesday, February 17,
every 60K miles. Average WE CAN HELP Donald J. Cameron, President & CEO. 2009 beginning at 4:00
2,800 miles/week. CDL-A 1-888-212-6187 p.m. in Council Chamber
required. www.ptl-inc.com ALL CREDIT WELCOME
Call 877-740-6262. at City Hall, 80 Broad
FAST APPROVAL Street, to receive public
ESTATES’ CREDITOR’S NOTICES
All persons having claims against the following estates are comment on the possible
D R I V E R - C U R R E N T LY Drivers: Local/OTR required to deliver or mail their claims to the Personal conversion of Spring
Hiring experienced teams Positions. Southeast Representative indicated below and also file subject claims on Street and Cannon Street
and solos with HazMat. Dry Form #371PC with Irv Condon, Probate Judge of Charleston
Van & temp control avail- Runs. TWIC Card County, 84 Broad St., 3rd Floor, Charleston, SC 29401, before the from one-way traffic oper-
able. O/Os welcome. Call Mandatory. 23YOA, expiration of 8 months after the date of the first publication of this ation to a two-way traffic
Covenant (866) 684-2519. CDL-A! 800-621-4306 Notice to Creditors, or else thereafter such claims shall be and are operation.
EOE. forever barred.
x133
Estate of: FRANK HOLMES VANESSA TURNER-
2008-ES-10-1205
MAYBANK
DOD: 02/25/99
PUBLIC HEARING Pers. Rep: BERNETHA ODOM
2219 FILLMORE ST., NO. CHARLESTON, SC Clerk of Council
The public is hereby advised that the City Council of 29405
Charleston will hold a public hearing Tuesday, February Atty: THAD J. DOUGHTY, ESQ.
2175-G ASHLEY PHOSPHATE RD., NO. In accordance with the
24, 2009, beginning at 5:00 p.m. at City Hall, 80 Broad
CHARLESTON, SC 29406 Americans with
Street, on the request that the Zoning Ordinance of the **************************************************************************
City of Charleston be changed in the following respects: Disabilities Act, people
Estate of: WILLIAM WEATHERS
2009-ES-10-0084 who need alternative for-
REZONINGS DOD: 11/30/08 mats, ASL interpretation,
Pers. Rep: ROBERTA C. WEATHERS or other accommodation
1. To rezone the corner of Fort Johnson Rd, 6 MOOREMONT AVE., GREENVILLE, SC
please contact Denise
Harbor View Rd & Sterling Drive (James Island) 29605
(0.35 acre.) (TMS# 454-07-00-005 from Single Family Pers. Rep: LOUIS N. WEATHERS Griffith at (843) 724-3730
Residential (SR-1) classification to Commercial 7613 IRELAND AVE., CHARLESTON, SC or mail to
29420
Transitional (CT) classification. The Planning Commission Atty: JONATHAN ALTMAN, ESQ. griffithd@ci.charleston.sc.
recommend disapproval. Requires ? vote of PO BOX 600, CHARLESTON, SC 29402 us three days prior to the
City Council for approval. **************************************************************************
meeting.
2. To rezone 1000 Fort Johnson Rd & Dills Bluff Estate of: NEOMIE ANTHONY
Rd (James Island Charter High School - James 2009-ES-10-0132
Island) (12.918 acres) (A portion of TMS# 428-00-00-011) DOD: 04/01/08
to include the property in the School Overlay Pers. Rep: NANCY PIERCE
1310 VARDEL ST., CHARLESTON, SC 29412 CM0902C
(S) classification. INVITATION FOR
**************************************************************************
Estate of: LOTTIE H. JENKINS CONSTRUCTION BIDS
ZONING 2009-ES-10-0143
To zone the following property annexed into DOD: 09/23/08 The City of Charleston
the City of Charleston January 13, 2009: Pers. Rep: SANDRA R. HOLMES Department of Parks is
1. 20 Rosedale Drive (Avondale - West Ashley) 8184 WINDSOR HILL BLVD., 300G, NO. soliciting bids from
(0.19 acre) (TMS# 418-14-00-176) CHARLESTON, SC 29420 interested marine con-
Single-Family Residential (SR-1). **************************************************************************
tractors for CM0902C:
Estate of: EDITH FULTON BARR
2009-ES-10-0168 Charleston Maritie
ORDINANCE AMENDMENT Center – Annual Dock
DOD: 01/19/09
Pers. Rep: CHARLES E. BARR M a i n t e n a n c e
1. To amend Chapter 54 of the Code of the City 9532 LAWNSBERY TERRACE, SILVER Contract. The budget
of Charleston (Zoning Ordinance) to revise SPRING, MD 20901 range is $20,000 to
regulations for electronic message board signs. ************************************************************************** $40,000.
2. To amend Sections 54-299.1(d), 54-299.1(f), •Bid Documents will be
54-299(b), 54-299(c) 54-299(d) and establish 54- available on or after
299.1(g) of the Code Of The City Of Charleston (Zoning February 17, from the
Ordinance). Department of Parks
3. To amend Chapter 54 of the Code of the City office at 823 Meeting
of Charleston (Zoning Ordinance) by amending Street. There is no
Section 54-213 Sidewalk Café Regulations and the exhib- plan deposit.
it attached to Ordinance 2004-102 to revise the regula- •A mandatory pre-bid
tions, eliminate the requirement for a damage meeting will be held on
deposit fee and make the annual user fee optional at the site at 2:00 PM on
discretion of City Council. February 19, at 10
Wharfside Street.
•Bids will be due on
VANESSA TURNER-MAYBANK March 3, 2009, at 2:00
P M .
Clerk of Council Interested parties
please contact
Bill Turner, Project
people who need alternative formats, ASL interpretation, or Manager,at 843-720-
other accommodation please contact Denise Griffith at 3 9 1 0 ,
(843) 724-3730 or mail to griffithd@ci.charleston.sc.us Turnerb@ci.charleston.
three days prior to the meeting. sc.us.
The Chronicle February 11 2009- 5b
Package for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under the properly licensed under the Package for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine

