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International Politics Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D. November 2010, Odd Semester/3 THE ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL POLITICS For at least the last twenty years, environmental issues have been sipping through the niches of international politics. While the issues of economics and military power are somehow still the reigning kings of the international politics, environment finds itself in an emerging status. Environmental issues create a harsher tension between the strong and the weak, creating a serious global problem experienced by practically all nations, and the impacts are felt by not only the weaker of the fight, but also the strongest. This paper will show you why environment while in many ways still considered as a minor problem is actually very important for international politics. To show you everything, we will dive into the background, what the big and small players do, theoretical concepts applicable, the issues themselves, and the international regimes in global environment. The paper itself will be divided into several sections of shorter writings dedicated on special parts of the paper. All the contributors to the specific sections will be noted. Since this is a paper on International Politics, we will not deal a lot on natural science issues on the environment. We will not talk a lot about causes of global warming, what is ozone depletion, or how did the El Nio and La Nia happen. We will talk more on the social science issues, especially from political, economical, and historical perspectives on the environment. This main content of this paper will be divided into several major parts, namely five major parts: Environment and the political science of the global arena: actors, theories and applications International regimes of the environment: discussing IOs, NGOs, treaties and agreements on the environment Indonesia and the environment: problems and how to solve problems the Indonesian way Cases and problems: how environmental cases shape global politics The future of international politics of the environment and the problems in years to come

All the discussions will be preceded by a short introduction that will lead you into a more elaborate discussion on the theme environment and global politics. The World Becomes Less Greener: an Introduction1 An environmental issue is often mentioned as a green issue, thus the world today is said to be less green. Many countries are struggling with this environmental issue: from floods to forest burning, from heavy air pollution to possibility of nuclear meltdown. The problem is apparent today, yet many countries prefer to do nothing instead of something. This is where the politics comes in: how states bargain to solve or not to solve our common problem of global environment. The historical perspective of environmental problems and 'The State of the Environment' To trace when the first environmental problem occurred in history is quite hard, since it was hard back at the older times, to have a methodological measurement of environmental problem. Unlike now, when human being can measure the level of CO2 emissions, the level of temperature increase on year-by-year basis, or the increase of sea level due to ice melting; it was impossible, say, a hundred years ago or more. However, let us put a limit on the discussion. There are so many environmental problems, yet we will try to address those problems that are anthropogenic, or human-caused. It is hard to say that most of the current environmental problems are not human-caused (other than, say, earthquakes or volcano eruptions). Most if not all air pollutions are clearly human-caused (transportation, industries, etc.). And really, that is not all. After we settle the deal that we are going to talk about anthropogenic environmental issues, we can draw a line on the beginning of such issues. I believe that the Industrial Revolution of the 18th-19th centuries as the beginning of the environmental problems and ironically the great leap in economic growth of the world. In short, Industrial Revolution can be described in two sentences2: it changed the way we produced goods, and it changed the society from an agricultural to an industrial society. And it is true. Industrial Revolution gave birth to more and more factories and machinerybased industries (rather than human-based); thus the importance of capital became more prominent compared to the value of human in terms of media of production on years before.
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This section is written by Matthew Hanzel. Industrial Revolution: Its Affects and Consequences. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Michigan State University: https://www.msu.edu/user/brownlow/indrev.htm

The creation of more factories created more pollution through emissions of more and more carbon as resulted by burning process more than before, added with further depletion of natural resources caused by consumerism due to the ease of production3. The below chart may give you the impression on how carbon emissions had multiplied ever since the Industrial Revolution.

Total Carbon Emission, 1760-2000

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
Total Carbon Emission

Graph 1: Total Global Carbon Emission, 1760-2000 (in million metric tons of Carbon)4 Since then, the emergence of industries, followed by the rise of fossil fuel-based transportation creates more air pollution, again, due to the emission of carbon (especially carbon dioxide) excessively. The above graph may show us how the global carbon emission in 200 years has multiplied more than 2,000 times! However, the staggering number of carbon emission above is not solely caused by transportation and industries; however made worse by other factors. One is the carbon emission caused by nuclear energy (as included on the above graph); and two, is due to deforestation. Deforestation is a major problem today, since major deforestations currently happening in countries with large areas of forest (typically tropical rainforest). Look at the examples of Brazil (the Amazonian rainforest) and Indonesia (the Indonesian rainforest)5.

Ibid. Counted in a 20-year basis (although the data is on a yearly basis from 1751-2007). Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. (n.d.). Global Carbon Emissions. Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES/. 5 The Economist. (2010, October 28). Banyan: Where There's Smoke. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from The Economist: http://www.economist.com/node/17361464?story_id=17361464
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Why does deforestation important? Let me highlight two things: [1] Biological reasons. As most of us know from K-12 natural science classes, plants as those in the forests are natural 'recycler' for CO2 to become O2 (oxygen), by which CO2 is important for plant for their photosynthesis process; and O2 is important for as human being for respiration process. Had the number of plants decrease time by time, there will be less 'recyclers' of CO2, which will create imbalances between our excessive emission of carbon dioxide and the number of 'recyclers' we need to make things better. [2] Some forces of deforestation create direct problems to many other countries. As we will discuss later in the following sections, one major cause of deforestation is forest fires (which mostly deliberate/anthropogenic). Let us see the example of Indonesian forest fire, which gives direct effect (i.e. smoke) to neighboring countries like Malaysia and Singapore6. It has become an international issue, i.e. no longer an isolated, national problem of Indonesia. Now, it is scientifically believed that the excessive carbon emissions due to industries, transportations, fossil fuel burnings, and related pollutions have led the World into a period of serious environmental problem. Although serious, air pollution is only one of the problems and really the biggest and most considered problem among many others. Why? Air pollution lies on the crossroads between many environmental issues. Let me point out some here. Greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is highly related to the issue of 'global warming'7. The emission of CO2 and many other so-called 'greenhouse gases' created some sort of 'greenhouse' that prevents sun rays in the form of waves of ultraviolet to not bounced back out of the atmosphere, but re-bounced back to the Earth, creating serious increase in temperature. The general increase of average global temperature creates the problem of global warming. The global warming creates many other problems, such as the melting of permanent ice on both poles of the World, causing increases in sea levels around the World; and leading to severe floods around the world (such in Pakistan). Not only problems with air, there are problems that are so immense they capture the attention of the whole World, albeit its small area of effect. Do not forget extraordinary cases

