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DEVANAGARI
FOR S T U D E N T S
SCRIPT
OF
INTRODUCTION T O THE
DEVANAGARI SCRIPT
FOR STUDENTS HINDI, AND
BY
OF .
SANSKRIT, GUJARATI
MARATHI BENGALI
H. M. L A M B E R T , M.A.Cantab.
Senior Lecturer in Marathi in the School of Oriental (Maharaja Gaekwad's Lectureship) of London and African Studies, University
WITH PROFESSOR J.
A R.
F O R E W O R D FIRTH,
BY M.A. of London
O.B.E.,
in the University
GEOFFREY C U M B E R L E G E
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
University
First
published
1953
FOREWORD
I T is a commonplace of linguistics to a c k n o w l e d g e the debt w e owe to the ancient Indian grammarians and to couple w i t h it the n a m e o f Sir William Jones. It was he w h o first set a proper value on the Devanagari and A r a b i c scripts in his dissertation as President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on the O r t h o g r a p h y of Asiatic W o r d s in R o m a n Letters. His chart of suggested symbols for the transliteration of the Devanagari, with the addition of letters for Arabic and Persian, is the first presentation of what may be called a phonetic alphabet on such a scale. H e finds the A r a b i c alphabet almost perfect for Arabic itself: 'Not a l t e could be added or taken away without manifest inconvenience. The same may etr indubitably be s i of the Devanagari system, which, as i i more naturally arranged than any other, ad t s s a l here be the standard of my particular observations on Asiatic l t e s Our English alphabet hl etr. and orthography are disgracefully and almost ridiculously imperfect.' He aims at using diacritics common in Europe rather than n e w lettersand symbols from 'fluxions' or mathematicsso as to equal the D e v a n a g a r i itself in precision and clearness. A system of writing and spelling is the foundation of a system of grammar. Meillet went so far as to say that the foundations of the science of grammar were laid b y the Indians. F o r all languages e m p l o y i n g forms of the Devanagari script, the writing system and the spelling carry implications of p h o n o l o g i c a l analysis and statement. T h e y are at once practice and theory and deserve the first attentions of all students. T h i s is well illustrated in Miss L a m b e r t ' s w o r k on the D e v a n a g a r i script, and it will be agreed that the presentation of the phonological patterns, s u c h as 'junctions' occurring in words or arising out of 'sandhi' in Sanskrit, and other characteristic patterns in the modern languages, is clear, systematic, and original, and particularly interesting in Bengali. T h e treatment of conjunct characters in the third chapter of each section is new, and apart from its intrinsic interest m a y b e taken as an indication of what is lost w h e n the structure of the Devanagari s y s t e m is superseded b y the usual roman trans literations. In addition to this study of the w r i t i n g system, attention is rightly given here to calligraphy, for the practice of the h a n d is an obligation no less compelling than that of the tongue and both are expressions not only of courteous relations but of disciplined knowledge. Miss Lambert has consistently applied the A l l - I n d i a R o m a n A l p h a b e t to all five languages in order to make comparison possible w h e t h e r the languages are k n o w n to the student or not. T h i s treatment could b e e x t e n d e d to the Dravidian languages. B y this
vi
FOREWORD
means it has been found possible to make a systematic statement of the various c o n v e n tions governing the use of the Sanskritic writing system for the m o d e r n languages. T h e Sanskrit and H i n d i sections are published separately in one v o l u m e since they employ one script and will presumably be more generally required, b u t the appeal of the entire w o r k is to those w h o s e interests range from India through F u r t h e r India to the Indonesian Islands following the Sanskritic system of writing. I have been acquainted w i t h M i s s L a m b e r t ' s work in Indian studies since 1937, first in Western India and later as a colleague in L o n d o n . It gave m e great pleasure to be asked to write this brief foreword to her work on a subject w h i c h I have always held to be of high importance and the results of w h i c h are n o w offered to students of Sanskrit and the four principal Sanskritic languages of India. J. R. F I R T H
PREFACE
G O O D writing, the understanding of the w r i t i n g system and the formation of a good hand, is as important a part of the study of the written language as good pronunciation is of the study of the spoken language. Y e t too little time is usually given to the teaching of writing to students of Sanskrit and of the m o d e r n Indian languages; writing is generally left for the student to teach himself as b e s t he can. T h e result is that many students neither have an adequate understanding of the w r i t i n g system and the difference between a syllabic and an alphabetic method of representation, nor k n o w h o w the characters of the script are written and what features are important for the formation of a cultured literate hand. It is hoped that this b o o k will p r o v i d e not only a guide to students learn ing to write the scripts w h i c h are described in each section, but will also give them a fuller understanding of the special nature o f the scripts a n d the adjustments w h i c h are made in the Sanskrit system in order to use it for writing the modern languages of northern India. T h e notation used for the transcription of the scripts in this work is the A l l - I n d i a Roman Alphabet devised b y Professor J. R . F i r t h of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of L o n d o n , and u s e d already in several publicationsA. H . Harley, Colloquial Hindustani, T . G r a h a m e B a i l e y , Teach Yourself Hindustani, and m y o w n Marathi Language Course. T h e use of this transcription necessitates the use of certain conventions, particularly that of the representation of the 'inherent v o w e l ' , in final characters w h e n listing the contents of e a c h section of the w o r k . T h e transcription of the Sanskrit terms in the Sanskrit section is entirely systematic; but owing to the varying realization of the characters of the script i n certain positions in w o r d s in the modern languages, it has been necessary to use in t h e C o n t e n t s of the other sections certain con ventions which are discussed in the t e x t . A n e x a m p l e of such conventions occurs in the writing of such Sanskrit terms, used b y grammarians in the modern languages, as 'antasth' and 'uusm', in w h i c h the realization of the 'inherent v o w e l ' of the final character varies from a short glide-vowel to a full syllable. A s it is b e y o n d the scope of this work to make a fine analysis of the v a r y i n g realization of such final characters, it is necessary to establish certain conventions w i t h regard to the transcription of them. T h e s e con ventions are of necessity anticipated in the C o n t e n t s . Some degree of repetition has b e e n inevitable in order to preserve the basic unity of the description of the Devanagari s y s t e m of w r i t i n g while allowing for specialization
viii
PREFACE
in each of the languages. W h i l e this repetition may at times seem irksome to the reader, it has the advantage of facilitating comparison of one section w i t h another. T h e words given in each section to illustrate the writing and reading of the various scripts have been selected in order to provide examples of every character or combina tion of characters w h i c h occurs in the language under consideration. S o m e characters occur only in colloquial forms o r in loanwords from other languages, including English. I n order to illustrate the use of all the characters, examples are drawn, therefore, from the whole range of vocabulary, from colloquial forms occurring in m o d e r n speech to learned Sanskrit loanwords occurring only in literary texts. A n y w o r d w h i c h occurs in a standard dictionary is a w o r d w h i c h the student may have to read and illustrates the use of the characters of the script. T h i s study of the D e v a n a g a r i script owes its inspiration to the suggestion and en couragement of Professor F i r t h , to w h o m m y thanks are first due. B u t a w o r k of this nature could not have b e e n accomplished without reference to experts in the languages discussed, and I am greatly indebted to m y colleagues of both the D e p a r t m e n t of India, Pakistan and C e y l o n , and the D e p a r t m e n t of Phonetics and Linguistics, of the School, for their co-operation and g u i d a n c e . I am especially indebted to M i s s G . M . S u m m e r s , formerly L e c t u r e r in Bengali in this School, for her collaboration in the Bengali section, without w h i c h the study of the Bengali script could not have been included in this w o r k . T h e t w o scribes w h o have written the script portions of the book, M i s s W . Westover and M r . P . Pritchard, m u s t also b e given recognition for their careful and accurate w o r k . Finally I wish to express m y appreciation of the great generosity of the School of Oriental and African S t u d i e s for their subvention towards the publication of this b o o k ; and of the help and advice g i v e n b y the Oxford University Press on all matters concern ing its production. H. M . L.
CONTENTS
Foreword Preface Introduction: The Devanagari Script Notation Calligraphy SANSKRIT SECTION 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 6 8 9 1 1 3 6 6 0 1 2 2 page v vii 1 2 5
Chapter 1 . Arrangement of the Syllabary Sanskrit syllabary in roman notation Sanskrit phonetic terms Chapter 2 . Characters of the Syllabary 1. Consonant Characters i Characters of the vargiiya group ii. Characters of the antahstna group iii. Characters of the uusman group, and Vedic \o Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs i. Vowel characters ii. Vowel signs Modifiers i. anusvaran ii. visargah The Complete Syllabary Numerals Punctuation
2. 3. 1+. 5 6.
3 3
Construction of Conjunct Characters 3 3 Contexts of Conjunct Characters 3 5 Classification of Conjunct Characters 3 7 Class 1 . Two similar characters joined 3 8 Class 2 . Two vargiiya characters joined 3 9 Class 3 . Characters joined with antahstha characters 1 + 3 i. witn following ya 1+3 ii. with following va 1+1+ iii. with preceding or following ra 1+5 iv. with preceding or following la and \Q 1 + 7 Class 1+. vargiiya characters joined with preceding or following uusman characters 1+8 i. witn Ja , sa and sa 1+8 ii. with ha 5 0
5 1
C O N T E N T S
HINDI SECTION Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary Hindi syllabary in roman notation Chapter 2. Characters of the Syllabary 1. Consonant Characters Realisation of akar consonant characters i. Characters of the vargiiy group ii. Characters of the antasth group iii. Characters of the uusm group 2. Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs i. Vowel Characters ii. Vowel Signs Realisation of characters in special contexts 3 . Modifiers i. anusvar and candr-bindu ii. visarg 1+. The Complete Syllabary 5. Numerals 6. Punctuation Chapter 3 Conjunct Characters 1. Contexts of Conjunct Characters in Hindi 2. Realisation of Conjunct Characters in Hindi 3 . Classes of Conjunct Characters Class 1. Two similar characters joined Class 2. Two vargiiy characters joined Class 3 . Characters joined with antasth characters i. with following ya ii. with following va iii. with preceding or following ra iv. with preceding or following la Class 1+. vargiiy characters joined with preceding or following uusm characters i. with J a , sa and sa " ii. with ha Hindi prose passage Transcription of reading examples page 57 59 6l 61 6 2 63 61+ 65 67 67 67 69 70 70 73 73 71+ 71+ 75 75 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 81+ 85
C O N T E N T S
xi
MARATHI SECTION Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary Marathi syllabary in roman notation Chapter 2. Characters of the Syllabary Consonant Characters , Realisation of akar consonant characters i. Characters of the vargiiy group ii. Characters of the antasth group iii. Characters of the uusm group, and \e 2 . Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs i. Vowel Characters ii. Vowel Signs Modern forms of Marathi vowel characters Realisation of characters in special contexts Realisation of characters of the ca-varg 3 . Modifiers i. anusvar ii. visarg h. The Complete Syllabary 5 . Numerals 6 . Punctuation Rules of Marathi Orthography Chapter 3 . Conjunct Characters 1. 2. 3. Contexts of Conjunct Characters in Marathi Realisation of Conjunct Characters in Marathi Classes of Conjunct Characters Class 1 . Two similar characters joined Class 2 . Two vargiiy characters joined Class 3 . Characters joined with antasth characters i. with following ya ii. with following va iii. with preceding or following ra iv. with preceding or following la Class k- vargiiy characters joined with preceding or following uusm characters i. withr J a , sa and sa " ii. with ba 1. page 91 92 9k 9 5 9 6 9 6 99 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 5 106 0 8 108 1 1 112 1 2 1 2 1 3 118 1 1 8 119 1 1 9 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 12k 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 7 128 129
1 3 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xii
CONTENTS
GUJARATI
Chapter 1 . Arrangement of the Syllabary Gujarati syllabary in roman notation Chapter 2 . Characters of the Syllabary Consonant Characters Realisation of akar consonant characters i. Characters of the vargiiy group ii. Characters of the antasth group iii. Characters of the uusm group, and \Q 2 . Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs i. Vowel Characters ii. Vowel Signs Realisation of vowels ' e' and ' o' Realisation of characters in special contexts Realisation of ' c^a' and ' qha' Orthography of 'i* and 'u' 3 . Modifiers i. anusvar ii. visarg 1+. The Complete Syllabary 5 . Numerals 6 . Punctuation Rules of Gujarati Orthography Chapter 3 Conjunct Characters 1. 2. 3. 1.
Contexts of Conjunct Characters in Gujarati 1 Realisation of Conjunct Characters in Gujarati 1 Classes of Conjunct Characters 1 Class 1 . Two similar characters joined 1 Class 2 . Two vargiiy characters joined 1 Class 3 Characters joined with antasth characters l i. with following ya l ii. with following va 1 iii. with preceding or following ra 1 iv. with preceding or following la Class 1+. vargiiy characters joined with preceding or following uusm characters 1 i. with Jo , sa and sa 1 ii. with ha 1
1 6 7 1 6 8
CONTENTS
xiii
BENGALI
Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary Notation Bengali syllabary in roman notation Calligraphy Chapter 2. Characters of the Syllabary
1. Consonant Characters i. Characters of the vargiiya group 181 Realisation of akar consonant characters 183 ii. Characters of the antastha group 186 iii. Characters of the uusma group 188 Realisation of akar consonant characters in verbal forms 190 2. Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs 192 i. Vowel Characters 192 ii. Vowel Signs 191+ Realisation of consonant and vowel characters in special contexts 195 a. Realisation of akar consonant characters 195 b. Realisation of vowel characters in special contexts 197 Realisation of antastha ya 199 3. Modifiers 201+ i. candra-bindu and anus vara 2 0 1 + ii. visarga 2 0 6 1 + . The Complete Syllabary 2 0 6 5. Numerals 2 0 7 6. Punctuation 207 Chapter 3. Conjunct Characters 2 0 8
1. Construction of Conjunct Characters 2 0 8 2. Contexts and Realisation of Conjunct Characters 2 0 9 3. Classes of Conjunct Characters 211 Class 1. Two similar characters joined 211 Class 2. Two vargiiya characters joined 212 Class 3 Characters joined with antastha characters 211+ i. with following ya 2 1 1 + ii. with following va 2 1 6 iii. with-preceding or following ra 2 1 8 iv. with preceding or following la 220 Class 1 + . vargiiya characters joined with preceding or following uusma characters 221 i. with Ja , sa and sa 221 ii. with ha 223 Bengali prose passage Transcription of Reading Examples 2 2 5 2 2 6
INTRODUCTION
Tne Devanagari Script The script traditionally referred to as the Devanagari Script is used in writing Sanskrit and, of the modern, languages of northern India, Hindi, Marathi and Nepali. The script used in writing Gujarati is a slightly modified form of the Devanagari script, and the scripts used in writing Bengali and Panjabi are related to the Devanagari script, though this relation is apparent in only some of the charact ers. The writing system, based on the character representing the syll able, is the same for all these languages. However, in order to use this system for writing the modern languages, which have each develop ed in their own particular way from the original Sanskrit, a number of conventions have become necessary in reading from the script, con ventions which vary with the special features of each language. The realisation of the characters as they are used for writing Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati, and the conventions which have become established in each language, are described in the various sections of this work. Though the Bengali script differs considerably from
the Devanagari script in the form of most of the characters, the study of it is included in this work because the writing system is the same as the Sanskrit writing system, and the conventions by which
I N T R O D U C T I O N
this system is adapted for writing Bengali have much in common with the conventions used in the other modern languages. An examination
of these conventions makes possible an interesting comparison both between the writing of these four languages and that of Sanskrit, and between the writing of the modern languages themselves. The origin of the name 'Devanagari' is obscure.
1
The shorter
form of the name is Nagari'(nagarii), which has been variously inter preted. It is thought by some to be tbe name given to the writing of
'tbe people of the city'(nagaram, 'a city'); by others it is said to derive its name from the Nagar Brahmans of Gujarat. Notation The system of roman notation used in this text for transcribing the Devanagari characters is the All-India Roman Notation^. Three minor modifications have been introduced in this text in order to adapt the notation for transcribing both Sanskrit and the modern languages. These modifications are :i. The use of the vowels of the vowels and uu y and i i ('short' i) and ii ('long' ii) instead u u . ('short' u )
mark of nasalisation known as the anusvar. iii.The placing of a micron above the letter and above the letter v in the diphthong y in the diphthong ay , av , thus: ay , av .
1.
See Preface.
INTRODUCTION This mark distinguishes the transcription of the diphthongs from the transcription of combinations of characters which are real ised in certain contexts as s-y and 9-v , not distinguishable
in ordinary speech, in the modern languages, from the diphthongs. Besides these modifications, it is necessary to make certain additions to the notation in order to represent characters used in writing the modern, languages but not used in Sanskrit, and certain modified characters used in Hindi and Bengali. The complete notation used in the Sanskrit syllabary is this: Vowels: a and Modifiers :
1
a r
i rr
ii
u 1
uu
ay
ov
Consonants:
k c
kh ch
g j
gh jh
n j i
t
t p y r
t*
th ph l
a
d b
<i
n
n m J * s s h
dh bh v ;
\ , used in transcribing Vedic Sanskrit The additional letters used in the syllabaries of the modern languages are these: r and rh for transcribing the modified forms of the characters ^ and cjh , in Hindi and Bengali, and for
representing
I N T R O D U C T I O N
indicating the intervocallic realisation, in certain words, of the Gujarati character representing q , x , y , z and c . [
characters used in Hindi in writing Persian and Arabic loanwords, ts , z and zh , for transcribing characters of the 'palatal' class
in Marathi, when they are realised with alveolar articulation. In modern spoken Gujarati and modern spoken Bengali, certain vowel sounds occur which are not separately represented in the script. For indicating the contexts in which such vowel sounds occur, the three symbols e , o and s are used. e
The sign of nasalisation,'"' , is used in transcribing the modifier representing nasalisation when it is realised, in the modern lang uages, as the nasalisation of a vowel and not as a nasal consonant. This roman notation is used for writing all the Sanskrit grammat ical terms referring to the syllabaries of Sanskrit and of the modern languages, the classification of the characters and the phonetic de scription of their realisation. The names of the languages, the scripts, and grammatical terms, such as 'sandhi'(sandhi), which are in regular use in English, are written in their conventional English form. The Sanskrit syllabary, as arranged by the Sanskrit grammarians, is given in the roman notation in the Sanskrit section^, and serves as a standard with which the syllabaries of the modern languages can be compared.
1
1. 2.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Callig^P^Z The writing of the Devanagari characters should he practised at first with a reed or bamboo pen. Such pens are still in use in manyparts of India, and in many schools Indian children are taught first to write on a large scale with a broadly cut bamboo pen. Writing in this way will train the eye to recognise easily details of difference and will train the hand to write a standard form of the characters with the broad and thin strokes in the right place and proportion. These pens are cut in the same way as a quill pen, except that the point is cut to slant in the opposite direction from that of the quill used for English writing with the tilted axis. The English pen, when cut for the tilted axis, looks like this from the back: writing thus: The pen cut for the Devanagari script looks like this from the back: writing thus: The pen should be neld in such a way that the thin line, made by the cut edge, falls from left to right at an angle of k5 degrees from a line drawn horizontally across the page. The broad stroke then forms a right-angle with the thin stroke and crosses the horizontal line of the page at an angle of i+5 degrees. Care must be taken not to change the angle of the pen during the writing of curved or rounded strokes, as this will change the shape and balance of the character. Some of the typical strokes of the script should be practised Until good control of the pen, held at the right angle, is establish ed before the characters themselves are written. For example.:
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The use of the broad, pen should be continued until a good style of handwriting is formed; the introduction of writing with an ordinary pen, and without sufficient attention to the details of line and form, often interferes with the formation of a good hand. In the illustrations given below, which may be used as writing exercises, the characters are grouped so as to show different combin ations of strokes, and to draw attention tosimilarities and to small but important differences. It will be seen that some of the characters have an upright stroke, others are curved or rounded, without an up right stroke; but all have the head-stroke, though it is not always written right across the top of the character. The alignment of the characters is made by this head-stroke, that is, by the top of the character, though there is an invisible alignment also by the bottom of the character. For this reason, it is well to practice writing at first between two lines; if one line is used, the characters should be written from the line downwards, not on the line. The general method of writing the characters is this: first,
the characteristic part of the character, usually on the left side of the upright stroke; then the upright stroke, if there is one; and finally the head-stroke. The head-stroke binds the whole character together, as will be seen when vowel signs and other marks are added. The general direction of making the strokes is from the top downwards, and from left to right. But the order of the strokes in some charact ers, and their direction, differ from this general rule, and where this is so, the calligraphy of particular characters is illustrated when these are introduced in the chapters which follow.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Examples of Devanagari characters, showing the order in which the strokes are written:
SANSKRIT
SECTION
C H A P T E R ARRANGEMENT OP THE
1 SYLLABARY
, are
arranged in the traditional order, they constitute a series of syll ables which may be regarded as the basis of the Sanskrit phonological system. Each character represents a syllable, and is called -*A"ql (gksorom). 3"*$HloHl The series of characters in the syllabary is called (vornsmala) , and consists of:-
Pourteen vowel characters, Two modifiers and Thirtythree consonant characters. The syllabary used in writing Vedic Sanskrit includes one more con sonant character. In reading aloud from the script, a vowel character is realised as a syllable consisting of a vowel, " ^ T ^ :
-
character is realised as a syllable consisting of an initial conson ant, oEn3p=JJT (vyojijonam) followed by the vowel o . This vowel,
when realised with a consonant, is generally referred to in English textbooks as the 'inherent' vowel. The term 'modifier' is used here
to refer to the two signs which indicate some modification in the realisation of the character with which they are written. These two signs are usually referred to individually, as the 'anusyarsh' and the 'visarggh' , as there is no Sanskrit term which is used to refer to them together.
12
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
Each character is referred to, for instance, in spelling, as the syllable which it represents, and the particle example, ^fl^TTT (kara); for
The roman syllabary given below corresponds in arrangement and classification with the Devanagari syllabary. As the consonant
characters are discussed first in this work, the table of consonant syllables is placed first in this syllabary. 1 Velar 2 Palatal 3 Cacum inal k Dental 5 Labial
C Q C D
kg kha
ca cha
.? t
tha
ta tha da dha na la sa
pa pha ba bha ma va
i>
H
0s
Voiced
Nasal Semi-vowels Fricatives Aspirate Lateral VOWELS, associated with consonant-classes MODIFIERS a
ra sa
ha
I
a i e Nasal -m ii ay r
rr
.1
11
u o
uu av
Aspirated
-h
13
realised with labio-dental articulation in reading from a Sanskrit text. The retroflex lateral consonant
1
Sanskrit.
character representing it is traditionally included in the script syllabary. The main feature of the syllabary is the arrangement of the con sonant characters in groups according to the position and the manner of articulation of the sounds which they represent. The following
Sanskrit phonetic terms are used by grammarians in the description of the characters as they are classified in the syllabary: i. The consonant characters are placed in three groups: characters
representing syllables with an initial plosive consonant, that is, a consonant articulated with 'contact', ^-q(spar/ah,'touch')j
characters representing syllables with an initial semi-vowel, that is, 'neither a consonant nor a vowel', "=H-ri:lF3T (antahstha, 'standing between'); and characters representing syllables with an initial fricative consonant, vjo^H*"^ (uusman, 'heat'). ii. The five positions o f articulation are: ct)<c^( (kanj;hya,'velar')
or t ^ ^ ^ o i t ^ T ( jihvamuuliiya ,' root of the tongue'); cTToToZT
(talavya, 'palatal');
T^j[Z=Zf
(dontya, 'dental') and 'SHV&O^ (osthya, 'labial'). articulation is described as cfl ^"U.
(dantavs^hya).
1. This term refers to the area of the roof of the mouth with which contact is made by the tongue. Consonants of this class are also de scribed as 'cerebral'. As the retroflexion of the tongue is an import ant feature in the pronunciation of consonants of this class in the modern languages, the class is described as 'retroflex' in the roman tables of those languages. Cf. Hindi, p. 5 9 .
14
SANSKRIT
SECTION
iii. The manner of production of the sounds by which the characters are realised is described in the following terms, and in each class of plosive consonants the characters are arranged in this order: voiceless, unaspirated - -M vf]^ voiceless, aspirated voiced, unaspirated voiced, aspirated nasal - SfJ^STfar - "^TtWrT (aghosa ), (aghosa), (ghosavat^),
1
y(alpaprana )
2
H^l V 1 1 I ^ CM ^T^TTfW
^TtTcr^ (ghosavat) ,
^ T ^ l l fo^5 (anunasika 5) ,
1. 2. 3' . h. 5.
'without sound', or 'voiceless'. 'with little breath', or 'unaspirated'. 'with big breath', or 'aspirated'. 'with sound' or 'voiced'. 'nasal'.
C H A P T E R CHARACTERS OP THE
2 SYLLABARY
The characters of the script are described in this chapter in the same order as that in which the syllables are placed in the roman syllabary: Consonant Characters, Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs, and Modifiers. The general style of the characters varies from period to period and from region to region. In the older editions of Sanskrit works some characters are found that are now supplanted by newer and more widely used forms; and there is sometimes a marked difference in the style used in printing books in Bombay, Calcutta and other parts of India. The most commonly used of the alternative forms of some of the characters are given below, among the characters of each group. The calligraphy of any characters which are not written according to the general order of strokes given in the Introduction is illustrat ed when the characters are introduced.
1. Consonant Characters. The consonant characters of the syllabary represent syllables consisting of an initial consonant followed by the vowel ant characters realised with the vowel a a . Conson
are described as ^ c f t K
(akara). If a character is to be realised as the consonant element only of the syllable, this is shown by writing the mark known as f^TTPT(viramah) at the foot of the character. The writing of this
16
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
Characters written with the viramgh are described as ^tyr^rT (hslants), 'ending in a consonant'. i. Characters of the vorgiiys group ( ofTffcr ) . The twentyfive characters of this group are arranged, as in the roman table given above, in five classes, (vergah), representing
the five positions of 'contact', ^Cf^f: (sparJsh), used in the articul ation of the plosive consonants. Each class consists of five charact
ers, arranged in order according to the manner of production of the consonant of the syllable which they represent.
k9-v9rg9h
35
k9 kh9 gh9 C9 Ch9
3>
Dh9
J19
ca-varggh
-|;9-V9rg9h
th9
3h9
t9-varg9h
t9
r
th9 ph9
d9
dhg
n9
pg-varggh
P9
b9
*r
bh9
mo
jhg
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY form of the character for no is . The Bombay forms of these
17
characters are used in Hindi writing, but the Hindi forms are not used in Marathi writing, or in Sanskrit books printed in Bombay. Calligraphy. All the characters in the above table are written in the way described in the introductory notes on calligraphy, except the following three characters:
jh9
jo to
r
\>
\r
\j|
\jf
*J
*b
*R
ri
rT
The writing of the viramoh to indicate the realisation of a con sonant character as a consonant without the vowel by these characters: a is illustrated
<5 *
k-
^
c-
^
t~
^
tp-
When writing words, which may be of one or more characters, each character is written and completed with the head-stroke before the next character is written. In the reading examples which are given
below, words which are usually written with the modifier known as fof^'f: (visargeh)^ are written in the form in which they occur in The visorgah is written with Verbal
roots, in the form in which they are given in grammars and diction aries, are included in the examples in order to illustrate the writing of characters with the viramoh.
1. The first stroke in these characters is written from right to left. 2. See below, under 3. Modifiers, ii. c
SANSKRIT
SECTION
^ TfiZ
**<5
"W
^ ^fcT
^FT ^"T ^
TO^T
3*T
TTUT
^PTrT
cfi-qe
xTCPR
3qv3foR
HSR
-<Tc5cfi
3^*1
TT^OFI
TcT5F)
7Turop5
cf^xf
"B^rTxr
*T*TH*T
M^^fflT
"q3^*T
'TCTT
eFPTO
cRSFR
* W * B * i r R
SRFR
vSFTCR
^ " ^ ^ r p r
^
ya Calligraphy la : Hindi form ^ ^ ra la
^J j* J
va
Bombay form
^ ^ ^
^7>
These four characters are associated with four of the vargah, as indicated in the roman syllabary, and with four of the vowels, thus: T{ ^
r
, ya, associated with the ca-vargah, and the vowels , ra, associated with the , and the syllabic
and r 1
ii
and rr^"
k
and 11
o f > va, associated with the pa-vargah, and the vowels u and uu 1. Transcription of examples is given on p.51. 2 . 'standing between.' 3 . This stroke is written from right to left. U. See below, under 2 . Vowel Characters.
19 ghossvet.
, though associated with the labial class, is. realised with 3[-<^| (dantovsthys).
5f
*T
r T
cRf
WtT
STc5
^
TC
^
W
^^*
N
TO
^5
c=5^T
3.
^f5T
WW cT^R
S^TT cTC*T
cTCRTT
*RcT*T
tT$^*??T
SFPTSoWW
group (\53"5EpT )
?
J9 Calldgraphy Jg : Hindi form ha : i. ^ $ |>
^
S9 S9 $| or is 5j ii.
f
h9 3l 41 IT
An older form of
1 .
2.
