Evolved EPC For LTE by Cisco

Evolved Packet Core for LTE Networks
BRKSPG-2022
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BRKSPG-2022
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Agenda Evolved Packet Core

Mobile Network Evolution
- From 2G to 3G
LTE/EPC introduction LTE/EPC Interfaces and Basic Procedures

LTE/EPC Architecture and Interfaces Basic call flows (attach, intra-LTE mobility) Bearers, PDN connections and QoS Security
Delivering voice with LTE/EPC
BRKSPG-2022
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From 2G to 3G R8
Improving the mobile data services
In the beginning.
There was wireless ISDN (aka GSM)
Home Location Service Control Register (HLR) Point (SCP)
Mobile Station
Base Transceiver System (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Mobile Switching Center + Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR)
Voice oriented architecture Re-define fixed wireline services (e.g. SS and IN) SMS is a signalling transport rather than a data service
Network transport based on TDM
BRKSPG-2022
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data was circuit switched

One burst every TDMA frame was sufficient to transport a speech frame with source rate of 13 kbit/s
GSM Phase 2 (circa 1996) added Circuit Switched Data support offering 9.6 kbit/s service
High Speed CSD consisted in aggregating multiple timeslot for a single user but resource intensive
Modem Interworking Function (IWF) Modified V.110
3.1 kHz audio or V110 64k UDI
BSC
MSC
BRKSPG-2022
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.. and eventually packet data with General Packet Radio System was bolted on
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
Gateway MSC
IP Packet Control Unit (PCU) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
IP SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM Radio BRKSPG-2022 Relay RLC BSSGP Nw Services MAC L1bis
Cisco Public
IP Relay SNDCP GTP LLC BSSGP

Nw Services
GTP UDP IP L2 L1
7
UDP IP L2 L1
Relay GSM 64 kbps 64 kbps Radio 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
L1bis
Home Based GGSN Roaming

Visited PLMN Home PLMN
GRX
BTS BSC SGSN GGSN
GPRS Roaming Exchange (GRX) GRX Services (as per GSMA IR.34)
DNS routing (for APN translation)
IP transport including routing & QoS Security
In future release, GRX is enhanced to become IPX (IP exchange) and supports application proxy capabilities (e.g. for SIP), charging, etc.
BRKSPG-2022 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
3GPP UMTS System

First step towards an all IP network New radio designed to accommodate greater packet throughput (up to 2Mbits/s initially In reality, can support up to 384 kbit/s) Core network remains largely unchanged from 2.5G
Migration to ATM for Radio Access Transport

More control into the RNC
3G MSC PSTN
ATM/AAL2 ATM/AAL5
3G RNC Node B 3G SGSN IP GGSN
BRKSPG-2022
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3G Packet Architecture
Iu-ps Gn/Gp
NodeB IP PDCP RLC MAC WCDMA Radio

Frame Protocol
Radio Network Controller (RNC)
3G SGSN
GGSN IP
PDCP RLC MAC

AAL2
GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5
GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5
GTP-U UDP IP
L2
GTP-U UDP IP
L2
AAL2
WCDMA Radio
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
L1
L1
BRKSPG-2022
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3GPP R4 Voice Services

HLR
MSC-s
MSC-s
Iu-cs
IP INAP BICC or SIP-T H.248 MAP MGW Nb-UP

Still Voice over CS bearer on the radio access, data bearer not suitable (latency, overhead) Option to transport Voice over IP in the Core (see TS 23.205)
MGW
TCAP
SCCP M3UA SCTP IP L1/2
RTP
Introduction of SS7oIP transport
Iu-UP ATM
AAL2
UDP IP L1/2
BRKSPG-2022
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3GPP R5 to R7: Addressing the Bottlenecks

HSPA+: Distribute RNC HSDPA Removes Drift RNC and Data plane to Node B adds intelligence to the Node B
Iu-ps
Gn
Drift RNC Node B IP PDCP RLC MAC MAC-HS MAC-HS

WCDMA
Frame Protocol FP FP
Serving RNC
3G SGSN
GGSN IP
Direct Tunnel allows SGSN to remove itself from data plane
PDCP RLC MAC

