A Mini project training on BROADBAND

ADSL/VDSL TECHNOLOGY IN BSNL

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by M.RAMYA 09P31A0469
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

Mr. N.RAJESH BABU

M.Tech , Associate Professor,ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI SAI ADITYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada& Approved by AICTE, New Delhi) Surampalem, East Godavari District

Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project report entitled BROADBAND IMPLEMENTATION OF MPLS TECHNOLOGY IN BSNL being submitted by

M.RAMYA
This is to certify that the mini project work titled

09P31A0469

BROADBAND ADSL/VDSL

TECHNOLOGY IN BSNL is a bonafide work of M.RAMYA carried out in partial

fulfillment of the requirements under our guidance.

Project guide Mr. N.RAJESH BABU, M.Tech Associate Professor , ECE

Head of the Department Mr. R.V.V.KRISHNA, M.Tech(Ph.D.)

HOD, ECE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Performing Mini Project is an important role in shaping up an Engineering student for practical knowledge and to be update with latest Technologies. First of all, I would like to express my attitude towards Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Mr.R.V.V.KRISHNA, M.Tech(Ph.D.), Associate Professor and HOD,ECE for his guidance throughout our Mini Project work. With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this Mini Project work a grand success.

We would like to thank Mr.N.RAJESH BABU , M.Tech ,Associate Professor,

ECE as my mini project guide for giving valuable suggestions.

First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Dr. CH.SRINIVASA RAO, M.Tech, Ph.D., FIETE for giving us the permission to carry out this Mini Project.We would like to thank the HOD & Other Teaching Staff of ECE Department for sharing their knowledge with us.

We thank Sri K.SURESH KUMAR S.D.E and Co-Staff Members, BSNL, Rajahmundry for extending their utmost support and cooperation in providing successful completion of the Project.

We thank Sri V.RAMESH BABU, Assistant General Manager(admn.) of BSNL, Rajahmundry for extending their utmost support and cooperation in providing all the provisions for the successful completion of the Project.

ABSTRACT
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. The term Xdsl covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL , including ADSL , SDSL , HDSL , RADSL , and VDSL . xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure .

xDSL services are dedicated , point-to-point , public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider (NSPs) central office and the customer site , or on local loops created either intra-building or intra campus. Digital The benefits Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies has revolutionized Internet access of DSL technology, coupled with the deregulation of the telecommunications industry, have caused in increase in the number of service providers (xSP) offering DSL services.

Everyone from ILECs to CLECs to ISPs are offering DSL services to homes and Businesses-with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) currently being the most common and cost effective choice. Research into DSL technologies has produced variants of ADSL to help resolve issues users are faced with today, as well as plan for future

implementations. One of these variants is Very High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). VDSL differs from the other DSL technologies primarily in the areas of speed and distance. Lower costs, competition with other technologies and forward thinking for future bandwidth requirements are contributing to making VDSL a variable technology for even wider implementation. Currently the primary focus in xDSL is the . development and deployment of ADSL and VDSL technologies and architectures.
4

INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO:

1. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

1.1 ADSL capabilities 1.2 ADSL technology 1.3 ADSL standards and associations 1.4 ADSL market status

6-11

2. Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

2.1 VDSL projected capabilities

12-14 15-22

3. ADSL
3.1 Overview 3.2 Operation 3.3 Interleaving and fast path 3.4 Installation problems 3.5 Transport protocols 3.6 ADSL standards

4. Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

4.1 Path taken by data to DSLAM 4.2 Role of DSLAM

23-26

5. Conclusion

27

CHAPTER-1 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

ADSL technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth

downstream from an NSPs Central office to the customer sitethan upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 640 kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure ). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and lowresolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century.

