2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - degrees of comparison

1. Adjectives of one syllable Adjectives of one syllable add -er and -est. Adjectives ending on 'e' just add -r and -st. Some adjectives double the final consonant. Adjective small warm old nice big Comparative smaller warmer older nicer bigger Superlative smallest warmest oldest nicest biggest

2. Adjectives of two syllables Some adjectives of two syllables add -er and -est. Adjectives ending in 'y' use -ier and -iest. Adjectives ending in -ful, -less, -ing, -ed use more and most. Some other adjectives of two syllables use more and most (modern, famous, normal, correct, ...). Adjective narrow happy useful boring modern Comparative narrower happier more useful more boring more modern Superlative narrowest happiest most useful most boring most modern

3. Adjectives of three or more syllables Adjectives of three or more syllables use more and most. Adjective beautiful dangerous exciting 4. Irregular adjectives You will have to learn these by heart. Adjective good (well) bad little much, many far late old Comparative better worse less more farther, further later older, elder Superlative best worst least most farthest last, latest older, oldest Comparative more beautiful more dangerous more exciting Superlative most beautiful most dangerous most exciting

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - genitive
1. Possessive case To make the genitive of nouns of PEOPLE or ANIMALS we add 's My mother's hobby is surfing. The yellow one is my dad's car. To plural of nouns of PEOPLE or ANIMALS ending in -s we add ' (apostrophe) The cats' food is in the kitchen. Where is the ladies' room? To proper nouns (name) ending in a sibilant (=sound like an S) we add an 's Prince Charles's wedding was in 1981. We walked through St James's park. 2. Special use When THE PLACE IS UNDERSTOOD, words such as house, shop, cathedral,...are generally omitted after a genitive: The wedding took place at St Paul's. (Cathedral) Mum is at the baker's. (shop) I'm staying at my uncle's. (house) The genitive is often used in EXPRESSIONS denoting TIME or DISTANCE: Where is yesterday's newspaper? We go to Bath for a week's holiday. She lives in an hour's distance from work. Sometimes a noun is followed by OF + GENITIVE: it is called the double possessive and is used to put the stress on the person who possesses: This is a house of my sister's. These are friends of my father's.

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - possessive pronouns

1. Form and example They do not change according to the thing possessed, but according to the possessor mine yours his hers ours yours theirs This is my chair. It's mine These are your books. They are yours. Is this his dog? Is it his? Where are her toys? Where are hers? These are our jackets. These are ours. These are our books. These are yours Where are their plants? Where are theirs?

There is no possessive pronoun for 'it'. We use 'its own' instead: Your dog is eating my dog's bone, why can't it eat its own?

Grammar - reflexive pronouns

1. Form and example myself yourself (singular) himself herself itself ourselves yourselves (plural) themselves I bought myself a new T-shirt. Be careful, you will hurt yourself. He built the house himself. She taught herself to swim. The dog took the newspaper itself We enjoyed ourselves. You read the books yourselves. An and Mike took the pictures themselves.

You can use a reflexive pronoun to emphasize that the subject did the action.

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - (a) few / (a) little

1. Countable and uncountable To use the expressions of quantity correctly, you need to understand the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. We can say: three cups, two girls, ten pounds: we can count them. We cannot say: two waters, three musics, one money: we cannot count them. 2. A few - a little A few is used with countable nouns: - There are a few biscuits in the tin. - My bus goes in a few minutes 3. Few and little with(out) a WITH A the meaning is positive: - He spoke a little English, so we could talk to him. - A few customers have come into the shop, it has been quite busy. WITHOUT A the meaning is negative: - He spoke little English, it was difficult to talk to him. - Few customers have come into the shop, it has been quiet. A little is used with uncountable nouns: - There's a little whisky left. Help yourself. - There is a little sunshine.

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - adjective / adverb

1. Introduction An adjective describes a noun: - It 's a nice song. - The man had a quiet voice. - She wears expensive clothes. - The runners made a slow start. 2. Form We form many adverbs from an adjective + LY: quick polite careful easy angry comfortable probable dramatic automatic Irregular forms good hard fast well hard fast quicky politely carefully easily angrily quicky probably dramatically automatically An adverb describes a verb: - She sang nicely. - The man spoke quietly. - She dresses expensively. - They started slowly.

If an adjective ends with Y, the adverbs ends with ILY:

If an adjective ends with BLE, the adverbs ends with BLY:

If an adjective ends with IC, the adverbs ends with ICALLY:

3. Adjectives after verbs We also use adjectives after some verbs (be, look, seem, appear, ...) - Mike looked angry. - Please be quiet!

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - passive voice

1. Form We form the passive like this: to be + past participle. Present simple: Past simple: 2. Use We use the passive when it is not important who does the action, or when we don't know who it is: e.g. This castle was built in the 16th century (we don't know who built it). We also use the passive because we have been talking about something, and not the person who did it. We use 'by' to say who does/did the action. e.g. This film was made in 1956. It was directed by Hitchcock. 3. Active and passive Passive verbs have the same tenses as active verbs: Active Present simple Past simple Passive She cleans the room every day. The room is cleaned every day. He cleaned the room yesterday. The room was cleaned yesterday. Diamonds are found in South Africa. The goods were delivered yesterday.

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - present simple

1. Conjugation Affirmative I work You work He works She works It works We work You work They work Negative I do not work You do not work He does not work She does not work It does not work You do not work We do not work They do not work Interrogative Do I work ? Do you work ? Does he work ? Does she work ? Does it work ? Do we work ? Do you work ? Do they work ?