2o
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
The first three characters of this group represent syllables consisting of a fricative consonant with the vowel described as 9ghos9 and mohaprang. as an aspirate followed by the vowel and mehaprar). thus: 9 , and are
The uusmen characters are associated with the classes , so , with the -[Q-Yorgoh; , he , with the ko-vergeh.
ary used in writing classical Sanskrit. one more character is used, oS consonant followed by the vowel Calligraphy of 55 Reading examples
1
, \B 9 . OO
Or
06
55
Tsre
^7rT
N
^sr
PI
^
^TST 1#
T^r
^ ^
^Rr
^ C T 5R ^TOcS
opre
*pt*t $*5f5
ttrst t p ^ -*sth
H^ST
k Pour, five and six character words 3"5R*T ^Tc^lTH ^ T ^ H =ToTSr^P*>lT TfSR"^ H ^ T ^ R ^ 5p>^"H
s
"STTFT^
^TcTTT^ ^*m?T*T
^TT^T^^T
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 2. Vowel Characters, with corresponding Vowel Signs. A vowel which constitutes a syllable is written with a vowel character; a vowel which is part of a syllable with an initial con sonant is written with a vowel sign added to a consonant character, x. Vowel Characters. There are fourteen vowel characters in the V9rr|9mala:
21
w 5
o a i
4
ii rr
3 in
u uu
%
Syllabic r e The character form, ^Tf , Wl" and ay
% K
1 11 o
9v
, and the other characters based on the same , and the characters ^ of and
S R ^ R ^ ^
r rr 1 11
Both forms of these vowel characters are used in Hindi writing; only the Bombay forms are used in Marathi writing. An older form of
55ft
, o , is 3* .
1
M\
ii 1 C
*>
*
5
22
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
The vowel characters are referred to as "swoftlT > a-kara, smooiT ? a-kara, J j ^ B T ^ i-kara, and so on. They are related to the five posit
ions of articulation as shown in the table of the roman syllabary. The vowel 11 does not occur in Sanskrit words, but the character is
traditionally included in the syllabary for the sake of symmetry. The first ten vowel characters represent five pairs of 'simple' vowels, each pair consisting of a character realised as a 'short' vowel, f^^oT , (hrasva) and a character realised as a 'long' vowel, ^t ^
7
, (diirgha).
which are described as 'compound' or 'conjunct', ^T^rf) > (sarrjyukta-'-). In the system of modification and combination of vowels known as 'sandhi', ^f^r: , (sandhih), as in the formation of compound words,
derived words, and the joining of final and initial vowels in con secutive words in a phrase or sentence, the vowels are grouped thus: Simple vowels
TJUT'* (gunah)
a
9
a
a
i
e
ii
u
o
uu
r
ar
rr
1
al
(vrddhih) Examples :
2
ay
av
'TI^Tf^oB
ar
al nagarika
^rpri^
?5
kr kip
op><v^HI
kalpana
cftio/HpJof)
kalpanika
1. 2.
See above, Ch.l., and below,3. i. for the modifier represented by rj r. See below, ii, for the vowel signs used in these examples.
CHARACTERS OF T H E
SYLLABARY
23
TJ
35
51
^ft
ne character
5\
w -STt^ 3Tc5
3<T
i^i
3$^
^ ^ ^r s if 3^r
ii. Vowel Signs Each of the vowel characters, except , a , has a correspond
ing vowel sign which may he added to a consonant character to re present a syllable consisting of an initial consonant followed by one of the vowels a - av . As the vowel a is realised with every con
sonant character unless it is either marked with the viramah or has one of the vowel signs added to it, there is no sign for this vowel. The vowel signs, added to the consonant character oft , are:
5T R f % %
ka ki kr krr ke kay
kii
ku
kuu
'
kl
kll
ko
kav
1 . Transcription of examples is given on p 5 1 . 2. See note on the vowel 11 under Vowel Characters, above.
0
24 Calligraphy
SANSKRIT
SECTION
The order of writing the strokes when a vowel sign is added to a consonant character is illustrated in the following examples: ka ki dhi ke
cb 1 1
cbl
!<*>
ku kii
cb cb 1 oh
3> <> *l m
ft
IM '
ft
fa
bhi ko
obi
When the vowel signs are added to consonant characters which have an upright stroke, the superscribed signs are placed above the upright stroke, and the subscribed signs are written at the foot of that stroke. When vowel signs are subscribed to rounded characters
they are written below the mid-point of the lowest curve, thus:
f
chu Special forms
5
pxn
f
du ^
djiuu
5
du
I
huu
^
ru An older form of is
*
ruu
5
dr ^ , and of -
1
Jr is ^
^
hr
The character
used to represent
sonant character without an intervening vowel. This stroke is placed over the vowel character Mark of 'separation'. When an initial or s l fT S occurs after certain final vowels in , known as 3T3"3T$|":
3
5fJ
, as in
Pis+^irl
, nirrti .
(avagrohah)^ is 'separation'.
See C h . 2 , l o i i i .
2. See C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 3.iiia-
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
25
written after the vowel in which the final and initial vowels are co alesced, to indicate the presence of two words in the piece. is written once when the initial vowel of the second word is twice when the initial vowel is ^\ , as in these examples: The mark *5T , and
yo - ay am
yo-yam
te - api
te- pi
sada - atman
sada
*'
*
X
ft
V*
ft? ^
3Tt
3.
fcT
fa^to
^
sttct t?or facj^T ^ftcr
s
^Tf^r
5u^t=T
^rf^
^ff^SBT
irtW
|o5cl"
U. Four, five and six character words ?of)Tfo>R ^RI*T% {jfttofc^r ^frf^^T ^ f i ^ ^ T f^"^f%oHT OTjftf^SFjT
hUiP|F>
*sfa^ftl'+>
?5^TTftf5F
a f o ^ T ^
1.
, tma , the characters CT and T combined. See Chapter 3 Class 2. iii. 2. Transcription of examples is given on p. 51.
n
26 3. Modifiers
SANSKRIT
SECTION
^ T * J iPfl I T :
(visorgsh), are signs which may be added to a character to indicate a modification in the realisation of the character. They are placed
in the syllabary after the vowel characters, and, as they cannot be written alone, they are written-with the character ^ however, be written with any character. . They may,
io
This modifier is written as a dot above the character of which it modifies the realisation, thus:
*
I or rj ar r) ir rj
i
irj ir
3
ur rj urj ur
T
em erj yr or rj arj vr
#>
kij Qr kairj
%
kirrj
#
kiirrj
f
krj ur kuurrj
% % #
krj er koyrrj krj or kevrrj
Calligraphy The Qnusvareh is generally added to the character after the vowel sign has been written and before the headstroke is written to complete the character. It is placed above the middle of the character, or
over the last upright stroke if there is one, and to the right side of any superscribed vowel sign, for example;
*
oh 4||
Ob 4jj f$
3 \i\ ftj R
^ fSf
^ Jj
|T Jf
bhirrj \M
*i
'after-sound'.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The anusvarah is written with a character in various contexts, and is realised in various ways according to the context. a. When a word of which the final character represents the form ative particle occurs in any position except at the end of a line
27
consonant character of a following word and the formative particle is represented by the anusvarah. This formative particle is usually writ ten as only at the end of a line or a sentence. For example:
yetam
vibhuutim
yogam
b. The anusvarah may be written with an initial or. medial character followed by a vargiiya character. In this context it is
realised as the nasal consonant of the class to which the following character belongs. Examples:
" - q J
a r k (arjka) rja VW
purrjkha (punkha)
lirrjga (linga)
j " J g
parrjca (panca)
varrjch (vajich)
sirrjj (sip.3)
q -n
kuirj^ha (kun^ha)
arrjda (an^a)
51
Jarrjti (janti) irrjdu (indu)
kurrjbha (kumbha)
re usual, method of representing a homorganic nasal is that of combining the appropriate nasal consonant character with
28
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
with characters
of the ka-vargah, \>f^ with characters of the ca-vargah, and so on. This method is used also when the formative particle occurs before
an initial vargiiya character in a sentence, where consecutive words are joined in sandhi. illustrated later . ^-("!
1
, -ante, are usually written by this method and not with the
anusvarah. The anusvarah is sometimes written to represent -n compounds formed from the prefix with R or T * e.g. H*T(T
N
or -m , in
sannata, and
c. When the anusvarah is written with a character preceding a character of the antahstha or the uusman group, the realisation of it varies according to the position of articulation of the character which follows it, and also with the custom of speakers in different parts of India. The anusvarah preceding an antahstha character is
r , m , n j
^fo/i^T Before ^ , va , as
r , m , or j
^fo|sanvada,
samvada or savvada
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The anusvarah preceding an uusman character is realised thus: Before J[ , Ja , as ^T"5T Before " T > 5 sa , as n , m , n , or v; e.g. sgJ"8 sm/s, an/a or avj"a n , m , nasalisation of the vowel, or vj e.g. haviirjsi, haviimsi., haviisi or haviivsi Before , sa , as n , m , n , or v; e. g. sansara, samsara, sansara or savsara,
29
^FI^IR
or as nasalisation of the vowel, as in "f^f^TT ijf^f Before ^ , ha , as "f^^" hirjsa, himsa, hivsa or hisa punsi, pumsi, pusi
antahstha or an uusman character to indicate realisation by nasal ising the vowel of the syllable instead of by a nasal consonant, following the vowel. This sign is called ^ - J - H f^cp> (anunasika ),
1
\Q*
, (orrj)
b. ftr
|
-qff
^TCTCT
s
^*t
^TTH ^ t t ^Tcnri^Tr
i%i^cr
HoflH i
3?fcr*r
^TffcT
ami
1.
"*?wf^r
'nasal'. 2. See above, under 2.i. 3 . For transcription of examples, see p. 52. . The lines a, b and c correspond to the notes given above under 3 i . L. Gitagovindakavyam, sarga 3 > v . 6 o
SANSKRIT
SECTION
ah
ah
ih
iih
uh
uuh
rrh
eh
ayh
oh
avh
cfr
kah
cBT: fcB:
kah kih kiih kuh kuuh krh keh kayh koh kavh
Calligraphy The visargah is usually added to a character after every other stroke has been made, including the head-stroke.
e
-g- ch
ch)
cfit
CWT:
The realisation of the visargah varies in different parts of India a. It may be realised as strong aspiration following the realisation of the character with which it is written, for example
% gavh
It is realised in this way when it occurs medially, as in ^:^q*T^ , duhkham; or as the doubling of the following consonant, tapahsu, tapassu. h following the vowel of
as in r P T i ^
the character with which it is written, and a very short repetition of the same vowel after h , as illustrated by this transcription of
malah
kavih
guruh
kaveh
gunayh
bhanoh
gavh
1. 'emission of breath'
31
3*
^ffT:.
TT|:
f^h
% ffi
w : o t > w t
n
f ^ '
^ftrj
^rw-.
^fcTtsf^oR:
cP^fsTT:
^ife ^gfr
TO^t
^rerr^
^rffcr^tfrrW^cr^^T^
U. The Complete Syllabary The complete syllabary, arranged in the traditional order, is given on the following page. The characters are further arranged in a .table in which the vowel characters, and the two modifiers added to the character , are placed in order at the head of a series of
columns consisting of every consonant character in the Qkarg form, each consonant character with each of the vowel signs and each of the modifiers.6 These two tables together show the order in which the characters are placed as initial characters of words in dictionaries. Characters with the onusvaroh are, however, placed before characters without the onusvarah but followed by another consonant character. 1. For transcription, see p.52. 2. BhagavadgTta,ch.10,v.1a. 3. ibid., ch,10,v.U.b. h. GTtagovindakavyam, sarga l,v.8. 5. ibid., sarga 1.3,v.7. 6. Cf. the series of characters with vowel signs given above under 2.ii.
32
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
*
3? 3
at 5
%
55
5. The Devanagari numerals Hindi forms: ^
1
=1
2
3
3
I
5
%
6 7
c
8 9 1 0
Bombay forms: ft
1 2
A
3
*
K
<3
5 6
vs
7
C
8 9
*o
1 0
6,
Punctuation
In prose writing, the end of a sentence is marked with a vert ical stroke of the same height as the characters. In verse, the first
line of a stanza or couplet is closed with one vertical stroke, and the complete stanza or couplet is closed with two vertical strokes and numbered as illustrated in the verse examples given at the end of the next chapter.
C H A P T E R CONJUNCT
CHARACTERS
Consonant characters may "be combined to represent two or more consonants realised without any intervening vowel. A character
1, Construction of Conjunct Characters. Characters may be combined in various ways, according to the form of the characters to be joined. i. The second character may be subscribed to the first:
k- ko
kka
rj- ka
nko
tt
v 9
ii. If the first character has an upright stroke, this stroke may be omitted, and the first part of the first character is joined to the second character by the head-stroke, thus:
n- da
ndo
g- gs
ggo and ^ of ,
t- ps
tpa
n- mo
nms
Some conjunct characters may be formed by either of these two methods, for example: ^ ^ ^
o r
j-
C- C9
CCS
v3T ^ j - J9
V
^ o r w f j J9
34
SANSKRIT
SECTION
Some conjunct characters are formed by a combination of methods i. and ii. ; for example: d- dho ddha d-bho dbha
iii. If the first character is a rounded character, with no upright stroke, it is usually written in full, and the second character is joined with it in a modified form, for example:
t~ y
ty
n_
"y
&
m o
me
iv. Some characters are written in a special form when joined with other characters, for example:
/- ve
JVG
r- ths
rtho
g- ro jjf
gre
J"- re
/re
The characters
, representing
eluded in the syllabic series from a very early date, though no con junct characters are included in the syllabary. Calligraphically
these three characters are not formed by joining two distinct charact ers, but they are considered in this work under the appropriate classes of conjunct characters because they represent syllables con sisting of two consonants and the vowel 9 .
If any characters are not modifiable, and therefore cannot be combined, by any of these methods, the realisation of them without an intervening vowel is indicated by writing the first character with the viramsh, thus 3 ^ ^5 ^ ^
d 8
^
d 9
ci^T
t- k9
k 8
3~
<i- bre
dbr9
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS
3 5
Characters combined with other characters in this way do not form conjunct characters in calligraphy, but they are included in this chapter because they complete certain series in the classes of con junct characters. Three, four or five characters may be combined to form a conjunct character, for example: rT
\
n
\
~Q
7^ tmyo
* X
V V
ST
*v* bdhva
T
\
1
\
Z
\
"grf rstye
t - m - yo
b - dh - va
r - s - \ - ya
The general rules already given for the order of strokes in writ ing a character apply also to the conjunct characters. The vowel
signs are added to the character before the headstroke is written. Examples: ktyu
stvi
RJYAIRJ
ojI
\J
o|I*-
o|- ^|
r
IVc!
\rM\
f?r|
VTIJF"
VR^|
2.
<HfiT:
iccha agnih
<%PT:
ksiprah
WfT^
brahmen Jlokah
^
strii
ii. In junctions arising from grammatical processes: a. In words formed by the addition of suffixes to verbal roots, such as bhaj-ta bhakta gam-ya gamya labh-tva labdhva
36
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
diva
dayvyam
Juura
Javryam
ut-tama
uttama
ut-gamah
udgamah
abhi-asah
abhyasah
dur-guna
durguna
vi-adhih
vyadhih
vac-maya
vanmaya
iii. In compound words, in which the final character of one part of the compound word, if it is a halanta character, is joined with the initial character of the following part, as in
sat - masah
sanmasah
rc - vedah
rgvedah
/riimadbhagavadgiita
iv. In pieces consisting of two or more words, in which a conjunct character is written joining the final character of one word, if it is a halanta character, with the initial character of the following word. For example:
Jreyo
hi
jjianamabhyasa j jjianaddhyanam
c ^ ^ T r * T P T T - * H I Pel
vijisyate,
ft II
qT^TccF>
^ ^ T ^ c R H II
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS
37
The process of joining characters illustrated in ii. to v. above is known as 'sandhi' 'of consonants" '.
1
illustrate the process of 'internal' sandhi, and those in i i . c , iii. and iv. illustrate that of 'external' sandhi.
3 . Classification of Conjunct Characters. The conjunct characters are arranged in this work in classes according to the combination of consonants which occurs when the con junct character is realised in reading. The conjunct characters,
when arranged in this way, fall into four classes. Class 1. Two similar characters joined. Class 2 . Two vorgiiys characters joined. Class 3 . Characters joined with sntshsths characters in various combinations: i. Characters joined with ii. Characters joined with ~3[ iii. Characters joined with a. preceding "[ > < or b. following T
a. preceding oT^
or b. following oT
Class h. vargiiys characters joined with uusmen characters: i. Characters joined with a. preceding ST , or ; or b. following , " f or^T C
ii. Characters joined with a. preceding |J ; or b. following |* 1. Compare reference to 'sandhi' of vowels, in Chapter 2 , 2 . i . 2. The Vedic character oo" , X included in this class.
s i s
38
SANSKRIT
SECTION
M -kks
R4
-kkhs
-ggs
-gghs
"SSI
-CCS
-cchs
jjhs
-nns
1
"tt
9
-tts
<>s s<{
-tths
-dds
-ddhs
"PPS
-pphs
-bbs
-bbhs
-mms
ocf
w
3
-lis
-vvs-^
-SS&
-sss
UU|
-sss
&
9
-CCS
- DJs and
-jjhs
-nn
-lis The
The characters
> T
second and fourth characters in each vsrgsh are formed by combining the slpsprans characters with the corresponding mshaprans characters. Reading examples .
SOF^t:
^b^rstz:
^tNt*
snf^r
ftgfrr^
"r^aT ftrT ftWoT:
"q%oRr
3TTIT
o7|
ff|T
faquui
^TS|s
^Pm
3^*T
*rs$PT:
^arfrk
^FTtf:
^TT
^f^:
cT^^
^fto
(f^5T)
$MI^
(^^5^]
^TCTO
^gfaBT*
1. Conjunct characters which do not occur- initially are indicated by prefixing a hyphen in the roman transcription. 2. This character occurs only in the grammatical term given in the reading examples. 3. This character occurs only in combination with preceding T . U. Transcription of examples is given,on p.52.
N
CONJUNCT Class 2.
CHARACTERS
i. ghos and ghosovst characters, excluding nunasik characters: vsrgsh ghos 0 ghosovst
ko - CO -kco - Z ko -\t?
-kcho
-gjh
-kto
-tko
-ktho
-tkho
-go;
-d^g
-gdh
-a^gh
- cT ko - to -kto Wi - T ko - P -kpo S
8
-pko
-kph
-pkho
-gba
-bg
-gbh
-bgh
-{co
-tcho
-^.DO
-djh
CO - t
-pco
-pcho -b jo
CO - p
-b jh
tt
2 -tto -tthe -ttho -dd -dcje -qdh -ddh
-Pt
-tpho
-pfho
-db
-bo;
-dbh
-bdh
-pto
-tpho
-ptho
-dbo
-bd
-dbh
-bdh
1 . Many of these conjunct characters occur only in external sandhi. 2. This combination occurs in the character combining ~g , <=p and .
40
SANSKRIT
SECTION
ii. Characters of each vsrgsh joined with a preceding or following nunasik character of the same vorgoh. a. onunasiko character preceding.
f -nke
TO
1
-nkh
f
-n<l
9
f -ngho
TO
^3T
-jice -jicho -P-J -njh
TO
-nt
-nt
h 9
-nta
-nth
-nd
-ndh
-mpa
-mpha
-mb
Alternative forms lt
n 9
TTJJ -ncjh
"^TA
These characters, representing a preceding homorganic nasal consonant, are usually written in preference to the nusvarsh placed on the preceding character, of which examples have been given above^. The following examples illustrate the contexts in which the nusvarsh may be written, and in which it is not written: ^TcT^cr pstsnti^ ft^rfrt: 1^n%. lsbhsnte^ ^Trt njte or nte^
vinsnjtih or vinntih3
^
-cji
?
jn
^
~th:n
i
-djhn
?
-tn -thn
^
-pm
r
-bhm
-dn^ -dhn
The character
and is found, from an early date, included in the syllabic series of characters^. In realisation, however, it belongs to this class of 1. See above, Ch.2,3.i.b. 2. Verbal forms. 3. Non-verbal forms. k. The combination ( - *f more usually becomes T in sandhi. J 5 5. See above, Ch.2,l. iii.
x
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS conjunct characters. "beginning with In the order of words in dictionaries, words and
41
those beginning with^T^T. iii. Characters joined with a preceding or following onunasiko character of a different vorgoh: a. onunasiko character preceding.
R '
-nbho
^
-nko -ngo
^
-nco -n jo
^
-nphe
%
-nbho , on account *T .
-bhno
s R
kne -khno koM -kmo -khmo gno ghno -pne
W
-bno
"9 -bhno
-T
-me
71?
-gmo -ghmo -cms -jmo -dmo
-tmo'
-dme
-dhmo
g*r
-nno -nmo -nno formed with " O T , e.g.
*pt
-nmo -nmo
^
-mno VTTf -bhno T^Jf -rang
U
?r
mno H -ipio .
Alternative forms of the conjunct characters in iii. and iv. are " U T T -g^o
SANSKRIT
SECTION
i^t^r-
^ ^ f e r r r
^rr-sF^t^r
tst^^t^
oTT6FTB^TH
- s p ^ ^ f T ^ -
oB^o^TtTT
^S^fW:
^3$rh
^SJT
^CTfe
5^T5F5T
^F>*T
^STTf
^f^SSFfvT:.
ll.a. ^ | f : ^RT:
^Tf:
fi^T -q-fferT:
^F^fT TpSJcfi
^ ^ T : B ^ W ^=3R ^ S T :
cRTO:
^TT^T
ITFR
%^TfrT
?r#q
iii. a.
KVTT
^STlfc*
^TI^R
^ f T ^ f o
b. ^arcr
^Tlfrt
^mr
W W
^rfrt
^f?^ft
^ngj: ^iRf:
^f^T: ^ T ^ : ff*T
^TTFtfrt
m f ^ R
iv.
f^HT*?.
STTf^
f^TT*T:
WTTO:
^FiR
WlfrT
TcT
1. 2.
For transcription of examples, see p . 5 2 . Examples illustrating characters which could occur in sandhi arising from the sequence of words in a sentence are placed between hyphens. The first character represents dvi . See Class 3ii
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS Glass 3 Characters joined with ntohsth characters. i. Characters joined with following .
43
^5
kyo khyo ,gy ghyo s -gy
9
TO
cy -chy jyo jhy
-ty
-t y
-dj
-djiy
n y
ty
thy
dy
dhy
nyo
TO
py -phyo hy hhy my
TO
TO
/ye -sys sy hy
(yyo)
-ry
ly
vy
5qr
-nny -tty -tmy -pty -gdhy -dhhy -hjy
Reading examples.
3^*F?frf
oFjq-^^
W c S ^
W ^ F T
^arrS^T
^ T E W
cZTFHT
^I^FT
HvqT^
^ f r
#^^T: f%^T f ^ T T
*T-pT:
rT^fcTH.
^F*T
% ^ W
W
X
^<TO
^TTfTc^R.
1. See under Class 1, 2. The superscribed stroke in this character represents r preceding another consonant. 3. For transcription see p. 53. k- The first character represents Jla . See below under iv.b. 5. NTtisatakam, verse 3.a.
44
SANSKRIT 5* . J
SECTION
TO
kve khvo gvo ghvo -nvs
CVS
TO
-chvs dvs jhvs
-tvo
?
TO
yvs
-thvs
-d^vs
ocj
f -djivs
-bhvo
TO
-nvo tvs
TO
-thvs dvs
TO TO
dhvs nvs
-pvo
-tvo
-mvo
TO
1 -rvo and ^ do not occur in this series. Ivo (-wo)
TO
svs ^ svs
f
hvs preceding another
4
, vis .
Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. and 2. with 3.i. and ii. TO -ttvo
o^f
-rvvs
^
-cchvs
TO
-ktvs -dvys
TO
-bdhvs
TO
-gdhys
Reading examples.^
oT^p
^ff^cT
^"?r^T
"HMI
Tf|T
Tf*T
^
ft*5R
r^rftrT
^F*ft: ^TPJcft
5F53T^T*i;
^^T
o^oTr ^ T F ^ T
"^TWr W ^ t T
%TTfcT
TTToWT
VJI;cUh
1. 2. U. 6.
For the superscribed stroke in this character, see below, in iii.a. See -vvs in Class 1. 3. For this form of J s see Ch. 2,1. iii. " See below, under iii.b. 5. See below, under iv.b. For transcription of examples, see p.53. 7. The initial characters in these words represent gro and pro . 8. From BhagavadgTta, Ch.6,v.kl.a.
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS iii. Characters joined with preceding a. preceding another character. To represent preceding another character a stroke is superr is to be realised. This . or following .
45
stroke is called "V^T: , rephoh, the name given to the character ^ repheh in this form may be written with any character, but it does not occur with * -rko -* -rco or -r^o , I -rts * -rpo $ -ryo TTf , , -r/o \jf , I -rho ?T >
C$ >
in Marathi writing.
*f ^ *
-rgge -rjjo
-rtte
^
-rddho
^
-rmms
^
-ryye
^
-rvve -rkev
F b
-rka
f&
-rki -rkii
^
-rku
^
-rke
^
-rkey -rko
cF i
-rkairj
fl <
-rkirr) -rkiiirj
^
-rkuirj
c f
-rkerq
<fc
-rkeyrrj -rkevm,
The repheh is placed above the upright stroke of a character, or above the raid-point. It is always written to the right side of any other superscribed stroke, as shown in the examples given below. It is written also with the vowel character |J . as in the word Pl^fci: .
46
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
Characters with rephoh are written as shown in these examples: rki rke rkiir] <*>
ft
t*
ebl
Kl *T
%
ft
o^l
-rho
is sometimes
ly used in writing Sanskrit than in writing Marathi. b. following another character. To represent ^ following another character, a diagonal stroke
is placed against the upright stroke of those characters that have one, or beneath the mid-point of the lower part of a rounded character.
SB
kr
gr
HI -ghr -nro
V
-chr thr
<*
jr dr
ST
W -nr
5 -tro3
-cjr
tr
dhr
TO
-ktre
5T
sT
TO
-tpr
TO
-rty
5?T
-dry -rdhv rdr -ntry -rdhny
1. See above, Ch.2,2.ii. Vowel signs. 2. This combination occurs in the character joining and . 3. S and ^ are combined in the character representing^ " f , Z and"^" . 5 k. For this form of , see Ch.2,1. iii.
s s
47
OPFFQ"
^TT^
W&fr ^^flT
JFF^FEW
^T^T:
ftsfo; 7l1*?cT
^ T ^ 3>f&
cFF>fc
SRRF^oR
^TT
^ c T
^ J :
^ofa
3$R*T
fl^T
3Tl
^ H ^ R
^Tft^PT
TTft^
-qrPSETc^T
cT or following
TO
-Ike TOT -lge
TO -lpe
c h -lpho
TO
-Ibe Vedic
TO
-lbhe
TO
-lme
TO
-lse -Ihe
-Us
b.
-Ihe
~%
kl gls -chle -<|lo ^ pie ble
$
bhle 5?T or 3 r T Jle
mlo
vie
his
Most of these characters may be written either by method i. by method ii., described earlier in this chapter.^" 1. 2. 3o h. For transcription, see p.53. For oT joined with entohstho characters, see i. to. iii. above. Vedic o"5 is included in this class. See above, 1. Construction of Conjunct Characters...
48
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
rfj
-tplo Reading examples. ^F^T xrc^J
1
SWT
-cchlo -Ibhy
-tkl
T^^T
^c*TW
^1^BH"
JPTFT
^Tcb:
f^>-
'fR^r
^|pr
^^T:
T%*JTE: T T ^ - ^ q :
tcRitf^rf^r
*T^
IIW
Class 2 . vorgiiyo characters joined with preceding or following | uusmon characters. i. Characters joined with
a
7T > T
>
The following characters occur in this series, some occurring only in external sandhi.
*r
3
TO
-Jks -J*c -Jcho Jn "e J"pe
TO
Jm
FJ
*r
s-
TO
-sks
S
sthe
TOT
-sn -?P8 -sphe -sm
TO? TO
TO
sko 1. 3. skho
T3f
-sjo
TFT
sto stho
FT
sno
7
spo
sph
sm
For transcription, see p . 5 k . 2 . Vairagyasatakam, v . 6 2 . These characters may be written with either or &f .
49
occur i n t h i s s e r i e s ,
TOT
-n/o M
2
TOT
-k/o or kso
-n/o
1
TO
-nso
TO
-pso
so -kso The c h a r a c t e r
* ~t
TO
S 8
-nso
-tso
-nso
-pso series
3
from In
a conjunct c h a r a c t e r . T^T
are
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s of C l a s s e s 1. - 3. w i t h C l a s s
"R
stro
_
"?
?t
r 9
f
~?t
v 9
W
ksi^o
M -ksmo -stvo
c^T TFT
-tstho 7 ^ -rtsnye f. fcj $J -tsno
TTO
stryo Calligraphy: Reading e x a m p l e s ^ a. W * T * k
N
HTO
-tsmyo kso , Bombay form -
TP?
-rsty $
fi^T
f^RoT
S T F ^ TcT5q"
SO
S A N S K R I T
S E C T I O N
ii. a.
onunasiko c h a r a c t e r s f p r e c e d i n g *tj , ^
b.
following
^.
and ? f
-rjho Reading e x a m p l e s .