FIGURE 1

1.1 ADSL Capabilities

An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twistedpair line, creating three information channels - a high speed downstream

channel, a medium speed duplex channel, and a basic telephone service channel. The basic telephone service channel is split off from the

digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails. The high-speed channel ranges from 1.5 to 6.1 Mbps, and duplex rates range from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel can be submultiplexed to form multiple lower-rate channels. ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544 Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies (see Figure 1.2) and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16 kbps duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps duplex. Products with downstream rates upto 8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640 Kbps are available today ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols. Downstream data rates depend on a number of factors, including the length of the copper line, its wire gauge, presence of bridged taps, and cross-coupled interference. Line attenuation increases with line length and frequency and decreases as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps ADSL performs as shown in Table 1.1. Table 1: Claimed ADSL Physical-Media Performance

Data Rate 1.5 or 2Mbps 1.5 or 2Mbps 6.1Mbps

Wire gauge 24 AWG 26 AWG 24 AWG

Wire size 0.5mm

Distance

5.5km

0.4mm

4.6km

0.5mm

3.7km

1.5 or 2 Mbps

26 AWG

0.4mm

2.7

Table 2: This chart shows the speeds for downstream bearer and duplex bearer channels Downstream Bearer Channels n*1.536 Mbps 1.536 Mbps 3.072 Mbps 4.608 Mbps 6.144 Mbps N*2.048 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 4.096 Mbps Duplex Bearer Channels C Channel 16 kbps 64 kbps Optional Channel 160 kbps 384 kbps 544 kbps 576 kbps Although the measure varies from telco to telco , these capabilities can cover up to 95% of a loop plant, depending on the desired data rate. Customers beyond these distances can be reached with fiber-based digital loop carrier (DLC) systems . As these DLC systems become commercially available , telephone companies can offer virtually

ubiquitous access in a relatively short time. Many applications envisioned for ADSL involve digital compressed video . As a real-time signal, digital video cannot use link- or networklevel error control procedures commonly found in data communications systems . ADSL modems therefore incorporate forward error correction that dramatically reduces errors caused by impulse noise . Error

correction on a symbol-by-symbol basis also reduces errors caused by continuous noise coupled into a line.

1.2 ADSL Technology

ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone lines may

attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle of modern technology. To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of two ways-frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation-as shown in figure 1.3. FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for downstream data .The downstream path is then divided by time-division multiplexing into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low-speed channels .The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low-speed channels .Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap the downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation, a technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique, ADSL splits off a 4khz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band. Figure 2: Graph of Upstream and Downstream

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into blocks, and attaches an error correction code to each block. The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission up to the limits implied by the code and the block length. The unit may, at the users option, also create superblocks by interleaving data within subblocks; this allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within a specific span of bits. This in turn allows for effective transmission of both data and video signals.

1.3 ADSL Standards and Associations

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Working Group T1E1.4 recently approved an ADSL standard at rates up to 6.1 Mbps (ANSI Standard T1.413). The European Technical Standards Institute (ETSI)

contributed an annex to T1.413 to reflect European requirements. T1.413 currently embodies a single terminal interface at the premises end. Issue II, now under study by T1E1.4, will expand the standard to include a multiplexed interface at the premises end, protocols for configuration and network

management, and other improvements. The ATM Forum and the Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) have both recognized ADSL as a physical-layer transmission protocol for UTP media. The ADSL Forum was formed in December 1994 to promote the ADSL concept and facilitate development of ADSL system architectures, protocols, and interfaces for major ADSL applications. The forum has more than 200 members, representing service providers, equipment manufacturers, and semiconductor companies throughout the world. At present, the Forums formal technical work is divided into the following six areas, each of which is dealt with in a separate working group within the technical committee: ATM over ADSL (including transport and end-to-end architecture aspects) Packet over ADSL (this working group recently completed its work)

10

 CPE/CO (customer premises equipment/central office) configurations and interfaces Operations Network management Testing and interoperability

1.4 ADSL Market Status

ADSL modems have been tested successfully in more than 30 telephone companies, and thousands of lines have been installed in various technology trials in North America and Europe. Several telephone companies plan market trials using ADSL, principally for data access, but also including video

applications for uses such as personal shopping, interactive games, and educational programming. Semiconductor companies have introduced transceiver chipsets that are already being used in market trials. These chipsets combine off-the-shelf components, programmable digital signal processors, and custom ASICs by these

(application-specific integrated circuits). Continued investment

semiconductor companies has increased functionality and reduced chip count, power consumption, and cost, enabling mass deployment of ADSL-based services.