Frame Protocol
GTP-U UDP IP
GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5/ATM
GTP-U UDP IP
L2
GTP-U UDP IP
L2
AAL2/ATM
AAL2
AAL2
AAL2/ATM AAL5/ATM L2
WCDMA L1
BRKSPG-2022
L1
L1
L1
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L1
L1
L1
L1
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3G architrecture summary
Highlighting the growing importance of IP transport
3G MSC-S
HLR/HSS
IP RAN w/ ATM PW or Native IP
SGW
3G MGW
Core IP
PSTN
3G RNC
Node B
3G SGSN
GGSN
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Introducing LTE
The 3GPP All-IP architecture
What is the LTE/SAE?

Evolved Packet System (EPS) is the technology direction for 3GPP based networks
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation 3GPP radio access network
- Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the 3GPP next generation standard for mobile networks providing:
- Increased Bandwidth - End-to-End IP - Simplified Architecture
- Support for multiple radio access technologies
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is the next generation 3GPP packet core
Consists of (3) main components (MME, SGW, and PGW)
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The LTE Revolution

Radio Side (Evolved UTRAN - EUTRAN)
- Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latency - Simplification of the radio network - Efficient support of packet based services: Multicast, VoIP, etc.
Network Side (Evolved Packet Core - EPC)

- Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput, idle to active transitions - Simplification of the core network - Optimization for IP traffic and services - Simplified support and handover to non-3GPP access technologies
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LTE/EPC Key Attributes

Higher Bandwidth (>100 kbps per user on average) and improved latency
- Transmission and transition delays <10 & 100ms resp. in unloaded conditions
Service independent and data-only architecture

- Strict data QoS mechanism with no voice dedicated bearer identifictaion
Always-on model
- All registered users have a default bearer established used for signalling
IP addressing
- IPv6 by default with dual stack sessions (IPv4v6)
Support of alternative access technologies

- 3GPP and non-3GPP architecture, including possible wireline access
Local breakout
- Part of the traffic may be routed directly in the visited network
BRKSPG-2022
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3GPP Mobile Network Evolution

GERAN UTRAN CS Network
E-UTRAN (LTE)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
IP Services / Internet
Non-3GPP Access
EPS = Evolved Packet System

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP WI that defined the E-UTRAN SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the 3GPP WI that defined the EPC
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Evolved Packet System Architecture

RNC NodeB SGSN GGSN PDN/ Internet RNC
MME
eNodeB
PGW PDN/ Internet SGW
From hierarchical architecture to flat IP topology

Open to centralized or distributed deployments
RNC functions distributed between the eNB and the EPC

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LTE/EPC Key Components
Next Generation Cell Site
Mobility Control Node
PDN interconnect
Destination Network
Mobility Anchor
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UMTS, LTE/SAE Architecture:
Comparison
SGSN MME + Serving GW
- In the LTE architecture the SGSN functionality is split into MME & Serving GW
MME = Control Plane of SGSN Serving GW = Data Plane of SGSN
GGSN PDN GW
- The PDN GW has similar function as the GGSN
IP Anchor Policy Enforcement Accounting/Charging Deep Packet Inspection
BRKSPG-2022
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UMTS, LTE/SAE Architecture:
Comparison
HSS/HLR
Gi
LI ADMF/DF
X1,x2,x3
PCRF Gi
OCS
Ro
CGF
Ga
HSS
S6a
AAA
S6b SGi
Gx Gx
GGSN
Gr Gr
GGSN
Gxc Gx
P-GW
Gn/Gp
Gn/Gp
S5/S8
Gn/Gp
SGSN
Gn/Gp
SGSN
S10 GTP-U
MME
S11
S-GW
IuPs
IuPs
S1-U
RNC
RNC
S1-MME
Iub
Iub
Iub
Iub
nodeB
nodeB
nodeB
nodeB eNB eNB
UMTS
UMTS (Direct Tunnel)
LTE-SAE
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Key 3G <-> LTE terminology differences