Classifieds
will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under the properly licensed under the Package for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under
the will be received from qualified bidders will be received from qualified b--__idders,properly licensed under will be received from qualified licensed under the wil will be received from qualified bidders Package for
the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under the Package for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, proper-
ly licensed under the will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under- from qualified bidders, will be received from Advanced Medicine licensed under the properly under the will be be received from
qualified bidders,properly licensed under will be received from qualified licensed under the wil will be received from eceived from qualified bidders, dvanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, proper-
ly licensed under the properly licensed under the Package for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under the properly licensed under the Package
for the MUSC Center for Advanced Medicine will be received from qualified bidders, properly licensed under the will be received from qualified bidders will qualified biddersackage for licensed

RESIDENTS OF CITY OF CHARLESTON

PLEASE TAKE NOTICE OF THIS REMINDER

Presidents’ Day (Monday, February 16, 2009) will

be observed as a city holiday.
In order to provide service to everyone in a time-
Etta’s Pique at Obama Comes With theTurf
ly manner, By Earl Ofari Hutchinson
garbage and trash collections will be as follows:
Soul singing icon Etta
RESIDENTIAL GARBAGE James has never been one
& TRASH COLLECTIONS to bite her tongue over a
real or perceived insult.
Monday routes will be collected on Tuesday But Etta outdid herself
Tuesday routes will be collected on Wednesday this go round with her
Wednesday routes will be collected on Thursday name call at a part of the
Thursday routes will be collected on Friday president’s anatomy (his
ears), and then cavalierly
Daniel Island and Cainhoy blew him off with the he’s
No changes in the regular schedules not my president line. The
really surprising thing
Please place your garbage and trash curbside by about what otherwise
7:00 AM the morning of your pickup day. would be laughed off as
nothing more than the
City of Charleston petulant loose lipped pique
Department of Public Service of an icon actually got
some news legs.
This has less to do with her
insulting jibe at Obama
Invitation to Bid then that a noted African-
American, a legend if you
Reroofing at Meeting Street Manor will, would have the temer-
Job# 3090301 ity to take a shot at Obama.
Two weeks ago that would
have been unthinkable.
The Housing Authority of the City of Charleston will James of all people should
receive sealed bids on a General Contract for Reroofing if anything fall down on her
at Meeting Street Manor until 2:00 p.m. local time, on knees and shout Hallelujah
March 3, 2009 at 550 Meeting Street, Room 114, to Obama. The slow dance
Charleston, South Carolina. Bids will be publicly he and Michelle did to
opened. Etta’s enshrined standard
“at last” brought a warm
Copies of the Bidding documents may be obtained glow to millions and much
after 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, February 4, 2009 at the praise and adulation, and
CHA Capital Funds Office, 545 Meeting Street. probably more jingles to
Charleston, SC 29403. Contact Ed Donnelly at (843) cash registers for the CDs
720-3983. of the song. That fattened
James’s reputation and
A voluntary pre-bid conference will be held at 545 bank account.
Meeting Street on Tuesday, February 17, 2009 at 10:00
a.m. And there is no record that
James objected to pop
The Housing Authority encourages minority owned
business to participate in its on-going purchasing of
megastar Beyonce serenad-
ing Obama with her stan-
dard. In fact the report is
that she applauded the
song and the president and
the first lady’s dance duet
to it at the Neighborhood
Inaugural Ball on January
20.
But that was two weeks
ago. In that time Obama
has suffered through the
embarrassment of three tax
cheating nominees, the