11

CHAPTER-2

Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

It is becoming increasingly clear that telephone companies around the world are making decisions to include existing twisted-pair loops in their next-generation broadband access networks. Hybrid fiber coax (HFC), a

shared-access medium well suited to analog and digital broadcast, comes up somewhat short when used to carry voice telephony, interactive video, and high-speed data communications at the same time. Fiber all the way to the home (FTTH) is still prohibitively expensive in a marketplace soon to be driven by competition rather than cost. An attractive alternative, soon to be commercially practical, is a combination of fiber cables feeding neighborhood optical network units (ONUs) and last-leg-premises connections by existing or new copper. This topology, which is often called fiber to the neighborhood (FTTN), encompasses fiber to the curb (FTTC) with short drops and fiber to the basement (FTTB), serving tall buildings with vertical drops. One of the enabling technologies for FTTN is VDSL. In simple terms, VDSL transmits high speed data over short reaches of twisted-pair copper telephone lines, with a range of speeds depending on actual line length. The maximum downstream rate under consideration is between 51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to 1000 feet (300 m) in length. Downstream speeds as low as 13 Mbps over lengths beyond 4000 feet (1500 m) are also common. Upstream rates in early models will be asymmetric, just like ADSL, at speeds from 1.6 to 2.3 Mbps. Both data channels will be separated in frequency from bands used for basic telephone service and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), enabling service providers to overlay VDSL on existing services. At present the two high-speed channels are also separated in frequency. As needs arise for higherspeed upstream channels or symmetric rates, VDSL systems may need to use echo cancellation.

12

2.1 VDSL Projected Capabilities

Although VDSL has not achieved ADSLs degree of definition, it has advanced far enough that we can discuss realizable goals, beginning with data rate and range. Downstream rates derive from submultiples of the SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) canonical speed of 155.52 Mbps, namely 51.84 Mbps, 25.92 Mbps, and 12.96 Mbps. Each rate has a corresponding target range:

Table 3:Target Ranges Target range(Mbps) 12.96-13.8 25.92-27.6 51.84-55.2 Distance (feet) 4500 3000 1000 Distance(meter s) 1500 1000 300

Upstream rates under discussion fall into three general ranges: 1.62.3 Mbps. 19.2 Mbps Equal to downstream Early versions of VDSL will almost certainly incorporate the slower asymmetric rate. Higher upstream and symmetric configurations may only be possible for very short lines. Like ADSL, VDSL must transmit compressed video, a real-time signal unsuited to error retransmission schemes used in data communications. To achieve error rates compatible with those of compressed video, VDSL will have to incorporate forward error correction (FEC) with sufficient interleaving to correct all errors created by impulsive noise events of some specified duration. Interleaving introduces delay, on the order of 40 times the maximum length correctable impulse. Data in the downstream direction will be broadcast to
13

every CPE on the premises or be transmitted to a logically separated hub that distributes data to addressed CPE based on cell or time-division multiplexing (TDM) within the data stream itself. Upstream multiplexing is more difficult. Systems using a passive network termination (NT) must insert data onto a shared medium, either by a form of TDM access (TDMA) or a form of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). TDMA may use a species of token control called cell grants passed in the downstream direction from the ONU modem, or contention, or both (contention for unrecognized devices, cell grants for recognized devices). FDM gives each CPE its own channel, obviating a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol, but either limiting data rates available to any one CPE or requiring dynamic allocation of bandwidth and inverse multiplexing at each CPE. Systems using active NTs transfer the upstream collection problem to a logically separated hub that would use (typically) Ethernet or ATM protocols for upstream multiplexing. Migration and inventory considerations dictate VDSL units that can operate at various (preferably all) speeds with automatic recognition of a newly

connected device to a line or a change in speed. Passive network interfaces need to have hot insertion, where a new VDSL premises unit can be put on the line without interfering with the operation of other modems.