3G Primary PDP Context Secondary PDP Context Routing Area P-TIMSI (PacketTemporary IMSI) LTE Default Bearer Dedicated Bearer Tracking Area GUTI (Globally Unique Temp ID) includes GUMMEI)
Attach RAB Assignment Request (Primary) RAB Assignment Request (Secondary)
Attach + Default Bearer Act Initial Content Setup Request
Bearer Setup Request
BRKSPG-2022
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EPC Protocol Stacks Signalling Plane

HSS MME S1-MME PCRF
UE
eNodeB S-GW PDN-GW
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA

NAS S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1
RRC PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA
S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1
S1-MME 36.413
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EPC Protocol Stacks Data Plane

HSS MME PCRF
UE
eNodeB
S1-U
S5/S8
S-GW
PDN-GW

IP (user) PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA

IP (user) PMIP GTP-U UDP GRE IP L2 L1
PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA
GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1
S1-U 36.414
S5/S8 GTP-U GTP-U PMIP UDP UDP GRE IP IP L2 L2 L1 L1 29.274 (GTP) 29.275 (PMIPv6)
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EPC Protocol Stacks X2 interface

HSS MME PCRF
X2
UE
eNodeB S-GW PDN-GW

X2-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 X2-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1

GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1
X2-C 36.423
X2-U 36.424
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EPC Roaming
Home Gateway Model

HSS PCRF
Rx Gx
S6a
hPDN-GW
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)
Home Network
Visited Network
S8
MME
UE
eNodeB
vS-GW
BRKSPG-2022
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EPC Roaming
Visited Gateway Model aka Local Breakout

HSS hPCRF
S6a
S9
Home Network Visited Network vPCRF
MME
Gx
Rx
UE
eNodeB
vS-GW
vPDN-GW
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)
BRKSPG-2022
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LTE/EPC Interfaces and Basic Procedures
LTE Initial Attach

All selects retrieve and eNodeB are PGW forwards subscription QoS rules SGW sends resolve APN and and sets DNS retrievesIP address(es)Request to MME used to (SGW, Sessionup Request eNB selects MME and Session aidbinds UEelements CreatePCC andinformation assigns Create sets and may PLMN MME, eNB) in updated bearer to PGW/SGW for defaultthe none to radio andup default PCRF SGW authenticates UE bearer selectingresources established and/orto to set up traffic can flow(GTP connectionbearer default with rules upPGW setif now from bearer HSS PCC/QoS/billing S5 case) previously
TS 23.401 Ch. 5.3.2.1 (for GTP S5) or TS 23.402 Ch. 5.2 (for PMIP S5)
S6a
MME
S1-MME
HSS
Gx
PCRF
S11
LTE-Uu
DNS
S1-U
UE
SGW
S5/S8
PGW
SGi
PDN
eNB
eNodeB combines some RNC functionality with LTE radio MME (Mobility Management Entity) controls network selection, attach and mobility
- HSS for subscriber authentication
SGW (Serving GateWay) provides local mobility anchor, inter PLMN roaming, accounting PGW (Packet Data Network GateWay) provides IP anchor, QoS and charging enforcement
PCRF for PCC and QoS rules, service authorization
In case of PMIP access, the SGW interacts with PCRF and PGW with AAA
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EPS Bearers
Example for S5 GTP
UE eNB SGW PGW PDN/ Internet
S1
S5
SGi
Default Bearer: network initiated during the Attach Dedicated Bearer: network initiated when needed
1 PDN Connection
An EPS bearer uniquely identifies traffic flows that receive a common QoS treatment between a UE and a PDN GW (GTP) or SGW (PMIP)
Default bearer is assigned during attach and provides alwayson IP connectivity

- Internetlike default connectivity for QoSagnostic needs (browser, email, etc.)
Dedicated bearer is assigned only when needed to provide guaranteed bit rate QoS control
- Assigned only for those QoS sensitive applications that can be recognized
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Multiple PDNs Connectivity