prolonged legislative arm
wrestle with Republicans
to get his stimulus package
through, and some low
intensity carping and pick-
ing at his decision to keep
Bush’s Faith based initia-
tive intact complete with
the odious provision that
essentially permit church
groups that receive federal
cash to discriminate
against any and everyone R&B Singer Beyonce starred as Etta James
but their own in hiring.
The slight dull on Obama’s in the film “Cadillac Records” this past year.
glow was topped by a dou-
ble digit drop in his popu-
larity rating. ugly. Obama wisely let it pass. A
James could have just as crack from a pop singer,
This was inevitable. The easily chided Obama for even a legendary one, pales
honeymoon for all presi- not inviting her to sing her in importance to the titanic
dents, even historic presi- trademark song, at the fight to rescue the econo-
dents, doesn’t last. The inauguration festivities, my, cut a deal with the
reality of governance and without the personal dig Russians on its nukes, and
the hard knocks that come and then the blow off. But figuring out the next move
with it come with the that wouldn’t have made in Afghanistan. There sim-
White House turf. The sad headlines, got the tongues ply will never be an at last
thing about that is that wagging, and surprisingly to the verbal hits on who-
some of the knocks and the gotten more than a few ever sits in the White
ones who do the knocking heads nodded in agree- House, no matter what the
can get personal, even ment with her. size of his or her ears.

Slums Come Down in Yaounde, Apollo Theater Marks

goods and services.

CHA reserves the right to waive irregularities and to

Leaving Thousands Homeless

reject any and all bids.

75th Year of Amateur Night’

Donald J. Cameron- President and Chief Executive Officer

Special to the NNPA from GIN

(GIN) - More than 7,000 people have been left homeless in

CP0515C City of Charleston
Invitation for Construction Bids
PROJECT: CP0515C: NEW GYMNASIUM AT HAR-
MON FIELD
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: New 24,000 SF City
of Charleston multi-use recreation facility located at
Harmon Field on peninsular Charleston, adjacent to
the existing Herbert Hasell Aquatic Center on
Fishburne Street. The facility is of concrete block /
brick veneer construction on piles, with steel bar
joist roof framing. It will be LEED certified. This
project may be funded in part with Federal funds,
and will therefore be subject to the requirements of
Federal Acquisition Regulations.
CONSTRUCTION COST RANGE: $5,000,000 to
$9,000,000
BID SECURITY, PERFORMANCE AND PAYMENT
BOND ARE REQUIRED
QUALIFICATIONS OF BIDDERS: Bidders must be
general contractors registered in the state of South
Cameroon’s capital, Yaounde, since city officials began
tearing down slums to make space for development proj- By The Associated Press
ects, reports the Voice of America.
At least three shantytowns have been pulled down this NEW YORK (AP) -- Harlem's Apollo Theater is celebrat
year in what city officials are calling a cleanup operation. ing the 75th anniversary of its "Amateur Night" - a starting
The former slums most likely will be sold to private devel- stage for some of the biggest stars in entertainment,
opers. including Ella Fitzgerald, Stevie Wonder and the late
Many of the city’s poorest residents have lived in the slums James Brown.
for years. Humanitarian groups now consider them
refugees and are providing aid – among them, the U.N. The first 75 tickets to Wednesday night's show are going
refugee agency and the Cameroon Red Cross. for $7.50, with rapper Ron Browz as the featured per-
One inhabitant, John, said he had a land title but his house former.
was demolished without any compensation. ''We are not
refusing that they are beautifying the town but they should
realise that we are Cameroonians,'' he said. The demoli-
tion included houses, shops and other businesses.
Meanwhile, at a recent meeting of the National Episcopal
Conference, Cameroonian bishops described the country
as a hell of insecurity. In a press release, the bishops con-
demned corruption, tribalism, unemployment and spiritu-
al barrenness.
Pope Benedict XVI is planning a visit to the country from
March 17 to 20.