14

CHAPTER-3

ADSL
3.1 Overview

Figure 3: MODEM A gateway is commonly used to make an ADSL connection. ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) in that bandwidth (and bit rate) is greater toward the customer premises (known as downstream) than the reverse (known as upstream). This is why it is called asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to provide Internet access in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the download from the Internet but not

needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction. There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local
15

loop. It therefore makes

technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a

higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone

companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost leased line services instead. In this fashion, it segments the market between business and home users. digital communications

3.2 Operation
Currently, most ADSL communication is full-duplex. Full-duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequencyduplex (ECD), or time-division to as the

division duplex (FDD), echo-cancelling

duplex (TDD). FDD uses two separate frequency bands, referred

upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The

downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. Figure 4:Graph of frequency ranges of Upstream and Downstream

PS TN

Upstrea m

Downstrea m

25,8 75

1 3 8

11 04

K H z

Frequency plan for ADSL. Red area is the frequency range used by normal voice telephony (PSTN), the green (upstream) and blue (downstream) areas are used for ADSL. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from 26.000 kHz t 137.825 kHz is used for upstream communication, while communication.
16

Under the usual DMT scheme, each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. These frequency channels are sometimes termed ''bins''. During initial training to optimize transmission quality and speed, the ADSL modem tests each of the bins to determine the signal-to-noise ratio at each bin's frequency. Distance from the telephone

exchange, cable characteristics, interference from AM radio stations, and local interference and electrical noise at the modem's location can adversely affect the signal-to-noise ratio at particular frequencies. Bins for frequencies

exhibiting a reduced signal-to-noise ratio will be used at a lower throughput rate or not at all; this reduces the maximum link capacity but allows the modem to maintain an adequate connection. The DSL modem will make a plan on how to exploit each of the bins, sometimes termed "bits per bin" allocation. Those bins that have a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will be chosen to transmit signals chosen from a greater number of possible encoded values (this range of possibilities equating to more bits of data sent) in each main clock cycle. The number of possibilities must not be so large that the receiver might incorrectly decode which one was intended in the presence of noise. Noisy bins may only be required to carry as few as two bits, a choice from only one of four possible patterns, or only one bit per bin in the case of ADSL2+, and very noisy bins are not used at all. If the pattern of noise versus frequencies heard in the bins changes, the DSL modem can alter the bits-perbin allocations, in a process called "bitswap", where bins that have become more noisy are only required to carry fewer bits and other channels will be chosen to be given a higher burden. The data transfer capacity the DSL

modem therefore reports is determined by the total of the bits-per- bin allocations of all the bins combined. Higher signal-to-noise ratios and more bins being in use gives a higher total link capacity, while lower signal-to

noise ratios or fewer bins being used gives a low link capacity. The total maximum capacity derived from summing the bits-per-bins is reported by DSL modems and is sometimes termed ''sync rate''. This will always be rather misleading, as the true maximum link capacity for user data transfer rate will be significantly lower; because extra data are transmitted

that are termed ''protocol overhead'', reduced figures for PPPoA connections of
17

around 84-87 percent, at most, being common. In addition, some ISPs will have traffic policies that limit maximum transfer rates further in the networks beyond the exchange, and traffic congestion on the Internet, heavy loading on servers and slowness or inefficiency in customers' computers may all

contribute to reductions below the maximum attainable. When a wireless access point is used, low or unstable wireless signal quality can also cause reduction or fluctuation of actual speed. The choices the DSL modem make can also be either conservative, where the modem chooses to allocate fewer bits per bin than it possibly could, a choice which makes for a slower connection, or less conservative in which more bits per bin are chosen in which case there is a greater risk case of error should future signal-to-noise ratios deteriorate to the point where the bits-per-bin allocations chosen are too high to cope with the greater noise present. This conservatism, involving a choice of using fewer bits per bin as a safeguard against future noise increases, is reported as the signal-to-noise ratio ''margin'' or ''SNR margin''. The telephone exchange can indicate a suggested SNR the

