Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgements/Credits
This presentation includes book excerpts of
http://www.universityreaders.com/titles/schierle/
Saddle shape
Wave shape
Arch shape
Pont shape
Anticlastic Stability
Two stressed strings stabilize a point in space
Flat fiber deform greatly under load, causing instability Triangular panels are flat & unstable (AVOID)
Prestress
Prestress (PS) effect on a string F = force, P = load, = deflection 1 2 Without prestress top link resists all Assume: =1 With prestress Top link increase: 3 A B C D Lower link decrease: Stress / strain diagram f/ without prestress with prestress Prestress reduced to PS = 0 Prestressed string after PS = 0 = 1/2 F=PS+P/2 F=PSP/2
Cable nets need about 50% prestress Fabric structures need about 30% prestress
http://www-classes.usc.edu/architecture/structures/papers/GGS-Yin.pdf
Minimal Surface
Criteria: Minimum surface area Equal stress throughout Equal +- curvature at any point
Governing Equations (Schierle 1977*) *First published 1977 in Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications F1/F2 = A/B Y = F1(X/S1)K/F1+ X tan Y = F2(Z/S2)K/F2 K= F1+F2
Fiber orientation
Good Flawed
Straight generating line
Common use Tensile strength Fire rating ++ incombustible + low flammability 0 none + ++ ++ ++ UV light resistance ++ very good + good + ++ ++ ++ Translucency
Principal curvature
Fabric Properties
Type Makeup Durability
3: small deflection
Polyester fabric PVC coating Glass fiber fabric PTFE coating Glass fiber fabric Silicone coating Fine mesh fabric Laminated with PTFE film PVC foil Flouro-polymer foil ETFE PTFE fabric (good qualities for sustainability) Flouro-polymer fabric
Permanent + mobile Internal + external Permanent Internal + external Permanent Internal + external Permanent Internal + external
40 to 200 kN/m 228 to 1142 lb/in 20 to 160 kN/m 114 to 914 lb/in 20 to 100 kN/m 114 to 571 lb/in 50 to 100 kN/m 286 to 571 lb/in
0 to 25 % 4 to 22 % 10 to 20 % 35 to 55 %
4: large deflection
Laminated fabric*
Foil Foil*
0 ++
+ ++
Up to 90 % Up to 96 %
++
++
15 to 40 %
> 25 years
++
++
Up to 90 %
> 25 years
* Self-cleaning
Structure
Design stress (tensile strength / 4) Tensile strength Design stress 400 pli 100 pli 600 pli 150 pli 800 pli 200 pli
Maximum spans
Assuming: Live load Safety factor Span/sag ratio Fabric breaking strength 600 pli (lb/in) 800 pli (lb/in) LL = 20 psf Sf = 4 L/f = 10 Max. span ~ 60 ft ~ 80 ft
Costs
Type Cost / sq. ft Prefab PVC $15 to $20 Custom PVC $30 to $60 PTFE Teflon-coated fiberglass $60 to $180 Note: costs exclude foundations
Design / Analysis
Radial load
Edge cable tension w T=Rp
Symmetric suspension
Horizontal reaction Vertical reaction Max fabric tension H = w L2/(8f) R = w L/2 T = 1.35 w L
w
h H RL L/2 f f L RR
Asymmetric suspension
Vector method Total load Fabric tensions Horizontal reaction Vertical reactions W=wL TR TL H RL RR
H RR TR TL W= w L
RL
Lateral Load
Seismic (not critical)
V = Cs W V = seismic base shear Cs = Seismic coefficient W = mass (dead load) Example (V / ft2, Cs = 0.2, w = 1 psf) V = 0.2 x1
V = 0.2 psf
Wind (critical) Velocity 90 mph (most USA) 150 mph (Golf coast)
Gust factors (G= 0.85 for rigid structures) G ~ 1.5 for fabric structures LDG: Lateral Design Graph Example (V per ft2, p = 20 psf) Sample: 100 x 50 x 20 V = p G = 20 x 1.5 V = 30 psf
Thermal
While fabric has low R-values Thermal reflection is very good
Lighting
Daylight sunny days Daylight overcast 10% translucent fabric Typical office lighting ~75000 lux ~25000 lux ~2500 - 7500 lux ~1000 lux
Acoustics
Thin fabric provides little sound insulation Micro-perforated foils absorb sound (suspended under structural fabric) Form may be used to control acoustics Anticlastic forms disperse sound Synclastic forms focus sound
Edge conditions
Edge beam Edge arch Edge cable
Surface conditions
Point shape Arch shape Wave shape Saddle shape
Edge Conditions
UCB Canopy
Stage canopy
Architect: Novicki and Deitrick Engineer: Severud Elstad Krueger Edge arch / cable roof
Horticultural Center
Gallaway Gardens, Georgia By ODC
Dining Pavilion Saddlebrook Florida By Helios Industries Note: Edge beams facilitate groupings
Saddle shapes
Wave shapes
Surface conditions
Arch shapes
Stayed Masts
Dish
Ring
Puncture
Point shapes
Saddle shapes
Propped Masts
Eye
Loop
Radial
10
Expo 64 Lausanne
Architect: Saugey / Schierle Engineer: Froidevaux et Weber 26 restaurant pavilions: Featured Swiss regional cuisines Symbolizing sailing and mountains
Design example
B
Section B-B
B L=120
Wind load (normal to fabric) T = p R = (30)(100) Fabric stress per inch f = 3000/12
f=12
T = 3000 #
11
B L=120
w = 20 psf
H RL f=12 f
h=40
Assume: Same allowable stress Gravity load w = 20 psf Graphic method Total Load W = w L = 20 (120) W = 2400 # Horizontal reaction H = 3000 # Vertical reaction RL= 2400 # Fabric tension T T = 3720 # Fabric stress (#/in) f = 3720#/12 f = 310 pli Gravity load not OK 310>200>50 Cable net was required
H=3000# T=3720# W= 2400# RL=2400#
12
Wave shapes
Computer model
13
14
15
Arch shapes
Study model
16
Puncture
Dish
Ring
Stayed
Propped Masts
Masts
Eye
Loop
Radial
Point Shapes
17
Details
Prestress turnbuckle
Fabric corner
Ground anchor
Mast top
18
Erection
19
Balance Forces
Balanced
Unbalanced
Design Process
Stretch Fabric models
20
Design Process
Computer Aided Form-finding Analysis Pattern design
Computer model Computer model CAD patterns by triangulation Load shape dotted lines
Optimization
Edge & surface curvature (Schierle, 1971) Usual optimum L/f = 10 L = span f = sag
21
22
Form-finding model
23
anticlastic fabric
24
Speaker
Prof G G Schierle, PhD, FAIA USC - School of Architecture Los Angeles, CA 90089-0291
thank you
T 213-740-4590 F 213-740-8888 schierle@usc.edu http://www.usc.edu/structures
http://www.universityreaders.com/titles/schierle/
25