1
-nho
^fjfrt
^f|:
|^
ffTfPST
Tn^fTrT:
[PTfTrT:]
^SF*Tu%
^W^^I^HI-^^^^^T^f^TrTr
\\^\\ II w i
5
f^^wmsTT^I^r^sRWfR;
1, For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5 h . Uo BhagavadgTta, c h . l , v . 2 6 .
6 ibid., ch.5?v.8.
2 5o
7 .
R i g v e d a , 1. 3. i b i d . , i b i d . , ch.3v. 2 5 . NTtisatakam, v . l i 8 .
TRANSCRIPTION
T r a n s c r i p t i o n , o f R e a d i n g Examples Chapter 2 . 1. i . bh]; chsd gsmeke dhe"|;ok chedonm gemonem l.ii. leve lobh terole nskhere yemevot v jl yev
-
do ke
dho bho
to jo
pho bo
no tho
co kh
c{ jh
go n
cei]k bhjk
gh"|;k ksthsm
n"|;nm ksthsnsm bhsnonem jenopode dhonmd jhnjhnm jhi\ jhsr^sm re ved ly lo jhsr jhsro dhsvol bhsvst bo blo r"|; j"|;hr nsysn th vere ran kh ' ron phl t v"|;h rsth d^emsr l"|;bh
bhsysm cpl
csrsne vcr
grlm
pdkml
kp"|;vecenm
l . i i i o s
/ere set sorele y/s seh Jo^he
h
t ke/o
s
v/ ks
/
hs /s
c|
jhs hy
r
rs hr smy per/
kh
vs jhss J*eve bhss
kl/ /r{
/path hrk
ii
uu
in ot evm rn rc oyn evsdhm da bhii ji /rr gov /ii dos pur guru uuru
d y/o rdh uucjh i h e us udon rnm yssmss upkrnem pey dr /rt phen vrtha rsi me hi dhrt mvl /i/u enii duu hr ruuc|h krrt setu ii"Le
sr hoy
SANSKRIT
vijesa upaya vaybhava p i t r r n p a v r u s a r u c i r a jhatiti thalinii rirusita avsadhi kaykeyii ayhika c^halin surabhi khacjika he^ate
ekakin hrsike/a itihasa kav/aleya visuucika pavranika devanagarii anunasika avpanisada upajiivika avpade/ika upanive/ika avpanayika ko-pi rte-pi ya J"o-paya J*a 3.i. kin] marrj sukharrj harirr) mrtair) tanum, shorn evarrj rsiinarrj cjirnba panjcju layrrjgam djiumdhi jrrnbh jharrjjha kirrjcit kavmteya sarrjyamana sairjvat mairjsa janjyu. sainruuc|ha samliina arrjhati tamahair) h r d i sairjgatamani Jarrj bhr/air) ramayami kirn v a n e - n u s a r a m i t a m i h a kinj v r t h a vil9pami 3 . i i . kgh chgh t jhah ayh oh uuh rh navh sah gunah dhrtih bahuh n i t eh nrpayh viduh Jrn^ih purusah manahsu hivihsu dhenubhih vi/esatah amjatah arrjtahkaranam samaduhkhasukhah Junah/epah jagatohitah mato-dhikeh tejorrj-Jsh behevoirj-buvegah yogomayasomavrteh garrjgataranjgahima.fiikaraj'iitalani jayadevapanjcjitakaveh. pan_cjitanarrj sama je-parrjc(ita mavnarr) b h a j e y u h bhuya eva mahabaho Jrnu. me par amain vacah. sukhair) duhkharrj b h a v o - b h a v o bhayarrj cabhayameva ca v a h a s i v a p u s i v i j a d e vasanarrj jaladabharrj h a l a h a t i b h i i t i m i l i t a y a m u n a b h a m k e j a v a d h r t a h a l a d h a r a r i m p a jaya j a g a d i i / a h a r e m a d h a v i k a p a r i m a l a l a l i t a n a v a m a l a t i jatisugarrjdhav munimanasamapi m o h e n a k a r i n i i t a r u n i i k a r i n a b a m d h a v Chapter 3 Class 1 . thakknrah kakkha^a drggocarah vagghi tinnatin uccayh iccha rajjuh u j j h a t i pa^tika la^ho ua^din sed^ha visani^a visnr| uttom u t t h i t a u d d e / a h buddhih b h i n n a p i p p a l a h phupphuiisah abfcmh abbhogah sammatih sarrjmohah Jayya u l l e k h a h tacchrnu sannaddh duj/iila (duh/iila) J a t a y u s s u (J"atayuhJ"u) j a s s a r a j a h Jubharrjllokan Class 2.
n s n
i. v a k c a l a v a k c h a l a m p r t h a g j a n a h vagjha"|;iti v a k ^ i i k a s"|;kon s a t k h e t a k a m vagc^ambarah khac^gah v a g d j i s v k a t e dvid^ghora b h a k t i h utka"|;a uktham utkhata hrdgata sadguna dagdha udgha"(;aka vakpa^u vakphalam k a k u p k h a l u p r t h a g b h a v a h kakubguruh kakubghora s a t . c a r a n a h satjchavih sad^jah s a d ^ j h a ^ i t i apcarah k a k u p c h a v i h kubja k a k u b j h a ^ i t i sacjdevah sacjdha s a t p s t i f/up-tiika ^atphana sacjbahu kakup"|;hakkurah abc|imbha Jabdah sacjbhaga labdha kakubcjhavkate utpanna satphalah g u p t a udbodhaka udbhavah madbhakta buddhiyukta sacchabdah
bhagavadgiita
sarrjyukta
adbhuta
TRANSCRIPTION ii.a. gijkgh Jgijkhgh lirjggm sgijghgh s s j i c s y a h vajicha g p j i i r g h j h g n j h a ghui\t9h k9i\th8h pgi\cjitgh ^huijdjiih g n t g h p g n t h g k g s u n d g r g indhgh ksmpgng gumphgti sgmbgndhgh argmbhgh pgrjktih grunddha b. yacjia jnangm he-|;h:nati hedjiinati rgtngm m9thna b u d h n a t i papmgn tgjpeys sgjijjia sgrrjjjia vi/esgjjig jijnasu i i i . a. udgrjbhih mghankgvih drunphuh drunbhuh
53
b. r k i p rugrig g r b h n a t i Jsknoti cgkhnutuh agnih vighng mrcjnati a p n o t i sbnabhgh rukmii^ii vagmin vgcmih gjmgh kudmglg atmgn pgdma dhmatg drbhmgs dgdhmgv iv. diijnaggh vaijmgyg dvirvnalgh S9i\masgh jgnmgn rgmiiati rrmatg
C l a s s 3. i. vekygm k h y a t g vgyragygm J l a g h y g udgrjygj'gh c y u t g vapchyg j y o t i s ujjhygti kapQ^ysn! J"a-|;hygm jad^ygm gvadhyg puipram tyajyg pgthyg v i d y a dhyangm k s n y a apyg riphygte gbyonih gbhyasgh sgvmygm dhgyrygm gmuulyg vyuudjig dr/yg mgmisygh r g h g s y g hygs sgynygsyg sgnnyasgh sgrrjnyasgh c i n t y g buddhya t g j j y o t i s vgydggdhygm mahatmygm bhgktya kgvbjygm sghrdbhygh b h g g g v g n v y g k t i b evgmetgdygthatthg guhygmgdhyatmgsgrrjjpitgm g j p g h sukhgmaradhygh s u k h g t g r g m a r a d h y g t e vijesgjjigh i i . k v g c i t pgkkvanngm akhvoh p g v e d g h l g g h v i i u c c h v a s g h u j j v g l g u j j h v g Igf/vgh y g d n g t v a sgcjvidhg drcjhvgm J"rr|ygn t v s r i t g prthvii udvigng dhvgnih g n v i t g apva gbvahgngrrr r i b h v g n cgmvoh y v a g u l i i s g r v g s g r v v g n g l v g h i i j v g r g h v i / v s s v g k k g t e g n u s v a r g h h v e v i h v g l g vidhvgrrjsgh dvgndvgh tgttvgm dugdhva I s b d h v a u k t v a davna e t g d d h v a v l i n a t i gravida prarjvg/gh tygktva--tmgj"uddhye p u i p r g k r t a r r j l l o k a n u s i t v a J a j v g t i i h sgmah i i i . a , tgrkgh muurkhs vgrggh v g r g i i y g d i i r g h g Jarrjgg c g r c a m u u r c h i t g arjungh n i r j h g r g h dardhygm v g r i p h k g r t r v y g r t h g durdgyvgm grdhg mgnurnamg grpgr^gm d u r bglg ggrbhitg uurmih kgrmmgn dharmikg p g r y g n t g pgrygrrjtg s u u r y g h d u r l g b h g puurvg
ssrw dgr/gnsm
rrniurdhni rmiurdhnyadhayatmgngh n g y r r t i i durbuddhsyryuddh Jvetsyrhsysyryukte vedsyjnadhyaysnsyrn dangyrng C9 b , vikrmh agrhah J i i g h r g p r a i j r a t r i i krcchr vgjrgm psv^rgh f g t r u h drgvygm dhruv prytnh premna brniv b h r a t r ngrnrg v r s j s h J u j r u u s a srgjva h r g s v g hrsv h r s y hirrjsrg Jraddhg ardr ardr d a r i d r y g m daridrygm srrjhriir] etgcchrutva digvrtm sgtjtrirrjjg ytprmai]m jmbvamrle
54
SANSKRIT
SECTION
iv. u l k a phslgta s v s l p lpspran g u l p h i t ulb prggslbhg hlj"bdh hlsndhih V9lh praglbhym j"[hu mi'Lhuse klej"h gl9V pl9V9 p i p l u h bling k s k u b h l a b h s h m l e c c h s h vlinati J"lokh Jles9h sihlsh hladste ucchlskh utklej"h utplsv psresarrj cetarrjsi p r g t i d i v s s g m a r a d h y g bghu ha prssadsrrj kirrj neturrj v i / s i hrdsy prsnne tvsyysntsh svymuditcintamnigune vimuktsh snklph k i m s b h i l s s i t s i r j C l a s s h. srstih krsn jyes-f/h sthyuutg puspsm nisph! uusman Jlesma ssrrjskrtg s k h s l i t b h r o s j stsbdh sthitih strii ntshsth s n i g d h 9 sprs ); s p h u u r t i h bhgsmg J"res"|;htvm / c y u t drstjva drrjs"|;ra varsney nmoste-stu
-
i.a.
aj*crym
pr/nh
Jm Jru
pusksl
bleskm
b . p r a k j i r s s prtynj"irs tajijuka t a n / u k a S9"|;/astr9 rpj*te kssrsm tirysnsu s e t s s s t i h ksetrsjji dikssm l i ^ s u v s t s s h sugnsrti sugrjj;srti ksma J"lksn u t k s i p t bhsksy mtsyh t s t s t h ! k s v e t pkrtsn k a r t s n y s m v i b h r s s t o / c h s n n krmphlprepsurlbdhh nbhhspr J " m dharstysm etstksetrsm ii. g r h n a t i v s h n i h h n u t e brahmen p r a n h s s t s h pranghsth i s t . a n b h a n h i
gnimii^e purohitsrrj yjnsy d e v s m r t v i jsirj / hotarsrrj rtndhatmm gnih p u u r v o b h s r r s i b h i r i i d ^ y o n u u t s n s y r u t / s devarrj eh v s k s s t i ttrapJytsthitanparthh p i t r r n s t h pitamshan acaryanmatulanbhrantrrputranpvtranskhirrjstth s s k t a h krmi|yvidvarrjso y s t h a k u r v s n t i b h a r s t kuryadvidvarrjsttha-sktJcikiirsurloksngrhm nyv k i r r j c i t k r o m i i t i y u k t o msnyet t s t t v s v i t p Jysn J r n v s n s p r / n j i ghr nn J n s n g s c c h s n s vpn J vs n * a j j i a k i i r t i h palsnsirj brahmanarrj dansrrj bhogo mitrsmrksnm c y e s a m e t e sc[guna n p r s v r t t a h korthstesairj p a r t h i v o p a / r s y e n
HINDI
SECTION
C H A P T E R ARRANGEMENT OF THE
1 SYLLABARY
in the syllabary
is
t h e same a s
S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , b u t most o f
occurring
is usually referred
(balabodh) , ^'T^lT
'that
Each c h a r a c t e r is called
is called
cflffHIo'JI
(vornomala, to
the s c r i p t a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e u s e d i n S a n s k r i t , i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r s i n Hindi d i f f e r s
realisat
somewhat from t h e
Sanskrit o ,
r e a l i s e d w i t h the vowel
tran Hindi.
the difference
terms this
u s e d i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g terms u s e d i n section: Sanskrit ^SPqjR'^ foTTT'R: 'SFrTYfSr (oksorom), (viramoh) , (antahstha), Hindi
SWGJIT
fcfTPT 3T^cT**T
The t a b l e g i v e n b e l o w i n t h i s
c h a p t e r shows t h e arrangement
The s o u n d s o c c u r r i n g i n A r a b i c
58
HINDI
SECTION the in
cjhe , a r e r e p r e s e n t e d
r , rh , f o r t h e r e t r o f l e x f l a p p e d c o n s o n a n t s N a s a l i s a t i o n of v o w e l s i s shown by t h e s u p e r s c r i p t
As t h e D e v a n a g a r i s y s t e m of w r i t i n g i s s y l l a b i c ,
e r s i n t h e s y l l a b a r y r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g e i t h e r of a v o w e l or of a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by t h e vowel each consonant w i t h t h i s vowel. consonant c h a r a c t e r , 'inherent' vowel . includes 'short' i and ' l o n g ' ii , 'short' some the
1
o , t h e roman t a b l e
shows
T h i s v o w e l , when r e a l i s e d w i t h a the
i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to i n E n g l i s h t e x t s as
uu . T h e s e p a i r s of v o w e l s o c c u r i n Hindi w o r d s , 'short'
vowel and o t h e r s w i t h
or t h e
i s made i n s p e e c h . 'short'
In t r a n s c r i b i n g e x a m p l e s ,
vowels are w r i t t e n as
or ' l o n g '
59
1 Velar ka kh go gh (rj)
3 1
Palatal c cho
Retro flex t
9
k Dental t th do
Labial P ph b bh m
5
P l o s i v e s
tha
c|2
Voiced
jha (p) yo
3
dha na^" r s^
dh no 1 s z
6
va
x y h
ii and
of
av
Nasal -
Notes on t h e s y l l a b l e s marked
i s modified t o repre
60
HINDI as f l a p p e d s o u n d s , w r i t t e n as
3.
are not w r i t t e n
i n H i n d i , "but o n l y i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h
h. The two c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g
initially, labio
or, i n i t i a l l y ,
a r e w r i t t e n by m o d i f y i n g o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s articulation:
which
pha; jo
7. T h i s v o w e l , s y l l a b i c
, o c c u r s o n l y i n a few S a n s k r i t
loanwords.
C H A P T E R CHARACTERS OP THE
2 SYLLABARY
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h e D e v a n a g a r i S c r i p t u s e d i n w r i t i n g Hindi are t h o s e g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , w i t h t h e t e r m s w h i c h a r e u s e d by Hindi grammarians i n r e f e r r i n g t o them and t o t h e sor.nds which t h e y represent. The method of w r i t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s i s t h a t d e s c r i b e d special in
t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , and i n t h e n o t e s on t h e c a l l i g r a p h y o f c h a r a c t e r s as t h e y a r e g i v e n i n t h e tables.
are
Sanskrit
and M o d i f i e r s .
'vergiiy*
characters,
The c o n s o n as
are r e a l i s e d
or s e m i - v o w e l ,
followed
. Characters r e a l i s e d
^T^RTT
( k a r ) . The r e a l i s a t i o n o f a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r w i t h o u t
62 foTTW ( v i r a m )
1
HINDI
SECTION , cT , t .
a t t h e f o o t of t h e c h a r a c t e r t h u s , of) , k -
The r e a l i s a t i o n o f akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n r e a d i n g Hindi differs i n some r e s p e c t s from t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s The f o l l o w i n g n o t e s may be r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l guiding characters in
Sanskrit.
akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h
zero-
c h a r a c t e r s , or a f i n a l
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d e d by a conson
A m e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , w i t h an o - g l i d e ,
or
i n c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , when s u c h
a c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r of a word o f t h r e e or more c h a r a c t e r s and t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s w r i t t e n w i t h one o f the vowel s i g n s 5 . Other c o n t e x t s are g i v e n l a t e r , when t h e detail. c h a r a c t e r of a or w i t h an of
c h a r a c t e r s are d i s c u s s e d i n d.
In t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s of Hindi w o r d s , f i n a l
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , or w i t h an - g l i d e ,
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.2..1. 2. kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , a s d e s c r i b e d below i n n o t e s a. - d . , a r e , h o w e v e r , n o t w r i t t e n w i t h t h e v i r a m , which i s u s e d m a i n l y i n w r i t i n g c e r t a i n Sanskrit loanwords. 3 See b e l o w , Oh.3. h. See b e l o w , 3 i . n u s v a r , 5. See b e l o w , 2 . i i .
63
transcription.
e .
These c h a r a c t e r s are p l a c e d i n f i v e
( v e r g ) , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f a r t i c u l a t i o n of
Of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s ,
only i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s i n l i t e r a r y H i n d i .
The c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n a s frequently
Some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e m o d i f i e d
I
qo
?
x and
7
ye
?
z
T i f
f
- 5
5
-rh and Z are
The c h a r a c t e r s
1. One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s a c o n s o n a n t w i t h t h e vowel
I?
o .
rT
*t
64
HINDI
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d w i t h R
xrtit * r
*TC
^ts
^3
w=t
^FT
Tf^r
3*r
yrc
*5?T
^
xR3
3. Three c h a r a c t e r words
*TTR *Tv5R-
*fi*Tf
=c^oF>
W T
**p=> SRCR
^^sp
TTvyTST
^rf
^T^T zero-vowel
T^rW
R3RrT
5r^=T
TcTflB^r
xpj^cjvT
SECTS
ii.
The c h a r a c t
, v , o c c u r i n i t i a l l y ,
or
w i t h one of t h e v o w e l s i g n s , t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d a s c o n s o n a n t s "by a v o w e l .
followed
When t h e y o c c u r m e d i a l l y i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h t h e y a r e
i s o f t e n r e a l i s e d i n i t i a l l y or m e d i a l l y a s Ch.2,1.ii.
b .
1. See S a n s k r i t ,
65
One c h a r a c t e r word.
Two c h a r a c t e r -words, t h e f i n a l
m
R
err
Tior is^r ^
m
^
Wf
OT"
* R
3.
Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , t h e f i n a l
character r e a l i s e d with
zero-vowel.
STSoT T^yf
^TOT^T
TR^T
FT^R
cRSR
*Rc*
i f S j]yf^ flR
in four character with
h. Pour and f i v e
final
zero-vowel. ^CTic*
wzrt
iii.
*oRore
qr^ors
^ S ^ R
*M<HMH
C h a r a c t e r s of t h e uusm group,. This group c o n s i s t s of t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s which are r e a l i s e d o , and one w h i c h are is given in as
o . These c h a r a c t e r s , so
The c h a r a c t e r
realised syllabary
i n t h e Hindi
I?
, he .
66
HINDI
i n t h e word. and is in
o c c u r s m e d i a l l y p r e c e d e d by an okar c h a r a c t e r , it is
f o l l o w e d by a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , combination w i t h t h e vowel o
often realised as
of the p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r (ee), a s in
W
Johor( Jfflhr) b. When ^ pahor(p8ehr) rohon(rffihn)
c^'H'T
lahoson(leehson) consonant vowel
occurs as a f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r f o l l o w i n g an okar
character i t
of t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r a s ( a ) .
cR^
toroh(tora) Reading examples.
1
^SRT(?
jagah(joga)
Exceptions:
Xf^
yoh(yeh)
^
voh(voh)
TJf
soho
1. None of t h e uusm c h a r a c t e r s 2.
Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , t h e f i n a l <3?h
TO
srer
if^T
the f i n a l
*6*r
^ 5 TT^T
TH
5f
*R
3. Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ,
character r e a l i s e d with
zero-vowel.
^TTR ^FcT
STR ^cT5T
*TC)T TOT
zero-vowel,
U. Four c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l
second c h a r a c t e r s w i t h zero-vowel
*T*RS
35STTrT f?5F>cT
H^Tc^cT
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
s e e p.85.
67
representing occurs i n
The v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s a r e
and t h e y a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s
okar, a k a r , i k a r and s o o n .
1. Words c o n s i s t i n g o f v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s ^rrat
only.
5TT
^rnr
msft
^ far ^ f r ^ft5
Words c o n s i s t i n g o f v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s and okar c o n s o n a n t ^ T ' , ' TO* .. 3 5 3 sfrsR %<zr ^pr i^r ^vFf OT" i$
^TTTT
^ f t
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i . 3. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i i .
2. F o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 85.
68 syllable to consisting
HINDI
SECTION a
o f a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d b y one o f t h e v o w e l s (matra) , as i n
, ' t h e s i g n of
e.').
examples.
1. One c h a r a c t e r
words. % ^ 1
"5F7T
Two c h a r a c t e r W
words. fte
*McT
3. Three c h a r a c t e r ^ t f t ^f^aft gsjp words. %)ciw B3>T spRm ^^TT ^r ^W^fr g*TTf (Jr^nr (|^T
Numbers i n b r a c k e t s
i f kar, i s
^nrmm
^JTTS
^TyT^5f> ttarnft
<5?5TT<7TT
ITTSRN*
^feqT^T ^mTifr
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , s e e p . 8 5 . 2. A S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d , w i t h f i n a l d^h .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The f o l l o w i n g r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e a l i s a t i o n c h a r a c t e r s i n words w h i c h h a v e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s some g u i d a n c e f o r r e a d i n g from t h e s c r i p t , guide i s a knowledge o f t h e s p o k e n a. When a m e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t i s f o l l o w e d by a f i n a l of okar
69 consonant
and s i g n s
provide reliable
character,
c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowel s i g n , or w i t h an - g l i d e , e.g.
r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel,
rej'mii b. i.
p'na
lor'ka
lok'ra
per'da
When a v e r b a l b a s e e n d s i n a n kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , or w i t h an - g l i d e ,
of a consonant c h a r a c t e r
sokii.
sk-na
sk-tii of
bol
bol-ta
bol-te the
When a v e r b a l b a s e c o n s i s t s and p r e - f i n a l
t h r e e or more c h a r a c t e r s ,
final
c h a r a c t e r s b e i n g kar c o n s o n a n t
characters, form is
the r e a l i s a t i o n
of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s
are r e a l i s e d as
i s r e a l i s e d as a s p i r a t i o n
e
syllable. # ^ c l sohbot
-s-
WJ$m cahna
ft^cT mihnot
70 ii.
HINDI
SECTION in
ayh.
M e d i a l 2 , p r e c e d e d by an akar c h a r a c t e r , may b e r e a l i s e d as
in
c o a l e s c e n c e w i t h t h e v o w e l of a p r e c e d i n g okar c h a r a c t e r e.g.
ovh.
Gt|?r
bahut or b e v h t
"CHpr^TT p o h u r - n a or p o v h r - n a t h e above n o t e s ,
1
illustrating
and n o t e s a.
and b .
W W
<P*TK*T
*afc%
-gsrf
*r?ft5
*ri%7T
"qfw^r
^rfft
3.
The m o d i f i e r s ,
2
used in w r i t i n g Hindi. i. T h e s e a r e g i v e n i n the S a n s k r i t section,
3
t h e c e n d r a b i n d u . The a n u s v a r i s u s u a l l y w r i t t e n , the c o n d r e b i n d u , w i t h c h a r a c t e r s am. am im iirrj uirj in preference to
stroke. ovrr)
71
ft
thii me hey
3for
fz
*n>
^ft
sarcbw b.
Trff
crt^TT
A%~*r\
i^RT
-qj^^rr
As t h e n a s a l c o n s o n a n t o f o n e o f t h e v o r g .
The onusvar w r i t t e n on
a character preceding a v o r g i i y character i s r e a l i s e d as the nasal consonant of t h e same c l a s s a s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r , or a s when t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s of the ce-varg. n
The c a n d r a b i n d u When t h e
okar 2 i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an o - g l i d e .
tt^t
ponkh
$iz
kon^h porantu hindii sambandh
#>^pr
kanjuus
When, t h e o n u s v a r i s r e a l i s e d okar c h a r a c t e r , t h e f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an a - g l i d e ^ .
1 .
3.
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 8 6 . See a b o v e , 1 . n o t e b
2. S e e S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.3,3*Class
2.ii.
72
HINDI
SECTION
I n some w o r d s , t h i s m o d i f i e r may be r e a l i s e d a s i n a. or a s i n b . The r e a l i s a t i o n a s i n b . i s more u s u a l when t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e onusvar i s o k a r . e.g. ok R e a d i n g Examples."'' ^ftcr wi*r z z 3>T^) or onk reg or rang
sf^rt
w*r
^r^r
3"sft
#etc
^55*
ed words u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e ,
1" , r e a l i s e d as 5 e.g.
n , or
as the n a s a l i s a t i o n
o f t h e vowel o f t h e s y l l a b l e ,
sonyog or s a y o g
sonrag sarag
sonlegn salagan
s o n fay saJay
ahinsa ahisa
sinha siha
anusvar b e f o r e
o f , r e a l i s e d as b
o T being,
usually r e a l i s e d as
in this context,
somvad (sambad) 1. 3.
varamvar (barambar)
but
kuvarii c.
73
I t o c c u r s i n some
i t i s r e a l i s e d as in it
syllable,
for instance, ; or
The arrangement of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
. 1 The t a b l e i n which
c h a r a c t e r ![ are p l a c e d a t t h e h e a d o f a s e r i e s of columns
, barhin
'
SECTION are is
show t h e o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e c h a r a c t e r s characters
1
which
in Sanskrit.
modified the
section.1
section . used
i s t h e same a s t h a t
1. 3.
See S a n s k r i t , See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.2,5. Gh.2,3.ii.
C H A P T E R CONJUNCT
CHARACTERS
^JFfsR ^rjii
b y Hindi grammarians.
c a l l i g r a p h y of conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e S a n s k r i t ion .
2
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s u s e d i n w r i t i n g H i n d i a r e c l a s s i f i e d characters^.
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r i n H i n d i i n t h e s e i.
contexts:
<F=gr
becca ii.
C R M %
kyoki
m^t
mokkhii
pustok
strii e.g.
/obd
i i i . I n loanwords from o t h e r l a n g u a g e s ;
?TW
doroxt
WWrU
hofta s^e/on
1 .
'joined character'.
2 .
See S a n s k r i t ,
C h . 3 , 1 .
3 .
ibid.
Ch.3,3.
76 2.
HINDI
SECTION
R e a l i s a t i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s i n H i n d i . consist
zerospell
vowel i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s ing.
gives rise
t o a p r o b l e m of
realised is
with zero-vowel.
T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e c o n s e c u t i v e c h a r a c t e r s Similar
s i m i l a r t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r .
problems realis
A l l the c l a s s e s
Sanskrit of
illustrated loan
some of w h i c h may o c c u r i n l i t e r a r y H i n d i ,
77
The c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g
, the s u p e r s c r i b e d s t r o k e r e p r e s e n t i n g
when p r e < do n o t J
p
c e d i n g a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t . The m o d i f i e d c h a r a c t e r s occur i n t h i s c l a s s , b u t o|-oh , qqa , w r i t t e n i n P e r s i a n and A r a b i c VHVh , ffo ^ and , and \FjT , z z o a r e
loanwords.
, "|;h"|;h
may be a l t e r n a t i v e l y r e ^ , as
H i n d i words i n w h i c h two c o n in
ordinary s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t snn Reading examples . pF?f>T *raR5FT cR^ft bn-na'3
yusse
sf^cft
I ^ W
2. S e e b e l o w , C l a s s 3 . i i i . a . L\.. Pronoun w i t h s u f f i x .
78
HINDI
SECTION
C l a s s 2. Two v e r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
joined. are
in t h i s c l a s s which occur i n S a n s k r i t
1
g i v e n in the S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n .
c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s o c c u r r i n g i n H i n d i , m o s t l y i n S a n s k r i t w o r d s , a r e g i v e n b e l o w , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of some c o n j u n c t o c c u r r i n g i n P e r s i a n and A r a b i c l o a n w o r d s .
Some of t h e e x a m p l e s
-kto
-tko
OXJrj
-gd
-dg
-tp
-bd
-db
3.
<Frf
-bz -qt
-xte ii.
- b j
-qf
-ft
-bt section
Most of t h e c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n under i i . a .
in the Sanskrit
w r i t i n g S a n s k r i t loanwords3. Among t h e c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n under i i . b . , only occur i n Hindi. The c h a r a c t e r and i t "JfT , jji and
<T , -tn ? a
i s not c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y syllabic
conjunct c h a r a c t e r , series.
I t i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as
gy , w i t h n a s a l i s a t i o n
of
the this
f o l l o w i n g vowel^-.
-kmo
-gn
-ghn
-tm
-dm
-pn
79 , -nmo
consecut in
o r d i n a r y s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t
Jokti
sok-tii
2
robt
dab-ta
padma
ad'mii
Reading e x a m p l e s .