Gaddafi Takes The

Carolina, with a minimum of five years in business
and five successful projects of this construction type
and magnitude. Prior to award of the contract, the

Reins at the Africa Union

low bidder will be required to complete a qualifica-
tion questionnaire indicating experience of firm and
personnel, financial and trade references, and a list
of similar projects. The City of Charleston retains
the right to reject any or all bids and to waive any
informalities in bidding.
AWARD OF CONTRACT: Award of contract will be
to the lowest qualified bidder, contingent upon avail-
able funding.
A/E: Thomas and Denzinger Architects; 73 1/2
State Street; Charleston, SC 29401
A/E CONTACT: Michelle Smyth
PHONE: 843-577-5373
FAX: 843- 577-9503
E-MAIL: michelle@thomasanddenzinger.com
PLANS ON FILE AT: AGC: 2430 Mall Drive, Suite
165, North Charleston SC 29418
Dodge: 1180 Sam Rittenburg, Suite 350,
Charleston SC 29407
Other: Department of Parks, 823 Meeting
Street, Charleston SC 29403
BID DOCUMENTS will be available on or after
February 16 for view and order on Planwell Public
Plan Room hosted by A & E Digital Printing (anedig-
ital.com); 517 King Street; Charleston, SC 20403;
843-853-5066. Refundable plan deposit is $350 (for
general contractors only); place orders in advance.
Special to the NNPA from GIN
(GIN) – Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi has been
named chairman of the 53-nation African Union for a one
year term.
Gaddafi was handed the chairman's gavel by outgoing AU
leader and Tanzanian president Jakaya Kikwete, to
applause from other leaders on Monday.
Gaddafi has promoted the idea of a “United States of
Africa” - a single currency, one Army and a single passport
for Africans to move within the continent.
A pan-African government was first advocated by Kwame
Nkrumah, during his fight for the independence of Ghana.
In his farewell speech, President Kikwete appealed to
African leaders to restrain from seeking greater political
power and influence for themselves, while urging them to
focus on improving Africa's economic status.
ESTATES’ CREDITOR’S NOTICES
All persons having claims against the following estates are
required to deliver or mail their claims to the Personal
Representative indicated below and also file subject claims on
Form #371PC with Irv Condon, Probate Judge of Charleston
County, 84 Broad St., 3rd Floor, Charleston, SC 29401, before the
expiration of 8 months after the date of the first publication of this
Notice to Creditors, or else thereafter such claims shall be and are
forever barred.

