Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2010
Contents
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Sequences
4.1 1st order linear recurrence relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 2nd order linear recurrence relation with constant coefficients . . . . . . . .
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Page 1
CONTENTS
4.3
Miscellaneous Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Series
5.1 Trigonometric Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Past Year SMO Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Polynomials
9.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Miscellaneous Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10 Functional Equations
10.1 Generalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Some initial advice . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Functional equations over N, Z and Q
10.4 Other advice and methods . . . . . .
10.5 Miscellaenous Problems . . . . . . .
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Page 2
CONTENTS
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13 Recursions
13.1 Solving recursive relations . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.1 First order linear recursive relations .
13.1.2 Second order linear recursive relations
13.2 Formulating recursive relations . . . . . . . .
13.3 Using a graph to set-up recursive relations . .
13.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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16 Generating Functions
16.1 Ordinary Generating Functions . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2 Some Modelling Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3 Exponential Generating Functions . . . . . . . . .
16.4 Exponential generating functions for permutations .
16.5 Distribution Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page 3
CONTENTS
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20 Complex Numbers
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2 Preliminaries and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2.2 Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3 Useful Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3.1 Basic Angle Properties Between Lines . . . . .
20.3.2 Properties of the Unit Circle . . . . . . . . . .
20.3.3 Similar Triangles, Concyclicity and Area . . .
20.3.4 Some Special Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4 Worked Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5 Final Word of advice for analytic methods . . . . . . .
20.5.1 Advantages of the Complex Number Method .
20.5.2 Disadvantages of the Complex Number Method
20.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.7 Miscellaneous Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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21 Inversive Geometry
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . .
21.2 Preliminaries and Notations .
21.3 Useful Results . . . . . . . .
21.3.1 Poles and Polars . .
21.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . .
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Page 4
CONTENTS
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23 Congruences
23.1 Definition, some initial properties
23.2 Order of an element . . . . . . . .
23.3 Chinese Remainder Theorem . . .
23.4 Congruences modulo p . . . . . .
23.5 Miscellaneous Problems . . . . .
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24 Diophantine Equations
24.1 Some reflexes . . . . . .
24.2 Using Congruences . . .
24.3 Infinite Descent . . . . .
24.4 Discriminant Method . .
24.5 Vietas relations . . . . .
24.6 2nd order equations . . .
24.7 Miscellaneous Problems
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Page 5
Foreword
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is the most important and prestigious mathematical competition for high-school students. The first IMO was held in Brasov, Romania
in July, 1959. This year will be the 51st edition, to be held in Astana, Kazakhstan.
Singapore has taken part in the IMO since 1988. So this year will be the 22nd year we
are taking part. Each year, 6 students will be chosen to represent Singapore. Currently,
the national team is selected through a National Team Selection Test in April/May from the
training team, which comprises the top 20-25 2nd round results in the Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO).
In the 22 years of Singapores participation, we have had 1 single gold medal, from
Senkodan Thevendran in IMO 1996. Needless to say, this haul is not the most impressive.
However, the IMO is probably the hardest science olympiad, in the sense where creativity,
insight and perhaps even talent, are required. The drill and mug mode (i.e. regurgitation and
rote learning) which we Singaporeans are so good at, which probably explains why we excel
at Physics, Chemistry and Biology olympiads, is less applicable here.
Nevertheless in the 22 years, 72 of the 132 students that have represented Singapore have
been Rafflesians. Many of them have gone on to receive other prestigious awards like the
Presidents Scholarship and Public Service Commission Overseas Merit Scholarship. Charmaine Sia has also been recently awarded the Alice T Schafer Prize for the most outstanding
undergraduate woman in mathematics in the United States.
Are you ready to be the next?
Page 6