* T % W R T
-&cW>-R
" H I P
TTOF^TT
fOT
F^RF
^TovT
"H|*
^cT
^^PFT
OTT
h^rt
|WT
w^zr
TT^
olW
SNF%
oTcST
^ftc
^F^H^fl
Class 3 . i.
| O P R ^llcHI W F T
joined with a n t a s t h Xf occurring in Sanskrit is characters.
Characters
Characters
joined with f o l l o w i n g
The s e r i e s of c h a r a c t e r s
in this class
Hindi
these literary
occur combined w i t h f o l l o w i n g
loanwords.
see
p . 86.
HINDI
SECTION
^TTTl"
^ T ^ T
"^TTZT
cqt
OFH^J
"qT
^3"^Tt T
T
*TT
=*rrq"
^Tors^r
wfT
Trgw
sq^IT
^m^-
^TT
o^srr
^pjc^r
siTRotrr^r
ii.
Characters
cT . is
Of t h e m o d i f i e d c h a r a c t e r s ,
cf 3
^ocTTsr
-3cTR
^OTR
CTT^T
E5# ^f%rT
or w i t h f o l l o w i n g
f^T "^TK
.
"H^
iii. a. Characters
ivFTT
called
( r e f ) , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d , w i t h n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y ,
Sanskrit given
The e x a m p l e s
3"
are
often
d o u b l e d when w r i t t e n w i t h
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , 3 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
s e e p . 8 6 . 2. See S a n s k r i t , s e e p . 8 6 . U. See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.3Class Ch.3,Class
3.ii. 3.iii.a.
81
korta
kor-ta^
srv
dor'vaza
dhorm
dr'maha
f o l l o w e d by a c o n s o n a n t ref ; e.g.
c h a r a c t e r or w i t h a c h a r a c t e r w i t h s u p e r s c r i b e d
dor'bar b.
dsrbar
por'da
parda
dr jii
dsrjii
The which
the c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s
S a n s k r i t and E n g l i s h . Reading e x a m p l e s . 3
?foR
srJ
t $
"3?ff
7
^^cT
* r n
^ T f ^
* &n* P *or
PT
^tfS s f ^| H
ST^FT ^
^P SW
fit*?
iv. a.
F4
^ y T Tffr
gj^f srff H
ttX^T ^*J$
cT F
^IT
*JPT
W^FT
TO
^Tg
*W
cffa
^T^T
Characters j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g q% p r e c e d i n g .
cvT or w i t h f o l l o w i n g
82 the examples g i v e n b e l o w .
HINDI
SECTION
f^cyfc^cT or RorcpoT , b i l k u l .
in
i n S a n s k r i t and E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s ,
*f35
C l a s s U.
ararao
if^T^T
f r m
^ g ^ r
j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g uusm
i* a.
or
r
p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g v o r g i i y preceding.
characters,
Sanskrit
Those w h i c h a r e w r i t t e n i n H i n d i , indic
i n c l u d i n g t h o s e o c c u r r i n g i n S a n s k r i t and o t h e r l o a n w o r d s , a r e a t e d by t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w . The f o l l o w i n g c o n j u n c t
characters in
S3o
-Jqe -J"to
T
-sto -sbo the first
H i n d i words i n w h i c h c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s ,
83
rosta b. "T , 5 or
bos-ta
qismot
us-me 2
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
r e a d i n g examples g i v e n b e l o w .
Reading e x a m p l e s . ^ a.
gf%oT
qTTrT
'HI ^ 4
g**EoT
^TC fe^ft
Vf$C
^cTfT
t<* f ^ r l
f^SRT
^ R * T
S^cTR ^ c = f
W W ^ T F T
Ttf5RT
ii.
|[
p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g an o n u n a s i k of t h i s class
character^. illustrated
occur i n Hindi,
| | preceding || following
sTfirTW
* a s i n ^URT , nhan , T
mharii
s e e p . 87.
84
H I N D I
S E C T I O N
Hindi p r o s e
passagel
^TPW
^ffcr
HT^t 3
^ f a r f o f c T ^HT | I tT
^5T5er f c t ^ tf
f , c^f cqf
gfrTfm
-fen
^TT 7^1 |
I T
wft
focFt
^f^r
1 1
VTiUft
tfgF
hstt
*rfw
ftcTT f
TRANSCRIPTION
85
Transcription Chapter 2 .
of
Reading
Examples
1. i .
kab phon^ mogon hhejon
dha bht
to caph xam
n djiab yem qdm kthn cht qd dhmk chamak ckh Oht kf ght m"|;h
phohn pkr
yazab xatsm
dhm'kt
1 .
bsc'psn
jsm'gh"];
phafkan
i i.
vay
khsl yam
chay bhar
gar a3 yamal
1
samajh sagarh kas rat hr'kt a ek uupor bhii ke bhat nav J*uruu ai uuth yzon sav pii
1
hasad halaf
saras fakal
hoz'rot hoi'col ao ae evr un is iid ovsodh gar ka dho de ja hoyth gay dhobii qitab keuur pay nav
s a r 'kaj" mas'raf ao ai
2. i .
ab ojh idhor 2.ii.
ae iikh saii
orh uukh m ag or geii goe oyj ojhar avr'at aypan 311 do le ya hoy ched rtu krpa tsyyar sunaii kha so drdh huii borii
se
c n z din poysa
huzuur rupayye
HINDI
p . 1 3 . k h i r ' k i i duus'ra it'na ad'mii kap'ra l o m ' r i i b a v ' l i i phay'da dekh-na b a y t h - t i i l i k h - t a pak'pana g h a b ' r a t i i pakar-na cjhalak-na t e r a h cavdah s u b a h b a y e r a h g a h i r a pahacan ' ( ; h ~ kacaharii
n 8 8 r n a
2 . 1 . a .
may
jo
hii
meh
nahii gae mi\ pac gav gaii dono voha akhe ghuus bhays dej"6 davrii poch-na bhaiio ec|ua lahaga mahaga has-na pahuc-na
n 8 r
b . p a n d i t arambh s a n g a t t l ^ . o n j i i r p a s a n d bandhan sarjghat kamp-na pan jab jangal barjcjii sing d^imb andar angul Jankh sangh pane'mii khambha ant kutumb manoronjak Chapter 3 Class 1 . pakka huqqa makkhan laggii ghugghuu baccii lajja izzat jhajjhar patt tt \<\ ^ha patthar baddal Juddh ann chappar phupphuus bhabbhar kimmat rayyat harra killii navve
a c i n i : i 9< a b u
Class 2 . i. bhakti kubj ii. ling arambh iii.rukminii i v . janm C l a s s 3 i kyo tyo karyy rrmkhy xyal gyareh jyo zyada cjyavdjiii pur^y pathy udyog madhy nyay pyarii byatha sabhy ammily vyakhyan ava/y manusy syal vyatha vaqt satkar daraxt sadgur^ vaqf ekbiis sabz gupt utpann hafta Jabd lafz latf s a n g h pajicamii manjha ghar^a t lA / a n t i lampat parantu uparant jjian ( g y a n ) jijjiasu ratn sambandh huqm atma xatm lagn umda vanmay
n8r
Class 3 ii pakvann svamii Class xvab sarv gvar sarvv jvar iijvar tattv kvara dvara kvacit dhvani J*vas vi/v svapn
3.iii.
a. t a r k f a r q muurkh s u r x v a r g g d i i r g h rrraryii xarc rrraurchit arz a r j k o r t garc[ vorr^amala k i i r t i a r t h urduu arddh uurf arpar^ arb garbh dharmm a r y y sarvv dar/an vers kursii arhit b. kram kram gram angrez t priy frak namr abru Jram
r a m
ratrii tiivr
samudr
TRANSCRIPTION C l a s s 3 i v . bolki nrnlk ql ( e q o l ) C l a s s h. i.a. mujkil prsjn pa/cat ajcsry csjma pusksl krsr^ ras"|;r pustsk vaste vsstr strii rasta hindusthan snan spas']; sphuurti svssti svssth ustad Jastr pojcim ki/tii iftiha nisbet ijq skuul s^ejon VX
0S
87
phalguri iltiza ilmii kulha^a ilzam fsl (fsl) ixlas vssl Juki klas
ultha ulmukh
b. baxj"
aksor Jaxs
ksor afsos
poriiksa
ksama
laksmii
vats
pratyaks
Hindi p r o s e p a s s a g e k i s i i j a t i ke j i v a n me u s ' k e d v a r a p r o y u k t Jobdo ka otyont mehettvopuurn^ s t h a n hoy. a v e j y o k ' t a t a t h a s t h i t i ke nusar i n p r a y u k t Jahdo ka agam a t h ' v a l o p t o t h a v a c y , l a k s y evam d y o t y bhavo me p o r i v o r t e n h o t a r e h - t a hoy. o t ' e v a a v r s a m a g r i i ke abhav ma i n Jabdo ke dvara k i s i i j a t i ke j i i v e n k i i b h i n n b h i n n s t h i t i y o ka i t i h a s u p a s t h i t k i y a ja s a k - t a hay. i s i i adhar p a r a r y j a t i ka p r a c i i n ' t a m i t i h a s p r e s t u t k i y a gaya hay avr jyo j y o s a m a g r i i u p o l o b d h h o t i i ja r o h i i h a y , tyo tyo yoh i t i h a s t k k i y a j a r a h a h a y . i s a v a s t h a me yah b a t s p a s t samajh me a s a k - t i i hay k i j a t i i y j i i v a n me Jabdo ka s t h a n kit'ne mahattv ka hoy. j a t i i y s a h i t y ko r a k s i t k a r - n e t a t h a u s - k e b h a v i s y ko sucaru avr samujval bonane ke a t i r i k t vah k i s i i b h a s a k i i s a m p a n n ' t a ya J e b d ' b a h u l t a ka suucok avr us b h a s a k e s a h i t y ka adhyayan k o r - n e v a l o ka sab s e bo-pa sahayok b h i i h o t a hay. vijes'teh any b h a s a b h a s i y d avr v i d e j i y o ke l i y e t o u s - k a a v r b h i i a d h i k upeyog h o t a h o y . i n sob d r s ^ i y o s e J o b d - k o j k i s i i b h a s a ke s a h i t y k i i muulyavan s a m p e t t i avr us b h a s a ke bhancjar ka s a b s e ba^a n i d a r j a k h o t a h o y .
n i i 1
MARATHI
SECTION
C H A P T E R ARRANGEMENT OP THE
1 SYLLABARY
) and
i n t h e s y l l a b a r y i s t h e same a s
t h e S a n s k r i t arrangement-'-. Some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e u s e d o n l y i n w r i t i n g S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , b u t m o s t o f them may be found i n l i t e r a r y texts. The s c r i p t i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s JI c*ST)*T can be u n d e r s t o o d by a c h i l d ' . Devanagari s c r i p t t o d i s t i n g u i s h i n w r i t i n g M a r a t h i , and known a s c a l l e d 3T~$TT (balobodh) , 'that
(ksor) and t h e s y l l a b i c
in referring to the characters are s i m i l a r to those used in S a n s k r i t , but as t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r s i n Marathi d i f f e r s somewhat these
from t h e S a n s k r i t s y s t e m i n r e s p e c t o f c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s ,
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e terms u s e d i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g Marathi terms i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e s e Sanskrit ^{jjf^j^ i^TPR": ^FcT^Sf 1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . l . (ekssrsm), (viramoh) , (ontohstho), Marathi ^3T^IT fotTW examples: (okser) (viram)
sS^TT^^r ( n t o s t h )
92
MARATHI
SECTION syll
The t a b l e g i v e n b e l o w shows t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t b e M a r a t h i
abary i n roman n o t a t i o n . As t h e s y s t e m o f w r i t i n g i s s y l l a b i c , t h e characters i n the syllabary represent s y l l a b l e s consisting e i t h e r of a vowel or o f a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d b y t h e v o w e l o . The roman t a b l e
3 Retro flex t
9
k Dental t th d dh n 1 s
5 Labial p ph b bh m v-^
ts ch 3 1
9
P l o s i v e s
th a; dh
Voiced
jh zh- 1
(p) y
h I a i ii ~
u
UU
9
N a s a l - nj , o r
Aspirated - h Chapter 1.
1. - h. S e e n o t e s on f o l l o w i n g p a g e .
5. S e e S a n s k r i t ,
93
, j a and jho
affricated and
1^sa , za
zha , as shown i n t h e
2. The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g
do n o t o c c u r a s
single and
language.
vo
i s usually r e a l i s e d with l a b i o
sa
and
syllabic
occur only
in
The s e r i e s of v o w e l s i n c l u d e s
short
ii,
'short'
and ' l o n g ' uu. These p a i r s o f v o w e l s o c c u r i n Marathi w o r d s , and t h e characters representing the 'short' and t h e ' l o n g ' vowels are w r i t t e n This d i s t i n c t i o n between transcription often
a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n r u l e s o f orthography-'-.
of the c h a r a c t e r s , t h o u g h i n modern M a r a t h i s p e e c h t h e r e i s
l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of words w r i t t e n w i t h t h e characters representing the The term ' m o d i f i e r ' 'short' or the 'long' vowels. Fully
only in a systematic
untranscribed.
C H A P T E R CHARACTERS OP THE
2 SYLLABARY
Marathi, chapter
section:
the the
c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h a t s e c t i o n a s 'Bombay' forms a r e u s e d i n Marathi p r i n t i n g and w r i t i n g i n s t e a d of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g H i n d i f o r m s . differences of l i n e and form may b e s e e n by comparing t h e Other
characters The
The method of w r i t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s i s
i n g e n e r a l t h e same a s calli
Sanskrit
s h o u l d b e made t o
t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g g r o u p s o f c h a r a c t e r s i n t h a t section."'"
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 1. Consonant Characters. are arranged in three groups: a n d 'uusm' c h a r a c t e r s . ! are r e a l i s e d as
95
'vorgiiy'
characters
As t h e y a r e syllables
f o l l o w e d by t h e The r e a l i s a t i o n
i s , as the conson
only,
(viram)
thus,
cR , k - ,
V
cT , t \
w i t h t h i s s t r o k e a r e d e s c r i b e d b y M a r a t h i grammarians a s ' h o l o n t ' , as i n S a n s k r i t , b u t i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f w r i t i n g i n Marathi the w r i t i n g o f t h i s s t r o k e i s c a l l e d 'breaking the f o o t ' ) , as 05*1% (longocjem, THT ftS'^t
T
schools
and a c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h i s 'lame').
characters
i n r e a d i n g Marathi in Sanskrit. to
of these characters
The f o l l o w i n g n o t e s may be r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l
guiding principles
are d i s c u s s e d
a. A f i n a l
i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d with loanwords.
zero-
characters3, or a f i n a l
MARATHI
SECTION
1
representing a nasal
consonant,
A m e d i a l kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r w i t h an - g l i d e ,
in c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s ; a s , for
i n s t a n c e , when s u c h or
a c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r of a word of t h r e e more c h a r a c t e r s
2
and t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s w r i t t e n w i t h one of
vowel s i g n s .
characters
are d i s c u s s e d i n
c h a r a c t e r of a or w i t h an or b e g i n signs.
i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel, t h e a d d i t i o n of s u f f i x e s
c o n s i s t i n g of,
ning w i t h ,
In t h e t r a n s c r i p f i o n
or w i t h an - g l i d e ,
way a r e w r i t t e n t h u s , k ' ,
Reference
t o t h e s e n o t e s s h o u l d b e made when r e a d i n g t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n w i t h the characters throughout t h i s chapter. occur as i n i t i a l syllable characters C h a r a c t e r s w h i c h do n o t the
a r e i n d i c a t e d by a hyphen p r e f i x e d t o
i n t h e roman
transcription.
3
i.
C h a r a c t e r s of t h e v o r g i i y The f i r s t
group. of twentyfive
group o f c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s c o n s i s t s
1. See b e l o w , 2 . i i . 3 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , l . i .
97
ko-vorg
35
k c(tsa)
7?
kh go ch ja(za)
XT
gha
co-verg jha(zha)
-jia
Jo-verg
z
t
9
z
th a; th d
z,
aha dha
na
to-vorg t
po-vorg
P
r
ph and ba bha
ma
The c h a r a c t e r s t h e y are w r i t t e n ,
v T do n o t 3"
in reading
i n two w a y s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e word i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r , and t h e vowels w i t h which t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d when w r i t t e n w i t h one of vowel a. signs. ^ as co , ^T as 3 ja , and as the
The p a l a t a l r e a l i s a t i o n ,
and a l w a y s , ii or ay.
1^s ,
za , and ff characters
98
MARATHI
SECTION
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o r d s , and e v e n may v a r y from t i m e t o t i m e w i t h changing conventions of speech. No c o m p r e h e n s i v e r u l e c a n be g i v e n f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e s e t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s , h o w e v e r , and i n t h e r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s t h e p a l a t a l r e a l i s a t i o n s h o u l d b e made u n l e s s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e a l v e o l a r isation i s given. The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e t h e v a r y i n g r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar consonant c h a r a c t e r s a. in certain contexts: real
dham'ka !;
b.
<f a d d e d , r e a l i s e d a s = ^
it6oc|hete1}S , b a s e w i t h r e a l i s e d as
p
, and e m p h a t i c p a r t i c l e , W
1is6^h ' t e ^ s .
99
zero-vowel.
eRSfi
VsTfT
*vjTCcr
*3mS
zero-vowel,
T3wz
^ o f i ^
erqsFie
wjj?iz
*^5R^T
k w ^ z
*ZhW*iZ
'^qsRrT
*^^rcRrT
*fTeFR
ii.
w r i t t e n i n t h e Hindi s t y l e .
The M a r a t h i c h a r a c t e r s
are:
yo When t h e c h a r a c t e r s
ro and cf
lo
vo or m e d i a l l y consonants.
occur i n i t i a l l y ,
t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d as
c h a r a c t e r s are r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l ,
ed as s e m i - v o w e l s , f o r m i n g a d i p h t h o n g w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e syllable. Examples:
yevon 1. See S a n s k r i t ,
vor Ch.2,l.ii.
bhoy
lov
lov'kor
MARATHI
SECTION
i s t h e o n l y c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s group w h i c h
Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h
zero-vowel.
^5 <q?
3.
or vsz m as ^TcT
*xRcT
*rc ^ cPR
*^T<?T*
c*5*T
*^5r zero-vowel. T^rf
*c(^T
Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h
5T5c^ cFTO
<
^T
tT65H
ofTST
WT
*tt^
3 ^
*^s?f^
35R^5
in f i v e character words, r e a l i s e d
z e r o - v o w e l or w i t h an o - g l i d e ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h vowel.
^oToRT TfftZV]
iii.
ZlVtt *W?QZ
2
^3"cT
w r i t t e n in the Hindi s t y l e .
The Marathi c h a r a c t e r s
are:
51
Jo
^
so
*T
so
f
ho
The c h a r a c t e r "Gf
o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and when i s o f t e n r e a l i s e d as . Jo ,
i s usually r e a l i s e d with
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 3 0 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i i i .
CHARACTERS
O F T H E SYLLABARY
IC
Reading e x a m p l e s 1.
None of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
o f t h i s g r o u p o c c u r s a s a word. characters o .
$R W
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l
r e a l i s e d with
zero-vowel,
5**
^e:
^TH
W
characters r e a l i s e d with
^
zero-vowel.
3 . Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l
sro*r
TO^
wm
*rc*r
*H^r
^F^rer
*^nr
character words.
h. Four and f i v e
Second c h a r a c t e r s ,
or c h a r a c t e r s or w i t h
r e a l i s e d with
fR*T
3TcT"qe
%*mz
*iw>m;zp
The l a s t c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r
i n t h e Marathi s y l l a b a r y
is 2
lateral character
* WOFOS
consonant with
^ 5 5 ^
oToStr
CJAFOS
tJoSH
*xT55cl55
^o5gR3"
**R\3TcT55 (2)
SfJoSlToSrT t2) * ^ o o ^ *
The two c h a r a c t e r s
$T and ^"
a r e o f t e n added a f t e r
55
in the con
Marathi s y l l a b a r y , b u t t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s , s i s t i n g of two c o n s e c u t i v e
c o n s o n a n t s w i t h t h e vowel and a r e d i s c u s s e d
102
M A R A T H I
S E C T I O N
1
from
rr , 1
and
i n the vernomala.
i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the S a n s k r i t are: u uu e y
section.
The Marathi v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s a i ^? ii
v Sanskrit characters
The c h a r a c t e r
, syllabic
r , o c c u r s o n l y i n a few The v o w e l
I n a l l r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s which f o l l o w ,
which o c c u r i n words h a v i n g vowel c h a r a c t e r s or v o w e l s i g n s be r e a l i s e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l r u l e s a l r e a d y g i v e n , s p e c i a l n o t e s are Reading examples-'. 1 . Vowel c h a r a c t e r s o n l y . $fl T J 3Tt 3TT^ added.
unless
2 . Vowel c h a r a c t e r s w i t h kar c o n s o n a n t
6T f$
characters.
%fi sffe affe
* 5 TF
"fc
3Tto5
<3tW
W*T
*^5r^r
35?r
^osi
sfcrsr
aftos^-
1.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY ii. Vowel S i g n s . Vowel s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e a c h v o w e l c h a r a c t e r , are added t o t h e okar form of c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l vowels a to ov . except
103
to represent
The v o w e l s i g n s
sonant c h a r a c t e r
vowel s i g n s , and s p e c i a l
sectionl.
ka
ki
kii
ku
kuu
kr
ke
key
ko
kev of^TT,
In t h e t e a c h i n g of w r i t i n g i n s c h o o l s ,
\3TT and <2rft , and of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v o w e l s i g n s , a s i n and o^* , i s r e f e r r e d t o a s obi HI r e f e r r i n g to the upright s t r o k e (kana).
oRT ,
e r e f e r r e d t o as ^ are r e f e r r e d (d^avii to
The s i g n s of t h e v o w e l s ft>
and
being
^ T ^ t %c7ft"
velanJii,
and t h e s i g n i n
b e i n g ^vSTcft" %"c^t1*
(khuun_, p l u r a l
In some modern Marathi p u b l i c a t i o n s new forms o f some of t h e vowel c h a r a c t e r s a r e b e i n g u s e d , w i t h the c h a r a c t e r \3? , thus: f o r m e d b y w r i t i n g t h e vowel signs
%
i
3fr
ii
<f
u
3j;
uu
<3J
r
$
e
&
oy
1.
See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.2,2. i i .
Calligraphy.
MARATHI
SECTION
One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
W ^
oBTq
ft
%
**fN"
*fr
TIT
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
W
^t*T
fe
^noT ^>"^T ^"cT sft^
^fa
^
^
3fa UTrft %|
tc^
sfj
%rT
^ JJ?>
3 ^
^ ^
ofsfoT
f$T5J
4nrf
spg
*#^T
3TfooT
*n3> 3.
^fcpfi
=ft^5T m i
%5>
t^s"
^\
*^tmt
-rt\S[
f^sFn^
%TPn~
f^r^flr
okar c h a r a c t e r s in various
i n words w h i c h have
2
a. When a m e d i a l o k a r c h a r a c t e r , a final
in a three c h a r a c t e r word, it
c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowel s i g n , or w i t h an o - g l i d e , and
zero-vowel,
diphthongs
w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r s , ORl^Toft ar/khii 5T*lit Jeg'^ii >$T"*ft rej'mii *TT5F>tr bhak'rii IpSTT mul'ga ^oR^T chok'd^a ofJTW kay'da 3TcRT o^h'ra
chapter.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
ic
The r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n words of f o u r or more c h a r a c t e r s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w . r e a l i s a t i o n v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n i n e a c h word of c h a r a c t e r s w i t h v o w e l s i g n s , and a k n o w l e d g e of t h e l a n g u a g e t h e o n l y r e l i a b l e g u i d e t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of s u c h w o r d s . Second c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , ttrTcF^iJet'korii m^Tr^ bhan'god^ %c^^t^T vel'dod^a or w i t h an o - g l i d e : m w saa^'pataT, or w i t h an a - g l i d e : The the is
Third c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l ,
rrrwf^r
tabed/tob
*rfa<5c^r
mobad'la
*rrg^?fr
bhatuk'lii or w i t h an o - g l i d e :
Other c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l ,
ttf^Fs^rr
palikad/tsa
-qw^nfr
por'van'gii
^T^TT^R
sem'zuut'dar
When a s u f f i x c o n s i s t i n g o f ,
or b e g i n n i n g w i t h , a c h a r a c t e r with
as in t h e s e
has
basat
bas-to
va\
va^ot
va^-tat
When such s u f f i x e s
c h a r a c t e r s of which t h e f i n a l
semoz
sam*za
sam'zat
samaz-to
samaz-til
106
M A R A T H I
S E C T I O N
second, f^-EToScT
okar:
f ^ ^ c ^ T vir'gholuun
vir'ghel.ot
1. R e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a s i n n o t e a.
above.
^^NFTtfT.
^fe^vST
^HcTT oRT^fr
'$ 5 % *^3Ta^
>3WIT
ftf^^UT
W & h ^3TR
*g5R?ITxr
^qr^r
2.
^w^xcfc
fia^^rr
^ffe-snajoR
^ i ^ w
above, ^ 6 # $ 5
f%^T
fll^npt
ft^&OT
\3T^^To5rf
^TSWoScTTrT
of t h e c o - v e r g w i t h v o w e l \xT and
signs. as i real
, are always r e a l i s e d of
c o n s o n a n t s when t h e y a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e v o w e l s i g n s , or w i t h any v o w e l s i g n i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s .
They a r e
i s e d more f r e q u e n t l y
a s a l v e o l a r c o n s o n a n t s when w r i t t e n w i t h
other or
e , the a l v e o l a r to
pal
a t a l consonants
in various contexts
examples of
in
l.i.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
10
cikot
ciid^
bhacii
jii
bhajii
majhii
3txT
vac on niic colon ceyn ceha car cehera cuup
kocora
jen
me j a
ujeq
juva
jeven_
jhela
c. A l v e o l a r r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s , s i g n e x c e p t t h o s e of i , ii or ey :
o k a r , or w i t h any vowel
^>ft
tsot'nii
KJ
WR tsar
,
%J
W*TWT tsom'tsa
Kf %J
^
tsuuk titse
KJ
dfft
tsor
<J <J
^cfi
tsevk
fa I
^ft
ZQT[
^r^t
vezon
"OT^r
semez zhad^ zaga
.
"bazuu mazhe zhucjuup
^rte
vazel
%r
zor zhop
zhofken^
The emphatic p a r t i c l e
tT , w r i t t e n a s t h e f i n a l
r e a l i s e d r e s p e c t i v e l y as ^ and 3 ('short'
ciiz
The vowel c h a r a c t e r s
vowels)
and j
r u l e s i n c l u d e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e o r t h o g r a p h y of t h e m o d i f i e r known a s
108
MARATHI
have b e e n
discussed.
Both t h e m o d i f i e r s
writing realisation
1.
p l a c e d above a c h a r a c t e r ,
<3T
or rj
m
am iar crj
t
im iirrj
3
ur ij
T
er rj or rj
5R
karrj
SET
kiirj
#
kiirrj
f
kurrj kerrj korrj
s i d e of a s u p e r s c r i b e d
i n w r i t i n g c h a r a c t e r s w i t h vowel in the
and t h e o n u s v a r i s section.
g i v e n i n t h e n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y
follows: of a v o w e l , are
a mark i n d i c a t i n g n a s a l i s a t i o n
not n a s a l i s e d is disregarded
is s t i l l
meaning
originally Characters
1. See b e l o w .
3. i .
2.
See S a n s k r i t , C h , 2 . 3 . i .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY w r i t t e n with the onusvar a r e , however, s t i l l i s a t i o n of t h e v o w e l i n Konkani s p e e c h l . i l l u s t r a t e some of t h e c o n t e x t s hut n o t r e a l i s e d i n r e a d i n g . Words:
"SBTiff
109
The f o l l o w i n g
i n which t h e a n u s v a r i s
#5T
dat gohuu pots
tuu P a i r s of w o r d s :
to
kii
kahii
TO
TO
2 nav^ Grammatical f o r m s : he
^Tctt wfa g^T^f
nav^
pats^
pats5
#
tii bas-to
*l^t#
bol-te
^ ^ f f
kor-uu
^r^r
ye-ta
baget
mulane
mulanii character
mulajii i s never
ghorii realised,
An onusvar p l a c e d on a f i n a l
collo-
. onusvar
In many w o r d s , i n c l u d i n g m o s t S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , t h e w r i t t e n on a c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g one of t h e v o r g i i y
characters
character, spoken
1. The v a r i e t y of Marathi s p e e c h known a s 'Konkani s t a n d a r d ' i s on t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p s o u t h o f Bombay, t h e Konkan (korrjkori). 2. 'boat'. 3 . 'name'. U. ' e m e r a l d ' . 5. ' f i v e ' . 6. See b e l o w , Marathi r u l e s o f o r t h o g r a p h y . 7. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . n o t e b .
no
MARATHI
SECTION
1
the f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an - g l i d e .
