Literary Glossary

setting the time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play. (authorial time is distinct from plot time and reader time, authorial time denotes the influence that the time in which the author was writing had upon the conception and style of the text.) in medias res "in the midst of things"; refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filling in past details by exposition or flashback. flashback a plot-structuring device whereby a scene from the fictional past is inserted into the fictional present or dramatized out of order. PLOT plot/plot structure the arrangement of the action. plot summary a description of the arrangement of the action in the order in which it actually appears in a story. The term is popularly used to mean the description of the history, or chronological order, of the action as it would have appeared in reality. It is important to indicate exactly in which sense you are using the term. plot time the temporal setting in which the action takes place in a story or play. PLOT STRUCTURE exposition that part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play. Additional exposition is often scattered throughout the work. rising action the second of the five parts of plot structure, in which events complicate the situation that existed at the beginning of a work, intensifying the conflict or introducing new conflict. falling action the fourth part of plot structure, in which the complications of the rising action are untangled. turning point the third part of plot structure, the point at which theaction stops rising and begins falling or reversing. Also called climax. conclusion the fifth part of plot structure, the point at which the situation that was destabilized at the beginning of the story becomes stable once more. CHARACTER character (1) a fictional personage who acts, appears, or is referred to in a work; (2) a combination of a persons qualities, especially moral qualities, so that such terms as "good" and "bad," "strong" and "weak," often apply.

major (main) characters those characters whom we see and learn about the most. minor characters those figures who fill out the story but who do not figure prominently in it. hero/heroine the leading male/female character, usually larger than life, sometimes almost godlike. protagonist the main character in a work, who may be male or female, heroic or not heroic. protagonist is the most neutral term. antagonist a neutral term for a character who opposes the leading male or female character. also the villain. CHARACTERIZATION characterization the fictional or artistic presentation of a fictional personage. A term like "a good character" can, then, be ambig-uousit may mean that the personage is virtuous or that he or she is well presented regardless of his or her characteristics or moral qualities. flat character a fictional character, often but not always a minor character, who is relatively simple; who is presented as having few, though sometimes dominant, traits; and who thus does not change much in the course of a story. round characters complex characters, often major characters, who can grow and change and "surprise convincingly"that is, act in a way that you did not expect from what had gone before but now accept as possible, even probable, and "realistic." stereotype a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some one aspect such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation, marital status, and so onis predictably accompanied by certain character traits, actions, even values. persona and personality persona the voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author. personality that which distinguishes or individualizes a person; its qualities are judged not so much in terms of their moral value, as in "character," but as to whether they are "pleasing" or "unpleasing." narrator narrator the character who "tells" the story. first-person narrator a character, "I," who tells the story and necessarily has a limited point of view; may also be an unreliable narrator. second-person narrator a character, "you," who tells the story and necessarily has a limited point of view; may be seen as an extension of the reader, an external figure acting out a story, or an auditor; may also be an unreliable narrator.

third-person narrator a character, "he" or "she," who "tells" the story; may have either a limited point of view or an omniscient point of view; may also be an unreliable narrator. The unreliable narrator unreliable narrator a speaker or voice whose vision or version of the details of a story are consciously or unconsciously deceiving; such anarrators version is usually subtly undermined by details in the story or the readers general knowledge of facts outside the story. If, for example, the narrator were to tell you that Magellan was Spanish and that he discovered Manila in the fourteenth century when his ship Victoria landed on the coast of Boracay near present-day Palawan, you might not trust other things he tells you. implied author the guiding personality or value system behind a text; the implied author is not necessarily synonymous with the actual author voice the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of a storys words; the speaker; the "person" telling the story. Focus and point of view focus the point from which people, events, and other details in a story are viewed. This term is sometimes used to include both focus and voice. point of view also called focus; the point from which people, events, and other details in a story are viewed.

omniscient point of view also called unlimited point of view; a perspective that can be seen from one characters view, then anothers, then anothers, or can be moved in or out of any characters mind at any time. Organization in which the reader has access to the perceptions and thoughts of all the characters in the story. limited point of view or limited focus a perspective pinned to a single character, whether a first-personor a third-person-centered consciousness, so that we cannot know for sure what is going on in the minds of other characters; thus, when the focal character leaves the room in a story we must go, too, and cannot know what is going on while our "eyes" or "camera" is gone. A variation on this, which generally has no name and is often lumped with the omniscient point of view, is the point of view that can wander like a camera from one character to another and close in or move back but cannot (or at least does not) get inside anyones head and does not present from the inside any characters thoughts. unlimited point of view also called omniscient point of view; a perspective that can be seen from one characters view, then anothers, then anothers, or can be moved in or out of any characters mind at any time. Organization in which the reader has access to the perceptions and thoughts of all the characters in the story. centered (central) consciousness a limited third-person point of view, one tied to a single character throughout the story; this character often reveals his or her inner thoughts but is unable to read the thoughts of others.