The Economist, op. cit. National Geographic. (n.d.). Causes of Global Warming. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from National Geographic: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-causes
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such as the oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico (2010)8, or the one that is closest to us, the mudflow disaster at Sidoarjo, East Java9. And the above list is merely some of many other environmental problems faced by our contemporary world. It will be a very exhaustive list to sum up all the environmental problems that we are facing today. We are still looking for the best and most plausible solution to tackle all the issues. The question is now, why is it so important to even consider the problem of environment why dont we just leave it alone? Feeling the niche of environmental issue in the international politics Why environment becomes a major part in international politics, especially in the 21st century? The answer lies on mainly two reasons:
st In the 21 century, the issue of environment is closely related to development.

Allow me to quote a passage from the World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change: Development goals are threatened by climate change, with the heaviest impacts on poor countries and poor people. Climate change cannot be controlled unless growth in both rich and poor countries becomes less greenhouse-gas-intensive. We must act now: country development decisions lock the world into a particular carbon intensity and determine future warming. Business-as-usual could lead to temperature increases of 5C or more this century. And we must act together: postponing mitigation in developing countries could double mitigation costs, and that could well happen unless substantial financing is mobilized. But if we act now and act together, the incremental costs of keeping warming around 2C are modest and can be justified given the likely dangers of greater climate change10. To sum up, environmental issue (in this context, climate change) is closely related to development, and the other way around. We will see in further elaboration how developing countries are the most impacted victims of climate change issue. Environmental issue, on the other hand, is a large battlefield between countries around the world. The battle occurs between mainly the industrialized countries that establish many factories and machinery-based industries, and the developing countries that become the victims of the result of excessive climate change caused
Joel K. Bourne, J. (2010, October). The Deep Dilemma. National Geographic , 54. Marshall, A. (2008, January). Drowning in Mud. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from National Geographic: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/01/volcano-culture/drowning-in-mud-text 10 The World Bank. (2010). World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. Washington, D.C., United States of America: The World Bank.
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by industrialization. We can summarize this point into the phrase politicization and economization of environmental issues, which will be seen under the explanations below.

Figure 1: The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali (2007), one of the 'battlefields' of environmental issues in global politics Since this is nothing more than an introductory section, no detailed elaboration will be made. However, the introduction here should be adequate to lead you to deeper and further discussion on how significant the environment in shaping the global politics. *** Environment and the Political Science of the Global Arena: Actors, Theories and Applications11 Before we enter a more detailed and thorough explanations on environment and global politics, let us see three things that will define the influence of environment in global politics: the actors, the international relations theories and its applications. Let us see one by one. Actors: parties to the conflict Environment is a real battlefield for interests, since there are so numerous parties involved sometimes the line of fire is hard to determine. It is hard also to determine which parties confront which other parties, often to draw it in the form of a matrix is the best form of description.
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This section is written by Matthew Hanzel.

In short, these are the actors on the conflicts over the environment in the international politics: What? Who? Why? Most industrialized countries, i.e. developed countries that have built some of the largest industries of Industrialized Countries (i.e. Developed Countries) STATE ACTORS the world are the greatest emitters of carbon. They do have the interest of protecting the industries and putting less precautionary measures against excessive carbon emissions. They are the most vocal Developing countries Less-Industrialized Countries (i.e. Developing Countries) are poorer in terms of economy, and often the harshest victims in conflicts over environmental issues13. parties in agreements relating to environmental issues. For example, see how developing countries are waiting for countries like the US to sign the Bali Roadmap at the UNFCCC Bali 200714. NONSTATE ACTORS International Organizations (e.g. the United
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How?

In creations of agreement for environmental issues, often these countries are the hardest to comprehend, hardest to convince, and hardest to compel. They will, at the best they can do, to protect their industrialized economy by putting less measures to prevent more carbon emissions12.

Among all the non-state actors, International Organizations such as

One of the ways is through the creation of the United Nations Framework

Seputar Indonesia. 15) Nations (2007, December 15). SBY are among the Menegangkan di UNFCCC. Retrieved the UN dan Detik-detik Conference on Climate November 1, 2010, from Okezone.com: http://news.okezone.com/read/2007/12/15/1/68480/sby-dan-detik-detikmenegangkan-di-unfccc 13 The World Bank, op. cit. 14 Seputar Indonesia, op. cit. 15 Thatcher, P. S. (1992). The Role of the United Nations. In A. Hurrell, & B. Kingsbury (Eds.), The International Politics of the Environment. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.

biggest in terms of scope of work. Their capability to approach practically all states of the world make them strategic enough to push agendas of environmental issues. Some of these organizations are the Nongovernmental Organizations (e.g. Greenpeace) most active, most vocal and the most seen in terms of tackling environmental issues. Greenpeace is one such example . Countries, throughout the years, have done Agreements and Frameworks (e.g. Kyoto Protocol) many agreements in order to find solution for a better environment. Kyoto Protocol is one such example18.
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Change (UNFCCC) which creates roadmaps for further development of the environment through the agreed proposition made in each particular conference16.

While many organizations work through civil societies (campaigns, fundraisings); some of the organizations, like Greenpeace, acts more than what other organizations do. Look at, for example, the case of Rainbow Warriors. Again, in such process of reaching a consensus between the parties, bargains are everywhere. As usual, industrialized countries are hard to compel, while the developing countries are trying hard to press the agenda.