This
realis
a t i o n o f t h e nusvar i s i l l u s t r a t e d hy t h e f o l l o w i n g
examples:
t*r
rang
^
unts
vsMtr
njiir
zz
unj;
f*m
bhint
flttft
Jimpii
^
themb
As i n S a n s k r i t ,
t h e r e i s . an a l t e r n a t i v e method o f
representing T h i s method i s p .
i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
i s w r i t t e n on t h e c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g t h e s u f f i x . i s r e a l i s e d as n before
t h e v a r i o u s forms o f t h e s u f f i x the s u f f i x e s
7*?HT
and o f t e n r e a l i s e d b e f o r e
"ft
and
"$?T e . g .
r*TRT
tyan-1^sa^ c.
c*?Hfr
rm^f
tyan-nii
mtff
tyan-Jii
tyan-cii
tyan-na
it is realised
sayyog sollogh
5
r e a l i s e d as v . sivh
mavs
See b e l o w , C h . 3 , 2 . 2 . ibid., 3.Class i i . 3 . The f i r s t c h a r a c t e r i n t h e s e w o r d s i s <T combined w i t h Z" . S e e Ch. 3 * 3 * CI. 3 . J 2+. S e e S a n s k r i t ,Ch. 2 , 3 . i . n o t e c . 5 . The l a s t c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s word i s " T combined w i t h ^ . See Ch. 3 , 3 . CI. 2 . i i i . * 6 . The c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s 3 5 combined w i t h ^ . S e e C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 4 . i . b .
N s
u is in-
s e r t e d b e t w e e n t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e o n u s v a r and a f o l l o w i n g o n t o s t h or uusm c h a r a c t e r , f o r m i n g a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r w i t h i t ; e.g. d. Ho^R > sovhar , Rjo^ , sivh , ^o^gJTJr , sevrokson, .
^T?fr
ii.
, oyjii.
It is
rarely
used in w r i t i n g Marathi.
i s sometimes w r i t t e n w i t h e x c l a m a t i o n s ,
f o l l o w e d by the vowel
2
a , as in these .
f c ^ Qij^T:
, vi/es'toha
When the v i s o r g o c c u r s m e d i a l l y i n a w o r d , i t i s r e a l i s e d e i t h e r a s the d o u b l i n g o f t h e c o n s o n a n t o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w h i c h f o l l o w s i t , or as a s p i r a t i o n a f t e r t h e v o w e l o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h which i t i s written; e.g. c^:^ dukkh, \3TcT:^F5T^T > antohkorer; . i t usually represents
When the v i s o r g i s w r i t t e n a f t e r e x c l a m a t i o n s ,
1.
I I 2
SECTION
the
1
section,
The t a b l e i n w h i c h t h e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s
and t h e m o d i f i e r s added t o t h e c h a r a c t e r
\3Ff , a r e p l a c e d a t
head of a s e r i e s of c o l u m n s c o n s i s t i n g o f e v e r y c o n s o n a n t
character
TRl rCl
>
barakhoc^ii, t h e
'twelve learn
T h i s t a b l e i s o f t e n r e c i t e d i n s c h o o l s by c h i l d r e n
same a s t h e o r d e r i n S a n s k r i t , to characters with the onusvar. ed by t h e f o l l o w i n g Sanskrit: a Marathi: 5. a ai ai series: arrjyo ak arrjj" arrjk
arrjh akh
ak
arrjkh . . .
Numerals. the
system.^
1.
See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , i + .
2 . ibid. , 5 .
3. ibid. , 6 .
113
vowels)
and
, diirgh
vowels) ;
trad
i n modern Marathi w r i t i n g ,
orthography,
recommended by t h e M a h a r a s h t r a L i t e r a t u r e ?[ , and
R u l e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e w r i t i n g of The ' l o n g ' vowel c h a r a c t e r s position; ^Tla e.g. Hlool ^frf^T such a s The v o w e l s of t h e ing ' f i n a l '
^o^lcM
and v o w e l s i g n s a r e w r i t t e n i n a f i n a l
baii
bhauu
W\> t s a k u u
Exceptions:
loanwords,
oftfcj k a v i
'crude form'
of nouns f o l l o w the
this rule
regard e.g.
characters before
a d d i t i o n of s u f f i x e s ;
mulii-la
ohoH-^l
kavii-tsa 'short'
^J'^f
guruu-ne tula
v o w e l s : fclcrtl t i l a , "^c^ST
1. 2.
corresponding with
the
ii4
M A R A T H I
S E C T I O N
loan
when t h e y o c c u r w i t h as in conjunct
ekar consonant c h a r a c t e r ,
, unts as i n
; o r when t h e y o c c u r b e f o r e a f i n a l , citr ,
2
monusy^. The S a n s k r i t
other p o s i t i o n s ,
an okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r ,
1*<ft
kitii
firs*
tik'd'e
gsRsr
tuk'^a vihiir
E x c e p t i o n s : Some S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , e . g. TJ^J , p u u j a , "vftfff ii. a. Rules c o n c e r n i n g t h e onusvar w r i t t e n i n grammatical All neuter forms, s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l , e n d i n g - i n Tf forms.5 ,
| or
a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e o n u s v a r on t h e s e f i n a l v o w e l s ;
e.g.
he
tii sftif
lug'a^ii ^rf
ker'cjuu
bhanj^e W% yave
mo^he Exceptions:
thoc|ii
poc[*te
U
kelii
c*|uf| , l o n i i
and H I D
, panii
gehuu , i s m a s c u l i n e
o , i n informal speech.
of s p o k e n form i s o f t e n r e p r e s e n t e d by w r i t i n g t h e o n u s v a r
1. L.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY as, for instance, i n t h e d i a l o g u e o f n o v e l s o r dramas; e . g . ltf zhale b. zhalo bhancje *Ttt bhan^o 5ft bore 5R baro
in the
i n the p l u r a l ,
ghora-t
bage-t
kholii-t
man/sa-huun
mula-nii form'
r e p r e s e n t i n g the 'crude
Tiff
the a d d i t i o n of t h e s u f f i x suffixes .
2
i s always
realised
n , and o f t e n b e f o r e o t h e r
representing and
certain
\3^T ; and on t h e 5 , * ^
a n d
c h a r a c t e r of p a r t i c l e s
ending in
vT , 3T
>
TRf
p u d h e , ^c"
< | *T
khalii
v3fl"cft
ta .
Exception: Suffixes of
and p a r t i c l e s
ending
i n a c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e vowel
sign
o . When the f i n a l
t h e s e forms o c c u r i n t h e d i a l o g u e
, pucjhe
Xi5
, pua"he ,
IfRf
f^cfi^T
The mark of n a s a l i s a t i o n i s p a r t o f t h e s u f f i x , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s the word OTTrT , S t . The i n i t i a l v o w e l o f t h i s word c o a l e s c e s w i t h the vowel of t h e crude form o f t h e noun t o w h i c h i t i s added a s a suffix. 2 . See a b o v e , 3 . M o d i f i e r s , i . b .
n6 d.
MARATHI
elf - t o
-te
^ -ii \3Tf^"
a h
-e
e
-lo .
a n d
^5" - l e
Tl^f > ^
a
nahii
eff , t a
off nahii
3 r d . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l :
n a h i i and
""(CTh n a h i i t variable
cTT t
e.
ta
clMI >
tana
, "T O
, uu , and
(sometimes
w r i t t e n in d i a l o g u e as
and r e a l i s e d a s
The o n u s v a r i s w r i t t e n on c e r t a i n forms o f t h e p e r s o n a l when t h e y s t a n d i n t h e same g r a m m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p words a s nouns and p r o n o u n s w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e and ofitofi, ^ff . e.g. kon.il . iff , mii s33""X"st , a m h i i
1
pronouns, other
to
suffixes , tumhii ,
1
cj^lft
1.
The c h a r a c t e r
represents
mho
117
o f s t a n d a r d o r t h o g r a p h y recommend
S o c i e t y are mainly concerned with are stated i n the Society's ( J u d d h o l e k h o n a t s e nove niyom) of the
The r u l e s f^flJIT
i s , not speech,
i n modern Marathi
i t should not be w r i t t e n , u n l e s s
i t i s c o n s i d e r e d important t o i t i s t h e o n l y means o f
show t h e e t y m o l o g y o f t h e w o r d , o r u n l e s s
on
i i . c . should be omitted, e . g .
go3T%
mulane
g^T^fr
mulanii
Wfc^
khalii
*TFT
mage
OTT TCT
ata colloquial
> nahii
, should person,
form r e f e r s t o t h e f i r s t
and t h e o n u s v a r
d.
c h a r a c t e r o f t h e wo.rd
C H A P T E R CONJUNCT
CHARACTERS
(soyyuktaksor) of
(zoa^aksor)
in the teaching of
characters
is described
s e c t i o n ^ , but the s t y l e
section
chapter in
the
C o n t e x t s of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s i.
o c c u r i n Marathi i n t h e s e
contexts: or
I n Marathi w o r d s , t h a t
from t h e modern l a n g u a g e s ;
djiobbuu
ghod.yaT,
vhava
ii.
or
pustok
potr 2.
1.
3.
See S a n s k r i t ,
See Sanskrit,
Ch.3l
Ch.3/3
119
s-fejen
2. R e a l i s a t i o n of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s i n M a r a t h i . Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d i n r e a d i n g a s s y l l a b l e s consist
usually
as i n " ^ T T T
zerospell
i n words g i v e s r i s e t o a p r o b l e m of
c h a r a c t e r of t h e b a s e i s u s u a l l y of the c o n s e c u t i v e
This r e a l i s a t i o n
characters
i s s i m i l a r to the r e a l i s a t i o n of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r .
c h a r a c t e r , and the s e c o n d p a r t b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t
Sanskrit
1. This g l i d e i s not r e p r e s e n t e d i n t r a n s c r i b i n g words t o w h i c h this rule applies. 2. See Ch.2,1. n o t e s a. and b . 3. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.3,3-
120
MARATHI
SECTION
Two s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r s
Most of t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s The c h a r a c t e r
representing r
representing
preceding another
A c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g an a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t i s n o t w r i t t e n as t h e f i r s t
usually but
a r e
-mmo
represented
^WfcT or ^f-CTff^
semmoti but
TRcT
gemmot
or
sonnidhi but
^
nn
o r d i n a r y s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t
^F^TT
anna
^T^Pf
an^-ne-^
fo^T
killa
%Sc^T
bol-la^
STTTT
cjsgga
SfTWft
ag'gadii^
12
iff
^1
S J ^ v T
f%FR ^XXM
T^fr
3Sf
^nnujor
ft
"TTTT
f l f f
3?3TFT
^ T o ^ T
T|T
W W
5 ^
t | ^ T
Class 2 . Two v s r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s
joined. i n t h i s c l a s s which o c c u r
2
section .
The c h a r a c t e r s of
this
-gdo
-dg
-gdh
-dgh
FT
-tpo ii. -pto
-aba -bd
- b j
Most of the c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n u n d e r i i . a .
in the Sanskrit
section conson
3
occur i n l i t e r a r y M a r a t h i , r e p r e s e n t i n g homorganic n a s a l
a n t s ; but t h e method of r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e s e c o n s o n a n t s by w r i t i n g the onusvar on t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s more o f t e n U s e d . The word ^^T^cf, d e h a n t , 'death', a learned Sanskrit loanword, it
Among the c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n under only JJ , jno , and J" , -tn occur i n Marathi. |T
122 calligraphically
MARATHI
a conjunct character,
jj a r e u s u a l l y j
loanwords:
^
-ghno -tmo -dma
V
-pno in Sanskrit
iv.
, -nmo
consecutive ordinary
t h e f i r s t b e i n g o k a r , are r e a l i s e d i n characters:
s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t
Jok-tii o Reading e x a m p l e s ^
Jokti
gupt
kap-to
/obd
ub'dar
C l a s s 3 C h a r a c t e r s i. Characters
characters.
j o i n e d w i t h f o l l o w i n g TJf . Sanskrit ex
The s e r i e s of c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s c l a s s i s g i v e n i n t h e
t h o u g h some o c c u r
only in S a n s k r i t loanwords.
Many of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r i n Marathi
1 . Verbal f o r m s . 3 . See S a n s k r i t ,
2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of e x a m p l e s , s e e Ch.3,3.CI.3.i.
p.131.
123
joined with
olfoT)
, 'Dank' and
YTSFZT
^ZTT^T
^ f t s ^
Ri#mi
tfts^TFf^TToZjTH
6TVZTT-cr oZTT^TPT
tuijTc^T STq"^
T^ZT
TJ^f *f^*T
ii. Characters j o i n e d w i t h f o l l o w i n g
of . in t h i s s e r i e s , g i v e n in
, o c c u r in M a r a t h i , most o f w h i c h o c c u r i n l o a n
words. The c h a r a c t e r s which o c c u r i n M a r a t h i w o r d s , and i n some l o a n words i n common u s e , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d Marathi words a r e w r i t t e n w i t h The r e a l i s a t i o n o f a f i n a l i n t h e examples g i v e n below. .
o^" , S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s w i t h
o k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i n some words
qi<fy\
, vala
, o r qT"T
, var ,
i l l u s t r a t e s the r e a l i s a t i o n of c o n s e c u t i v e consonant when t h e f i r s t For example: pokvann cjak'vala dhvoni i s o k a r , in t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t
characters, characters.
budh'var
1.
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
see
p.131.
2.
See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 3 . i i .
MARATHI
SECTION
^f^cT
3qTft
^TTc^T
^r*q~r^r
^RcT:
iii. a.
Characters
or w i t h f o l l o w i n g "J "f
in this
s e c t i o n2
a r e formed "by p l a c i n g t h e s t r o k e 1[ i s t o be
consonants.
The p l a c e o f
signs, These
and i n loan
words from o t h e r l a n g u a g e s .
The c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h o c c u r i n Marathi
similar
character:
korta
kor-ta^
orpon^
sor'pen^
tark
par'kar
1.
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
see
p.131.
2 . See S a n s k r i t , 3 . Verbal f o r m .
Ch.3.3. , Class
3iii.a.
125
T h i s f o r m of reph i s
^T i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , "but i t -
The f o l l o w i n g ]T :
torha
korhacja
girhaiik
rhosv^ to
The w r i t i n g of reph i n t h i s form w i t h Marathi words i n which t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f grammatical p r o c e s s e s . superscribed reph. e.g.
from the
Other w o r d s a r e u s u a l l y w r i t t e n w i t h
suurya-^"
dus'ra
> when c h a n g e d t o t h e
or p a r t i c l e s ,
i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e i n t h e w r i t i n g of -34MI$)
4
acarii^
Wr
*$Jji
&F$t*
c#rJ
-mi
srsftc-r
v$
orSc^
mffidb
^r^rf
rfr tp?
<sp?w
rih" ^
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i i i . a . 2. Sanskrit ' h r e s v e ' . 3. S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d . U. ' c r u d e f o r m ' . 5 . ' s p i r i t u a l p r e c e p t o r ' . 6. 'Brahman c o o k ' . 7 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 3 ' 1 .
126 b.
SECTION
of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s these characters
section .
Only a f e w o f
, Jra
The r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w i l l u s t r a t e
charact
5R*r .
^r^T
3TTO^
^T^T
f^T
iv.
a
or w i t h f o l l o w i n g
in the Sanskrit s e c t i o n ^ .
t h i s group u s e d i n S a n s k r i t a r e g i v e n i n
the the
c h a r a c t e r s which occur i n
charact-.
conjunct %Tc*T
ghal-ne5
bas-la5
ghet-la5 of
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS Reading e x a m p l e s
x
127
mmc^TOT
ohlcl
^"c^f
c^Tofr
cW
C l a s s U.
j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g
uusm
i. a.
joined with
or
^j" .
preceding a v o r g i i y of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s
2
The f u l l
given i n . t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n .
T h o s e w h i c n o c c u r i n Marathi
i l l u s t r a t e d in the examples g i v e n b e l o w .
Most of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and t h e c h a r a c t e r "^"l o c c u r s i n E n g l i s h words. The f o l l o w i n g examples u t i v e consonant c h a r a c t e r s , same way as c o n j u n c t illustrate the f i r s t M a r a t h i words i n w h i c h b e i n g okar, are r e a l i s e d
consec in the
characters:
128
M A R A T H I
S E C T I O N
b.
or ^
following a vorgiiy
character. Sanskrit
The c h a r a c t e r
jj , k s o , JT
^ .
<ft8pT
tfftij
cFTT
<3fcFSTrar$t
ii. a.
characters,
brahman^ .
"C^"
, -nho ,
, -mh , o c c u r
*^TcTHT
1. 2. 3. U. 6.
above.
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS
Marathi p r o s e passage
1
i<
2
Vf&
^f?T^5R
iRcSf
^flcITcT.
JlfittS
fcT^HT^
. W ^ T 3ff
i%cR' ff
%of ^ r q fofcerT ^ ^ i ^ q i
t&zft
*rf|$ ^q=n
^ R M x I
n%.gyf
sif?
^ ^ w i t q i ^ T ftr^T^fRT^ri^
srrl.qT *rtff
STITT^
^ r o f -spfrjcft
T
^ r ^ f t c^fe^r
7 ^ 1 % ^ 7
^t^T v3Trf^t
-^fq-jfa-
SFf
^ T f ^
tfte "g^i
^^mcft ^ T I J ^ I ^ I K ^ I ^^rr.^uiji^^ ^ c T T w s q M ^ o s
sfr
1. M a r a t h i V a c h a n m a l a , B k . k , p . 1 5 , b y V a s a n t Keshav B h i k a j i D h a v a l e , G i r g a u m , Bombay.
Ramchandra
Nerurkar,
pub.
MARATHI
SECTION
T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f R e a d i n g Examples Chapter 2 . l.i. jog chot modot dhemok khe-t ' p o t phej; ' k e n l.ii. kr dhr bdl tlph lv'kr psl'ton. l.iii. phonos Jehor her'kot henve^ chel. pe^es 2.i. <l nun seii aper^ 2.ii. thiik kay cjoTa baii
9
tso
Is
dhe thg bht kht l^sokh pod, zer^ {hensk zspst thb'kt kets'kef dhsm zht phbt zhegec"_ khen/ke-|; z h o t *kn
peked^ khecjek
gho^ok tsoo^han.
dhsm'k"!; tsem'ket
gsd^'b^ "tjsts'k^
v jsl kl vr lth
l
vy tsor
ghsr ol
dhrr dhekol
vecon gerez
her J*er
peser besev
hey'gey ser'seko");
phel, khe], sere^ zevel, tsej/voT; beT/ket mez'zeve^ a eyt menu eyvez kha ath iiq. zeii ud^et hii to jhiil nav krpa rsi iid uus neuu eyrer; ne pey an uuth iter se^eii dhuu
bhii
dos drcjh b e y l hit duudh khecjuu Jev b e h u n e y e berii chatii bhiiti guru tsevda yeii rtu eyke oTii
TRANSCRIPTION
13
maydan rumal "[he v l In jevuun kavtuk nokar becjuuk gariiud. ka"|;hor jiivan zamiin deim^ patois laa"haii t a r a z m i 1^Bui"|;ii vagayre -^savpajii pahije mara-|;b.ii "; ilcaxi-uL J bayragii bhikarii itar ek aykila utar uufh gheiin aii dhuuun p. 106. k h i d / k i i kor'cja diis'ra kap'c^e ik'cje tek'cjii kun/bii ^savk'/ii koy'ta guc]/ghe av'gha par'dhii ev'cjha bat'mii tar'buuz ker'sunii phavz'dar .fik'vari ub'dar mik'tats khabar'dar phasav'rjuuk hat'us'na soqav'nuuk lahan'pana kal_at ghasar bighad^ ka^-to pas'ra pasar-tat sar'kuun sarak-tiil g h a s ' r u u n g h a s ' r i i l ghasar~.fi i l a^h'Tuun a"|;hav-tiil bigh'cjuun bighad^lela ad/kha^at ad/kha^-tat
Chapter 3 C l a s s 1. phikka akkal sakkhii cjagga kat^sa gaccii iccha lajja ha"j;tii l a " t t t t khacj^a J"a:nr|av p a t t a u t t h a n r a d d i i biiddhi ann chappann l a p p h a d^habbuu h i y y a k i r r h a l l i i s a v v a i / / h i s s a
n 9 c i n i l
Class 2. yukti Jabd lagn Class vaky rajy gaqya pothya dhohyane karavyas hyala Class camatkar sadgui| gupt satphal atma padma upodghat mugdh samapt udbhav ratn jnan sa^kon. utpann -udbodhak phakt janm varjmay
agya petya
arjyatse nyahal/ne
kvacit gvahii ucchvas jvala vi/vas iijvar svacch svapn dvara sarasvatii tattvajjian mahattv anvay sarv dhvaja Class 3iii-
a. t a r k imiurkh marg d i i r g h khurcii k h u r c y a a r z kor "; garc[ puurr^ kiirti arthat vardal ardha arpar^ uurph barph durbal garbh dharm dharmik dhayry sarv darjan hars nars tarha durlabh kurhac[ puurvii varse sarvat ardhya ryarya b. kram prayatn Jriimant kram priiti sahasr irjgrajii agraha tras abruu prapt namr tryaipqav samudr chidr tiivr citr tamra"";
132
SECTION
Class
valgana C l a s s U.
kalhaii
Ihovii
klas
sle\
i.a. ajcary pajcim puskal, vyavastha stabdh nisphal strii strya spast drs^l Jastr sneha skuul b. vatsal poriiksa suuksm ksarajah ii. tumhii amhii Passage
1
us "; r a s t r Jresth rasta tast krsn. snan sthir rastyane drs"|;ya sthiti ajcary sphuurti s^ejan post tilksr^ ak'smat nhavii ksatriya mhatara vansa unha^a oksaboksii cinh
Marathi P r o s e
p r a t y e k J o h o r a t s e m a h a t t v k a h i i ek v i T i s t g o ^ t i i t a h e . a p ' l y a y a mumboii i l a k h y a t az m u m b o i i , eh'medabad, s o l a p u u r v o g o y r e Johore v y a parasa"{;hii p r o s i d d h ahet. s a t a r a , eh'med'noger, vijapuur vogoyre Johore e y t i h a s i k drs"|;ya m a h a t t v a c i i a h e t . per]cjher'puur, n a / i k v a g a y r e Johore dharmik drs"|;ya J r e s ^ h g e n i l i i z a t a t . pure J o h o r a c i i p r e s i d d h i v i d v a n a n t s e raaher'ghar mhor|Uun v i j e s a h e . karon. ya t h i k a n i i sarv prakar'cya Jiksenacya j i t ' k y a s o y i i a h e t , t i t ' k y a i t e r t h i k a n i i n a h i i t , ani p u u r v i i p e J v y a n c y a v e l i i kay kimva h o l l i c y a irjgrejii r a j ' v a ^ i i t kay m a h a r a s t r a t i i l v i d v a n l o k a n t s e t e ek a v e c f t e s t h a n houun r a h i l e a b e . pure Jahar s a m u d r a p a t i i p a s u u n 1850 phuu"(; u n t s a h e . ya J a h a r a c i i s t h a p a n a don Je v a r s a p u u r v i i Jivajiimaharajani^se guru d a d a j i i k o r ^ a d e v y a n i i k e l i i . m a h a r a j a n t s a vacja ye t h e h o t a ani r a y "gad. g h e i i p a r y a n t t y a n t s e mukhy "[hane puny-asats a s e , maharajancya p a j c a t s a t a r a he Jahar mara^hyancya s a t t e t s e kendr z h a l e . puqyanajiik simhagad. k i l l a , b h a f g h a r y e t h i i l dharan_ va t a l a v a n i l a s k a r a t i i l sundar imar'tii pah'nyasar'khya ahet. p u r ^ y a t i i l Janivar'vad^yazava^ Jrii Jivajiimaharajanl^se smarak mhanuun t y a n t s a ajvaruud^h bhavy p u t a ^ a ubha k e l e l a a h e .
in
GUJARATI
SECTION
C H A P T E R ARRANGEMENT OP THE
1 SYLLABARY
The w r i t i n g s y s t e m of G u j a r a t i
(?L*Y3.lCLl
, gujaratii)
i s "based
a s i n t h e o t h e r modern Devanagari
in the
^ I ^ ^ M X ^ I
' t h a t can be
Each c h a r a c t e r
l
is called
i s c a l l e d ct 5L^-LLCd.L ( v e r n o m a l a ) , grammarians t o r e f e r
The terms u s e d by G u j a r a t i
characters are s i m i l a r t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
o , t h e s e terms a r e u s e d i n t h i s
the difference
section
and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
Sanskrit
Gujarati
fcTTTT:
1. See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.l.
136
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
o r a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by t h e v o w e l The v o w e l
t a b l e s show e a c h c o n s o n a n t w i t h t h i s v o w e l .
r e a l i s e d i n t h i s way w i t h a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , to i n English t e x t s as t h e 'inherent .1 Velar ko kho go gho jho (P-9) yo Jo ho vowel'. 2 Palatal
CO
i s usually
CONSONANTS w i t h Voiceless
3 Retro flex t
9
k Dental to tho do
5 Labial p ph b bh m v^
P l o s i v e s
cho
tho q
1
Voiced
clhe no ro so**
dho no lo so
fo)
I
11
uu
e , z y o , o ^ v Aspirated
Nasal - m or page.
- 5 . S e e n o t e s on f o l l o w i n g
ARRANGEMENT OF T H E SYLLABARY 1. The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t e d b y and f i n a l l y w i t h t h e f l a p p e d 2. The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t e d by cjo and c|he r no are r e a l i s e d and rh
137 medially
consonants no and
i n some w o r d s .
loanwords.
i s usually r e a l i s e d with l a b i o
and s y l l a b i c
occur only
in
c h a r a c t e r , or vowel s i g n , u s u a l l y t r a n s c r i b e d a s o and o
u s u a l l y transcribed as
ii,
'short'
and the c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
vowels
of orthography .
This d i s t i n c t
v o w e l s i s p r e s e r v e d i n t n i s work i n t h o u g h i n modern G u j a r a t i
the t r a n s c r i p t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r s , speech t h e r e i s o f t e n l i t t l e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of the 'short' or t h e
1.
Signs.
C H A P T E R CHARACTERS OP THE
2 SYLLABARY
The G u j a r a t i c h a r a c t e r s a r e a m o d i f i e d form of t h e
Devanagari
c h a r a c t e r s , w i t h some c h a n g e s of l i n e and form w h i c h have come a b o u t through an a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e s c r i p t f o r c u r s i v e w r i t i n g . e r s a r e more rounded t h a n t h o s e of t h e D e v a n a g a r i s c r i p t , have a h e a d - s t r o k e . section will Comparison w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r s in the The c h a r a c t and do n o t Sanskrit
t h o s e of t h e D e v a n a g a r i s c r i p t . characters is in general
t h e method d e s c r i b e d i n t h e
Introduction,
order
characters. the
Consonant
As t h e y a r e syllables
a , and t h e y a r e d e s c r i b e d a s iii.
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , l . i
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY of a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r w i t h o u t ant e l e m e n t of t h e s y l l a b l e written at the f o o t only, this is vowel, that i s , as the
(p(j^LH ( v i r a m ) halont' by
in s c h o o l s ,
**lX^
(khodu,
in reading in
these characters
The f o l l o w i n g n o t e s may be r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s which r e f e r e n c e may be made l a t e r when t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e in d e t a i l . a. A final okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s usually realised with loanwords.^
discussed
zero-
v o w e l , e x c e p t i n a few S a n s k r i t b. A final
characters^,
r a final
o k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d e d by a conson
character written with the onusvar r e p r e s e n t i n g a nasal ant* -, i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h an c. A m e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r with zero-vowel,
4
or w i t h an o - g l i d e ,
c h a r a c t e r of a or w i t h an
Ho e-glide,
GUJARATI
b e f o r e t b e a d d i t i o n of s u f f i x e s
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s
ed w i t h z e r o - v o w e l a r e t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h o u t
according to the f i v e p o s i t i o n s
articulation.
ko-vorg ke
H
khe g
9
ghe
-ne
ce-vorg
];'-verg
H d
CO
>>
che jhe
-jie
6
the
v S
de
ahe
-n.o
te-verg
pe-vorg
d H
te po
H
the
A
is
phe ^ .
be
H (H H
dhe no bhe mo
ii
An o l d e r form o f Q
1.
141
e written thus:
c
36
<D
3
36
$
6
*
S
*L
6
The c h a r a c t e r s
do n o t o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i w o r d s , h u t
they are w r i t t e n , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s , i n some S a n s k r i t loanwords i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e . & are r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y as The c h a r a c t e r s re and r h e and
in certain
d H *4.d
H V d6
*M.vS UvS
H6
#d <dd
CH^L $d
Hl
3 . Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l
<Hfri U6v5
<HHvS
^vSH dHfc
Hfcfc *<.H6
CHYd
U. Four c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h or w i t h an e - g l i d e ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h
zero-'vowel
zero-vowel. H Y ^ t
%VAl
(HdS^t
=M.H$
lySdHd
<HAV
i 2
4
GUJARATI
SECTION )
1
ii.
in t h i s group, as
in
the
same group of S a n s k r i t
characters.