UE eNB SGW PGW
APN corp.com PDN Type IPv4
Corporate Network
APN internet PDN Type IPv4v6
Internet
PGW
Default Bearer Dedicated Bearer
IMS
APN IMS PDN Type IPv6
Each PDN connection has one default bearer

possibly one or more dedicated bearers
All bearers of the same PDN Connection use the same IP address(es)
IPv4, IPv6, or IPv4v6 (dual-stack)
Multiple PDN connections may be served by one or more PGW nodes

The UE can be attached to a single SGW at any point in time
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Dedicated Bearer Activation

The PGW may activate a dedicated bearer, possibly after indications from UE or PCRF
The UE can only ask for the amount of resources, the network decides whether an existing bearer is modified or a new one is established.
UE eNodeB MME Serving GW PDN GW PCRF (A) 1. IP-CAN Session Modification
2. Create Bearer Request
3. Create Bearer Request 4. Bearer Setup Request/ Session Management Request 5. RRC Connection Reconfiguration 6. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete 7. Bearer Setup Response 8. Direct Transfer 9. Session Management Response 10. Create Bearer Response 11. Create Bearer Response 12. IP-CAN Session Modification (B)
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Setting up additional PDN connection

UE
eNB
MME
S/PGW
Create Session Request Create Session REsponse
PDN Connectivity Request (APN,) Bearer Setup Req. (def bearer) PDN Connectivity Accept RRC Bearer Setup Resp PDN Connectivity Complete
Modify Bearer
The UE initate the request indicating the APN for the PDN connection
Multiple APNs/PDNs must be managed by the UE and the applications
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Quality of Service in the EPS

QoS parameters per EPSbearer
- QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
Scalar value used for scheduling/RRM decisions
- Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)

Used to accept/modify/drop bearers in case of resource limitation
- Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) only for dedicated bearers
QoS paramers per group of EPSbearers

- Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR)
Only for nonGBR bearers, APN-AMBR and UE-AMBR
Static mapping to/from 3GPP QoS partially standardized

- QCI ranges Traffic Classes
TS 23.401 Annex E
BRKSPG-2022
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EPS Security
HSS
S6a (Auth Vectors)
EPS AKA via S6a Challenge and keys exchange

MME
E- UTRAN
Mutual Authentication NAS Integrity/Ciphering
RRC Integrity and ciphering U-Plane Ciphering
eNB
UE
USIM required for LTE
Different set of keys used for ciphering, derived from the same original K stored in the USIM/HSS
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LTE Mobility Management

Attach Signaling connection release
IP address(es) allocated to the UE
Power On
ECM-IDLE
RRC_IDLE
ECM-CONNECTED
RRC_CONNECTED
ECM-IDLE
RRC_IDLE
Detach
Signaling connection establishment
EMM-DEREGISTERED
UE position unknown No Context allocated UE position known at eNB level Network controlled HO
EMM-REGISTERED
UE position known at TA level Cell reselection, paging
EPS Mobility Management (EMM) defines the relation between UE and MME resulting from mobility EPS Connectivity Management (ECM) is related to the signaling connection between UE and MME RRC state is related to the connection established between UE and EUTRAN
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EPS Connectivity
TS 36.331 TS 36.413
UE
RRC Connection
eNB
S1 Connection
MME
ECM Connection
UE and EUTRAN enter RRCCONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established between UE and EUTRAN UE and MME enter ECMCONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established between UE and MME Discontinuous Reception/Transmission (DRX/DTX) on the radio can influence the time the UE is in Connected/Idle mode
- E.g. maintain the UE in Connected mode with DRX cycle as long as the paging interval to save battery when the user is not transferring data
BRKSPG-2022
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Tracking Area Update vs. Paging
Incoming data
MME
Paging
TAI list 2
Paging Paging
Paging
Paging
Paging
Enter Idle Mode
TAI list 1
Enter Connected Mode
Short TA List: more TAU, less Paging Long TA list: less TAU, more Paging
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TAU Procedure
HSS
Old MME
Context Resp Context Request.
New MME
TAU Request
No UE context availablle
eNB
TAI list 1
TAI list 2
TAU Accept eNB TAI not in TAI list
The TAU may require a relocation of the MME (as in the picture) and/or also of the SGW The new MME identifies the old MME from the MME Id included in the GUTI (Global Unique Temp. Id) sent in the Request
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X2 Based Handover
MME
Update Bearer
SGW
Path Switch Req. HO Request HO Request Ack. eNB HO Command