Applicable theory I believe that we can apply the class system theory19 on the discussion of environment in the international politics. This theory believes upon the role of the states as very important in dealing with economic matters, as far as creation of the international class structure, that is
Ibid. Mintzberg, H., & Westley, F. (2000). Sustaining the Institutional Environment. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Bnet: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_2000_Annual/ai_63543389/ 18 Baylis, J., & Smith, S. (2005). The Globalization of World Politics. New York City, New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press, Inc., pp. 470-471 19 Otherwise known as the world system theory.
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the domination of the advanced industrialized countries over the poorer (developing) countries20. One of the most apparent characteristics of this theory is the idea of inequalities. Some of the examples of the inequalities can be seen under the statements below: Indicators of World Inequality One-fifth of the Worlds population are living in extreme poverty. Average incomes in the richest 20 countries are 37 times higher than in the poorest 20 the ratio has doubled in the last 20 years. In the developed world subsidies to agricultural producers are six times higher than overseas development aid. Tariffs on manufactured goods from the developing world are four times higher than those on manufactured goods from other OECD countries. 70% of the Worlds poor and two-thirds of the Worlds illiterates are women. In 34 countries in the World life expectancy is now lower than it was in 1990. More than 30,000 children die everyday from easily preventable diseases. In Africa only one child in three completes primary education. In Sub-Saharan Africa a woman is 100% more likely to die in childbirth than women in high-income OECD countries. One billion people lack access to clean water. African countries pay out US$40 million every day on debt repayment. The most prominent figure of the theory is Immanuel Wallerstein22. Wallerstein believes that the modern world system is an example of a world-economy. He believes in the presence of the market as a medium of resource distribution, as the mechanism of transfer of resources from the periphery to the core23. The concept of core and periphery is highly derived from ideas of Leninism and Marxism. In Marxs book Capital in 1967, Marx believed that the Capitalism had entered the highest and final stage of monopoly capitalism, in which a two-tiered structure of economy had developed within the structure of the world-economy: a dominant core and a less-dominant periphery. The core is the manufacturing regions which able to use its power
Baylis, J., & Smith, S., op. cit. Ibid., World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Jubilee Research. 22 Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930, and graduated from Columbia University in 1951 and completing his PhD in 1959. Wallerstein is the pioneer of world-systems theory, which is based in part on radical dependency theories of underdevelopment in the 1950s. Griffiths, M. (1999). Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations. New York City, New York, United States of America: Routledge. 23 Baylis, J., & Smith, S., op. cit.
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Box 1: Indicators of World Inequality21

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(derived from wealth) to concentrate surplus from the periphery; the periphery is the extraction regions that is exploited24. Wallerstein later added the concept of semi-periphery25. According to Wallerstein, the semi-peripheral zone has an intermediate role within the world-system displaying certain features characteristic of the core and others characteristic of the periphery. The interrelationships between the core, semi-periphery, and the periphery can later be simplified into the below cycle:
CORE Democratic governments High wages Import raw materials Export manufactures High level of investments Welfare services

SEMI-PERIPHERY Authoritarian governments Export: 'mature' manufactures; raw materials Import: manufactures, raw materials Low wages Low welfare services

PERIPHERY Non-democratic governments Export: raw materials Import: manufactures Below subsistence wages No welfare services

Figure 2: The Interrelationships in the Global Economy26 Why I believe this theory to be the most appropriate? The one single reason to show how this theory is appropriate is the politicization and the economization of environmental issues. When actually environment is a matter of life preservation, i.e. how to preserve the

Goldstein, J. S., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2009). International Relations, Eight Edition: 2008-2009 Update. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States of America: Pearson Higher Education. 25 Baylis, J., & Smith, S., op. cit. 26 Ibid.

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environmental condition for the better future, today environmental issues is the battlefield of the rich and the poor, the cores and the peripheries. In this sense, there is the more impression of tug-of-war between the industrialized countries and the less-industrialized countries in negotiating on the environmental issues. And the cores and peripheries presence in the world-system is actually apparent. There are the democracy-embracing states that are considerably more developed, and as the scheme above describes, it cares of the labor with high wages, it imports raw materials and exports manufactures; while the peripheries do the contrary. It is true at best, and that is why the description provided by this theory is the best in describing environmental issue in the global politics. The applicability of the theory Now the question is: how to apply the above theory into the real situation of the environmental issues? The answer lies on the tensions itself: the tensions between the industrialized countries (borrowing the above term: the cores) and the less-developed countries/non-industrialized countries (borrowing the above term: the peripheries). The below statistics may give us the impression how his has became the conflict between the two groups. One of the most apparent parameter of comparing the industrialized and lessindustrialized countries is CO2 emissions. Industrialized countries have more emissions by multiplication compared to less-industrialized countries. We can see the huge differences from the graph below:

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Level of Carbon Emissions by Fuel Combustion, 2007

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 396 573 64 369 798 1236 1324 377 71 346 347 6028 5769 Carbon Emissions

489

Graph 2: Level of Carbon Emissions by Fuel Combustion in 2007 (in million of tons)27 While the industrialized countries need to defend the industries28 (because of the economical value of the industries), non-industrialized countries are considered victims. The non-industrialized countries (or the peripheries and the semi-peripheries) are victims of the impact of climate change as result of the damaged environment. The process can be seen under the simplified diagram below:

It is interesting that although countries like Australia, Finland, Japan, Korea Republic, China, and United States are industrialized countries (most of the left-hand side of the graph), apparently only four countries achieved the above 1,000 mark; and these countries rely heavily on manufacturing (e.g. Japan manufactures cars and electronic products, the US manufactures cars and other manufacturing industries, China practically produces anything); and the other developed/industrialized countries with lower carbon emissions rely also on the prominence of service. Data: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2010). OECD Factbook 2010. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 28 See how the United States was initially very reluctant to sign the Bali Roadmap in 2007.