H
ye they occur m e d i a l l y ,
a
le and in p o s i t i o n s
^
re ol
l
ve or m e d i a l l y When characters semi-
When t h e c h a r a c t e r s M.
occur i n i t i a l l y ,
are r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l ,
or f i n a l l y ,
they are r e a l i s e d as
2
v o w e l s , f o r m i n g d i p h t h o n g s w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e p r e c e d i n g e.g. UVt otH W4. #t yejen ven bhey jev Reading examples3 characters o c c u r s as a word. zero-vowel. syllable.
1 . None of t h e o n t e s t h 2.
Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l
*U
*w.
3.
M3.
H a
ik
W
^a
*t
=mm
LH
w . yh
zero-vowel.
&h
w.
^>(rt
CLR.
Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l
characters r e a l i s e d with
Vtt?. a^LQi
ab^l
CNAS
<=OHct
* R
rl^A
m f m
n a n h ^ h ch^l
zero-vowel
zero-vowel.
&ctt
1. 3.
&H(H?l
UvSctt
(dbSSqi
cttrtY
^ftdA
realisat
4 :
U
J"o The c h a r a c t e r X
H
so so
< *
ha
reading.
*U
*16
m.
&L H*l ^
<SH * t d
zero-vowel.
3 . Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l
characters r e a l i s e d with
a^uat
*iu*i U H H ^ I H
characters r e a l i s e d with zerocharacter
U. Pour and f i v e c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l
i n t h e f i v e c h a r a c t e r w o r d , r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l or w i t h an o-glide.
3iHYl
U W d . ?&SZ
^U^d
c&Sd
<dWl
The l a s t c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r
, ~T,o r e a l i s e d a s a r e t r o f l e x l a t e r a l c o n s o n a n t w i t h
2
Reading e x a m p l e s .
#t
m.
m.
owjo
H<<t 3H<a
HR.<=L^I
mste
1.
See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.2,1. i i i .
2.
For
transcription,
see
p.l68.
3 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i i i . V e d i c
character.
144
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
The two c h a r a c t e r s
*Q and
, each r e p r e s e n t i n g
syllables often
c o n s i s t i n g of two c o n s o n a n t s f o l l o w e d b y t h e v o w e l
o , are
i n t h e vori^oand t h e y a r e
do n o t o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i ^ . in the vornomala.
The v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s
usually placed f i r s t
>i
a e, , syllabic i syllabic r The c h a r a c t e r
ii oy okar, akar,
S
u 0,0**
S i
uu ov Sanskrit characters
I n a l l r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s which f o l l o w ,
which o c c u r i n words h a v i n g vowel c h a r a c t e r s or vowel s i g n s s h o u l d b e r e a l i s e d according to the general rules already given, unless n o t e s a r e added. special
1 . See b e l o w , C h . 3 . C l a s s e s 2 . and U. 2 . For t h e u s e o f vowel c h a r a c t e r s and vowel s i g n s , s e e S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i . 3 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i . h. See a b o v e , C h . l . The r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e s e vowel c h a r a c t e r s a s e or e , and a s o or o , i s d i s c u s s e d below under i i . Vowel S i g n s .
145
^It ^
SlH
*>tlU
^Ld
^1*
5>tl6
^6
H@
fcsftV
to
&$$t
e x c e p t 3>-C represent the ,
c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by one of the
The v o w e l s i g n s a r e g i v e n h e r e added t o
character
si &
ka ki
f
ku
^
kuu
4
kr
^
ke,ke
^
key
&
ko,ko kov is in
The o r d e r of s t r o k e s
i n w r i t i n g c h a r a c t e r s w i t h vowel s i g n s
when c e r t a i n of t h e vowel s i g n s a r e
gu b. Special forms:
guu
pu
puu
su
suu
KI
ja
fir <!, ^
ji jii ju juu
^
nu see ru p. 168, ruu
$
dr
3
J*r
$
hr
1 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of e x a m p l e s , 2 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i i .
146
GUJARATI
i n t h e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s and s i g n s ,
e
tl
>
The
vowel s i g n s f o r ^1^1 $
and $
are c a l l e d
(diirgh i i ) ,
(3^ a r e
called vowel
'ekar'
One c h a r a c t e r
words.
Mk
Ufcft oiteT
(L(Hl eflA HL
S^l
^ dlAuCl
and
^al
^.lALHlCL
OX
Svi^d
SplRl
( H l ^ d t A
Realisation of
the vowels
These v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s ,
each
r e p r e s e n t two v o w e l s o f d i f f e r e n t
and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n a r e r e a l i s e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f words e , b u t i n some words a s ponding s i g n are r e a l i s e d 1, 2. e ; the vowel c h a r a c t e r i n t h e m a j o r i t y of words a s and t h e
as
corres in
o , but
147 o
i s d e s c r i b e d by G u j a r a t i grammarians a s
C^jt ( v i v r t , e er
a s 0
'open').
Some
list
, and i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y
noted. i s r e a l i s e d as e :
, or t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n ,
^LH
^61
^
s\-
*s
?IH
&LCL
>-t
^ t*%>Ut
^ 6 o
"l6S
r
\ & *&ct
d^C-lL
i s r e a l i s e d as
corresponding sign,
o :
*HXV16
al6
HIH U&ytl
l. d ^ U sils
n a s a l i s a t i o n known a s t h e a n u s v a r ^ ,
1.
When c h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e s e v o w e l s a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e mark of
n4sl$.l , narmako;, pub. 1 8 7 3 . 2. WUrCl *&vS$tUstfU s a r t h a g u j o r a t i i jodjanii k o / , p u b . l 9 U 9 . The ' o p e n ' r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e s e vowel c h a r a c t e r s and s i g n s i s i n d i c a t e d i n t h i s d i c t i o n a r y by i n v e r t i n g t h e matra. 3 . The words w r i t t e n w i t h a hyphen a r e verbal b a s e s . L. I n t h i s and l a t e r words i n which t h e r e a r e two okar c h a r a c t e r s , i t i s t h e f i r s t w h i c h i s r e a l i s e d w i t h o . 5. S i m i l a r l y a l l words i n w h i c h t h e f i r s t s y l l a b l e i s al , ' f o u r ' . 6. S i m i l a r l y o t h e r words i n w h i c h t h e f i r s t s y l l a b l e i s "Hist > ' l e s s a quarter'. 7 . See b e l o w , u n d e r 3 . M o d i f i e r s , i . o n u s v a r .
-
GUJARATI
SECTION realis
round'
coporii,
'sixteen'
'weal',
When a m e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , w o r d , i s f o l l o w e d by a f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowel s i g n , or w i t h an o - g l i d e ,
and t h e the
form d i p h t h o n g s w i t h in
vowel of t h e p r e c e d i n g s y l l a b l e ,
as
^d<ai
e^'lo
v&<+CL
cor'bii
H^iil
men/ko phay'do
>c&
chev'"(;e than
r e a l i s a t i o n d e p e n d s upon t h e form of the words j o i n e d i n t h e compound. The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e in such words. or w i t h an Yl-LctR, jan'vor o-glide: the r e a l i s a t i o n of
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s
"&daiS
keflak
^6HL-t nuk'san
14
dL"t6rCl<d
dukan'dar b. tabod^'tob
6U6<dl9
kopa );'ba j i i
-
UM-MPCl
par'van'gii
as i n t h e s e
HtR-Cl
gam-no
d^A
tom-ne
^dX
kor-to
"iiadi
bol-va
<au>ul
lag-Je
When s u c h s u f f i x e s
c h a r a c t e r s , o f which t h e f i n a l
character varies
examples:
^&HY
somoj sem'jii
UHYdt
somoj-va
UHVlddl
som'jav-va
thor'ke
thorok-to
thor'kav-vo
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e a.
lS5l HlU<tfl
2.
*HH$l YHjd
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e b .
dd*
HUCIA
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e
HU^CI
p.168.
150
SECTION ^ and as a
i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y or f i n a l l y
p o , e x c e p t when p r e c e d e d by a c h a r a c t e r
written
I n some w o r d s , h o w e v e r , i t
i s always r e a l i s e d
as
a s t o p , q . The c h a r a c t e r
5 d i 3 l Sieu.V*tl
rCU
&L&
^5-&us
<*$L
vS as
*=tL6c| or
These c h a r a c t e r s a r e a l w a y s r e a l i s e d as s t o p s a f t e r
nasalisation.
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a i r s o f words t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of as r i s n e c e s s a r y f o r d i s t i n c t i o n of m e a n i n g :
padjD,
'male b u f f a l o '
Ybj
CUSL
'cancelled' 'short'
Orthography o f t h e
, and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , a r e u s u a l l y w r i t t e n i n or i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g a f i n a l
characters, 1. 3.
kar c o n s o n a n t
See n o t e i n l . i . a b o v e . 2 . See b e l o w , under 3 i . nusvar. See N o t e s on G u j a r a t i P h o n o l o g y , T . N . D a v e , B u l l e t i n of t h e S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l S t u d i e s , V o l . V I . p . 6 7 3 f f . h. For t h e mark of n a s a l i s a t i o n on t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of t h i s w o r d , s e e b e l o w , under 3 . i . n u s v a r . 5 . P u l l e r n o t e s on G u j a r a t i o r t h o graphy a r e g i v e n i n ' J o d n i k o s h ' , I n t r o d u c t i o n , p . 3 0 f f .
151 e.g.
laii ff)
korii
panii
n i
ik
ciij
geriib all
, and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n ,
2
are u s u a l l y w r i t t e n in
other p o s i t i o n s ;
e.g.
PtatSl
bilad^ii
&GX*UA
hojiyar
ed&U.ui ghod^iyaT,
Some e x c e p t i o n s :
biijo h. (t
hokiikot
liidhe
kiidho
Jiikhiine
and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , a r e u s u a l l y w r i t t e n i n a akar c o n s o n a n t
e.g.
uu^h
duudh
hhuukh
phuul
mejuur
or t h e
'long' suthar
vowel
^Ll
kuuvo
SJjHsuujhloan-
The S a n s k r i t o r t h o g r a p h y i s u s u a l l y p r e s e r v e d i n S a n s k r i t words; e . g . QiXl hit bhiiti Lj^U purus ^(>l bhuumi *>t<f bohu
3.i.
152 3. Modifiers.
GUJARATI
SECTION
(onusvar)
and
(^^i^C
( v i s o r g ) , used
1
in
Gujarati.
and i s
written
thus:
oil)
am
irrj
urrj
err)
orrj
karg
kiirj
kurrj
kern
korrj
superscribed stroke,
i s w r i t t e n on t h e c h a r a c t e r a f t e r e v e r y o t h e r
2
as i n the Devanagari
R e a l i s a t i o n of the a.
realisation vowels
The o n u s v a r Examples:
r e a l i s e d i n t h i s way o c c u r s i n many g r a m m a t i c a l f o r m s .
h$
koii
HI
ma
#6
11\
^
tu
SlH
uuc
*t
me"
U&X
pohoc
Midi
povva
Grammatical f o r m s :
nuiA
chokorS bodhae fcj The ' l o n g ' v o w e l s
%q
kelu and (1
HU?
maru
Vl(3
jau
*Hld^
av-vu, characters
are u s u a l l y w r i t t e n i n
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
153
e(M
viichii
ettct
bhiit
StvSt
uucjo
HIS?
maru
<#>i
liibu 'short'
t
uuc|u vowels. signs,
or ' l o n g '
khec-vu b.
bhs
sop-vu
pehoc-vu
n a s a l consonant b e f o r e a f i n a l
f i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h an - g l i d e .
Examples:
knj;h
Janti
jsntu
ssmbha"!
T h i s method i s d e s c r i b e d and
are u s u a l l y w r i t t e n
w i t h t h e nusvar r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a s a l c o n s o n a n t ; e . g .
ling
cinta
sundor
kumbhar
characters.
154 c.
GUJARATI
SECTION
used in the l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e ,
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n of a r t i c u l a t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g ant. The r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e o n u s v a r i n t h e s e c o n t e x t s hy
speakers section .
1
, r e a l i s e d as , r e a l i s e d as
*^C^l l
nusvar b e f o r e a l l as v ; e.g.
o t h e r n t s s t h and uusm c h a r a c t e r s ,
sfcttygl
sevrskssi]
2
< tA =A = <l
varsvvar
*HXi
vj
^G^Ll
hivsa sivh
*]
5$
(HtH
\ b
%l
ULY
(LH
tiH *>U-l&
ii.
DMJM.
clt'lV
<m<
HL M.6
H&X
2 . nusvar r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e s b . and c .
Vci
occur
loanwords in
and i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d o u b l i n g of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t , a s
%g*H. dukkh ( a l s o w r i t t e n
^"l^
, dukh) and
^H,rti^ft^l
> ntskksr^.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY U. The Complete The t r a d i t i o n a l Syllabary. order of the characters i n the s y l l a b i c series
155
i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
table^-:
=^1
n
H d H H
V 6
H d
(H
<
4.
u 6
table.
) , and t h e
, a r e p l a c e d a t t h e head of a
characters'.
o f t e n r e c i t e d i n s c h o o l s by c h i l d r e n l e a r n i n g t o r e a d .
1. Cf.
Devanagari t a b l e
i n S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , U.
156
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
w i t h t h e o n u s v a r a r e p l a c e d a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e same character without the onusvar, as i l l u s t r a t e d Sanskrit: Gujarati: 5. a a ai ai arrjy ak arrjje arrjho ako as below: ... arrjk airjkh ...
akho ah
akh . . .
Numerals.
The G u j a r a t i n u m e r a l s a r e w r i t t e n t h u s :
A
1 6.
^
2
3
3 4
Y H \
5 6 7
V3
8
Hp
10
Punctuation. t h e same s y s t e m of p u n c t u a t i o n i s u s e d as in
The s y s t e m u s e d i n G u j a r a t i v e r s e i s t h e same as t h e
system.^
1.
See
Sanskrit,Ch.2,6.
C H A P T E R CONJUNCT
CHARACTERS
tL^BciL^R. in
*$tv5L^L^ ( j o q a k s e r )
t h e t e a c h i n g of w r i t i n g i n s c h o o l s . of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s Sanskrit s e c t i o n .
1
The c o n s t r u c t i o n and
calligraphy the
in the Devanagari s c r i p t
i s described in
Gujarati conjunct
c h a r a c t e r s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d by
s i m i l a r methods, w i t h t h e s e i. Some c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
a r e f o r m e d by o m i t t i n g t h e
character^,
c h a r a c t e r i s o f t e n w r i t t e n on a l o w e r l e v e l of the s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r , 1. as in
, gg , Q U O ^ , in Gujarati.
C o n t e x t s of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s i. In G u j a r a t i w o r d s ,
occur i n Gujarati
in the f o l l o w i n g
contexts or
from modern l a n g u a g e s ;
vSl^
qahyu bsccu
H^l
nkkii 2. ibid.,
&l
ci-|;t
n i i
1.
See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.3,1.
Ch.3,1.ii.
158
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
ii.
Gujarati, e.g.
pustok iii.
petr
iijvor e.g.
I n l o a n w o r d s from o t h e r l a n g u a g e s ;
rosto
gard^
2 . R e a l i s a t i o n of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s i n
j u n c t c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of a w o r d , l y r e a l i s e d w i t h an o - g l i d e , as in , jenm'
, %tX|J^^ ,
Jastr'.
characters t o a problem
T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e c o n s e c u t i v e c h a r a c t e r s Similar
s i m i l a r to the r e a l i s a t i o n of a conjunct c h a r a c t e r .
problems realis
a r i s e i n o t h e r c o n t e x t s , where an okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s
159
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s u s e d i n w r i t i n g G u j a r a t i a r e
classified in
C o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of a l l t h e c l a s s e s o n l y a few of t h e
occur
characters
sect
ion occur i n l i t e r a r y t e x t s a s l e a r n e d l o a n w o r d s , and t h e s e may be transcribed without d i f f i c u l t y Class 1 . Two s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r s in Gujarati joined.^ this written characters.
, the superscribed s t r o k e r e p r e s e n t i n g
preceding another
^ are
The c o m b i n a t i o n s
-mmo
character
sommoti
snnidhi
but
nn
2 . Cf.
Ch.3,3.Class 1 .
i6o
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
i n o r d i n a r y s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t
characters:
^WllvSl
H
niHHl
P
OUA^
%
<Hkddl
?
ag-gaq^ii R e a d i n g examples^'i/sSi
@ c l
gam-ma
bhav-vu-'
behen-no
a ^ j >
d A
eSWi
^e>l
u ^ v s
P*L.
^Q*
(fedl
Sanskrit
Class 2.
Two v o r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s
section^.
6rl
-kto -tko
M
-pt
cH
-tp -bd in
ii.
Guja
T h i s method of is
i s not c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y 1. i+. is 6.
a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r and i s
Compound word. 2 . Noun w i t h s u f f i x . 3 . Verbal form. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . l 6 9 . 5. The s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r i n t h e s e words formed from t h e D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r f o r d ; C f . S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i . . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 2 . 7. See a b o v e , C h . 2 , 3 . i . b .
161
d i c t i o n a r i e s words b e g i n . ^jL i s
Some of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
loanwords:
-kmo iv.
-gno
-ghn
-tmo
-dm
-pn though in
, -nm , o c c u r s i n G u j a r a t i ,
may o c c u r i n l e a r n e d l o a n w o r d s
The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s
illustrate is
the r e a l i s a t i o n kar,
of
consecutive
i n t h e same way a s c o n -
UCfel
Jskti
SlScCl
Jsk-tii
1
^Vt
gupt
^Udl
ap-to
1
Reading examples^
(Ml&t
31c^>
A&L
Class 3 . Characters i.
joined w i t h ntsth M.
of t h e G u j a r a t i Many o f t h e
a
characters
occur in verbal
i n which the s u f f i x
of t h i s s u f f i x ,
a r e added t o final
t h e v e r b a l b a s e by j o i n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r c h a r a c t e r of t h e b a s e .
2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , Ch.3,3.Class 3 i .
M
see
p.169.
i6z
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
v^iej
dJ.Wl
^dHL GfclL
ai^i
16^ HvSHl H**l
*foi
6ltfl
HlrMl
%^
OU<>*4
ii. ^cu*4. xClW H-i^l Characters joined with f o l l o w i n g
^
8 ^ .2
6mJ
Hm^
iLeMl
Cl6i/rft
5H<S^l
, and
The r e a l i s a t i o n o f a f i n a l
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i n some compound words formed w i t h t h e words ^LUill 9 v a l a and cJJA , v a r , i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f c o n s e c i s o k a r , i n t h e same way a s
* & H < m
J^Ll budh'var
som'var
iii. a.
Characters
or f o l l o w i n g
preceding another
character.5
ed a s t h e f i r s t
o f two o r more c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s o n a n t s .
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS
163
and t h e o r d e r o f w r i t i n g
section . illustrated
the r e a l i s a t i o n is okar,
of
consecutive con
i n t h e same way a s
junct c h a r a c t e r s w r i t t e n w i t h r e p h a r e
realised:
6dl
korta
6*.dl
kor-ta^
^LH
dharm ghar-m3
dt
varn.
P&l^Ct
nisar'nii
Reading examples**"
dS
<H?t
*dOfd
H*tl
oUit-t
\ d
<=td-t
*H&
b.
f o l l o w i n g another
character. stroke
which o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i , m o s t l y i n S a n s k r i t Reading e x a m p l e s 7
loanwords.
#i
V)i 1. 3. 5. 7.
Sid
W&l *H1?A&
V U S d *Ut d*l
Jty URlL
164
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
or f o l l o w i n g
.1 Gujarati
a conjunct c h a r a c t e r or w i t h s e p a r a t e c h a r a c t e r s , such as bolke , or <H<&>-t>al'ke. In r e p r e s e n t i n g c o l l o q u i a l s p e e c h forms i n modern G u j a r a t i , character for b. i s s o m e t i m e s w r i t t e n f o r (^J^ , a s , loher , and o t h e r s i m i l a r w o r d s . in
the
i s o k a r , i n t h e same way a s c o n
bil'kul Reading e x a m p l e s
2
voT/gonii
bod'lii
am'lii
ftti*t ae-L-ii
Me^is
ate&
&AI
Kie-i
1 . Cf. S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l . 3 . i v . a . 2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 6 9 .
and b .
165
j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g uusm
joined with
>
*H. ^
preceding a vorgiiy
character. in
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s w h i c h o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i , m o s t l y
n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s , u s i n g t h e form " C ^ 3 f b. ^ or ^
o r
u s i n g t h e form
5^
when c o m b i n e d w i t h character.
following a vorgiiy
characters
occur i n t h i s c l a s s .
Those
The c h a r a c t e r often
a c o n j u n c t c n a r a c t e r and i s
Words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h i s a r e .
consecutive
when t h e f i r s t '
, i n t h e same way a s
HlUdX
nuk'san The c h a r a c t e r
n a s - t o 5
'lftwl_
bhs-no6
fedUHl
dives-ma? represent
is written
(d
S 9 n e l
i66
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
Reading examples^
y^<a
W l
fe-H^L ii. a.
W l
3I
<t*d,
R.*rtl
Wfcd
g^t
*U3*l
**Cl
SkCd
GttfcSUl
^ H ^ L
^L^rd
(^Hil
characters .
(6 , i n the Sanskrit l o a n s
words CtyUl brahmon, , and p j . ^ , c ihn b. following. The characters which occur with f o l l o w i n g tbe examples given below. The c h a r a c t e r s are i l l u s t r a t e d i n and V( are sometimes
-<*l%
U L ^ [*U&]
d ^ [tih]
*dtWU M l VLv^d
&
rld^
*Y, ^iRdL
cldl
#ldl,
^ Y d R l - H
^ I d ^ U s
^ L L ^ =dil^ ctl i ^ d l M V
U&4%A
&
dfe;
"ideOA
<dl<tdRt
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 6 9 . 2. C f . S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s U. i i . 3. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 7 0 . k Sarpha Jodnikosh, by Maganlal Prabhudas Desai, Uth e d . 19U9, p . 1 6 , pub. Navajivan Prakashan Mandir, Ahmedabad.
C O N J U N C T
CHARACTERS
167
*k
(k^vSl
ctU^-Cl >.
fcQA
rL VCVIHL
W t d d
d R l \<=Udl
rlLC^lHR l 4 l
<H*Adl H^l.
SidlA
cHL 9lvS^dHL * d U Y 5 d l
YtvS^d ^HdHL-H fctftUH @<Hvl
*d5to
(RlRlAl
Vto^QAl ^IL^iclHL
<=LR
<dA Rd**U
e>.
Ufc/l
5HUVrLLHl4l
HfcF
R e T aAdik
^UAL-il
Vldl&
Hl-H
HUieiHl
V Y tR "ORI
d&l
e>.
3d
=i>id *UR
Y d ! e>
(AHIH!
*td-d
9ui>d
d * d A
<=txk
d l M ^ l HO d .
^HAHl-M-
d M ^ & l A
=*l(dlA
^LaU^bd
H f c f Y L H >
G U J A R A T I
S E C T I O N
T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f R e a d i n g Examples Chapter 2. 1.1. ghon jho-j; bdn jomer^ no pg gho<^ pk4 beged^ ch nakh dhon
jo dho
tok
hh.Qi{
ph1;
teged^ bhejen
-
ch-|;h jed^
cjheg pen_
jhecjep nogod
gomen peahen
bho-Ji'kon
bed^'che !; rej kol vekhet pelokh tor'tej dej yoj rev cay
roth yov
per loy
khol ver
bor red^
cheler vered
veredh leger;
reten peven
;tereph bhereri
poster sedh
Jon,
hes Jepeth
Jet phenes
herekh
j e n _
J e r ' b e t
sar'ke-j; ba^ad ao ap
e
p h e X
d e l
h&\.
d e i i
aj ubheq deiie te ca
che
Jejh roj t duudh lok ruup ciij drdh hit jay god lav nehi behu mehe pechii aje uubho uge apo rsi rtu seve teo bhaii chiie juo boyrii golo varu peyso iriuke rajii pelo divo krpa vise nijale ujanii ruupiyo tabedarii hojiyarii bhaioe P.1U9. pay'Iii cheter peser ek'tha ap'ne jem'rukh c h e f re pes'riine bek'rii pay'del nek'jo pog'lii al'su ko^'val guj ratii
f
kos'bii koseb'cor
cheter-vii pesor-vii
TRANSCRIPTION 3.i. ii. pa badh anand hu kii bhoy ph:k khc sSj jhakh tevaj madu. pehoc vl^ii jsntu vssant msr^ endor uugh thau" slic llba gmba
kenjus
Chapter 3 Glass 1 . nokkii lokk&d^ cokkho l a g g u v s c c e beccu i c c h a goccho S9jj9d_ ujjhotli chu-J;t tt citt khsd^o p i t t g T , p o t t h g r muddgl buddhi oddho grins cgppu bebbe h i m m 9 t reyygt chello hSliii hisso
D h 9 i i h i i
Class 2.
l 9 g n
jukti
t 9 t k a l j 9 n m
C 9 m 9 t k a r
rgrjg
gupt sundgr
t 9 t p a r
pgnth
Jebd argmbh
ygtn pgrgntu
kyare / 9 k y o khyalu fiakhyo lagyu sughyu slicyo puchyo jyare k h o j y u suujhyu chu^yo uuthyu p9d_yo kadjiyo bher|yo jiityo tya athyu vidya / o d h y o medhye manyo nyay p y a r e apyfl haphyo dgbyCf t h o b h y u gamyu s u u r y kgryo b o l y o avyu bhavyu 9V9/y piir'syu monusy kshyu" rnelyu n i k g l y o 9drJ"y Class 3 . i t . settv svgpn prthvii dve/ serv dhvgni ii/vsr tottvsjjian vi/vas sv9bhav
vorg srjit g e r j s n a v e r n o n puurr^ v a r t s n 9 erdhu rpgr^ d h s n n d 9 r m i y k h e r v puurve hors prarjii trsri irjgrejii n 9 m
r
r t h
Class 3 - i v . phalgun k 9 Jlok klej* Class U.i. a/cory dust P ?t pustgk Jastr s t r i l stheT, rast
krs:q
9 p s 9 r a
s s
l p g n a
klas
kolha glas
k 9 l h 9 i i
sv^lp
Jilp
pralhad
slet
a. m e / k a r l i paj"cim ce/ma pejcattap p u s k 9 \ duskorm r a s t r vostu rssto sthiti tiroskar sgrrjskrt smeror^ b. p o r i i k s a
r 9 k s 9 r ^
Qksar
Igksmoi;
insaph
GUJARATI
SECTION
tamhe
(tome)
Gujarati prose
e n u s e r o t i i hoy, jevii
e hoy
j a y , e vodhare
avojyok
joc|onii bodhii r i i t e
J a s t r o j u d d h che em che.
to kehevayo j n e h i ; k e f l i i y e
b a b o t - m a e cjhangadhacja. v a g a r - n i i
pan_ t e p r o j a - m a sanga-|;han t a t h a t a l i i m ' b a d h a t a hovane l i i d h e jocjonii-ma a r a j a k a t a p h e l a v a pamii n a t h i i . sarvamany t h a i i c u k i i c h e , lakhan_ jad^ii ave c h e . gaii e f l e thaii tethii angrejii bhasanii
ty jod^anii
ek v a r a r a j a k a t a - m S t h i i
vakhot
j a t a v i k a l p o - m a amuk j a t - n i i
BENGALI
PREPARED IN
SECTION
WITH
COLLABORATION
MISS G. M. SUMMERS
formerly Lecturer in Bengali in the Studies School of Oriental University and African of London
1.
The B e n g a l i s c r i p t ,
some o f them a r e
tran
section,
written each
c h a r a c t e r of t h e B e n g a l i s c r i p t r e p r e s e n t s a s y l l a b l e
is usually
refer to
red t o i n E n g l i s h t e x t b o o k s a s t h e
In r e f e r r i n g the
a consonant c h a r a c t e r o f t h e B e n g a l i s y l l a b a r y ,
or i n r e c i t i n g
usually uniform
i t y i n t h e s y s t e m a t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s work t h e symbol
T
i s used in t h i s s e c t i o n to r e p r e s e n t
t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l , and a s sounds
t h e r e are v a r i o u s o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s
i n t h e q u a l i t y of vowel
used i n r e a l i s i n g t h e B e n g a l i c h a r a c t e r s , t h e s y s t e m a t i c
transcription
174
B E N G A L I
S E C T I O N
t i n g u i s h i t from t h e s y s t e m a t i c roman t r a n s c r i p t i o n . I n t h e roman s y l l a b a r y g i v e n b e l o w , t h e s y l l a b l e s a r e in the table i n the systematic t r a n s c r i p t i o n used in the syllabary. For t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f c e r t a i n a d d i t i o n a l represented Sanskrit
w h i c h do n o t o c c u r i n t h e S a n s k r i t s y l l a b a r y , transcription,
and f o r t h e
Roman N o t a t i o n , a r e u s e d i n t h i s i. S y s t e m a t i c roman n o t a t i o n .
in
corresponding
y ,
contexts. tran in
of t h e v o w e l
a ; and f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n , e .
of the vowel t r a n s c r i b e d as
nasalisation. medially,
a s an - g l i d e , 1 . See C h . 2 , l . i . 2.
75
CONSONANTS w i t h Voiceless
Retro flex t
9
Dental ta tha da
C Q C D > H C Q O
tha
o
H O >
$
dha
2 1
H
P H
Aspirated
gha
Jha (p-o)
3
dha na la sa
ya-' jfa ha ii
ra sa^
uu
ay
av
N a s a l - nj and
Aspirated - h table:
and pha i n t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n .