PRE-BID CONFERENCE (MANDATORY): Estate of: ANDREW GATES CREAMER

February 26, 2009. 2:00 PM. 2009-ES-10-0003
LOCATION: City of Charleston Department of DOD: 11/08/08 The Apollo Theater was a starting stage for
Parks, 823 Meeting Street, Charleston, SC. 2nd Pers. Rep: JAMES A. GRIMSLEY, III many legendary entertainers such asJames
Floor Conference Room PO BOX 2055, BEAUFORT, SC 29901-2055
************************************************************************** Brown (shown above)
BID OPENING: March 19, 2009. 2:00 PM. Estate of: ALFRED H. WILLIAMS
2009-ES-10-0014
BID DELIVERY ADDRESS: City of Charleston DOD: 05/02/07 The theater, built in 1914 in the heart of Harlem, was orig-
Department of Parks, 823 Meeting Street, Pers. Rep: GLORIA W. HAUGHTON inally called Hurtig and Seamon's New Burlesque
Charleston, SC
1582 WESTWOOD DR., CHARLESTON, SC 29412 Theatre. Blacks were not allowed in the audience then.
**************************************************************************
29403 Estate of: ETHEL MAE DEBERRY In 1934, Ralph Cooper Sr. launched a live version of his
2009-ES-10-0072
PROJECT MANAGER: Bill Turner DOD: 09/24/07 radio show, "Amateur Nite Hour" at the Apollo.
PHONE: 843-720-3910 Pers. Rep: CAROLYN B. DENT Fitzgerald was among the first winners of the show, which
FAX: 843-724-7300 PO BOX 98, ADAMS RUN, SC 29426 allows young performers to test their talent, with a tough
EMAIL: turnerb@ci.charleston.sc.us Atty: ROBERT D. FOGEL, ESQ. live audience booing bad acts off the stage.
720 ST. ANDREWS BLVD., CHARLESTON, SC 29407
6b- February 11, 2009-
The History of African Canadian Cooking
African Heritage (300-1619)
Back in this era, most
African men were farmers,
cattle raisers and fisher-
men. Planting, sowing and
harvesting crops were con-
sidered women's work.
Cooking was one of the
most important skills a
young girl needed to learn.
One traditional dish called
fufu was made of pounded
yams. Fufu was served
with soup, stew, roasted
meat and different sauces.
During this time in history,
cooking was done over
open pits. Africans were
very skilled in roasting, fry-
ing, stewing, boiling and
steaming their foods. Their
native foods were yams,
okra, watermelon, cassava,
groundnuts, black-eyed
peas, and rice.
Indentured Servants and
Slavery - 1619
In August, 1619, the first
group of Africans landed in
America at Jamestown,
Virginia. These Africans
were indentured servants.
They gave up four to seven
years of labour just to pay
for transportation to
America. Southern planta-
tions consisted of Africans
from many different tribal
nations. These Africans
made up the slave popula-
tion in southern America.
Verbal exchanges of
recipes on these Southern
plantations led to the
development of an interna-
tional African cooking
style in America. The
slaves enjoyed cooking
pork, yams, sweet pota-
toes, hominy, corn, ash-
cakes, cabbage, hoecakes,
collards and cowpeas. On
these plantations, cooking
was done on an open fire-
place with large swing
black pots and big skillets.
African Canadian cooking
techniques and recipes
were also influenced by
Native American Indians
all across the United
States. When Africans
were first brought to
America in 1619, they lived
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1133 Savannah Hwy., Charleston, SC • 1750 Remount Rd., Hanahan, SC
WE ARE PROUD OF OUR NOBLE HERITAGE
on farms. In many areas,
local Indians taught them
how to hunt and cook with
native plants. Indian cook-
ing techniques were later
introduced into the south-
ern society by black
American cooks. Dishes
such as corn pudding, suc-
cotash, pumpkin pie,
Brunswick Stew and
hominy grits are a few
examples of Native
American dishes found in
African Canadian cooking.
American Revolution -
1776
Between 1773 and 1785
thousands of Africans were
brought to America. They
were brought ashore in
Virgina, Georgia, and the
Carolinas (Sea Island). In
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(A Member of the Independent Grocers Association)
done by black cooks.
Slaves created their own
recipes and made the best
of hard times and scarce
supplies. Cajun and creole
cooking developed during
this period. These foods
included jambalaya, bread
pudding, dirty rice, gumbo
and red beans and rice.
Cooking was done on a
great big old fireplace with
swing pots and skillets
with legs.
Post Reconstruction -
Westward Movement -
1865
At the end of the Civil
War, black Americans
began to move westward.
They migrated to Kansas,
America, slaves were
cooks, servants and gar- Nebraska, Oklahoma, and
Texas. Black Americans
deners. They worked in the
colonial kitchens and on became cowboys and cooks
on the cattle drives. Many
the plantations as field
hands. At the Big House, black Americans were also
pioneers and as farmers