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Global warming

Heavy industrialization

Large number of carbon emissions caused by industries in the 'core' countries contribute to the increase of the amount of the 'greenhouse gases' (GHGs).

As the GHGs create the greenhouse effect, there is the increase of global temperature in the whole world, causing the 'global warming' phenomenon.

Effects

The global warming creates further issues that especially affect the semi-peripheries and the peripheries. The problems such as: Flood due to the increase of sea level (caused by the melting of polar ice due to global warming) or due to the alteration of global climate (e.g. the prolonged time of phenomenons El Nio and La Nia or heavy monsoon (e.g. Pakistan in 2010) Forest fires (e.g. in Russia in 2010) Harvest failures, destructions in the agriculture sector

Figure 3: The process of how environmental destructions lead to negative impacts especially for developing countries. We can also see that the politicization of the environmental issues in the global politics actually gives the sense why environment is no longer merely filling the niche of international politics, but has been a major issue in international politics in the last few decades. There are at least five senses why the environment is now a global politicized issue (Baylis & Smith, 2005): Some of the problems are inherently global, such as the release of CFCs. Some of the problems relate to the exploitation of global commons, such as the oceans, atmosphere, etc. Many environmental problems are intrinsically transnational, i.e. cross state boundaries. The forest fire of Indonesia, which causes problems with Malaysia, Singapore and other countries, is one such example.

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Many processes of over-exploitation or environmental degradation are actually local, yet experienced by many localities that it can be considered as global problem. The process of over-exploitation and environmental degradation leads to broader political and socio-economic process, thus it is widely recognized that the causes of most environmental problems are closely related to the generation and distribution of wealth, knowledge, and power, and to patterns of energy consumption, industrialization, population growth, affluence, and poverty (which actually confirms the application of the world-system theory in relation to the environmental issues). *** The International Regime of the Environment: Does it even exist?29 Unlike many other factors in international politics, the environment seems does not have any international regime(s) that clearly put a certain foundation on dealing with issues, problems, relations, and conflicts related to the field. For example, when the humanitarian field has the regime of the Hague and Geneva; the monetary field has the World Bank and the IMF; no clear regime on the environment. However, we can try to elaborate some of the institutions and agreements that may come very close to the presence of regime in the environment field. The United Nations, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Environment Millennium Development Goals (or commonly abbreviated as the MDGs) are eight goals that sought to be achieved by 2015. This is a challenge for the countries that participate in them in achieving development worldwide. All United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations gathered together in 2001 in a summit, called the Millennium Summit, to approve the goals of the world's development challenges. During the summit it was noted that more than a billion people in the world still in acute poverty and suffer grossly due to inadequate resources and insufficient services such as education and health. The MDGs aim to spur development by improving social and economic conditions in the world poorest countries.

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This section is written by Priscilla Elizabeth.

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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established a unifying set of developmental objectives for the global community. Bringing together United Nations agencies, governments and civil society around eight key development issues, the MDGs foster collaborative action to reduce poverty, improve health and address educational and environmental concerns around the worlds most pressing development problems. The MDGs are specifically designed to address the needs of the worlds poorest citizens and the worlds most marginalized populations.

Figure 4: The eight goals of the Millenium Development Goals Environment is one crucial element of development. Environmental management is the field of study, which includes the protection, conservation and sustainable use of various elements or components of the environment. Environment includes physical factors of surroundings of human beings including air, land, water, climate sound light, odor taste, micro organisms, biological factors of animals and plants, cultural resources and the socioeconomic factors of aesthetics and include both the natural and built environment and the way the interact. The MDGs are strategically located in its relations to environmental issues: it creates the micromanagement of environment, instead of urging countries to act in terms of political environment of economic environment, countries are urge to micromanage the citizen of their own state so that the civil society can create a better environment. This is the real role of the United Nations in underlying the ideas of the MDGs to start the creation of a better environment from the smaller role of civil society, bottom-up; instead of using a top-down approach.

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The global environment

An accumulation of the national environment

The national environment

An accumulation of the local environment Better condition of environment in local level will create a better environment in national level

The local environment

The empowerment of the civil society to create a better environment The creation of a well-preserved environment locally where later will be accumulated into a national condition of environment The role of MDGs is to create a better society in order to create a better environment

Figure 5: The bottom-up approach (inverted pyramid seen from the lowest to highest) The following are the brief explanation about the 8 goals of MDGs and its connection to the environmental management: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Target: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day; Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Before the MDGs formed, the poverty rate was very high. People do not have enough income to meet the needs of everyday life. As a result, they often engage in illegal things that can cause environmental damage, in order to obtain sufficient income. They engaged in

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environmentally unfriendly, such activities as deforestation so as to obtain fuel woods, building materials, expanding agricultural land and grazing areas, burning charcoal and others, the which together Destroyed the environment. MDGs have prepared a number of agenda to fight poverty, and also at the same time maintaining environmental sustainability for present and future use. Like, the establishment of agro-forestry, forestation re-forestation and soil conservation measures programs, electrification of rural development and creating more employment opportunities, women empowerment, fair trade for agricultural products, rural industrialization, opening Such money lending institutions as co-operatives to improve among small businesses and education people to fight ignorance, these together lead to the improvement of living standards of the people at the Same time managing our environment. Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) Target: To ensure that by 2015 that children everywhere will complete a full course of primary schooling. Before the MDGs is formed, as many as 113 million children worldwide not attending school. This is because due to poverty and a few other things. Lack of education causes some things that cause environmental damage, because when the kids are not in school, they actually work collecting firewood and so forth. Activities such as these can cause the scarcity of natural resources resulting from deforestation for example. MDGs have been setting up programs to address this problem, namely by requiring a primary school education, such as by providing free schooling, providing the necessary facilities to carry out education. The program is expected to help provide early education to children about how to preserve the environment, by introducing environmental programs such as reforestation, soil conservation, and others. Education is also expected that children can be more creative and innovative in creating a workforce that does not depend on the environment. Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower women. Target: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and all levels of education no later than 2015. Previously, she was an isolated group. Women are not allowed to participate, especially in terms of making decisions about the environment and property. This leads to increased poverty of women. Women are required to stay at home, resulting in many children,