margin to the customer's DSL modem when it initially connects, and

modem may make its bits-per-bin allocation plan accordingly. A high SNR margin will mean a reduced maximum throughput, but greater reliability and stability of the connection. A low SNR margin will mean high speeds,

provided the noise level does not increase too much; otherwise, the connection will have to be dropped and renegotiated (resynced). ADSL2+ can better

accommodate such circumstances, offering a feature termed ''seamless rate adaptation'' (SRA), which can accommodate changes in total link capacity with less disruption to communications. Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk problems that affect other lines in the same bundle. There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL

connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.
18

ADSL initially existed in two versions (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the ''de facto'' standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was

chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 and G.992.2 (also called ''G.dmt'' and ''G.lite'' respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation scheme.

3.3 Interleaving and fast path

ISPs (rarely, users) have the option to use interleaving of packets to counter the effects of burst noise on the telephone line. An interleaved line has a depth, usually 8 to 64, which describes how many Reed-Solomon codeword are accumulated before they are sent. As they can all be sent together, their forward error correction codes can be made more resilient. Interleaving adds latency as all the packets have to first be gathered (or replaced by empty packets) and they, of course, all take time to transmit. 8 frame interleaving adds 5 ms round-trip-time, while 64 deep interleaving adds 25 ms. Other possible depths are 16 and 32. "Fastpath" connections have an interleaving depth of 1, that is one packet is sent at a time. This has a low latency, usually around 10 ms (interleaving adds to it, this is not greater than interleaved) but it extremely prone to errors, as any burst of noise can take out the entire packet and so require it all to be retransmitted. Such a burst on a large interleaved packet only blanks part of the packet, it can be recovered from error correction information in the rest of the packet. A "fastpath" connection will result in extremely high latency on a poor line, as each packet will take many retries.

3.4 Installation Problems

ADSL deployment on an existing plain old telephone service (POTS) telephone line presents some problems because the DSL is within a frequency band that might interact unfavourably with existing equipment connected to the line. Therefore, it is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the
19

customer's premises to avoid interference between the DSL, voice

services

and any other connections to the line, for example in support of intruder alarms "Red Care" being an example in the UK. This is desirable for the voice service and essential for a reliable ADSL connection. In the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter or ''micro filter'' was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated as close as possible to the central office and is not attenuated inside the customer's premises. However, this procedure was costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. So, many DSL providers started offering a "selfinstall" option, in which the provider provided equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the DSL signal is filtered at each telephone outlet by use of a low-pass filter for voice and a high-pass filter for data, usually enclosed in what is known as a micro filter. This microfilter can be plugged by an end user into any 'phone jack: it does not require any rewiring at the customer's premises. Commonly, microfilters are only low-pass filters, so beyond them only low frequencies (voice signals) can pass. In the data section, a microfilter is not used because digital devices that are intended to extract data from the DSL signal will, themselves, filter out low frequencies. Voice telephone devices will pick up the entire spectrum so high frequencies, including the ADSL signal, will be "heard" as noise in telephone terminals, and will affect and often degrade the service in fax, data phones and modems. From the point of view of DSL devices, any acceptance of their signal by POTS devices mean that there is a degradation of the DSL signal to the devices, and this is the central reason why these filters are required. A side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband (that is, POTS telephone-like) devices are connected to the line. Once a line has had DSL enabled, the DSL signal is present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and
20

install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires

wiring changes by the customer, and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use. DSL signals may be degraded by older telephone lines, surge protectors, poorly-designed micro filters, radio-frequency interference, electrical noise, and by long telephone extension cords. Telephone extension cords are

typically made with small-gauge, multi-strand copper conductors which do not maintain a noise-reducing pair twist. Such cable is more susceptible to electromagnetic interference and has more attenuation than solid twisted-pair copper wires typically wired to telephone jacks. These effects are especially significant where the customer's phone line is more than 4 km from the DSLAM in the telephone exchange, which causes the signal levels to be lower relative to any local noise and attenuation. This will have the effect of reducing speeds or causing connection failures.