176
B E N G A L I
S E C T I O N
3.
As t h e c h a r a c t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s s y l l a b l e
i s always
realised
j , a m o d i f i e d The u s e and t r a n
in certain contexts.
!
of t h i s m o d i f i e d
r e f e r r e d t o a s 'ntsth y ,
s c r i b e d i n t h i s work a s h.
y , i s d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter
2.2.ii. the
i s t h e same a s
5.
occurs only
in
6.
This v o w e l ,
The c h a r a c t e r s
of t h e Eengali s c r i p t
groups as the s y l l a b l e s
g i v e n i n t h e above t a b l e ,
and t h e t e r m s and t h e i r
by B e n g a l i grammarians i n d e s c r i b i n g
the characters
realis
section. read
and when t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d i n
a r e o b s e r v e d a s t h o s e u s e d i n modern somewhat d i f f e r e n t
They s o u n d , t h e r e f o r e ,
following two
between the
and i n s y s t e m a t i c
Sanskrit
ksrm viramoh
B e n g a l i ^SJ^^f v|
(borgo) (ontostho)
^FcT^ST ^^"{T
5 2
ontshsth uusman
antastha uusm
(u/J"8)
T ^ R
vyajijanam
177
In t h e modern t e a c h i n g o f B e n g a l i w r i t i n g , g e n e r a l l y u s e d , and c o n s e q u e n t l y l i t t l e
ance or d i r e c t i o n of t h e b r o a d and t h i n s t r o k e s .
Though t h e
relative
s t r o k e i n w r i t i n g m o s t of t h e
characters
t o the b e g i n n i n g of t h e n e x t c h a r a c t e r .
t h i s s t r o k e i s w r i t t e n l a s t and c a r r i e d on
s t r o k e i s p l a c e d on t h e l e f t first.
This h e a d - s t r o k e i s r e f e r r e d t o as the
be l i f t e d as r a r e l y a s p o s s i b l e
i n w r i t i n g a c h a r a c t e r , or
in
178
B E N G A L I
S E C T I O N
The e x a m p l e s the
the g e n e r a l order of s t r o k e s i n w r i t i n g
differ of
i \5
>
V
v5
& m
C H A P T E R CHARACTERS OP THE
2 SYLLABARY
the
section:
In t h e form i n w h i c h t h e y a r e g i v e n i n t h e c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l
they are r e a l i s e d a s s y l l a b l e s
When a c h a r a c t e r i s t o b e
a s t h e c o n s o n a n t e l e m e n t of i s w r i t t e n a t t h e f o o t of
'hsnt' ( h o / o n t o ) is
( g o - e h o / o n t o ) , and s o on.
r e a d i n g w o r d s , kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s
180
BENGALI
SECTION
c o n t e x t s with z e r o - v o w e l , hut the hosonto i s not u s u a l l y w r i t t e n with such c h a r a c t e r s i n modern B e n g a l i , a s i t i s assumed t h a t t h e reader characters the zero-
, however,
The a b s e n c e o f t h e h o s o n t o i n a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r c a n n o t , e v e r , b e t a k e n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t o be r e a l i s e d
t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l . A l t h o u g h t h e w r i t i n g s y s t e m o f B e n g a l i h a s much i n common w i t h t h e S a n s k r i t w r i t i n g s y s t e m , owing t o i t s o r i g i n , t h e u s e of a system so c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o the S a n s k r i t system f o r w r i t i n g a modern s p o k e n l a n g u a g e makes n e c e s s a r y a number o f c o n v e n t i o n s b o t h o f s p e l l i n g and of r e a l i s i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s i n r e a d i n g . Some of these The are
c o n v e n t i o n s c o n c e r n t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s . Bengali consonant c h a r a c t e r s , as they are given i n the s y l l a b a r y , realised, a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , i n t h e same way a s t h e S a n s k r i t
charact
e r s . When t h e y o c c u r i n w o r d s , h o w e v e r , t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s ways: as consonants w i t h the inherent vowel, as consonants w i t h v o w e l , or a s c o n s o n a n t s w i t h a g l i d e - v o w e l . Further, the zero-
discussion
181 text
reading a Bengali
determined
i n g s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l
of a r t i c u l a t i o n .
Jko-vorg^ k kh g
1
gh c ch 3"
9
5 c-vrg jh -ji
I *f t-vrg
ft
i
th th
u
a ;
<th -n
9
t-vrg t
M p-vrg * f
*r
d dh n
*r
P
\
b bh m
ph
2. ( b o r g i y o ) . C f . S a n s k r i t , Ch.2. Ch.2,l.i. U. ( k o - b o r g o , e t c . ) .
182
BENGALI
SECTION printing.
are g i v e n below.
a*
6
<5
r
b
f
So
\S
V
Xho
IVf
or < ^
6
3V
C5
pe
<f
Calligraphy
of words :
f7
*fv5
T=f
, k-
v J , Q t-
. This c h a r a c t e r i s
See n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y ,
( k h o ^ o t o ) , 'broken
to'
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY The c h a r a c t e r m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y the h o s o n t o . The c h a r a c t e r combination w i t h o t h e r The c h a r a c t e r , jia , o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , characters^. in $ rja , d o e s n o t o c c u r i n i t i a l l y , b u t i t
183
occurs
"| , n e , i s r e a l i s e d a s ( n o ) , e x c e p t when i t 2
8 _ V 8 r
is
3J , pho , i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d a s a b i - l a b i a l it i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as a p l o s i v e .
f r i c a t i v e . When s t r e s s e d , The c h a r a c t e r \5
occur only
Modified forms of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s
o c c u r m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y .
vornomala,
R e a l i s a t i o n of t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l i n akar c o n s o n a n t
characters. k
phonetic c o n t e x t s , f o l l o w s c e r t a i n g e n e r a l r u l e s .
Some of t h e s e c o n
however, g i v e some g e n e r a l g u i d a n c e f o r
1. See Ch.3,3*Class 2 . i i . b . 2 . i b i d . , Class 2 . i i . a . 3. (dja-e /unno p o ) , ' i n 40 a d o t , p a ' , i . e . t h e pa w r i t t e n by adding a dot t o 40 . U. F u r t h e r n o t e s on t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of okar consonant c h a r a c t e r s i n s p e c i a l c o n t e x t s a r e g i v e n b e l o w , under i i i . , and under 2 . i i .
BENGALI
SECTION
An i n i t i a l vowel
akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r sf^
( o ) , as i n
, g o c ( g o c ) , ^j^f
character
i s f o l l o w e d hy a f i n a l
n a s a l consonant c h a r a c t e r ,
the i n i t i a l
okar c h a r a c t e r i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h t h e v o w e l
M e d i a l akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n words o f t h r e e is
, kadam(kodom) , ^ f l ^
M e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r o f a or w i t h
Two c o n s e c u t i v e the
are not u s u a l l y b o t h r e a l i s e d w i t h
characters. with
T h i s n o t e r e f e r s t o w o r d s c o n s i s t i n g of kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s o n l y ; f u r t h e r n o t e s a r e g i v e n b e l o w , under 2 . i i . , f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s i n words i n w h i c h v o w e l s i g n s o c c u r . See S . K . C h a t t e r j i , v3t^t5J^K "^hftcTf <T5t^ T bhasapreka/ bangala vyaksrsn, p p . 3 2 f f . ; pub. C a l c u t t a U n i v e r s i t y , 1939For t h e method u s e d i n t h e p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f m e d i a l and f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s i n words t o w h i c h t h e s e n o t e s r e f e r , s e e a b o v e , C h . l . , and b e l o w , a f t e r n o t e c . For t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f kar c h a r a c t e r s i n compound w o r d s , s e e n o t e c. below. Final c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel are not u s u a l l y w r i t t e n w i t h t h e h e s s n t . T h i s mark i s u s e d i n n o t e s a. and b . t o s i m p l i f y the t r a n s c r i p t i o n of examples o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e the r e a l i s a t i o n of final characters i s discussed.
r
185
recognised
, kote(koto).
compound word, t h e f i n a l
word, i s s t i l l r e a l i s e d i n t h i s
way.
The word TF^ , mote , i s r e a l i s e d i n two w a y s , t h e same w r i t t e n form r e p r e s e n t i n g two w o r d s o f d i f f e r e n t meaning i n t h e spoken l a n g u a g e : ^ r \ 5 and TT\5 , (moto), > (mot), 'idea', 'like*. vowels also 'opinion ,
1
or
'purpose',
'similar',
As t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e
( o ) and ( o ) v a r i e s n o t o n l y i n t h e c o n t e x t s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , b u t
b) Medial akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s a s y l l a b l e the inherent vowel are t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h (o) according to note b. w i t h an e - g l i d e or w i t h (.0) ,
or
are t r a n s c r i b e d t h u s :
c) P i n a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l t r a n s c r i b e d as f i n a l
are
c o n s o n a n t s ; t h o s e which are r e a l i s e d w i t h
t h e vowel (0) a r e t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h ( o ) , a c c o r d i n g t o n o t e c.^" 1 . See b e l o w , under i i i . 2 . For e x a m p l e s o f s u c h compound w o r d s , s e e b e l o w , under i i . R e a d i n g e x a m p l e s . 3 . Further n o t e s on t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e g i v e n b e l o w , under i i i . and u n d e r 2 . i i . Vowel S i g n s . 1+. V a r i a t i o n s from t h e s e g e n e r a l r u l e s may o c c u r i n c e r t a i n w o r d s , b u t such v a r i a t i o n s are o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e of t h i s work.
BENGALI
SECTION
One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s c o n s o n a n t s w i t h t h e v o w e l ^ ^ 1 *t
(o).
Tf
T>
*t
*t
2.
n?
ii.
^ 5 T 3 ^ " v 5
^
.
tjfe
vSfvJ
" ^ T T s
ts^
T 5 " v 3
Spl
rfl>
s f v s
iii.
Initial
c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h (o),> f i n a l w i t h
zero-vowel:
3.
Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e b . i .
T F 1 > 3 5
and
c.i.
^T5?p
TSf^T^
*T&3?
2+. Four c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e b . i i .
and
c.i.
F&'fTj
^*sj>
5f\5Si\5
?FF^E
W&^T
*tT>*tT>
W W
ii.
C h a r a c t e r s o f t h e o n t o s t h group( ^
of
t h e D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g group**.
?r
Zf^Jf
*r
1. 3.
187
group, t o t h e o n t e s t h o c h a r a c t e r
, y , i n t h e S a n s k r i t
syllabary. it
j o ) , to distinguish
j'(bo.rgiyo j o ) . If |J
The s e m i in
vowel c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e S a n s k r i t c h a r a c t e r B e n g a l i by a m o d i f i e d form o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r .
i s represented
, r e f e r r e d to as
' o n t s s t h y o ' ( o n t o s t h o o ) . T h i s c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s ways a c c o r d i n g t o i t s p o s i t i o n and p h o n e t i c c o n t e x t , and i s d i s c u s s e d in a special note^. ^ , t r a n s c r i b e d i n t h e roman n o t a t i o n a s as the fourth character i n , vo , i n t h e S a n s k r i t vo , this syllabary. order is later
The c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d as ( b o ) .
It corresponds,
the
character ntssth
i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e s y l l a b a r y i n b o t h t h e vorgiiy' and t h e
a separate s e c t i o n f o l l o w i n g words w i t h i n i t i a l
l e d g e of S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s i s n e e d e d i n o r d e r t o r e c o g n i s e w h i c h words are t o be found among w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h v o r g i i j f e b and which among t h o s e b e g i n n i n g w i t h ntsth v . I n t h e more modern B e n g a l i d i c t i o n a r i e s t h e t e n d e n c y i s t o p l a c e a l l words b e g i n n i n g w i t h c h a r a c t e r i n one s e c t i o n , a f t e r w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h 1 . See n o t e on ntsth y , u n d e r 2 . i i . below. , ph . this
188
BENGALI
SECTION from v a r g i i y a ha
character.
Of t h e o n t o s t h a c h a r a c t e r s , Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s . i.
only
o c c u r s a s a word.
zero-vowel:
wm
ii.
*pr
^
r e a l i s e d with
TO.vr*\
(o):
Pinal character
3.
Three c h a r a c t e r
words.3
<jt??t ^^3"^
iii.
sr^rif words.^
*t*R
i|. Pour c h a r a c t e r
^F^J^S?r
3^1^
^"SJ )5 as
fricative
c o n s o n a n t s w i t h t h e vowel ( o ) ,
realised with
a s an a s p i r a t e w i t h t h e v o w e l ( o ) .
The c h a r a c t e r s a r e a s s o c i a t e d c
0
o f t h e same g r o u p . ^ and ha
sa
sa
T^f
189 ex other
' t a l o v y o J"e'(talobbo J o ) , ' m u u r d h a n y a s o ' (murdhonno Jo) and ' d o n t y a (donto J o ) . TJ o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t F , ho , i s loanwords. Bengali
so
The c h a r a c t e r syllabary.
t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r of t h e ^ , kso and ^
Two o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s ,
, jjia , e a c h r e
presenting s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g
They do n o t , h o w e v e r , p r o p e r l y b e l o n g t o t h e
syllabary, classes
in the appropriate
*r
ii. *TV5 3. "SR
t?-*t
*r*r
(o):
^H**
^f*P
ii.
*r^F3
"SRvs^
^ ^ ^ ^
^FT^Sp ^ T ? ^ ?
190
BENGALI
SECTION forms. in
akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s
i s made a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l
rules all
No c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t a t e m e n t can b e made w h i c h c o v e r s
kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r of a v e r b a l b a s e i s e.g.
real
^7?T
bl(bol)
35-3
kr(kor)
F^T
cl(col)
?RS
baka(bok) 'second is
b a l a or b a l ( b o l ) ii. Verbal b a s e s w i t h
k a r a or k e r ( k o r ) suffixes.
beka or b a k ( b o k )
a consonant the of
c h a r a c t e r of
Examples
'Second p e r s o n of
the im
and t h e ' s e c o n d p e r s o n o f t h e p r e s e n t
a r e w r i t t e n i n t h e same way a s t h e v e r b a l b a s e ; b u t
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY are d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e "base i n r e a d i n g a l o u d hy t h e a t i o n of t h e f i n a l , bala(bolo) , c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e vowel ( o ) . ^SjtJ , k a r a ( k o r o ) , ^|"^ , realis
191
Examples:
poro(poro) verbs
This r e a l i s a t i o n o c c u r s w i t h s i m i l a r g r a m m a t i c a l forms o f a l l which have o n l y okar c h a r a c t e r s of the ' f u t u r e imperative' in the base. In the
'second person' is
okar c h a r a c t e r
the f i n a l
In the verb
, the i n i t i a l
(bojo). base
akar c h a r a c t e r of a v e r b a l
as i n
a r e added t o v e r b a l b a s e s t o form v a r i o u s
'tenses' ,
In realis
t h e s e v e r b a l forms t h e f i n a l ed as d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e a . i . ,
^^\5
koro-bo(kor'bo) kara-ta(kor'to)3
35^5*1
kara-la(kor'lo)^
1 . See b e l o w , 2 . i i , n o t e a . i i . 2 . S u f f i x e s of t h e t e n s e s d e s c r i b e d a s ' f u t u r e s i m p l e ' ( b o ) , ' p a s t h a b i t u a l ' ( t o ) and ' p a s t i n d e f i n i t e ' ( l o ) . 3 . In c o l l o q u i a l B e n g a l i t h e s e q u e n c e T^f^T , - r l - , a r i s i n g from t h e a d d i t i o n of a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h e?| , or t h e s e q u e n c e 7 t K 5 * - r t a r i s i n g from t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h \ 5 , t o a v e r b al base ending i n ^ , a r e r e a l i s e d r e s p e c t i v e l y a s ( - 1 1 - ) and ( - t t - ) , as i n t h e v e r b a l forms ^S^cTf , ( k o l l o ) and ?|5j5"t5 , ( k o t t o ) . This r e a l i s a t i o n w o u l d b e made i n r e a d i n g from a B e n g a l i t e x t w r i t t e n i n t h e c o l l o q u i a l s t y l e . S e e f u r t h e r n o t e s on t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of v e r b a l forms under 2 . i i , and l a t e r i n C h . 3 3 . C l . l .
N
192
BENGALI
SECTION
r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a v o w e l o n l y , and v o w e l s i g n s
vowel
c h a r a c t e r s and v o w e l s i g n s , g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t i. Vowel C h a r a c t e r s .
ii
- uu
r2 Cursive forms:
5
e
ey
^
^ ^ %*T
i n g from t h e matra and w r i t i n g u p w a r d s .
^ <J 3 a S
o ' av
v3
&
v3Si
start
The s u p e r s c r i b e d s t r o k e s i n t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s a r e w r i t t e n l a s t ,
\5f
a)->. The o t h e r v o w e l
c h a r a c t e r s are r e f e r r e d t o as the vowel which each r e p r e s e n t s . The c h a r a c t e r s 'short', diirgha^, ^ and v ^ are d e s c r i b e d as and ^5 and t h e , hrasva**, , in
a r e d e s c r i b e d a s y^^J
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i . and i i . 2 . ' s y l l a b i c 3. svora, ' v o w e l ' ; s v a r i i a , 'vowel-character ion of the f i r s t vowel c h a r a c t e r i n c e r t a i n n o t e s under i i . b e l o w . U. ( h r o j f o ) .
193 the
v o w e l s and o t h e r s a l w a y s w i t h is
and
are
The vowel
, syllahic r
, o c c u r s o n l y i n some S a n s k r i t , s y l l a h i c rr ,
loan
<fo , s y l l a h i c 1 , and
, s y l l a h i c 11 , a r e u s e d i n p r i n t i n g S a n s k r i t t e x t s i n B e n g a l i The c h a r a c t e r 4 I
s
script.
r e a l i s e d as
(ri). varies
The c h a r a c t e r
e , i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as ( e ) , hut
, v , i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d i p h t h o n g
\3
characters
^rr&
^
^ 1 > * T
^mi
^SH
v ? T 5 N ^ < 1
\s?i
^TpF
V 3 v 5 ^ f
ii.
Pinal characters r e a l i s e d w i t h
(o):
^"*T
VSv5
V3^T
\3^f
v^-q
^T5
^sf
BENGALI
SECTION
ka
ki
kii
ku
kuu
kr
ke
koy signs:
ko
kv
S p e c i a l forms o f some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s w i t h v o w e l
gu
*P
ru
?
ruii
J*u
^
hii , , ^
^
hr and ^ and <^> . consonant the ,
Vowel s i g n s w h i c h a r e p l a c e d on t h e l e f t
s i d e of t h e
forms:
(5T
TV
*PnT
gfl"
^trzfm
C*C ^rc-rcr
Of
C*fr
z m o s
3Tr ejpf
cWl~
^nrw
thus: ukar).
, (go-e hroj/o or
i s r e f e r r e d to as ( r i k a r )
(riphola).l
1 . For e x a m p l e s o f s p e l l i n g w o r d s , s e e h e l o w , end o f C h . 3 .
i9S
\S^g
*Nfa
^rfC^t
Tftvs
CF^
3 #
f ^ t
$?P
c^rfSr f*ra
?jm
^tc^r
^f*r
ftf^
^fl
c^t^t
c^rr^ #f%^t
characters in s p e c i a l
f^tft
contexts.
YWWf%r
wrrf^*rr fSnF*rrfV
and c e r t a i n vowel
R e a l i s a t i o n o f okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s ,
In r e a d i n g B e n g a l i words from t h e s c r i p t ,
t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of
such as t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f c e r t a i n o t h e r v o w e l s i n f o l l o w i n g
J;ukari( t u k ' r i )
mamala(mam'la)
J"amane( Jam'ne)
BENGALI When t h e f i n a l
SECTION
c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h words i s o k a r , t h e m e d i a l The
vSl^S
bhare.t ( b h a r o t )
f^\s*T
pitele(pitol)
QFtFf
kebola(kebol)
according t o i t s p o s i t i o n in r e l a t i o n to characters
real
kamobe/(kom'be/)
g o l e j o g e ( g o l jog)
m a r o p i { o ( m a r 'pi-j;)
*rr?re
parebe(par'bo) The s u f f i x e s J*unele( J u n ' l o )
wfsre
aseteCaJ"'to) i n t h e s e f o r m s may be w r i t t e n w i t h t h e o k a r ; e . g .
parebo(par'bo)
Junelo(Jun'lo)
asato(aj'to)
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY the f i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l b y w r i t i n g character with the okarj e . g . koro(kor) koro(koro) koro(koro) kore(koro) this
197
koro(koro)
maro(mar)
maro(maro)
maro(maro)
lekho(lekho)
lekho(lekho)
i i i . When two words o f d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g a r e w r i t t e n i n t h e same way and d i s t i n g u i s h e d o n l y b y t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of one o f t h e words w i t h ( o ) , t h i s r e a l i s a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d by w r i t i n g t h e o k a r , a s i n t h e s e p a i r s : 'time', head', okar often
^5"pf \^\e?f
(kalo)
or or
^f(j^ft \5tG*Tf
\5fc*f
(bhalo)
affected
n3J , o r t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l o f an akar c o n s o n a n t
e.g.
\5ff3
ati(oti)
*pf|dhonii( dhoni)
^3njc?I
atula(otul)! J"abu ja( J o b u j ) however, the negative prefix,
When t h e c h a r a c t e r "^3f r e p r e s e n t s
^3T^7J,
iii.
adhiira(odhir) , S\
^3f\JpT
, atula(otul) .
The c h a r a c t e r
, or t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , i n i n i t i a l i t i s f o l l o w e d by a
'incomparable'.
198
SECTION , u or uu ; e . g .
, ii
h e l a ( h s 3 l a )
nekFa(neek'pa)
emn(eemon)
emeni(em'ni)
ek(eek) The v e r h a l
ekta(sek \a)
ek-|;ii( e k ' f i )
ek-J;u( e k -j;u)
t h e form d e s c r i b e d g r a m m a t i c a l l y a s ' s i m p l e p r e s e n t ,
Reading e x a m p l e s , i l l u s t r a t i n g 1. i.
F i n a l kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h fo-q p #f*t cft^t c^r ii. F i n a l kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h f%\5 *tt*ta C^tfe
zero-vowel
*jsrr*r
(o) CTffi
^^fC^
C*ft\5 a.i. 0 ? ^
. ^ S st^Ti
YF
c^rT^r
c*M.
2 . M e d i a l kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e *ITf*r
3.
Verbal f o r m s , r e a l i s e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e a. i i . (7W *IT^ *Th vgrt^ vsffq f^3fv5 %v5^ Tg*R b.i. fl5F3CTt
Wv5
WCSt
^BftfST
^ft^rC^Tt
U. kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e
?t
^ft
ift
^f^R
^*j?r 1.
^j^s p.227.
TpTj^r
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , s e e
*99
' o n t o s t h y ( o n t o s t h o o) 1J , y . This
is
a m o d i f i e d form of t h e ntsth c h a r a c t e r
modified
realisation
loanwords ZJ"_,
character given
i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e examples
in
^tf^RS
mayiko(mayik)
*rh|3r
mayur(mayur) niym(niyom)
TftSPP
dayk( dayok)
deya(doya)
maya(maya)
ayojn(ayojon)
1. See a b o v e , under l . i i . ntsth c h a r a c t e r s . 2 . For a h i s t o r i c a l d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s c h a r a c t e r , s e e S . K , C h a t t e r j i , The O r i g i n and Development of t h e B e n g a l i L a n g u a g e , pub. U n i v e r s i t y of C a l c u t t a . 3 . A d e t a i l e d p h o n e t i c a n a l y s i s i s o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f t h i s work, and t h e r e f o r e t h i s v o c a l i c g l i d e , t h e q u a l i t y o f w h i c h may v a r y according to the vowels p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g i t , i s r e p r e s e n t e d in the phonetic t r a n s c r i p t i o n by ( y ) i n the examples g i v e n i n n o t e s a . , b . and c.
SECTION g l i d e o f an e - l i k e quality,
as a v o c a l i c
smy( Jbmoy)
visy(biJoy)
tf^r
^tn
daye(day) as in
311 57
kays(kay)
atn
rays(ray) inherent
pricy(poricoy)
or r e a l i s e d a s an i n t e r v o c a l i c vowel r e a l i s e d as ( o ) ,
g l i d e f o l l o w e d by t h e
om
deyo(deyo)
1
(Tin
neyo(neyo)
1
c^tti
peyo(peyo)
(%n
dheyo(dheyo)
q jeyo-(o j e y o )
komoniiyo(komoniyo)
vorgiiyo(borgiyo)
b.
of and
combined w i t h
y2
in
The r e a l i s a t i o n (oi).
ey , i s
nagari e q u i v a l e n t
or i n w h i c h
character representing
in these languages i s r e a l i s e d
1. 2. 3.
Compare t h i s r e a l i s a t i o n w i t h t h e words w r i t t e n i n t h e same way i n note c . i i . below. The c h a r a c t e r <f\ r e p r e s e n t s - r g - . See C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 3 . i i i . a . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s , C l a s s 3 . i .
20I
\SrtsrsiT
kayada(kayda) jayga(jayga)
<
kayedo(koyed) ii.
o n t o s t h o y i s w r i t t e n a l s o
CS^Jl^
When t h e c h a r a c t e r
T[
, y , i s combined w i t h an character^, it
consonant c h a r a c t e r zero.
in a conjunct
is realised
combined w i t h
Such w o r d s , as l o a n w o r d s w i t h an i n i t i a l
in Bengali,
script in
e k a r c h a r a c t e r f o l l o w e d by ntssth y, as
t h e s e w o r d s : C?fV] | ffj c.
p e y a l a ( p e y a l a ) , C^jSJt^f p e y a r s ( p e y a r ) . writing of
This use
forms. 3.i.
Ch.3,3.Class
BENGALI i.
SECTION glide
JJ i n w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s an i n t e r s y l l a b i c v o c a l i c
J*iya(jiya)
w i t h a v o w e l s i g n r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e vowel o f a p a r t i c l e ,
realised
v o c a l i c g l i d e a f t e r t h e vowel
and a f t e r (o);
'past
boliya(boliya)
dekhiya( dekhiya)
J"uiya( J u i y a )
giya(giya)
giye(giye)
diye(diye)
hoye(hoye) "^1
Juye(juye)
i s
peye(peye)
Verbal forms i n w h i c h f i n a l g l i d e w i t h an e - l i k e
r e a l i s e d as a v o c a l i c
c r i b e d grammatically as
nsyo(noy)
royo(roy)
payo(pay)
janaye(janay)
beroye(beroy)
203 (deey)
Noun forms i n w h i c h t h e
'genitive
suffix
vi}<J , e r e ( e r )
is in
v} , e ( e )
i s w r i t t e n as o n t o s t h o yo -
vowel; o n t o s t h o yo r e a l i s e d as a v o c a l i c g l i d e
*rtan*
mayero(mayer)
f%oj?r
jhiyer(jhiyer)
^fcsra
buyer(bouyer)
i%<m
duiyer(duiyer)
^ru
payo(pay) d.
srr^mr
thanayo(thanay) <| , vo
wr^srm
amayo(amay)
g&kui
tomay(tomay) i n modern <| ,
As t h e o n t o s t h o c h a r a c t e r Bengali,
, i s r e a l i s e d a s (bo)
t h a t i s , i n t h e same way a s t h e v o r g i i y c h a r a c t e r
This
i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n B e n g a l i by w r i t i n g t h e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r
realised (-v)
t r a n s c r i b e d here p h o n e t i c a l l y as
haoya(haova)
poya(poova)
d.akoyala( c|akovala)
deoyali (deovali) in
i s added t o a
base c o n s i s t i n g of one c h a r a c t e r ,
hooya(hoova)
yaoyan(jaovano)
paoya(paova)
204 3. Modifiers.
BENGALI
SECTION
Three m o d i f i e r s a r e u s e d i n w r i t i n g B e n g a l i .
of the Devanagari
v5pJ^f?T onus v a r a ,
When t h e mark
i s w r i t t e n above a c h a r a c t e r , t h e v o w e l of
the
s y l l a b l e which t h e c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s i s r e a l i s e d w i t h
nasalisation. is
vsrr
e a
f
I
^
Ii
T5
u
W
uu
a
e
i?
ey
^3
6 ev
c e n d r e - b i n d u added t o t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r
w i t h vowel s i g n s :
w
ke ka
w
ki
w t
kii
^
kii
^ o ^ ^ o ^ r c ^ T
KUU
ke
key
ko
kev spelling
I* "Ss
^5 ^
ft 5tE
ft C^F
dr f$*r
r
C7lt&
% ctr
f Tpf
f*
C?C*f
T5t v5
^sfw
editor
-^tffen
fr^rfe
2. (condro-bindu). F i n a l ekar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s
205
ehorrj(ebon)
sim(jin)
arrjti( an-J;i)
irrjraj( i n r a j )
sarrj(jan) :
rorrj(ron) or
ran(ron)
barrjla(banla)
or
banla(banla)
i n words w h i c h , sm . The
i n Devanagari as as -n
r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e nusvar i n B e n g a l i , t h e v a r i o u s ways of r e a l i s i n g
, may he compared w i t h in
t h e nusvar of t h e D e v a n a g a r i s c r i p t
p
^f^C^jT^t
^f^^tf Sfo'Sff^
"ST^T^f
v5f5"Sf f%^
Reading examples^
'Tv
fes
its
^rtr
*TT$33
*f$H*r
T^^T-
*rs^rr
fefo
^ ^ 3 ^
"SR^KS
BENGALI
SECTION
The s i g n g w r i t t e n a f t e r a c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s a s p i r a t i o n i n g t h e v o w e l of t h e s y l l a b l e w i t h w h i c h t h e c h a r a c t e r is
follow
realised.