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which leads to poverty due to high demand for food that leads to the empowerment of unfriendly environmental activities. After the MDGs, the Government supports the position of women, so as to obtain a higher education. Promoting gender equality and empowerment of women will of help in managing our environment because in most cases women are the ones interacting directly with the environment. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Target: Reduce under-five mortality rate by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. Before the establishment of the MDGs, child mortality rates in some countries were so high. Some are because of the influence of a dirty environment that causes the disease. Another thing is the result of poor nutrition and lack of health facilities in the local area. MDGs and build some health facilities, in order to combat the deaths of children under the age of five years. They also provide education for local communities on how to treat the environment well, such as how to make good sanitation, treat waste properly, destroying the habitat of the animals are like mosquitoes that cause disease, and so forth. Goal 5: Improve maternal health Target: Reduce the maternity mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Before the establishment of the MDGs, maternal mortality is high due to health problems. This health problem is related to environmental issues. Because maybe the mother lived in a dirty area, inhaling the polluted air, and heavy work, like lifting wood for example, can lead to lack of health during childbearing. MDGs and countries are trying to combat this by providing clinics for pregnant women. Pregnant mothers are required to perform here. Providing education about a healthy environment is also given to the local community. Goal 6: Combating HIV/AIDS Malaria and other diseases. Target: Halt by 2015 and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. At first, the death rate from malaria and HIV is very high due to poverty and environmental factors. But lately, it has become less and less because the mass media programs which help to make aware and prevent this disease. MDG target the reduction of the level of people who are infected with this virus. This could be achieved by providing sex education, the introduction of condoms, education,

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environmental health, and eco talk show. Goal 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability Target: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources; Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water; Achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. Environment is an important factor, not only in MDG7 but also in other MDGs. Environmental sustainability is the heart than the other MDGs. Underlying the achievement of environmental sustainability of other purposes. MDG7 is the direct relevance of some of the work undertaken by UNEP, which has the slogan, "Environment for Development". UNEP has a partner who had the same thought and purpose to eradicate poverty and preserve the environment, namely PEP (Poverty and Environmental Partnership). Together, they tried to revive the political attention to the challenges that exist to achieve the MDGs. In total, almost all human activities impact damage to the environment, due to deforestation, bush burning over fishing, poor agricultural methods, over exploitation of mineral resources, Land Reclamation, land fragmentation, over population, harnessing of energy research and others, put our environment in resulting into grave side, water pollution, water pollution, soil Erosion, Extinction of species (rhino, tigers, Lions perform certain types of fish, plants), loss of habitat for wild animals, Land Degradation, loss of ecological services (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle), global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, desertification, and diseases. Today, after the MDGs, the countries trying to adhere to the principles of sustainable development that emphasizes the use of appropriate resources, so that natural resources are not damaged and can still be used by future generations. Environmental Education and awareness at this time were being encouraged in these countries. The education program was put in some higher education institutions, so as to produce graduates who understand and environmentally conscious. And is expected to reduce the exploitation of environmental resources, such as forests and minerals. Countries have strengthen the ministry of environment in each country which work together with other ministries like tourism, water,

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energy, and minerals, Agriculture, forest, fisheries to ensure that the environment is used in sustainable way so that it can support live on earth. Also countries have formulated environmental councils to deal with environmental issues, for example in Uganda we have NEMA (National Environment Management Authority), Tanzania there is NEMC (National Environment Management Council), and These Councils have duty to ensure the environment is kept in a good health state. Goal 8 - Developing a Global Partnership for development Target: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system, Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction - both nationally and internationally; Address the special needs of the least developed countries. Includes: tariff and quotafree access for least developed countries' exports; enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction; Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small islands developing States (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term. In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth; In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries; In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications. Final goal of the MDGs is the achievement of the first seven goals. Previously, visible social gap between rich and poor countries are very prominent, due to low global partnership between the countries. This influence of the increasing poverty that lead to exploitation of the environment by the people for the sake of making money, such as their involvement with activities that are not environmentally friendly. After MDGs were formed, start interwoven cooperation among countries around the