Measurement Reports
Data forwarding
eNB
HO Confirm
Data forwarding over X2 interface only during the handover Fully eNB controlled, the EPC network is notified at the end Better performance than S1 based handover, but requires additional connectivity in the RAN
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MME Pooling
MME-1 RMC=1 MME-2 RMC=2
RMC = Relative MME Capacity

MME-3 RMC=3
MME Pool: area served by one or more MME within which a UE may be served without need to change the serving MME.
E-UTRAN eNB eNB eNB UE eNB eNB
Load Balancing: the MME sends a weight factor (RMC) to be used by the eNB for MME selection Load re-balancing: procedures for node offload (O&M operation) MME relocation required for load re-balancing or for mobility across different MME pool areas
BRKSPG-2022
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EPC Node Selection

Process of Discovering/Choosing PGW, SGW, MME:
- Initial Attach (PGW and SGW) - Additional PDN Connection (PGW) - Relocation/Handover (SGW, MME) TS 23.401
The MME shall select:

a PGW that provides the connectivity for a given APN a SGW to serve UEs location a new MME to serve the target location (in case of relocation)
Dynamic discovery via DNS NAPTR

- APN-FQDN for PGW
internet.apn.epc.mnc123.mcc456.3gppnetwork.org
- TAI-FQDN for SGW and MME
TS 23.003, TS 29.003
tac-lb12.tac-hb34.tac.epc.mnc123.mcc456.3gppnetwork.org
Selection based on multiple criteria

- Co-location, static DNS indications
BRKSPG-2022
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Policy Control
PCRF
Event & Access Info Gxc

QoS rules
UE eNB SGW S5
Rx
session TS 29.214 request

AF
Event & Notifications Access Rules Info Gx TS 29.212

PGW
EPS bearer with PMIP S5
PMIP tunnel (no QoS)
Off-path PCC
EPS bearer with GTP S5
On-path PCC
GTP S5 Gx for enforcement in the PGW

- PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement) in the PGW
PMIP S5 Gxc for enforcement in the SGW

- No QoS information in PMIP
BRKSPG-2022
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Voice over LTE Strategies
Voice & SMS Services

Providing Legacy Services in an LTE Network The EPS architecture (3GPP Rel 8) is the first 3GPP all-IP architecture Voice and SMS are still the cash cows for mobile operators
Migration is critical User experience must be preserved
CSFB is the interim solution recommended by NGMN IMS is the target solution for Telephony and Multimedia Services OneVoice IMS profile simplifies implementation for VoLTE NGMN and OneVoice initiatives reduce risk of industry fragmentation SMS typically required before voice due to EU regulatory requirements for data roaming services
BRKSPG-2022
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Circuit Switched Fallback (23.272)

Delivery of SMS to EPC Attached Subscriber
1
Incoming SMS
UTRAN / GERAN
IuCS / A MSC SGs 2
SMS is delivered via SGs interface

S6a MME HSS
S1-MME
S11
S1-U CSFB UE E-UTRAN
Serving/ PDN GW
During EPC attach, CSFB UEs are also attached over SGs to MSC MME maintains mapping of TA to LA to determine appropriate MSC to establish SGs association with SMS can be delivered/sent without FallBack to legacy radio (SGs interface includes SMS payload capability)
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Circuit Switched Fallback (23.272)

Delivery of Terminating Voice Session to EPC Attached Subscriber
1 4
UE Responds to paging incoming call terminated via standard 2G/3G procedures

UTRAN / GERAN IuCS / A MSC SGs 2
Incoming Call delivered to VMSC which has SGs association for this subscriber
CSFB UE
UE is paged via the SGs interface