3.5 Transport Protocols

ADSL defines three "Transmission protocol-specific transmission convergence (TPS-TC)" layers: * Synchronous Transport Module (STM), which allows the transmission of frames of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) * Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) * Packet Transfer Mode (starting with ADSL2, see below) In home installation, the prevalent transport protocol is ATM. On top of ATM, there are multiple possibilities of additional layers of protocols (two of them are abbreviated in a simplified manner as "PPPoA" or "PPPoE"), with the allimportant TCP/IP at layer 4 of the OSI model providing the connection to the Internet.

21

Standard name

Common name

Downstream rate 8Mbit /s 1.5M bit/s

Upstream rate

ITU G.992.1 ITU G.992.2

ADSL(G. DMT) ADSL Lite(G.Lit e)

1.0Mbi t/s 0.5Mbi t/s

ITU G.992.3/4 ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L ITU G.992.5 ITU G.992.5 Annex L ITU G.992.5 Annex M

ADSL2

12Mb it/s

1.0Mbi t/s 3.5Mbi t/s

ADSL2

12Mb it/s

READSL2

5Mbit /s

0.8Mbi t/s

ADSL2+

24Mb it/s

1.0Mbi t/s 1.0Mbi t/s

READSL2+

24Mb it/s

ADSL2+

28Mb it/s

3.5Mbi t/s

Table 4:ADSL Standards

22

CHAPTER-4

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

Figure 5: Siemens DSLAM SURPASS hiX 5625 A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM, often pronounced dee-slam) is a network device, often located in the telephone exchanges of the telecommunications operators. It connects multiple customer digital subscriber line (DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital

communications channel using multiplexing techniques. By placing additional DSLAMs at locations remote from the telephone exchange, telephone companies provide DSL service to locations previously beyond effective range.

4.1 Path taken by data to DSLAM

1. Customer premises: DSL modem terminating the ADSL, SHDSL or VDSL circuit and providing LAN interface to single computer or LAN segment. 2. Local loop: the telephone company wires from a customer to the telephone exchange or to a serving area interface, often called the "last mile" (LM). 3. Telephone exchange: Main distribution frame (MDF): a wiring rack that connects outside subscriber

23

lines with internal lines. It is used to connect public or private lines coming into the building to internal networks. At the telco, the MDF is generally in proximity to the cable vault and not far from the telephone switch. xDSL filters: DSL filters are used in the telephone exchange to split voice from data signals. The voice signal can be routed to a POTS provider or left unused whilst the data signal is routed to the ISP DSLAM via the HDF (see next entry).

Handover distribution frame (HDF): a distribution frame that connects the last mile provider with the service provider's DSLAM

DSLAM: a device for DSL service. The DSLAM port where the subscriber local loop is connected converts analog electrical signals to data traffic (upstream traffic for data upload) and data traffic to analog electrical signals (downstream for data download).

4.2 Role of the DSLAM

Figure 6: xDSL Connectivity diagram The DSLAM equipment collects the data from its many modem ports and aggregates their voice and data traffic into one complex composite "signal" via multiplexing. Depending on its device architecture and setup, a DSLAM aggregates the DSL lines over its Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), frame relay, and/or Internet Protocol network (i.e., an IP-DSLAM using PTM-TC Packet Transfer Mode - Transmission Convergence) protocol(s) stack. The aggregated traffic is then directed to a telco's backbone switch, via an access network (AN) also called a Network Service Provider (NSP) at up to 10 Gbit/s data rates.

