Experiment no.5 1.

Molisch's Test -is a sensitive chemical test for the presence of carbohydrates, based on the dehydration
of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde, which condenses with two molecules of phenol (usually -naphthol, though other phenols (e.g.resorcinol, thymol) also give colored products), resulting in a red- or purple-colored compound.

2.A reducing sugar is any sugar that either has an aldehyde group or is capable of forming one in solution through isomerism. .

Reducing form of glucose

3. CuSO4 (cupric ions) + reducing substance => Cu2O (cuprous ions) + oxidized substance. /Benedict's
test will detect the presence of aldehydes , and alpha-hydroxy-ketones, including those that occur in certain ketoses. Thus, although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar, it is an alpha-hydroxy-ketone, and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent.

/R-CHO + 2Cu2+ + 4OH- ----------> R-COOH + Cu2O + 2H2O where R is the group attached to the aldehyde (CHO) 4. Bial's test: is a chemical test for the presence of pentoses.
Seliwanoffs test:is a chemical test for the presence of ketoses.

Experiment no.4 1.The nonpolar tails dissolve grease and oil and the polar head makes it soluble in water. Soaps are made from lard (from hogs), tallow (from cows or sheep), coconut oil, or palm oil. All soaps work in the same way, but have different properties depending on the lipid source, length of C chain, and degree of unsaturation..

2. sodium hydroxide (often called just "lye") makes bar soap - solid, opaque bar soap potassium hydroxide (often called "potash") makes liquid soap - flowing, clear or translucent liquid soap

The alkali is the lye we use, the fats/fatty acids are the oils. Sodium hydroxide results in a salt (soap) that is crystallized enough to be opaque. The soap made with potassium hydroxide doesn't crystallize in the same fashion, and hence, is not as opaque.

3. This process tends to result in a soap of purer quality, and the soap may also be less harsh on the skin. 4. The advantage of this technique is that it can be left for a long period of time without the need to add more
solvent or fear of the reaction vessel boiling dry as any vapor is immediately condensed in the condenser. In addition, as a given solvent will always boil at a certain temperature, one can be sure that the reaction will proceed at a constant temperature. 5. Soap is less soluble in salt water. Soap is essentially a sodium salt of fatty acid. these sodium salts(i.e

NaStearate, NaOleate) are less soluble than a strong electrolyte sodium chloride.so sodium chloride is added after saponification to precipitate the soap by common ion effect.Sodium being the common ion. 6. Soap is sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, and these days is usually used only for cleaning

human skin, but in the past was used for many other cleaning purposes. Detergent is a substance used for cleaning, so soap is a type of detergent. Detergents are often surfactants (as is soap), which help to dissolve oils in water, useful in cleaning dirty dishes or greasy skin.

Experiment no.3 1. Hydrolyzable lipids are those that contain a functional group that will react with water. The functional group is usually an ester and the list of compounds includes neutral fats, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Non hydrolyzable lipids lack such functional groups and include steroids and fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and k.

2. The LiebermannBurchard or acetic anhydride test is used for the detection of cholesterol. The formation of a green or green-blue colour after a few minutes is positive. LiebermanBurchard is a reagent used in a colourimetric test to detect cholesterol, which gives a deep green colour. 3. Ninhydrin (2,2-Dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is a chemical used to detect ammoniaor primary and
secondary amines. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerprints, as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin. 4. Acrolein (systematic name:propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is a colourless liquid with a piercing, disagreeable, acrid smell.