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world to address social problems, economic, political, until the environmental issue. Developed countries provide assistance to developing countries, through debt relief, aid education, free medicine donations, and so forth. All this is expected to achieve the MDGs goals that lead to the development of global partnerships and the achievement of the principles of environmentally sound sustainable development, and environmental sustainability. International Nongovernmental Organizations on Environment There are many international organizations that involved in overcome the environmental issues, such as: The Green Zionist Alliance (GZA) works to educate and mobilize a Jewish Diaspora voice for Israels environment, to protect Israels environment and support its environmental movement, to improve environmental practices within the World Zionist Organization and its constituent agencies, and to inspire people to work for positive change.30 Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity and focuses its work on world wide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling and anti-nuclear issues.31 Friends of Nature is an international movement with a background in the Social Democratic movement, which aims to make nature accessible to the wider community by providing appropriate recreational and travel facilities.32 The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.33 Friends of the Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 77 countries, are the world's largest grassroots environmental network and they campaign on today's most urgent environmental and social issues. They challenge the current model of economic and corporate
Green Zionist Alliance. (n.d.). About. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Green Zionist Alliance: http://www.greenzionism.org/about-us/mission 31 Greenpeace International. (n.d.). About. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Greenpeace International: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/worldwide/ 32 Naturfreunde International. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2010, from Naturfreunde International: http://www.nfi.at/ 33 The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (n.d.). What we do. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF): http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/
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globalization, and promote solutions that will help to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.34 And so forth. There are still a lot of international environmental organizations. But those mentioned are among the most popular worldwide. International environmental organizations are part of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs have risen to greater prominence in almost every region of the world. Most NGOs, which consist of nonofficial groups in different countries, have come together to promote common interests through international actions. Today, NGOs deliver a lot of human development assistance. If current trends continue, the international system will become profoundly different in the future. Therefore, to comprehend roles of NGOs in international relations is very important and significant. The development and implementation of the Ozone Regime Among all the regimes and regimes-to-be in environmental issues, Ozone Regime is one of the successful example (Baylis & Smith, 2005). It was started under The Montreal Protocol in 1987. Before the Protocol was signed, there was the increase on consumption and production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), with chlorofluorocarbon is one of them. Losses of the ozone layer were tremendous: in 1995 the stratospheric ozone level over Europe and North America were about 10-percent lower than in the 1970s; and there are places with 20 to 50-percent lower. As awareness of the risk of ozone depletion grew, some countries started to ban nonessential uses of CFCs. However, it was only until 1985 that an international agreement was reached, the Vienna Convention. The process was politically painstaking: the United States under the Reagan administration was initially skeptical and had little enthusiasm. Only after the United Nations Environment Programme showed bargains in the negotiation than the Convention moved on. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was agreed by 24 main industrialized countries and the European Community, to cut the consumption of five types of CFCs by 50% in 1999. International Agreements on the Environment Throughout history, there are some international agreements on the environment. While it involves a lot of states, the issues being touched by the agreements are often miniscule
Friends of Earth International. (n.d.). About. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Friends of Earth International: http://www.foei.org/en/who-we-are/about
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compared to the real problems in environment. Looking back at history, we can see several agreements albeit minor in scope related to the environment35: The Treaty of Berne (1889), preventing the spread of the Phylloxera disease (destructive to European vineyards) 1902 Convention for the Protection of Birds useful to Agriculture 1991 Convention for the Protection of Fur Seals The creation of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1945 1946 International Whaling Convention The most significant start to the agreements related to environment is the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, signed in response to the dramatic increase in international environmental concerns in the 1960s. This Conference otherwise known as the Stockholm Conference led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as one of its lasting impacts. It is also the start of the understanding of the general relationship between environment and development in the context of North-South Relations36. The Stockholm Conference was the start of dozens of other international environmental agreements and programs. For example, the 1972 London Dumping Convention as a framework for restricting the dumping of toxic wastes at sea. The pinnacle of the follow up was when the United Nations convened the Earth Summit in 1989 (as a twenty-year follow up to the Stockholm Conference), leading to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. The UNCED established the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty, which produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic

Baylis, J., & Smith, S., pp. 453-456 Thus, again, justifying our application of the World-System Theory; the presence of the North-South tensions (i.e. the cores and the peripheries); and also the tensions between industrialized and the less-industrialized countries.
36

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interference with the climate system.37 UNFCCC is a framework convention, which establishes principles, aims, institutions, and procedures that should subsequently be developed. The most important obligation in the FCCC is that parties must provide regular reports on national greenhouse gas emissions, emissions projections, and policies and measures to limit such emissions. The treaty provides for updates (called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known. One of its first tasks was to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. Countries that ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.38 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered in to force on 16 February 2005. According to a press release from the United Nations Environment Programme: "The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 (but note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut). The goal is to lower overall emissions
United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change. (n.d.). Full text of the convention. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from UNFCCC: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php 38 United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change. (n.d.). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from UNFCCC: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
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of six greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs - calculated as an average over the fiveyear period of 2008-12. National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland."39 *** Indonesia and the Environment: Where Are We Standing Now40 When global warming became a hot topic, Environment also discussed, Environment and global warming have a very close relationship. Global warming and environment are connected. Environment issue is still connected with high population, poverty, industrialization and lack of knowledge. Contemporary issues In 1998, Samarinda, Indonesia, there are forest fire and the smoke been spread everyone and interfere the activity not only in Indonesia but also neighboring countries like Malaysia. Smoke from Indonesia forest fire especially in Kalimantan, Sumatera are interfering the neighbor countries. In Indonesia there are so many forest fires that disturb not only Indonesia but also the neighboring country. We take a case from Center and West Kalimantan as an example. The forest fire cause by the dry season and the forest become a peat land, which make easier to be burnt. Also, the forest had turned into palm oil plantation. The smoke from forest fire has spread into the Malaysia. The smoke has been disturbing for flights in Malaysia, and so Malaysia protest to Indonesia. Indonesia as an independent country should be determines the direction of foreign policy. Smoke pollution from burning forests in Kalimantan and Sumatra, creating a security threat to the population in the ASEAN region41. The smoke pollution that occurred in 1997 is the highest point so that the worst conditions for approximately seven months of smoke covered the sky of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, Indonesia, and The
http://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/info/indust.htm This section is written in two parts. The authors of each part will be mentioned in its subsequent sections. 41 Snitwongse, K., & Bunbongkarn, S. (2000). New Security Issues and Their Impact on ASEAN. In S. S. Tay, J. P. Estanislo, & H. Susatro, Reinventing ASEAN (p. 150). Singapore, Singapore: ISEAS.
40 39

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Philippines. Smoke pollution is very harmful to human health because it disrupts the eyes and lungs. Indonesia known as the most often contributor to the smoke pollution because the uncontrolled burning of forest. The burning of forest was done by traditional way by burning the rest of the illegal logging. In 2010 the smoke problem returned. Air-pollution indices in Singapore and the south of the Malaysian peninsula had reached their highest levels since 200642. In June 2006 however, the five ASEAN countries agreed to assist Indonesia in tackling the smog that happens, the five countries agreed after holding a meeting on haze in Palembang and signed the ASEAN Transboundary Haze Agreement. It is unquestionable that the NGOs urged the Indonesian Government to immediately ratify the treaty. Indonesia still not ratified the agreement because they said that they did not ready to ratify the agreement about the handle of smoke pollution43. Let us not forget also about the mudflow that flooded several villages in the region of Sidoarjo, East Java. Caused by drilling of the Lapindo Brantas Company, scientists for now concluded that the incident is due to the presence of a mud volcano at the incident site44.