S6a MME HSS
UE retunes to 2G/3G RAT on receipt of page

S1-MME
S11
S1-U CSFB UE E-UTRAN
Serving/ PDN GW
SGs interface is used to inform UE of incoming call SGs Paging triggers UE to retune to 2G or 3G legacy network
Page Response sent via the legacy radio network

Call terminates to UE normally
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Voice over IMS

Mobile Origination
1
IMS (HPLMN)
Subscriber has already registered into IMS following EPC attach
UTRAN / GERAN
IuCS / A
MSC Server (SR-VCC) Sv Mg
SCC AS
TAS
IP-SM-GW
IuPS / Gb
ISC I/S-CSCF Mw P-CSCF MGCF
SGSN (SR-VCC)
S3
S6a MME HSS
Cx
S11 S1-MME SGi (Gm from UE) Serving/ PDN GW
2 SR-VCCOriginates UE UE
S1-U E-UTRAN
Call
To enable mid-call mobility, S-CSCF anchors call at SCC AS TAS provides end-user services (e.g. IR.92) MGCF provides breakout to PSTN or other CS networks
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Voice over IMS
UE roams during active call SR-VCC mobility

IMS (HPLMN)
3 2
SR-VCC UE
NewUTRAN / call leg established GERAN
IuCS / A
MSC Server (SR-VCC) Sv
SCC AS performs bearer management and tears down original SCC AS leg
Mg
TAS
IP-SM-GW
IuPS / Gb
ISC I/S-CSCF Mw P-CSCF MGCF
UE retunes to 2G/3G SGSN RAT during active call (SR-VCC)
S3
S6a MME HSS
Cx
S11 S1-MME S1-U SR-VCC UE E-UTRAN Serving/ PDN GW SGi (Gm from UE)
SCC AS performs leg management hides mobility events from other IMS application servers SR-VCC only works in one direction LTE -> 2G/3G Requires upgrades on legacy MSC infrastructure
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CSFB Deployment Challenges

Some of the major challenges/difficulties facing CSFB rollout are:
Legacy network dependencies Continued legacy network spend/investment Fallback latency / post-dial delay Ongoing operational complexity (TA/LA mapping)
BRKSPG-2022
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CSFB MSC/VLR Selection

As defined in 23.272
TA TA1
LA LA1 LA1 LA2
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR1 MSC/VLR1 MSC/VLR2
TA TA1 TA2
LA LA1 LA1 LA2
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR1 MSC/VLR1 MSC/VLR2
MME
TA2 TA3
MME
TA3
Mapping Error Area
TA1 LA1 MSC/ VLR1
TA2 LA2
TA3
TA1 LA1 MSC/ VLR1
TA2
TA3 LA2 MSC/ VLR2
MSC/ VLR2
BRKSPG-2022
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Roaming Retry
TS 23.272/23.018
The Roaming Retry (complex) procedure is applied for mobile terminated calls where the MSC, to which the UE sends the LAU, is different from the MSC that sent the paging message to the UE.
1. IAM 4. IAM 12. IAM 10. RCH (Resume Call Handling)
GMSC
GMSC
2. SRI
5. SGs Page
11. SRI
VMSC
3. PRN
MME HLR
VMSC
MME
HLR
8. UL
9. Cancel Location 12. PRN 6. Page
VMSC
VMSC
7. Location Update
13. Call Establishment
Scenario Leading to Roaming Retry Requirement

Roaming Retry Invocation

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TA to LA Mapping
Implementation Challenges
Most network operates deploying LTE already have both 2G and 3G networks Mapping process has to take into account
When UE falling back, is it likely to go to 2G or 3G overlapping cells? Where cell boundaries between 4G and 2G (or 3G) do not perfectly align, which is provisioned? As cells breathe, boundaries become less predictable 4G networks will be growing rapidly in near-term requires constant tweaking of provisioning tables
One major tier-1 EMEA operator has already concluded that it is not difficult to maintain accurate TA to LA mappings... ...it is, in their view, impossible
4G TAs 3G LAs 2G LAs

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Therefore, Roaming Retry invocation will be more common than expected even though considerable effort may be expended maintaining tables
Dependencies for CSFB