slaves cooked such foods as
greens, succotash, corn they survived off the land.
They adapted their cook-
pudding, spoon bread,
corn pone and crab cakes. ing habits and formed new
ones when necessary. It
These foods were cooked
on an open pit or fireplace. was a great challenge to
create good food with
On the plantation, break-
fast was an important and primitive tools and very
limited ingredients. They
cooked such foods as: bis-
cuits, stew, baked beans
and barbecued meat.
The Great Migration 1900-
1945
During this period, a large
number of black Americans
worked as cooks in private
homes, shops, restaurants,
schools, hotels and col-
leges. Many moved to such
large cities as Chicago,
New York, Ohio, Detroit
and Pennsylvania to work.
Black cooks, chefs and
waiters also worked in
an early meal. Hoecakes pullman cars of the old rail-
and molasses were eaten as roads and on the steam-
the slaves worked from boats. Many black
sunup to sundown. Americans also started
small businesses such as
Reconstruction - 1865
fish markets, barbecue and
Both the northern and the soul food restaurants
southern armies hired
throughout the United
black Americans as cooks. States. These establish-
Most of the cooking
ments specialized in fried
throughout the South was fish, homemade rolls, pota-
to salad, turkey and dress-
ing, fried pork chops, rice
On The Butcher Block
London Broil
$ 89 Smoked Picnic
2 lb. ¢ or Bologna
Top Round Roast
$ 79
99 lb.
2 lb.
Top Round Steak
Center Slices
$ legally free.
$ 49
3 lb. 169 lb.
Boneless Pork Loin
Fresh Fryer
$ 99
Whole or Half 1 lb. Leg Quarters
Pork Chops
39¢ lb
$ 99 Sold in 10 lb. bag
2 lb. (Limit 2 per order)
Grocery Specials
Pink Pride
Argo Sweet Peas
Pink Salmon
15 oz. 2/$100 14 3/4 oz.
Chef Boyardee Pasta
Dixie Crystal Sugar
Selected Varieties
$ 00
7.5 oz. 5/ 5 4 lb. bag
Hershey Kisses Charmin Bath Tissue
8.5 oz. 2/ $600 24 roll
Coke Products Yuengling Lager
$ 00
8 pack cans 2/ 5 Regular or Light
2 Lt Bottles
32 oz. Powerade 5/ 5 12 pk. bottles
IGA
and gravy and southern
fried chicken. Cooking was
done on wood burning and
gas stoves.
Civil Rights Movement
1965 - Present
In the early 60's and 70's,
soul food, the traditional
food of black Americans,
was very popular. Soul
foods were candied yams,
okra, fried chicken, pigs
feet, chitlin's, cornbread,
collard greens with ham
hocks and black-eyed peas.
Today soul food prepara-
tion has changed. Black
Americans are becoming
Dred Scott case -
March 6, 1857
On March 6, 1857, the U.S
Supreme Court handed
down its decision in Scott
v. Sanford, (Dred Scott,
famously known slave for
attempting to sue for his
freedom) delivering a
resounding victory to
Carolina Pride
Meat Hot Dogs
5/$500
12 oz.
Roll Sausage
$ 00
16 oz. 4/ 5
Cottage Brand
Sliced Bacon
12 oz. 3/$500
Jumbo Pack
Breast Pieces
88¢ lb.
2/ $400
3/$500
$
599
$
899
The Chronicle
increasingly health con-
scious, thus, they are
avoiding foods with high
levels of fat and choles-
terol, and increasing their
intake of fruit, vegetables
scious, thus, they are
avoiding foods with high
levels of fat and choles-
terol, and increasing their
intake of fruit, vegetables
and fiber. Black Americans
are still in the kitchen
cooking, but now they are
owners and managers of
restaurants. Today cook-
ing is done on electric, gas
microwave stoves, and a
variety of grills.
Dred Scott
During the 1830s, the
owner of a slave named
Dred Scott had taken him
from the slave state of
Missouri to the Wisconsin
territory and Illinois,
where slavery was out-
lawed, according to the
terms of the Missouri
Compromise of 1820.
Upon his return
Missouri, Scott sued for
to
his freedom on the basis
that his temporary removal
to free soil had made him
The case went to the
Supreme Court, where
Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney and the majority
eventually ruled that Scott
was a slave and not a citi-
zen, and thus had no legal
rights to sue.
According to the Court,
Congress had no constitu-
tional power to deprive
persons of their property
rights when dealing with
slaves in the territories.
The verdict effectively
declared the Missouri
Compromise unconstitu-
tional, ruling that all terri-
tories were open to slavery
and could exclude it only
when they became states.
While much of the South
rejoiced, seeing the verdict
as a clear victory for the
slave system, antislavery
northerners were furious.
One of the most prominent
abolitionists, Frederick
Douglass, was cautiously
optimistic, however, wisely
predicting that —This very
attempt to blot out forever
the hopes of an enslaved
people may be one neces-
sary link in the chain of
events preparatory to the
complete overthrow of the
whole slave system.”
For related articles or
additional information on
black history, visit
www.blackhistory.com or
www.blackfacts.com.