The Economist, op. cit. Ibid. 44 Al-Jazeera. (2008, June 10). Drilling 'caused Java mud volcano'. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from AlJazeera: http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/06/200861517024264237.html
43

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Figure 6: The area impacted by the Lumpur Sidoarjo can be seen in greyish color on this false-color map, circa 2009. NASA One reference45 currently notes several environmental-related problems for Indonesia. Some of the problems are generally localized, but the others are global/collective in nature. The problems are: Deforestation Water pollution from industrial wastes Sewage Air pollution in urban areas Smoke and haze from forest fires Indonesia and the solution46 Climate change caused by human activities. Humans sometimes are not aware of the changes that happened is that the man's own actions such as creating air pollution, factory police, illegal logging, illegal wildlife trade, waste management, even traffic jams became Indonesia's environmental problems. Global climate change is a material adverse impact on us all as inhabitants of the earth. Examples of human actions that caused environmental problems are human consumption are like continuing the ongoing use of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. Besides, we already know most of this global warming is melting polar ice caps, rising ocean temperatures, prolonged drought, the spread of dangerous disease outbreaks, massive flooding, coral bleaching and large storm waves. As an international organization Greenpeace believe that just by step reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which may prevent the systematic, and radical climate change that could result in further damage to the ecosystems of the world and the people living therein. So, what needs to be addressed by the Indonesian state in solving global environmental problems emerging-proliferation? What are Indonesia's roles in solving global environmental problems? The following will discuss about Indonesia's role in addressing global environmental problems. To solve a problem, of course, must be resolved as a result of its root causes. In terms of environmental concerns about air pollution, is now part of the problems in Indonesia, which was hit by natural disasters such as ash rains from volcanic eruptions, the volcanic
Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, September 17). Retrieved September 27, 2010, from CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 46 This section is written by Christanty Gunawan
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gases, and others which tend to have negative effects for related aspects in the country and abroad. As mentioned above, Indonesia has some problems in the global environment such as pollution, deforestation, over fishing, vanishing natural resources and many others that effect to the poor governance. Because of pollution in Indonesia nowadays, rapid economic development, particularly around major population centers results in large amounts of sewage and industrial pollution, causing the decline of many reef areas especially those near growing cities such as Jakarta, Ambon and Ujung Pandang.47 To maintain this problem, Indonesia should be able to play its role to decrease the pollution problem. Indonesia must also take into account the impact of climate change on national development. Economic development goals and climate change policy goals must not be seen as opposite ends of a spectrum. They must be seen as paths toward the same goal. Economic development is necessary to alleviate poverty, improve access to energy, increase economic growth and aid our adaptation efforts. Finally, the government has to integrate climate change policy into development plans for inclusive and sustainable development. In this context, we need to rethink spending money on subsidizing fossil fuels, a practice that may be inconsistent with GHG reductions. The Indonesian government is still seeking efforts in tackling global environmental problems. However, if the Indonesian people themselves are not aware of the natural circumstances surrounding the occupant earth, then the government will attempt to no avail and global environmental problems will still occur and result in a bleak future for this nation, Indonesia. We think that needs to be increased again is how the government implemented a code of conduct that must be the Indonesian community in improving the climate for the good of future generations. These rules must be hard and can bring people of Indonesia on the importance of the purpose of making this order. However, Indonesia does give a good mark in terms of solving global environmental issues. One of the highlights would be the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali, in the year 2007. The Conference resulted in the Bali Roadmap, which laid a framework for further negotiations in a two-year period for the next Climate Change
48

Conference in Copenhagen (2009). Highlights from the Bali Roadmap, as quoted :

The World Wide Fund for Nature. (n.d.). Environmental Problems in Indonesia. Retrieved November 2, 2010, from The World Wide Fund for Nature: http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/indonesia/environmental_problems_indonesia/ 48 British Broadcasting Corporation. (2007, December 15). At a glance: Bali climate deal. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from British Broadcasting Corporation: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7146132.stm
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On Cutting Emissions Acknowledges that evidence for the planet warming is "unequivocal", and that delays in reducing emissions increase the risks of "severe climate change impacts". Recognises that "deep cuts in global emissions will be required to achieve the ultimate objective" of the UN climate convention, namely "avoiding dangerous climate change". Decides to look at "a long-term global goal for emission reductions". Developed nations to take on commitments that are "measurable, reportable and verifiable", and "nationally appropriate". May or may not include quantified, binding targets for all or some. For developing nations, "measurable, reportable and verifiable" actions "in the context of sustainable development, supported by technology and enabled by financing and capacity-building" i.e. only with Western support. On Forests Pledges to consider "policy approaches and positive incentives" to reduce deforestation and conserve forest cover. Funds pledged to World Bank to initiate pilot projects under the banner of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing countries (REDD). On Adaptation Enhanced co-operation to support urgent implementation of measures to protect poorer countries against climate change impacts. Acknowledges that economic diversification can build resilience. Resolves to consider ways of reducing the occurrence or damage from natural disasters. On Technological Transfer Will consider how to remove obstacles to, and the provision of financial and other incentives for, scaling up the transfer of clean energy technologies from ndustrialized nations to the developing world. Decides to re-instate an expert group on technology transfer to advise developing countries. On Timeline A subsidiary body will begin work on the Bali roadmap as soon as possible. Views of parties to be sought by late February, and the first meeting in March or April.

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Further review meetings scheduled; process to complete at 2009 UN summit in Copenhagen.