Contracted forms: do not = don't / does not = doesn't 2. Spelling of 3rd person singular (he, she, it) General rule: infinitive without 'to' + S to work ==> works to play ==> plays Verbs ending in O, SS, X, CH, SH : infinitive without 'to' + ES to go ==> goes to kiss ==> kisses Verbs ending in Y, preceded by a consonant: Y changes into IES to cry ==> cries to fly ==> flies

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - present continuous

1. Conjugation Affirmative I am working You are working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working Contracted forms: Negative I am not working You are not working He is not working She is not working It is not working We are not working You are not working They are not working am = 'm am not = 'm not is = 's is not = isn't Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working? are = 're are not = aren't

2. Spelling of the ing-form (present participle) General rule: infinitive without 'to' + ING to work --> working to play --> playing Verbs ending in a silent E: the E is dropped +ING to go --> going to come --> coming Verbs ending in IE: the IE changes into Y +ING to die --> dying to lie --> lying Verbs with the stress on the last syllable, ending in a consonant, preceded by a short vowel: the end consonant is doubled + ING to stop --> stopping to begin --> beginning Verbs ending in L: the L is doubled +ING to travel --> travelling to quarrel --> quarrelling Verbs ending in IC: the C is followed by K +ING to picnic --> picnicking to panic --> panicking

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - past simple

1. Conjugation Affirmative I worked You worked He worked She worked It worked We worked You worked They worked Contracted forms: 2. Spelling General rule: infinitive without 'to' + ED to work --> I worked Verbs ending in E or IE: infinitive without 'to' + D to die --> He died Verbs ending in Y, preceded by a consonant: the Y changes into IED to try --> She tried Verbs ending in L, preceded by a short vowel: the L is doubled + ED to travel --> We travelled Verbs ending in IC: the C is followed by K + ED to panic --> They panicked Verbs of one syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel: the end consonant is doubled + ED to plan --> You planned Negative I did not work You did not work He did not work She did not work It did not work We did not work You did not work They did not work did not = didn't Interrogative Did Did Did Did Did Did Did Did I work? you work? he work? she work? it work? we work? you work? they work?

2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - present perfect

1. Conjugation Affirmative I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked Contracted forms: Negative I have not worked You have not worked He has not worked She has not worked It has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked have not = haven't has not = hasn't Interrogative Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked?

have = 've has = 's

2. Spelling General rule: infinitive without 'to' + ED to work --> I have worked Verbs ending in E or IE: infinitive without 'to' + D to die --> He has died Verbs ending in Y, preceded by a consonant: the Y changes into IED to try --> She has tried Verbs ending in L, preceded by a short vowel: the L is doubled + ED to travel --> We have travelled Verbs ending in IC: the C is followed by K + ED to panic --> They have panicked Verbs of one syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel: the end consonant is doubled + ED to plan --> You have planned

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2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - future simple

1. Conjugation Affirmative I will work You will work He will work She will work It will work We will work You will work They will work Negative I will not work You will not work He will not work She will not work It will not work You will not work We will not work They will not work Interrogative Will Will Will Will Will Will Will Will I work? you work? he work? she work? it work? we work? you work? they work?

Note: in the first persons you can also use shall instead of will Contracted forms: will = 'll / will not = won't / shall not = shan't

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2nd year - Intermediate

Grammar - to be+going to
1. Conjugation Affirmative I am going to work You are going to work He is going to work She is going to work It is going to work We are going to work You are going to work They are going to work Contracted forms: Negative I am not going to work You are not going to work He is not going to work She is not going to work It is not going to work You are not going to work We are not going to work They are not going to work is = 's is not = isn't Interrogative Am I going to work? Are you going to work? Is he going to work? Is she going to work? Is it going to work? Are we going to work? Are you going to work? Are they going to work? are = 're are not = aren't

am = 'm am not = 'm not

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2nd year - Intermediate

FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

> Future perfect Relatively rare in English, the future perfect serves to express one future action which precedes a future moment or another future action. More over, it asserts that these actions will be completed before the principal action. It is formed by adding the modal "will" to the auxiliary "have," preceding the past participle: She will have finished before eight o'clock. Tomorrow morning they will all have left. They will already have finished eating by the time we get there. One can often use the simple future instead of the future perfect, but a nuance is lost: the simple future does not emphasize the completion of the first action: Tomorrow morning they will all leave. (The future perfect would emphasize that they will already have departed before tomorrow morning.) They will finish eating by the time we get there. (They may finish just as we arrive; the future perfect would emphasize that they will have finished before we arrive.) > Future progressive The future progressive serves to express an action which will be in the process of occurring. It is formed by putting the present progressive into the future: will be + present participle. I will be waiting for you at six o'clock. He will be eating by the time you arrive. Hint for usage: How to choose between the future progressive and the simple future? If it is possible to use the expression "will be in the process of," it is the future progressive that best expresses the action. The future progressive indicates that an action will be continuing at a given moment; the simple future suggests that the action will be complete. Thus the verb tense can nuance meaning. Consider these sentences, both of which are grammatically correct: I will be finishing my homework at 10:00. (This suggests that I may finish my homework at 10:05 or 10:15; I will be nearing completion, in the process of completion.) I will finish my homework at 10:00. (This suggests that I will finish at 10:00 sharp.)

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