CONTENTS

Preface About the Author Chapter 1. Heat Exchange Equipment

Introduction, 1 General Concepts of Heat Transfer, 4 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers, 12 Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchangers, 24 Spiral-Plate Heat Exchangers, 36 Plate-and-Frame Exchangers, 4 I Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture, 45 Condensers, 52 Steam-Driven Absorption Cooling, 60 Closure, 61 Nomenclature, 61 Suggested Readings, 62

vii ix 1

Chapter 2. Evaporative Cooling Equipment

Introduction, 65 Thermal Characteristics, 65 Design Configurations, 70 Components and Materials of Construction, 76 Use of Fans, Motors, and Drives, 80 Water Treatment Services, 86 Glossary of Terms, 89 Suggested Readings, 93

65

Chapter 3. Evaporating and Drying Equipment

Introduction, 94 Evaporators, 94 Drying Equipment, 124 Crystallization, 154 Suggested Readings, 161

94

Chapter 4. Distillation Equipment

Introduction, 162 Overview of Distillation, 163 General Properties of Hydrocarbons, 181 Refinery Operations, 202 Products from Petroleum, 222

162

iii

iv

CONTENTS

Spirits Production, 239 Closure and Recommended Web Sites, 241

Chapter 5. Mass Separation Equipment

Introduction, 244 Absorption Equipment, 245 Adsorption Equipment, 276 Solvent Extraction, 320 Reverse Osmosis, 326 Suggested Readings, 330

244

Chapter 6. Mechanical Separation Equipment

Introduction, 334 Filtration Equipment, 335 Sedimentation Equipment, 398 Centrifugal Separation Equipment, 4 16 Suggested Readings, 434

334

Chapter 7. Mixing Equipment

Introduction, 435 Mechanical Mixing Equipment, 436 Design Practices, 453 GasSolids Contacting, 476 Suggested Readings, 487 Recommended Web Sites, 488

435

Chapter 8. Calculations for Select Operations

Introduction, 489 Heat Capacity Ratios for Real Gases, 489 Sizing of Vapor-Liquid Separators, 489 Overall Efficiency of a Combination Boiler, 490 Pump Horsepower Calculations, 490 Pump Efficiency Calculations, 49 1 Lime Kiln Precoat Filter Estimation, 491 Steam Savings in Multiple Effect Evaporators, 493 Temperature and Latent Heat Estimation for Saturated Steam, 494 Estimating Condensate for Flash Tanks, 494 Linear Velocity of Air Through Ducts, 496 Thermal Conductivities of Gases, 496 Determining Pseudocritical Properties, 500 Estimating Heat Exchanger Temperatures, 501 Estimating the Viscosity of Gases, 503 Estimate for Mechanical Desuperheaters, 506 Estimating Pump Head with Negative Suction Pressure, 507 Calculations for Back-Pressure Turbines, 508 Tubeside Fouling Rates in Heat Exchangers, 5 10 Calculations for Pipe Flows, 5 11

489

CONTENTS

Recovery in Multicomponent Distillation, 5 17 Estimating Equilibrium Curves, 5 18 Estimating Evaporation Losses from Liquified Gases, 5 18 Combustion Air Calculations, 5 18 Estimating Temperature Profiles in Agitated Tanks, 5 19 Generalized Equations for Compressors, 520 Batch Distillation: Application of the Rayleigh Equation, 524

Index

527