Box 2: Excerpts from the Bali Roadmap *** The Contemporary Environmental Problems49 In this part we will see some of the recent major environmental issues50 that have gross impact on not only the country being problematic but also many other countries of the world. The list will be concise, and contains the highlights of each problems, how does it happen, and how it brings problem to the World. What? Where? Why? How?51 It is particularly interesting because the oil Gulf of Mexico, The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill52 in between the United States and Mexico territory The spill happened after the explosion of one of the oilrigs, Deepwater Horizon disaster is a problem between a state and a nonstate entity, that is the Government of the United States versus the British Petroleum (who did the exploration at the Gulf) Due to global warming, there is an The 2010 Greenland Ice Breaks Greenland ice break (a block of ice separating from the main Greenland) at a size four times than the Island of Manhattan53 The danger it poses. This is one of the indicators that the climate change brings negative impact: had the global temperature rises to an alarming rate from 23oC to 27oC then the whole Greenland will

This section is written by Marsha Susetyo and Matthew Hanzel This is a list of case-per-case basis, not about general issues of the environment. 51 How it becomes an international issue? 52 Joel K. Bourne, J., op. cit. 53 Dell'Amore, C. (2010, August 6). Ice Island Breaks off Greenland; Bigger Than Manhattan. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from National Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100806-icechunk-island-greenland-glacier-petermann-biggest-science/
50

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melt and there will be a 27-feet rise of the sea level around the world (around 9 meters)54 Occurred due to the highest temperature 2010 Russian Wildfires Russian forests ever happened in President Dmitry Medvedev had declared a state of emergency, the

Russia, combined with severe fire had costed severe drought in mid- Russia approx. US$15 2010 billion in damages55

And to complete the list we will provide the list of major environmental issues that are happening in the world right now (and that are threatening to the global environment)56: Acidification of soil and water Drift-net fishing Ozone depletion Soil erosion Oil pollution on sea Acid rain Effluents (waste materials) Poaching of animals (esp. the endangered) UV radiation Mudflows Deforestation Emissions of greenhouse gases Slash-and-burn agriculture Inadequacy of potable water Excessive usage of pesticides *** The Future of the International Politics of the Environment: The Question of the Sustainable Development57 Excessive coral harvesting Animal overgrazing Soil degradation Endangered marine species (sharks, etc.) Toxic materials

Gray, L. (2010, August 13). Ice sheet in Greenland melting at record rate. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7941035/Ice-sheet-in-Greenland-melting-at-recordrate.html 55 Kramer, A. (2010, August 8). A smoky curtain falls on Moscow. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from The Age: http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-smoky-curtain-falls-on-moscow-20100807-11pcw.html 56 Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Environment - Current Issues. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/fields/2032.html?countryName=Indonesia&countryCode=id&regionCode=eas&#id

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This paper is never intended to be a very exhaustive elaboration and writings about the environment and global politics. There are much too many things to be discussed only a short paper of about 30 pages. While we have covered some issues about air pollution, industrialization, the MDGs and the environment, the regimes and agreements upon environmental issues; there are still much issues to cover, such as the ozone depletion, excessive fishing, and many other things. We have seen how the environment has become a battlefield between the industrialized countries and the less industrialized, namely the cores and the peripheries. Agreements, in practice, are the factual representation of such conflict. While the industrialized countries, i.e. the cores, are trying to protect their industries and often reluctant to put into force agreements that obliged them to reduce carbon emissions (or to comply on certain mechanism of environmental controls); the peripheries are pressing the issue of climate change and other environmental issues. Then comes the issue of sustainable development, to make progress walks hand in hand with the preservation of the environment. It was first heard at the 400-page document of Agenda 21 as part of the Rio Declaration (1992). The Agenda 21 aims to provide a program of action for sustainable development. This issue of sustainable development can be achieved through efforts, such as: promoting sustainable urban development, combating deforestation, biotechnology management, managing fragile mountain ecosystems, and hazardous waste management. The Agenda 21 also established the Commission for Sustainable Development as part of the UN system58. The Commission for Sustainable Development works in three ways: [1] Promoting coordinated approaches towards sustainable development; [2] Reviewing national reports on aspects of sustainable development; [3] Follow-up on unfinished business of United Nations on Environment and Development (1992). In recent decades, debates increasingly focused on the challenges of developing international mechanism to shape broader patterns of trade and investment in line with environmental goals. Some people believe than trade and environment regimes can be complementary and even mutually reinforcing59. The problem with this issue of sustainable development is that the concept is a contested one: there are differing political, economic, social, and environmental perspectives
57 58

This section is written by Matthew Hanzel, and is written as the conclusion of this paper. Baylis, J., & Smith, S., op. cit., pp. 469-474 59 Ibid.

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in disagreement about its exact meaning60. There are also debates about the real purpose of sustainable development, so far into an argument that the issue of sustainable development is one way to prohibit industrialization of many developing countries that are yet to be industrialized. But still, environment is a prominent issue now since many people and many states are now thinking on the continuity of the Planet Earth in many years to come. If todays development is destructive to the environment it will fall useless in the future since the environment is already damaged so as to give no use to the human being. The politicization and economization of environmental issues are now at a new level where countries are playing tug-of-war with to protect or not to protect, or to gain or not to gain. The only thing left, to conclude the whole paper, is whether the whole World including the industrialized states will realize the importance of the environment and its protection, before its too late. *** Bibliography

Al-Jazeera. (2008, June 10). Drilling 'caused Java mud volcano'. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Al-Jazeera: http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asiapacific/2008/06/200861517024264237.html Baylis, J., & Smith, S. (2005). The Globalization of World Politics. New York City, New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press, Inc. British Broadcasting Corporation. (2007, December 15). At a glance: Bali climate deal. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from British Broadcasting Corporation: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7146132.stm Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. (n.d.). Global Carbon Emissions. Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES/ Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, September 17). Retrieved September 27, 2010, from CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

60

Ibid.

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