As Specified by TS 23.272 UE
UE must support CSFB procedures as defined with TS 23.272
MME
Must support SGs interface Must support MSC/VLR selection procedures
MSC
Must support SGs interface (legacy MSCs will require addition of IP interface cards) Should support Roaming Retry procedure to minimise call drops
HLR
Should support Roaming Retry procedure to minimise call drops
BRKSPG-2022
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Cisco CSFB Product Strategy

Cisco has developed a CSFB product strategy that addresses:
Inefficient operational deployment model operators not forced to upgrade legacy MSC and HLR platforms Investment legacy Capex spend no investment required on legacy MSC or HLRs Complicated MME provisioning procedure requires only static TA-LA mappings
The Cisco solution places no dependencies on existing network elements (CS or EPC) Supports both SMS (originate/terminate) and Voice (CSFB) Roaming Retry procedural support not required
BRKSPG-2022
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CSFB IWF Architectural Fit
Um
GERAN/ UTRAN
A/Iu
MSC/VLR
MAP HLR
UE LTE-Uu E-UTRAN S1-MME MME SGs MAP CSFB IWF
S6a
MAP
HSS
SMSC
CSFB IWF supports only SGs and MAP interfaces Appears as a thin MSC/VLR is allocated a pseudo LA Does not touch the bearer traffic within legacy network
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
60
EPC Attach / Location Update Procedure

3G Core
HLR
MAP 4 2
HSS
4G Core
1. 2. 3.
UE Registers in LTE Serving MME registers with HSS Serving MME informs registered VLR (CSFB IWF) CSFB IWF registers as serving MSC with HLR
MSC
CSFB IWF
SGs 3
MME
4.
RNC
E-UTRAN
3G/4G Device
3G Access
4G UE
4G Access
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
61
Mobile Originated SMS

3G Core
HLR HSS
4G Core
1. 2.
UE initiates SMS MME sends SMS to serving MSC (CSFB IWF) CSFB IWF sends SMS to SMSC

SMSC
MAP 3
3.
MSC CSFB IWF
SGs 2
MME
CSFB IWF performs SMS MO service logic CSFB IWF performs SMS MO billing CSFB IWF performs LI if required
BSC/RNC
E-UTRAN
1
3G/4G Device
3G Access
4G UE
4G Access
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
62
Mobile Termination SMS

3G Core
HLR
2 1
HSS
4G Core
1. 2.
Incoming SMS to SMSC SMSC queries HLR to determine routing SMSC sends SMS to serving MSC (CSFB IWF) CSFB IWF sends SMS to MME

SMSC
MAP 3
3.
SGs 4
MSC
CSFB IWF
MME
4.
CSFB IWF performs SMS MT service logic CSFB IWF performs SMS MT billing CSFB IWF performs LI if required
5.
MME sends SMS to UE
RNC
E-UTRAN
5
3G/4G Device
3G Access
4G UE
4G Access
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
63
Mobile Origination
3G Core
HLR
MAP 2 3
HSS
4G Core
1.
UE leaves LTE and re-tunes to GSM/UMTS UE Location Updates on GSM/UMTS HLR sends Cancel Subscriber to CSFB IWF
CSFB IWF Removes subscriber from VLR
2. 3.
MSC
CSFB IWF
SGs
MME
4.
4
UE initiates call
RNC
E-UTRAN
3G
3G/4G Device 4G UE
Note: MO Procedure utilised for Call Originations, USSD and also for SS modifications 4G Access
3G Device Access
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
64
Mobile Terminated Call Signalling times and delays example

500 ms additional delay to avoid race conditions This delay may vary depending on RAN conditions Inserts MSRN from VMSC into original PRN Response
13. MAP PRN Resp T0+2880ms 12. SRI ACK T0+2869 9. SRI HLR T0+2767ms 3. MAP PRN T0 8. MAP CL T0+2222ms 10. MAP PRN 11. MAP PRN Resp
2. MAP SRI 14. MAP SRI Ack
IWF
4. SGs Page T0+7ms
MME
1. IAM
GMSC
7. MAP UL 6. LU
5. Page
15. IAM
VMSC
16. Page
Note: only key messages are shown for simplicity (e.g. not all acknowledgments are shown)
65
Benefits of CSFB IWF