I t o c c u r s m a i n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and i s w r i t t e n i n a few Bengali exclamations with a f i n a l syllable. t o e x p r e s s e m p h a s i s . When t h e v i s a r g e i s it i s r e a l i s e d as a s p i r a t i o n a f t e r it the written final
character,
When i t
occurs medially,
i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d o u b l i n g of . duhkhe(dukkho).
the f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r , Examples:
a s i n TJg^T ,
bah(bah)
uh(uh)
2
punah(punoh)
atahpara( otoppor)
Reading e x a m p l e s
*f*T8
^TS
fto^T
^STWRT
*f\5ffs
^C5\5tg
wfrm
i n c l u d e d in the s y l l a b a r y .
o f c h a r a c t e r s w i t h v o w e l s i g n s g i v e n above under Vowel S i g n s - 5 , the order i n which the c h a r a c t e r s are p l a c e d as the i n i t i a l of words i n d i c t i o n a r i e s .
characters the
same c h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e c a n d r a - b i n d u ,
characters consonant
See a b o v e , under
2.ii.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
^1
5f
5. Numerals The B e n g a l i numerals a r e w r i t t e n thus:
"i
1
6.
*
2
U
3
8
4
tt
Kb
6
<l
7
lr
8
fc>
8
io
10
Punctuation
prose p a s s a g e a t t h e end o f t h i s s e c t i o n .
The s y s t e m o f
punctuation
2
1 . See end of C h . 3 .
2 . See S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.2,3.ii.
Reading e x a m p l e s .
C H A P T E R CONJUNCT
CHARACTERS
Consonant c h a r a c t e r s may be combined t o r e p r e s e n t two or more c o n s o n a n t s w h i c h a r e t o b e r e a l i s e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y , w i t h o u t an i n t e r vening vowel. Bengali as 1. C h a r a c t e r s formed i n t h i s way a r e r e f e r r e d t o in
^SrPF.^
yuktak^orol. Characters. by in
C o n s t r u c t i o n of Conjunct
B e n g a l i c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d t o some e x t e n t
^
kko ii.
^
nta
3
pte
^
hmo consecutively,
The c h a r a c t e r s t o b e j o i n e d may b e w r i t t e n without the usual i n t e r v e n i n g space; m ngha echo *m dgo e.g.
m dhvo of
iii.
If the f i r s t
1.
(juktakkhor).
2.
209
f i e d i n o r d e r t o make p o s s i b l e as one c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r .
the form of t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o be j o i n e d ;
tto v. The c h a r a c t e r s \5
ttho > T\
kto , and
Jlt^
^t*
18
u s e d when t h e y a r e combined w i t h o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s ;
3*
tko
1
^
tpo kya
\^
tyo
4 rko
The m o d i f i e d forms of some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s , w r i t t e n a s t h e second p a r t of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r , which t h e f u l l c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s ( p h o l a ) ; e . g . TfTp^ft" are r e f e r r e d t o as the and t h e p a r t i c l e <Hj5TT , , syllable , phola
*|ir
, 55|
, yo-phola( jophola) , Tf
The m o d i f i e d forms of t h e c h a r a c t e r s
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s i n B e n g a l i o c c u r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g i.
ba<^o(boa$o) 1.
potton(potton)
mui^a(mur]DJ3)
210 ii.
BENGALI
SECTION or
n^r
pontha(pontha) J*ebde( Jobdo)
3T>
ra^-J;re(ras"l;ro)
I n t h e c l a s s e s o f c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n b e l o w , under 3 . , conjunct c h a r a c t e r s are included which are used o n l y i n w r i t i n g Sanskrit. Some o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s do n o t o c c u r i n B e n g a l i texts,
dictionaries,
ma^-(;ara(ma^-j;ar)
carbbi( corbbi)
of
in certain positions
g i v e s r i s e t o a problem of s p e l l i n g .
T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of s u c h
charact
consonant c h a r a c t e r s w i t h zero-vowel
results the
211 to
classes".
The B e n g a l i c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
and a l l t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n The r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s
t h a t s e c t i o n can be w r i t t e n i n B e n g a l i s c r i p t .
texts.
These c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s consonant f o l l o w e d b y a v o w e l .
c o n s i s t i n g of a
'doubled'
-kko
-kkha
-ggs
-ggho
-cca
-echo
-JDS
-3
jho
t
-tt* -ttha -q.dha
-tto -ttho -ddo -ddha
-nna
ft
-ppo
-ppho
-bba
-bbho
-yyo
-lis ?j
-J Jo
-ssa is ,
The c h a r a c t e r
i s r e a l i s e d as (nno).
The c h a r a c t e r TJ3
r e a l i s e d as ( j j o ) , or when i t
which o c c u r s o n l y i n l o a n w o r d s ,
1 . Compare S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 . 3 .
Class
1.
212
BENGALI When a s u f f i x w i t h an i n i t i a l
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r ,
real
Examples:
1
fT^TT'^|
, parolama(pallam).
Reading e x a m p l e s
^rasr
a
f ^rfB^r ^rnr
ceK
C l a s s 2 . Two vorgiiy^o c h a r a c t e r s
of t h i s c l a s s , g i v e n in the S a n s k r i t
o c c u r r i n g i n a S a n s k r i t t e x t p r i n t e d i n B e n g a l i s c r i p t c a n be ed w i t h a k n o w l e d g e o f S a n s k r i t ; b u t i t work t o i n c l u d e a l l class. i. -kto ii. -tpa -tpho -pto -tko -tkho i s beyond the s c o p e of in
t h e p o s s i b l e combinations of c h a r a c t e r s
The c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n b e l o w may o c c u r i n a B e n g a l i l i t e r a r y
sir
-gdo -dg -gdho
W
-dgha
f
-dbo -bda
"5
-dbhe
If
-bdh
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS
213
^1
-rjgh -J1C9
-jichg
2?
-P-j
-jijh
3?
f
-iit 9
-mp
% -nt
nj
-ri^h -nt9 -nth9 -mbs -mbh
*T
-nd9 -ndh9 S p e c i a l ukar form
hs
*f
-mph
[o-vergo, i s r e a l i s e d as (n_-).
-cjio
jjio
-tn
w
(jacinga).
w
-dne
The c h a r a c t e r
o c c u r s o n l y i n t h e S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d "SjnEfef or a s
yacjia, r e a l i s e d a s ( j a c n a ) The c h a r a c t e r ^
i s r e a l i s e d i n i t i a l l y a s ( g o ) ; and m e d i a l l y
as ( g o ) , w i t h n a s a l i s a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , a s i n
T^jpy
jjiano(gsen) , and ^ j
\o&f
, ajna(aggse).
This
character often
characters^.
^
-kma The c h a r a c t e r
?f
-gno ^
*U
-gmo
^
-ghn
If
-tmo
^
-dm
^
-pn nasal
, tm, i s r e a l i s e d a s ( t t o ) , as in
often with
i s a t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , The c h a r a c t e r T\f
"^TTlfl" , a t m a ( a t t a ) .
nasalisation
, dm, i s r e a l i s e d a s ( d d o ) , w i t h
214
SECTION
e x c e p t i n words i n common u s e , s u c h a s
l v
<SJ
-nmo The f o l l o w i n g
^ -nmo
examples i l l u s t r a t e
i s ekar,
i n a way s i m i l a r t o t h e
of t h i s
*|'MWf^b
1 1
^TFS^rT
1
^Tv5^Tf^
1
i- " 1 % ^T^fT^
Tg^^R
%WTv5 ^^TT
^Rgv5 5 * ^ 3
n^i
T^^T
F^i
^*JTv3
^ f e ^
ii.-^jsfTO
^-^f
^vfT^
TSf^cff
*rr^rr
*rni
*rsr
flr^n"
*r^t
*rtffe
characters, .2 class
the. c h a r a c t e r s V . ne and fi
by a d d i n g t h e s t r o k e character, 1. thus: ^
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
2. Cf. S a n s k r i t ,
Ch.33.Class 3 . i .
215 e.g.
Characters w r i t t e n with y o p h o l a are r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s ways; and the o c c u r r e n c e o f a c h a r a c t e r c o m b i n e d w i t h y o p h o l a i n c o n t e x t s a f f e c t s t h e q u a l i t y o f some o f t h e a. R e a l i s a t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s w i t h yophola. vowels. certain
nyuuno(nun)
dhyey(dheyo) character
When a m e d i a l or a f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d o u b l i n g of t h e c o n s o n a n t by the c h a r a c t e r w i t h w h i c h y o p h o l a i s written.1; e . g .
represented
vakkyo(bakko)
rajyo(rajjo)
puny-o(punno)
^TO
onye(onno) I f an i n i t i a l
M\53
sobhyo(Jobbho) kolyo(kollo)
2
vsr^ra
talvy(talobbo) real
vyotha(b8etha)
vythii(bethi)
v y s j i jn(bien jon)
vytiit(betito)
216
BENGALI
SECTION
I f a c h a r a c t e r w i t h y o p h o l a i s a k a r , t h e vowel i s r e a l i s e d a s (ee) ,
nyayoCnsey)- -
dhyane( dhsen)
vyakhyane(bffikkheen)
kenya(konnee)
In t h e word^C^T^T > u d y o g o , a S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d i n w h i c h t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r a r i s e s from t h e j o i n i n g o f t h e p r e f i x , ut- , w i t h t h e word C^ft^T > y o g a , the medial character i s r e a l i s e d as (djo) ,
2
t h e word b e i n g r e a l i s e d a s ( u d j o g ) .
T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n may b e c o n
t r a s t e d w i t h t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h y o p h o l a i n f<Pf5T, v i d y a ( b i d d e e ) . N o t e a l s o "Sf?^ , s o h y o ( Jo j jho). R e a d i n g examples-^ <TT^ ^Tv5 C^rfnS\5t gSv5 C5otf3 CS^Jt S
yc&n
fs^T
^raft
^rero
qsrr
oth
ii.
Characters with f o l l o w i n g
This c l a s s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s c o n s i s t s of c h a r a c t e r s
occurs
i t i s r e f e r r e d to as
I t i s w r i t t e n w i t h some c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e f u l l ,
j o i n e d t o t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r by t h e m a t r a , a s i n iffi
, hvo ; or i n t h e m o d i f i e d f o r m , added t o t h e f o o t of a
217 the
, rvo , i s d i s c u s s e d , l a t e r , under
The f o l l o w i n g are e x a m p l e s o f c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s formed hy com bining three characters: ^ , ttvo , , ddhv , ^ , ktvo. re
In t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s o f t h i s c l a s s , n t s s t h v i s
When v o p h s l a i s w r i t t e n w i t h an i n i t i a l i s e d as zero.; e . g .
^t^t
svamii(jami) jval(jal)
w
tvkt(tokto)
w r
dvadJ( d a d o j ) character, it
z e r o - r e a l i s a t i o n of vphla, a s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
nvh(onnoho)
iiJvr(iJJor)
viJv(biJJo)
konv(konno)
In S a n s k r i t w o r d s , u s e d a s l e a r n e d l o a n w o r d s i n l i t e r a r y
r e s u l t s , and i n t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h a r i s e from t h e
2*8
BENGALI
SECTION
sodvyevohare(/odbebohar)
rgvedo(rigbed)
are e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s g e n e r a l
The r e a l i s a t i o n , o f v e p h o l a , i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e above e x a m p l e s , r e s u l t s i n a s i m i l a r i t y o f r e a l i s a t i o n o f two o r more words w h i c h a r e t h e same i n t h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e and d i s t i n g u i s h e d o n l y i n w r i t i n g ; e.g. , d h a n i i , and $fl<jp| , d h v a n i , r e a l i s e d a s ( d h o n i ) ,^
f*r3^T?T *fJ
J i k a r o , and ^Wj.^ , s v i i k a r e , r e a l i s e d a s ( j i k a r ) ,
, J"oro,
'^n<r
, s o r a , and
, svoro , r e a l i s e d as ( / o r ) 5
Reading examples^-
iii. a.
or w i t h f o l l o w i n g
^
-rko
-rco
^
-v\o
\ s
-rto
T ,
Y
-rpa
p
a4 -rkii
, s
cf
-rkov and ^
-rke
The c h a r a c t e r s
>F>\Sl 3,
F,^f,
T,^I
1 . ' m a s t e r ' and ' s o u n d ' , 2 . ' h u n t i n g ' and ' a g r e e m e n t ' . 3 . ' a r r o w ' , ' c r e a m ' and ' v o i c e ' . U. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 9 . 5. C f . S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i i i . a .
219
the r e a l i s a t i o n
in certain positions
leads to
the
a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i n a way as i n t h e s e examples:^sf^<f
similar
t o the r e a l i s a t i o n of r e p h e ,
Verbal f orms: *Pf|"<<p3 p a r o t a ( p a r ' t o , p a t t o ) , Other words : T f ^ ^ j " ^ Reading examples*r , derobaro( dor'bar) ,
^f^^t^f
\54
*j*f
^T*T
^ifi
^jt^
?fl^v5
b.
^pft
character.3 class
f%M*f
stfrta
of t h i s
the The
stroke r e f e r r e d to as r o p h o l a ( r o p h o l a )
Sanskrit
e r s w i t h r o p h o l a , w i t h some s p e c i a l e r s formed by j o i n i n g t h r e e
f o r m s ; and some c o n j u n c t
characters:
kro
gro
jro
tro
dro
pro
bhro
Jr
hr
5
dru 1.
dhruu
*
Jru
5
tru
-3T
-r)gr
"5
-ndr
W
-ktr
1
-ndhr be
220
BENGALI
SECTION
Reading e x a m p l e s !
srm
cm
^
^ 1
t$
5 ^
a t m
fSs
fsv5
iv. a.
tfrsfar
^t3
c5|
^1*3
c*f .
2
or w i t h f o l l o w i n g
, thus:-
the Bengali c h a r a c t e r s occur with p r e c e d i n g i l l u s t r a t e d below i n the reading examples. b. c?J following another character.
5 f at the f o o t thus , ml , -
of
the
, gl
$f
, Jl .
The but ,
character
i s not combined w i t h
t h e two c h a r a c t e r s a r e w r i t t e n c o n s e c u t i v e l y , or a m o d i f i e d form of i t ,
When f *
i s added t o a n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r a s t h e i t i s r e f e r r e d to as
second
p a r t of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r ,
laphala(lophola). loanwords.
Only a few of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r , m o s t l y i n S a n s k r i t
i s kar and i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s ,
and b .
221 matglgbgdnot'lob).
b i l 9 k u l 9 ( b i l
'kill) , " ^ p 3 c ^
Reading examples-*-
3Fte
c s w
s r m
a m
csrr^
^sffa
^rr?
Class U. v o r g i i y g c h a r a c t e r s
u u s m 9
j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or
following
i. a.
character. "*f :-
C h a r a c t e r s which o c c u r w i t h p r e c e d i n g
-Jc9
-Jch9
-Jna
Jmo :-
-^ko
~?t
~?t
n s
"~ l
sr
~^P
-sph9 - s m 9
Words w i t h c u r s i v e
forms:
of t h e \9-vorg9 f( ,
, 'no , i s r e a l i s e d
i s r e a l i s e d as
and and
i n o r d i n a r y s p e e c h , b u t may b e r e a l i s e d a s ( s k o ) , i n formal s p e e c h .
"*J , Jno , i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as
(sno).
1.
For t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,
see p.230.
2.
Cf.
Sanskrit,
C h . 3 , 3 , C l a s s h. i .
222
BENGALI
SECTION "Sf
N
:-
^
sko skho The c h a r a c t e r
^
st
^
sth
^
sn
f
sp
"tr
sph sm is of t h e t-vrg , stu or . akar, are
combined w i t h c h a r a c t e r s
, JmJ*ru and ^ ,
sm , a r e r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y a s ( / J o ) , a s i n t h e words '^'"Q' , uusm(uJ".fo) and \3~*t\ , bhsm(bho j Jo) . Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s c e d i n g uusm c h a r a c t e r s , ^ , -stv , of C l a s s e s 1 . , 2 . and 3 . may o c c u r w i t h such a s , -t
r s
pre
> If
-str
, -stv
The f o l l o w i n g words i l l u s t r a t e
the r e a l i s a t i o n of is
consecutive in
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , when t h e f i r s t a way s i m i l a r t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n
kar i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s , , of t h i s
of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s
class:
" rr^|v5
Reading examples
2
!:3:
> asstsCaT'to)
f>*f*Tt
b.
Characters
"5J or
, - t s and
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS s c r i p t , however, c h a r a c t e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s given i n the Sanskrit s e c t i o n a r e u s e d . occurs i n E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s . Cursive forms i n words ^ n * r f * w r w r w l < N > ( w f r f a
223
The c h a r a c t e r
"^J" , - k s o ,
The c h a r a c t e r
i s not c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y
a conjunct
character,
and i t i s o f t e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e s y l l a b a r y a f t e r characters.
t h e consonant
I t does n o t , h o w e v e r , b e l o n g p r o p e r l y t o t h e s y l l a b a r y ,
d i c t i o n a r i e s a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h
3j^r
kgnuto(khnuto) tiiksno( tikkhno) suuksmo( Jukkho) ^* , t h e i n h e r e n t ^ vowel is When an okar c h a r a c t e r i s f o l l o w e d b y i s r e a l i s e d a s ( o ) , a s i n Jff^T
, J l o k s n o ( J l o k h n o ) j and i f
a k a r , t h e vowel s i g n may b e r e a l i s e d a s (se) , a s i n t h e s e words <f^t , r e k s a ( r o k k h a , rokkhse) , "SJ^JT > yok^ma( jokkhss).
Reading examples 2
^nra
*rftftre
xs^fht^
*j*r
*t*&?t
above.
224 ii. ^
BENGALI
SECTION characters .
1
The c h a r a c t e r s
a r e r e a l i s e d a s ( n h o ) , and t h e
^*rc*rt
w(7Tt
^cafe
^c?rfi
^rrftvsi
smosh
^srar f N n ^ ^c?rm^cs?
*Trf%c3ra
^n*rr
xsrera ^ c ^ r qc=?
ewer
t%^re3
* n f 5
of^ra
vb ( s f t ^ ^ t a*RTS "R^TSOSWSiS
^ m t -
f^Tra IW
# r
HJ*flN
& t ^ ! ^
C^TQ3
C^t\5S
^PT, v3*R
G5T<5ft ^3
\5T3 Tftft
TOUTS ^ <
^ r r c ?
TO^TO
^f%v5
gsiws
c * r 5
*?ttow
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS
225
TO,
fl^f CT-^rtCT
c%5u
<7r^rf(7T
^^QJTT
^re^m
including conjunct
characters:
d o n t o Joe h o j o n t o ,
donto
Joe akar)
(borgiyo j o , donto noe mophola) (c|hoe h r o j j o u k a r , murdhonno n o e djho t a t e h r o j j o i k a r , (joe jopholae condrobindu t a t e akar) akar) to)
TO
( d o n t o J o , d o n t o n o e dhoe (dirgho i ,
( j o r i a, ontostho
okar,
Joe ko t a t e
(noe h r o j j o i k a r ,
talobbo
Joe e o , o n t o s t h o ikar)
( d o n t o Joe t o e r o p h o l a t a t e d i r g h o ( t a l o b b o Joe h r o j j o i k a r , k h y o e
akar)
226
BENGALI
SECTION
T r a n s c r i p t i o n of R e a d i n g E x a m p l e s Chapter 2. l.i. ngdg nod kgtg koto bong bon phe-(;gkg phojjok ce^opg^g cof'P !
0
kg ko
ng no T ^ -|;ok ghong ghono mans mon kotgkg kotok ko^eke^ kof'kof gepeggp gor'gop
9 9
pg po
dg do
t
DO
tg to gh"]; ghof
joro joro
ngtg noto
tgtg toto
ghg-j;gkg ghofok cjhekemeke djiok'mok tgkgtgkg tok'tok bglg bol rgkg rok khg^gkhg^g kho-fkhot dhopgdhgpg dhop'dhop dglg dol rgthg roth phol phol
thekothgk thok'thok l.ii. kglg kol joto joto bodolg bodol kheretoro khorotor l.iii. Jovg Job Jgtg /oto sohgrg Johor
ghgrg ghor
malg mol
pgrg por
golgdo golod
mlj moloj pholgkgrg pholokor sgbg Job sgmg Jomo sohoj Johoj
nggorg nogor kglgrgvg kolorob dojg doj hgtg hoto sgrglg Jorol
gglong golon
TRANSCRIPTION khoskhs kho/'kho/ 8hocore /ohocor 2.i. at *t is i/ elm elora ii/o i/o it ito it it tsts to/'toj smtl Jomotol i i ut t l l am am tltl tol'tol ghnrs ghonoro/ e e rn rin cjhlcjhl d h o l ' dhol ghnkph ghonokoph oy oi uun un mdkt modokof v ou er er or orjelsksr jolokor
227
iid id
itlo itol otsn oton op r opo oro ib ibo ca ca rsi ri/i /i/u /i/u thu thu alo alo
itr ist utr udk ett itor i/ot utor udok etot evssdh vrt vsn oujodh ou/on ourot p ogh iit ot g en vm ito opo ogho oto ogo eno oumo ut uto go go dao dao yui jui mane mane kumarii kumari duur dur niil nil kuu ku yk oiko jhi jhi c|heu djieu hrdi hridi dagabaji dagabaji cokh cokh olo olo os 0/0 mv mou krpa kripa hur i i huri nr nri guru guru novka nouka nirupadhi nirupadhi motaleb motaleb mrt mrito chi chi
ukh ukho se /e
2.11.
otu otu mot a raofa godhuli godhuli p. 198. jut juto caker cakor tomora tom'ra lekh lekh /unot /un'to bi boi
m
/i ruti rufi niiti niti
ruupa rupa
jiivilca jjbika tin tin dudh dudh guurh gurho sahss Jaho/ tukra fuk'ra lekh lekho /unto /un'to ki koi khi khoi
tit tito
mrg chot dr^h mvn m r i g o c h o t o d r i p h o mouho pather pathor kamera kam'ra cuppi cup pi
1
dhsvt dhouto
devr dehor ggnbhela gogon'bhela jitobo jit'bo /unol Jun'lo so-lil /olil
thak thak
thak thako
boli boli
228
BENGALI SECTION sahito Johit ptu pofu era er tusa tuf dari dari b. nam nor) jamidara jomidar marut morut ha ha ci ci co
C O
abhidhana obhidhan baluka boluk t^ \v. d^ar^a djar poci/o pocij" damJana donjon
sutararrj Jutorarj
galita golito phatura photur ta ta dha dha ghota ghof hakapi hakapi Jarrjsa Jorjja
Ska ak
caca cac
cheka chek
kudala kudol
^ J i 9 r r j t ; h srrj t 9t^
h o o n
vamjo arjJo
samvit Jorjbit
vamJadhara borj Jodhor sarah Joroh nabhahsad nobhoJJod havih Jesa hobijjej
duhsamaya dujjomoy
vanavkah bonoukah
nihkasana nikkajon
paggara poggo sar^r^avata Jonnoboto ummeda ummed saddara Joadar udgamana udgomon utphulla utphullo
kaccara koccor uttara uttor Joyya Jo 0 d tibbat tibbot udghata udghat utpanna utponno utthana utthan phulla phullo
l a j ja l o j ja Juddha Juddho
manajjanti monoj'janti
hissa hijja,
utkhata utkhat
TRANSCRIPTION ii. lankar olonkar J"nkh /onkho ssngst Jorjgoto kon^ha kor^fha ssnghstsn /onghofon jicsl oncol Janti /anti lanchsna lanchona panthii ponthi jijsli onjoli ninda ninda
229
kon^okii konjjoki
sompgdg /ompod
/9kma
pgmkti ponkti
Jokka i v . unmogn unmogno Class 3 . i vaky bakko thyan bhrtyer bhritter nyuune nun vyonjsn bsenjon Class kvocit kocit iiJvoro iJJor khyat kheeto qhyaqa
nimnokt nimnokto
ssnmas JonmaJ"
cyutg cuto
jyoti joti
gbhyasa obbheaj
monusyo monuJ"/o
s s h y udyana J o j j h o uddsen
3.ii. pokvo pokko svocche Joccho ucchvaso ucchaj* jval jal tvsra tora tottvo totto sorosvotii /oro//oti dhvonsa dhonfo /vaso /a/ vilvo billo jihva jibha
nvesr[ onne/on
svode/e /odej
Class 3 i i i . a. terk torko muurkhe murkho vorgiiyo borgiyo diirghg dirgho varcc barcco muurcchong raurcchon s a r j j u vrn / o r j u borno korttgvyg kortobbo podarthg podartho kerdd-]; rddh durnam kordot ordho durnam ssrp /orpo smrpn dhrm /omorpon dhormo msryyada morjseda durlgbh durlobh
SECTION ggrhgrjg gorhon putrg putro aryyg arjo drgvyg drobbo visgrgg biJorge prg:qamg pronam vrgtg brot sgrddarg Jordar priyg priyo Jrii sri sgrjgrghg /orjgroho
ghreyg ghreyo
vajrg bojro
a/rayg asroy
srutg sruto
srmi sm
vgdhrg bodhro
prarthgna prartbona
ucchrgyg ucchroy
sarjkrantg /orjkranto
paktrg poktro
ul-|;a ulfa
gglpg golpo
gulmg gulmo
glepgng glepon
tablakg toblok
gjliilg o/lil
C l a s s U. i . a. p o / c a t pojcat nip^n-urg ni/fhur ni/ceyg nijcoy krsng krijno n i / c h i d r g a/cgryg nijchidro a/corjo ni^pgtti nifpotti nisphglg ni/phol p r a j n g n i s k r t g ngs"tg p r o s n o n i / k r i t o noJ-J;o grii^mg grij/o skgndg skondo jyesthg jeJ"t
n o
stgbdba stobdho smgrgr^g Joron svasthg Jostho snano snan snigdhg snigdbo spgs"J;g spoT^o sphu-J;itg sphutito smrti srlti b. gksarg okkhor pariksitg porikkhito tgtksgrjat totkhonat suuk^mg Jukkho
vismgyg bi/Joy strii stri rasjro rajfro vipsa bip/a k^viiirjg khinno
C l a s s U. i i . gpgrahng oporanho ahnikg anhik cihng cinho mgdhyahng moddhanho brghma bromba prahr]g pranho puurvvahng purbbanho
TRANSCRIPTION Bengali prose passage ekedine epeksakrte elpeveyase sekdin opekkhakrito olpoboyje y e k h a n e amare J e k t i j o k h o n amar Jokti chile chilo
231
kekhane kekhene i m r e j i s a h i t y a mukhe mukhe bamla k a r e J u n i y e c i . kokhono kokhono i n r e j i J a h i t t o mukhe mukhe h a n l a k o r e J u n i y e c i . Jrotara srotara imreji inreji janetene s a v a i . jan'ten Jobai. tavu tohu tara tSra s i ikar a karecena fikar korecen
s a h i t y e r a v a n i i bamlabha^aye t a d e r e mahe s e h e j e s a r a p e y e c e . Jahitter hani banlabhajay tader mone J o h o j e Jara p e y e c e . adhunika / i k ^ a i m r e j i h h a s a v a h i n i i adhunik Jikkha i n r e j i h h a / a b a h i n i tara tar anekakhani onek'khani mara y a y e . mara j a y .
h a l e i amadera manera p r o v e J e p e t h e h o l e i amader moner p r o b e J ' p o t h e " aharera aharer ja^ila joj;il debara debar takhana tokhon
yakhana k h e t a b a s e jokhon k h e t e b o j e
t a r a pekpe badhat a r pokkhe b a d h a je"|;herere d a v i i jo{horer dabi s e i daj*a, Jei doja, ache ache e e
g r a s t a b o l e i bheropuuro b h o j e r a m a j h a k h a n e o k s u d h i t e grosto b o l e i bhor'pur bhojer majh'khaneo khudhito sempuurne mi"|;0te c a y e n a . Jompurno m i f ' t e c a y n a . amadera amader Pik^ara b h o j e o fikkhar bhojeo
niye. niye.
kala. kol
c a l a n o r o k o t h a n o y e , p a i p a y e k h a n e p a v c h a y e na s e k h a n e calanor kotha noy, paip j e k h a n e p o u c h o y na Jekhane vyavasthara kotha. bsebosthar kotha. Jest na h e y e t e v e J o s t o na hoy t o b e
paniiyera paniyer
matrbhasaye s e i vyavastha yadi gospedere ceye p r o m a t r i b h a j a y J e i beebostha jodi gojpoder ceye proe i v i d y a h a r a d e j e r e m e r u v a s i i menere upaye hobe k i i e i biddashara d e j e r m o r u b a j i moner upay hobe k i .