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The DSLAM acts like a network switch since its functionality is at Layer2 of the OSI model. Therefore it cannot re-route traffic between multiple IP networks, only between ISP devices and end-user connection points. The DSLAM traffic is switched to a Broadband Remote Access Server where the end user traffic is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet. Customer- premises equipment that interfaces well with the DSLAM to which it is connected may take advantage of enhanced telephone voice and data line signaling features and the bandwidth capabilities it supports. A DSLAM may or may not be located in the telephone exchange, and may also serve multiple data and voice customers within a neighborhood serving area interface, sometimes in conjunction with a digital loop carrier. DSLAMs are also used by hotels, lodges, residential neighborhoods, and other monitoring and compensation

businesses operating their own private telephone exchange. In addition to being a data switch and multiplexer, a DSLAM is also a large collection of modems. Each modem on the aggregation card communicates with a single subscriber's DSL modem. This modem functionality is integrated into the DSLAM itself instead of being done via an external device like a traditional computer modem. Like traditional voice-band modems, a DSLAM's integrated DSL modems usually have the ability to probe the line and to adjust themselves to electronically or digitally compensate for forward echoes and other bandwidth-limiting factors in order to move data at the maximum connection rate capability of the subscriber's physical line. This compensation capability also takes advantage of the better performance of "balanced line" DSL connections, providing capabilities for LAN segments longer than physically similar unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Ethernet

connections, since the balanced line type is generally required for its hardware to function correctly. This is due to the nominal line impedance (measured in Ohms but comprising both resistance and inductance) of balanced lines being somewhat lower than that of UTP, thus supporting 'weaker' signals (however the solid-state electronics required to construct such digital interfaces is more costly)
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CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION

Because of the extremely high speeds that VDSL can accommodate, it is being looked at as a good prospective technology for accommodating high bandwidth applications like VoIP telephony and even HDTV transmission, which ADSL is not capable of. Another very useful feature of VDSL stems from the fact that it uses 7 different frequency bands for the transmission of data. The user then has the power to customize whether each frequency band would be used for download or upload. This kind of flexibility is very nice in case you need to host certain files that are to be downloaded by a lot of people. The most major drawback for VDSL is the distance it needs to be away from the telephone exchange. Because of this, ADSL is still preferable unless you live extremely close to the telephone exchange of the company that you are subscribed to. Due to the limitations of VDSL and its high price, its expansion is not as prolific as that of ADSL. VDSL is only widespread in countries like South Korea and Japan. While other countries also have VDSL offerings, it is only handled from a few companies; mostly one or two in most countries. In comparison, ADSL is very widely used and all countries that offer high speed internet offer ADSL. Hence VDSL is faster than ADSL and is not widespread as ADSL. But still ADSL is better for homes that are much farther from the DSLAM. ADSL was born of the need for speed coupled with the desire for low cost dedicated remote network access. There is no doubt that ADSL will revolutionize the way we see the World Wide Web, and quite possibly witness the demise of home entertainment as we know it. As the phoenix from the flames we will see ADSL emerge heralding the coming of a new age of remote multimedia. There is little doubt that ADSL will be around for a long time to come, albeit under another name.

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If we are to truly realise the potential of the cyberspace concept we will need to access it with as much convenience as turning on the television. With the internet influencing our lives more and more each day, it will be high speed ADSL connections that power the revolution. In the future people will view ADSL like they view cable TV. That such a small object as an ADSL card may wield such an influence over our lives may seem a little unbalanced, or is that asymmetric

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BIBILOGRAPHY
References:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

. Thomas; E. Gray (January 2001), RFC 3037: LDP Applicability, IETF de Ghein, Luc, MPLS Fundamentals, pp. 249326 Raza et al., Online routing of bandwidth guaranteed paths with local restoration using optimized aggregate usage information, IEEE-ICC 2005, retrieved 2006-10-27. "Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5) Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide (ISBN 1932266003). S. Bryant; P. Pate (March 2005), RFC 3985: Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture, IETF de Ghein, Luc, MPLS Fundamentals, pp. 249326. "AT&T Frame Relay and IP-Enabled Frame Relay Service (Product Advisor)", Research and Markets, June 2007.

Websites: 1. www.google.com 2. www.wikipedia.com 3. www.networkworld.com 4. www.protocols.com

5. www.alttc.bsnl.co.in 6. www.itu.int

Text book
Telecommunication and switching systems and networks by thiagarajan viswanathan

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