theme (1) a generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work; (2) the statement a poem makes about its subject. subject (1) the concrete and literal description of what a story is about; (2) the general or specific area of concern of a poemalso calledtopic; (3) also used in fiction commentary to denote a characterwhose inner thoughts and feelings are recounted genre the largest category for classifying literaturefiction, poetry, drama. motif a recurrent device, formula, or situation that deliberately connects a poem with common patterns of existing thought. canon when applied to an individual author, canon (like oeuvre) means the sum total of works written by that author. When used generally, it means the range of works that a consensus of scholars, teachers, and readers of a particular time and culture consider "great" or "major." This second sense of the word is a matter of debate since the literary canon in Europe and America has long been dominated by the works of white men. During the last several decades, the canon in the United States has expanded considerably to include more works by women and writers from various ethnic and racial backgrounds. Tragedy a drama in which a character (usually a good and noble person of high rank) is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force (fortune, the gods, social forces, universal values), but also comes to understand the meaning of his or her deeds and to accept an appropriate punishment. Often theprotagonists downfall is a direct result of a fatal flaw in his or her character. high (verbal) comedy humor that employs subtlety, wit, or the representation of refined life. low (physical) comedy humor that employs burlesque, horseplay, or the representation of unrefined life. memory devices also called mnemonic devices; these devicesincluding rhyme, repetitive phrasing, and meterwhen part of the structure of a longer work, make that work easier to memorize. imagery broadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. irony a situation or statement characterized by a significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant. See cosmic irony, dramatic irony, andsituational irony. sourced from w.w. norton and company

Course Outline 1. Introduction

a. Definition of Literature b. Criteria of a Good Literature c. Types/Genres of Literature 2. Literary Devices 3. Pre-colonial Literature A. Folk Literature a. Folk narratives i. ii. iii. iv. v. Myth The Story of Bathala Legend The Legend of the Spider Folktale The Boy Called Juan Pusong Epic Ibalon Fable The Monkey and The Turtle b. Folk speeches i. Riddle ii. Proverb c. Folk songs B. Short Poems (Tanaga & Ambahan) 4. Spanish Colonial Period a. Notable Works Doctrina Christiana, Ang Barlaan at Josaphat, Ang Pasyon, Urbana at Felisa, Ibong Adarna, Florante at Laura b. Recreation Plays tibag, lagaylay, cenaculo, panunuluyan, salubong, carillo, zarzuela, sainete, moro-moro, karagatan, duplo, balagtasan, dung-aw, awit, corrido 5. Enlightenment Period a. Propaganda Movement Fray Botod, Ninay, Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo b. Active Revolution 6. American Colonial Period

a. Philippine Literature in English - Carlos P. Romulo, Jose Garcia Villa, Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero, Manuel Arguilla, Nick Joaquin, Carmen Guerrero Nakpil, N.V.M. Gonzales b. The Philippine Cinema c. Tanikalang Ginto d. Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang 7. Commonwealth Period a. b. c. d. e. f. Three Rats Dead Stars How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife Freedom from Want My Father Goes to Court Like the Molave

8. Japanese Occupation a. b. c. d. e. f. Scent of Apples May Day Eve The Summer Solstice The House on Zapote Street New Yorker in Tondo A Eulogy of Roaches

g. Haiku 9. Philippine Contemporary Literature a. b. c. d. e. Dekada 70 People Power Popular Literature Komiks Tagalog Romance Pocketbooks

References:

Books:

David Maramba, Asuncion. (Ed.). (1993). Philippine contemporary literature: in English and Filipino. Metro Manila: Bookmark, Inc. Del Castillo, Teofilo T and Medina, Buenaventura Jr. S. (1974). Philippine literature : from ancient times to the present. Quezon City: Philippine Graphic Arts, Inc. Enriquez, Delia C. (2006). Philippine literature: a regional approach, 2nded. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore. Kahayon, Alicia H and Zulueta, Celia A. (2000). Philippine literature through the ages. Pasig City: National Bookstore Lacia, Ferdilyn C et al. (2008). The literatures of the Philippines. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc. Lumbera, Bienvenido and Lumbera, Cynthia N. (2002). Philippine Literature: a history and anthology, revised ed. Caloocan City: Scholars Printing Press Serrano, Josephine B. and Ames, Trinidad M. (_____). A survey of Filipino literature in English.: from apprenticeship to contemporary. Tan, Arsenia B. (1995). Introduction to literature. Pasig City: Academic Publishing Corporation

Websites:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_mythology http://folklore.philsites.net/stories/heroism1.html http://folktales.webmanila.com/ http://homepage.mac.com/mila.d.aguilar/_Media/fighting_the_panopticon.pdf http://kapitbisig.com/ http://panitikan.com.ph http://pasyalan.net/legends/fireflies.php http://pinoylit.webmanila.com/ http://socyberty.com/folklore/hudhud-war-epic-of-ifugao/ http://www.alamat.com.ph/2011/07/alamat-ng-gagamba-spider-legend.html http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/the-adarna-bird-a-filipino-tale-of-pre-spanishorigin-incorporated-in-the-development-of-philippine-literature-the-rapid-growth-ofvernacular-belles-letters-from-its-earliest-inception-to-the-presentday/12791881668039/6/0 http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/698/the-literature-of-ancient-filipinos.html

http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Literature/philippine_literature_in_english.htm http://www.slideshare.net/raileeanne/philippine-literature-boa http://www.thephilippineliterature.com/

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