Solution enables deployment of SMS over SGs and CSFB through a centralised gateway Does not require SGs software licensing (or IP hardware upgrades) on any network MSCs
Operators no longer locked in to a existing vendors (current MSC suppliers) for CSFB solution
Reduced operational rollout costs and complexity Common platform for other Cisco CSP services ensures investment protection moving forward into IMS Requires no specific TA to LA mapping changes on MME (i.e. MME is provisioned as if it is connecting to standard SGs interface) Does not require or utilize Roaming Retry
Signalling only solution, no bearer impact
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
66
VoLTE (IMS) Deployment Challenges

Some of the major challenges/difficulties facing VoLTE rollout are:
Service parity/consistency Network complexity Back office (re)integration Legacy network dependencies (SR-VCC) Call routing and optimisation
BRKSPG-2022
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67
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

SR-VCC
Voice call anchored in IMS over PS (e.g. LTE) access UE moves to area of CS access only UE is capable of transmitting/receiving on only one of those access networks at a given time.
Mobility handled at two levels

Radio
S1, Sv and MAP-E signaling
Application
SIP / SDP Requires Service Centralization and Continuity Application Server (SCC AS) From SCC AS perspective, seen as a PS to CS access transfer
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
68
Additional Resources - www.3gpp.org - http://www.thespectool.com/v2/index.php Relevant 3GPP Specifications:

TS 36.300 E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall description; Stage 2 TS 36.331 E-UTRA; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol
specification TS 23.401 GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access (EPC) TS 23.402 Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP access
TS 24-301: Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for EPS; Stage 3 TS 29.272: EPS; MME and SGSN related interfaces based on
Diameter protocol
TS 33.401 3GPP SAE; Security architecture
BRKSPG-2022
Cisco Public
69
Recommended Reading
Please visit the Cisco Store for suitable reading.
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BRKSPG-2022
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Thank you.
BRKSPG-2022
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Evolved EPC For LTE by Cisco

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Evolved EPC For LTE by Cisco

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Evolved Packet Core for LTE Networks

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2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Agenda Evolved Packet Core

LTE/EPC introduction LTE/EPC Interfaces and Basic Procedures

Delivering voice with LTE/EPC

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Home Location Service Control Register (HLR) Point (SCP)

Base Transceiver System (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center + Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR)

Network transport based on TDM

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

data was circuit switched

3.1 kHz audio or V110 64k UDI

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

IP Relay SNDCP GTP LLC BSSGP

Home Based GGSN Roaming

3GPP UMTS System

Migration to ATM for Radio Access Transport

3G RNC Node B 3G SGSN IP GGSN

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

NodeB IP PDCP RLC MAC WCDMA Radio

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

PDCP RLC MAC

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

3GPP R4 Voice Services

IP INAP BICC or SIP-T H.248 MAP MGW Nb-UP

Introduction of SS7oIP transport

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

3GPP R5 to R7: Addressing the Bottlenecks

Drift RNC Node B IP PDCP RLC MAC MAC-HS MAC-HS

Direct Tunnel allows SGSN to remove itself from data plane

PDCP RLC MAC

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

IP RAN w/ ATM PW or Native IP

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What is the LTE/SAE?

- Support for multiple radio access technologies

The LTE Revolution

Network Side (Evolved Packet Core - EPC)

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

LTE/EPC Key Attributes

Service independent and data-only architecture

Support of alternative access technologies

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

3GPP Mobile Network Evolution

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EPS = Evolved Packet System

Evolved Packet System Architecture

PGW PDN/ Internet SGW

From hierarchical architecture to flat IP topology

RNC functions distributed between the eNB and the EPC

LTE/EPC Key Components

Next Generation Cell Site

Mobility Control Node

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

UMTS, LTE/SAE Architecture:

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

UMTS, LTE/SAE Architecture:

nodeB eNB eNB

UMTS (Direct Tunnel)

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.